Fairness, inequality and intergenerational mobility : report.
Date: 2018-12-30
Institutions: Directorate-General for Communication, Joint Research Centre
Subjects: EU Member State, European social policy, equal treatment, family, harassment at work, job access, level of education, opinion poll, report, sample survey, social integration, social security, social well-being, working conditions

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Report 

Fairness, inequality and intergenerational mobility 

Fieldwork 
December 2017 
Publication 
April 2018 

Survey requested by the European Commission,  
Joint Research Centre 
and co-ordinated by the Directorate-General for Communication 

This document does not represent the point of view of the European Commission. 
The interpretations and opinions contained in it are solely those of the authors. 

Special Eurobarometer 471 – Wave EB88.4 – TNS opinion & social 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Special Eurobarometer 471 

Report 

Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

Survey conducted by TNS opinion & social at the request of the European Commission, 
Joint Research Centre 

Survey co-ordinated by the European Commission, Directorate-General for Communication 
(DG COMM “Media monitoring, media analysis and Eurobarometer” Unit) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Project number 
Project title 

Linguistic version 
Catalogue number 
ISBN 

© European Union, 2018 

2018.2698 
Special Eurobarometer 471 
“Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility” 
Report 
EN 
KJ-04-18-419-EN-N 
978-92-79-85574-0 
doi:10.2760/288550 

http://ec.europa.eu/commfrontoffice/publicopinion 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

INTRODUCTION 

KEY FINDINGS 

I. PERCEPTIONS OF LIFE 

1	 Health and happiness 

2	 Personal experiences of discrimination 

II. PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIETY 

1	 Social Capital: Trust in people 

2	 A fair and just society 

3	 Equality of opportunity 

4	 Perceptions of immigration and globalisation 

III. GETTING AHEAD IN LIFE 

IV. INTER-GENERATIONAL MOBILITY IN SOCIAL STATUS,  

     EDUCATION AND OCCUPATION 

1	 Social status 

2	 Educational and occupational attainment 

a.	 People today 

b.	 Principal providers when growing up 

3	 Living conditions 

V. INCOME: PERCEPTIONS AND REALITY 

1	 Perceptions of income differences 

2	 Current sources of household income 

3	

Income earned 

4	 Coping mechanisms for income drops 

ANNEXES 

Technical specifications 

Questionnaire 

Tables 

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Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

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INTRODUCTION 

In  November  2017,  European  leaders  gathered  at  the  Social  Summit  for  Fair  Jobs  and  Growth  in 
Sweden.  At  this  occasion,  the  European  Pillar  of  Social  Rights  was  proclaimed  and  signed  by  the 
presidents  of  the  European  Parliament,  Council  of  the  European  Union,  and  the  European 
Commission.  The  European  Pillar  of  Social  Rights  was  proposed  by  President  Juncker  in  his  2015 
State  of  the  Union  Address  and  was  later  presented  by  the  Commission  in  April  20171.  The  Pillar 
was  created  to  give  fresh  direction  to  a  renewed  process  of  upward  convergence  towards  better 
working and living conditions in Europe. The principles embodied by the Pillar revolve around three 
core  categories:  equal  opportunities  and  access  to  the  labour  market,  fair  working  conditions  and 
social  protection  and  inclusion,  each  of  which  help  to  place  focus  on  how  to  tackle  new 
developments in the working world and general European society2. 

To  provide  background  on  citizens’  current  perceptions  on  a  fair  society,  as  well  as  to  provide 
information on citizens’ social mobility, the European Commission’s science and knowledge service, 
the Joint Research Centre, commissioned this survey. It covers the following: 

§  Respondents’ perceptions of their health and happiness; 

§  Their experience of discrimination or harassment; 

§  Their views about fairness in life and the opportunity to get ahead in life; 

§  Opinions about fairness in justice and the application of political decisions; 

§  The most important factors for getting ahead in life; 

§  Respondents’ positioning on the social ladder, as well as their position compared to parents 

and grandparents; 

§  Respondents’  current  occupation  and  education  level,  as  well  as  comparisons  with  the 

education level of their parents; 

§  Respondents’ current income level and views about income inequality. 

This survey was carried out by the TNS opinion & social network in the 28 Member States of the 
European  Union  between  the  2nd  and  the  11th  of  December  2017.  28,031  respondents  from 
different  social  and  demographic  groups  were  interviewed  face-to-face  at  home  in  their  mother 
tongue on behalf of the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission. The methodology used 
is  that  of  Eurobarometer  surveys  as  carried  out  by  the  Directorate-General  for  Communication 
(“Media  monitoring,  media  analysis  and  Eurobarometer”  Unit)3.  A  technical  note  on  the  manner  in 
which  interviews  were  conducted  by  the  Institutes  within  the  TNS  opinion  &  social  network  is 
appended  as  an  annex  to  this  report.  Also  included  are  the  interview  methods  and  confidence 
intervals4. 

1 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-17-4706_en.htm 
2 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-17-1007_en.htm 
3 http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm 
4 The results tables are included in the annex. It should be noted that the total of the percentages in the tables of this report may exceed 
100% when the respondent has the possibility of giving several answers to the question. 

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Note: In this report, countries are referred to by their official abbreviation. The abbreviations used in 
this report correspond to: 

Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Czech Republic 
Denmark  
Germany 
Estonia 
Ireland 
Greece 
Spain 
France 
Croatia 
Italy 
Republic of Cyprus 
Latvia 

BE 
BG 
CZ 
DK 
DE 
EE 
IE 
EL 
ES 
FR 
HR 
IT 
CY * 
LV 

Lithuania 
Luxembourg  
Hungary 
Malta 
The Netherlands 
Austria 
Poland 
Portugal  
Romania 
Slovenia 
Slovakia 
Finland 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 

LT 
LU 
HU 
MT 
NL 
AT 
PL 
PT 
RO 
SI 
SK 
FI 
SE 
UK  

European Union – weighted average for the 28 Member States 
BE, FR, IT, LU, DE, AT, ES, PT, IE, NL, FI, EL, EE, SI, CY, MT, SK, LV, LT 
BG, CZ, DK, HR, HU, PL, RO, SE, UK  
BE, IT, FR, DE, LU, NL, DK, UK, IE, PT, ES, EL, AT, SE, FI** 
BG, CZ, EE, CY, LT, LV, MT, HU, PL, RO, SI, SK, HR*** 

EU28 
Euro area 
Non euro area 
EU15** 
NMS13*** 

* Cyprus as a whole is one of the 28 European Union Member States. However, the ‘acquis communautaire’ 
has been suspended in the part of the country which is not controlled by the government of the Republic of 
Cyprus.  For  practical  reasons,  only  the  interviews  carried  out  in  the  part  of  the  country  controlled  by  the 
government of the Republic of Cyprus are included in the ‘CY’ category and in the EU28 average.  
** EU15 refers to the 15 countries forming the European Union before the enlargements of 2004, 2007 and 
2013 
*** The NMS13 are the 13 newer Member States which joined the European Union during the 2004, 2007 and 
2013 enlargements 

We wish to thank the people throughout the European Union who have given their time to take part 
in this survey. Without their active participation, this study would not have been possible. 

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KEY FINDINGS 

A large majority of respondents say that they are in good health,  they are happy 
persons and have not experienced discrimination or harassment in the last 12 months 

§  More  than  three  quarters  of  respondents  (78%)  say  they  are  in  good  health,  11%  disagree 

and 11% neither agree nor disagree.  

§  More  than  eight  in  ten  respondents  agree  they  generally  consider  themselves  to  be  happy 

people (83%), 5% disagree, while 12% neither agree nor disagree.  

§  Less than one in five respondents have experienced discrimination or harassment in the past 

12 months (16%), with the large majority saying they have not (83%). 

•  The most common forms of harassment or discrimination are for being a man or a woman 

or for being aged over 55 years old (both 3%). 

§  More  than  one  third  of  respondents  (37%)  agree  with  the  statement  that  when  things  go 
wrong in life it takes them a long time to get back to normal, 41% disagree and 21% neither 
agree nor disagree. 

§  Over  two  thirds  of  respondents  (67%)  say  that  they  did  not  feel  lonely  in  the  past  week. 
Almost one quarter (24%) felt lonely some of the time, 5% felt lonely most of the time and 
3% felt lonely all or almost all of the time. 

The majority of respondents think that life is fair and that they have equal opportunities 
for getting ahead in life, but they are less certain about the equal application of justice 
and political decisions in their country 

§  The majority of respondents (61%) agree that important decisions that are made concerning 

them are usually taken in a fair way.  

§  Almost  as  many  (58%)  agree  that  nowadays  in  their  country  they  have  equal  opportunities 

for getting ahead in life. 

§  More  than  half  of  respondents  (53%)  believe  that  most  things  that  happen  in  their  life  are 

fair. 

•  More  than  four  in  ten  (46%)  agree  that  compared  with  30  years  ago,  opportunities  for 
getting  ahead  in  life  have  become more  equal  in  their  country.  Almost  three  in  ten  (29%) 
disagree while 19% neither agree nor disagree. 

§  Only  a  minority  of  respondents  (39%)  are  confident  justice  always  prevails  over  injustice  in 
their country. An identical proportion (39%) are not confident that it does, while 21% neither 
agree nor disagree with this statement. 

§  Almost  four  in  ten  (38%)  believe  that,  by  and  large,  people  get  what  they  deserve  in  their 
country.  Almost  as  many  (37%)  disagree  with  this  statement  and  23%  neither  agree  nor 
disagree. 

§  Less than one third of respondents (32%) agree that in their country, political decisions are 
applied consistently to all citizens while almost half (48%) disagree and 17% neither agree 
nor disagree. 

§  Respondents  are  most  likely  to  agree  that,  generally  speaking,  most  people  in  their  country 
can  be  trusted  (47%).  More  than  one  quarter  disagree  (28%),  while  24%  neither  agree  nor 
disagree. Opinion varies widely across Member States. 

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Respondents are more likely to be positive about globalisation than about immigration	

§  Almost  four  in  ten  respondents  (39%)  agree  that  immigration  into  their  country  is  a  good 
thing. One third (33%), on the other hand, disagree while 26% neither agree nor disagree. 

§  Almost  half  of  respondents  (47%)  agree  that  globalisation  is  a  good  thing,  while  21% 

disagree and 25% neither agree nor disagree. 

Having good health is considered the most essential factor for getting ahead in life 

§  The most essential factors for getting ahead in live are having good health (48%), having a 
good  education  (33%),  working  hard  (27%),  knowing  the  right  people  (22%)  or  being  lucky 
(21%).  

§  Being born a man or a woman, or being of a specific ethnic origin are the least likely to be 

considered essential for getting ahead in life (both 6%). 

Three in ten respondents place themselves higher than their parents on the social ladder, 
and four in ten place themselves higher than their grandparents 

§ 

Just over one quarter of respondents (26%) place themselves at the top of the social ladder, 
while 65% place themselves in the middle and 9% at the bottom.  

§  More than one quarter of respondents (26%) put their parents at the top of the ladder, 61% 

place them in the middle and 13% say they are at the bottom. 

§  There  is  no  difference  in  responses  for  paternal  and  maternal  grandparents.  In  both  cases 
20% of respondents put them at the top of the ladder, 60% in the middle and 20% at the 
bottom. 

§  Three  in  ten  respondents  (30%)  place  themselves  higher  than  their  parents  on  the  social 
ladder,  while  43%  say  they  are  at  an  equal  position.  Just  over  one  in  five  (22%)  place 
themselves lower than their parents. 

§  Four in ten respondents (40%) place themselves higher than their paternal grandparents on 
the social ladder. Just over one quarter (26%) say they are in an equal position, while 17% 
say they are lower on the ladder than their grandparents. 

Respondents are most likely to be manual workers, and to have completed secondary or 
post-secondary education 

§  Respondents who are currently working are most likely to be manual workers (41%). Around 
one  in  five  are  other  white  collar  workers  (23%)  or  managers  (21%),  while  15%  are  self-
employed. 

§  Compared to the main household income provider when the respondent was 15, respondents 
are  less  likely  to  be  manual  workers  (41%  vs  49%)  or  self-employed  (15%  vs  23%),  and 
more likely to be white collar workers (23% vs 11%) or managers (21% vs 17%). 

§ 

Just  over  four  in  ten  respondents  completed  secondary  education  (41%),  while  16% 
completed  primary  and  just  2%  did  not  complete  primary  schooling.  Just  over  four  in  ten 
(41%) completed post-secondary education. 

§  Respondents  are  most  likely  to  say  that  their  educational  achievement  is  higher  than  their 

fathers (44%), while 39% say it is equal and 9% that it is lower. 

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§  Half  of  respondents  say  their  educational  achievement  is  higher  than  that  of  their  mothers 

(50%), while 36% say it is equal and 8% that it is less. 

A large majority agree the income differences in their country are too great, and that 
the government should do something about it 

§  More than eight in ten respondents (84%) agree that the differences in people’s incomes in 

their country are too great, while 7% disagree and 8% neither agree nor disagree. 

§  More than eight in ten also agree their national government should take measures to reduce 
differences in income levels (81%). Fewer than one in ten disagree (7%) while 10% neither 
agree nor disagree. 

§  The top three sources of household income are wages or salaries (62%), pensions (31%) or 

other social benefits or grants (10%). 

§ 

§ 

Just  over  one  in  five  respondents  (21%)  place  their  household  income  in  the  lower  quintile, 
while  a  similar  share  (20%)  say  it  is  in  the  second  quintile.  More  than  one  in  ten  say  their 
household income is in the third (15%) or fourth (11%) quintile, while 9% nominate the upper 
quintile. 

If their household were to face a substantial drop in income, respondents are most likely to 
say they would cope by spending less (61%), relying on their own savings (49%), taking on 
more paid work (34%) or relying on help from relatives or friends (30%). 

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I.  PERCEPTIONS OF LIFE  

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  first  section  of  this  report  reviews  respondents’  perceptions  of  their  health  and  happiness,  as 
well as any experience of discrimination or harassment they have had in the past 12 months. 

1  Health and happiness 

A large majority of respondents say they are generally happy, and that they are in good 
health, although almost one third have felt lonely recently 

More  than  three  quarters  of  respondents  (78%)  agree  they  are  in  good  health  with  34%  saying 
they  strongly  agree5.  Around  one  in  ten  (11%)  disagree,  although  only  2%  strongly  disagree.  The 
same proportion (11%) neither agree nor disagree. 

QA1.1 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
I	am	in	g ood	health	(% 	- 	EU)

Disag ree
9

Strong ly	disag ree
2

Strong ly	ag ree
34

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
11

Ag ree
44

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

5 QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements: 1.1 I am in good health 

7 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
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Respondents  in  Denmark  (52%),  Ireland  (51%)  and  Sweden  (48%)  are  the  most  likely  to  strongly 
agree they are in good health, while those in Latvia (14%), Romania (17%), Lithuania and Estonia 
(both 18%) the least likely to strongly agree. 

At  least  one  fifth  of  respondents  disagree  in  Latvia  (26%),  Lithuania  (24%),  Estonia  (22%)  and 
Bulgaria (20%). Respondents in Latvia, Estonia (both 6%) and Lithuania (5%) are the most likely to 
say they strongly disagree. 

In four Member States at least one in five respondents neither agree nor disagree that they are in 
good health – Slovakia (20%), Czech Republic and Croatia (21%) and Romania (25%) 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

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The map illustrates respondents who agree they are in good health are most likely to be found in 
countries in northern, central and western areas of the European Union. 

Overall,  the  majority  of  respondents  in  each  Member  State  agree  they  are  in  good  health,  with 
proportions ranging from 92% in Ireland, 87% in Luxembourg and 86% in Malta to 55% in Latvia, 
57% in Romania and 59% in Lithuania. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following: 

§  Men are more likely to agree they are in good health, compared to women (80% vs 75%). 

§  The younger the respondent, the more likely they are to agree they are in good health: 93% 

of those aged 15-24 agree, compared to 62% of those aged 55 or over. 

o  The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely they are to agree: 
86% of those who completed education aged 20 or over agree, compared to 59% 
of  those  who  completed  aged  15  or  younger.  In  particular,  those  who  completed 
upper level education (88%) are much more likely to agree than those who did not 
complete primary education (46%). 

§  Students (93%) and managers (92%) are the most likely to agree, particularly compared to 

retired persons (55%). 

§  The less difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to agree 
they are in good health: 81% who experience the least difficulties agree, compared to 60% 
who experience the most difficulties. 

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§  Respondents who are single are more likely to agree they are in good health (84%-88%) than 

those who are married, divorced or separated or widowed (51%-77%). 

§  Respondents  who  describe  their  neighbourhood  as  rich  are  the  most  likely  to  agree  (83%), 

followed by those who describe it as average (79%) or poor (66%). 

QA1.1

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
I	am 	in	g ood	health	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

34

35
32

58
47
33
18

17
30
42
57

38
46
40
37
27
35
15
57

31
44
44
24
13

25
27
37

42
33
26

17
25
30
39
45

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Marital	status	

Married
S ingle	living	with	a	partner
S ingle
Divorced	or	separated
Widow

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

11

10
11

4
5
8
17

18
11
7
5

6
4
8
8
14
8
19
5

12
6
7
12
19

13
14
9

8
10
16

25
15
11
8
7

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

9

8
11

3
3
7
17

18
10
5
2

4
3
3
6
11
12
21
2

9
5
7
16
24

20
10
8

7
9
14

22
16
10
7
4

e
e
r
g
A

44

45
43

35
44
50
44

42
47
44
36

51
46
49
48
45
41
40
36

46
44
40
44
38

35
47
44

41
46
40

29
40
47
44
43

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

2

2
3

0
1
2
4

5
2
2
0

1
1
0
1
3
3
5
0

2
1
2
4
6

7
2
2

2
2
4

7
4
2
2
1

0

0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

78

80
75

93
91
83
62

59
77
86
93

89
92
89
85
72
76
55
93

77
88
84
68
51

60
74
81

83
79
66

46
65
77
83
88

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

11

10
14

3
4
9
21

23
12
7
2

5
4
3
7
14
15
26
2

11
6
9
20
30

27
12
10

9
11
18

29
20
12
9
5

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

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More than eight in ten respondents agree they generally consider themselves to be happy people 
(83%), with 30% who strongly agree6. Just 5% disagree, while 12% neither agree nor disagree. 

QA1.2 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
In	g eneral	I	consider	myself	a	happy	person	(% 	- 	EU)

Disag ree
4

Strong ly	disag ree
1

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
12

Strong ly	ag ree
30

Ag ree
53

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

More  than  half  of  all  respondents  in  Denmark  (59%),  Sweden  (56%)  and  Ireland  (52%)  strongly 
agree with the statement that they generally consider themselves to be a happy person, compared 
to 13% in Romania and Greece. 

There  are  only  six  countries  where  more  than  one  in  ten  respondents  disagree:  Croatia  (11%), 
Bulgaria,  Greece,  Latvia,  Romania  (all  13%)  and  Lithuania  (14%),  with  respondents  in  Latvia  and 
Croatia the most likely to strongly disagree (both 3%). 

It is worth noting that in nine countries at least one in five neither agree nor disagree. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

6 QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements: 1.2 In general I consider myself a 
happy person 

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The map illustrates respondents living in countries in Northern areas of the EU are the most likely to 
agree  they  generally  consider  themselves  to  be  a  happy  person,  although  the  majority  of 
respondents  in  each  country  agree:  proportions  range  from  97%  in  Ireland,  96%  in  Denmark  and 
93% in Luxembourg to 59% in Romania, 62% in Bulgaria and 64% in Greece. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

The  socio-demographic  analysis  illustrates  a  number  of  similar  patterns  to  the  previous 
question, with younger, more educated, the employed and those with the least financial difficulties 
the most likely to say they are generally happy. In detail: 

§  The younger the respondent, the more likely they are to consider themselves to generally be 
a  happy  person:  90%  of  those  aged  15-24  agree,  compared  to  76%  of  those  aged  55  or 
over. 

§  The  longer  a  respondent  remained  in  education,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  agree:  88%  of 
those  who  completed  education  aged  20  or  over  agree,  compared  to  73%  of  those  who 
completed  aged  15  or  younger.  In  particular,  those  who  completed  upper  level  education 
(89%)  are  much  more  likely  to  agree  than  those  who  did  not  complete  primary  education 
(58%). 

§  Students  and  employed  persons  are  the  most  likely  to  agree.  For  example,  at  least  85%  of 
this group agree, compared to 75% of retired persons, 76% of the unemployed and 78% of 
housepersons. 

§  The less difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to agree: 
89% who experience the least difficulties agree, compared to 58% who experience the most 
difficulties. 

12 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

§  Married or single persons but living with a partner (85%-89%) are more likely to agree they 
are  generally  happy,  compared  to  widows,  divorced  or  separated  or  single  persons  (66%-
83%). 

§  Respondents  who  describe  their  neighbourhood  as  rich  (89%)  or  average  (84%)  are  more 

likely to agree than those who describe it as poor (68%). 

QA1.2

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
In	g eneral	I	consider	m yself	a	happy	person	(% 	-	EU)

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

83

90
88
85
76

73
81
88
89

86
90
88
85
78
76
75
89

85
89
83
74
66

58
75
89

89
84
68

58
74
82
88
89

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

5

2
3
4
8

9
6
4
3

4
3
2
4
6
11
9
3

4
2
6
10
14

18
7
3

3
5
12

17
10
5
3
4

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Marital	status	

Married
S ingle	living	with	a	partner
S ingle
Divorced	or	separated
Widow

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

30

44
34
31
22

20
27
35
42

30
37
32
32
27
27
22
42

30
35
33
24
16

17
20
35

40
29
23

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

12

8
9
11
16

18
13
8
8

10
7
10
11
16
13
16
8

11
9
11
16
20

24
18
8

8
11
20

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

4

2
3
4
7

8
5
3
2

3
2
2
3
5
9
8
2

3
2
5
8
12

15
6
3

3
4
10

e
e
r
g
A

53

46
54
54
54

53
54
53
47

56
53
56
53
51
49
53
47

55
54
50
50
50

41
55
54

49
55
45

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

1

0
0
0
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
0
1
1
2
1
1

1
0
1
2
2

3
1
0

0
1
2

42
50
54
53
51

2
25
16
2
16
24
1
13
28
0
9
35
1
7
38
Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

15
8
4
3
3

13 

 
 
  
 
 
	
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  chart  below  illustrates  the  positive  relationship  between  health  and  happiness:  respondents 
who consider themselves in good health are generally also likely to say they are generally a happy 
person.  
For instance, respondents in Romania are the least likely to consider themselves to be happy, and 
also one of the least likely to say they are in good health. In contrast, respondents in Ireland are the 
most likely to say they are generally happy, and also to say they are in good health. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

14 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
	
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Almost one third (32%) of respondents answered that they felt lonely at least some of the time in 
the week before the interview: 24% felt lonely some of the time, 5% felt lonely most of the time 
and 3% felt lonely all or almost all of the time. Just over two thirds of respondents (67%) answered 
that they felt lonely none or almost none of the time.  

QA5 During 	the	past	week	you	felt	lonely…?

(% 	- 	EU)

All	or	almost	all	
of	the	time
3

Don't	know
1

Most	of	the	time
5

Some	of	the	time
24

None	or	almost	
none	of	the	time
67

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

15 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In all but one country, the majority of respondents say that in the week before the interview they 
felt  lonely  none  or  almost  none  of  the  time.  Respondents  in  Spain  (81%),  the  Netherlands  (80%) 
and Denmark (79%) are the most likely to say this, compared to 45% in Croatia and 51% in Italy 
and Bulgaria. 

In  Bulgaria  one  fifth  of  respondents  felt  lonely  most  of  the  time  or  all  or  almost  all  of  the  time 
(20%), with 6% saying they felt lonely all or almost all of the time. In a further seven countries at 
least one in ten respondents answered in the same way – Romania (16%, 4%), Cyprus (12%, 5%), 
Greece (12%, 3%), Croatia (12%, 2%), France (11%, 5%), Hungary (11%, 3%) and Lithuania (10%, 
5%) 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

Given  the  results  above,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  main  socio-demographic  differences  are 
between those who say they felt lonely none or almost none of the time, and those who say they 
felt lonely some of the time in the last week. However, it is worth noting that the majority in each 
demographic group say they felt lonely none or almost none of the time. 

In detail: 

§  Men are more likely than women to say they felt lonely none or almost none of the time in 
the last week (71% vs 63%). Women are slightly more likely than men to say they felt lonely 
some of the time (27% vs 22%). 

§  Respondents younger than 55 are the most likely to say they felt lonely none or almost none 
of the time. For example, 71% of those aged 15-39 say they felt lonely none or almost none 
of the time, compared to 61% of those aged 55 or over. 

§  The  longer  a  respondent  remained  in  education,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  say  they  felt 
lonely  none  or  almost  none  of  the  time.  Furthermore,  those  who  completed  education  aged 
15 or younger are the most likely to say they felt lonely most or all of the time in the last 
week  (13%),  compared  to  those  who  completed  education  aged  16-19  (7%)  or  aged  20  or 
over (5%). Specifically, those who did not complete primary education are the most likely to 
say they felt lonely most or all of the time (26%), compared to 12% who completed primary 
education and 7% who completed secondary education. 

16 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

§  Students and employed persons are more likely to say they felt lonely none or almost none 
of  the  time  (70%-76%),  compared  to  retired  persons,  housepersons  and  the  unemployed 
(58%-64%). 

§  Respondents  who  describe  their  neighbourhood  as  poor  are  the  most  likely  to  say  they  felt 
lonely some of the time. They are also much more likely to say they felt lonely most or all of 
the time, compared to those who describe their areas as rich or average (17% vs 7%). 

QA5

During	the	past	week	you	felt	lonely…?
(% 	-	EU)

t
s
o
m
a

l

r
o
e
n
o
N

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
n

67

71
63

71
71
70
61

58
67
72
70

73
76
70
72
64
60
58
70

72
68
50

43
59
65
73
75

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
e
m
o
S

24

22
27

24
23
23
27

28
25
22
25

23
18
26
21
26
26
29
25

21
24
32

30
28
27
22
19

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
t
s
o
M

5

4
6

3
4
4
6

7
5
3
3

3
3
3
4
5
9
7
3

5
4
10

10
8
5
3
3

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o

l
l

a
t
s
o
m
a

l

r
o

l
l

A

3

2
3

1
1
2
5

6
2
2
1

1
2
1
2
5
4
5
1

2
3
7

16
4
2
2
2

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

1
1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1

0
1
1

1
1
1
0
1

'

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o

l
l

a
/
t
s
o
M

'

l

a
t
o
T

8

6
9

4
5
6
11

13
7
5
4

4
5
4
6
10
13
12
4

7
7
17

26
12
7
5
5

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

17 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  chart  below  shows  a  positive  relationship  between  considering  oneself  to  be  a  happy  person, 
and  rarely  feeling  lonely.  For  example,  Romania  has  the  lowest  proportion  of  respondents  who 
consider themselves to generally be happy, and one of the lowest proportions of respondents who 
say  they  never  or  almost  never  felt  lonely  recently.  Denmark,  on  the  other  hand,  has  a  high 
proportion  of  respondents  who  consider  themselves  happy,  and  a  high  proportion  who  say  they 
never or almost never felt lonely recently. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

18 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Further  analysis  illustrates  that  respondents  who  agree  they  are  in  good  health  are  much  more 
likely to say they did not feel lonely (none or almost none of the time), and less likely to say they 
felt lonely most or all of the time. For example, 4% who agree they are in good health felt lonely 
most or all of the time in the last week, compared to 25% among those who are not in good health.  

The  same  pattern  applies  for  happiness:  just  4%  of  respondents  who  consider  themselves  happy 
felt lonely most or all of the time, compared to 44% of who disagree they are a happy person.  

QA5

During	the	past	week	you	felt	lonely…?
(% 	-	EU)

t
s
o
m
a

l

r
o
e
n
o
N

e
m

i
t
e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
n

67

73
49
43

74
39
24

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
e
m
o
S

24

22
37
31

21
43
31

e
m

i
t
e
h
t

f
o
t
s
o
M

5

3
9
14

3
12
22

e
m

i
t
e
h
t

f
o

l
l

a
t
s
o
m
a

l

r
o

l
l

A

3

1
4
11

1
5
22

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

1
1
1

1
1
1

'

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o

l
l

a
/
t
s
o
M

'

l

a
t
o
T

8

4
13
25

4
17
44

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

19 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Opinions  are  mixed  about  the  time  it  takes  respondents  to  get  back  to  normal  when  things  go 
wrong in their life7. 	

More than one third (37%) of respondents agree that it takes them a long time to get back to 
normal when things go wrong in their live - with 9% strongly agreeing, while just over four in 
ten  (41%)  disagree  -  with  9%  strongly  disagreeing.  Just  over  one  in  five  (21%)  neither  agree  nor 
disagree that it takes a long time to get back to normal when things go wrong in their life. 

QA1.15 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
When thing s g o wrong in my life, it g enerally takes me a long time to g et back to
normal	(% 	- 	EU)

Strong ly	disag ree
9

Don't	know
1

Strong ly	ag ree
9

Disag ree
32

Ag ree
28

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
21

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

7 QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements: 1.15 When things go wrong in my 
life, it generally takes me a long time to get back to normal 

20 

 
 
  
 
 
	
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Fewer than one in five respondents in any country strongly agree that when things go wrong in their 
life  it  generally  takes  them  a  long  time  to  get  back  to  normal.  Proportions  range  from  19%  in 
Bulgaria, 16% in Italy and 14% in Austria to 4% in Sweden and the Netherlands. 

At least half of all respondents in Sweden (69%), Denmark (68%), the Netherlands (63%), Finland 
(61%) and Luxembourg (51%) disagree, with 29% in Sweden, 22% in Denmark and 16% in Finland 
and Luxembourg saying they strongly disagree. 

In 15 countries at least one in five respondents neither agree nor disagree, with those in the Czech 
Republic (35%) and Slovakia (34%) the most likely to do so. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

21 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The map illustrates that respondents living in countries in some southern and eastern areas of the 
EU  are  the  most  likely  to  agree  that  when  things  go  wrong  in  their  life  it  generally  takes  them  a 
long time to get back to normal. 

The country level results are quite variable. Bulgaria (55%) and Italy (53%) are the only countries 
where  the  majority  of  respondents  agree,  followed  by  Poland  and  Hungary  where  46%  of 
respondents share the same view. In contrast, just 14% of respondents in Sweden, 15% in Denmark 
and 21% in the Netherlands and Finland say the same. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following: 

§  Women are more likely to agree when things go wrong in their life it generally takes them a 

long time to get back to normal, compared to men (40% vs 35%). 

§  The older the respondent, the more likely they are to agree: 42% of those aged 55 or over 

agree, compared to 30% of the youngest respondents. 

§  The  earlier  a  respondent  completed  their  education,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  agree:  49% 
who finished education aged 15 or younger agree, compared to 29% of those who completed 
aged 20 or over. 

§  The  unemployed  are  the  most  likely  to  agree,  particularly  compared  to  managers  (50%  vs 

26%). 

§  The more difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to agree: 
56% who experience the most difficulties agree, compared to 32% who experience the least. 

§  Respondents  who  describe  their  neighbourhood  as  poor  are  the  most  likely  to  agree  (49%), 

followed by those who describe it as average (38%) or rich (25%). 

