ADB-CHMINACA : report on the risk assessment of N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide in the framework of the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances.
Date: 2018-05-15
Institutions: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction
Subjects: drug addiction, health control, health policy, health risk, psychotropic substance, public health, scientific report

RISK ASSESSMENTS

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ADB-CHMINACA

Report on the risk assessment of N-(1-
amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-
1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-
carboxamide in the framework of the Council 
Decision on new psychoactive substances

About this series

EMCDDA Risk Assessments are publications 
examining the health and social risks of 
individual new psychoactive substances.

The Risk Assessment Report consists of an 
analysis of the scientific and law enforcement 
information available on the new psychoactive 
substance under scrutiny and the implications 
of placing it under control. It is the outcome of 
a meeting convened under the auspices of the 
EMCDDA Scientific Committee.

This process is part of a three-step procedure 
involving information exchange/early warning, 
risk assessment and decision-making in the 
framework of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA.

 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Contents 

Foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 3 

EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new drugs .................................................................... 4 

Europol–EMCDDA Joint Report on ADB-CHMINACA (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-
(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) — a summary .................................................................. 5 

Risk Assessment Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-
(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) ............................................................ 6 

Technical report on N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-
carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) ................................................................................................................. 25 

Participants of the risk assessment meeting, 7-8 November 2017 ............................................................. 80 

Acknowledgements  

The EMCDDA would like to thank the following for their contribution in producing this publication: 

 

 

the members of the extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA; the advisers to the Scientific 
Committee and the invited external experts who took part in the risk assessment meeting; 
the Early Warning System (EWS) correspondents of the Reitox national focal points (NFPs) and 
experts from their national EWS networks;  
the services within each Member State that collected the raw data for the risk assessment; 

 
  Europol, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the European Commission; 
 
  Dr Simon Brandt, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores 

the World Health Organization; 

University, Liverpool; 

  Dr Simon Elliott, Alere Forensics, Worcestershire; 
  Dr István Ujváry, hon. associate professor, Budapest University of Technology and Economics; 

hon. associate professor, University of Szeged; iKem BT, Budapest. 

Project team: Anabela Almeida, Rachel Christie, Helgi Valur Danielsson, Rita Jorge, Joanna De Morais 
and Sofía Sola (EMCDDA) and Werner Verbruggen (Europol). 

Project leaders: Michael Evans-Brown, Ana Gallegos and Roumen Sedefov (EMCDDA). 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Foreword 

This publication presents the data and findings of the risk assessment on ADB-CHMINACA (N-(1-amino-
3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide), carried out by the 
extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA on 7 and 8 November 2017. 

The Risk Assessment Report, which was submitted to the European Commission and the Council of the 
European Union on 14 November 2017, examines the health and social risks of the drug, information on 
international trafficking and the involvement of organised crime, as well as a consideration of the potential 
implications of subjecting the drug to control measures. ADB-CHMINACA is the sixteenth new 
psychoactive substance to be risk assessed under the terms of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. 

On the basis of the Risk Assessment Report — and on the initiative of the European Commission — on 
14 May 2018, the Council decided that ADB-CHMINACA should be subject to control measures across 
the Member States. This decision was adopted in the final stage of the three-step process — early 
warning, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive substances — established by the Council 
Decision 2005/387/JHA. This legal framework allows the EU institutions and Member States to act on all 
new and potentially threatening narcotic and psychotropic drugs which appear on the European drug 
scene, with the EMCDDA and Europol, in collaboration with their respective networks playing a central 
role in the early detection of such substances as well as the harms caused by their use — information 
that underpins risk assessment, and, ultimately, decision-making. 

In this respect we would like to acknowledge the excellent work done by the networks of the EMCDDA 
and Europol, as well as those of the EMA — the Reitox national focal points, Europol national units and 
the national competent authorities responsible for medicinal products — who played an essential role in 
collecting and providing national data. 

Finally, we would like to thank all the participants in the risk assessment process for the high quality of 
work carried out. The resulting report is a valuable contribution at European level, which gives clear 
support to political decision-making. 

Dr Anne Line Bretteville-Jensen 
Chair, Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA 

Alexis Goosdeel 
Director, EMCDDA 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

EMCDDA actions on monitoring and responding to new 
drugs  

The EMCDDA has been assigned a key role in the detection and assessment of new drugs in the 
European Union under the terms of a Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk-
assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. 

It establishes a mechanism for the rapid exchange of information on new psychoactive substances and 
provides for an assessment of the risks associated with them in order to permit the measures applicable 
in the Member States for the control of narcotic and psychotropic substances to be applied also to new 
psychoactive substances. 

The three-step process involves information exchange/early warning, risk assessment and decision-
making (see below). More detailed information can be found in the section ‘Action on new drugs’ of the 
EMCDDA’s website: www.emcdda.europa.eu/activities/action-on-new-drugs  

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Europol–EMCDDA Joint Report on ADB-CHMINACA 
(N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-
(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide) — a 
summary 

Europol–EMCDDA Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide — in accordance with Article 5 of 
Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new 
psychoactive substances 

In March 2017, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive 
substance N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, 
commonly known by the abbreviation ADB-CHMINACA, through a joint assessment based upon the 
following criteria: (1) the amount of the material seized; (2) evidence of organised crime involvement; (3) 
evidence of international trafficking; (4) analogy with better-studied compounds; (5) evidence of the 
potential for further (rapid) spread; and (6) evidence of cases of serious intoxication or fatalities. 

The EMCDDA and Europol agreed that the information available on ADB-CHMINACA satisfied criteria 1, 
4 and 6. The two organisations therefore concluded that sufficient information has been accumulated to 
merit the production of a Joint Report on ADB-CHMINACA as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Decision. 
Accordingly, the NFPs, the Europol national units (ENUs), the EMA and the World Health Organization 
(WHO) were formally asked to provide the relevant information within six weeks from the date of the 
request, i.e. by 6 June 2017. 

The resulting Joint Report on ADB-CHMINACA was submitted to the Council, the Commission and the 
EMA on 3 July 2017. The report concluded that the health and social risks, caused by the use of, the 
manufacture of, and traffic in ADB-CHMINACA, as well as the involvement of organised crime and 
possible consequences of control measures, could be thoroughly assessed through a risk assessment 
procedure as foreseen by Article 6 of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA. 

The full text of the Joint Report can be found at: 
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/adb-chmina 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Risk Assessment Report on a new psychoactive 
substance: N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-
1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide  
(ADB-CHMINACA) 

Introduction  

This risk assessment report presents the summary findings and the conclusion of the risk assessment 
carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug 
Addiction (EMCDDA) on the new psychoactive substance N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-
(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (commonly known as ADB-CHMINACA). The report is 
intended for policy makers and decision makers in the institutions of the European Union. 

The report has been prepared and drafted in accordance with the conceptual framework and the 
procedure set out in the risk assessment operating guidelines ( 1). It is written as a stand-alone document, 
which presents a summary of the information considered during the detailed analysis of the scientific and 
law enforcement data available at this time. The conclusion section of the report summarises the main 
issues addressed and reflects the opinions held by the members of the Scientific Committee. A list of the 
information resources considered by the Scientific Committee, including a detailed technical report on 
ADB-CHMINACA, is provided below.  

The risk assessment has been undertaken in compliance with Article 6 of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA 
of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment and control of new psychoactive 
substances ( 2) (hereafter ‘Council Decision’). The Council Decision establishes a mechanism for the rapid 
exchange of information on new psychoactive substances (hereafter ‘EU Early Warning System’ (3)) that 
may pose public health and social threats, including those related to the involvement of organised crime. 
Thus, it allows the institutions of the European Union and the Member States to act on all new narcotic 
and psychotropic substances (4) that appear on the European Union drug market. The Council Decision 

(1)  

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

EMCDDA (2010), Risk assessment of new psychoactive substances: Operating guidelines, Publications Office of the 
European Union, Luxembourg. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index100978EN.html 

OJ L 127, 20.5.2005, p. 32. 

The information exchange mechanism laid down by the Council Decision is operationalized as the European Union Early 
Warning System on New Psychoactive Substances (‘EU Early Warning System’). It is operated by the EMCDDA and 
Europol in partnership with the Reitox national focal points and Europol National Units in the Member States, the 
European Commission, and the European Medicines Agency. 

According to the definition provided by the Council Decision, a ‘new psychoactive substance’ means a new narcotic drug 
or a new psychotropic drug in pure form or in a preparation; ‘new narcotic drug’ means a substance in pure form or in a 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

also provides for an assessment of the risks associated with these new psychoactive substances so that, 
if necessary, control measures can be applied in the Member States for narcotic and psychotropic 
substances ( 5). 

ADB-CHMINACA was formally notified on 24 September 2014 by the EMCDDA on behalf of the 
Hungarian national focal point, in accordance with Article 4 of the Council Decision. The notification 
related to the seizure of 2.07 grams of light brown powder seized in August 2014 by police. Following an 
assessment of the available information on ADB-CHMINACA, and, in accordance with Article 5 of the 
Council Decision, on 3 July 2017 the EMCDDA and Europol submitted a Joint Report on ADB-
CHMINACA ( 6) to the Council of the European Union, the European Commission, and the European 
Medicines Agency (EMA). Taking into account the conclusion of the Joint Report, and, in accordance with 
Article 6 of the Council Decision, on 14 September 2017 the Council formally requested that ‘the risk 
assessment should be carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA and be 
submitted to the Commission and the Council within twelve weeks from the date of this notification’. 

In accordance with Article 6.2, the meeting to assess the risks of ADB-CHMINACA was convened under 
the auspices of the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA with the participation of four additional experts 
designated by the Director of the EMCDDA, acting on the advice of the Chairperson of the Scientific 
Committee, chosen from a panel proposed by Member States and approved by the Management Board 
of the EMCDDA. The additional experts were from scientific fields that were either not represented, or not 
sufficiently represented on the Scientific Committee, and whose contribution was necessary for a 
balanced and adequate assessment of the possible risks of ADB-CHMINACA, including health and social 
risks. A further four experts participated in the risk assessment: two experts from the Commission, one 
expert from Europol, and one expert from the European Medicines Agency (EMA). The meeting took 
place on 7 and 8 November 2017 at the EMCDDA in Lisbon. The risk assessment was carried out on the 
basis of information provided to the Scientific Committee by the Member States, the EMCDDA, Europol 
and the EMA. A list of the extended Scientific Committee, as well as the list of other participants attending 
the risk assessment meeting, is annexed to this report (Annex 2). 

For the risk assessment, the extended Scientific Committee considered the following information 
resources: 

preparation that has not been scheduled under the 1961 United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and that 
may pose a threat to public health comparable to the substances listed in Schedule I, II or IV; ‘new psychotropic drug’ 
means a substance in pure form or in a preparation that has not been scheduled under the 1971 United Nations 
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and that may pose a threat to public health comparable to the substances listed 
in Schedule I, II, III or IV. 

(5) 

(6) 

In compliance with the provisions of the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, and the United 
Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971. 

EMCDDA (2017), EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA), EMCDDA, Lisbon. Available at: 
http://emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-reports/adb-chminaca 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

  Technical report on N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-

3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) (Annex 1); 

  EMCDDA–Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) (6); 

  Open source information including scientific articles, official reports, grey literature, internet drug 

discussion forums and related websites (hereafter ‘user websites’); 

  Additional information provided during the course of the risk assessment meeting by the 

participants; 

  The EMCDDA operating guidelines for the risk assessment of new psychoactive substances (1); 

and, 

  Council Decision 2005/387/JHA of 10 May 2005 on the information exchange, risk assessment 

and control of new psychoactive substances (2). 

Finally, it is important to note that this risk assessment report contains a discussion of the available 
information on serious adverse events such as acute intoxications (typically presenting to hospital 
emergency departments) and deaths associated with ADB-CHMINACA. Such information is critical to the 
identification of emerging toxicological problems associated with new psychoactive substances within the 
European Union. In this context, it is important to recognise that the capacity to detect, identify, and report 
these events differ both within and between Member States. In the past few years, programmes have 
been introduced in some Member States to strengthen these capacities. The EMCDDA’s toxicovigilance 
system, which is a central component of the EU Early Warning System, has also been strengthened 
resulting in more information being available regarding serious adverse events associated with new 
psychoactive substances. Nonetheless, it is likely that these events remain under-detected and under-
reported.   

Physical, chemical and pharmacological description 

N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, also known 
as ADB-CHMINACA and MAB-CHMINACA, is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist (synthetic 
cannabinoid). The common name for the substance is derived after its structural features ( 7): a 
dimethylaminobutanone linked group (ADB), a cyclohexylmethyl tail (CHM), an indazole core (INA) and a 
carboxamide linker (CA).  

ADB-CHMINACA contains a stereogenic centre and therefore two possible enantiomers may exist, (R)- 
and (S)-ADB-CHMINACA. (S)-ADB-CHMINACA was originally described in a patent application by Pfizer 
Inc. and published in 2009. No information is available on whether the ADB-CHMINACA found in the 
European drug market corresponds to the (R)- or (S)- enantiomer, or a mixture of both. Based on the 

(7) 

Different naming systems exist and are used for applying short/code names to synthetic cannabinoids. 
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

literature and the precursors most likely to be used, an (S)-configuration of the stereocentre could be 
expected. 

Synthetic cannabinoids such as ADB-CHMINACA are functionally similar to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol 
(THC), the major psychoactive principle of cannabis. Like THC, they bind to and activate the CB1 and CB2 
cannabinoid receptors which form part of the endocannabinoid system — a system that helps regulate a 
large number of physiological functions in the body such as behaviour, mood, pain, appetite, sleep, the 
immune system, and the cardiovascular system. Many synthetic cannabinoids were first developed to 
study the endocannabinoid system as well as to explore their potential as therapeutic agents to treat a 
number of diseases and their symptoms (such as neurodegenerative diseases, drug dependence, pain 
disorders, and cancer). 

Since around 2006, ‘legal high’ products containing synthetic cannabinoids have been sold in Europe as 
‘herbal smoking mixtures’ and marketed as ‘legal’ replacements for cannabis. These products are made 
by dissolving the synthetic cannabinoids in solvents such as acetone or methanol and then mixing them 
with, or, spraying them on, plant material such as the herbs Damiana (Turnera diffusa) and Lamiaceae 
(such as Melissa, Mentha and Thymus). Such products are generally referred to by a variety of names in 
Europe, including ‘Spice’ ( 8), ‘herbal smoking mixtures’, ‘herbal incense’, and ‘synthetic cannabis’. 
Manufacturers of smoking mixtures frequently change the synthetic cannabinoids in the products, which 
means that product names are not a reliable source of information regarding the actual substances that 
are present. Almost 180 synthetic cannabinoids, in hundreds of different products, have been identified 
on the European drug market since 2008. They are the largest group of substances that are monitored by 
the EMCDDA through the EU Early Warning System. 

A number of cannabinoids are controlled under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic 
Substances, 1971 (Schedule II). These are: the major active principle of cannabis, delta-9-
tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) (9), as well as the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 (10), AM-2201 ( 11), 
MDMB-CHMICA ( 12), 5F-APINACA (5F-AKB-48) ( 13), and XLR-11 (14).  

In its pure form ADB-CHMINACA has been described as a white powder or crystalline solid. It is poorly 
soluble in water. 

Information provided from seizures and collected samples reported to the EMCDDA have noted that 
ADB-CHMINACA is typically found in herbal/plant material (including as commercially-branded ‘legal high’ 
products) and as a powder. To a lesser extent, other forms, such as blotters, have also been reported. 

(8) 

(9) 
(10) 
(11) 
(12) 

(13) 
(14) 

Which is a reference to the most common brand name used for these types of products when they first appeared on the 
European market. 
Including some of its named isomers and their stereochemical variants. 
JWH-018: naphthalen-1-yl(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone. 
AM-2201: 1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-(naphthalen-1-yl)-methanone. 
MDMB-CHMICA: methyl (2S)-2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. MDMB-
CHMICA was risk assessed by the Scientific Committee of the EMCDDA in July 2016. 
5F-APINACA: N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  
XLR-11: [1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone.  

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

The analytical identification of ADB-CHMINACA in physical and biological samples is possible using 
standard analytical techniques. These include chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods. 

Analytical reference material is important for correct identification and for facilitating the quantification of 
ADB-CHMINACA in physical and biological samples. Such material is commercially available. 

Route of administration and dosage 

The most common way of using synthetic cannabinoids such as ADB-CHMINACA is by smoking either 
ready-to-use or homemade ‘smoking mixtures’ as a cigarette (‘joint’) or by using a vaporizer, ‘bong’, or 
pipe. Some synthetic cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, have also been offered in the form of e-
liquids for vaping in e-cigarettes. Additionally, users might also prepare ADB-CHMINACA containing e-
liquids at home. To a lesser extent, other routes of administration for synthetic cannabinoids have been 
reported; these include oral and rectal. 

Limited information is available regarding the dose and the dose regimens of ADB-CHMINACA. User 
reports specifically about ADB-CHMINACA were not particularly revealing. It is not possible to discern the 
‘typical’ dosages administered as most individuals use herbal smoking mixtures. Nonetheless, based on 
data from the analysis of some of these products, a gram of herbal material could contain more than 100 
mg of ADB-CHMINACA (and potentially other synthetic cannabinoids). These compounds may be active 
at less than 1 mg. 

Pharmacology 

Data on the pharmacodynamic effects of ADB-CHMINACA show that it is a potent and full agonist at the 
CB1 receptor (i.e. activates the receptor) of the endocannabinoid system. So far ADB-CHMINACA has 
been identified as an agonist at the CB2 receptor. These data show that ADB-CHMINACA is more potent 
than JWH-018, which is a full agonist under international control. 

Data on the pharmacokinetics of ADB-CHMINACA are limited to the identification of metabolites. So far, a 
number of metabolites have been identified in humans. At least some of these appear to be active at the 
CB1 receptor, although the extent to which these metabolites contribute to psychoactive effects remains 
to be investigated. 

No studies were identified that have investigated the pharmacodynamics of ADB-CHMINACA on other 
pharmacological targets.  

Interactions with other substances, medicines, and other forms of interactions 

No studies were identified that have investigated the potential interactions of ADB-CHMINACA.  

Psychological and behavioural effects 

While there is limited data, the psychological and behavioural effects of ADB-CHMINACA appear to share 
some similarities with cannabis, THC, and other synthetic cannabinoids. This includes: relaxation, 
euphoria, lethargy, confusion, anxiety, and fear, distorted perception of time, depersonalisation, 
hallucinations, paranoia, as well as dry mouth, bloodshot eyes, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

impaired motor performance. These effects appear to be much more pronounced and severe when 
compared to cannabis. In addition, psychotic episodes, as well as aggressive and violent behaviour, have 
also been reported. 

Legitimate uses 

ADB-CHMINACA is used as an analytical reference material in clinical and forensic case 
work/investigations as well as scientific research. There is currently no information that suggests ADB-
CHMINACA is used for other legitimate purposes. 

There are no reported uses of ADB-CHMINACA as a component in industrial, cosmetic, or agricultural 
products. In addition, a search of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 
(REACH) registered substances database hosted by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) using the 
available CAS Registry Numbers returned no hits. 

There is no marketing authorisation (existing, on-going, or suspended) for ADB-CHMINACA in the 
European Union or in the Member States that responded to the request for information, that was 
undertaken as part of the Joint Report process (6). 

There is no information to suggest that ADB-CHMINACA is currently used in the manufacture of a 
medicinal product in the European Union (6). However, in the absence of a database on the synthetic 
routes of all medicinal products it is not possible to confirm whether or not ADB-CHMINACA is currently 
used in the manufacture of a medicinal product. 

Chemical precursors that are used for the manufacture 

The chemical precursors and the synthetic routes to manufacture ADB-CHMINACA are known from the 
literature, but no specific synthetic conditions have been described.  

No information is available on the synthetic pathways used to synthetize the ADB-CHMINACA which has 
been found in the European market, but based on the literature information available methyl 1H-indazole-
3-carboxylate and L-tert-leucinamide (for synthesis of the (S)-enantiomer) are likely reagents. The use of 
D-tert-leucinamide or the D,L-racemate should theoretically give the (R)- and the racemic form of ADB-
CHMINACA; this information is however not specifically indicated in the available literature. 

Commercially available domestic or industrial products which could be used for synthesis of ADB-
CHMINACA may contain potentially toxic substances, including heavy metals and organic solvents. Use 
of such products as reagents may result in serious toxic effects if the resultant impure product is 
consumed. The herbal material which is used as a basis for smoking mixtures may also contain 
toxicologically relevant substances (such as pesticides that could potentially be present in the plant 
material). 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Health risks 

Individual health risks 

The assessment of individual health risks includes consideration of the acute and chronic toxicity of ADB-
CHMINACA, as well as its abuse liability and dependence potential. Similarities to, and, differences from, 
other chemically or pharmacologically related substances should also be considered. 