22 

 
 
  
 
 
	
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA1.15

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
When thing s g o wrong in m y life, it g enerally takes m e a long tim e to g et back to
norm al	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

9

8
10

8
7
8
10

13
9
6
8

5
6
7
8
11
15
11
8

20
11
7

6
9
13

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

21

22
20

22
20
22
20

19
22
20
22

23
20
22
22
21
17
20
22

18
24
20

19
21
21

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

32

32
31

35
34
31
30

25
30
37
36

34
39
31
32
27
25
29
36

19
25
36

40
32
22

e
e
r
g
A

28

27
30

22
27
28
32

36
30
23
22

25
20
29
28
35
35
32
22

36
34
25

19
29
36

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

9

9
8

11
10
10
7

6
8
12
10

11
12
10
9
5
7
7
10

6
5
10

14
8
7

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

2
1

2
2
1
1

1
1
2
2

2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2

1
1
2

2
1
1

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

37

35
40

30
34
36
42

49
39
29
30

30
26
36
36
46
50
43
30

56
45
32

25
38
49

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

41

41
39

46
44
41
37

31
38
49
46

45
51
41
41
32
32
36
46

25
30
46

54
40
29

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

23 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The chart below shows a weak relationship between considering oneself to be a happy person, and 
taking  a  long  time  to  get  back  to  normal  after  things  go  wrong.  For  example,  respondents  in 
Bulgaria are amongst the least likely to consider themselves happy, and among the most likely to 
say it takes a long time to get back to normal after things go wrong. The opposite is true in Sweden 
and Denmark. 

There  are  however  exceptions:  a  similar  proportion  of  respondents  in  the  Czech  Republic  and 
Luxembourg agree it takes them a long time to get back to normal after things go wrong. However, 
respondents  in  Luxembourg  are  much  more  likely  to  say  they  are  generally  happy,  compared  to 
those in the Czech Republic.  

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

24 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Additional  analysis  shows  respondents  who  disagree  they  are  generally  happy  are  more  likely  to 
agree with the statement that when things go wrong in their life it generally takes them a long time 
to get back to normal. For instance, among those who disagree they are generally happy 65% agree 
that when things go wrong in their life it generally takes them a long time to get back to normal, 
compared  to  34%  of  those  who  consider  themselves  a  happy  person.  This  pattern  is  particularly 
evident for those who strongly agree it takes them a long time to get back to normal. 

The same relationship applies with good health: among those who disagree they are in good health, 
53% agree that when things go wrong it generally takes them a long time to get back to normal, 
compared to 34% of those who say they are in good health. 

QA1.15

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
When thing s g o wrong in m y life, it g enerally takes m e a long tim e to g et back to
norm al	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

9

7
9
19

7
14
26

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

21

20
28
18

20
28
15

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

32

34
24
23

35
18
16

e
e
r
g
A

28

27
32
34

27
36
39

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

9

10
5
5

10
3
4

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

2
2
1

1
1
0

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

37

34
41
53

34
50
65

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

41

44
29
28

45
21
20

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

25 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

2  Personal experiences of discrimination 

The large majority of the respondents have not experienced discrimination or 
harassment in the past 12 months 

Almost one in five respondents say they have felt discriminated against or experienced harassment 
in the past 12 months (16%), but the large majority say they have not (83%)8.  

Respondents  are  most  likely  to  say  they  experienced  discrimination  or  harassment  as  a  result  of 
being  a  man  or  a  woman,  or  being  over  55  years  old  (both  3%).  Just  2%  say  they  experienced 
discrimination or harassment as a result of social class, political opinions, ethnic origin, disability, or 
religion or beliefs. One in one hundred report feeling discriminated against or harassed as a result 
of their place of residence, being under 30 years old, or their sexual orientation. 

Almost one in twenty (4%) mention other reasons. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

8 QA6 In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced harassment on one or more of the following 
grounds? Please tell me all that apply. (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) 

26 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The country level results generally reflect this low incidence of feeling discriminated against or 
experiencing harassment, although there are some notable results: 

§  Respondents  in  Sweden  are  much  more  likely  than  those  in  other  countries  to  say  they  felt 
discriminated against or experienced harassment on the grounds of being a man or a woman 
(12%). Austria, France and Belgium are the only other countries where at least one in twenty 
mention this reason (all 5%). 

§  Respondents in Bulgaria (8%) and Croatia (7%) are the most likely to mention being over 55 

years of age. 

§  Respondents  in  Malta  (8%)  and  Austria  (6%)  are  the  most  likely  to  mention  harassment  or 
discrimination  on  the  basis  of  political  opinions.  They  are  also  the  most  likely  to  report 
discrimination on the basis of being under 30 years of age (both 3%). 

§  Those in Belgium are the most likely to report harassment or discrimination on the grounds of 
social class (6%), ethnic origin (6%), religion or beliefs (5%), place of residence (4%) or sexual 
orientation (2%). 

§  Respondents  in  France  are  the  most  likely  to  mention  discrimination  or  harassment  on  the 

basis of a disability (4%). 

§  Those in Ireland are the most likely to say they experienced discrimination or harassment on 

the basis of being transgender (2%). 

27 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA6

In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced
harassment	on	one	or	more	of	the	following	grounds?	Please	tell	me	all	that	apply.
(MULTIPLE	AN S WERS 	POS S IBLE)
(% )

n
a
m
o
w
a

r
o

n
a
m
a

i

g
n
e
B

d

l

o

s
r
a
e
y

5
5

r
e
v
o

i

g
n
e
B

s
s
a

l
c

l

a

i
c
o
S

s
n
o

i

n

i

p
o

l

a
c
i
t
i
l

o
P

n

i

g

i
r
o
c
i

n
h
t
E

y
t
i
l
i

b
a
s
i

D

s
f
e

i
l

e
b

r
o

n
o

i

g

i
l

e
R

e
c
n
e
d

i
s
e
r

f
o
e
c
a

l

P

)
l

a
u
x
e
s
i

b

r
e
d
n
e
g
s
n
a
r
t

i

g
n
e
B

n
o
s
a
e
r

r
e
h
t
o
n
a

r
o
F

d

l

o

s
r
a
e
y

0
3

r
e
d
n
u

i

g
n
e
B

r
o

n
a

i

b
s
e

l

,
y
a
g

i

g
n
e
b
(

n
o
i
t
a
t
n
e

i
r
o

l

a
u
x
e
S

s
h
t
n
o
m
2
1
t
s
a
p

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

d
e
t
a
n
m

i

i
r
c
s
i

d

n
e
e
b
t
o
n
e
v
a
h

u
o
y

,

o
N

e
h
t

n

i

t
n
e
m

s
s
a
r
a
h

d
e
c
n
e

i
r
e
p
x
e

r
o
t
s
n

i

a
g
a

3

5
1
3
2
2
3
4
3
3
5
4
2
1
2
1
4
1
4
4
5
1
1
1
2
1
4
12
4

3

3
8
5
2
2
3
2
3
2
2
7
5
1
3
3
2
5
1
4
5
1
1
2
1
3
2
4
2

2

6
2
3
1
2
3
2
3
1
4
5
3
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
4
2
2
3
1
2
3
2
2

2

3
1
4
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
4
2
2
2
1
1
2
8
1
6
2
1
2
1
1
3
3
3

2

6
3
1
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
0
3
2
1
2
4
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
4

2

3
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
4
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
0
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
3

2

5
0
0
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
0
2
2
4
1
0
1
1
0
3
2
3

1

4
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
0
2
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
1
2
1

1

2
0
2
2
0
1
2
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2

1

2
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
1

0

1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

4

6
2
4
5
5
5
3
4
3
7
10
3
9
6
4
8
3
8
5
5
2
3
2
4
2
6
5
4

83

72
81
79
86
85
84
85
88
88
79
70
84
84
82
86
81
87
75
82
76
88
91
85
90
84
81
76
77

H ig hest	percentag e	per	country

Lowest	percentage	per	country

H ig hest	percentag e	per	item

Lowest	percentag e	per	item

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

1

0
4
2
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
3
1
0
3

EU28

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
N L
AT
PL
PT
RO
S I
S K
FI
S E
UK

28 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Since  discrimination  and  harassment  has  not  affected  around  85%  of  the  EU  population,  it  is 
perhaps  not  surprising  that  there  are  relatively  few  notable  differences  in  the  socio-demographic 
analysis.  The  largest  differences  occur  in  the  proportion  who  say  they  have  not  felt  discriminated 
against or experienced harassment in the past 12 months. 

§  Those  aged  15-24  are  the  least  likely  to  say  they  have  not  experienced  discrimination  or 
harassment  in  the  past  12  months,  particularly  compared  to  respondents  aged  55or  over 
(79% vs 86%). 

§  The  unemployed  are  the  least  likely  to  say  they  have  not  experienced  discrimination  or 
harassment  in  the  past  12  months:  69%  say  this  compared  to  at  least  80%  of  other 
occupation groups. 

§  The more financial difficulties a respondent experiences, the less likely to say they have not 
experienced  discrimination  or  harassment:  66%  who  experience  the  most  difficulties  have 
experienced  discrimination  or  harassment,  compared  to  87%  of  those  who  experience  the 
least difficulties. 

§  Respondents  who  describe  their  neighbourhood  as  poor  (72%)  are  much  less  likely  to  say 
they  have  not  experienced  discrimination  or  harassment,  compared  to  those  who  say  their 
neighbourhood is average (85%) or rich (81%). 

QA6

In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced harassment on one or more of the
following	grounds?	Please	tell	me	all	that	apply.	(MULTIPLE	AN S WERS 	POS S IBLE)
(% 	-	EU)

d

l

o

s
r
a
e
y

5
5

r
e
v
o

i

g
n
e
B

3

0
0
1
6

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

3
1
1
1
3
5
6
0

7
4
2

2
3
4

a

r
o

n
a
m
a

i

g
n
e
B

n
a
m
o
w

n

i

g

i
r
o
c
i

n
h
t
E

3

6
5
3
1

5
4
4
3
1
5
1
7

4
4
3

5
3
4

2

3
3
3
1

2
2
2
3
3
5
1
2

4
3
2

2
2
5

s
f
e

i
l

e
b

r
o

n
o

i

g

i
l

e
R

2

2
2
2
1

1
2
2
2
1
2
1
2

4
2
1

s
n
o

i

n

i

p
o

l

a
c
i
t
i
l

o
P

2

4
3
3
1

4
4
3
2
2
3
1
4

3
3
2

y
t
i
l
i

b
a
s
i

D

s
s
a

l
c

l

a

i
c
o
S

s
r
a
e
y

0
3

r
e
d
n
u

i

g
n
e
B

d

l

o

n
o
i
t
a
t
n
e

i
r
o

l

a
u
x
e
S

r
o

n
a

i

b
s
e

l

,
y
a
g

i

g
n
e
b
(

r
e
d
n
e
g
s
n
a
r
t

i

g
n
e
B

2

1
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
2
3
3
2

5
2
1

2

3
3
3
2

2
2
2
3
3
7
2
3

8
4
1

1

5
2
0
0

1
1
1
1
0
1
0
4

2
1
1

1

1
1
1
0

0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1

0
1
0

0
0
1

0

0
0
0
0

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0
0
0

0
0
1

e
c
n
e
d

i
s
e
r

f
o
e
c
a

l

P

1

2
1
2
1

1
1
2
1
1
2
1
2

3
2
1

1
1
3

n
o
s
a
e
r

r
e
h
t
o
n
a

r
o
F

4

4
6
5
3

3
4
4
4
5
10
3
3

11
5
3

4
4
6

n
e
e
b
t
o
n
e
v
a
h

u
o
y

,

o
N

t
s
n

i

a
g
a

d
e
t
a
n
m

i

i
r
c
s
i

d

83

79
81
82
86

83
83
84
83
83
69
86
80

66
77
87

81
85
72

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

2
1
3

1
1
1
Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

3
2
4

2
2
4

2
2
6

29 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

II.   PERCEPTIONS OF SOCIETY 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

This  section  of  the  report  explores  respondents’  perceptions  about  society.  Trust  in  people  will  be 
considered, as well as respondents’ views on whether society is fair and just. Opinions about equal 
opportunity, immigration and globalisation will also be discussed.  

1  Social Capital: Trust in people 

Almost half of respondents agree that most people in their country can be trusted 

Respondents  are  most  likely  to  agree  that  generally  speaking,  most  people  in  their  country 
can be trusted9 (47%), with 7% strongly agreeing.  
More  than  one  quarter  disagree  (28%),  with  6%  strongly  disagreeing.  Almost  one  quarter  neither 
agree nor disagree that most people in their country can be trusted (24%). 

QA1.10 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
Generally	speaking ,	most	people	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	can	be	trusted	(% 	- 	EU)

Don't	know
1

Strong ly	disag ree
6

Strong ly	ag ree
7

Disag ree
22

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
24

Ag ree
40

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

9 QA1  Please  tell  me  to  what  extent  you  personally  agree  or  disagree  with  the  following  statements.  1.10  Generally  speaking,  most 
people in (OUR COUNTRY) can be trusted. 

30 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There is a wide range of opinion across Member States. In 12 countries, at least half of respondents 
agree  that  generally  most  people  in  their  country  can  be  trusted,  with  those  in  Finland  (85%), 
Denmark (82%) and Sweden (76%) the most likely to agree. At the other end of the scale, just 23% 
in Slovakia and 24% in Cyprus and Greece also agree. It is worth highlighting that although in most 
countries less than one in ten respondents strongly agree with the statement, in several countries 
this proportion is significantly higher: Denmark (24%), Finland (23%), Sweden (20%), Austria (18%), 
Ireland (17%). 
Cyprus is the only country where at least half disagree (50%), followed by France (47%) and Greece 
(44%). At least one in ten respondents in France (14%), Cyprus (13%), Hungary (11%), Slovenia and 
Spain strongly disagree, 

More than one third of respondents in Bulgaria (37%), Slovakia (36%) and the Czech Republic (35%) 
neither agree nor disagree. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following:	

§  Men  are  more  likely  to  agree  that  generally  people  in  their  country  can  be  trusted  (50%  vs 

45% of women). 

§  The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely they are to agree: 60% who 
completed an upper level qualification agree, compared to 26% of those who did not finish 
primary school. 

§  Managers  are  the  most  likely  to  agree,  particularly  compared  to  the  unemployed  (58%  vs 

36%). 

§  The fewer difficulties a respondent has paying bills, the more likely they are to agree: 53% 
who  experience  the  least  difficulties  agree,  compared  to  28%  who  experience  the  most 
difficulties. 

§  Respondents  who  describe  their  neighbourhood  as  rich  (57%)  are  more  likely  to  agree  than 

those who say it is average (47%) or poor (38%) 

31 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA1.10

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
Generally	speaking ,	m ost	people	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	can	be	trusted	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

7

8
6

5
6
8
10

8
11
9
5
4
4
5
10

3
4
8

9
7
6

4
5
7
8
9

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

24

23
24

24
25
21
23

22
24
25
25
22
23
23
23

25
27
22

19
24
23

25
24
25
23
21

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

22

20
23

26
24
18
16

20
14
19
24
27
28
25
16

32
25
20

17
22
27

36
26
23
19
15

e
e
r
g
A

40

42
39

35
37
47
45

45
47
41
38
36
32
40
45

25
34
45

48
40
32

22
36
38
43
51

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

6

6
7

9
7
5
5

5
3
5
7
10
12
6
5

14
9
4

6
6
11

12
9
6
6
3

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

1
1

1
1
1
1

0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
0
1
1
1

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

47

50
45

40
43
55
55

53
58
50
43
40
36
45
55

28
38
53

57
47
38

26
41
45
51
60

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

28

26
30

35
31
23
21

25
17
24
31
37
40
31
21

46
34
24

23
28
38

48
35
29
25
18

32 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The chart below illustrates the strong positive relationship between a belief that things that happen 
in one’s life are fair, and that most people in one’s country can be trusted. For instance, respondents 
in Greece are the least likely to think most of the things that happen in their life are fair, and they 
are also amongst the least likely to think most people in their country can be trusted. Ireland, on the 
other hand, has high proportions of respondents who believe most of the things that happen in their 
life are fair, and that most people in their country can be trusted. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

33 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There  is  also  a  relationship  between  feeling  in  good  health  or  being  happy.  For  instance,  among 
those who agree they are in good health, 51% agree people can be trusted, compared to 32% who 
of those who are not in good health.  

Furthermore,  among  those  who  consider  themselves  happy,  over  half  of  respondents  (52%)  think 
people in their country can be trusted, compared to 23% of those who do not consider themselves 
happy.  

QA1.10

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
Generally	speaking ,	m ost	people	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	can	be	trusted	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

7

8
4
3

8
3
2

e
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a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
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g
a

r
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N

24

23
31
23

22
34
24

e
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g
a
s
i

D

22

20
26
33

20
28
36

e
e
r
g
A

40

43
31
29

44
26
21

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

6

5
7
11

5
8
16

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 
20
10
34
4
22
2

16
23
36

3
5
15

50
33
24

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

1

1
1
1

1
1
1

1
1
1

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

47

51
35
32

52
29
23

60
37
26

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

28

25
33
44

25
36
52

19
28
51

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Life	is	fair

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

34 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

2  A fair and just society 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents were asked a range of questions relating to fairness in their lives10.  

The majority of respondents think that life is fair and that they have equal opportunities 
for getting ahead, but they are less certain about the equal application of justice and of 
political decisions in their country. 

The  majority  of  respondents  agree  with  the  statement  that  important  decisions  that  are  made 
concerning them are usually taken in a fair way (61%), with 12% totally agreeing. Almost as many 
(58%) agree that nowadays in their country they have equal opportunities for getting ahead in life, 
with 16% totally agreeing. More than half believe that most things that happen in their life are fair 
(53%), with 10% saying they totally agree with this. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

10 QA1  Please  tell  me  to  what  extent  you  personally  agree  or  disagree  with  the  following  statements.  1.3  I  believe  that  most  of  the 
things that happen in my life are fair; 1.4 I think that important decisions that are made concerning me are usually taken in a fair way; 
1.5 Nowadays in (OUR COUNTRY) I have equal opportunities for getting ahead in life, like everyone else; 1.6 I am confident that justice 
always prevails over injustice in (OUR COUNTRY); 1.7 I believe that, by and large, people get what they deserve in (OUR COUNTRY); 1.8 In 
(OUR COUNTRY), the political decisions are applied consistently to all citizens. 

35 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  country  results,    however,  reveal  a  wide  range  of  opinions  across  the  EU.  Respondents  in 
Denmark (83%), Ireland (82%) and Sweden (76%) are the most likely to agree with the statement 
that important decisions that are made concerning them are usually taken in a fair way. 
This  compares  to  27%  in  Greece,  39%  in  Bulgaria  and  41%  in  Croatia.  Overall  there  are  20 
countries where at least half agree, and this is also the most common answer in all but one country. 
Respondents in Denmark (32%), Sweden (30%) and Austria (26%) are the most likely to say they 
strongly agree. 

Greece is the only country where respondents are most likely to disagree (46%), and it is the only 
country where more than one in ten strongly disagrees (15%). Almost one in ten (9%) in Bulgaria 
also  strongly  disagree  important  decisions  that  are  made  concerning  them  are  usually  taken  in  a 
fair way. 

At least one in ten respondents in each country neither agree nor disagree, with those in the Czech 
Republic (34%), Slovakia (33%) and Croatia (31%) the most likely to say this. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

36 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In all but one country, respondents are most likely to agree with the statement that they believe 
that  most  things  that  happen  in  their  life  are  fair.  Respondents  in  Ireland  (78%),  Denmark 
(77%) and Finland (75%) are the most likely to agree, compared to 26% in Greece, 36% in Croatia 
and  38%  in  Bulgaria. More  than  one  in  five respondents  in  Austria,  Denmark  (both  26%),  Sweden 
(25%) and Ireland (23%) strongly agree with this statement. 

Greece is the only country where respondents are most likely to disagree (46%), and it is also the 
only country where at least one in ten strongly disagree (14%), followed by 9% in Bulgaria. 

More than one in ten respondents in each country neither agree nor disagree, with those in Croatia 
(34%), Italy (33%) and the Czech Republic (32%) the most likely to say this. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

37 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Once again it is respondents in Denmark, Sweden (both 81%), Ireland and Finland (both 80%) who 
are  the  most  likely  to  agree  with  the  statement  that  nowadays  in  their  country  they  have 
equal  opportunities  for  getting  ahead  in  life.  Those  in  Greece  (18%),  Croatia  (29%)  and 
Bulgaria (32%) are the least likely to agree.  

Respondents  in  Sweden  (44%)  and  Denmark  (43%)  are  much  more  likely  to  strongly  agree  than 
those in other countries, and particularly respondents in Greece (1%) and Croatia (3%). 

There are 4 countries where respondents are most likely to disagree: Greece (59%), Cyprus (49%), 
Croatia  (46%)  and  Bulgaria  (41%).  Respondents  in  Greece  (23%),  Croatia  (18%),  Bulgaria  and 
Cyprus (both 14%) are the most likely to strongly disagree. 

In Romania respondents are equally likely to agree or disagree (both 38%). 

In ten countries, at least one in five respondents neither agree nor disagree, with those in Slovakia 
(32%), the Czech Republic (28%) and Hungary (26%) the most likely to say this. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

Considering these three aspects of fairness, respondents in Denmark, Sweden, Ireland and Finland 
are the most likely to agree with each  of the  statements, while those in Greece, Croatia, Bulgaria 
and Cyprus are the least likely to do so. 

38 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  next  statements  concern  fairness  in  the  application  of  justice  and  of  political  decisions  in 
respondents' countries. 

Only a minority of respondents (39%) agree they are confident justice always prevails over injustice 
in their country, with 8% totally agreeing. Almost four in ten (39%) disagree, with one in ten saying 
they totally disagree (10%). Just over one in five (21%) neither agree nor disagree. 

Almost  four  in  ten  (38%)  agree  they  believe  that,  by  and  large,  people  get  what  they  deserve  in 
their  country,  with  6%  totally  agreeing.  Almost  as  many  (37%)  disagree,  with  8%  totally 
disagreeing. Almost one quarter (23%) neither agree nor disagree. 

Almost one third (32%) agree that in their country, political decisions are applied consistently to all 
citizens, with 7% in total agreement. Almost half (48%) however, disagree, with 15% saying they 
totally disagree. Almost one in five (17%) say they neither agree nor disagree. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

39 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There  are  six  countries  where  at  least  half  of  respondents  are  confident  that  justice  always 
prevails  over  injustice  in  their  country:  Austria  (63%),  Denmark,  Germany  (both  54%), 
Luxembourg (53%), Finland (51%) and the Netherlands (50%). Austria is the only country where at 
least one in five strongly agree (20%), followed by those in Luxembourg (16%), Ireland, Denmark 
and Germany (all 13%). 

In contrast, just 13% in Latvia, 16% in Croatia and 19% in Cyprus and Lithuania also agree. 

In 17 countries respondents are most likely to disagree, and in eight of these at least half disagree, 
with respondents in Latvia (64%), Croatia (61%), Cyprus and Lithuania (both 59%) the most likely 
to  disagree.  Respondents  in  Croatia  are  the  most  likely  to  strongly  disagree  (26%),  followed  by 
those in Cyprus and Greece (both 19%). 

In  21  countries  at  least  one  in  five  neither  agree  nor  disagree,  with  respondents  in  the  Czech 
Republic (33%), Sweden and Slovakia (both 30%) the most likely do so. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

40 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There  are  five  countries  where  at  least  half  of  respondents  believe  people  get  what  they 
deserve in their country: Austria (61%), Ireland and Denmark (both 58%), and Finland (57%) and 
Luxembourg (53%). At the other end of the scale 19% in Greece, 22% in Cyprus and 23% in Latvia 
also agree. 

Respondents  in  Austria  (17%),  Ireland  (14%)  and  Denmark  (13%)  are  the  most  likely  to  strongly 
agree. 

In four countries, at least half disagree: Greece, Latvia (both 60%), Cyprus (56%) and Spain (52%), 
with  respondents  in  Greece  (19%),  Latvia  (17%)  and  Croatia  (16%)  the  most  likely  to  strongly 
disagree. 

In  23  countries  at  least  one  in  five  neither  agree  nor  disagree,  with  respondents  in  the  Czech 
Republic (32%), Slovakia (30%) and Italy (28%) the most likely to say this. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

41 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  majority  of  respondents  in  Austria  (56%),  Germany  (55%),  Denmark  (54%)  and  Luxembourg 
(51%),  agree  with  the  statement  that  in  their  country  political  decisions  are  applied 
consistently  to  all  citizens.  In  contrast,  just  10%  in  Greece  and  Cyprus,  14%  in  Croatia  and 
Slovenia and 16% in Slovakia say the same. 

More than one in five respondents in Austria strongly agree (21%), as do 18% in Germany and 13% 
in Denmark. 

In 21 countries respondents are most likely to disagree, and in 13 of these at least half disagree, 
with  respondents  in  Cyprus  (73%),  Greece  (72%)  and  Spain  the  most  likely  to  do  so.  At  least  one 
quarter  of  respondents  in  Croatia  (31%),  Greece  (29%),  Spain  (28%)  and  Cyprus  (25%)  strongly 
disagree that in their country political decisions are applied consistently to all citizens. 

In 14 countries at least one in five neither agree nor disagree, with respondents in Slovakia (30%), 
the Czech Republic (26%), and Belgium (24%) the most likely to say this. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

An overview of the results from these three questions shows respondents in Austria and Denmark 
are  consistently  the  most  likely  to  agree,  while  those  in  Cyprus  and  Croatia  are  consistently 
amongst the least likely to do so. 

42 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The socio-demographic analysis for these six statements reveals a number of consistent patterns: 

§  The  younger  the  respondent,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  agree  with  each  statement.  For 
example,  71%  of  those  aged  15-24  agree  important  decisions  that  are  made  concerning 
them are usually taken in a fair way, compared to 56% of those aged 55 or over 

§  The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely they are to agree with each 
statement.  For  instance,  35%  of  those  who  completed  education  aged  20  or  over  agree 
political decisions are applied consistently to all citizens in their country, compared to 26% of 
those who completed aged 15 or younger. In more detail, respondents who did not complete 
primary  are  consistently  much  less  likely  to  agree  with  each  statement  than  those  who  at 
least completed primary school. 

§  Managers and students are the most likely to agree with each statement. For instance, 68% 
of managers believe most of the things that happen in their life are fair, compared to 39% of 
the unemployed. 

§  The  fewer  difficulties  respondents  have  paying  bills,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  agree  with 
each statement. For example, 65% who experience the least difficulties agree in their country 
they  have  equal  opportunities  for  getting  ahead  in  life,  compared  to  32%  of  those  who 
experience the most financial difficulties. 

§  Respondents  who  consider  themselves  living  in  average  or  rich  neighbourhoods  are  more 
likely to agree with each statement than those who say they live in poor areas. For example, 
40% living in average neighbourhoods and 39% living in rich ones agree they are confident 
that  justice  always  prevails  over  injustice  in  their  country,  compared  to  33%  who  live  in  in 
poor areas 

43 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA1.3-8

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
Total	'Ag ree'	(% 	-	EU)

s
n
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EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

61

71
64
59
56

56
58
65
73

60
66
65
61
57
49
57
73

39
55
65

64
61
50

39
57
60
63
66

53

62
58
52
49

44
50
61
65

55
68
57
51
43
39
48
65

31
45
60

62
53
43

29
45
52
57
64

58

65
61
59
53

47
57
65
67

60
70
63
60
51
45
51
67

32
48
65

65
59
43

29
50
57
63
66

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

39

44
40
37
37

37
36
42
48

38
45
42
37
37
29
36
48

23
33
43

39
40
33

25
40
37
39
44

38

43
39
37
36

35
36
41
45

39
44
41
36
34
28
37
45

24
34
41

41
38
34

25
35
39
39
42

32

37
34
33
29

26
31
35
41

32
42
37
30
28
21
29
41

18
26
36

37
32
27

16
29
32
33
39

44 

 
 
  
 
 
	
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In addition, respondents who agree they are in good health, or who consider themselves generally 
happy,  much  more  likely  to  agree  with  each  statement  than  those  who  disagree.  For  instance, 
among  those  who  consider  themselves  happy,  67%  agree  decisions  concerning  them  are  usually 
taken in a fair way, compared to 23% of those who do not consider themselves happy. 

Furthermore, respondents who believe that most of the things that happen in their life are fair are 
much more likely to agree with each of the other statements, compared to those who do not agree 
most things that happen in their life are fair. For instance, 54% of this group are confident justice 
always prevails in their country, compared to 17% among respondents who do not agree that life is 
fair. 

Respondents who believe that people can be trusted are also considerably more likely to agree with 
each  of  the  statements.  For  example,  69%  of  respondents  who  agree  that  people  can  be  trusted 
also agree that most of the things that happen in their life are fair, compared to the 35% of those 
who disagree that people can be trusted. 

QA1.3-8

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
Total	'Ag ree'	(% 	-	EU)

y
a
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53

59
37
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60
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100
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58

64
40
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65
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22

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44
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73
51
40

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

)
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s
u

j

t
a
h
t

t
n
e
d
i
f
n
o
c
m
a

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(

n

i

e
c
i
t
s
u

j

n

i

r
e
v
o

s
l
i

a
v
e
r
p

39

42
28
26

43
22
18

54
27
17

57
27
19

t
e
g

e

l

p
o
e
p

,
e
g
r
a

l

d
n
a

y
b

,
t
a
h
t

e
v
e

i
l

e
b

I

)
Y
R
T
N
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O
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R
U
O

(

n

i

e
v
r
e
s
e
d

y
e
h
t

t
a
h
w

38

41
31
25

41
23
16

53
23
16

54
29
19

s
n
e
z
i
t
i
c

l

a
c
i
t
i
l

o
p
e
h
t

,
)
Y
R
T
N
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O
C

R
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(

n

I

l
l

a

o
t

y
l
t
n
e
t
s
i
s
n
o
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d
e

i
l

p
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a

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r
a

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n
o

i
s
i
c
e
d

32

35
21
21

36
17
13

46
19
13

49
23
13

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Life	is	fair
Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

People	can	be	trusted

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

45 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

3  Equality of opportunity 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Almost half of respondents agree that opportunities for getting ahead in life have 
become more equal in their country compared with 30 years ago. 

More than four in ten (46%) respondents agree that compared with 30 years ago, opportunities for 
getting  ahead  in  life  have  become  more  equal  in  their  country11,  11%  of  which  strongly  agree. 
Almost three in ten (29%) disagree, with 7% strongly disagreeing. Almost one in five (19%) neither 
agree nor disagree. 

Just over one in twenty (6%) say they do not know. 

QA1.9 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
Compared with 30 years ag o, opportunities for g etting ahead in life have become
more	equal	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	(% 	- 	EU)

Don't	know
6

Strong ly	disag ree
7

Strong ly	ag ree
11

Disag ree
22

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
19

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

Ag ree
35

11 QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 1.9 Compared with 30 years ago, 
opportunities for getting ahead in life have become more equal in (OUR COUNTRY). 

46 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Opinions vary widely across Member States. In 20 countries respondents are most likely to agree, 
and there are 11 countries where the majority agree opportunities for getting ahead have become 
more  equal  in  their  country  compared  with  30  years  ago.  Respondents  in  Ireland  (74%),  Finland 
(72%) and Malta (70%) are the most likely to agree, compared to 21% in Greece, 22% in France 
and 24% in Croatia. 

At  least  on  in  five  respondents  in  Finland,  Denmark  (both  24%),  Sweden,  Austria  (both  22%)  and 
Ireland (20%) strongly agree. 

France (57%) and Greece (55%) are the only countries where the majority disagree. In addition, one 
in five respondents in Greece (20%), as well as 17% in France and Croatia strongly disagree. 

In  12  countries  at  least  one  in  five  respondents  neither  agree  nor  disagree,  with  the  highest 
proportions seen amongst those in Slovakia (30%), the Czech Republic (28%) and Italy (26%). 

It is worth noting one in five respondents in Luxembourg say they do not know. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

47 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The socio-demographic analysis shows no notable differences based on gender or age. It does 
illustrate:	

§  Respondents who completed education aged 20 or over are the most likely to agree (49%), 
particularly to those who completed education prior to age 15. In more detail, those who did 
not  complete  primary  school  (33%)  are  much  less  likely  to  agree  than  those  who  at  least 
completed primary schooling (43%-52%). 

§  Managers (54%), students (53%) and other white collar workers (52%) are the most likely to 

agree, particularly compared to the unemployed (35%). 