It is important to note that when interpreting information from acute intoxications and deaths as well as 
information from user websites, individuals may have used other pharmacologically active substances in 
addition to ADB-CHMINACA. The presence of and/or interaction with other substances or pre-existing 
health conditions may account for some of the effects reported. 

Some individuals may use ADB-CHMINACA in combination with other drugs (either intentionally or 
unintentionally). ADB-CHMINACA is typically encountered in combination with other substances in 
commercially branded ‘legal high’ products, and, in particular, with other synthetic cannabinoids. Analyses 
of various seized products have shown that the composition can vary significantly over geographical 
areas and time. Therefore, the users are unlikely to be aware of the substance(s) being ingested and 
doses used (by whatever route). This presents an inherent risk to the individual. 

As synthetic cannabinoids such as ADB-CHMINACA mimic the effects of THC, their effects appear to 
have some similarities with cannabis. This includes: relaxation, euphoria, lethargy, confusion, anxiety, 
and fear, distorted perception of time, depersonalisation, hallucinations, paranoia, as well as dry mouth, 
bloodshot eyes, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, and impaired motor performance. In some cases, these 
effects appear to be much more pronounced and severe when compared to cannabis.  

Severe and fatal poisonings have occurred with synthetic cannabinoids. This can include severe 
cardiovascular toxicity (including sudden death), severe central nervous system depression (such as 
rapid loss of consciousness/coma), respiratory depression, seizures and convulsions, hyperemesis, 
delirium, agitation, psychotic episodes, and aggressive and violent behaviour. 

In addition, some of the features of poisoning—particularly loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, 
and behavioural effects—may place users at additional risks, such as choking on/aspirating vomit, 
drowning, falling, hypothermia as a result of falling unconscious outside in cold weather, and self-inflicted 
violence/injury. The aggressive and violent behaviours reported with synthetic cannabinoids may also 
place others at risk of injury. 

The reasons for these more pronounced and severe effects, as well as severe and fatal poisoning, are 
poorly understood, but at least two factors are likely to be important: the high potency of the substances 
and the unintentionally high doses that users are exposed to. 

Firstly, studies have found that many of the synthetic cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, which 
are sold on the drug market, are much more potent and active, typically behaving as full agonist as 
compared to THC. This means that even at very small doses they can activate the CB1 receptor much 
more strongly than THC.  

Secondly, the process for making smoking mixtures (which are the most common way of using these 
substances) can lead to dangerous amounts of the substances in the products. This is because 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

producers have to guess the amount of cannabinoids(s) to add, while the mixing process makes it difficult 
to dilute the substances sufficiently and distribute them consistently throughout the plant material. This 
can result both in products that contain toxic amounts of the substances in general, as well as products 
where the cannabinoids are clumped together forming highly concentrated pockets within the plant 
material. These issues are made worse as the products are typically smoked allowing the substances to 
be rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation (bloodstream) and to reach the brain. 

The combination of these two factors makes it difficult for users to control the dose that they are exposed 
to and can lead them to rapidly administer a toxic dose unintentionally. Accounts from patients and 
people who witness poisonings involving smoking mixtures suggest that in some cases a small number of 
puffs from a cigarette have been sufficient to cause severe and fatal acute poisoning.  

Currently, there is no approved antidote to poisoning caused by synthetic cannabinoids.  

Overall, poisoning with synthetic cannabinoids may be made worse when other drugs, especially central 
nervous system depressants (such as alcohol, opioids, and sedative/hypnotics), are used at the same 
time. 

Acute toxicity 

The acute toxicity of ADB-CHMINACA and/or its metabolites have not been studied in non-clinical and 
clinical studies. In addition to the acute intoxications and deaths reported to the EMCDDA (discussed 
below), cases of acute intoxications and deaths have also been reported in the literature. In general, the 
available data suggests that intoxication/poisoning with ADB-CHMINACA appears to be similar to other 
synthetic cannabinoids. 

Acute intoxications 

A total of 3 acute intoxications with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA were reported by the United 
Kingdom. The cases occurred during 2016. In 1 case, no other substances were detected. In the 
remaining 2 cases, another synthetic cannabinoid was detected. In all 3 cases, the clinical features of 
poisoning appeared to be similar to those reported for other synthetic cannabinoids. 

Deaths 

A total of 13 deaths were reported by 3 Member States: Germany (6), Sweden (5), and Hungary (2). In all 
cases, exposure to ADB-CHMINACA was analytically confirmed from post-mortem samples.  

The deaths in Germany occurred between January 2015 and September 2016. Those in Hungary 
occurred in 2016 and October 2014. Four of the five deaths in Sweden occurred between February and 
July 2015, with the remainder occurring in October 2016. Demographic data were available for all but one 
death and involved only males. The mean age was 28 years (median 28) and ranged from 17 to 38 years.  

Cause of death and toxicological significance 

A cause of death was reported in all but one case, and, in at least 9 deaths, ADB-CHMINACA was either 
the cause of death or is likely to have contributed to death (even in presence of other substances); other 
substances were detected in 11 cases. ADB-CHMINACA was the only drug present in 1 death where 
additional toxicological information was known. 

13 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

ADB-CHMINACA was quantified in 12 cases. Post-mortem blood concentrations between 0.7 and 16 
ng/mL (median 1.1 ng/mL) and between 5 and 30 ng/g blood were recorded (median 10 ng/g blood). With 
ng/g being approximately equivalent to ng/mL, an inclusive range of 0.7 to 30 and median of 5.9 ng/mL in 
blood (~ng/g) across all 12 cases. However, post-mortem blood concentrations cannot necessarily be 
used to determine a “fatal” concentration. In the majority of circumstances involving synthetic 
cannabinoids, the mere presence of the drug is of significance whether concentration has been 
determined or not, especially in situations of poly-drug use and the varying circumstances in which they 
are used. 

A range of other substances were detected in the deaths, including: alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, 
antidepressants, antipsychotics, synthetic cathinones, diphenidines, opioids (buprenorphine and 
methadone) and benzodiazepines. Other synthetic cannabinoids were detected in 3 of the deaths: 5F-
AKB-48, AKB-48, 5F-PB-22, FUB-AKB48 (FUB-APINACA), FUB-AMB, and AB-CHMINACA. In one of 
these cases, 5 other synthetic cannabinoids were detected in addition to ADB-CHMINACA. 

Overall, whilst other substances may have contributed some toxicity, the potent nature of ADB-
CHMINACA means the primary toxic contribution could be attributed to the drug and death may not have 
occurred if ADB-CHMINACA had not been used. However, in the 3 cases where multiple synthetic 
cannabinoids were present, it is not possible or appropriate to identify ADB-CHMINACA as the primary 
synthetic cannabinoid that may have produced toxicity but a synergistic effect is likely nonetheless. 
Sufficient case data were available in all 13 deaths and an assessment of the toxicological significance 
score (TSS) ( 15) incorporating the above considerations in the deaths, showed that ADB-CHMINACA had 
a TSS value of 3 (high) in all 13 deaths (where it was cited as the cause of death or is likely to have 
contributed to death). 

Circumstances of death 

There was a lack of information regarding any symptoms experienced by the deceased prior to death in 
the majority of cases. Where described, the deceased had been sleeping, had vomited or had become 
unconscious. Where information was known, in the majority of instances the individuals were found dead, 
predominantly in a home environment (either their own or a friend’s). Consequently, it was not possible to 
identify or evaluate ante-mortem symptoms (especially in relation to acute intoxication) in these cases. 

Ability to operate machinery and drive 

No studies of the effects of ADB-CHMINACA on the ability to drive and operate machines have been 
performed. However, it is has been reported that intoxications caused by a range of synthetic 
cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, significantly impair the mental and physical ability that is 
required to drive and operate machines. 

(15) 

Elliott, S., Sedefov, R. and Evans-Brown, M. (2017), 'Assessing the toxicological significance of new psychoactive 
substances in fatalities', Drug Testing and Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2225  

14 

 
 
 
                                                      
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Chronic toxicity 

No studies were identified that investigated the chronic health effects of ADB-CHMINACA and/or its 
metabolites. 

Abuse liability and dependence potential 

There have been no studies that have investigated the abuse liability and dependence potential of ADB-
CHMINACA. Given what is currently known about the pharmacology of ADB-CHMINACA, including some 
similarities to THC, it is reasonable to consider that the substance may have both a potential for abuse 
and dependence. Further research will be required in order to determine such effects. 

Public health risks 

The public health risks associated with ADB-CHMINACA may be categorised in terms of patterns of use 
(extent, frequency, route of administration, etc.); availability and quality of the drug; information, 
availability and levels of knowledge amongst users; and, negative health consequences. Detailed 
information, including data on sporadic versus chronic use, that allow for a determination of public health 
risks associated with ADB-CHMINACA are unavailable.     

Extent, frequency, and patterns of use 

The available data suggest that ADB-CHMINACA is typically sold as commercial branded ‘legal high’ 
smoking mixtures in head shops as well as on the Internet as ‘legal’ replacements for cannabis. It may 
also be sold directly on the illicit drug market. Overall, the available information does not suggest 
widespread use of the substance. 

No surveys were identified that have investigated the prevalence of ADB-CHMINACA use in the general 
population or in specific user groups.  

Because of the variability in the composition of smoking mixtures, and the fact that the ingredients are not 
typically disclosed, most users will be unaware that they are using ADB-CHMINACA. As a result, the 
prevalence of use should be considered in the wider context of the prevalence of use of herbal smoking 
mixtures (sometimes referred to as ‘spice’). 

The use of herbal smoking mixtures has been studied in some European countries in general population 
surveys and in specific populations such as students, ‘clubbers’ and/or internet users. The results of 
these surveys are not comparable as they use different methodology and samples, but, overall, they 
indicate generally low prevalence levels in these groups. 

It is reasonable to assume that ADB-CHMINACA may be sought by those looking for ‘legal’ substitutes for 
cannabis. This includes individuals subject to drug testing (such as drivers, prisoners, those in drug 
treatment, and those subject to workplace drug testing), as commonly used drug tests may be unable to 
detect the compounds. 

In addition, reports suggest that in some areas, high risk drug users and other vulnerable groups, such as 
the homeless and prisoners, may specifically seek out synthetic cannabinoids because they have a 
reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap, and are easy to smuggle. 

15 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Availability and quality on the market 

Since August 2014, when it was detected first in Hungary, ADB-CHMINACA has been detected in a total 
of 17 Member States, Norway, and Turkey. As the substance is not routinely screened for, detections of 
ADB-CHMINACA may be under-reported. 

ADB-CHMINACA is sold online either as commercial ‘legal high’ smoking mixtures or as a powder. The 
presence of ADB-CHMINACA (or any other synthetic cannabinoid) is not typically disclosed on the 
packaging/advertising of smoking mixtures. 

Due to the high potency of some synthetic cannabinoids, the amount of powder needed for each packet 
can be in the order of tens of milligrams. This means that each kilogram of bulk powder may produce 
thousands of packets of ‘legal highs’ (Section 6).  

Detailed information with regards to route-specific by-products produced during the synthesis of ADB-
CHMINACA is currently not available. There are no quantitative data available on the impurities detected 
in seized and collected samples reported to the EMCDDA. In herbal smoking mixtures, ADB-CHMINACA 
was frequently found with other substances, and, in particular, synthetic cannabinoids. 

As discussed above, in general, smoking mixtures appear to pose a high risk of poisoning/acute toxicity 
because of the high potency of synthetic cannabinoids, the manufacturing process used, and the route of 
administration.   

Characteristics and behaviour of users 

Information on the characteristics and behaviour of users of ADB-CHMINACA is limited.  

‘Legal high’ products containing ADB-CHMINACA are marketed as ‘legal’ replacements to cannabis. It is 
therefore likely that a range of different cannabis users would be interested in these products. The 
available data suggests that ADB-CHMINACA is used by cannabis users, including those who are 
regularly subjected to drug testing procedures. To a lesser degree it is also used by psychonaut-type 
users. 

In addition, and, of particular note, is that in some settings, synthetic cannabinoids are increasingly used 
by high risk drug users and other vulnerable groups, such as the homeless and prisoners. In at least 
some cases, these users are specifically seeking out synthetic cannabinoids because the substances 
have developed a reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap, and are easy to 
smuggle. 

In most cases, it appears that ADB-CHMINACA is not specifically sought after by users who will typically 
purchase it unknowingly as part of a smoking mixture product. 

Nature and extent of health consequences 

Information on the nature and extent of health consequences are mostly limited to those discussed in 
relation to individual health risks. 

The high potency of the synthetic cannabinoids, coupled to the unintentionally high doses that users are 
exposed to, is also responsible for outbreaks of mass poisonings involving smoking mixtures. Such 
outbreaks have ranged in size from four or five to over 800 victims, including deaths. While many of the 

16 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

outbreaks that have been reported so far are from the United States, they have also occurred in Russia 
and Europe. ADB-CHMINACA has been involved in a number of outbreaks in the United States. Mass 
poisonings can rapidly overwhelm emergency responders and other local healthcare systems. 

Unknown to users, synthetic cannabinoids have also been sold as ecstasy/MDMA and other illicit drugs. 
In some cases, this has led to severe poisoning. Opioids have also been identified in smoking mixtures; 
while the overall number of detections appears to be relatively small, it could pose a risk of severe opioid 
poisoning, including life-threatening respiratory depression, especially in individuals with no tolerance to 
opioids. Users of smoking mixtures will be unaware of this risk. 

Long-term consequences of use 

While there is limited data for ADB-CHMINACA, the long-term consequences of use might share 
similarities to cannabis and other synthetic cannabinoids. This may include dependence. 

Conditions under which the substance is obtained and used 

There is limited data on the conditions under which ADB-CHMINACA is obtained and used. Sources 
appear to include internet retailers, physical shops, friends and other acquaintances, and street-level drug 
dealers. As highlighted, most users will be unaware that they have sourced and used ADB-CHMINACA 
as they will be using smoking mixtures. The available data suggests that ADB-CHMINACA is used in 
similar environments to cannabis, including the home, other recreational settings, and prisons.  

Social risks  

The available data suggests that the acute behavioural effects of ADB-CHMINACA bear some similarities 
to cannabis but are more pronounced and severe. 

In addition, and, of particular note, is that in some settings, synthetic cannabinoids are increasingly used 
by high risk drug users and other vulnerable groups, such as the homeless and prisoners. In at least 
some cases, these users are specifically seeking out synthetic cannabinoids because the substances 
have developed a reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap, and are easy to 
smuggle. Reports suggest that this has exacerbated existing health and social problems for these 
vulnerable groups, as well as creating new ones. 

Individual social risks 

While there is no specific information on whether the use of ADB-CHMINACA causes individual social 
risks, any such risks may have some similarities with those associated with cannabis and other synthetic 
cannabinoids. These may impact on education or career, family or other personal and social relationships 
and may result in marginalisation. 

Possible effects on direct social environment (e.g. neglect of family, violence) 

While there is no specific information on the possible effects of ADB-CHMINACA on the direct social 
environment, the behavioural effects of synthetic cannabinoids include reports of aggressive and violent 
behaviour. This may place users and others at risk of injury.   

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Possible effects on society as a whole (public order and safety, acquisitive crime) 

While there is no specific information on the possible effects of ADB-CHMINACA on society as a whole, 
as noted, the behavioural effects of synthetic cannabinoids include reports of aggressive and violent 
behaviour. In particular, concern was expressed in this regard to use in certain environments such as 
prisons and psychiatric institutions. In addition, the detection of ADB-CHMINACA in cases of suspected 
driving under the influence of drugs indicates a potential for a wider risk to public safety. 

In prisons, alongside the adverse health effects, the market in synthetic cannabinoids has been linked to 
an increase in aggression, violence, bullying, and debt. In some cases this has caused a serious threat to 
the overall safety and security of the prison environment. 

Due to the lack of data, it is not possible at this time to estimate the social risk associated with the 
trafficking and distribution of ADB-CHMINACA.  

Economic costs  

Due to the lack of data, it is not possible at this time to estimate whether ADB-CHMINACA is associated 
with greater healthcare costs than other drugs. 

Possible appeal to specific population groups 

While no specific examples are available on the possible appeal of ADB-CHMINACA to specific user 
groups, it is reasonable to assume ADB-CHMINACA may be sought after by those looking for ‘legal’ 
substitutes for cannabis. This includes individuals subject to drug testing (such as drivers, prisoners, 
those in drug treatment, and those subject to workplace drug testing), as commonly used drug tests may 
be unable to detect the compounds. 

In addition, reports suggest that in some areas, high risk drug users and other vulnerable groups, such as 
the homeless and prisoners, may specifically seek out synthetic cannabinoids because they have a 
reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap, and are easy to smuggle.  

Information on manufacturing, trafficking, distribution, and the level of 
involvement of organised crime  

There is no specific information to suggest the involvement of organised crime or established criminal 
groups in the manufacture, distribution, and supply of ADB-CHMINACA.  

No information has been received by Europol indicating synthesis of ADB-CHMINACA within the 
European Union. Information reported to the EMCDDA and Europol indicates that chemical companies 
based in China may be one source of ADB-CHMINACA, as well as of other synthetic cannabinoids. 
Seizures, particularly of bulk powders of synthetic cannabinoids are frequently reported to have occurred 
at international European airports and to have been shipped by such companies.  

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

For ADB-CHMINACA, single seizures of powders in excess of 1 kg were reported by Belgium and 
Turkey. The seizure reported by Belgium was seized by customs; it originated in China and was in transit 
to Austria and Romania.  

Powders of synthetic cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, are imported into the European Union 
where they are typically processed and packaged into commercial smoking mixtures or sold as powder. 
There are indications of a significant trade in synthetic cannabinoid products within Europe, with customs 
and police in many countries making regular seizures of such products, including herbal smoking 
products containing ADB-CHMINACA. 

ADB-CHMINACA has been available on the European drug market since at least August 2014. A total of 
17 Member States (Belgium, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, 
Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom), 
Turkey, and Norway, have reported detections of ADB-CHMINACA. Information reported to the EMCDDA 
and Europol indicates that ADB-CHMINACA has been seized as herbal material (approximately 139 kg; 
128 kg of which reported by Turkey) or powder form (approximately 10 kg).  

The available data suggests that herbal smoking mixtures containing ADB-CHMINACA are being sold 
directly in the illicit market. The United Kingdom reported seizures of ADB-CHMINACA which occurred in 
prisons or other custodial settings. 

Information on any assessment in the United Nations system 

The World Health Organization (WHO) is the specialised United Nations agency designated for the 
evaluation of the medical, scientific and public health aspects of psychoactive substances under the 
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971. At 
the time that the Joint Report was prepared (6), the WHO informed the EMCDDA that ADB-CHMINACA 
was not currently under assessment nor had it been under assessment by the United Nations system.   

Description of the control measures that are applicable in the Member 
States 

Thirteen Member States (Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, 
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Sweden, and the United Kingdom) reported that ADB-CHMINACA is 
controlled under drug control legislation. 

 

 

 

 

In Croatia, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled within the ‘List of drugs, psychotropic substances, 
plants used to produce drugs and substances that can be used in the production of drugs’, 
Official Gazette no. 10/16. 

In Cyprus, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled as a Class B drug within the Narcotic Drugs and 
Psychotropic Substances Law 1977. 

In the Czech Republic, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled since March 2017. 

In Estonia, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled as of 12 August 2015. 

19 

 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In Finland, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled as a ‘psychoactive substance banned from the 
consumer market’. 

In France, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled since 31 March 2017. 

In Germany, ADB-CHMINACA is included in schedule II ‘narcotics eligible for trade but not for 
medical prescription’ within the 31st Amending Regulation on Narcotic Drugs, adopted on 9 June 
2016. 

In Italy, ADB-CHMINACA is included in Table 1 of the Ministerial Decree 309/90 of 1 August 
2016. 

In Latvia, ADB-CHMINACA is included in the Cabinet Regulation N 847 ‘Regulations regarding 
Narcotic Substances, Psychotropic Substances and Precursors to be Controlled in Latvia’ and 
the law ‘On the Procedures for the Coming into force and Application of the Criminal Law’.  

In Lithuania, ADB-CHMINACA is subjected to control measures by The Republic of Lithuania 
Minister of Health Order No V-267 (21/02/2014) ‘On the amendment of the Ministry of Health of 
the Republic of Lithuania Order No. 5 of 6 January 2000’. 

In Luxembourg, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled by way of generic definition by the Grand-ducal 
decree of 20/04/2009. 

In Sweden, ADB-CHMINACA is regulated under the Act on the Prohibition of Certain Goods 
Dangerous to Health, as of 10 November 2014. 

In the United Kingdom, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled by way of generic definition under the 1971 
Misuse of Drugs Act. 

Four Member States (Austria, Belgium, Hungary, and Poland) and Turkey reported that ADB-CHMINACA 
is controlled under specific new psychoactive substances control legislation.  