§  The fewer difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to agree: 

51% with the least difficulties do so, compared to 29% with the most difficulties. 

§  Respondents  who  say  they  live  in  rich  neighbourhoods  (53%)  are  more  likely  to  agree  than 

those in average (46%) or poor neighbourhoods (39%). 

QA1.9

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
Com pared with 30 years ag o, opportunities for g etting ahead in life have becom e
m ore	equal	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

11

8
9
12
16

10
16
12
9
10
8
8
16

6
7
13

13
10
10

7
10
10
11
13

EU28

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

19

18
20
18
17

24
17
20
20
17
14
18
17

17
21
18

16
19
17

15
17
20
18
17

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

22

27
23
21
11

22
18
18
20
25
29
27
11

31
25
20

20
22
26

32
25
21
20
20

e
e
r
g
A

35

33
35
37
37

35
38
40
36
32
27
34
37

23
32
38

40
36
29

26
33
35
37
39

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

7

10
8
7
3

5
5
6
8
9
13
10
3

18
10
5

6
7
13

14
9
8
7
5

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

6

4
5
5
16

4
6
4
7
7
9
3
16

5
5
6

5
6
5

6
6
6
7
6

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

46

41
44
49
53

45
54
52
45
42
35
42
53

29
39
51

53
46
39

33
43
45
48
52

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

29

37
31
28
14

27
23
24
28
34
42
37
14

49
35
25

26
29
39

46
34
29
27
25

Base: All respondents (N=28,031)  

48 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  chart  below  illustrates  a  positive  relationship  between  the  belief  that  things  that  happen  in 
one’s  life  are  fair,  and  the  belief  that  opportunities  for  getting  ahead  in  life  have  become  more 
equal in their country in the last 30 years: respondents who agree with one of these statements are 
more  likely  to  agree  with  the  other.  For  instance,  respondents  in  Ireland  are  the  most  likely  to 
believe most things that happen in their life are fair, and they are also the most likely to agree that 
opportunities for getting ahead in life have become more equal in their country in the last 30 years. 
The  opposite  is  true  for  respondents  in  Greece,  who  are  the  least  likely  to  agree  with  either 
statement. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031)  

49 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

As  has  been  the  case  previously,  respondents  who  agree  they  are  in  good  health,  who  consider 
themselves  generally  happy,    and  who  think  that  people  can  be  trusted  are  much  more  likely  to 
agree opportunities are more equal than 30 years ago, compared to those who disagree in each of 
these  areas.  For  example,  50%  who  agree  they  are  generally  a  happy  person  also  agree 
opportunities are more equal, compared to 27% who disagree they are generally a happy person. 

QA1.9

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
Com pared with 30 years ag o, opportunities for g etting ahead in life have becom e m ore
equal	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

11

12
6
6

12
4
5

15
6
5

16
6
5

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

19

18
24
17

18
25
17

16
27
16

16
26
16

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

22

20
29
30

20
28
32

17
24
32

14
23
34

e
e
r
g
A

35

37
27
29

38
26
22

42
29
26

44
32
24

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

7

6
11
15

6
12
21

4
8
17

3
7
16

Base: All respondents (N=28,031)  

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

6

7
3
3

6
5
3

6
6
4

7
6
5

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

46

49
33
35

50
30
27

57
35
31

60
38
29

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

29

26
40
45

26
40
53

21
32
49

17
30
50

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Life	is	fair
Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

People	can	be	trusted

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

50 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

4  Perceptions of immigration and globalisation 

Respondents are more likely to be positive about globalisation than they are about 
immigration 

Opinion about immigration is divided. 

Almost  four  in  ten  agree  immigration  into  their  country  is  a  good  thing  (39%),  with  9%  totally 
agreeing12. One third, on the other hand, disagree (33%), with 12% strongly disagreeing. More than 
one quarter (26%) neither agree nor disagree. 

QA1.13 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
I	think 	immig ration	into	(OUR	C OUN TRY )	is	a	g ood	thing 	(% 	- 	EU)

Don't	know
2

Strong ly	ag ree
9

Ag ree
30

Strong ly	disag ree
12

Disag ree
21

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
26

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

12	QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 1.13 I think immigration into (OUR 
COUNTRY) is a good thing 

51 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There  are  11  countries  overall  where  respondents  are  most  likely  to  agree  immigration  into  their 
country  is  a  good  thing.  Opinion  in  Poland  and  Austria  is  equally  divided  between  agreement  and 
disagreement  (all  38%).  Sweden  (27%),  Luxembourg  (24%)  and  Ireland  (22%)  are  the  only 
countries where at least one in five strongly agree. 

There are eight countries where at least half disagree, most notably Hungary (70%), Greece (65%) 
and  Latvia  and  the  Czech  Republic  (both  61%).  Overall  there  are  15  countries  where  respondents 
are  most  likely  to  disagree.  It  is  worth  noting  that  the  majority  of  respondents  in  Hungary  (51%) 
strongly disagree, as do 28% in the Czech Republic and 26% in Greece. 

In all but four countries at least one in five neither agree nor disagree, with respondents in Denmark 
(36%), the Netherlands (34%) and Slovenia (33%) the most likely to answer this way. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

52 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There is range of 59 percentage points in agreement levels across the EU, highlighting the diversity 
of  opinion.  There  are  five  countries  where  at  least  half  agree  immigration  into  their  country  is  a 
good  thing:  Sweden  (69%),  Ireland  (68%),  Luxembourg  (63%),  the  United  Kingdom  (56%)  and 
Portugal  (50%).  This  compares  to  10%  in  Greece,  11%  in  Slovakia  and  12%  in  Bulgaria  who  also 
agree. 

The map illustrates that respondents living in countries in the eastern area of the EU are generally 
amongst the least likely to agree. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

53 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following: 

§  The younger the respondent, the more likely they are to agree immigration into their country 
is a good thing: 45% of those aged 15-24 agree, compared to 32% of those aged 55 or over. 

§  The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely they are to agree: 48% who 
completed  education  aged  20  or  over  agree,  compared  to  28%  who  completed  education 
aged  15  or  younger.  In  more  detail,  55%  of  those  who  completed  upper  level  education 
agree, compared to 20% who did not finish primary school. 

§  Managers  (52%)  and  students  (50%)  are  the  most  likely  to  agree,  particularly  compared  to 

retired persons (30%) and housepersons (31%). 

§  The fewer difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to agree: 
42% who experience the least difficulties agree, compared to 27% who experience the most 
difficulties. 

§  The more urbanised a respondent’s environment, the more likely they are to agree: 42% living 

in large towns agree compared to 35% living in rural villages. 

§  Respondents  living  in  neighbourhoods  they  classify  as  rich  (48%)  are  more  likely  to  agree 

than those living in average (37%) or poor (39%) neighbourhoods. 

54 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA1.13

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
I	think	im m ig ration	into	(OUR	COUN TRY )	is	a	g ood	thing 	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

9

12
11
9
6

5
7
11
14

11
13
9
8
7
8
5
14

6
6
10

7
8
11

5
6
7
11
14

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

26

27
26
27
26

24
27
28
29

28
27
28
26
23
24
26
29

25
26
27

28
27
24

18
25
26
29
25

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

21

15
18
21
26

29
24
15
13

20
13
19
22
30
22
26
13

26
25
20

22
22
20

33
26
24
19
13

e
e
r
g
A

30

33
33
31
26

23
26
37
36

31
39
32
29
24
29
25
36

21
26
32

28
30
31

15
25
27
32
41

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

12

9
10
11
14

16
14
8
5

9
7
11
13
13
15
15
5

20
15
10

13
11
12

24
15
14
8
6

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

2

4
2
1
2

3
2
1
3

1
1
1
2
3
2
3
3

2
2
1

2
2
2

5
3
2
1
1

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

39

45
44
40
32

28
33
48
50

42
52
41
37
31
37
30
50

27
32
42

35
38
42

20
31
34
43
55

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

33

24
28
32
40

45
38
23
18

29
20
30
35
43
37
41
18

46
40
30

35
33
32

57
41
38
27
19

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

S ubjective	urbanisation

Rural	village
S mall/	mid	size	town
Large	town

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

55 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

It  worth  to  be  mentioned  that,  broadly  speaking,  respondents  who  think  immigration  into  their 
country is a good thing are more likely to think that people in their country can be trusted.  
The  chart  below  illustrates  this  positive  relationship,  although  it  is  somewhat  inconsistent.  For 
example, the proportion of respondents in Spain and Latvia who think immigration into their country 
is a good thing are similar, but those in Spain are much more likely to say people in their country 
can generally be trusted. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

56 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Further  analysis  shows  that  respondents  who  agree  they  are  in  good  health,  who  consider 
themselves generally happy, and who agree life is fair are much more likely to agree immigration 
into  their  country  is  a  good  thing,  compared  to  those  who  disagree  in  each  of  these  areas.  For 
example,  42%  who  agree  they  are  in  good  health  agree  immigration  into  their  country  is  a  good 
thing,  compared  to  26%  who  disagree  they  are  in  good  health.  In  a  similar  fashion,  47%  of 
respondents  who  agree  life  is  fair  think  immigration  is  a  good  thing,  compared  to  27%  who 
disagree life is fair. 

QA1.13

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
I	think	im m ig ration	into	(OUR	COUN TRY )	is	a	g ood	thing 	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

9

10
4
5

9
4
5

11
6
6

13
5
4

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

26

27
27
21

27
28
18

25
33
22

25
35
23

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

21

19
29
31

20
30
32

18
23
29

15
22
31

e
e
r
g
A

30

32
20
21

32
18
16

36
24
21

39
24
19

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

12

10
17
19

10
17
26

8
12
20

7
12
20

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

2

2
3
3

2
3
3

2
2
2

1
2
3

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

39

42
24
26

41
22
21

47
30
27

52
29
23

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

33

29
46
50

30
47
58

26
35
49

22
34
51

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Life	is	fair
Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

People	can	be	trusted

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

57 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Almost  half  of  respondents  (47%)  agree  globalisation  is  a  good  thing,  with  11%  saying  they 
strongly  agree13.  Just  over  one  in  five  (21%)  disagree,  with  6%  strongly  disagreeing.  One  quarter 
(25%) neither agree nor disagree while 7% say they don’t know. 

QA1.14 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
I	think	g lobalisation	is	a	g ood	thing 	(% 	- 	EU)

Don't	know
7

Strong ly	ag ree
11

Ag ree
36

Strong ly	disag ree
6

Disag ree
15

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
25

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

13 QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 1.14 I think globalisation is a good 
thing 

58 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Once again there is a broad range of opinion across countries, although in 23 countries respondents 
are most likely to agree.  Sweden (33%), Denmark (31%), Ireland (21%) and Luxembourg (20%) are 
the only countries where at least one in five strongly agrees, 

Greece is the only country where a majority disagrees (51%), followed by the Cyprus (37%) and the 
Czech Republic (36%). Respondents in Greece (21%), Hungary (13%), France and Cyprus (both 12%) 
are the most likely to say they strongly disagree.  

In Romania opinion is equally divided between those who agree, those who disagree and those who 
neither agree nor disagree. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

59 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents  in  Sweden  (76%),  Denmark  (75%)  and  Ireland  (69%)  are  the  most  likely  to  agree 
globalisation is a good thing, compared to 21% in Greece, 25% in the Czech Republic and 27% in 
Slovakia. 

The map does not illustrate any consistent geographic pattern in opinion. 

The socio-demographic analysis highlights the following: 

§  Men  are  more  likely  to  agree  globalisation  is  a  good  thing,  compared  to  women  (49%  vs 

44%). 

§  The  younger  the  respondent,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  agree:  59%  of  those  aged  15-24 

agree, compared to 39% of those aged 55or over. 

§  The longer a respondent remained in education, the more likely they are to agree: 52% who 
completed  education  aged  20  or  over  agree,  compared  to  37%  who  completed  education 
aged  15  or  younger.  In  more  detail,  55%  of  those  who  completed  upper  level  education 
agree, compared to 18% who did not finish primary school. 

§  Students (63%) are the most likely to agree, particularly compared to housepersons (36%). 

§  The fewer difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to agree: 
51% who experience the least difficulties agree, compared to 31% who experience the most. 

§  Respondents  living  in  neighbourhoods  they  classify  as  rich  (53%)  are  more  likely  to  agree 

than those living in average (46%) or poor (41%) neighbourhoods. 

60 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA1.14

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
I	think	g lobalisation	is	a	g ood	thing 	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

11

12
9

18
11
11
8

6
9
12
20

10
15
12
9
8
10
8
20

6
8
12

15
10
8

5
8
10
12
14

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

25

24
26

23
26
27
24

21
27
25
21

28
24
27
27
24
22
23
21

24
27
24

24
26
20

17
21
26
26
26

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

15

15
15

8
13
15
19

19
17
14
7

14
13
15
14
18
16
19
7

20
18
14

14
15
17

18
16
16
15
11

e
e
r
g
A

36

37
35

41
40
35
31

31
33
40
43

37
41
37
38
28
34
31
43

25
31
39

38
36
33

13
33
34
38
41

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

6

7
6

3
5
7
8

8
7
6
3

7
5
6
6
6
8
8
3

14
8
5

6
6
10

11
8
7
5
6

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

7

5
9

7
5
5
10

15
7
3
6

4
2
3
6
16
10
11
6

11
8
6

3
7
12

36
14
7
4
2

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

47

49
44

59
51
46
39

37
42
52
63

47
56
49
47
36
44
39
63

31
39
51

53
46
41

18
41
44
50
55

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

21

22
21

11
18
22
27

27
24
20
10

21
18
21
20
24
24
27
10

34
26
19

20
21
27

29
24
23
20
17

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

61 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Additional  analysis  illustrates  that  respondents  who  agree  they  are  in  good  health,  who  consider 
themselves  generally  happy,  who  agree  life  is  fair,  or  that  people  can  be  trusted  are  much  more 
likely to agree globalisation is a good thing, compared to those who disagree in each of these areas. 
For  instance,  60%  who  say  people  in  their  country  can  be  trusted  agree  globalisation  is  a  good 
thing,  compared  to  32%  who  disagree.  Furthermore,  50%  who  say  they  are  generally  a  happy 
person  agree  globalisation  is  a  good  thing,  compared  to  25%  who  disagree  they  are  generally 
happy. 

QA1.14

Please	tell	me	to	what	extent	you	personally	agree	or	disagree	with	the	following	statements.	
I	think	g lobalisation	is	a	g ood	thing 	(% 	-	EU)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

11

12
6
6

12
5
3

14
7
6

16
6
6

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i

e
N

25

25
28
21

25
29
19

22
33
23

21
34
25

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

15

14
21
21

14
22
25

12
16
22

11
15
22

e
e
r
g
A

36

39
25
26

38
22
22

43
31
26

44
31
26

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

d

y
l

g
n
o
r
t
S

6

5
9
12

5
10
18

4
6
13

3
7
11

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

7

5
11
14

6
12
13

5
7
10

5
7
10

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

47

51
31
32

50
27
25

57
38
32

60
37
32

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i

D

'

l

a
t
o
T

21

19
30
33

19
32
43

16
22
35

14
22
33

EU28

In	good	health

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

A	happy	person

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Life	is	fair

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

People	can	be	trusted

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

62 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

III.  GETTING AHEAD IN LIFE  

Respondents were asked how important a range of factors were for getting ahead in life14.  

Good health is considered the most essential for getting ahead in life 

Almost half (48%) consider having good health essential to getting ahead in life, and a further 39% 
think it is very important. One third (33%) say having a good education is essential, and 27% say 
this about working hard. In both cases 43% say these things are very important. 

Just  over  one  in  five  say  knowing  the  right  people  (22%)  or  being  lucky  (21%)  are  essential  for 
getting ahead. In each case more than one third say these things are very important. 

Respondents  are  much  less  likely  to  consider  coming  from  a  wealthy  family,  having  political 
connections, being of a specific ethnic origin or being born a man or a woman are essential or very 
important for getting ahead. In fact, half (50%) say being born a man or a woman is not important. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

14 QA2 How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 2.1 Coming from a wealthy family; 2.2 Having a 
good education; 2.3 Working hard; 2.4 Knowing the right people; 2.5 Having good health; 2.6 Being lucky; 2.7 Being of a specific ethnic 
origin; 2.8 Being born a man or a woman; 2.9 Having political connections. 

63 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

An  overwhelming  majority  in  each  country  think  having  good  health  is  either  essential  or 
important for getting ahead in life. Respondents in Bulgaria (73%), Cyprus (69%) and Greece (68%) 
are the most likely to say it is essential, compared to 24% in Sweden, 34% in the Netherlands and 
35% in the United Kingdom and Finland. Overall, there are 14 countries where at least half say this 
is essential. 

At  least  one  quarter  of  respondents  in  each  country  say  good  health  is  important,  with  those  in 
Sweden (72%), Finland (64%), the Netherlands and the United Kingdom (both 63%) the most likely 
to do so. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

64 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There are only three countries where the majority of respondents think having a good education 
is essential for getting ahead in life: Germany (56%), Cyprus and Austria (both 52%). This compares 
to 15% in France and Croatia and 18% in Slovenia. 

More  than  40%  of  respondents  in  each  country  think  having  a  good  education  is  important,  with 
those  in  Sweden  (73%),  Belgium  (72%)  and  the  Netherlands  (70%)  the  most  likely  to  say  this.  In 
fact, this is the most common response in 25 countries. 

More  than  one  in  ten  respondents  in  France,  Croatia  (both  18%),  Hungary,  Lithuania,  Slovenia  (all 
16%) and Bulgaria (14%) say a good education is not important to get ahead in life. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

65 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In all countries a minority of respondents say that working hard is essential for getting ahead in 
life, with the largest shares observed in Ireland (46%) and the United Kingdom (45%) - the only two 
countries  where  at  least  four  in  ten  say  that  working  hard  is  essential.  This  compares  to  13%  in 
Croatia, 16% in Lithuania and 17% in Malta and Denmark.  

In  all  but  one  country  the  majority  of  respondents  say  working  hard  is  important  to  get  ahead  in 
life, with those in Belgium (76%), Finland (75%), Sweden and Estonia (both 74%), the most likely to 
say this. The exception is Latvia (48%), but even here this is the most common answer. 

More  than  one  in  five  respondents  in  Latvia  (24%)  and  Croatia  (23%)  say  working  hard  is  not 
important for getting ahead in life. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

66 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents in Bulgaria (56%) are much more likely than those in other countries to say knowing 
the  right  people is essential for getting ahead in life. Four in ten respondents in Hungary (40%) 
and 39% in Cyprus say the same, compared to 11% in the Netherlands, 12% in Denmark and 15% 
in the United Kingdom, Finland and Sweden. 

With the exception of Bulgaria, the majority of respondents in all other countries say knowing the 
right people is important for getting ahead in life. Proportions range from 79% in Sweden, 78% in 
Portugal and 77% in Spain to 41% in Bulgaria, 54% in Hungary and 57% in Cyprus and Croatia. 

Respondents  in  Denmark  (20%)  and  Lithuania  (18%)  are  the  most  likely  to  say  that  knowing  the 
right people is not important. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

67 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  chart  below  shows  there  is  a  negative  relationship  between  the  belief  that  knowing  the  right 
people is essential to get ahead in life, and a belief that most things that happen in one’s life are 
fair: the more a respondent agrees knowing the right people is essential, the less likely they are to 
agree most things that happen in one’s life are fair.  

For  example,  respondents  in  Bulgaria  are  the  most  likely  to  say  knowing  the  right  people  is 
essential,  but  amongst  the  least  likely  to  agree  most  things  that  happen  in  their  life  are  fair.  In 
contrast,  respondents  in  Denmark  are  amongst  the  least  likely  to  say  knowing  the  right  people  is 
essential, but amongst the most likely to say most things that happen in their life are fair. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

68 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Six in ten respondents in Bulgaria (60%) say being lucky is essential for getting ahead in life, as do 
48% in Croatia and 37% in Slovakia. At the other end of the scale, 6% in Sweden, 8% in the United 
Kingdom and 10% in Denmark think the same way. 

The majority of respondents in 26 countries say being lucky is important for getting ahead in life, 
with those in Belgium (75%), the Netherlands (73%) and Spain (71%) the most likely to say this. 

More  than  one  quarter  of  respondents  in  the  United  Kingdom  (36%),  Denmark  (34%),  Sweden 
(30%) and Malta (27%) say that being lucky is not important. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

69 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Overall  there  are  23  countries  where  the  majority  of  respondents  say  coming  from  a  wealthy 
family  is  either  essential  or  important  for  getting  ahead  in  life.  Respondents  in  Hungary  (89%), 
Italy (88%) and Bulgaria (86%) are the most likely to say this, compared to 34% in Denmark, 38% 
in Sweden and 41% in Luxemburg. 

Respondents in Hungary (29%), Bulgaria (28%) and Croatia (20%) are the most likely to say coming 
from a wealthy family is essential for getting ahead in life, while those in Sweden (1%), Denmark 
and the Netherlands (both 2%) are the least likely to do so. 

In 15 countries, at least half of all respondents say coming from a wealthy family is important for 
getting ahead in life, with those in Italy (70%), Portugal (68%) and Greece (67%) the most likely to 
say this. 

There  are  five  countries  where  the  majority  say  this  is  not  important:  Denmark  (65%),  Sweden 
(61%), Luxembourg (58%), France (55%) and the Netherlands (54%). 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

70 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In  21  Member  States,  at  least  half  of  all  respondents  say  having  political  connections  is 
essential or important for getting ahead in life. Respondents in Croatia (88%), Bulgaria (84%) and 
Hungary (81%) are the most likely to say this, while those in Sweden (24%), Denmark (25%) and 
the Netherlands (29%) are the least likely to do so. 

Respondents in Croatia (38%), Bulgaria (37%) and Hungary (29%) are the most likely to say having 
political connections is essential, while those in Greece (62%), Poland and Portugal (both 59%) the 
most likely to say it is important. 

In  six  countries  the  majority  says  this  is  not  important:  Sweden  (72%),  Denmark  (71%),  the 
Netherlands (69%), France (64%), Finland (58%) and the United Kingdom (53%). 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

71 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Hungary  is  the  only  country  where  at  least  one  in  five  say  being  of  a  specific  ethnic  origin  is 
essential for getting on in life (20%), followed by 17% in Bulgaria and 15% in Austria. Respondents 
in  Italy  (56%),  Austria  and  the  Czech  Republic  (both  53%)  are  the  most  likely  to  say  this  is 
important.  

Overall,  in  17  countries,  at  least  half  of  all  respondents  think  being  of  a  specific  ethnic  origin  is 
essential  or  important  for  getting  ahead  in  life.  Respondents  in  Hungary  (71%),  Italy  and  Austria 
(both  68%)  are  the  most  likely  to  think  this  way,  compared  to  26%  in  Lithuania,  31%  in 
Luxembourg and 33% in Latvia. 

In nine countries the majority say being of a specific ethnic origin is not important, with the highest 
proportions seen amongst those in Lithuania (68%), Luxembourg (66%) and Latvia (62%). 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

72 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In all Member States less than one in five say that being born a man or a woman is essential to 
get ahead in life, with respondents in Hungary (16%), Austria (14%), Italy and the Czech Republic 
(both 12%) the most likely to think so. 

Respondents in Austria (53%), Hungary (52%), and Italy (50%) are also the most likely to say being 
born a man or a woman is important to get ahead in life.  

However,  in  17  countries  the  majority  of  respondents  say  being  born  a  man  or  a  woman  is  not 
important for getting ahead in life, with those in Latvia (76%), Lithuania (71%), Denmark, Estonia 
and the Netherlands (all 68%) the most likely to say so. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

73 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  socio-demographic  analysis  reveals  the  following  notable  differences  for  those  who  consider 
each factor essential: 

§  The younger the respondent, the more likely they are to say working hard is essential to get 
ahead  in  life.  In  contrast,  the  older  the  respondent,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  say  having 
good heath is essential. 

§  The  earlier  the  respondent  finished  education,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  say  having  good 
health or being lucky is essential. For example, 53% who left education younger than 15 say 
good health is essential, compared to 45% of those who stayed in education the longest. 

§  Students (43%) and managers (40%) are the most likely to say a good education is essential, 

particularly compared to the unemployed (25%). 

§  Respondents  who  experience  the  least  difficulties  paying  bills  are  the  most  likely  to  say  a 
good  education  is  essential  (36%),  but  the  least  likely  to  say  coming  from  a  wealth  family 
(28%), knowing the right people (20%) or being lucky (19%) is essential.Respondents who say 
they live in a poor neighbourhood are more likely to say having a wealthy family, being lucky, 
having political connections and knowing the right people is essential, but they are the least 
likely to say this about having a good education. 

QA2.2-6

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead
in	life?	
'Essential'	(% 	-	EU)

h
t
l

a
e
h

d
o
o
g

g
n

i
v
a
H

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

d
o
o
g

a

g
n

i
v
a
H

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

48

44
46
47
51

53
49
45
42

50
42
47
47
52
47
52
42

51
48
47

45
49
46

33

38
32
33
33

30
32
35
43

33
40
32
30
34
25
33
43

25
28
36

36
34
26

d
r
a
h

g
n

i
k
r
o
W

27

32
29
25
26

27
27
27
31

29
31
24
28
24
23
27
31

26
27
28

32
27
26

e

l

p
o
e
p

t
h
g

i
r

e
h
t

i

g
n
w
o
n
K

22

23
23
21
21

22
24
20
21

24
21
25
22
21
26
20
21

29
27
20

20
22
25

y
k
c
u

l

i

g
n
e
B

21

21
20
21
22

25
22
19
19

22
16
23
20
27
22
23
19

28
26
19

19
21
25

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

74 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents who agree life is fair are more likely to say a good education is essential, compared to 
those who disagree (36% vs 30%). Likewise, they are also more likely to consider ‘working hard’ as 
essential (30% vs. 24%), while there is little difference observed across the other options.	

QA2.2-6

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead
in	life?	
'Essential'	(% 	-	EU)

h
t
l

a
e
h

d
o
o
g

g
n

i
v
a
H

48

47
47
51

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

d
o
o
g

a

g
n

i
v
a
H

33

36
31
30

d
r
a
h

g
n

i
k
r
o
W

27

30
24
24

EU28

Life	is	fair
Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

Getting	ahead:	Knowing	the	right	people

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

Essential
Total	'Important'
Total	'N ot	important'

70
42
37

51
29
24

42
23
25

e

l

p
o
e
p

t
h
g

i
r
e
h
t

i

g
n
w
o
n
K

22

19
21
29

100
0
0

y
k
c
u

l

i

g
n
e
B

21

19
21
26

47
14
9

The  socio-demographic  analysis  reveals  the  following  notable  differences  for  those  who  consider 
each factor essential or important: 

§  The older the respondent, the more likely they are to say being lucky, being born a man or a 
woman,  being  a  specific  ethnic  origin  or  political  connections  are  essential  or  important. 
Respondents  aged  25  or  over  are  the  most  likely  to  say  being  from  a  wealthy  family  is 
essential or important: for instance, 66% of those aged 55 or over say this, compared to 57% 
of those aged 15-24. 

§  The  earlier  a  respondent  completed  their  education,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  say  being 
from a wealthy family, being lucky or having political connections are essential or important. 
For  example,  67%  who  completed  education  prior  to  age  15  say  coming  from  a  wealthy 
family  is  essential  or  important  for  getting  ahead  in  life,  compared  to  61%  who  completed 
their education aged 20 or over. 

§  Respondents  who  experience  fewer  financial  difficulties  are  the  most  likely  to  say  a  good 
education  is  essential  or  important,  but  they  are  the  least  likely  to  say  this  about  having  a 
wealthy family or political connections. 

§  Respondents who live in large towns (69%) are more likely than those living in smaller areas 

(62%-63%) to say a wealthy family is essential or important. 

§  Respondents  who  say  they  live  in  a  poor  neighbourhood  are  more  likely  to  say  having  a 
wealthy family, being born a man or a woman or having political connections are essential or 
important  for  getting  ahead.  For  instance,  66%  say  political  connections  are  essential  or 
important, compared to 49% of those who define their neighbourhood as rich. 

75 

 
 
  
 
 
	
	
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA2.1,	7-9

How	important	do	you	think	each	of	the	following	are	for	getting	ahead	in	
life?	
Total	'Essential	or	im portant'	(% 	-	EU)

a
m
o
r
f

i

g
n
m
o
C

y
l
i

m
a
f

y
h
t
l

a
e
w

l

a
c
i
t
i
l

o
p

g
n

i
v
a
H

s
n
o
i
t
c
e
n
n
o
c

n

i

g

i
r
o
c
i

n
h
t
e

c
i
f
i
c
e
p
s

a

f
o

i

g
n
e
B

n
a
m
o
w
a

r
o

n
a
m
a

n
r
o
b

i

g
n
e
B

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

S ubjective	urbanisation

Rural	village
S mall/	mid	size	town
Large	town

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

64

57
65
64
66

67
65
61
62

68
71
61

63
62
69

61
64
72

56

50
56
56
58

61
57
52
53

62
64
52

56
54
58

49
56
66

52

45
50
53
55

55
52
51
47

50
55
51

51
51
55

53
51
55

46

39
46
49
49

50
47
46
42

49
49
46

47
46
48

46
46
55

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

In addition, respondents who disagree life is fair are more likely to say coming from a wealthy 
family (69% vs 61%) or having political connections (62% vs 52%) are essential or important, 
compared to those who think life is fair. 	

QA2.1,	7-9

How	important	do	you	think	each	of	the	following	are	for	getting	ahead	in	
life?	
Total	'Essential	or	im portant'	(% 	-	EU)

EU28

Life	is	fair

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

a
m
o
r
f

i

g
n
m
o
C

y
l
i

m
a
f

y
h
t
l

a
e
w

64

61
68
69

l

a
c
i
t
i
l

o
p

g
n

i
v
a
H

s
n
o
i
t
c
e
n
n
o
c

56

52
59
62

n

i

g

i
r
o
c
i

n
h
t
e

c
i
f
i
c
e
p
s

a

f
o

i

g
n
e
B

52

52
53
49

n
a
m
o
w
a

r
o

n
a
m
a

n
r
o
b

i

g
n
e
B

46

47
48
46

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

76 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

IV.  INTER-GENERATIONAL  MOBILITY  IN  SOCIAL  STATUS,  EDUCATION  AND 

OCCUPATION 

This  part  of  the  report  covers  respondents’  occupation,  educational  attainment  and  social  status. 
Comparisons with parents and grandparents will also be made in order to assess the level of social 
mobility. 

1  Social status 

Respondents were asked where they would place themselves, their parents and grandparents on the 
social ladder, relative to other people in their country15.  

The majority of respondents place themselves and their parents in the middle of the 
social ladder 

One  quarter  of  respondents  (25%)  place  themselves  at  the  top  of  the  ladder,  while  63%  place 
themselves in the middle and 9% at the bottom.  

Similarly, almost one quarter of respondents (24%) also put their parents at the top of the ladder, 
58% place them in the middle and 13% say they are at the bottom. 

There is little difference in responses for paternal and maternal grandparents. In both cases 17% 
put them at the top of the ladder and 17% say they are at the bottom. Almost half (49%) put their 
paternal grandparents in the middle, while 51% say this about their maternal grandparents. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

15 QA7 Where would you place yourself on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR COUNTRY)? A. Yourself; B Your parents; C Your 
paternal grandparents; D Your maternal grandparents. 

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Report 

The results here have been recalculated by removing respondents who refused or said they did not 
know.  

Just over one quarter of this group of respondents place themselves at the top of the ladder (26%), 
while 65% place themselves in the middle and 9% at the bottom.  

More than one quarter (26%) put also their parents at the top of the ladder, 61% place them in the 
middle and 13% say they are at the bottom. 

There is no difference in responses for paternal and maternal grandparents. In both cases 20% put 
them at the top of the ladder, 60% in the middle and 20% at the bottom. 