 

 

 

 

 

In Austria, ADB-CHMINACA is covered by the Austrian Act on New Psychoactive substances.  

In Belgium, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled by way of generic definition.  

In Hungary, ADB-CHMINACA is included in schedule C of Government Decree 66/2012, as of 1 
January 2015.  

In Poland, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled according to the general definition of the ‘substitute 
drug’ (Act of 8 October 2010 amending the Act on counteracting drug addiction and the Act on 
State Sanitary Inspection, Journal of Laws “Dz.U.” No. 213, item 1396). Pursuant to Article 44b of 
the Act on counteracting drug addiction, it is prohibited to manufacture and introduce substitute 
drugs to trade.  

In Turkey, ADB-CHMINACA is controlled by way of generic definition under specific new 
psychoactive substances control legislation. 

20 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Norway reported that ADB-CHMINACA is controlled under medicinal products legislation. 

Ten Member States (Bulgaria, Denmark, Greece, Ireland, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, 
Slovenia, and Spain) reported that ADB-CHMINACA is not subject to control measures at the national 
level. 

Slovakia did not provide information on the control status of ADB-CHMINACA. 

Options for control and the possible consequences of the control measures 

Under Article 9.1 of the Council Decision, the option for control that is available at European Union level is 
for the Member States to submit the new psychoactive substance ADB-CHMINACA to control measures 
and criminal penalties, as provided for under their legislation, by virtue of their obligations under the 
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971.  

There are no studies on the possible consequences of such control measures on ADB-CHMINACA. If this 
option of control is pursued, the Committee considers that the following consequences are possible. 
Some of these may apply to any new psychoactive substance. 

  This control option could be expected to limit the availability of ADB-CHMINACA and hence the 

further expansion of the current open trade in this substance. 

  A health consequence that might result from this control option is the benefit brought about by the 

presumed reduction in availability and use.  

  This control option could facilitate the detection, seizure and monitoring of ADB-CHMINACA 

related to its unlawful manufacture, trafficking and use. In so doing, it could facilitate cooperation 
between the judicial authorities and law enforcement agencies across the European Union. 

  This control option would imply additional costs for the criminal justice system, including forensic 

services, law enforcement, and the courts. 

  This control option could lead to replacement with other (established or new) psychoactive 
substances, which may in themselves have public health consequences and social risks.  

  This control option could create an illicit market in ADB-CHMINACA with the increased risk of 

associated criminal activity, including the involvement of organised crime. 

  This control option could impact on both the quality/purity and price of any ADB-CHMINACA still 
available on the illicit market. The extent to which this will impact on public health, criminality, or 
levels of use, is difficult to predict. 

 

It is difficult to predict the impact of this control option on current or future research by the 
pharmaceutical or chemical industries. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

 

In order to examine the consequences of control, the Committee wishes to note that it will be 
important to monitor for the presence of ADB-CHMINACA on the market post-control, should this 
control option be pursued. 

  Aside from the option for control under those stipulated in Article 9.1 of the Council Decision, 

other options for control may be available to Member States. These may include restricting the 
importation and supply of the substance as some Member States have already done.  

22 

 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Conclusion 

N-[1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide  
(ADB-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist. Information on the 
pharmacology of ADB-CHMINACA suggests that it is a potent and full agonist at the CB1 receptor. It 
shows similar effects to THC but with additional life-threatening toxicity. The high potency of ADB-
CHMINACA and the large and variable content of the substance in smoking mixtures constitute a high 
risk of poisoning. 

ADB-CHMINACA is often sold as a ‘legal’ replacement for cannabis. It is typically administered by 
smoking a herbal mixture that is either from a ready-to-use commercial ‘legal high’ product, or, less 
commonly, that is self-prepared. Similar to herbal cannabis, the mixture is usually prepared for smoking 
as a hand-rolled cigarette (‘joint’) but it may also be smoked in a pipe or ‘bong’. ADB-CHMINACA can 
also be inhaled using an e-cigarette or other vaporisation device. 

ADB-CHMINACA has been available on the drug market in the European Union since at least August 
2014 and has been detected in 17 Member States, Turkey, and Norway. It is sold online as commercially 
branded ‘legal high’ products and powders. It may also be sold directly on the illicit drug market. 

The available data suggests that ADB-CHMINACA is used by cannabis users, by those who are regularly 
subjected to drug testing procedures (including those in prison), and by ‘psychonauts’. It may also be 
used by high risk drug users and other marginalised groups (such as prisoners) as synthetic 
cannabinoids have gained a reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap, and are 
easy to smuggle. However, no further information on the size and demand and the characteristics of 
these groups of people is available.  

Three acute intoxications with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA have been reported by 1 Member 
State. The features of the poisoning were similar to those found with other synthetic cannabinoids. 

Thirteen deaths with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA have been reported by 3 Member States. In 
at least 9 of these cases, ADB-CHMINACA was either the cause of death or is likely to have contributed 
to the death. 

Due to the nature of ADB-CHMINACA, both non-fatal intoxications and deaths are likely to be under-
detected and under-reported. 

There is currently no approved antidote to poisoning caused by synthetic cannabinoids such as ADB-
CHMINACA. 

Reports suggest a possibility for violence and aggression following use of synthetic cannabinoids. In 
particular, concern was expressed in this regard to use in certain environments, such as prisons and 
psychiatric institutions. In addition, the detection of ADB-CHMINACA in cases of suspected driving under 
the influence of drugs indicates a potential for a wider risk to public safety. 

There is no specific information on the involvement of organised crime in the manufacture, distribution 
(trafficking), and supply within the European Union. There is limited information on the chemical 
precursors and the synthetic routes used to manufacture the ADB-CHMINACA detected within the 
European Union. The largest single seizure of ADB-CHMINACA was in Belgium in 2014, when 3 kg of 

23 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

powder that was in transit from China and destined for Austria and Romania was seized by customs. 
During 2017, ADB-CHMINACA continued to be seized by law enforcement within the European Union. 

ADB-CHMINACA has no recognized human or veterinary medical use in the European Union, nor, it 
appears, elsewhere. There are no indications that ADB-CHMINACA may be used for any other purpose 
aside from as an analytical reference standard and in scientific research. 

ADB-CHMINACA is not listed for control in the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, nor in the 
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971. ADB-CHMINACA is not currently under assessment by 
the United Nations system.  

Thirteen Member States control ADB-CHMINACA under drug control legislation. Four Member States, 
Turkey, and Norway control ADB-CHMINACA under other legislation. 

As for any new psychoactive substance, many of the questions related to ADB-CHMINACA that are 
posed by the lack of data on the risks to individual health, risks to public health, and social risks, could be 
answered through further research. Areas where additional information would be important include 
studies on: rationale for use, prevalence and patterns of use (including targeted studies that examine user 
groups and risk behaviours); the market; chemical profiling; complete pharmacological profiling; metabolic 
pathways; behavioural effects; acute and chronic toxicity; the potential interaction between ADB-
CHMINACA and other substances; the dependence and abuse potential; and the public health risks 
associated with its use. 

The Committee notes that a decision to control ADB-CHMINACA has the potential to bring with it both 
intended and unintended consequences. Potential intended consequences include reduced levels of 
availability and ultimately use. This may reduce the health and social risks arising from the use of ADB-
CHMINACA. It is important to recognise that a potential unintended consequence of control may be the 
manufacture and availability of other substances. Indeed, pharmacologically analogous substances that 
may replace ADB-CHMINACA are already being sold on the drug market. The implementation of control 
measures may also lead to the criminalisation of those who continue to use this substance with the 
possible attendant risks of socio-economic stigmatisation and marginalisation. Should control measures 
be adopted, they should be accompanied by the gathering and dissemination of accurate information on 
ADB-CHMINACA to users, practitioners, policy makers, and decision makers.   

24 

 
 
 
ANNEX 1 

Technical report on N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-
oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-
carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) 

Parts of this technical report were prepared under contract from the European Monitoring Centre for 
Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Given the time frame stipulated in the Council Decision, additional 
data presented and discussed during the preparatory meeting for the risk assessment and the risk 
assessment meeting have not yet been incorporated into the technical report. In addition, this technical 
report has not been formally edited by the EMCDDA. As such, this report should be regarded as a draft 
document until such time that the final version is produced by the EMCDDA which will incorporate the 
additional data and which will be formally edited. The EMCDDA may not be held responsible for the use 
of the information contained herein without prior consultation. The Risk assessment report on a new 
psychoactive substance: N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-
carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) to which this report is annexed, was produced by the extended Scientific 
Committee of the EMCDDA and shall be regarded as the authoritative document.  

Introduction 

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (synthetic cannabinoids), such as ADB-CHMINACA, are a group 
of substances that mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is a substance found in 
cannabis ( 1). THC is responsible for many of the psychoactive effects of cannabis which give that feeling 
of being 'stoned' (or 'high') (Gaoni et al, 1964;  Huestis et al., 2001; Pertwee, 2014). THC causes these 
effects by activating a receptor in the brain called the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) (Huestis 
et al., 2001;  Pertwee, 2005a). This receptor is part of a signalling system in the body called the 
endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate, among other things, behaviour, mood, pain, appetite, 
sleep, and the immune system (Pertwee, 2015) ( 2). Because synthetic cannabinoids activate the CB1 
receptor in a similar way to THC, some of their effects appear to be similar to cannabis. Most prominently, 
they are able to create a feeling of being ‘stoned’.                         

Synthetic cannabinoids were originally developed by scientists to study the endocannabinoid system, as 
well as provide insights into disease, and to help make new medicines (Pertwee, 2005a;  Pertwee, 2005b; 
Pertwee, 2015;  Reggio, 2009). From around 2006, they began to appear in Europe in products called 
‘Spice’ that were sold as ‘legal’ replacements to cannabis (Auwärter et al., 2009; EMCDDA, 2009; Jack, 
2009). In these products, synthetic cannabinoids had been mixed with plant (herbal) material which could 

(1) (–)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol. 
(2) The endocannabinoid system helps regulate a large number functions in the body. It consists of the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 
receptors, the endocannabinoids (such as anandamide) which act as endogenous agonists for these receptors, and the processes 
responsible for endocannabinoid biosynthesis, cellular uptake, and metabolism. Important exogenous agonists for the cannabinoid 
receptors are (–)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is the major active substance in cannabis, and the synthetic 
cannabinoids found in legal high-type smoking mixtures. Data from laboratory studies suggests that the endocannabinoid system 
plays an important protective role. For example, in response to some diseases the body increases the amount of endocannabinoids 
it produces which can reduce unwanted symptoms or slow disease progression (Pertwee, 2005a; Pertwee, 2005b; Pertwee, 2015). 

                                                      
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

then be smoked as cigarettes (‘joints’) (Auwärter et al., 2009 ; EMCDDA, 2009; EMCDDA, 2017a; Jack, 
2009). Such products have been referred to by a variety of names, including ‘herbal smoking mixtures’, 
‘herbal incense’, ‘Spice’, ‘K2’, and ‘synthetic cannabis’. Since 2008, almost 180 synthetic cannabinoids 
have been identified on the drug market in hundreds of different products. They are the largest group of 
substances that are monitored by the EMCDDA through the European Union Early Warning System on 
New Psychoactive Substances (EU Early Warning System) (EMCDDA, 2017b). 

In accordance with Article 5 of the Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk-
assessment and control of new psychoactive substances ( 3) on 25 April 2017, the EMCDDA and Europol 
launched the Joint Report procedure for N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-
1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) on the basis of data reported by the Member States 
through the EU Early Warning System in accordance with Article 4 of the Council Decision. The 
information collection process for the Joint Report was completed in June 2017. The report was submitted 
to the Institutions of the European Union in July 2017 (EMCDDA, 2017c). In accordance with Article 6 of 
the Council Decision, on 14 September 2017, the Council of the European Union requested that a risk 
assessment on ADB-CHMINACA should be carried out by the extended Scientific Committee of the 
EMCDDA. 

In order to prepare for the risk assessment, and, to facilitate the risk assessment process, the EMCDDA 
is responsible for the collection and analysis of data on the substance to be assessed as well as drafting 
a technical report. This technical report has been prepared for the risk assessment of ADB-CHMINACA 
that will be held at the EMCDDA premises in Lisbon on Tuesday 7 November 2017. 

Some of the sections in this report were prepared under EMCDDA contracts (ref. CT.17.SAT.0084.1.0 
and CT.17.SAT.0110.1.0)  

Data sources 

The information in this technical report is derived from: 

  data reported by the Member States, Turkey and Norway to the EMCDDA and Europol in 

accordance with the Council Decision (EMCDDA, 2017c); and,  

  data collected through systematic searches of open source information, including the 
scientific and medical literature, patents, official reports, grey literature, Internet drug 
discussion forums and related websites, and online vendors selling ADB-CHMINACA. 

3
) OJ L 127, 20.5.2005, p. 32.  
(

26 

 
 
 
 
                                                      
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Search strategy  

Literature searches used both chemical structure and text queries in online databases; searches were 
conducted in early October 2017. The retrieved publications were then reviewed for additional relevant 
references (snowballing technique). 

Chemical structure-based searches were done in SciFinder® (American Chemical Society, Chemical 
Abstract Service) and Reaxys® (Elsevier) databases using both the exact structure of ADB-CHMINACA 
and a similarity search. Structural and text-based searches in the SureChEMBL patent database retrieved 
no relevant hits. 

Textual searches were conducted online in PubMed (National Center for Biotechnology Information), Web 
of Science™ (Thomson Reuters), and in popular English-language drug forums. The search terms used 
were: ‘ADB-CHMINACA’ and ‘MAB-CHMINACA’. 

The REACH registered substances database hosted by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) was 
searched using the CAS registry numbers listed below. The searches returned no hits. 

Cursory, though repeated, inspections of Internet forums covered Bluelight, Drugs-forum, 
ecstasydata.org, Erowid, Eve&Rave, Reddit and The Vespiary. 

Additionally, the scientific networks of the authors were contacted to obtain information. 

Note 

It is important to note that when interpreting the information on self-reported user experiences in this 
report, it is not possible to confirm the specific substance(s) that have been claimed to be used; similarly it 
is also not possible to confirm the strength, purity, dose/amount, etc., used. Moreover, the actual 
composition of the substance/product may differ over time and different geographical areas. In addition, 
the information provided on user websites may not necessarily be representative of other users of ADB-
CHMINACA and should be regarded as illustrative only. In general, given the difficulties of collecting 
accurate self-reported data, it should be interpreted with caution. 

Report prepared by 

Simon Brandt (4), Simon Elliott ( 5), Michael Evans-Brown, Helgi Valur Danielsson, Anabela Almeida, Rita 
Jorge, Rachel Christie, Joanna de Morais, Sofía Sola, Ana Gallegos, and Roumen Sedefov. 

Acknowledgements 

The EMCDDA would like to extend their sincere thanks and appreciation to: the Early Warning System 
(EWS) correspondents of the Reitox national focal points and experts from their national early warning 

(4) School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, United Kingdom. 
(5) Alere Forensics, Malvern, Worcestershire, United Kingdom. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

system networks; the Europol national units and Europol Project Synergy; and, Dr István Ujváry, iKem 
BT, Budapest, Hungary for reviewing some sections of this report. 

28 

 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Section A. Physical, chemical, pharmaceutical and pharmacological 
information 

A1. Physical, chemical, and pharmaceutical information 

A1.1. Physical and chemical description 

Chemical description and names 

N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide, also known 
as ADB-CHMINACA and MAB-CHMINACA (Figure 1), is a synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist 
(synthetic cannabinoid). The common name for the substance is derived after its structural features ( 6): a 
dimethylaminobutanone linked group (ADB), a cyclohexylmethyl tail (CHM), an indazole core (INA) and a 
carboxamide linker (CA).  

ADB-CHMINACA contains a stereogenic centre and therefore two possible enantiomers may exist, (R)- 
and (S)-ADB-CHMINACA. (S)-ADB-CHMINACA was originally described in a patent application by Pfizer 
Inc. and published in 2009 (compound 13) (Buchler et al., 2009). Based on the literature and the most 
likely precursors to be used, an (S)-configuration of the stereocentre could be expected. However, there 
is no representative information on the enantiomeric composition of the samples of ADB-CHMINACA 
detected within the European Union. 

ADB-CHMINACA was first reported to the EMCDDA in 2014.  

Five synthetic cannabinoids have been recently controlled under Schedule II of the United Nations 
Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971: JWH-018 ( 7), AM-2201 ( 8), MDMB-CHMICA ( 9), 5F-
APINACA (5F-AKB-48) ( 10) and XLR-11 ( 11). Other synthetic cannabinoids, including the valinamide 
analogue of ADB-CHMINACA called AB-CHMINACA ( 12) (EMCDDA, 2017d), 5F-MDMB-PINACA (5F-
ADB) ( 13) (EMCDDA, 2017e), and CUMYL-4CN-BINACA ( 14) (EMCDDA, 2017f) have also been the 
subjects of EMCDDA–Europol Joint Reports. 

(6) Different naming systems exist and are used for applying short/code names to synthetic cannabinoids. 

http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/topics/pods/synthetic-cannabinoids 

(7) JWH-018: (Naphthalen-1-yl)(1-pentyl-1H-indol-3-yl)methanone.  
(8) AM-2201: [1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](naphthalen-1-yl)methanone.  
(9) MDMB-CHMICA: Methyl (2S)-2-{[1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate.  
(10) 5F-APINACA: N-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. 
(11) XLR-11: [1-(5-Fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)methanone.  
(12) AB-CHMINACA: N-[(2S)-1-amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  
(13) 5F-MDMB-PINACA (5F-ADB): Methyl (2S)-2-{[1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino}-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. 
(14) CUMYL-4CN-BINACA: 1-(4-Cyanobutyl)-N-(2-phenylpropan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  

29 

 
 
 
 
                                                      
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

FIGURE 1 
The molecular structure, molecular formula and molecular mass of ADB-CHMINACA (left) and AB-CHMINACA 
(right). 

O

O

NH2

NH

N

N

O

O

NH2

NH

N

N

C21H30N4O2 

370.50 g/mol 

C20H28N4O2 

356.47 g/mol 

Names and other identifiers 

Systematic International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name:  
N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  

Chemical Abstract name:  

1H-Indazole-3-carboxamide, N-[(1S)-1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)- 

1H-Indazole-3-carboxamide, N-[1-(aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)- 

Other names:  

N-[1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; 

N-(1-Carbamoyl-2,2-dimethyl-propyl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)indazole-3-carboxamide; 

N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxo-2-butanyl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; 

N-(1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide; 

N-[(2S)-1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide 
((S)-enantiomer); 

N-[(1S)-1-(Aminocarbonyl)-2,2-dimethylpropyl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide 

30 

 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

((S)-enantiomer); 

Nα-[1-(Cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-yl-carbonyl]-3-methyl-L-valinamide. 

Chemical Abstract Service Registry Numbers (CAS RNs) ( 15) 

1863065-92-2: racemate 

1185887-13-1: ((S)-enantiomer) 

PubChem SID:  

68894304 ((S)-enantiomer) (16) 

IUPAC International Chemical Identifier Key (InCHI Key) (17):  

ZWCCSIUBHCZKOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
(racemate) 

ZWCCSIUBHCZKOY-GOSISDBHSA-N ((S)-enantiomer);  

SMILES ( 18): 

CC(C)(C)C(C(=O)N)NC(=O)c1c2ccccc2n(n1)CC3CCCCC3 (racemate); 

CC(C)(C)[C@H](NC(=O)c1nn(CC2CCCCC2)c3ccccc13)C(N)=O ((S)-enantiomer) 

Common names: ADB-CHMINACA, MAB-CHMINACA. 

Street names:  

ADB-CHMINACA; MAB-CHMINACA; ‘Spice’; ‘K2’, ‘legal weed’, ‘synthetic cannabis’, ‘herbal incense’.  

Manufacturers of herbal smoking mixtures frequently change the synthetic cannabinoids in the products, 
which means that product names are not a reliable source of information regarding the actual substances 
that are present (e.g. Frinculescu et al., 2017, Moosmann et al., 2015). 

(15) The Chemical Abstract Service Registry Number (CAS RN) is a unique numeric identifier assigned by the Chemical Abstract 

Service Division of the American Chemical Society to a specific, single chemical substance. 

(16) https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/68894304 
(17) InChI Key is a unique, non-proprietary structural identifier of chemical substances useful in electronic sources. 
(18) The simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) is a unique, non-proprietary structural identifier of chemical 

substances useful in electronic sources. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Identification and analytical profile 

Physical description  

ADB-CHMINACA has been described as a white powder (SWGDRUG, 2016), crystalline solid (Cayman 
Chemical Company, 2014) and neat solid (Cayman Chemical Company, 2016). It is soluble in 
dichloromethane (DCM), methanol (MeOH) and is poorly soluble in water (Slovenian National Forensic 
Laboratory, 2016). Its solubility has also been described as follows: ~0.5 mg/mL in 1:1 dimethyl 
sulfoxide:phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2); ~1 mg/mL in ethanol; ~10 mg/ml in dimethyl sulfoxide and 
~5 mg/mL in N,N-dimethylformamide (Cayman Chemical Company, 2014). The reported melting point for 
ADB-CHMINACA is 141.5 °C (SWGDRUG, 2016). ADB-CHMINACA has been typically seized in ‘herbal’ 
material and in powder form. A more detailed description of seizures and collected samples reported to 
the EMCDDA can be found in Section C. 