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N= 23,327 - 27,214) 

78 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

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Report 

The charts below show the average position respondents place themselves, their parents and their 
grandparents on the social ladder. The higher the average, the higher the position on the ladder. 

Respondents  in  the  Netherlands  (6.8),  Sweden  (6.4)  and  Denmark  (6.3)  have  the  highest  average 
placement for themselves on the social ladder, while those in Portugal (4.7), Bulgaria (4.8), Hungary 
and Romania (both 5.0) have the lowest average position on the ladder. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

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December 2017 

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Report 

The  picture  is  similar  when  respondents  are  asked  to  place  their  parents  on  the  social  ladder. 
Respondents in the Netherlands (6.6), Finland (6.1) and Sweden (6.0) place their parents highest on 
the  ladder,  compared  to  respondents  in  Portugal  (4.4),  Bulgaria  (4.7),  Hungary  and  Romania  (both 
4.8). 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

80 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
 
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Three in ten respondents place themselves higher than their parents on the social ladder 

The  majority  of  respondents  place  themselves  equal  or  higher  than  their  parents  on  the  social 
ladder  (73%).  Three  in  ten  (30%)  place  themselves  higher,  while  43%  say  they  are  at  an  equal 
position. Just over one in five (22%) place themselves lower than their parents. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

Only a minority of respondents in each country place themselves higher than their parents on the 
social ladder. Respondents in Denmark (43%), Sweden (41%) and Luxembourg (37%) are the most 
likely  to  do  this,  particularly  compared  to  respondents  in  Italy  (23%),  the  United  Kingdom  (24%), 
Latvia and Slovakia (both 26%). 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

81 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  map  below  depicts  the  net  difference  between  the  share  of  people  in  a  country  who  placed 
themselves  higher  than  their  parents  on  the  social  ladder  and  the  share  who  placed  themselves 
lower.  It  therefore  highlights  the  countries  where  there  has  been  a  self-perceived  positive 
progression in social status, as well those where there is perceived regression.  

For  example,  countries  like  Denmark  (22  pp  difference)  and  Luxembourg  (20  pp)  stand  out  with 
much  larger  shares  of  respondents  who  position  themselves  higher,  rather  than  lower,  than  their 
parents. At the other end, the net difference is negative in France (-5 pp), Finland (-2 pp) and the UK 
(-1 pp). It is however worth noting that respondents in Finland have one of the highest placements 
on the social ladder across the EU (6.1). 

All respondents (N=28,031 

82 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  socio-demographic  analysis  focusses  on  those  who  place  themselves  higher  on  the  social 
ladder than their parents. 

§  The older the respondent, the more likely they are to place themselves higher on the social 
ladder than their parents: 36% of those aged 55 or over place themselves higher, compared 
to 13% of those aged 15-24. 

§  Managers  are  the  most  likely  to  place  themselves  higher  than  their  parents,  particularly 

compared to students (40% vs 13%). 

§  The  fewer  financial  difficulties  a  respondent  experiences,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  place 
themselves  higher  than  their  parents:  32%  with  the  fewest  financial  difficulties  do  so, 
compared to 21% of those who experience the most difficulties. 

§  Respondents living in neighbourhoods they describe as rich (35%) are the most likely to place 
themselves  higher  than  their  parents,  compared  to  those  who  say  their  neighbourhood  is 
average (30%) or poor (26%). 

§  Respondents who place themselves at the top of the social ladder are the most likely to say 
they are above their parents (44%), compared to those who place themselves in the middle 
(28%) or at the bottom (12%). 

83 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA7T

Placement	on	social	ladder
(% 	-	EU)

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g

i

h

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

30

13
26
32
36

34
40
29
27
32
18
35
13

21
28
32

35
30
26

S elf-placement	on	social	ladder

Top
Middle
Bottom

44
28
12

43

53
45
42
39

40
37
43
47
41
39
39
56

37
42
43

39
44
41

41
46
39

22

29
25
22
17

22
19
23
22
21
36
17
27

36
24
19

22
21
27

13
23
44

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N= 26,373) 

84 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

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Respondents are most likely to place themselves higher than their grandparents on the 
social ladder 

Four  in  ten  respondents  (40%)  place  themselves  higher  than  their  paternal  grandparents  on  the 
social ladder. Just over one quarter (26%) say they are in an equal position, while 17% say they are 
lower on the ladder than their grandparents. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

There  are  five  countries  where  the  majority  place  themselves  higher  than  their  paternal 
grandparents on the social ladder: Denmark, Sweden (both 53%), Greece, Cyprus and Luxembourg 
(all  51%).  At  the  other  end  of  the  scale,  respondents  in  Latvia  are  the  least  likely  to  place 
themselves  higher  than  their  paternal  grandparents  (20%),  followed  by  those  in  Lithuania  (31%) 
and Slovakia (33%). 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

85 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
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December 2017 

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Report 

The majority of respondents place themselves equal or higher than their maternal grandparents on 
the social ladder (67%). More than four in ten (41%) place themselves higher, while 26% say they 
are at an equal position. Less than one in five (17%) place themselves lower than their parents. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

There  are  five  countries  where  at  least  half  place  themselves  higher  than  their  maternal 
grandparents on the social ladder: Sweden (57%), Denmark (56%), Luxembourg (51%), Croatia and 
Greece (both 50%). This compares to 21% in Latvia, 32% in Malta and 34% in the United Kingdom 
and Lithuania. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

86 

 
 
  
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
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December 2017 

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Report 

A  broader  view  of  respondents’  positioning  on  the  social  ladder  shows  respondents  in  Denmark, 
Sweden,  Greece,  Luxembourg  and  Cyprus  are  consistently  amongst  the  most  likely  to  place 
themselves  higher  on  the  social  ladder  than  their  parents  or  grandparents.  On  the  other  hand, 
respondents in Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia the United Kingdom and Malta are consistently amongst 
the least likely to do so. 

The  socio-demographic  analysis  focusses  on  those  who  place  themselves  higher  on  the  social 
ladder than their grandparents, and shows similar patterns for maternal and paternal grandparents: 

§  Respondents  aged  25  or  over  are  the  most  likely  to  place  themselves  higher  on  the  social 
scale  than  their  paternal  or  maternal  grandparents.  For  example,  42%  of  those  aged  55  or 
over place themselves higher than their maternal grandparents, compared to 34% of those 
aged 15-24. 

§  Those who completed their education aged 20 or over are the most likely to place themselves 
higher on the social scale than their paternal or maternal grandparents. For instance, 47% of 
those who completed education aged 20 or over place themselves higher than their paternal 
grandparents, compared to 36% of those who completed education aged 15 or younger. 

§  Managers  are  the  most  likely  to  place  themselves  higher  than  their  paternal  (54%)  or 

maternal (57%) grandparents. 

§  The  fewer  financial  difficulties  a  respondent  experiences,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  place 
themselves  higher  than  their  grandparents:  43%  with  the  fewest  financial  difficulties  place 
themselves  higher  than  their  paternal  grandparents,  compared  to  28%  of  those  who 
experience the most difficulties. 

§  Respondents  living  in  neighbourhoods  they  describe  as  rich  are  the  most  likely  to  place 
themselves higher than their maternal or paternal grandparents, compared to those who say 
their neighbourhood is average or poor. 

§  Respondents who place themselves at the top of the social ladder are the most likely to say 
they are above their grandparents. For example, 60% who place themselves on the top of the 
ladder  say  they  are  above  their  maternal  grandparents,  compared  to  39%  who  place 
themselves in the middle and 16% who place themselves at the bottom of the ladder. 

87 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA7T

Placement	on	social	ladder
(% 	-	EU)

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g

i

h

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g

i

h

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

40

34
39
42
41

36
38
47
33

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

45
54
43
37
39
27
39
33

28
35
43

49
39
34

S elf-placement	on	social	ladder

26

27
28
26
25

28
27
22
28

27
20
27
29
25
26
25
28

24
29
25

22
27
27

17

24
18
16
14

14
17
17
24

17
13
16
17
17
26
14
24

29
20
15

18
16
22

Top
Middle
Bottom

21
29
28

58
38
16
All respondents (N=28,031) 

10
18
33

41

34
40
44
42

37
39
49
34

46
57
46
36
40
28
40
34

28
37
44

52
40
33

60
39
16

26

30
28
25
25

27
28
22
29

26
19
27
30
23
27
25
29

24
28
25

21
27
27

21
29
28

17

25
19
16
14

15
17
17
25

18
14
15
17
19
26
15
25

30
21
15

16
17
23

9
19
35

88 

 
 
  
 
 
	
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

2  Educational and occupational attainment 

a.  People today  

Respondents are most likely to be manual workers, and have completed secondary or 
post-secondary education 

The following question relates only to those who are currently working. Respondents in this group 
are most likely to be manual workers (41%).  

Around  one  in  five  are  white  collar  workers  (23%)  or  managers  (21%),  while  15%  are  self-
employed. 

Base: Respondents who are not retired, students, house persons or unemployed (N= 14,625) 

In 23 countries respondents are most likely to say they are manual workers, and more than half 
of the respondents give this answer in six countries: Spain (63%), Hungary (56%), Romania (52%), 
Lithuania,  Portugal  and  Slovakia  (all  51%).  In  contrast,  respondents  in  Greece  (21%),  the 
Netherlands (22%) and Sweden (23%) are the least likely to say they are a manual worker. 

In 16 countries, at least one in five respondents say they are managers. Those in Sweden (38%), 
Estonia (35%) and Malta (34%) are the most likely to say this, compared to 8% in Spain and 9% in 
Hungary and Greece. Manager is the most mentioned occupation in Sweden and the Netherlands. 

Respondents  in  the  Czech  Republic  (42%)  and  Italy  (35%)  are  most  likely  to  say  they  are  white 
collar workers, and this occupation group is also widely mentioned by respondents in Greece and 
Belgium  (both  34%).  In  contrast,  just  13%  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  Estonia  and  14%  in  Latvia 
say their occupation falls into the other white collar worker category.  

89 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Greece  is  the  only  country  where  respondents  are  most  likely  to  say  they  are  self-employed 
(36%), and Italy (27%) and Slovenia (21%) are the only other countries where at least one in five 
also say this. In contrast, respondents in Lithuania (7%), Hungary, Luxembourg, France and Croatia 
(all 8%) are the least likely to be self-employed. 

C14b

S ocio-professional	category	(% )

d
e
y
o

l

p
m
e
-
f
l

e
S

15

15
11
18
9
15
15
12
36
14
8
8
27
17
14
7
8
8
9
18
10
10
13
10
21
13
16
11
16

s
r
e
g
a
n
a
M

21

12
13
15
32
29
35
31
9
8
24
16
12
24
28
22
29
9
34
31
30
21
14
15
19
12
24
38
27

s
r
a

l
l

o
c

e
t
i

h
w

r
e
h
t
O

23

34
27
42
22
19
13
20
34
16
20
28
35
26
14
20
24
26
22
28
18
28
21
23
24
23
22
28
13

s
r
e
k
r
o
w

l

a
u
n
a
M

41

39
49
25
37
37
36
37
21
63
48
48
27
34
44
51
40
56
35
22
41
42
51
52
35
51
39
23
45

EU28

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
N L
AT
PL
PT
RO
S I
S K
FI
S E
UK

1st	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

2nd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

3rd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

Base: Respondents who are not retired, students, house persons or unemployed (N= 14,625) 

90 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following: 

§  Men  are  more  likely  to  say  they  are  self-employed  (17%  vs  12%  of  women),  while  women 
are  more  likely  to  say  they  are  in  another  kind  of  white  collar  occupation  (26%  vs  20%  of 
men). 

§  Respondents aged 40 or over are the most likely to be self-employed, while those aged 25 or 
over are the most likely to be managers. Those under 55 are the most likely to be other white 
collar  workers.  Across  all  age  groups,  respondents  are  most  likely  to  be  manual  workers. 
Furthermore,  the  younger  the  respondent,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  be  a  manual  worker: 
61% of 15-24 year olds are manual workers, compared to 39% of those aged 40 or over. 

§  Those who completed their education aged 20 or over are much more likely to be managers 
than those who completed their education earlier. Those who completed education aged 16 
or  older  are  the  most  likely  to  be  managers.  The  earlier  a respondent  completed  education, 
the more likely they are to be manual workers: 73% who completed aged 15 or younger are 
manual workers, compared to 22% of those who completed aged 20 or over. 

§  The more difficulties a respondent has paying bills, the more likely they are to be a manual 
worker: 63% who experience the most difficulty are manual workers, compared to 36% who 
experience the least difficulty. 

§  The  more  urbanised  a  respondent’s  environment,  the  less  likely  they  are  to  be  a  manual 

worker, and the more likely they are to be a manager or other white collar worker. 

C14b

S ocio-professional	category
(% 	-	EU)

d
e
y
o

l

p
m
e
-
f
l

e
S

15

17
12

5
12
17
21

15
13
17

12
15
16

17
14
14

s
r
e
g
a
n
a
M

21

22
20

10
23
21
21

4
10
37

5
11
26

17
20
27

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

S ubjective	urbanisation

Rural	village
S mall/	mid	size	town
Large	town

s
r
a

l
l

o
c

e
t
i

h
w

r
e
h
t
O

23

20
26

24
25
23
19

8
25
24

20
27
22

20
23
27

s
r
e
k
r
o
w

l

a
u
n
a
M

41

41
42

61
40
39
39

73
52
22

63
48
36

46
43
33

Base: Respondents who are not retired, students, house persons or unemployed (N= 14,625) 

91 

 
 
  
 
 
	
	
 
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents are most likely to have completed secondary or post-secondary education 

Just  over  four  in  ten  respondents  completed  secondary  education  (41%),  while  16%  completed 
primary and just 2% did not complete primary schooling 16. Just over four in ten (41%) completed 
post-secondary education: 28% completed post-secondary vocational studies or a bachelor degree 
or equivalent. Just over one in ten (13%) have a master or doctoral degree or equivalent. 

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N=27,827) 

16 QA9A What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by you? 

92 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

There  are  large  differences  across  Member  States  in  the  proportion  of  respondents  who  have 
completed  post-secondary  education.  At  least  seven  in  ten  respondents  in  Denmark  (74%),  the 
Netherlands  (71%)  and  Austria  (70%)  have  done  so,  compared  to  16%  in  Portugal,  18%  in  the 
Czech Republic and 19% in Croatia and Slovakia.  

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N=27,827) 

The socio-demographic analysis shows the following: 

§  Respondents  aged  25-39  (54%)  are  the  most  likely  to  have  completed  post-secondary 
education,  followed  by  40-50  year  olds  (48%)  and  those  aged  15-24  or  55  or  over  (both 
31%). 

§  More  than  eight  in  ten  respondents  (82%)  who  completed  education  aged  20  or  over  have 
post-secondary  education  (e.g.  vocational  studies,  bachelor  or  higher  degree)  compared  to 
28% who completed age 16-19 and 7% who completed aged 15 or younger. 

§  Managers  are  much  more  likely  to  have  completed  post-secondary  education  than  other 

occupation groups, and particularly housepersons (83% vs 25%). 

§  The  fewer  difficulties  a  respondent  has  paying  bills,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  have 
completed post-secondary education: 46% who experience the least difficulty have done so, 
compared to 20% who experience the most. 

§  The more urbanised a respondent’s environment, the more likely they are to have completed 
post-secondary education: 47% that live in large towns have done so, compared to 36% who 
live in rural villages. 

93 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA9Ab

What	is	the	highest	level	of	education	that	has	been	achieved	by	you?	
(% 	-	EU)

y
r
a
m

i
r
p

d
e
t
e

l

p
m
o
c

t
o
N

2

1
1
1
5

10
0
0
1

1
0
0
1
7
3
5
1

6
3
2

4
2
2

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

S ubjective	urbanisation

Rural	village
S mall/	mid	size	town
Large	town

y
r
a
m

i
r
p

d
e
t
e

l

p
m
o
C

16

18
7
9
24

53
10
1
19

7
1
4
13
27
20
26
19

26
17
14

19
15
12

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s

d
e
t
e

l

p
m
o
C

41

50
38
42
40

30
62
17
48

33
16
45
54
41
45
39
48

48
49
38

41
43
39

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s

t
s
o
p

d
e
t
e

l

p
m
o
C

r
e
h
g

i

h

r
o

,
s
e

i

d
u
t
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
v

l

e
v
e

l

l

r
o
e
h
c
a
b

o
t

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

t
n
e

l

a
v
i

u
q
e

r
o

f
o

l

e
v
e

l

r
e
p
p
u

d
e
t
e

l

p
m
o
C

28

28
34
33
21

7
25
45
27

35
40
35
28
20
25
21
27

17
24
30

26
28
30

t
n
e

l

a
v
i

u
q
e

r
o
e
e
r
g
e
d

l

a
r
o
t
c
o
d

,
r
e
t
s
a
m
o
t

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

13

3
20
15
10

0
3
37
5

24
43
16
4
5
7
9
5

3
7
16

10
12
17

'

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
-
t
s
o
P

'

l

a
t
o
T

41

31
54
48
31

7
28
82
32

59
83
51
32
25
32
30
32

20
31
46

36
40
47

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N=27,827) 

94 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

b.  Principal providers when growing up 

The  chart  below  compares  respondents’  current  occupation  with  the  occupation  of  the  principal 
contributor to the household income when the respondent was 1517. It shows respondents are less 
likely to be manual workers (41% vs 49%) or self-employed (15% vs 23%), but more likely to be 
other white collar workers (23% vs 11%) or managers (21% vs 17%) compared to this person. 

C14	QA8A Occupation	type

	(% 	- 	EU)

Current	occupation

Occupation	of	principal	contributor	at	ag e	of	15

15

23

21

17

23

S elf-employed

Managers

Other	white	collars

11

Manual	workers

41

49

Base: Respondents who are not retired, students, house persons or unemployed (N= 14,625) / Respondents whose 
principal contributor in their family at the age of 15 was not retired, a student, houseperson or unemployed (N=26,436) 

Greece is the only country where at least half say the main occupation of the principal contributor 
to the household income when they were 15 was being self-employed (54%), followed by 37% in 
Italy  and  Cyprus  and  35%  in  Finland.  At  the  other  end  of  the  scale  9%  in  Slovakia  and  11%  in 
Lithuania,  Estonia  and  the  Czech  Republic  say  this  person  was  self-employed.  Greece  and  Finland 
are the only countries where self-employed is the most mentioned occupation. 

Respondents  in  the  Netherlands  (31%),  Sweden  and  Germany  (both  30%),  and  Estonia  (26%)  are 
the most likely to say this person was a manager. This compares to 6% in Greece and Spain, 7% in 
Romania and 8% in Portugal. Overall there are 10 countries where at least one in five say the main 
breadwinner  when  they  were  15  was  a  manager,  and  the  Netherlands  and  Sweden  are  the  only 
countries where this is the most mentioned option. 

Three  in  ten  respondents  in  the  Czech  Republic  (30%)  say  the  main  occupation  of  the  principal 
contributor to the household income when they were 15 was in another white collar occupation, 
followed by 21% in Belgium and 19% in Croatia. Respondents in Spain (6%), France (7%) and the 
United Kingdom (8%) are the least likely to say this. 

There are 14 countries where at least half say this person was a manual worker, with respondents 
in  Slovakia,  Romania  (both  65%),  Hungary  and  Spain  (both  64%)  and  Lithuania  (62%).  This 
compares to 28% in Greece, 30% in the Netherlands and 33% in Finland. In 24 countries manual 
worker is the most mentioned occupation. 

17 QA8A.3 As far as you know, what was the main occupation of the person in your family who was the principal contributor to your 
household's income when you were around 15 years old? 

95 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA8A.3

As far as you know, what was the main occupation of the person in
your family who was the principal contributor to your household's
income	when	you	were	around	15	years	old?	(% )

EU28

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
N L
AT
PL
PT
RO
S I
S K
FI
S E
UK

d
e
y
o

l

p
m
e
-
f
l

e
S

23

21
15
11
28
17
11
20
54
23
21
18
37
37
18
11
19
14
24
24
18
22
23
19
21
9
35
26
19

s
r
e
g
a
n
a
M

17

14
13
17
22
30
26
18
6
6
21
9
9
8
21
16
17
10
13
31
21
10
8
7
18
12
22
30
21

s
r
a

l
l

o
c

e
t
i

h
w

r
e
h
t
O

11

21
13
30
10
9
11
13
11
6
7
19
17
13
11
11
14
12
9
15
15
12
10
9
13
14
10
17
8

s
r
e
k
r
o
w

l

a
u
n
a
M

49

44
59
42
39
44
52
49
28
64
52
54
38
41
51
62
49
64
53
30
46
56
59
65
48
65
33
27
52

1st	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

2nd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

3rd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

Base: Respondents whose principal contributor in their family at the age of 15 was not retired, a student, houseperson or 
unemployed (N=26,436) 

96 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
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December 2017 

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Report 

The  educational  achievement  of  respondents’  father  varies18.  Only  a  small  proportion  say  their 
father did not complete primary school (9%). Almost one third say their father completed primary 
(32%)  while  35%  say  their  father  completed  secondary  education.  Almost  one  quarter  (24%)  say 
their  father  completed  post-secondary  education,  with  16%  completing  vocational  studies  or  a 
bachelor degree, and 8% a master or PhD or equivalent. 

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N=26,025) 

18 QA9B What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your father? 

97 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents are most likely to have achieved a higher level of education than their father (44%). 
Almost four in ten (39%) achieved the same level, while 9% say the highest level of education they 
have achieved is lower than their father’s. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

Respondents in Cyprus (64%), Greece (59%) and Spain (58%) are the most likely to say they have 
achieved  a  higher  level  of  education  than  their  father,  while  those  in  the  Czech  Republic,  Austria 
(both 19%) and Slovakia (28%) are the least likely to say this. 

Overall there are eight countries where at least half of all respondents say they achieved a higher 
level of education than their father. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

98 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The  educational  achievement  of  respondents’  mother  also  varies19.  Just  over  one  in  ten  say  their 
mother  did  not  complete  primary  school  (11%).  One  third  say  their  mother  completed  primary 
(33%)  while  36%  say  their  mother  completed  secondary  education.  One  in  five  (20%)  say  their 
mother completed post-secondary education, with 15% completing vocational studies or a bachelor 
degree, and 5% a master or PhD or equivalent. 

Base: Respondents who were able to give an answer (N=26,322) 

19 QA9C What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your mother? 

99 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Half of all respondents have achieved a higher level of education than their mother (50%). Almost 
four in ten (36%) achieved the same level, while 8% say their highest level of education is lower 
than their mother’s.	

All respondents (N=28,031) 

In 15 countries, at least half of all respondents say they achieved a higher level of education than 
their mother, with respondents in Cyprus (70%), Greece (65%) and Spain (64%) the most likely to 
say  this.  At  the  other  end  of  the  scale  31%  in  the  Czech  Republic,  32%  in  Austria  and  37%  in 
Slovakia say the same. 

All respondents (N=28,031) 

100 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following: 

§  Respondents aged 40-54 are the most likely to say they achieved a higher level of education 
than  their  mother  or  father.  For  example,  58%  say  the  highest  level  of  education  they 
achieved is higher than their mother’s, compared to 22% of those aged 15-24. 

§  Managers  and  the  self-employed  are  the  most  likely  to  say  they  achieved  a  higher  level  of 

education than their mother or father. 

§  The wealthier the respondent’s neighbourhood, the more likely they are to say they achieved 
a higher level of education than their mother: 55% who describe their neighbourhood as rich 
say this, compared to 50% in average neighbourhoods and 47% in poor neighbourhoods. The 
same pattern does not apply for fathers. 

§  The higher a respondent places themselves on the social ladder, the more likely they are to 
say they achieved a higher level of education than their mother: 55% who place themselves 
at the top say this, compared to 50% in the middle and 46% at the bottom. The same effect 
is present compared to the father’s education, but it is less pronounced. 

§  Respondents  who  place  themselves  higher  than  one  parent  in  educational  attainment  are 
likely  to  do  so  for  the  other  parent.  For  example,  76%  of  those  who  say  their  level  of 
attainment was higher than their mother also say this compared to their father. 

101 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA9T

Highest	level	of	education	achieved
(% 	-	EU)

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g

i

h

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g

i

h

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l

e
s
r
u
o
Y

'

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

'

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

44

22
45
50
46

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

51
55
49
41
47
44
44
19

45
44
42

S elf-placement	on	social	ladder

Top
Middle
Bottom

47
43
42

39

36
40
37
41

39
36
39
43
38
35
42
32

36
40
41

38
40
40

Educational	attainment	compared	to	mother

Higher
Equal
Lower

76
12
6

19
76
24

Educational	attainment	compared	to	father

9

32
8
6
5

6
6
8
7
6
9
5
43

13
9
8

11
9
8

2
9
65

Higher
Equal
Lower

100
0
0

0
100
0
All respondents (N=28,031) 

0
0
100

50

22
49
58
55

60
64
54
47
52
48
53
19

55
50
47

55
50
46

36

39
39
33
35

31
29
37
40
35
35
35
35

32
36
40

33
37
37

8

33
7
4
2

5
4
5
6
4
8
3
42

9
8
6

9
8
7

100
0
0

88
24
12

0
100
0

10
69
33

0
0
100

1
5
54

102 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

3  Living conditions 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Three quarters of respondents tend to consider their neighbourhood as neither rich nor 
poor 

Overall three quarters of respondents think that they live in an average neighbourhood (75%).  

14% of respondents in the EU say that they live in a rich neighbourhood, with just 1% saying it’s 
very rich. Fewer than one in 10 consider their neighbourhood poor, and only 1% saying very poor.  

QA4.1 Generally	speaking ,	would	you	say	that:

Y our	neig hbourhood	is… 	(% 	- 	EU)

Total	'Rich'
14

Don't	know
1

Total	'Poor'
10

Averag e
75

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

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December 2017 

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In  all  countries  except  for  Sweden,  the  majority  of  respondents  consider  their  neighbourhood 
average,  reaching  up  to  85%  in  Malta  and  84%  in  Slovenia  and  Cyprus.  In  Sweden  a  majority  of 
respondents  claim  to  live  in  a  rich  neighbourhood  (53%).  To  a  lesser  extent,  large  shares  in 
Denmark (40%), Luxembourg (34%) and the Netherlands (33%) also say this. By comparison, in 12 
Member States fewer than one in 10 say claim to live in a rich neighbourhood - results are notably 
low in Portugal (4%), Greece, Hungary (both 5%), Croatia and Lithuania (both 6%). 

The share of respondents that claim to live in a poor neighbourhood range from 31% in Slovakia 
and 25% in Bulgaria to 2% in Denmark and 3% in Sweden, Luxembourg and Malta. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

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December 2017 

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Respondents tend to have slightly more negative perceptions of the neighbourhood they 
were living in when they were around 15 years of age 

12% of respondents in the EU say that they lived in rich neighbourhood when they were around 15 
years  old,  with  just  1%  saying  it  was  very  rich.  A  fifth  of  respondents  considered  their 
neighbourhood  poor,  with  3%  saying  very  poor.  Two  thirds  claim  that  they  lived  in  an  average 
neighbourhood (66%) when they were around 15 years old.  

QA4.2 Generally	speaking ,	would	you	say	that:

The neig hbourhood where you were living when you were around 15 years old
was… 	(% 	- 	EU)

Total	'Rich'
12

Don't	know
2

Total	'Poor'
20

Averag e
66

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

A similar country pattern can be observed as before, although the share that say the neighbourhood 
they  lived  in  was  a  rich  neighbourhood  is  considerably  lower.  Overall,  more  than  a  quarter  of 
respondents  say  that  they  lived  in  a  rich  neighbourhood  in  Sweden  (32%),  Denmark  and  the 
Netherlands  (both  27%).  Along  with  Luxembourg,  people  in  these  countries  are  more  likely  to  say 
the neighbourhood was rich than poor.  

Regardless  of  their  current  living  conditions,  larger  shares  in  all  countries  say  that  the 
neighbourhood they lived in when they were younger was poor. More than a quarter of respondents 
say this in Portugal (32%), Slovakia (31%), Greece (28%), Estonia (27%), Spain and Bulgaria (both 
26%). 

Overall  the  majority  in  all  countries  say  that  the  neighbourhood  they  lived  in  when  they  were  15 
years old was average. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

106 

 
 
  
 
 
	
	
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

V.  INCOME: PERCEPTIONS AND REALITY 

This  section  of  the  report  explores  respondents’  views  around  income.  Current  household  income 
will  be  discussed,  as  well  as  the  sources  for  that  income  and  the  coping  mechanisms  they  would 
employ  if  there  was  a  substantial  fall  in  household  income.  Opinions  about  income  inequality  in 
their country will also be considered. 

1  Perceptions of income differences  

A large majority of respondents agree that the income differences in their country are 
too great, and that the government should do something about it 

More  than  eight  in  ten  (84%)  agree  the  differences  in  people’s  incomes  in  their  country  are  too 
great,  and  42%  strongly  agree20.  Fewer  than  one  in  ten  disagree  (7%)  with  just  1%  saying  they 
strongly disagree. Eight percent neither agree nor disagree. 

QA1.11 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
N owadays	in	(OUR	COUN TRY )	differences	in	people’s	incomes	are	too	g reat
(% 	- 	EU)

Strong ly	disag ree
1

Disag ree
6

Don't	know
1

Strong ly	ag ree
42

Neither	ag ree	
nor	disag ree
8

Ag ree
42

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

20 QA1 Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 1.11 Nowadays in (OUR COUNTRY) 
differences in people’s incomes are too great 

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Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The majority of respondents in all countries agree the differences in people income in their country 
are too great, with proportions ranging from 96% in Portugal and 92% in Germany and Lithuania to 
59%  in  the  Netherlands,  63%  in  Denmark  and  69%  in  Sweden.  While  very  few  strongly  disagree, 
considerably  large  proportions  of  respondents  strongly  agree  in  Lithuania  (66%),  Germany  (60%), 
Bulgaria and Hungary (both 59%). 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

More  than  eight  in  ten  respondents  (81%)  also  agree  their  national  government  should  take 
measures to reduce differences in income levels, with 41% saying they strongly agree21. Fewer than 
one  in  ten  disagree  (7%)  with  just  1%  totally  disagreeing.  One  in  ten  (10%)  neither  agree  nor 
disagree. 

QA1.12 Please tell me to what extent you personally ag ree or disag ree with the following

statements.
The g overnment in (OUR COUN TRY ) should take measures to reduce differences in
income	levels.	(% 	- 	EU)

Disag ree
6

Strong ly	disag ree
1

Don't	know
2

Neither	ag ree
nor	disag ree
10

Ag ree
40

Strong ly	ag ree
41

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

21 QA1  Please  tell  me  to  what  extent  you  personally  agree  or  disagree  with  the  following  statements.  1.12  The  government  in  (OUR 
COUNTRY) should take measures to reduce differences in income levels. 

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Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In all but one country more than six in ten respondents agree that the national government should 
take measures to reduce the differences in income levels. Respondents in Portugal (94%), Lithuania, 
Spain  (both  93%)  and  Cyprus  and  Latvia  (both  91%)  agree,  as  do  51%  in  Denmark,  65%  in  the 
Netherlands and 68% in Sweden.  

A number of countries stand out with much larger shares of respondents who strongly agree. This is 
the  case  for  more  than  half  of  respondents  in  eight  countries,  in  particular,  in  Lithuania  (68%), 
Cyprus (60%), Slovenia (59%) and Hungary (57%).  

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

The socio-demographic analysis of the previous two questions shows that older respondents, those 
with  lower  educational  attainment,  those  who  experience  financial  difficulties  and  those  who  say 
they live in a poor neighbourhood are consistently more likely to agree with both statements, that 
is, that the income differences in their country are too great and that the government should take 
measures to reduce the differences in income levels. 

In detail: 

§  The  older  the  respondent,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  agree  with  both  statements.  For 
example, 85% of those aged 55 or over agree that the government should take measures to 
reduce the differences in income levels, compared to 73% of those aged 15-24. 