ADB-CHMINACA carries one asymmetric carbon atom. Based on the patent literature and the most likely 
precursors, an (S)-configuration of the stereocentre can be assumed, possibly due to the use of the 
reagent L-tert-leucinamide in its preparation. The biological evaluation of the compounds described in the 
Pfizer patents exclusively report on compounds with the (S)-configuration, and, since data on the (R)-form 
were not included, it is not known how the stereochemistry may affect its biological activity, including 
activity on the cannabinoid receptors. The absolute configuration of the structurally similar synthetic 
cannabinoid MDMB-CHMICA has recently been described in the literature which confirmed the (S)-
configuration in samples from the drug market (including a seizure of a powder as well as ‘legal high’ type 
herbal smoking mixtures) (Andernach et al., 2016). 

Chemical stability and typical reactions 

For long-term storage it is recommended that ADB-CHMINACA, supplied as a solid, is stored at -20 °C 
(Cayman Chemical Company, 2016). In the case of the AB-CHMINACA analogue, it has been reported 
that hydrolysis of the terminal amide function can occur as a consequence of smoking but also following 
deposition on human hair (Franz et al., 2016a), which suggested that this degradation was not reserved 
solely for a metabolic transformation. It seems conceivable that a similar phenomenon, i.e. formation of 
the carboxylic acid derivative, might be observable for ADB-CHMINACA as well. A study assessing the 
freeze/thaw stability (3 cycles, at least 20 h freezing and one hour thawing at room temperature) in serum 
revealed that ADB-CHMINACA degraded only 3.6%. A long-term storage stability study in serum showed 
that ADB-CHMINACA was stable for at least 31 days at -20 °C (decomposition occurred at/after 105 
days), 31 days at 4 °C (but unstable at 105 days), and over 315 days at room temperature (stability 
criterion: measured degradation below 20%) (Hess et al., 2016). 

Analytical profile 

Analytical data for ADB-CHMINACA is abundantly available and several studies have explored its 
characterization and detection in various matrices such as ‘herbal mixtures’, powders and biofluids (Table 
1). The analysis of biological samples requires sensitive methods of analysis, e.g. liquid chromatography 
coupled to tandem mass spectrometry approaches, especially when blood-derived samples are involved. 
The detection of synthetic cannabinoid metabolites is a frequently chosen method for urine analysis 
although there are examples where the parent synthetic cannabinoid species has been targeted 
quantitative analysis in this particular matrix (Minakata et al., 2017). 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

TABLE 1 
Studies associated with the detection and chemical analysis of ADB-CHMINACA (amongst other 
substances) published in the scientific literature. 

Techniques a 

1H-NMR, API-MS 

GC-MS; LC-MS/MS 

LC-QqQ-MS/MS 

LC-QTOF-MS 

Not reported. 

Comment  

Reference 

Synthesis and characterization. 

Buchler et al. (2009) 

Intoxication cases and analysis of 
biofluids.  

Franz et al. (2015)  

Detection of ADB-CHMINACA in 
biofluids and tissue samples 
obtained from a fatal intoxication. 

Hasegawa et al. (2015a) 

Detection of ADB-CHMINACA in 
serum samples. 

Kasper et al. (2015) 

Detection of ADB-CHMINACA in 
biofluids. 

Trecki et al. (2015) 

GC-MS, LC-QqQ-MS/MS 

Detection of ADB-CHMINACA in 
‘herbal mixture’. 

Wurita et al. (2015) 

LC-QqQ-MS/MS 

GC-MS, LC-TOF-MS 

Not reported 

LC-QTOF-MS 

Analysis of blood samples obtained 
from two intoxication cases. 

Adamowicz and Gieron (2016) 

Characterization of reference 
material. 

Akamatsu and Yoshida (2016) 

Detection of ADB-CHMINACA in 
fatal intoxication cases. 

Babel et al. (2016)  

Blood analysis involving fatal 
intoxication. 

Bottei et al. (2016) 

Immunoanalysis, LC-MS/MS 

Evaluation of immunoassays using 
authentic urine samples.  

Franz et al. (2016b) 

LC-MS/MS 

Analysis of urine and serum samples 
obtained from an intoxication case. 

Hermanns-Clausen et al. (2016) 

LC-QTRAP-MS/MS 

Stability studies in human plasma. 

Hess et al. (2016) 

GC-MS 

LC-MS 

Identification in samples obtained 
from dealer.  

Kaizaki-Mitsumoto et al. (2016) 

Analysis of serum samples collected 
from 11 acute intoxication cases. 

Katz et al. (2016) 

GC-TOF-MS, GC-EI-MS, NMR, LC-
MS/MS, IR, UV 

Identification in ‘herbal mixtures’ 
collected from Internet retailers. 

Langer et al. (2016) 

GC-MS, LC-TOF-MS, ATR-FTIR, 

Characterization of test purchase 

Slovenian National Forensic 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Techniques a 

GC-MS, GC-IR, IC 

Comment  

sample. 

Melting point, 1H-NMR, GC-MS, 
ATR-FTIR 

Characterization of reference 
material. 

Reference 

Laboratory (2016) 

SWGDRUG (2016) 

Carlier et al. (2017a) 

Hasegawa et al. (2017) 

Metabolism study using ten-donor-
pooled cryopreserved human 
hepatocytes.  

Analysis of human urine sample 
obtained from autopsy and 
quantitation of two metabolites. 

Analysis of serum and urine samples 
collected from intoxication cases.  

Hermanns-Clausen et al. (2017) 

Review of cases associated with 
motor vehicle collisions in Japan 
between 2012 and 2014. 

Kaneko (2017) 

Analysis of blood and urine 
specimen involved in intoxications 
between July 2015 and July 2016.  

Mazer-Amirshahi et al. (2017) 

LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS/MS 

LC-MS/MS 

LC-MS/MS 

Not reported 

GC-MS 

LC-QTRAP-MS/MS 

Analysis of urine samples obtained 
from autopsies.  

Minakata et al. (2017) 

LC-MS/MS 

GC-MS 

Detection in biofluids associated with 
intoxication cases. 

Moosmann et al. (2017) 

Analysis of products obtained from 
Internet retailers. 

Müller et al. (2017) 

LC-QqQ-MS/MS 

Analysis of blood samples collected 
between March and December 2015. 

Tynon et al. (2017) 

LC-MS/MS, CB receptor activation 
assay using NanoLuc luciferase 

Receptor assay development and 
analysis of authentic urine samples. 

Cannaert et al. (2017) 

a NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; API: atmospheric pressure ionization; LC: liquid chromatography (various 
forms); GC: gas chromatography; MS: mass spectrometry; MS/MS: tandem mass spectrometry; QqQ: triple quadrupole; QTOF: 
quadrupole time-of-flight; EI: electron ionization; IR: infrared spectroscopy; UV: ultraviolet spectroscopy; ATR: attenuated total 
reflectance; FT: Fourier transform; IC: ion chromatography. 

Methods and chemical precursors used for the manufacture  

Synthesis 

Information about the methods used for the synthesis of the ADB-CHMINACA that has been detected on 
the drug market in Europe has not been reported to the EMCDDA. However, it seems likely that the 
methods described in the work published by Pfizer Inc. (compound 13) might have been used for the 
manufacturing of this substance destined for the drug market. The specific conditions for the ADB-

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

CHMINACA synthesis have not been disclosed, but the preparation of the synthetic cannabinoids 
covered followed the scheme shown in Figure 2. The final reaction step (c) involves the coupling of the 
acid intermediate (3) with L-tert-leucinamide, which yields the (S)-enantiomer of ADB-CHMINACA as 
disclosed by Buchler et al. (2009). Although not explicitly mentioned in the work published by these 
authors, employing D-tert-leucinamide or the D,L-racemate should theoretically give the (R)- and racemic 
form of ADB-CHMINACA. L-tert-Leucinamide can be prepared from L-tert-leucine (Banister et al., 2015, 
Buchler et al., 2009). If this intermediate were more readily available and less expensive than D-tert-
leucine then one would expect this to have an impact on the manufacturing process, thus, potentially 
favouring the production of the (S)-form as originally disclosed by Pfizer Inc. A recent investigation on the 
isolation from another tert-leucine derived synthetic cannabinoid (MDMB-CHMICA) used in herbal 
smoking mixtures revealed that the compound was indeed showing the (S)-configuration (Andernach et 
al., 2016).  

FIGURE 2 
Synthesis route for ADB-CHMINACA ((S)-enantiomer) starting from methyl 1H-indazole-3-
carboxylate (which might also be prepared) 

(1) Reagents: (a) base (e.g. sodium hydride, potassium tert-butoxide, sodium hexamethyldisilazide, or potassium 
carbonate) and (X-methyl)cyclohexane (X = leaving group; e.g. halogen, mesilate, or tosylate) provide (2); (b) 
saponification with aqueous base (e.g. sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or lithium hydroxide) yields (3); (c) 
amide bond coupling with L-tert-leucinamide using a carboxyl group activating reagent provides (4) (e.g. N,N´-
dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) or 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-3-ethylcarbodiimide (EDC), either alone or in 
combination with 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) and uronium reagents such as O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-
tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium 
hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), or O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU)). The two 
nitrogen atoms found in the indazole ring of ADB-CHMINACA (4) have been numbered indicate the site of alkylation 
(19).  

Commercially available domestic or industrial products which could be used for synthesis may contain 
potentially toxic substances, including heavy metals and organic solvents. Use of such products as 

(19) The detection of a ’dicyclohexylmethylated’ contaminant in ADB-CHMINACA samples (Slovenian National Forensic Laboratory, 
2016; see also next paragraph) suggests an alternative production method in which a cyclohexylmethyl derivative alkylating 
agent is reacted with the N-indazolyl-tert-leucinamide (N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide). 
Overalkylation could, in theory, take place not only at the indazole N-atom but also at the nitrogen – or even of the oxygen – 
atom of the amide group(s). 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

reagents may result in serious toxic effects if the resultant impure product is consumed. The herbal 
material which is used as a basis for the smoking mixtures may contain toxicologically relevant 
substances like e.g. pesticides potentially present in the plant material as well.  