§  Respondents  who  completed  their  education  prior  to  the  age  of  20  are  the  most  likely  to 
agree  with  each  statement.  Specifically,  the  largest  differences  are  between  those  who 
completed  secondary  level  education  or  less  and  those  who  completed  upper  level  studies. 
For example, 87% of those who did not complete primary say the income differences in their 
country are too great, compared to 79% who completed upper level education. 

§  Respondents  who  experience  difficulties  paying  bills  at  least  from  time  to  time  are  more 
likely to agree with each statement compared to those with the least financial difficulties. For 
example,  88%  of  respondents  who  experience  difficulties  paying  bills  at  least  time  to  time 
agree that the government should take measures to reduce the differences in income levels, 
compared to 79% who never or almost never experience these difficulties.  

109 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

§  Respondents who describe their neighbourhood as poor or average are more likely to agree 
with each statement than those who say they live in a rich neighbourhood. For example, 84% 
who  say  their  neighbourhood  is  poor  think  the  government  should  take  measures  to  reduce 
the differences in income levels, compared to 73% who live in a rich neighbourhood. 

QA1.11,12

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree
with	the	following	statements.	
Total	'Ag ree'	(% 	-	EU)

t
a
e
r
g

o
o
t

)
Y
R
T
N
U
O
C

n

i

s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
f
i

d

R
U
O

(

n

i

s
y
a
d
a
w
o
N

e
r
a

s
e
m
o
c
n

i

s
’
e

l

p
o
e
p

s
l

e
v
e

l

e
k
a
t

d

l

u
o
h
s

n

i

t
n
e
m
n
r
e
v
o
g

e
h
T

)
Y
R
T
N
U
O
C

R
U
O

(

e
c
u
d
e
r

e
m
o
c
n

i

o
t

n

i

s
e
r
u
s
a
e
m

s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
f
i

d

81

73
79
81
85

87
83
77
73

77
75
80
83
86
86
85
73

88
84
79

73
82
84

86
85
83
80
75

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

Educational	attainment

N ot	completed	primary
Completed	primary
Completed	secondary
Completed	post	secondary	
Completed	upper	level

84

74
81
85
87

88
87
80
73

82
79
83
85
86
85
88
73

87
87
82

77
85
84

87
86
85
82
79

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

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Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Further analysis highlights that respondents who think life is not fair are more likely to agree with 
each statement than those who think it is fair. For instance, 87% who disagree life is fair agree with 
the statement that the government should take measures to reduce income differences, compared 
to 79% who agree life is fair.  

QA1.11,12

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree
with	the	following	statements.	
Total	'Ag ree'	(% 	-	EU)

t
a
e
r
g

o
o
t

)
Y
R
T
N
U
O
C

n

i

s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
f
i

d

R
U
O

(

n

i

s
y
a
d
a
w
o
N

e
r
a

s
e
m
o
c
n

i

s
’
e

l

p
o
e
p

84

81
85
88

s
l

e
v
e

l

e
k
a
t

d

l

u
o
h
s

n

i

t
n
e
m
n
r
e
v
o
g
e
h
T

)
Y
R
T
N
U
O
C

R
U
O

(

e
c
u
d
e
r

e
m
o
c
n

i

o
t

n

i

s
e
r
u
s
a
e
m

s
e
c
n
e
r
e
f
f
i

d

81

79
83
87

EU28

Life	is	fair

Total	'Agree'
N either	agree	nor	disagree
Total	'Disagree'

111 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

2  Current sources of household income  

Wages and salaries are by far the most common source of household income 

More  than  six  in  ten  respondents  say  their  household  receives  income  from  wages  or  salaries 
(62%)22.  Just  over  three  in  ten  (31%)  say  at  least  some  household  income  comes  from pensions. 
These two sources are by far the most likely to be mentioned. 

One  in  ten  respondents  (10%)  say  at  least  some  household  income  comes  from  other  social 
benefits and grants.  

Almost one in ten respondents say some of their household income comes from self-employment 
other  than  farming,  or  from  investments,  savings,  insurance  or  property  (both  8%).  One  in  twenty 
respondents say at least some income comes from unemployment or redundancy benefits or from 
other sources (both 5%). 

Other sources of income are mentioned by 2% or less. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

22 QA10 Here is a list of sources of household income. Please select all of the income sources received by the household as a whole. 
Please consider the income of all household members and any income which may be received by the household as a whole. (MULTIPLE 
ANSWERS POSSIBLE) 

112 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In  each  country  respondents  are  most  likely  to  say  at  least  some  household  income  comes  from 
wages  and  salaries.  Furthermore,  at  least  half  of  the  respondents  in  each  country  say  this. 
Proportions  range  from  72%  in  Luxembourg,  71%  in  the  Netherlands  and  Sweden  and  70%  in 
Croatia and Hungary to 50% in Greece and 57% in Finland and Romania. 

Pensions  are  the  second  most  mentioned  income  type  in  each  country.  At  least  four  in  ten 
respondents  in  Latvia  (44%),  Bulgaria  (41%)  and  Croatia  (40%)  have  pensions  as  a  household 
income stream, compared to 21% in Ireland and 26% in Cyprus and the Netherlands. 

In 15 countries other social benefits or grants are the third most mentioned type of household 
income.  Respondents  in  Denmark  (25%),  Finland  (24%),  Sweden  and  France  (both  23%)  are  the 
most  likely  to  mention  this  type  of  income,  while  those  in  Italy  (1%),  Spain  (3%),  Portugal  and 
Poland (both 4%) are the least likely to do so. 

Respondents in the Netherlands (19%), Greece (17%) and Italy (14%) are the most likely to mention 
income  from  self-employment  other  than  farming,  while  those  in  Croatia,  Lithuania  and 
France  are  the  least  likely  to  do  so  (all  4%).  This  is  the  third  most  mentioned  income  stream  in 
seven countries. 

More  than  one  in  five  respondents  in  Sweden  (32%),  the  Netherlands  and  Denmark  (both  21%) 
have  household  income  from  investment,  savings,  insurance  or  property.  No  respondents  in 
Cyprus and 1% in Hungary also mention this source of income. Sweden and Germany (16%) are the 
only countries where this form of income is mentioned in the top three. 

Respondents in Latvia (12%), Sweden (10%), Finland and Lithuania (both 9%) are the most likely to 
mention income from other sources, compared to 1% in Portugal and 2% in Italy and Spain. This 
is the third most mentioned source of income in five countries. 

Although  Spain  (7%)  is  the  only  country  where  unemployment  or  redundancy  benefits  are 
mentioned in the top three sources of income, it is actually respondents in France (10%) who are 
most likely to mention this, followed by those in Finland and Belgium (both 9%). At the other end of 
the scale, 1% in Estonia mention this source. 

Income from farming is the third most mentioned income stream by respondents in Romania (8%) 
and Bulgaria (6%), although it is most mentioned by those in Greece (9%). Finally, respondents in 
Austria (10%), Belgium (6%) and the Netherlands (5%) are the most likely to mention benefits or 
in-kind allowances paid by their employer. 

113 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA10

Here is a list of sources of household income. Please select all of the income sources
received by the household as a whole. Please consider the income of all household
members and any income which may be received by the household as a whole.
(MULTIPLE	AN S WERS 	POS S IBLE)
(% )

s
e
e
f

l

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B

2

6
2
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2
3
2
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1
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4
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9
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1
8
2
1
2
2
1

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A

10

15
5
11
25
8
22
9
8
3
23
5
1
7
21
9
18
7
10
22
13
4
4
6
9
10
24
23
15

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9

8

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21
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8

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6
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4
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9
2
2
4
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8
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62

60
67
69
67
62
69
69
50
64
59
70
62
66
67
62
72
70
63
71
62
65
69
57
62
69
57
71
58

s
n
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i
s
n
e
P

31

31
41
33
34
32
39
21
39
33
32
40
28
26
44
36
27
33
39
26
27
33
30
34
39
31
37
34
27

1st	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

2nd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

3rd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

114 

EU28

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
N L
AT
PL
PT
RO
S I
S K
FI
S E
UK

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

3  Income earned  

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Respondents are most likely to place their annual household income in the lower or 
second quintile 

Respondents  were  asked  where  their  annual  household  income  fell  on  a  quintile  scale23.  Each 
quintile represents one fifth, so the lower quintile represents the bottom fifth or bottom 20%, and 
so on.  

Just over one in five respondents place their household income in the lower quintile, while 20% say 
it is in the second quintile. More than one in ten say their household income is in the third (15%) or 
fourth (11%) quintile, while 9% nominate the upper quintile.  

More than one in ten refused to answer (15%) while 9% say they don’t know. 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

23 QA11 Taking all these income sources by individuals in your household together, after tax, which category corresponds to your annual 
household income? 

115 

 
 
  
 
 
  
 
 
	
 
																																																								
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December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Cyprus  (64%)  is  the  only  country  where  at  least  half  place  their  annual  household  income  in  the 
lower quintile, followed by 47% in Romania and 35% in France. Latvia and Lithuania (both 32%) 
are  the  other  remaining  countries  where  more  than  one  quarter  place  their  annual  household 
income  at  this  level.  At  the  other  end  of  the  scale,  9%  of  households  in  the  Netherlands,  10%  in 
Denmark and 11% in Italy and Sweden put their household income at this level. 

There  are  six  countries  where  more  than  one  quarter  put  their  annual  household  income  in  the 
second quintile: Belgium (32%), Latvia, Lithuania, Slovenia (all 29%), Spain (27%) and the Czech 
Republic (26%). This compares to 9% in Bulgaria, 10% in Romania and 13% in the United Kingdom. 

Respondents in Austria (27%), Belgium (26%) and Sweden (24%) are the most likely to place their 
annual  household  income  in  the  third  quintile,  while  those  in  Cyprus  (7%),  Romania  (9%)  and 
Bulgaria (10%) are the least likely to do so. 

The Netherlands, Denmark (both 22%) and Sweden (21%) are the only countries where at least one 
in five places their annual household income in the fourth quintile. In contrast, 1% in Cyprus, 4% 
in Portugal and 6% in Romania and Spain say the same. 

Respondents in Denmark (30%), Bulgaria (27%), the Netherlands and Sweden (23%) are the most 
likely to place their annual household income in the upper quintile. In contrast 2% in Cyprus and 
3% in Portugal, Spain and Belgium say the same. 

Overall, more than one in five respondents in each country places their annual household income in 
the first or second quintile, and in seven countries the majority does so. Denmark is the only country 
where the majority places their household income in the fourth or fifth quintile. 

116 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA11

Taking	all	these	income	sources	by	individuals	in	your	household	together,	after	
tax,	which	category	corresponds	to	your	annual	household	income?	 (% )

EU28

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
N L
AT
PL
PT
RO
S I
S K
FI
S E
UK

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

r
e
w
o
L

21

19
25
21
10
14
17
15
17
22
35
18
11
64
32
32
18
15
24
9
13
19
19
47
23
25
19
11
22

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
n
2

20

32
9
26
17
18
24
16
20
27
25
21
20
21
29
29
17
23
18
14
25
18
21
10
29
17
21
17
13

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
r
3

15

26
10
19
15
16
16
12
19
14
14
23
15
7
14
17
16
15
16
20
27
14
12
9
19
16
21
24
13

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

h
t
4

11

13
14
14
22
13
17
7
15
6
12
17
10
1
11
11
13
10
9
22
12
9
4
6
8
9
16
21
7

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

r
e
p
p
U

9

3
27
6
30
15
14
11
5
3
4
7
5
2
6
5
12
7
9
23
6
5
3
10
5
7
13
23
14

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

15

3
8
9
1
14
3
20
16
17
4
9
32
2
2
2
11
22
9
3
9
21
19
11
12
13
4
2
16

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

9

4
7
5
5
10
9
19
8
11
6
5
7
3
6
4
13
8
15
9
8
14
22
7
4
13
6
2
15

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
n
2

d
n
a
t
s
1

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

h
t
5

d
n
a

h
t
4

41

51
34
47
27
32
41
31
37
49
60
39
31
85
61
61
35
38
42
23
38
37
40
57
52
42
40
28
35

20

16
41
20
52
28
31
18
20
9
16
24
15
3
17
16
25
17
18
45
18
14
7
16
13
16
29
44
21

1st MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED ITEM

2nd MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED ITEM

3rd MOST FREQUENTLY MENTIONED ITEM
Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

The socio-demographic analysis illustrates the following: 

§  Women  are  more  likely  than  men  to  place  their  annual  household  income  in  the  1st  or  2nd 
quintile  (43%  vs  38%),  while  men  are  more  likely  than  women  to  place  it  in  the  4th  or  5th 
(23% vs 17%). 

§  Respondents aged 55 or over are the most likely to place their household income in the 1st or 

2nd quintile (50%).  

117 

 
 
  
 
 
	
	
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

§  The longer a respondent remained in education, the less likely they are to say their income is 
in the 1st or 2nd quintile, and the more likely they are to say it is in the 3rd quintile or above. 
For example, 36% who completed education aged 20 or over place their household income in 
the 4th or 5th quintile, compared to 4% who completed education aged 15 or younger. 

§  The  unemployed  (67%)  are  the  most  likely  to  put  their  household  income  in  the  1st  or  2nd 
quintile, while managers (50%) are the most likely to say theirs is in the 4th or 5th quintile. 

§  The more difficulties a respondent experiences paying bills, the more likely they are to place 
their  household  income  in  the  1st  or  2nd  quintile:  73%  who  experience  the  most  difficulties 
place  themselves  in  the  1st  or  2nd  quintile,  compared  to  34%  of  those  with  the  least 
difficulties. 

§  Respondents living in rural villages or small and mid-sized towns (both 43%) are more likely 
to put their annual household income in the 1st or 2nd quintile than those living in large towns 
(34%). 

QA11

Taking all these income sources by individuals in your household together, after tax, which category
corresponds	to	your	annual	household	income?	
(% 	-	EU)

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

r
e
w
o
L

21

18
23

20
17
16
27

36
21
11
19

10
5
9
18
29
47
30
19

49
27
16

22
22
17

13
20
38

EU28

Gender

Man
Woman

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

S ubjective	urbanisation

Rural	village
S mall/	mid	size	town
Large	town

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
n
2

20

20
20

13
21
17
23

25
22
16
9

14
10
19
24
22
20
25
9

24
24
18

21
21
17

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
r
3

15

17
14

10
17
17
14

12
17
17
8

19
15
22
19
10
9
13
8

9
15
16

15
16
14

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

h
t
4

11

12
10

9
13
14
8

3
10
17
9

14
20
16
11
6
4
7
9

5
8
13

10
11
12

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

r
e
p
p
U

9

11
7

7
11
14
6

1
6
19
8

17
30
11
5
5
2
4
8

1
4
12

8
9
11

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

13
21
22

15
16
12

17
10
5

22
8
4

S elf-placement	on	social	ladder

Top
Middle

Bottom

10
20

51

15
22

22

118 

16
17

8

16
10

4

20
6

1

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

15

14
15

10
14
16
16

15
16
14
11

20
14
16
14
18
10
15
11

6
15
15

13
13
19

11
16
10

14
15

8

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

9

8
11

31
7
6
6

8
8
6
36

6
6
7
9
10
8
6
36

6
7
10

11
8
10

9
9
9

9
10

6

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
n
2

d
n
a
t
s
1

41

38
43

33
38
33
50

61
43
27
28

24
15
28
42
51
67
55
28

73
51
34

43
43
34

26
41
60

25
42

73

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

h
t
5

d
n
a

h
t
4

20

23
17

16
24
28
14

4
16
36
17

31
50
27
16
11
6
11
17

6
12
25

18
20
23

39
18
9

36
16

5

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Additional analysis shows that the wealthier the respondents’ neighbourhood, the higher they place 
their annual household income: 39% who say their neighbourhood is rich place their income in the 
4th or 5th quintile, compared to 9% who say their neighbourhood is poor.  

A similar pattern applies for position on the social ladder – the higher they position themselves, the 
higher they place their annual household income. For example, 25% who place themselves on the 
top  of the social  ladder  say their income is in the 1st or 2nd quintile, compared to 73% who place 
themselves at the bottom of the ladder. 

QA11

Taking all these income sources by individuals in your household together, after tax, which category
corresponds	to	your	annual	household	income?	
(% 	-	EU)

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

r
e
w
o
L

21

13
20
38

EU28

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

S elf-placement	on	social	ladder

Top
Middle
Bottom

10
20
51

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
n
2

20

13
21
22

15
22
22

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
r
3

15

15
16
12

16
17
8

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

h
t
4

11

17
10
5

16
10
4

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

r
e
p
p
U

9

22
8
4

20
6
1

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

15

11
16
10

14
15
8

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

9

9
9
9

9
10
6

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

d
n
2

d
n
a
t
s
1

e

l
i
t
n

i

u
q

h
t
5

d
n
a

h
t
4

41

26
41
60

25
42
73

20

39
18
9

36
16
5

119 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

4  Coping mechanisms for income drops  

Spending less is the most popular way of coping with a substantial drop in income 

Respondents  were  asked  about  their  coping  strategies  if  they  or  their  household  were  to  face  a 
substantial drop in income24. They were able to give up to four answers. 

Spending less is the strategy most mentioned by respondents (61%), followed by relying on savings 
(49%). At least three in ten respondents would take on more paid work (34%) or rely on help from 
relatives or friends (30%). 

More than one in ten respondents would sell their possessions (18%), rely on the state, or start or 
return to paid work (both 16%). 

Less than one in ten respondents would obtain credit (7%), rely on private insurance payments or 
help from other sources (both 5%) 

Just over one in twenty say they do not know how they would cope (6%). 

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

24 QA3  Imagine  that  you  or  your  household  face  a  substantial  fall  in  your  income.  How  would  you  cope  with  the  situation?  (MAX.  4 
ANSWERS) 

120 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
																																																								
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

In all but three countries at least half of all respondents say they would spend less, with those in 
the Netherlands (91%), Sweden (85%) and Cyprus (83%) the most likely to say this. The exceptions 
are  Poland  (44%),  Slovakia  (47%)  and  Italy  (48%).  In  all  but  two  countries  this  is  the  most 
mentioned option. In Malta respondents are equally likely to say they would spend less and rely on 
their savings (59%) while in Austria spending less is the second most mentioned item (56%).  

Relying on their own savings is one of the three most mentioned actions in 23 countries, and the 
most mentioned in Malta (59%) and Austria (58%). It is, however, most likely to be mentioned by 
respondents in Sweden (71%) the Netherlands (65%) and Germany (60%). At the other end of the 
scale 20% in Croatia, 26% in Poland and 30% in Hungary and Cyprus would do this.	

In 21 countries taking on more paid work is one of the three most mentioned actions. It is most 
likely to be considered by respondents in Lithuania (55%), the Netherlands and Cyprus (both 51%), 
and least likely to be mentioned by those in Italy, Luxembourg and Spain (all 25%). 

Respondents in Greece (45%), Bulgaria (42%), Latvia and Spain (both 41%) are the most likely to 
say  they  would  rely  on  help  from  friends  or  relatives,  while  those  in  Malta  (15%),  Denmark 
(20%) and Germany (21%) are the least likely to do so this. This is one of the three most mentioned 
actions items in 12 countries. 

Selling  possessions  is  most  likely  to  be  considered  by  respondents  in  Sweden  (44%),  Finland 
(36%)  and  the  Netherlands  (35%)  and  least  likely  to  be  mentioned  by  those  in  Slovakia  (7%), 
Poland  (8%),  Cyprus  and  Latvia  (both  9%).  This  is  one  of  the  three  most  mentioned  actions  in 
Sweden and Luxembourg (27%). 

At  least  three  in  ten  respondents  in  Finland  (44%),  Denmark  (36%),  the  Netherlands  (31%)  and 
Sweden (30%) would rely on the State, compared to 6% in Croatia and 7% in Romania, Italy and 
Bulgaria. This is one of the three most mentioned actions in Finland, Denmark and Malta (22%). 

Respondents  in  the  Netherlands  (35%),  Sweden  (27%),  Latvia  and  Lithuania  (both  24%)  are  the 
most likely to say they would start or return to paid work, while those in Slovakia, Portugal (both 
9%) and Romania (10%) are the least likely to do so. 

Respondents in Bulgaria (14%), Austria (12%), Ireland and Hungary (both 11%) are the most likely 
to say they would obtain credit from a financial institution, while those in Austria and France 
(both  10%)  are  the  most  likely  to  say  they  would  rely  on  help  from  other  sources  such  as  a 
charitable institution. 

Sweden (18%) and Denmark (15%) are the only countries where at least one in ten would rely on 
private  insurance  payments.  Respondents  in  Portugal  (14%),  Greece  (13%),  Hungary,  Slovakia 
and Romania (all 12%) are the most likely to say they do not know how they would cope. 

121 

 
 
  
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA3

Imagine that you or your household face a substantial fall in your income. How would you cope
with	the	situation?	(MAX.	4	AN S WERS )
(% )

s
g
n

i
v
a
s

n
w
o

r
u
o
y

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

49

56
34
52
50
60
42
49
31
55
55
20
45
30
40
38
49
30
59
65
58
26
32
34
47
45
55
71
48

s
s
e

l

g
n

i

d
n
e
p
s

y
B

61

74
51
59
81
69
70
63
60
62
71
57
48
83
60
74
69
50
59
91
56
44
54
61
64
47
77
85
56

s
d
n
e

i
r
f

r
o

s
e
v
i
t
a

l

e
r

m
o
r
f

l

p
e
h

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

30

28
42
34
20
21
29
27
45
41
32
35
25
22
41
34
22
39
15
22
28
30
39
23
33
31
27
27
31

s
n
o

i
s
s
e
s
s
o
p

r
u
o
y

g
n

i
l
l

e
s

y
B

18

19
14
13
32
15
20
16
15
12
23
19
23
9
9
12
27
17
12
35
19
8
11
13
23
7
36
44
17

k
r
o
w
d

i

a
p
e
r
o
m
n
o

g
n

i
k
a
t

y
B

34

32
34
41
36
42
37
40
34
25
29
42
25
51
26
55
25
35
35
51
33
36
36
32
47
30
32
33
38

,
e
t
a
t
S

e
h
t

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

s
t
i
f
e
n
e
b

d
n
a

e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

l

a

i
c
o
s

.
g
.
e

16

20
7
17
36
20
19
26
11
16
19
6
7
15
16
15
17
9
22
31
27
9
20
7
17
11
44
30
16

k
r
o
w
d

i

a
p

o
t

g
n

i

n
r
u
t
e
r

r
o

g
n
i
t
r
a
t
s

y
B

16

21
15
16
20
13
20
22
12
15
22
12
13
20
24
24
20
12
20
35
12
15
9
10
19
9
17
27
15

s
t
n
e
m
y
a
p
e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

e
t
a
v
i
r
p

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

5

7
2
8
15
4
1
7
1
1
6
5
6
4
4
2
9
4
8
6
8
3
2
4
4
4
6
18
4

s
n
o
i
t
u
t
i
t
s
n

i

l

a

i
c
n
a
n
i
f

m
o
r
f

t
i

d
e
r
c

g
n

i

n

i

a
t
b
o

y
B

7

10
14
7
6
7
3
11
3
5
8
10
8
4
8
6
7
11
4
4
12
5
3
9
5
10
9
3
4

s
n
o
i
t
a
s
i

n
a
g
r
o
e

l

b
a
t
i
r
a
h
c

.
g
.
e

,
s
e
c
r
u
o
s

r
e
h
t
o
m
o
r
f

l

p
e
h

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

5

6
3
4
3
4
2
5
3
4
10
7
5
2
6
6
3
6
4
3
10
2
4
4
6
2
5
1
3

e
p
o
c

d

l

u
o
w
u
o
y
w
o
h
w
o
n
k
t
o
n

o
d

u
o
Y

6

4
11
6
3
2
7
3
13
5
4
8
11
2
6
5
1
12
3
1
5
10
14
12
7
12
4
1
3

1st	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

2nd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

3rd	MOS T	FREQUEN TLY	MEN TION ED	ITEM

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

)
S
U
O
E
N
A
T
N
O
P
S
(

r
e
h
t
O

1

1
2
0
4
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
5
2
3
0
1
2
3
1
0
1
1
2
1
2
1

w
o
n
k
t
'

n
o
D

2

0
2
0
1
2
2
1
0
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
2
1
5
0
2
5
1
1
0
4
0
1
5

EU28

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
HR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
N L
AT
PL
PT
RO
S I
S K
FI
S E
UK

122 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

The socio-demographic analysis shows the following: 

§  The older the respondent the more likely they are to say they would rely on their savings, and 
the less likely they are to rely on help from friends or relatives, or to start or return to paid 
work. Those aged 15-54 (41%-44%) are much more likely to say they would take on more 
paid work than those aged 55 or over (20%). 

§  Respondents who completed education aged 20 or over are the most likely to say they would 
spend  less,  rely  on  their  savings,  take  on  more  paid  work,  sell  their  possessions  or  start  or 
return  to  paid  work.  For  example,  71%  say  they  would  spend  less,  compared  to  54%  who 
finished education aged 15 or younger. 

§  Managers  are  the  most  likely  to  say  they  would  spend  less  (71%)  or  rely  on  their  savings 
(60%).  The  self-employed  are  the  most  likely  to  say  they  would  take  on  more  paid  work 
(50%), while the unemployed are the most likely to say they would rely on help for friends or 
relatives (40%). 

§  The fewer financial difficulties a respondent experiences, the more likely they are to say they 
would spend less, rely on savings, or take on more paid work. They are, however, among the 
least likely to say they would rely on help from friends or relatives. 

§  The  wealthier  a  respondent’s  neighbourhood,  the  more  likely  they  are  to  say  they  would 
spend less, rely on savings, take on more paid work, start or return to paid work, or sell their 
possessions. 

123 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

QA3

Imagine that you or your household face a substantial fall in your income. How would you cope with the
situation?	(MAX.	4	AN S WERS )
(% 	-	EU)

s
s
e

l

g
n

i

d
n
e
p
s

y
B

61

58
63
65
60

54
59
71
59

EU28

Age

15-24
25-39
40-54
55	+

Education	(End	of)

15-
16-19
20+
S till	studying

S ocio-professional	category

S elf-employed
Managers
Other	white	collars
Manual	workers
House	persons
Unemployed
Retired
S tudents

Difficulties	paying	bills

Most	of	the	time
From	time	to	time
Almost	never/	N ever

Your	neighbourhood

Total	'Rich'
Average
Total	'Poor'

64
71
64
61
57
59
59
59

50
57
65

69
62
50

s
g
n

i
v
a
s

n
w
o

r
u
o
y

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

49

38
46
50
54

47
47
57
35

56
60
50
45
46
35
53
35

24
38
56

59
50
31

r
o

s
e
v
i
t
a

l

e
r

m
o
r
f

l

p
e
h

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

s
d
n
e

i
r
f

30

43
38
28
21

26
29
30
42

25
29
34
31
30
40
22
42

35
34
28

29
30
31

k
r
o
w
d

i

a
p
e
r
o
m
n
o

g
n

i
k
a
t

y
B

34

41
43
44
20

18
35
41
39

50
46
42
44
26
28
14
39

28
33
35

40
34
26

s
n
o

i
s
s
e
s
s
o
p

r
u
o
y

g
n

i
l
l

e
s

y
B

18

13
17
19
19

15
17
23
11

26
23
20
16
14
15
19
11

17
18
18

26
17
14

k
r
o
w
d

i

a
p

o
t

g
n

i

n
r
u
t
e
r

r
o

g
n
i
t
r
a
t
s

y
B

16

21
19
16
13

9
15
20
21

17
18
17
15
20
21
12
21

16
15
17

23
15
13

l

a

i
c
o
s

.
g
.
e

,
e
t
a
t
S

e
h
t

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

s
t
i
f
e
n
e
b

d
n
a

e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

l

a

i
c
n
a
n
i
f

m
o
r
f

t
i

d
e
r
c

g
n

i

n

i

a
t
b
o

y
B

s
n
o
i
t
u
t
i
t
s
n

i

r
e
h
t
o
m
o
r
f

l

p
e
h

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

s
n
o
i
t
a
s
i

n
a
g
r
o
e

l

b
a
t
i
r
a
h
c

.
g
.
e

,
s
e
c
r
u
o
s

e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

e
t
a
v
i
r
p

n
o

g
n

i
y
l

e
r

y
B

s
t
n
e
m
y
a
p

d

l

u
o
w
u
o
y
w
o
h
w
o
n
k
t
o
n

o
d

u
o
Y

e
p
o
c

16

16
18
17
15

17
16
16
17

12
16
16
16
15
27
16
17

22
19
15

16
16
21

7

5
9
7
6

5
7
8
6

10
8
9
7
6
4
5
6

10
9
6

7
7
9

5

4
5
5
5

5
5
4
3

3
3
4
4
5
10
6
3

10
6
3

4
4
8

5

3
4
5
5

4
4
7
3

4
10
6
4
3
2
5
3

4
4
5

6
5
4

6

7
5
4
8

10
6
3
9

3
2
4
5
7
9
8
9

16
8
4

3
6
12

Base: All respondents (N=28,031) 

124 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

CONCLUSION 

Special Eurobarometer 471  

Report 

Across the EU, a large majority of respondents say they are in good health, that they are generally 
happy,  and  that  they  have  not  experienced  discrimination  or  harassment  in  the  past  12  months. 
When  things  do  go  wrong,  the  degree  of  resilience  varies  considerably  between  Member  States. 
Overall almost four in ten say that when things go wrong it takes them a long time to get back to 
normal. 

Despite the large majority saying they are generally happy, almost one third say they felt lonely at 
least some of the time recently, with women and older respondents more likely to say this. 

The  exploration  of  a  range  of  aspects  of  fairness  shows  that  the  majority  of  respondents  agree 
their life is fair, and that important decisions concerning them are made in a fair way. The majority 
also agree that in their country people have equal opportunities to get ahead, and almost half say 
this has improved in the last 30 years. However, these overall results mask a high level of variation 
between Member States.  

The  factors  seen  as  most  essential  for  getting  ahead  in  life  are  having  good  health,  a  good 
education and working hard. Being born a man or a woman, or being of a specific ethnic origin are 
the least likely to be considered essential. 

The  analysis  of  other  indicators  of  fairness  explored  in  this  study  shows  that  fewer  than  half  of 
respondents  agree  that  most  people  in  their  country  can  be  trusted,  and  only  a  minority  are 
confident justice always prevails in their country, or that political decisions are applied consistently 
to all citizens. Once again, in each case there is a high level of variation in opinion across Member 
States. 

Opinion about immigration is divided. Although almost four in ten respondents thinks immigration is 
a  good  thing  for  their  country,  one  third  disagrees.  At  country  level  there  are  only  five  Member 
States where the majority agrees (Sweden, Ireland, Luxembourg, the UK and Portugal), and there is 
a  59  percentage  point  range  in  agreement  across  all  countries.  Respondents  are  more  positive 
about globalisation, although once again there is a wide range of opinions across Member States. 

The results of the survey also highlight a degree of social mobility. Three in ten respondents place 
themselves higher than their parents on the social ladder, and around four in ten place themselves 
higher than their grandparents. Only around one in five place themselves lower than their parents 
or grandparents. Respondents are most likely to say they are in an equal position to their parents, 
but higher than their grandparents. 

A  similar  pattern  is  seen  in  education,  with  respondents  most  likely  to  say  their  educational 
achievement  is  higher  than  that  of  their  parents  or  grandparents.  Respondents  are  most  likely  to 
have completed secondary or post-secondary education, with less than one in five only completing 
primary and less than one in fifty not completing primary schooling.  

Most  respondents  place  their  households  in  the  lower  three  quintiles  in  terms  of  annual  income. 
Wages and salaries are the only form of income mentioned by more than half of the respondents, 
with pensions and other social benefits the next most mentioned types of household income. When 
asked about the differences in people’s income in their country, more than eight in ten respondents 
think it is too large, and that the government should take measures to reduce it. 

The  socio-demographic  analyses  highlight  some  consistent  patterns.  For  example,  those  who 
attainted higher levels of education and experience fewer financial difficulties are consistently more 
likely to be positive. Furthermore, those who consider themselves in good health, who are generally 
happy, and who think life is fair are also consistently more likely to be positive than those who don’t 
have these perceptions.  

125 

 
 
  
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Technical 
Specifications 

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 

Between the 2nd December and the 11th December 2017, TNS opinion & social, a consortium created 
between  TNS  political  &  social,  Kantar  UK  and  Kantar  Belgium,  carried  out  the  wave  88.4  of  the 
EUROBAROMETER  survey,  on  request  of  the  EUROPEAN  COMMISSION,  Directorate-General  for 
Communication, “Media Monitoring, Media Analysis and Eurobarometer” Unit.  

The wave 88.4 covers the population of the respective nationalities of the European Union Member 
States, resident in each of the 28 Member States and aged 15 years and over. 

TS 1 

 
	
	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Technical 
Specifications 

The  basic  sample  design  applied  in  all  states  is  a  multi-stage,  random  (probability)  one.  In  each 
country, a number of sampling points was drawn with probability proportional to population size (for 
a total coverage of the country) and to population density. 

In order to do so, the sampling points were drawn systematically from each of the "administrative 
regional units", after stratification by individual unit and type of area. They thus represent the whole 
territory of the countries surveyed according to the EUROSTAT NUTS II (or equivalent) and according 
to the distribution of the resident population of the respective nationalities in terms of metropolitan, 
urban and rural areas.  

In each of the selected sampling points, a starting address was drawn, at random. Further addresses 
(every Nth address) were selected by standard "random route" procedures, from the initial address. 
In each household, the respondent was drawn, at random (following the "closest birthday rule"). All 
interviews were conducted face-to-face in people's homes and in the appropriate national language. 
As far as the data capture is concerned, CAPI (Computer Assisted Personal Interview) was used in 
those countries where this technique was available. 

For each country a comparison between the sample and the universe was carried out. The Universe 
description  was  derived  from  Eurostat  population  data  or  from  national  statistics  offices.  For  all 
countries surveyed, a national weighting procedure, using marginal and intercellular weighting, was 
carried out based on this Universe description. In all countries, gender, age, region and size of locality 
were introduced in the iteration procedure. For international weighting (i.e. EU averages), TNS opinion 
& social applies the official population figures as provided by EUROSTAT or national statistic offices. 
The total population figures for input in this post-weighting procedure are listed here. 

Readers are reminded that survey results are estimations, the accuracy of which, everything being 
equal, rests upon the sample size and upon the observed percentage. With samples of about 1,000 
interviews, the real percentages vary within the following confidence limits: 

TS 2 

 
	
	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

QUESTIONNAIRE 

PROG FOR QA1A: ROTATE STATEMENTS 1 AND 2 

QA1A 

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following 
statements. 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

Strongly 
agree 

Agree 

Neither 
agree 
nor 
disagree 

Disagree 

Strongly 
disagree 

DK 

1 

2 

I am in good health 

In general I consider 
myself a happy 
person 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

NEW 

PROG FOR QA1B: ROTATE STATEMENTS 1 TO 3 

QA1B 

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following 
statements. 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

1 

2 

I believe that most of 
the things that 
happen in my life are 
fair 
I think that important 
decisions that are 
made concerning me 
are usually taken in a 
fair way 

3  Nowadays in (OUR 

COUNTRY) I have 
equal opportunities 
for getting ahead in 
life, like everyone 
else 

Strongly 
agree 

Agree 

Neither 
agree 
nor 
disagree 

Disagree 

Strongly 
disagree 

DK 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

NEW 

Q 1 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

PROG FOR QA1C: ROTATE STATEMENTS 1 TO 5 

QA1C 

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following 
statements. 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

1 

2 

3 

I am confident that 
justice always 
prevails over injustice 
in (OUR COUNTRY) 
I believe that, by and 
large, people get 
what they deserve in 
(OUR COUNTRY) 
In (OUR COUNTRY), 
the political decisions 
are applied 
consistently to all 
citizens 

4  Compared with 30 

years ago, 
opportunities for 
getting ahead in life 
have become more 
equal in (OUR 
COUNTRY) 

5  Generally speaking, 
most people in (OUR 
COUNTRY) can be 
trusted 

Strongly 
agree 

Agree 

Neither 
agree 
nor 
disagree 

Disagree 

Strongly 
disagree 

DK 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

NEW 

Q 2 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

QA1D  Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following 

statements. 
(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

Strongly 
agree 

Agree 

Neither 
agree nor 
disagree 

Disagree 

Strongly 
disagree 

DK 

1  Nowadays in (OUR 

COUNTRY) differences 
in people's incomes 
are too great 
2  The government in 
(OUR COUNTRY) 
should take measures 
to reduce differences 
in income levels. 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

NEW 

PROG FOR QA1E: ROTATE STATEMENTS 1 AND 2 

QA1E  Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following 

statements. 
(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

Strongly 
agree 

Agree 

Neither 
agree nor 
disagree 

Disagree 

Strongly 
disagree 

DK 

1 

2 

I think immigration 
into (OUR COUNTRY) 
is a good thing 
I think globalisation is 
a good thing 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

6 

6 

NEW 

QA1F 

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following 
statements. 
(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

Strongly 
agree 

Agree 

Neither 
agree nor 
disagree 

Disagree 

Strongly 
disagree 

DK 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

1  When things go 

wrong in my life, it 
generally takes me a 
long time to get back 
to normal 

NEW 

Q 3 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

PROG FOR QA2: ROTATE STATEMENTS 1 TO 9 
How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 

QA2 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

Essential 

Very 
important 

Fairly 
important 

Not very 
important 

Not 
important 
at all 

DK 

1  Coming from a 
wealthy family 
2  Having a good 
education 
3  Working hard 

4  Knowing the right 

people 

5  Having good health 

6  Being lucky 

7  Being of a specific 
ethnic origin 

8  Being born a man or a 

woman 

9  Having political 
connections 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

PROG FOR QA3: MAX. 4 ANSWERS 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

NEW 

QA3 

Imagine that you or your household face a substantial fall in your income. How would 
you cope with the situation? 
(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - MAX. 4 ANSWERS) 

By relying on your own savings 
By relying on help from relatives or friends 
By relying on the State, e.g. social insurance and benefits 
By relying on help from other sources, e.g. charitable 
organisations 
By relying on private insurance payments 
By obtaining credit from financial institutions 
By selling your possessions 
By spending less 
By taking on more paid work 
By starting or returning to paid work 
You do not know how you would cope 
Other (SPONTANEOUS) 
DK 

1, 
2, 
3, 
4, 

5, 
6, 
7, 
8, 
9, 
10, 
11, 
12, 
13, 

NEW 

Q 4 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

QA4 

Generally speaking, would you say that: 
(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

Very 
poor 

Fairly 
Poor 

Average 

Fairly 
Rich 

Very rich  DK 

1  Your neighbourhood 

is… 

2  The neighbourhood 

where you were living 
when you were 
around 15 years old 
was… 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

QA5 

During the past week you felt lonely…? 
(SHOW SCREEN - DO NOT READ OUT - ONE ANSWER ONLY - RESPONDENT TO FILL IN THE 
QUESTION HIMSELF OR HERSELF) 

None or almost none of the time 
Some of the time 
Most of the time 
All or almost all of the time 
DK 

PROG FOR QA6: ROTATE ANSWERS 1 TO 11 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

6 

6 

NEW 

NEW 

QA6 

In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced 
harassment on one or more of the following grounds? Please tell me all that apply. 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) 
Being over 55 years old 
Being a man or a woman (M) 
Ethnic origin 
Religion or beliefs 
Political opinions (N) 
Disability 
Being under 30 years old 
Sexual orientation (being gay, lesbian or bisexual) 
Being transgender (M) 
Place of residence (N) 
Social class (N) 
For another reason 
No, you have not been discriminated against or experienced 
harassment in the past 12 months (M) 
DK 

1, 
2, 
3, 
4, 
5, 
6, 
7, 
8, 
9, 
10, 
11, 
12, 
13, 

14, 

EB83.4 QC2 MODIFIED 

Q 5 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

Think of the following ladder as representing where people stand in (NATIONALITY) society. The 
higher up you are on this ladder, the closer you are to the people at the very top in terms of 
social status; the lower you are, the closer you are to the people at the very bottom in terms of 
social status. 

PROG FOR Q7: SHOW LADDER IMAGE 

QA7A  Where would you place yourself on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR 

COUNTRY)? 

QA7B  Where would you place your parents on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR 

COUNTRY)? 

QA7C  Where would you place your paternal grandparents on this ladder relative to other 

people in (OUR COUNTRY)? 

QA7D  Where would you place your maternal grandparents on this ladder relative to other 

people in (OUR COUNTRY)? 

(SHOW SCREEN - ONE ANSWER PER COLUMN - INTERVIEWER: RESPONDENT TO FILL IN THE 
QUESTION HIMSELF OR HERSELF) 

10 (Top) 
9 
8 
7 
6 
5 
4 
3 
2 
1 (Bottom) 
Refusal 
DK 

QA7A 
Yourself 

QA7B 
Your 
parents 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 
10 
11 

12 

1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 
10 
11 

12 

QA7C 
Your 
paternal 
grandpare
nts 
1 
2 
3 

QA7D 
Your 
maternal 
grandpare
nts 
1 
2 
3 

4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 
10 
11 

12 

4 
5 
6 
7 

8 
9 
10 
11 

12 

NEW 

Q 6 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

QA8A 

QA8B 
QA8C 

As far as you know, what was the main occupation of the person in your family who 
was the principal contributor to your household's income when you were around 15 
years old? 
As far as you know, what was the main occupation of your paternal grandfather? 
As far as you know, what was the main occupation of your maternal grandfather? 
(DO NOT SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER COLUMN) 

QA8A 

QA8B 

QA8C 

The person in your 
family who was the 
principal contributor to 
your household's 
income when you were 
around 15 years old 

Your 
paternal 
grandfather 

Your 
maternal 
grandfather 

SELF EMPLOYED 

Farmer 

Fisherman 

Professional (lawyer, medical practitioner, 
accountant, architect, etc.) 

Owner of a shop, craftsmen, other self-
employed person 
Business proprietors, owner (full or partner) of a 
company 
EMPLOYED 
Employed professional (employed doctor, 
lawyer, accountant, architect) 

General management, director or top 
management (managing directors, director 
general, other director) 

Middle management, other management 
(department head, junior manager, teacher, 
technician) 

Employed position, working mainly at a desk 

Employed position, not at a desk but travelling 
(salesmen, driver, etc.) 

Employed position, not at a desk, but in a 
service job (hospital, restaurant, police, fireman, 
etc.) 
Supervisor 

Skilled manual worker 

Other (unskilled) manual worker, servant 

NON-ACTIVE 
Responsible for ordinary shopping and looking 
after the home, or without any current 
occupation, not working 

Student 

Unemployed or temporarily not working 

Retired or unable to work through illness 

Refusal 

DK 

Q 7 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

NEW 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

QA9A 

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by you? 

QA9B 

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your father? 

QA9C 

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your mother? 

QA9D 

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your paternal 
grandfather? 

QA9E 

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your maternal 
grandfather? 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - ONE ANSWER PER COLUMN) 

QA9A 
You 

QA9B 
Your 
father 

QA9C 
Your 
mother 

Not completed primary 

Completed primary 

Completed secondary 

Completed post secondary 
vocational studies, or higher 
education to bachelor level or 
equivalent 
Completed upper level of 
education to master, doctoral 
degree or equivalent 
Refusal 

DK 

1 

2 

3 

4 
5 

6 

7 

1 

2 

3 

4 
5 

6 

7 

1 

2 

3 

4 
5 

6 

7 

QA9D 
Your 
paternal 
grandfath
er 
1 

QA9E 
Your 
maternal 
grandfath
er 
1 

2 

3 

4 
5 

6 

7 

2 

3 

4 
5 

6 

7 

NEW 

Q 8 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

QA10 

Here is a list of sources of household income. Please select all of the income sources 
received by the household as a whole. Please consider the income of all household 
members and any income which may be received by the household as a whole. 

(SHOW SCREEN - READ OUT - MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE) 

Wages or salaries 
Income from self-employment (excluding farming) 
Income from farming 
Pensions 
Unemployment or redundancy benefits 
Any other social benefits or grants 
Income from investment, savings, insurance or property 
Benefits in kind or allowances paid by your employer, e.g. 
company cars and school fees 
Income from other sources 
Other (SPONTANEOUS) 
None (SPONTANEOUS) 
Refusal 
DK 

1, 
2, 
3, 
4, 
5, 
6, 
7, 
8, 

9, 
10, 
11, 
12, 
13, 

NEW 

QA11 

Taking all these income sources by individuals in your household together, after tax, 
which category corresponds to your annual household income? 

(SHOW SCREEN - ONE ANSWER ONLY - QUINTILES INSERTED PER COUNTRY) 

Less than XXX 
More than XXX to XXXX 
More than XXXX to XXXXX 
More than XXXXX to XXXXXX 
More than XXXXXX 
Refusal 
DK 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 
7 

NEW 

Q 9 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
 
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

PROG FOR QA12A: SHOW IMAGE OF THE PIE 

QA12A  We would like to ask you a few questions about how you think net income is 

distributed in (OUR COUNTRY). Think of the total income, after tax, earned by all 
individuals in (OUR COUNTRY) as a pie. (SHOW PIE) Roughly how many slices of this 
pie do you think is CURRENTLY EARNED by: 

(SCREEN SCREEN AND PIE - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

DK 

10 
All 
of 
the 
pie 

1 

Non
e of 
the 
pie 

2 A 
prop
orti
onal 
shar
e of 
the 
pie 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

1  The 
20% 
of 
people 
who 
earn 
the 
most? 

2  The 
20% 
of 
people 
who 
earn 
the 
least? 

NEW 

Q 10 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
	
	
Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility 

December 2017 

Special Eurobarometer 471 

Questionnaire 

PROG FOR QA12B: SHOW IMAGE OF THE PIE 

QA12B  Now, tell me how many slices of this pie you think SHOULD ideally go to: 

(SCREEN SCREEN AND PIE - ONE ANSWER PER LINE) 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

DK 

10 
All 
of 
the 
pie 

1 

Non
e of 
the 
pie 

2 A 
prop
orti
onal 
shar
e of 
the 
pie 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

1  The 
20% 
of 
people 
who 
earn 
the 
most? 

2  The 
20% 
of 
people 
who 
earn 
the 
least? 

NEW 

Q 11 

	
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.1

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I am in good health (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

34

27

26

19

52

42

18

51

36

35

41

19

26

47

14

18

42

27

24

39

40

28

22

17

32

21

37

48

33

e
e
r
g
A

44

56

35

48

31

38

43

41

41

47

38

42

53

33

41

41

45

40

62

42

38

48

55

40

48

47

42

35

50

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

11

10

18

21

7

7

17

3

12

9

8

21

14

11

18

17

6

19

11

7

13

9

12

25

10

20

9

9

6

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

2

2

4

2

2

3

6

0

2

1

4

4

1

2

6

5

2

4

0

2

2

2

1

3

1

2

3

2

1

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

9

5

16

10

8

10

16

5

9

8

9

14

6

7

20

19

5

10

3

10

7

13

10

15

9

10

9

6

10

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

78

83

61

67

83

80

61

92

77

82

79

61

79

80

55

59

87

67

86

81

78

76

77

57

80

68

79

83

83

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

11

7

20

12

10

13

22

5

11

9

13

18

7

9

26

24

7

14

3

12

9

15

11

18

10

12

12

8

11

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.2

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
In general I consider myself a happy person (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

30

25

19

19

59

38

24

52

13

32

34

16

17

35

18

16

44

24

27

40

42

23

19

13

33

18

40

56

37

e
e
r
g
A

53

62

43

51

37

52

53

45

51

55

54

52

55

43

51

49

49

47

63

51

44

58

59

46

55

56

48

36

54

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

12

9

24

24

3

7

14

2

23

8

7

21

23

16

17

21

4

21

8

6

10

12

15

28

9

20

8

7

6

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

1

1

2

1

0

0

2

0

3

1

1

3

1

1

3

2

1

2

0

1

1

1

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

4

3

11

5

1

3

7

1

10

4

4

8

4

5

10

12

2

6

2

2

2

6

6

11

3

5

4

1

3

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

83

87

62

70

96

90

77

97

64

87

88

68

72

78

69

65

93

71

90

91

86

81

78

59

88

74

88

92

91

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

5

4

13

6

1

3

9

1

13

5

5

11

5

6

13

14

3

8

2

3

3

7

7

13

3

5

4

1

3

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.3

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I believe that most of the things that happen in my life are fair (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

10

8

8

6

26

13

9

23

3

6

9

4

10

6

7

5

14

9

8

10

26

13

3

6

9

5

18

25

13

e
e
r
g
A

43

53

30

43

51

48

49

55

23

33

40

32

34

33

39

45

51

37

48

54

42

47

39

37

40

42

57

47

53

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

24

22

27

32

15

22

23

11

28

25

22

34

33

26

22

29

17

27

24

20

18

21

29

29

25

31

13

17

19

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

4

2

9

3

2

3

3

2

14

7

5

8

5

8

6

2

6

8

1

2

3

2

3

4

4

3

2

2

1

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

18

15

24

16

6

13

14

8

32

28

22

21

17

27

24

14

10

18

14

14

9

16

26

23

21

17

9

8

13

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

2

0

0

1

2

1

0

1

2

1

1

0

2

5

2

1

5

0

2

1

0

1

1

2

1

1

1

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

53

61

38

49

77

61

58

78

26

39

49

36

44

39

46

50

65

46

56

64

68

60

42

43

49

47

75

72

66

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

22

17

33

19

8

16

17

10

46

35

27

29

22

35

30

16

16

26

15

16

12

18

29

27

25

20

11

10

14

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.4

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I think that important decisions that are made concerning me are usually taken in a fair way (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

12

8

7

7

32

15

7

25

3

8

10

3

12

7

5

7

19

11

7

9

26

14

5

7

8

5

19

30

12

e
e
r
g
A

49

57

32

46

51

51

48

57

24

44

48

38

52

36

41

43

55

37

57

56

46

50

49

42

46

42

55

46

58

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

21

21

30

34

10

19

23

10

26

25

19

31

22

29

24

29

14

29

19

20

16

20

27

28

23

33

12

15

19

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

3

2

9

2

1

2

4

1

15

4

3

6

3

7

6

2

2

7

1

2

2

2

2

4

4

3

2

1

1

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

13

12

19

10

6

11

15

6

31

17

16

21

10

20

21

14

6

15

10

12

7

13

16

19

18

14

11

6

8

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

2

0

3

1

0

2

3

1

1

2

4

1

1

1

3

5

4

1

6

1

3

1

1

0

1

3

1

2

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

61

65

39

53

83

66

55

82

27

52

58

41

64

43

46

50

74

48

64

65

72

64

54

49

54

47

74

76

70

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

16

14

28

12

7

13

19

7

46

21

19

27

13

27

27

16

8

22

11

14

9

15

18

23

22

17

13

7

9

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T4 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.5

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
Nowadays in (OUR COUNTRY) I have equal opportunities for getting ahead in life, like everyone else (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

16

12

7

10

43

25

14

27

1

12

19

3

8

6

10

14

27

10

13

20

28

15

5

6

10

5

29

44

16

e
e
r
g
A

42

56

25

39

38

45

44

53

17

40

41

26

37

27

41

41

45

29

60

51

42

43

37

32

32

37

51

37

54

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

17

15

25

28

9

12

16

8

22

15

14

25

25

17

13

18

7

26

11

10

14

15

21

23

21

32

9

8

13

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

5

3

14

4

2

3

7

2

23

7

5

18

7

14

9

4

4

12

1

2

3

4

5

9

9

4

2

4

2

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

19

13

27

19

8

14

17

9

36

25

18

28

22

35

25

23

13

21

10

16

11

22

31

29

27

20

8

7

14

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

1

2

0

0

1

2

1

1

1

3

0

1

1

2

0

4

2

5

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

0

1

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

58

68

32

49

81

70

58

80

18

52

60

29

45

33

51

55

72

39

73

71

70

58

42

38

42

42

80

81

70

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

24

16

41

23

10

17

24

11

59

32

23

46

29

49

34

27

17

33

11

18

14

26

36

38

36

24

10

11

16

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.6

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I am confident that justice always prevails over injustice in (OUR COUNTRY) (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

8

5

6

3

13

13

3

13

2

6

3

2

10

5

1

2

16

8

6

8

20

10

3

4

3

3

9

6

5

e
e
r
g
A

31

38

24

16

41

41

24

36

19

28

24

14

33

14

12

17

37

24

34

42

43

30

26

29

18

20

42

20

33

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

21

23

23

33

20

19

28

17

25

17

22

23

22

21

21

21

17

27

24

22

17

18

16

25

22

30

20

30

22

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

10

7

15

12

5

6

8

6

19

16

17

26

11

19

17

14

7

17

8

5

5

8

10

12

17

12

4

13

5

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

29

27

30

36

21

21

33

25

35

32

33

35

24

40

47

45

18

23

21

22

14

33

44

28

39

34

24

30

31

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

2

0

0

0

4

3

0

1

1

0

0

1

2

1

5

1

7

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

1

4

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

39

43

30

19

54

54

27

49

21

34

27

16

43

19

13

19

53

32

40

50

63

40

29

33

21

23

51

26

38

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

39

34

45

48

26

27

41

31

54

48

50

61

35

59

64

59

25

40

29

27

19

41

54

40

56

46

28

43

36

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.7

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I believe that, by and large, people get what they deserve in (OUR COUNTRY) (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

6

3

6

7

13

7

3

14

2

4

4

3

9

4

3

4

11

10

5

2

17

11

3

7

4

2

9

6

6

e
e
r
g
A

32

42

22

35

45

34

35

44

17

24

25

21

27

18

20

28

42

28

37

38

44

36

32

27

23

24

48

32

41

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

23

27

26

32

19

21

24

16

21

18

23

25

28

21

14

21

20

26

24

27

19

20

25

26

25

30

20

27

22

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

8

3

13

4

3

8

6

4

19

15

10

16

8

15

17

7

7

13

6

4

5

5

4

10

12

7

3

8

3

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

29

24

31

21

19

29

28

19

41

37

35

33

27

41

43

39

18

21

23

28

13

27

35

29

35

35

18

25

26

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

2

1

2

1

1

1

4

3

0

2

3

2

1

1

3

1

2

2

5

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

38

45

28

42

58

41

38

58

19

28

29

24

36

22

23

32

53

38

42

40

61

47

35

34

27

26

57

38

47

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

37

27

44

25

22

37

34

23

60

52

45

49

35

56

60

46

25

34

29

32

18

32

39

39

47

42

21

33

29

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.8

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
In (OUR COUNTRY), the political decisions are applied consistently to all citizens (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

7

3

3

4

13

18

2

11

1

3

3

2

8

1

2

5

12

8

6

2

21

10

2

2

2

3

7

7

5

e
e
r
g
A

25

27

14

21

41

37

27

32

9

14

17

12

21

9

16

24

39

25

36

34

35

29

20

19

12

13

32

28

31

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

17

24

22

26

14

14

19

14

17

11

13

20

20

14

16

14

15

25

21

20

20

15

15

21

18

30

21

22

20

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

15

10

24

11

8

7

10

9

29

28

23

31

17

25

20

15

11

16

8

7

7

10

13

19

20

13

10

12

7

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

33

35

33

37

22

22

35

28

43

41

41

34

33

48

43

41

17

23

22

35

15

34

47

37

44

38

29

30

32

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

3

1

4

1

2

2

7

6

1

3

3

1

1

3

3

1

6

3

7

2

2

2

3

2

4

3

1

1

5

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

32

30

17

25

54

55

29

43

10

17

20

14

29

10

18

29

51

33

42

36

56

39

22

21

14

16

39

35

36

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

48

45

57

48

30

29

45

37

72

69

64

65

50

73

63

56

28

39

30

42

22

44

60

56

64

51

39

42

39

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T8 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.9

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
Compared with 30 years ago, opportunities for getting ahead in life have become more equal
COUNTRY) (%)

in (OUR

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

11

5

7

8

24

18

9

20

1

13

2

3

8

3

5

7

11

10

13

10

22

16

5

3

6

3

24

22

9

e
e
r
g
A

35

43

26

36

37

36

40

54

20

35

20

21

30

32

34

35

30

25

57

50

40

48

52

29

29

23

48

41

46

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

19

20

23

28

16

16

14

11

21

16

16

25

26

20

15

20

11

22

8

13

18

19

17

25

20

30

12

16

16

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

7

5

13

5

3

3

5

1

20

8

17

17

10

7

9

7

8

14

2

3

4

2

2

11

12

7

3

5

3

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

22

24

23

15

15

17

16

7

35

23

40

26

22

27

26

21

20

22

6

18

13

13

16

28

27

25

9

12

18

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

6

3

8

8

5

10

16

7

3

5

5

8

4

11

11

10

20

7

14

6

3

2

8

4

6

12

4

4

8

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

46

48

33

44

61

54

49

74

21

48

22

24

38

35

39

42

41

35

70

60

62

64

57

32

35

26

72

63

55

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

29

29

36

20

18

20

21

8

55

31

57

43

32

34

35

28

28

36

8

21

17

15

18

39

39

32

12

17

21

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.10

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
Generally speaking, most people in (OUR COUNTRY) can be trusted (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

7

3

4

2

24

10

4

17

2

5

3

4

9

2

4

3

14

6

4

6

18

9

2

3

5

2

23

20

5

e
e
r
g
A

40

49

22

33

58

48

47

58

22

41

28

25

38

22

41

35

47

30

33

63

49

42

37

25

28

21

62

56

45

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

24

27

37

35

11

21

22

12

32

19

21

34

30

26

22

23

18

29

29

18

17

19

20

33

27

36

9

12

24

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

6

3

7

6

1

3

4

1

11

10

14

9

6

13

6

5

5

11

7

2

4

4

6

8

10

8

1

3

3

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

22

18

28

23

6

17

20

11

33

24

33

27

16

37

25

34

15

23

22

10

10

25

34

30

30

31

5

9

21

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

2

1

0

1

3

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

2

0

1

1

5

1

2

1

1

1

0

2

0

0

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

47

52

26

35

82

58

51

75

24

46

31

29

47

24

45

38

61

36

37

69

67

51

39

28

33

23

85

76

50

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

28

21

35

29

7

20

24

12

44

34

47

36

22

50

31

39

20

34

29

12

14

29

40

38

40

39

6

12

24

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T10 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.11

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
Nowadays in (OUR COUNTRY) differences in people’s incomes are too great (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

42

30

59

39

25

60

51

29

34

48

47

50

41

43

52

66

43

59

19

18

42

35

37

41

54

54

30

35

22

e
e
r
g
A

42

51

32

43

38

32

36

50

46

43

37

38

47

38

37

26

41

31

54

41

42

47

59

39

36

37

42

34

51

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

8

11

5

13

17

4

5

9

14

4

7

9

8

9

5

5

6

7

11

16

10

9

4

12

5

6

16

16

13

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

1

1

1

0

3

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

2

1

1

0

1

1

0

1

4

1

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

6

7

2

4

16

3

5

7

6

3

6

3

2

7

4

2

5

2

11

21

5

7

0

7

4

2

10

10

10

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

1

1

1

1

3

4

0

1

2

0

1

2

1

1

4

1

4

2

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

3

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

84

81

91

82

63

92

87

79

80

91

84

88

88

81

89

92

84

90

73

59

84

82

96

80

90

91

72

69

73

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

7

8

3

4

19

3

5

8

6

4

7

3

3

8

5

2

6

2

12

23

6

8

0

8

5

2

11

14

11

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T11 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.12

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
The government in (OUR COUNTRY) should take measures to reduce differences in income levels (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

41

28

47

32

21

53

42

29

45

51

42

52

49

60

54

68

37

57

21

20

48

33

45

39

59

46

38

38

24

e
e
r
g
A

40

51

34

38

30

31

34

51

41

42

36

33

40

31

37

25

42

30

57

45

34

46

49

35

31

39

41

30

51

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

10

11

11

16

20

8

11

8

11

3

10

12

8

4

4

5

8

9

11

13

12

10

5

15

6

10

12

16

13

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

1

1

1

2

6

1

2

1

0

1

2

0

0

1

1

0

2

1

0

3

2

1

0

2

1

1

1

5

1

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

6

8

5

11

21

5

8

7

3

2

8

2

2

3

3

2

7

2

5

18

4

8

0

8

2

3

6

10

9

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

2

1

2

1

2

2

3

4

0

1

2

1

1

1

1

0

4

1

6

1

0

2

1

1

1

1

2

1

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

81

79

81

70

51

84

76

80

86

93

78

85

89

91

91

93

79

87

78

65

82

79

94

74

90

85

79

68

75

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

7

9

6

13

27

6

10

8

3

3

10

2

2

4

4

2

9

3

5

21

6

9

0

10

3

4

7

15

10

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T12 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.13

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I think immigration into (OUR COUNTRY) is a good thing (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

9

6

3

3

10

12

2

22

2

8

7

2

6

2

3

6

24

3

4

5

14

6

7

2

6

2

9

27

14

e
e
r
g
A

30

32

9

11

30

34

17

46

8

40

25

24

22

15

13

29

39

12

22

35

24

32

43

16

26

9

36

42

42

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

26

28

23

24

36

27

29

17

25

26

31

29

31

26

19

22

18

13

27

34

23

20

25

28

33

27

28

20

23

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

12

10

22

28

6

9

16

4

26

7

16

12

13

19

19

9

5

51

12

5

18

12

1

19

10

21

7

3

4

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

21

24

36

33

16

17

32

11

39

17

19

28

26

37

42

33

12

19

33

20

20

26

20

31

23

37

19

7

15

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

2

0

7

1

2

1

4

0

0

2

2

5

2

1

4

1

2

2

2

1

1

4

4

4

2

4

1

1

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

39

38

12

14

40

46

19

68

10

48

32

26

28

17

16

35

63

15

26

40

38

38

50

18

32

11

45

69

56

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

33

34

58

61

22

26

48

15

65

24

35

40

39

56

61

42

17

70

45

25

38

38

21

50

33

58

26

10

19

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.14

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
I think globalisation is a good thing (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

11

8

9

4

31

18

5

21

2

11

7

4

9

4

5

7

20

11

9

12

16

8

6

4

7

5

13

33

9

e
e
r
g
A

36

36

28

21

44

42

27

48

19

38

28

29

29

25

28

33

33

31

45

47

29

37

54

25

32

22

44

43

45

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

25

25

28

33

16

25

30

14

23

20

27

34

30

28

24

25

22

27

21

22

26

21

18

29

32

32

25

15

24

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

6

5

9

12

1

4

7

1

21

4

12

7

8

12

6

3

7

13

2

4

8

6

1

10

7

11

2

3

2

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

15

22

15

24

5

9

19

9

30

12

21

19

19

25

21

15

15

13

10

12

19

17

7

19

17

16

11

5

11

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

7

4

11

6

3

2

12

7

5

15

5

7

5

6

16

17

3

5

13

3

2

11

14

13

5

14

5

1

9

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

47

44

37

25

75

60

32

69

21

49

35

33

38

29

33

40

53

42

54

59

45

45

60

29

39

27

57

76

54

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

21

27

24

36

6

13

26

10

51

16

33

26

27

37

27

18

22

26

12

16

27

23

8

29

24

27

13

8

13

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T14 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA1.15

Please tell me to what extent you personally agree or disagree with the following statements. 
When things go wrong in my life, it generally takes me a long time to get back to normal (%)

e
e
r
g
a

y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

9

6

19

5

5

8

7

10

12

8

8

8

16

11

9

10

8

13

9

4

14

8

5

10

9

8

5

4

5

e
e
r
g
A

28

36

36

27

10

24

27

27

31

30

26

33

37

29

27

33

23

33

30

17

25

38

35

26

26

25

16

10

27

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
r
o
n
e
e
r
g
a

r
e
h
t
i
e
N

21

17

20

35

15

18

24

17

25

19

17

23

27

18

19

25

14

24

25

16

20

19

25

29

20

34

17

16

21

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
d
y
l
g
n
o
r
t
S

9

6

6

5

22

14

5

12

4

9

11

7

2

6

5

6

16

8

3

13

10

5

5

7

8

6

16

29

6

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

32

34

17

27

46

33

34

33

28

34

36

29

17

35

36

25

35

21

28

50

30

29

29

26

36

25

45

40

40

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

1

2

1

2

3

3

1

0

0

2

0

1

1

4

1

4

1

5

0

1

1

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
e
r
g
A

'

l

a
t
o
T

37

42

55

32

15

32

34

37

43

38

34

41

53

40

36

43

31

46

39

21

39

46

40

36

35

33

21

14

32

'

e
e
r
g
a
s
i
D

'

l

a
t
o
T

41

40

23

32

68

47

39

45

32

43

47

36

19

41

41

31

51

29

31

63

40

34

34

33

44

31

61

69

46

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T15 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.1

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Coming from a wealthy family (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

26

18

31

25

7

24

17

20

37

29

13

29

40

31

16

25

10

34

19

14

30

41

38

30

22

31

13

7

23

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

28

31

27

37

25

30

32

27

30

30

27

29

30

26

25

22

26

26

25

29

28

23

30

29

26

24

37

30

25

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

10

4

28

13

2

7

5

9

13

7

4

20

18

12

14

10

5

29

7

2

19

12

9

15

12

14

5

1

6

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

26

37

9

22

47

31

32

32

17

24

38

16

9

24

29

31

37

9

37

41

19

19

18

20

28

20

37

40

31

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

9

10

3

3

18

7

10

11

3

9

17

5

2

6

13

11

21

2

12

13

4

4

4

6

12

9

7

21

13

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

54

49

58

62

32

54

49

47

67

59

40

58

70

57

41

47

36

60

44

43

58

64

68

59

48

55

50

37

48

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

10

4

28

13

2

7

5

9

13

7

4

20

18

12

14

10

5

29

7

2

19

12

9

15

12

14

5

1

6

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

35

47

12

25

65

38

42

43

20

33

55

21

11

30

42

42

58

11

49

54

23

23

22

26

40

29

44

61

44

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

2

0

1

1

4

1

0

1

1

1

1

1

3

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

2

1

1

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T16 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.2

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Having a good education (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

43

48

33

38

45

37

45

46

46

52

34

43

47

36

33

40

40

33

48

49

35

51

32

39

39

47

46

51

46

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

18

24

25

30

22

6

20

10

15

9

32

24

17

7

14

19

26

25

6

21

10

18

30

18

27

20

22

22

17

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

33

21

26

24

28

56

30

42

35

38

15

15

34

52

45

25

25

26

44

26

52

24

37

37

18

25

29

24

32

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

5

6

11

7

5

1

4

2

4

1

15

14

1

4

6

13

6

14

1

3

3

6

1

5

14

6

3

2

4

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

1

1

3

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

3

4

0

1

2

3

3

2

1

1

0

1

0

1

2

1

0

1

1

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

61

72

58

68

67

43

65

56

61

61

66

67

64

43

47

59

66

58

54

70

45

69

62

57

66

67

68

73

63

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

33

21

26

24

28

56

30

42

35

38

15

15

34

52

45

25

25

26

44

26

52

24

37

37

18

25

29

24

32

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

6

7

14

8

5

1

5

2

4

1

18

18

1

5

8

16

9

16

2

4

3

7

1

6

16

7

3

3

5

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T17 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.3

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Working hard (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

43

49

35

33

38

44

47

46

41

52

38

36

42

40

24

35

31

35

48

49

41

47

36

34

41

44

45

45

44

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

23

27

19

32

35

26

27

7

21

15

26

28

29

19

24

30

34

21

25

24

19

19

34

32

22

16

30

29

9

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

27

18

34

21

17

23

20

46

31

27

25

13

26

31

25

16

20

36

17

23

32

24

24

18

27

35

21

22

45

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

6

6

7

11

8

5

5

1

6

5

9

17

3

8

18

15

11

6

8

3

7

7

5

13

8

4

3

3

2

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

1

0

4

3

2

1

0

0

1

1

1

6

0

2

6

3

3

2

2

1

1

2

1

3

2

0

0

1

0

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

66

76

54

65

73

70

74

53

62

67

64

64

71

59

48

65

65

56

73

73

60

66

70

66

63

60

75

74

53

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

27

18

34

21

17

23

20

46

31

27

25

13

26

31

25

16

20

36

17

23

32

24

24

18

27

35

21

22

45

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

7

6

11

14

10

6

5

1

7

6

10

23

3

10

24

18

14

8

10

4

8

9

6

16

10

4

3

4

2

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

1

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

3

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.4

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Knowing the right people (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

43

45

28

37

28

46

40

38

49

55

37

38

42

43

35

31

37

36

46

38

39

50

52

42

43

42

33

40

41

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

27

30

13

26

39

24

35

29

14

22

34

19

25

14

24

28

32

18

25

38

23

22

26

23

23

25

39

39

31

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

22

16

56

31

12

22

16

18

35

18

16

37

28

39

32

22

17

40

20

11

32

21

20

28

28

26

15

15

15

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

7

8

1

6

17

6

6

10

2

4

11

5

4

4

6

13

10

4

8

12

5

6

2

5

5

4

10

5

10

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

1

1

1

0

3

1

1

4

0

0

2

1

1

0

2

5

3

2

1

1

1

1

0

2

1

1

2

1

2

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

70

75

41

63

67

70

75

67

63

77

71

57

67

57

59

59

69

54

71

76

62

72

78

65

66

67

72

79

72

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

22

16

56

31

12

22

16

18

35

18

16

37

28

39

32

22

17

40

20

11

32

21

20

28

28

26

15

15

15

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

8

9

2

6

20

7

7

14

2

4

13

6

5

4

8

18

13

6

9

13

6

7

2

7

6

5

12

6

12

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

1

0

1

1

2

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

1

0

1

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T19 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.5

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Having good health (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

39

47

21

32

45

31

45

45

28

46

39

34

36

27

38

42

35

29

43

47

29

45

26

28

35

37

49

50

50

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

11

12

4

12

16

7

14

8

4

7

18

12

10

3

10

11

10

14

9

16

7

12

23

10

12

7

15

22

13

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

48

39

73

54

37

61

40

46

68

46

40

49

53

69

50

44

54

54

47

34

63

41

50

59

51

55

35

24

35

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

0

1

3

4

1

1

1

3

1

2

1

3

1

2

1

3

2

1

1

4

2

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

50

59

25

44

61

38

59

53

32

53

57

46

46

30

48

53

45

43

52

63

36

57

49

38

47

44

64

72

63

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

48

39

73

54

37

61

40

46

68

46

40

49

53

69

50

44

54

54

47

34

63

41

50

59

51

55

35

24

35

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

0

1

3

5

1

1

2

3

1

3

1

3

1

2

1

3

2

1

1

4

2

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T20 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.6

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Being lucky (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

37

43

28

33

16

43

32

37

47

47

29

31

36

38

35

37

34

35

32

34

43

50

43

35

37

43

29

19

24

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

27

32

9

26

39

26

38

24

18

24

37

16

23

18

25

29

36

24

26

39

20

20

25

22

21

17

40

44

30

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

21

16

60

36

10

20

14

21

30

17

11

48

34

33

30

23

16

34

14

14

31

23

28

35

35

37

15

6

8

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

11

8

2

5

27

9

12

13

4

9

16

4

5

7

7

7

9

6

21

10

5

6

3

7

6

2

13

22

29

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

3

1

0

0

7

1

2

3

1

3

5

1

1

3

2

2

4

1

6

2

1

0

1

1

1

0

2

8

7

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

64

75

37

59

55

69

70

61

65

71

66

47

59

56

60

66

70

59

58

73

63

70

68

57

58

60

69

63

54

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

21

16

60

36

10

20

14

21

30

17

11

48

34

33

30

23

16

34

14

14

31

23

28

35

35

37

15

6

8

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

14

9

2

5

34

10

14

16

5

12

21

5

6

10

9

9

13

7

27

12

6

6

4

8

7

2

15

30

36

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

1

0

1

1

2

2

0

0

2

0

1

1

1

2

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

1

1

1

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T21 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.7

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Being of a specific ethnic origin (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

21

19

22

19

14

23

10

24

24

26

11

19

30

26

9

10

9

25

22

14

29

27

13

16

21

25

15

16

14

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

25

31

23

34

26

27

25

22

27

23

21

25

26

17

17

13

16

26

22

26

24

25

24

22

26

23

30

35

25

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

6

4

17

11

5

7

2

8

8

3

1

10

12

10

7

3

6

20

4

1

15

8

2

10

9

12

5

2

3

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

29

33

20

28

33

29

37

27

28

29

36

31

21

29

35

36

37

20

21

40

22

24

43

23

31

23

29

24

35

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

15

11

12

7

19

11

17

16

13

15

25

13

8

18

27

32

29

8

23

18

9

12

14

26

11

11

16

21

19

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

46

50

45

53

40

50

35

46

51

49

32

44

56

43

26

23

25

51

44

40

53

52

37

38

47

48

45

51

39

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

6

4

17

11

5

7

2

8

8

3

1

10

12

10

7

3

6

20

4

1

15

8

2

10

9

12

5

2

3

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

44

44

32

35

52

40

54

43

41

44

61

44

29

47

62

68

66

28

44

58

31

36

57

49

42

34

45

45

54

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

4

2

6

1

3

3

9

3

0

4

6

2

3

0

5

6

3

1

8

1

1

4

4

3

2

6

5

2

4

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T22 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.8

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Being born a man or a woman (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

18

18

18

15

6

20

8

25

13

23

12

16

26

15

5

8

11

26

17

9

30

27

10

19

13

21

12

13

12

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

22

24

23

27

14

21

17

20

20

23

23

25

24

15

11

14

23

26

15

20

23

18

22

22

20

20

19

36

22

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

6

4

10

12

6

6

2

10

6

2

3

6

12

5

3

2

6

16

10

1

14

7

2

8

6

8

7

2

5

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

30

38

23

31

38

33

36

22

31

31

32

35

24

26

32

32

27

23

29

42

21

27

47

19

33

23

34

28

33

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

20

15

19

13

30

16

32

19

29

20

23

16

11

39

44

39

30

8

25

26

10

19

17

28

26

22

24

19

23

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

40

42

41

42

20

41

25

45

33

46

35

41

50

30

16

22

34

52

32

29

53

45

32

41

33

41

31

49

34

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

6

4

10

12

6

6

2

10

6

2

3

6

12

5

3

2

6

16

10

1

14

7

2

8

6

8

7

2

5

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

50

53

42

44

68

49

68

41

60

51

55

51

35

65

76

71

57

31

54

68

31

46

64

47

59

45

58

47

56

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

4

1

7

2

6

4

5

4

1

1

7

2

3

0

5

5

3

1

4

2

2

2

2

4

2

6

4

2

5

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T23 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA2.9

How important do you think each of the following are for getting ahead in life? 
Having political connections (%)

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
V

22

22

27

22

7

18

15

23

35

30

10

35

33

36

17

21

18

30

32

8

25

36

19

31

25

28

10

7

16

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
l
r
i
a
F

24

31

20

33

16

27

26

24

27

22

19

15

22

15

25

20

26

22

22

20

25

23

40

23

26

23

25

16

23

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

10

6

37

13

2

5

5

8

19

7

3

38

22

25

15

13

8

29

9

1

19

11

4

18

17

17

3

1

4

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

y
r
e
v

t
o
N

29

33

7

23

43

36

32

28

12

26

38

8

15

15

27

25

28

14

22

51

22

18

25

17

21

17

39

45

40

l
l

a

t
a

t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

12

7

3

8

28

11

14

14

6

12

26

3

4

7

9

16

16

3

13

18

8

6

9

9

9

8

19

27

13

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

I
'

l

a
t
o
T

46

53

47

55

23

45

41

47

62

52

29

50

55

51

42

41

44

52

54

28

50

59

59

54

51

51

35

23

39

l

a
i
t
n
e
s
s
E

10

6

37

13

2

5

5

8

19

7

3

38

22

25

15

13

8

29

9

1

19

11

4

18

17

17

3

1

4

'
t
n
a
t
r
o
p
m

i

t
o
N

'

l

a
t
o
T

41

40

10

31

71

47

46

42

18

38

64

11

19

22

36

41

44

17

35

69

30

24

34

26

30

25

58

72

53

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

3

1

6

1

4

3

8

3

1

3

4

1

4

2

7

5

4

2

2

2

1

6

3

2

2

7

4

4

4

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T24 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA3

Imagine that you or your household face a substantial fall in your income. How would you cope with the situation?
(MAX. 4 ANSWERS)
(%)

s
d
n
e
i
r
f

r
o
s
e
v
i
t
a
e
r

l

l

m
o
r
f
p
e
h
n
o
g
n
i
y
l
e
r

y
B

30

28

42

34

20

21

29

27

45

41

32

35

25

22

41

34

22

39

15

22

28

30

39

23

33

31

27

27

31

s
g
n
i
v
a
s
n
w
o
r
u
o
y
n
o
g
n
i
y
l
e
r

y
B

49

56

34

52

50

60

42

49

31

55

55

20

45

30

40

38

49

30

59

65

58

26

32

34

47

45

55

71

48

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

,

e
t
a
t
S

e
h
t
n
o
g
n
i
y
l
e
r

y
B

s
t
i
f
e
n
e
b
d
n
a

e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

l

a
i
c
o
s

.

g
e

.

,
s
e
c
r
u
o
s

l

r
e
h
t
o
m
o
r
f
p
e
h
n
o
g
n
i
y
l
e
r

y
B

s
n
o
i
t
a
s
i
n
a
g
r
o
e
b
a
t
i
r
a
h
c

l

.

g
e

.

16

20

7

17

36

20

19

26

11

16

19

6

7

15

16

15

17

9

22

31

27

9

20

7

17

11

44

30

16

5

6

3

4

3

4

2

5

3

4

10

7

5

2

6

6

3

6

4

3

10

2

4

4

6

2

5

1

3

s
t
n
e
m
y
a
p
e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

e
t
a
v
i
r
p
n
o
g
n
i
y
l
e
r

y
B

5

7

2

8

15

4

1

7

1

1

6

5

6

4

4

2

9

4

8

6

8

3

2

4

4

4

6

18

4

s
n
o
i
t
u
t
i
t
s
n

i

l

a
i
c
n
a
n
i
f

m
o
r
f

i

t
i
d
e
r
c
g
n
n
a
t
b
o
y
B

i

7

10

14

7

6

7

3

11

3

5

8

10

8

4

8

6

7

11

4

4

12

5

3

9

5

10

9

3

4

s
n
o
i
s
s
e
s
s
o
p
r
u
o
y
g
n

i
l
l

e
s

y
B

18

19

14

13

32

15

20

16

15

12

23

19

23

9

9

12

27

17

12

35

19

8

11

13

23

7

36

44

17

s
s
e

l

i

g
n
d
n
e
p
s

y
B

61

74

51

59

81

69

70

63

60

62

71

57

48

83

60

74

69

50

59

91

56

44

54

61

64

47

77

85

56

i

k
r
o
w
d
a
p
e
r
o
m
n
o
g
n
k
a
t

i

y
B

34

32

34

41

36

42

37

40

34

25

29

42

25

51

26

55

25

35

35

51

33

36

36

32

47

30

32

33

38

i

k
r
o
w
d
a
p
o
t
g
n
n
r
u
t
e
r

i

r
o
g
n
i
t
r
a
t
s

y
B

16

21

15

16

20

13

20

22

12

15

22

12

13

20

24

24

20

12

20

35

12

15

9

10

19

9

17

27

15

l

e
p
o
c
d
u
o
w
u
o
y
w
o
h
w
o
n
k

t
o
n
o
d
u
o
Y

6

4

11

6

3

2

7

3

13

5

4

8

11

2

6

5

1

12

3

1

5

10

14

12

7

12

4

1

3

)
S
U
O
E
N
A
T
N
O
P
S
(

r
e
h
t
O

1

1

2

0

4

1

3

1

2

1

1

2

1

1

5

2

3

0

1

2

3

1

0

1

1

2

1

2

1

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

2

0

2

0

1

2

2

1

0

1

1

3

3

2

1

1

2

1

5

0

2

5

1

1

0

4

0

1

5

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T25 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA4.1

Generally speaking, would you say that: 
Your neighbourhood is… (%)

r
o
o
p
y
r
e
V

1

0

5

1

0

0

0

2

2

1

0

2

0

0

1

1

0

2

0

0

1

1

1

3

1

9

0

0

2

r
o
o
P
y
l
r
i
a
F

9

12

20

7

2

4

11

4

16

14

10

14

9

7

19

12

3

15

3

4

5

12

19

15

5

22

5

3

7

e
g
a
r
e
v
A

75

71

67

76

58

80

77

72

77

77

73

77

83

84

71

81

62

77

85

63

79

76

76

69

84

56

76

44

70

h
c
i
R
y
l
r
i
a
F

13

16

7

14

34

11

9

21

5

7

15

6

7

8

7

6

29

5

7

32

12

10

3

13

10

11

16

44

18

h
c
i
r

y
r
e
V

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

0

1

6

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

5

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

1

9

1

1

1

1

1

0

4

3

1

0

1

1

1

1

0

2

0

1

1

5

0

3

0

0

0

0

2

2

0

2

'
r
o
o
P

'

l

a
t
o
T

10

12

25

8

2

4

11

6

18

15

10

16

9

7

20

13

3

17

3

4

6

13

20

18

6

31

5

3

9

'

h
c
i
R

'

l

a
t
o
T

14

16

7

15

40

12

9

21

5

7

16

6

7

9

7

6

34

5

7

33

12

11

4

13

10

11

17

53

19

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T26 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA4.2

Generally speaking, would you say that: 
The neighbourhood where you were living when you were around 15 years old was… (%)

r
o
o
p
y
r
e
V

3

2

4

0

2

2

4

4

6

3

4

3

2

5

3

2

2

3

3

1

3

4

2

4

3

8

2

1

5

r
o
o
P
y
l
r
i
a
F

17

16

22

11

12

13

23

13

22

23

20

16

13

20

22

16

11

21

12

11

13

20

30

18

17

23

20

8

17

e
g
a
r
e
v
A

66

67

63

76

58

71

64

66

57

61

62

72

76

66

60

74

68

71

74

60

73

65

62

66

72

52

67

59

58

h
c
i
R
y
l
r
i
a
F

11

14

7

10

23

9

6

13

13

12

11

6

7

7

10

7

14

5

5

25

8

8

4

10

7

13

9

27

15

h
c
i
r

y
r
e
V

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

1

1

1

4

1

0

1

2

0

1

1

0

1

1

1

2

0

0

2

0

0

1

1

0

1

1

5

2

2

0

3

2

1

4

3

3

0

1

2

2

2

1

4

0

3

0

6

1

3

3

1

1

1

3

1

0

3

'
r
o
o
P

'

l

a
t
o
T

20

18

26

11

14

15

27

17

28

26

24

19

15

25

25

18

13

24

15

12

16

24

32

22

20

31

22

9

22

'

h
c
i
R

'

l

a
t
o
T

12

15

8

11

27

10

6

14

15

12

12

7

7

8

11

8

16

5

5

27

8

8

5

11

7

14

10

32

17

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T27 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA5

During the past week you felt lonely…?
(RESPONDENT TO FILL IN THE QUESTION HIMSELF OR HERSELF)
(%)

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
n
t
s
o
m
a

l

r
o
e
n
o
N

67

58

51

65

79

76

69

72

57

81

65

45

51

70

67

65

73

55

61

80

70

64

60

53

78

60

72

72

73

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
e
m
o
S

24

35

24

26

18

19

21

22

31

14

24

43

39

18

24

25

20

34

29

17

22

24

33

31

18

33

20

23

20

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o
t
s
o
M

5

6

14

7

2

2

6

3

9

3

6

10

6

7

5

5

4

8

5

2

6

5

4

12

3

4

6

4

3

e
m

i
t

e
h
t

f
o

l
l

a

t
s
o
m
a

l

r
o

l
l

A

3

1

6

2

1

2

3

3

3

2

5

2

3

5

4

5

2

3

3

1

2

4

3

4

1

1

2

1

3

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'

e
m

i
t

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

5

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

2

0

0

3

0

0

0

2

0

0

1

e
h
t

f
o

l
l

a

/
t
s
o
M

'

l

a
t
o
T

8

7

20

9

3

4

9

6

12

5

11

12

9

12

9

10

6

11

8

3

8

9

7

16

4

5

8

5

6

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T28 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA6

In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced harassment on one or more of the
following grounds? Please tell me all that apply. (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
(%)

l

d
o
s
r
a
e
y

5
5

r
e
v
o
g
n
e
B

i

n
a
m
o
w
a

r
o
n
a
m
a
g
n
e
B

i

i

n
g
i
r
o
c
i
n
h
t
E

s
f
e

i
l

e
b
r
o
n
o
g

i

i
l

e
R

i

s
n
o
n
p
o

i

l

a
c
i
t
i
l

o
P

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

3

3

8

5

2

2

3

2

3

2

2

7

5

1

3

3

2

5

1

4

5

1

1

2

1

3

2

4

2

-2

-1

2

-3

-2

-2

-2

-2

0

-2

-2

1

-1

-2

-1

-2

0

-1

0

-2

-2

-3

-5

-4

-2

-4

-3

-2

-2

3

5

1

3

2

2

3

4

3

3

5

4

2

1

2

1

4

1

4

4

5

1

1

1

2

1

4

12

4

-1

1

-1

-2

-2

-2

-1

1

1

0

1

-4

-3

-4

0

-1

1

-5

0

1

-1

-2

-1

-2

-1

-4

-1

1

-1

2

6

3

1

1

2

2

3

1

2

2

2

1

1

2

0

3

2

1

2

4

1

1

2

1

4

2

1

4

-1

2

-1

-2

-2

-2

-2

-1

-1

-1

-1

-4

-2

-2

-1

-1

-5

-2

1

0

0

0

-2

-2

0

-1

0

-1

-2

2

5

0

0

2

1

1

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

0

1

1

0

2

2

4

1

0

1

1

0

3

2

3

-1

2

-1

-1

0

-3

-1

-2

0

0

-2

-2

-4

0

-1

0

-2

-2

0

-1

0

0

-1

-2

-1

-2

0

0

-1

2

3

1

4

2

3

2

2

1

2

2

4

2

2

2

1

1

2

8

1

6

2

1

2

1

1

3

3

3

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T29 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA6

In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced harassment on one or more of the
following grounds? Please tell me all that apply. (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
(%)

y
t
i
l
i

b
a
s
i
D

l

d
o
s
r
a
e
y

0
3

r
e
d
n
u
g
n
e
B

i

n
o
i
t
a
t
n
e
i
r
o

l

a
u
x
e
S

)
l
a
u
x
e
s
i
b
r
o
n
a
b
s
e

i

l

,

y
a
g
g
n
e
b
(

i

r
e
d
n
e
g
s
n
a
r
t
g
n
e
B

i

e
c
n
e
d
i
s
e
r

f
o
e
c
a
P

l

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

2

3

2

3

1

1

2

3

1

1

4

2

1

1

2

2

1

1

0

3

2

2

1

1

1

1

3

3

3

-1

0

1

0

0

-1

0

1

1

0

0

0

-3

0

0

-1

-1

-2

0

0

-1

0

-1

-2

-1

-2

1

1

-1

1

2

0

2

2

0

1

2

1

0

1

2

1

1

1

2

1

1

3

2

3

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

-1

-1

-2

-1

0

-1

0

-1

0

-1

-1

0

-2

-1

0

-1

-1

-2

2

0

1

-1

0

-3

-1

-3

-1

-1

-1

1

2

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

1

-1

1

0

0

-1

-2

0

0

-1

-1

0

0

-3

0

-1

0

-1

-2

0

0

-1

-1

0

-2

0

-4

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

-1

-1

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0

-1

-2

0

0

0

0

-1

0

0

0

-1

-1

0

-1

-2

-1

0

0

1

4

1

1

1

1

1

2

1

1

1

2

2

0

2

1

1

2

2

1

2

1

0

1

1

1

1

2

1

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T30 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA6

In the past 12 months have you personally felt discriminated against or experienced harassment on one or more of the
following grounds? Please tell me all that apply. (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
(%)

s
s
a
l
c

l

a
i
c
o
S

n
o
s
a
e
r

r
e
h
t
o
n
a

r
o
F

.

4
8
8
B
E

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

2

6

2

3

1

2

3

2

3

1

4

5

3

2

2

2

2

3

1

1

4

2

2

3

1

2

3

2

2

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

N.A

.

4
8
8
B
E

9

16

4

10

8

9

9

7

7

6

12

18

8

12

11

7

11

7

18

7

13

7

6

7

6

6

10

10

8

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

3

12

1

2

0

4

5

1

4

1

4

7

2

3

6

1

-3

3

12

1

3

3

0

-5

1

0

5

5

4

n
e
e
b
t
o
n
e
v
a
h
u
o
y

,

o
N

.

4
8
8
B
E

83

72

81

79

86

85

84

85

88

88

79

70

84

84

82

86

81

87

75

82

76

88

91

85

90

84

81

76

77

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

d
e
c
n
e
i
r
e
p
x
e

i

r
o
t
s
n
a
g
a
d
e
t
a
n
m

i

i
r
c
s
i
d

s
h
t
n
o
m
2
1

t
s
a
p
e
h
t
n

i

t
n
e
m

s
s
a
r
a
h

.

4
8
8
B
E

.
f
f
i

D

.

4
3
8
B
E

-

5

-9

1

10

8

3

4

11

-1

4

3

5

11

5

-1

6

10

11

-10

4

7

8

9

14

4

19

0

2

0

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

.

4
8
8
B
E

1

0

4

2

1

0

1

2

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

2

1

1

1

1

1

0

3

1

0

3

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T31 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA7.1

Where would you place … on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR COUNTRY)?
… yourself (%)

)
0
1
-
7
(
p
o
T

25

38

13

21

47

29

20

29

23

18

17

19

27

34

16

19

44

13

32

67

32

20

12

15

24

31

42

49

24

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

)
6
-
4
(

l

e
d
d
M

i

63

56

64

66

50

62

65

65

62

74

71

69

57

58

68

63

52

75

61

30

60

65

62

67

67

55

50

46

65

)
3
-
1
(

m
o
t
t
o
B

9

5

21

11

2

7

12

4

14

8

11

12

9

7

14

16

4

12

4

3

5

10

21

15

8

9

6

4

8

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

2

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

2

0

3

1

1

2

3

2

1

1

1

1

6

0

2

1

1

0

3

0

2

5

4

3

1

4

1

1

3

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T32 
 
 
 
QA7.2

Where would you place … on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR COUNTRY)?
… your parents (%)

)
0
1
-
7
(
p
o
T

24

36

12

17

37

23

19

28

22

19

25

15

25

32

19

21

33

12

28

58

29

18

10

13

20

29

43

37

26

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

)
6
-
4
(

l

e
d
d
M

i

58

57

59

68

53

61

56

61

57

66

55

63

58

51

47

57

52

68

57

37

57

59

55

60

59

54

46

55

54

)
3
-
1
(

m
o
t
t
o
B

13

6

22

10

9

11

16

7

19

13

17

19

8

16

17

18

10

18

9

3

9

14

28

20

16

10

7

6

12

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

0

1

2

0

1

1

1

1

0

0

1

3

0

2

0

0

1

0

0

2

1

1

1

3

1

1

0

1

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

4

1

5

2

1

3

8

4

1

2

2

2

7

1

15

4

5

1

6

1

3

8

6

6

2

7

3

2

7

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T33 
 
 
 
QA7.3

Where would you place … on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR COUNTRY)?
… your paternal grandparents (%)

)
0
1
-
7
(
p
o
T

17

29

7

12

25

14

13

22

18

14

17

11

20

20

16

16

18

9

18

37

22

13

7

11

14

23

29

25

18

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

)
6
-
4
(

l

e
d
d
M

i

49

57

49

57

50

51

38

55

52

59

38

53

56

44

29

42

44

59

51

41

54

51

44

51

45

49

41

50

44

)
3
-
1
(

m
o
t
t
o
B

17

9

25

15

15

15

16

12

25

19

22

27

11

24

10

18

22

22

11

6

13

15

32

25

19

13

10

15

18

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

0

2

5

1

1

2

0

1

1

1

2

3

0

6

0

1

3

0

0

2

1

2

2

5

1

1

1

1

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

15

6

16

12

9

19

31

10

5

8

21

6

11

12

40

24

15

8

20

16

9

21

16

12

17

14

19

9

19

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T34 
 
 
 
QA7.4

Where would you place … on this ladder relative to other people in (OUR COUNTRY)?
… your maternal grandparents (%)

)
0
1
-
7
(
p
o
T

16

30

6

11

23

14

13

23

18

12

17

10

20

23

16

16

18

9

19

40

21

11

7

10

13

21

27

24

18

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

)
6
-
4
(

l

e
d
d
M

i

51

56

51

57

53

52

42

54

52

60

43

54

57

42

33

44

45

59

50

43

53

52

43

51

50

50

48

54

45

)
3
-
1
(

m
o
t
t
o
B

17

8

24

17

16

17

16

13

24

20

23

29

10

24

10

19

20

23

10

5

15

14

33

25

19

13

8

14

17

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

1

3

4

0

1

2

1

1

1

1

2

3

0

5

0

2

2

1

0

2

1

2

2

5

1

0

0

1

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

14

5

17

11

7

17

25

9

5

7

17

6

11

11

35

21

15

7

20

11

9

22

15

12

13

14

16

7

19

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T35 
 
 
 
QA7T

Placement on social ladder
(%)

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

30

29

29

32

43

33

32

28

36

29

29

34

23

35

26

30

37

29

27

35

34

32

30

30

36

26

30

41

24

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

43

46

42

41

35

44

37

49

40

51

34

47

48

42

34

38

39

50

48

38

39

39

50

46

41

46

34

33

42

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

22

24

21

23

21

17

21

19

22

17

34

16

19

22

23

27

17

18

19

25

20

19

13

17

18

20

32

24

25

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

40

40

38

41

53

43

34

38

51

45

37

49

36

51

20

31

51

37

34

45

46

36

39

39

40

33

37

53

35

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

26

33

27

26

18

24

18

34

23

31

18

28

34

19

14

23

23

34

31

20

26

25

34

30

23

35

17

18

26

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

17

21

16

17

20

12

15

17

20

16

23

15

16

17

20

22

10

18

14

19

17

16

9

17

14

16

25

20

18

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

41

38

38

43

56

46

36

39

50

46

40

50

36

49

21

34

51

39

32

45

47

36

41

41

42

35

40

57

34

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

26

35

26

26

18

22

21

34

24

32

19

28

34

21

17

23

20

35

33

24

25

26

33

29

24

32

20

16

25

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

17

22

16

16

18

14

15

17

20

14

23

15

16

19

21

22

12

17

14

20

17

14

9

16

15

17

23

19

20

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T36 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA7T

Placement on social ladder
(%)

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

33

33

31

33

42

34

27

29

39

33

35

36

28

41

18

29

43

31

26

40

37

29

26

31

27

26

35

46

32

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

37

46

41

41

29

35

24

49

43

46

26

45

48

34

21

30

31

43

40

24

38

35

49

41

40

47

26

27

34

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

13

16

9

10

19

10

15

11

13

12

16

10

10

13

16

16

9

15

12

20

14

13

7

14

11

12

19

18

13

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

34

32

32

35

45

36

28

31

39

37

39

37

30

41

19

33

41

32

26

40

38

29

29

31

30

27

37

47

32

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

36

43

37

38

27

33

27

46

40

43

26

43

45

35

23

27

31

44

43

28

35

35

47

41

39

46

27

25

34

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

14

19

11

11

20

12

17

12

15

12

17

12

11

13

17

18

10

15

11

21

15

12

7

14

13

11

18

20

13

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
)
e
d
i
s

e
n
o
(

s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
G

'

d
n
a

'
s
t
n
e
r
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

'
)
s
e
d
i
s
h
t
o
b
(

s
t
n
e
r
a
p
d
n
a
r
G

'

d
n
a

24

24

24

27

37

27

24

25

33

26

22

31

21

30

15

20

31

23

22

29

30

25

26

25

29

23

23

37

18

8

11

9

9

7

6

5

10

12

6

10

9

8

9

9

10

3

8

7

7

9

7

5

8

7

10

11

7

10

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T37 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA8A.1

As far as you know, what was the main occupation of the person in your family who was the principal
contributor to your household's income when you were around 15 years old? 
(%)

,
r
e
n
o
i
t
i
t
c
a
r
p

l

a
c
i
d
e
m

,
r
e
y
w
a
l
(

l

a
n
o
i
s
s
e
f
o
r
P

)
.
c
t
e

,
t
c
e
t
i
h
c
r
a

,
t
n
a
t
n
u
o
c
c
a

,

n
e
m

s
t
f
a
r
c

,

p
o
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s

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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T38 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA8A.1

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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T39 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA8A.2

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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T40 
QA8A.3

As far as you know, what was the main occupation of the person in your family who was the principal contributor to
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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T41 
 
 
 
QA8B.1

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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T42 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA8B.1

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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T43 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T44 
QA8B.3

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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T45 
 
 
 
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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T46 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T47 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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45

46

66

43

49

45

43

72

35

55

47

i

g
n
k
r
o
w

t
o
N

2

4

2

3

1

3

3

6

1

2

2

2

3

1

1

1

2

3

1

1

3

2

3

3

2

1

1

1

2

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T48 
QA8C.3

As far as you know, what was the main occupation of your maternal grandfather? 
(%)

l

d
e
y
o
p
m
e
-
f
l
e
S

28

29

28

11

41

20

23

20

64

32

28

29

34

56

30

26

28

19

23

40

19

31

22

38

34

11

40

33

15

s
r
e
g
a
n
a
M

6

6

3

5

8

7

10

5

2

2

8

3

4

2

7

5

6

3

3

11

9

5

2

1

7

3

7

15

8

s
r
a

l
l

o
c

e
t
i
h
w

r
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h
t
O

5

9

5

19

5

7

5

5

3

3

4

6

8

6

4

2

8

4

5

8

12

3

4

4

6

5

5

11

2

s
r
e
k
r
o
w

l

a
u
n
a
M

38

42

47

39

35

41

24

44

24

49

33

48

37

25

23

39

40

49

36

28

46

35

43

40

30

64

23

29

37

s
n
o
s
r
e
p
e
s
u
o
H

l

d
e
y
o
p
m
e
n
U

d
e
r
i
t
e
R

s
t
n
e
d
u
t
S

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

1

2

0

0

0

0

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

2

1

1

1

1

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4

0

1

1

1

2

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1

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1

1

1

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2

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2

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1

1

0

1

1

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0

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0

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0

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0

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0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T49 
 
 
 
QA9A

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by you? 
(%)

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
c

l

t
o
N

2

0

2

1

2

0

3

0

4

9

1

3

5

3

2

1

1

1

5

0

1

1

6

4

0

3

1

0

1

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

16

16

11

12

15

16

14

14

25

27

16

12

14

18

13

10

16

21

17

9

3

20

37

17

16

16

19

6

4

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

41

44

50

69

9

37

22

36

42

34

41

66

48

37

43

32

32

52

35

20

26

52

41

50

55

62

33

30

37

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

i

,
s
e
d
u
t
s

l

a
n
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t
a
c
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v

y
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n
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t
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p
m
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l

l

t
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a
v
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l

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r
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g
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o

i

28

29

20

10

54

28

38

35

23

22

29

11

22

29

27

44

29

18

34

50

60

8

8

22

24

8

34

46

45

n
o
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t
a
c
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f
o

l

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v
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l

r
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p
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m
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C

l

l

t
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a
v
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d

l

a
r
o
t
c
o
d

,
r
e
t
s
a
m
o
t

13

10

15

8

20

17

23

15

6

8

13

8

11

13

15

13

20

8

7

21

10

17

8

7

5

11

13

18

12

l

a
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u
f
e
R

w
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k

t
'
n
o
D

0

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1

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0

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0

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0

0

0

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1

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'

y
r
a
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n
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'

l

a
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41

39

35

18

74

45

61

50

29

30

42

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33

42

42

57

49

26

41

71

70

25

16

29

29

19

47

64

57

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T50 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA9B

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your father? 
(%)

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
c

l

t
o
N

9

4

8

1

3

1

9

5

20

30

9

12

13

12

8

5

4

5

14

1

0

4

20

9

5

2

4

4

5

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

29

34

25

14

25

31

22

33

41

38

35

20

30

42

23

29

37

32

28

20

3

39

51

30

30

27

39

38

9

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

32

36

42

70

7

27

19

37

27

17

22

54

37

35

27

25

26

47

31

23

28

39

17

41

48

55

19

20

45

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

i

,
s
e
d
u
t
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
v

y
r
a
d
n
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c
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s

t
s
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p
d
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t
e
p
m
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C

l

l

t
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a
v
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l

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l

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b
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t
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r
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h
g
h
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o

i

15

15

14

5

50

22

24

17

9

8

11

8

12

8

19

26

19

8

10

37

56

5

3

13

11

5

18

25

18

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

f
o

l

e
v
e

l

r
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p
p
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t
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m
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C

l

l

t
n
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a
v
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d

l

a
r
o
t
c
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d

,
r
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t
s
a
m
o
t

8

8

8

9

11

13

13

3

3

5

8

5

5

2

8

7

8

5

3

14

9

7

3

2

2

8

9

10

7

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

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0

1

2

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

'

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
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s
-
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P

'

l

a
t
o
T

23

23

22

14

61

35

37

20

12

13

19

13

17

10

27

33

27

13

13

51

65

12

6

15

13

13

27

35

25

w
o
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k

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'
n
o
D

6

3

2

1

4

5

13

4

0

2

15

1

2

1

14

8

6

2

14

5

3

4

6

4

4

3

11

3

16

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T51 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA9C

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your mother? 
(%)

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
c

l

t
o
N

10

6

10

1

4

2

11

3

26

36

9

17

14

21

8

7

3

7

15

2

1

5

29

12

6

4

4

2

4

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

31

35

26

24

36

36

21

29

36

37

37

25

34

37

25

30

43

40

33

27

7

38

45

29

40

34

37

38

10

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

34

39

42

66

8

33

20

42

29

16

24

47

35

30

32

22

30

38

30

29

38

40

16

42

39

51

26

22

51

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

i

,
s
e
d
u
t
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
v

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
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s

t
s
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p
d
e
t
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p
m
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C

l

l

t
n
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a
v
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l

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l

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c
a
b
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t
n
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t
a
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h
g
h
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o

i

14

13

12

5

41

17

28

16

6

5

13

6

10

9

19

29

14

9

7

31

47

6

3

12

10

5

18

30

17

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

f
o

l

e
v
e

l

r
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p
p
u
d
e
t
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p
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C

l

l

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a
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d

l

a
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o
t
c
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d

,
r
e
t
s
a
m
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t

5

4

7

4

9

7

15

3

2

3

5

3

3

2

11

6

4

4

2

8

4

6

3

0

2

5

7

6

5

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

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1

1

0

0

0

0

1

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0

1

2

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

'

y
r
a
d
n
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c
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s
-
t
s
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P

'

l

a
t
o
T

19

17

19

9

50

24

43

19

8

8

18

9

13

11

30

35

18

13

9

39

51

12

6

12

12

10

25

36

22

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
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D

5

3

2

0

2

4

5

6

1

2

12

1

3

1

5

6

6

1

13

3

2

3

4

5

2

1

8

2

13

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T52 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA9D

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your paternal grandfather? 
(%)

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
c

l

t
o
N

14

12

19

2

5

1

12

7

43

49

12

26

24

37

8

13

9

10

19

3

0

9

25

20

12

5

10

6

5

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

26

41

27

26

36

32

12

36

29

21

22

26

30

32

13

26

35

37

20

25

9

35

22

29

32

36

29

44

10

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

16

19

21

44

4

16

6

20

11

5

8

30

17

8

9

9

13

23

10

13

34

14

3

22

17

34

6

6

24

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

i

,
s
e
d
u
t
s

l

a
n
o
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t
a
c
o
v

y
r
a
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n
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s

t
s
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l

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6

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3

3

4

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5

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35

2

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5

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'

y
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'

l

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9

10

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15

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39

4

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7

w
o
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k

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D

34

18

26

21

26

35

61

31

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20

51

12

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21

60

43

34

23

45

44

17

37

47

24

33

20

47

32

53

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T53 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA9E

What is the highest level of education that has been achieved by your maternal grandfather? 
(%)

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
c

l

t
o
N

15

13

18

3

4

1

11

7

43

50

12

26

24

36

10

14

9

12

18

2

1

9

28

20

11

5

9

6

5

y
r
a
m

i
r
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

26

41

27

25

37

32

14

37

32

19

23

26

30

30

13

28

33

36

19

26

10

37

20

31

35

38

32

43

10

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

16

20

19

46

5

16

7

18

9

7

8

30

15

10

11

7

15

22

10

13

36

12

3

22

16

33

6

6

26

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

i

,
s
e
d
u
t
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
a
c
o
v

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s

t
s
o
p
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

l

t
n
e
a
v
i
u
q
e

r
o

l

e
v
e

l

l

r
o
e
h
c
a
b
o
t
n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

r
e
h
g
h
r
o

i

6

7

3

1

26

10

6

4

3

3

4

3

5

3

5

6

5

3

3

13

30

2

1

3

3

1

5

12

5

n
o
i
t
a
c
u
d
e

f
o

l

e
v
e

l

r
e
p
p
u
d
e
t
e
p
m
o
C

l

l

t
n
e
a
v
i
u
q
e

r
o
e
e
r
g
e
d

l

a
r
o
t
c
o
d

,
r
e
t
s
a
m
o
t

2

2

2

2

6

4

5

1

1

1

3

1

2

0

3

3

3

2

1

4

3

1

1

0

1

2

2

3

2

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

1

0

2

2

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

1

1

0

4

0

0

2

0

0

1

1

1

1

2

0

0

0

1

'

y
r
a
d
n
o
c
e
s
-
t
s
o
P

'

l

a
t
o
T

8

9

5

3

32

14

11

5

4

4

7

4

7

3

8

9

8

5

4

17

33

3

2

3

4

3

7

15

7

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

34

17

29

21

22

36

56

32

12

19

50

13

23

21

54

42

35

23

49

42

19

38

46

23

32

21

46

30

51

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T54 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA9T

Highest level of education achieved
(%)

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

44

45

43

19

39

35

44

56

59

58

47

35

50

64

42

49

49

37

53

43

19

42

52

45

41

28

45

54

39

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

39

41

43

66

38

46

26

31

33

33

28

55

42

27

26

29

34

51

28

33

64

42

37

42

45

58

29

30

35

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

9

11

11

13

19

12

16

8

7

7

9

9

5

8

16

14

10

9

4

19

14

9

4

9

11

10

16

13

9

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

50

52

49

31

50

46

45

55

65

64

54

45

56

70

45

50

59

45

60

56

32

43

59

48

51

37

48

56

43

r
'
e
h
t
o
M

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

36

35

36

58

32

41

30

30

29

28

26

46

36

21

29

30

27

45

24

26

56

42

32

39

38

53

29

28

35

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
f
l
e
s
r
u
o
Y

8

9

11

10

16

8

19

9

5

5

7

7

4

8

20

15

7

8

3

14

9

9

4

7

9

9

15

13

8

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

'
r
e
h
t
a
f
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

28

38

40

27

29

21

23

28

48

35

20

43

40

48

19

34

31

31

24

30

26

26

24

38

36

27

26

31

16

'
r
e
h
t
a
f
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

33

39

29

46

40

39

13

36

36

42

23

40

35

29

13

18

30

41

25

22

52

33

28

33

26

49

23

30

27

'
r
e
h
t
a
f
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
P

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
r
e
h
t
a
F

3

5

2

3

4

3

2

3

3

2

4

3

2

2

3

3

2

3

3

3

4

3

1

3

3

3

3

5

3

'
r
e
h
t
a
f
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
h
g
h

i

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

24

34

36

19

24

15

25

30

42

30

21

35

35

42

23

34

24

26

20

26

20

24

20

35

29

23

28

31

15

'
r
e
h
t
a
f
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

o
t

l

a
u
q
e

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

35

42

31

54

40

42

14

33

41

46

23

46

37

35

15

21

35

43

27

25

52

33

30

36

33

51

23

31

29

'
r
e
h
t
a
f
d
n
a
r
g

l

a
n
r
e
t
a
M

'

n
a
h
t

r
e
w
o

l

'
r
e
h
t
o
M

5

7

2

5

14

6

4

3

5

5

6

5

4

2

4

3

5

5

4

7

8

3

2

4

4

4

3

8

4

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T55 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA10

Here is a list of sources of household income. Please select all of the income sources received by the household as a
whole. Please consider the income of all household members and any income which may be received by the household
as a whole. (MULTIPLE ANSWERS POSSIBLE)
(%)

i

)
g
n
m
r
a
f
g
n
d
u
l
c
x
e
(

i

l

t
n
e
m
y
o
p
m
e
-
f
l
e
s

m
o
r
f

e
m
o
c
n

I

8

11

5

12

11

9

8

8

17

5

4

4

14

10

8

4

5

6

8

19

8

5

5

6

10

6

8

13

9

s
t
i
f
e
n
e
b
y
c
n
a
d
n
u
d
e
r

r
o
t
n
e
m
y
o
p
m
e
n
U

l

5

9

2

2

4

4

1

8

2

7

s
t
n
a
r
g
r
o
s
t
i
f
e
n
e
b

l

a
i
c
o
s

r
e
h
t
o
y
n
A

10

15

5

11

25

8

22

9

8

3

10

23

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

6

5

2

2

2

2

7

9

4

6

5

1

7

21

9

18

7

10

22

13

4

4

6

9

10

24

23

15

i

g
n
m
r
a
f

m
o
r
f

e
m
o
c
n

I

2

1

6

1

1

1

2

1

9

1

1

3

3

2

2

5

1

3

1

2

2

2

1

8

2

1

2

2

1

s
n
o
i
s
n
e
P

31

31

41

33

34

32

39

21

39

33

32

40

28

26

44

36

27

33

39

26

27

33

30

34

39

31

37

34

27

s
e
i
r
a
a
s

l

r
o
s
e
g
a
W

62

60

67

69

67

62

69

69

50

64

59

70

62

66

67

62

72

70

63

71

62

65

69

57

62

69

57

71

58

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

y
t
r
e
p
o
r
p
r
o
e
c
n
a
r
u
s
n

i

,
s
g
n
i
v
a
s

,
t
n
e
m

t
s
e
v
n

i

m
o
r
f

e
m
o
c
n

I

8

9

4

6

21

16

6

5

5

2

8

2

5

0

3

2

8

1

8

21

12

2

2

2

3

3

19

32

8

,
r
e
y
o
p
m
e

l

r
u
o
y

i

y
b
d
a
p
s
e
c
n
a
w
o

l
l

a

r
o
d
n
k
n

i

i

s
t
i
f
e
n
e
B

s
e
e
f

l

o
o
h
c
s
d
n
a

s
r
a
c

y
n
a
p
m
o
c

.

g
e

.

2

6

2

2

5

2

3

2

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

4

2

2

5

10

1

0

1

1

1

3

4

1

s
e
c
r
u
o
s

r
e
h
t
o
m
o
r
f

e
m
o
c
n

I

5

8

6

6

6

7

6

4

8

2

5

8

2

6

12

9

4

7

8

8

7

4

1

8

6

4

9

10

3

)
S
U
O
E
N
A
T
N
O
P
S
(

r
e
h
t
O

)
S
U
O
E
N
A
T
N
O
P
S
(

e
n
o
N

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

1

0

1

1

2

1

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

1

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

1

2

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

0

3

0

0

1

0

1

0

0

2

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

4

1

0

1

0

0

1

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

0

0

0

1

0

1

1

0

2

0

0

3

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T56 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA11

Taking all these income sources by individuals in your household together, after tax, which category corresponds to your
annual household income? 
(%)

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
r
e
w
o
L

21

19

25

21

10

14

17

15

17

22

35

18

11

64

32

32

18

15

24

9

13

19

19

47

23

25

19

11

22

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
d
n
2

20

32

9

26

17

18

24

16

20

27

25

21

20

21

29

29

17

23

18

14

25

18

21

10

29

17

21

17

13

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
d
r
3

15

26

10

19

15

16

16

12

19

14

14

23

15

7

14

17

16

15

16

20

27

14

12

9

19

16

21

24

13

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
h
t
4

11

13

14

14

22

13

17

7

15

6

12

17

10

1

11

11

13

10

9

22

12

9

4

6

8

9

16

21

7

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
r
e
p
p
U

9

3

27

6

30

15

14

11

5

3

4

7

5

2

6

5

12

7

9

23

6

5

3

10

5

7

13

23

14

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

15

3

8

9

1

14

3

20

16

17

4

9

32

2

2

2

11

22

9

3

9

21

19

11

12

13

4

2

16

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

9

4

7

5

5

10

9

19

8

11

6

5

7

3

6

4

13

8

15

9

8

14

22

7

4

13

6

2

15

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
d
n
2
d
n
a

t
s
1

41

51

34

47

27

32

41

31

37

49

60

39

31

85

61

61

35

38

42

23

38

37

40

57

52

42

40

28

35

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
h
t
5
d
n
a
h
t
4

20

16

41

20

52

28

31

18

20

9

16

24

15

3

17

16

25

17

18

45

18

14

7

16

13

16

29

44

21

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T57 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA11b

Taking all these income sources by individuals in your household together, after tax, which category corresponds to
your annual household income? 
(%)

('WITHOUT REFUSAL AND DK')

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
r
e
w
o
L

27

20

29

25

11

18

19

25

22

31

39

20

18

67

35

35

23

22

32

11

16

30

33

58

27

34

21

11

32

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
d
n
2

26

35

11

30

18

24

27

26

27

38

28

25

33

22

32

31

22

33

24

16

30

27

35

12

35

23

24

18

18

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
d
r
3

20

28

11

22

16

21

19

19

25

19

16

26

25

8

14

18

21

21

20

22

33

21

21

11

23

21

23

25

19

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
h
t
4

15

14

17

16

23

18

19

12

20

7

13

20

17

1

12

11

17

15

12

25

14

14

6

7

9

12

18

22

10

e

i

l
i
t
n
u
q
r
e
p
p
U

12

3

32

7

32

19

16

18

6

5

4

9

7

2

7

5

17

9

12

26

7

8

5

12

6

10

14

24

21

l

a
s
u
f
e
R

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T58 
 
 
 
 
 
QA12A.1

We would like to ask you a few questions about how you think net income is distributed in (OUR COUNTRY).
Think of the total income, after tax, earned by all individuals in (OUR COUNTRY) as a pie. Roughly how many slices
of this pie do you think is CURRENTLY EARNED by: 
The 20% of people who earn the most? (%)

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
r
a
h
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
r
o
p
o
r
p
A
2

8

8

14

16

8

5

13

4

12

7

4

6

10

10

9

16

4

18

4

10

4

16

5

9

10

9

9

6

6

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
N

1

1

1

1

0

1

1

0

2

1

1

1

2

1

0

3

1

5

2

1

0

2

1

3

1

1

1

0

0

1

4

3

4

8

3

2

7

1

3

3

1

3

5

3

7

10

3

16

3

8

2

10

4

3

7

3

5

4

4

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o

l
l

A
0
1

2

1

1

1

1

1

1

3

2

4

1

12

4

2

3

1

3

4

1

1

6

5

4

3

3

8

1

6

5

8

7

9

5

8

6

1

6

4

4

2

11

10

3

3

6

10

5

2

4

7

1

1

5

3

2

1

1

3

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

15

5

34

11

12

9

31

13

14

13

14

7

16

6

21

23

17

6

36

6

6

21

26

18

10

25

17

4

22

2
-
0

4
-
3

6
-
5

8
-
7

0
1
-
9

13

11

18

25

11

9

21

5

17

11

6

9

16

13

16

29

8

39

10

19

6

28

10

15

17

12

15

10

11

17

18

15

24

24

14

17

17

23

11

13

16

18

18

16

23

19

18

14

31

10

20

25

20

11

14

27

23

12

20

29

13

21

29

24

15

21

17

20

21

23

20

21

16

12

23

17

18

23

17

15

15

19

15

18

23

30

18

27

30

15

16

21

33

13

34

22

33

38

24

22

31

22

10

25

12

18

18

41

12

21

18

33

24

15

28

28

8

6

5

4

4

9

3

9

7

12

8

21

8

9

8

3

8

8

5

3

21

4

3

10

13

7

3

5

10

e
g
a
r
e
v
A

5.5

5.5

4.7

4.4

5.2

5.9

4.3

6.1

5.0

6.1

6.2

6.2

5.2

5.6

5.2

3.7

5.6

4.0

5.3

4.5

6.9

4.1

4.9

5.2

5.8

5.5

4.6

5.4

5.9

8

7

8

13

8

6

9

8

13

6

6

6

10

12

10

14

8

11

5

13

4

10

16

11

7

6

11

7

6

9

11

7

11

16

9

8

10

9

6

7

10

8

6

7

9

10

8

9

19

6

10

9

9

5

7

16

15

7

10

14

6

12

15

13

10

9

8

10

11

14

8

9

9

6

13

8

12

12

7

8

7

10

8

8

14

16

10

10

15

7

9

14

12

5

12

9

10

11

9

12

13

7

5

9

9

6

11

10

6

8

9

7

10

9

14

8

12

16

7

9

12

15

7

17

13

14

17

11

11

12

12

6

14

6

8

10

18

5

11

7

15

11

8

16

10

14

14

8

7

9

18

6

17

10

18

21

13

11

19

10

4

11

7

10

8

23

6

10

11

18

12

8

12

18

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T59 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA12A.2

We would like to ask you a few questions about how you think net income is distributed in (OUR COUNTRY).
Think of the total income, after tax, earned by all individuals in (OUR COUNTRY) as a pie. Roughly how many slices
of this pie do you think is CURRENTLY EARNED by: 
The 20% of people who earn the least? (%)

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
r
a
h
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
r
o
p
o
r
p
A
2

17

21

11

15

21

17

14

20

18

22

23

14

12

28

17

7

19

12

10

18

22

11

12

20

19

19

15

19

18

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
N

6

7

2

7

1

10

7

2

3

7

4

17

4

4

3

6

2

8

3

7

13

3

3

8

7

3

10

9

6

1

23

36

7

19

36

37

17

15

14

24

23

22

11

20

16

8

15

15

8

35

22

11

9

14

21

14

25

46

26

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

11

13

6

8

11

9

9

15

11

10

15

10

12

17

14

6

16

12

11

14

13

10

8

8

13

11

13

10

7

7

7

7

7

5

4

5

8

7

8

7

7

9

8

8

9

6

14

5

10

9

7

5

5

9

7

9

5

6

6

7

8

9

5

6

7

7

6

6

4

9

7

6

6

8

10

11

11

4

5

9

6

7

5

7

5

2

5

4

3

6

6

4

2

3

8

5

2

4

5

6

4

5

9

6

8

6

4

3

8

5

4

4

4

3

2

4

4

2

7

5

3

2

4

6

12

3

2

3

9

4

5

10

5

6

5

2

4

7

9

7

5

3

1

1

2

4

1

7

6

1

1

3

3

7

4

2

2

7

1

3

8

1

5

4

1

3

8

9

7

4

4

1

1

2

2

0

3

4

0

0

1

1

3

2

1

3

5

1

2

4

1

3

2

0

1

4

8

3

2

2

0

0

1

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o

l
l

A
0
1

1

0

1

1

0

1

1

0

0

1

0

1

2

0

1

4

0

0

0

0

0

1

2

1

1

1

0

0

0

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

15

4

35

11

12

10

30

13

13

12

14

7

16

6

21

22

17

6

36

5

6

21

26

17

10

25

17

5

22

2
-
0

4
-
3

6
-
5

8
-
7

0
1
-
9

46

64

20

42

58

64

38

38

35

52

50

53

27

53

35

21

36

34

21

59

57

25

24

41

47

36

50

74

50

18

20

13

15

16

13

14

23

18

18

22

17

21

24

23

15

22

26

15

24

22

17

13

13

22

18

22

15

14

10

9

14

15

9

8

10

16

12

8

8

15

13

10

11

17

16

19

17

8

8

18

11

11

9

11

8

4

9

8

3

14

12

3

4

7

10

19

7

5

5

15

5

8

18

7

12

9

3

6

15

18

15

9

7

2

2

4

3

0

4

5

1

1

2

1

3

3

1

3

7

1

3

8

2

3

3

0

1

5

9

3

3

3

0

0

2

e
g
a
r
e
v
A

3.1

2.3

4.5

3.6

2.4

2.2

3.0

3.5

4.0

2.8

2.7

2.7

4.3

2.8

3.4

4.8

3.4

3.7

4.0

2.3

2.6

4.4

4.7

3.6

3.1

3.4

2.3

1.8

2.7

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T60 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA12B.1

Now, tell me how many slices of this pie you think SHOULD ideally go to: 
The 20% of people who earn the most? (%)

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
r
a
h
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
r
o
p
o
r
p
A
2

14

23

12

16

14

13

11

10

14

16

11

17

12

13

11

13

12

13

8

22

14

16

7

10

14

16

15

21

17

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
N

2

3

2

2

0

1

2

0

2

2

3

2

5

2

1

2

2

7

1

2

4

1

1

2

4

3

1

2

2

1

5

5

6

10

4

4

8

2

5

3

4

9

6

11

5

7

4

14

3

10

4

8

2

3

8

7

6

5

4

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

12

16

5

12

15

15

11

10

10

12

12

13

10

13

7

9

9

12

7

19

11

11

6

10

9

10

15

22

11

12

17

5

11

15

20

8

11

10

10

13

9

11

10

6

9

9

13

8

15

11

9

10

6

10

9

14

16

9

18

17

11

14

19

18

11

21

18

21

28

17

13

28

24

15

25

15

13

14

24

10

17

19

20

14

16

13

17

9

8

9

8

9

10

6

16

7

11

10

10

10

10

9

6

8

8

6

7

14

7

12

9

11

7

6

6

7

5

4

6

4

6

5

4

10

7

6

4

6

6

7

6

5

6

4

5

3

6

6

5

11

5

4

4

4

5

4

2

6

5

2

3

4

5

8

3

1

5

5

1

4

5

2

4

5

1

3

5

7

8

6

3

1

2

2

2

1

2

2

1

1

1

1

6

2

0

2

2

0

1

2

1

1

4

0

1

2

5

3

2

1

0

0

1

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o

l
l

A
0
1

1

0

3

3

0

0

3

1

4

2

0

3

2

1

3

4

2

3

3

0

2

3

5

3

1

2

1

1

1

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

15

4

33

11

15

9

32

13

10

12

14

7

16

5

22

23

18

6

35

6

6

21

23

15

10

23

21

7

24

2
-
0

4
-
3

6
-
5

8
-
7

0
1
-
9

22

31

19

28

18

19

21

12

20

21

18

28

24

25

17

21

18

34

13

34

22

25

11

15

26

26

22

28

23

24

33

10

23

30

34

19

20

20

22

24

22

21

23

13

19

18

25

15

35

21

19

16

16

19

19

30

38

20

27

25

20

22

28

29

16

37

26

32

38

27

24

38

33

21

34

22

19

21

38

17

29

28

31

21

22

19

24

9

6

13

9

8

8

7

15

15

9

5

11

11

8

10

9

9

8

11

4

10

11

12

20

11

8

5

6

7

3

1

6

6

1

1

4

2

10

3

1

4

5

1

4

7

4

4

7

1

3

6

10

6

4

3

1

1

2

e
g
a
r
e
v
A

4.2

3.7

4.8

4.1

4.2

4.1

4.1

4.9

4.9

4.3

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.0

4.6

4.5

4.5

3.7

4.9

3.4

4.4

4.3

5.4

5.1

4.3

3.9

3.8

3.6

4.0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T61 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
QA12B.2

Now, tell me how many slices of this pie you think SHOULD ideally go to: 
The 20% of people who earn the least? (%)

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
r
a
h
s

l

a
n
o
i
t
r
o
p
o
r
p
A
2

20

35

11

22

26

29

18

13

21

17

17

21

11

16

13

20

14

14

7

33

12

21

10

15

16

11

24

38

22

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o
e
n
o
N

3

2

2

7

1

1

5

1

5

3

1

2

5

1

2

7

3

9

2

2

1

5

10

2

3

3

4

2

1

1

8

5

5

17

14

10

11

4

9

4

5

11

6

4

5

15

5

18

3

19

7

14

11

8

9

5

12

17

5

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

15

8

9

12

13

9

11

9

9

9

8

8

11

9

8

8

13

8

14

11

9

8

11

10

9

10

13

8

10

11

9

6

10

12

6

14

8

15

10

11

9

15

9

6

11

11

10

9

12

5

7

11

10

10

8

8

9

16

13

11

10

12

14

9

22

20

20

26

16

13

26

26

11

24

16

15

10

19

11

13

18

19

14

13

9

16

6

6

5

6

4

5

3

10

5

8

7

8

9

7

5

4

6

7

5

3

8

6

4

7

9

5

5

2

5

4

5

4

4

4

3

1

7

6

5

5

5

7

6

4

3

5

4

5

3

6

3

4

5

7

6

2

2

2

4

2

6

4

2

3

3

3

6

5

5

4

7

4

4

2

2

2

4

1

10

3

6

4

5

6

1

2

3

2

1

4

2

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

4

5

3

2

1

2

1

2

0

3

1

3

3

1

4

0

1

2

i

e
p
e
h
t

f
o

l
l

A
0
1

2

1

3

2

0

1

2

0

1

1

1

2

3

1

2

2

0

0

3

0

4

1

3

2

2

3

0

1

2

w
o
n
k

t
'
n
o
D

14

4

33

12

15

8

31

13

10

12

14

7

16

5

21

22

19

5

35

6

6

21

22

15

9

23

21

7

25

2
-
0

4
-
3

6
-
5

8
-
7

0
1
-
9

31

42

18

46

41

39

34

18

34

24

22

34

22

21

20

41

23

41

12

54

21

40

30

24

28

20

39

57

27

20

26

17

15

22

25

15

25

17

23

19

19

17

26

17

14

19

23

18

23

24

14

15

21

20

19

18

22

18

22

19

16

16

16

20

13

32

25

27

32

24

22

33

31

15

30

23

20

13

27

16

17

25

28

19

18

10

21

8

7

10

7

6

6

5

10

12

10

10

10

14

11

7

5

8

6

9

4

16

6

10

9

12

12

4

4

6

4

1

6

4

1

2

2

2

3

4

3

7

9

4

4

3

2

2

5

1

7

2

5

5

3

7

0

1

4

e
g
a
r
e
v
A

3.9

3.5

4.6

3.3

3.2

3.5

3.2

4.4

3.9

4.2

4.4

4.1

4.7

4.4

4.3

3.1

4.1

3.2

4.7

2.8

4.7

3.3

3.8

4.2

4.1

4.6

3.1

2.8

4.0

EU28

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

FR

HR

IT

CY

LV

LT

LU

HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

    Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility   December 2017 Tablesof resultsSpecial Eurobarometer 471  														           T62