Typical impurities encountered in seized and collected samples 

There are no quantitative data available on the impurities detected in seized and collected samples 
reported to the EMCDDA. However, the analysis of an ADB-CHMINACA sample purchased from an 
Internet retailer was reported to contain an unidentified impurity (Slovenian National Forensic Laboratory, 
2016). It was commented that the impurity might have been related to an impurity detected in a test 
purchased APP-CHMINACA product ( 20). In this case, the reported impurity was characterized by the 
presence of a second cyclohexylmethyl substituent on the molecule (Slovenian National Forensic 
Laboratory, 2015), which might be consistent with dialkylation. Although not documented, the N1-
alkylation can be carried out on the indazolyl tert-leucinamide derivative as the last step under conditions 
described for serotonin receptor antagonists (Furlotti et al., 2012; Schaus et al., 1998) and, recently, for 
the preparation of a metabolite of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist AKB-48 (Wallgren et al., 
2017). In addition, it has been reported that the preparation of various indazole-based synthetic 
cannabinoids can result in the formation of another regioisomer that is alkylated at the N2-position, which 
was shown to depend on the base used for the alkylation reaction (Buchler et al., 2009, Longworth et al., 
2016). However, reports on the detection of these synthesis by-products could not be identified. 

A1.2. Physical/pharmaceutical form  

Data from seizures and collected samples reported to the EMCDDA have revealed that ADB-CHMINACA 
has typically been detected in plant/herbal material (herbal smoking mixtures) and powders. A small 
number of other forms have also been encountered, which included blotters, ‘agglomerated material’ 
containing other synthetic cannabinoids and substances such as caffeine, a ‘slab’ mixed with another 
synthetic cannabinoid (MDMB-CHMICA ) and a ‘lump’ containing various additional synthetic 
cannabinoids apart from ADB-CHMINACA (AB-FUBINACA ( 21), 5F-ADB-PINACA ( 22) and FUB- APINACA 
( 23)) (EMCDDA, 2017c). The Pfizer Inc. patent also refers to the use of synthetic cannabinoids in a range 
of pharmaceutical compositions depending on the methods used for administration (Buchler et al., 2009).  

For the production of smoking mixtures, the substance is dissolved in an organic solvent (e.g. acetone) 
and applied to the plant material—such as damiana (Turnera diffusa) or marshmallow (Althaea 
officinalis)—either via spraying or soaking and subsequent evaporation of the solvent (EMCDDA, 2017a). 

A1.3. Route of administration and dosage  

The most common route of administration for synthetic cannabinoids is smoking ready-to-use or self-
prepared ‘herbal mixtures’ as a joint or utilizing a vaporizer, ‘bong’ or pipe. Because these ready-to-use 
products rarely state the ingredients, most users may be unaware that they are using ADB-CHMINACA. 

(20) APP-CHMINACA (PX3): N-[(2S)-1-Amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  
(21) AB-FUBINACA: N-[(2S)-1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. 
(22) 5F-ADB-PINACA: N-[(2S)-1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. 
(23) FUB-APINACA: N-(Adamantan-1-yl)-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

In addition, and, unknown to users, the concentrations of synthetic cannabinoids found in smoking 
mixtures can vary dramatically, which may range from low mg/g to hundreds of mg/g, depending on the 
potency of the substance and manufacturing practices involved (e.g. Ernst et al., 2017; Frinculescu et al., 
2017; Langer et al., 2014; Langer et al., 2016; Moosmann et al., 2015) (Section D3.4). 

Dosage  

Limited information is available regarding the dose and the dose regimens of ADB-CHMINACA. User 
reports specifically about ADB-CHMINACA were not particularly revealing and it is not possible to discern 
the ‘typical’ dosages administered by users.  

One website lists the following dosage information for the valinamide analogue AB-CHMINACA 
(smoking): ‘light’: 50–100 μg; ‘common’: 100–250 μg; ‘strong’: 250–400 μg; ‘heavy’: 400+ μg (Tripsit, 
2017). As already highlighted in the introduction, the assessment of such reports is problematic not least 
because users cannot confirm the actual substance used. Information about the extent to which this can 
be translated to ADB-CHMINACA could not be identified.  

A2. Pharmacology, including pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics  

Pharmacologically, ADB-CHMINACA is a cannabinoid receptor agonist. 

Pharmacodynamics 

The limited available data suggest that ADB-CHMINACA binds to and activates the cannabinoid CB1 
receptor. For example, ADB-CHMINACA was reported to bind to the human CB1 receptor expressed and 
prepared from human embryonic kidney cells with a Ki value of 0.289 nM (radioligand [3H]CP-55,940) ( 24), 
which compared to a Ki value of 0.519 nM for AB-CHMINACA (Buchler et al., 2009). The United States 
Drug Enforcement Administration reported a Ki value of 0.49 nM (experimental details not provided 
including information about the absolute configuration) (US DEA, 2014). When using the in vitro 
[35S]GTPγS binding assay (receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells), the EC50 value reported 
for ADB-CHMINACA was 0.620 nM ( 25), which suggests that this compound was a potent agonist 
although efficacy information was not reported. In comparison, the EC50 value reported for AB-
CHMINACA was 2.55 nM, indicating that ADB-CHMINACA was 4 times more potent than its valinamide 
counterpart (Buchler et al., 2009). A comparison between efficacies could not be made since these data 
were not reported. Functional activity studies using the same assay (details not reported) produced via 
the DEA-VA Interagency Agreement revealed an EC50 value of 0.214 nM (US DEA, 2014), similarly 
indicating that ADB-CHMINACA displays potency values in the sub-nanogram range. The reason as to 
why the patent published by Pfizer only explicitly featured the (S)-enantiomers (Buchler et al., 2009) has 
not been disclosed and it is not known whether the (R)-forms showed reduced biological activity ( 26). A 

(24) Ki represents the equilibrium inhibition constant for the test drug displacing the radioligand.  
(25) EC50 represents the half maximal effective concentration.  
(26) The chiral amino acid precursor (S)-L-tert-Leucine is widely used for the manufacture of antiviral medicines (such as the HIV 
protease inhibitor atanazavir or the hepatitis C virus protease inhibitors asunaprevir, bocepvir, grazoprevir, faldaprevir, 
narlaprevir, telaprevir, vaniprevir). (S)-L-tert-Leucine is produced mainly in China in large, multi-ton quantities. This may explain 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

recent study exploring the differences in functional activity (in vitro [35S]GTPγS binding assay) between 
five pairs of enantiomeric synthetic cannabinoids, namely AB-FUBINACA (2-fluorobenzyl isomer) (27), 
APP-CHMINACA ( 28), EMB-FUBINACA ( 29), 5F-EMB-PINACA, and MDMB-FUBICA ( 30), revealed that 
agonist activity at CB1 and CB2 receptors was retained in most of the (R)-enantiomers. A drop in potency 
was determined at CB1 but not always at the CB2 receptor. (R)-MDMB-FUBICA, however, was reported to 
have lost activity at the CB1 receptor (Doi et al., 2017). 

TABLE 2 
Receptor activation efficacy of ADB-CHMINACA and three of its metabolites ± SEM (number of 
replicates) relative to JWH-018 (modified from Canneart et al., 2017). 

Drug/metabolite 

Relative efficacy of CB1 activation 
at 10 μM 

Relative efficacy of CB2 activation 
at 10 μM 

JWH-018 

100 ± 4.6 (4) 

100 ± 19.9 (4) 

ADB-CHMINACA 

194.3 ± 13.7 (4) 

82.1 ± 10.6 (4) 

4-OH-ADB-CHMINACA (M1) ( 31) 

110.5 ± 6.0 (4) 

62.1 ± 8.67 (4) 

tert-Leucine-ADB-CHMINACA (M2) 
(32) 

tert-Leucine-4-OH-ADB-CHMINACA 
(M3) ( 33) 

56.9 ± 4.3 (4) 

85.7 ± 12.8 (4) 

36.4 ± 4.3 (4) 

70.9 ± 11.6 (4) 

A recent study reported CB1/2 receptor EC50 values and activation efficiency data (via β-arrestin 2 
recruitment), for a range of synthetic cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, and some hydroxylated 
urinary metabolites (Cannaert et al., 2017). In the case of ADB-CHMINACA, the respective EC50 values 
for the CB1 and CB2 receptor are 1.49 and 2.2 nM in this assay system. For JWH-018, which was one of 
the comparative drugs, the respective EC50 values for the CB1 and CB2 receptor were 23.9 and 6.8 nM, 
which suggested a 16-fold (CB1) and 3.1-fold (CB2) increase in potency compared to JWH-018. CB1/2-
mediated receptor activation data relative to JWH-018 (concentration of all test drugs 10 μM) have also 
been investigated and summarized in Table 2 below, which revealed that ADB-CHMINACA was almost 

the choice of this precursor for the synthesis of ADB-CHMINACA and other related synthetic cannabinoids including MDMB-
CHMICA (EMCDDA, 2017g) that have been reported to the EMCDDA through the EU Early Warning System 

(27) AB-FUBINACA (2-fluorobenzyl isomer): N-[1-Amino-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-[(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-

carboxamide. 

(28) APP-CHMINACA (PX3): N-[1-Amino-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  
(29) EMB-FUBINACA: Ethyl 2-({1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl}amino)-3-methylbutanoate. 
(30) MDMB-FUBICA: Methyl 2-({1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indole-3-carbonyl}amino)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate. 
(31) 4-OH-ADB-CHMINACA (M1): N-[(2S)-1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-[(4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-

carboxamide. 

(32) tert-Leucine-ADB-CHMINACA (M2): (2S)-2-{[1-(Cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl]amino]}-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid. 
(33) tert-Leucine-4-OH-ADB-CHMINACA (M3): (2S)-2-({1-[(4-Hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carbonyl}amino)-3,3-

dimethylbutanoic acid. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

two times more effective than JWH-018 in activating the CB1 receptor. In comparison, CB2 receptor 
activation induced by ADB-CHMINACA was observed to reach the 82% level. 4-HO-AB-CHMINACA, one 
of the three metabolites investigated, was capable of inducing a slightly stronger CB1 receptor activation 
than JWH-018. The extent to which these metabolites contribute to psychoactive effects in vivo remains 
to be investigated. The effect of ADB-CHMINACA on pharmacological or biochemical targets other than 
the cannabinoid receptors has not been studied. 

Animal studies 

Information derived from animal studies could not be identified, although it seems conceivable that ADB-
CHMINACA would display activity in assays that probe for Δ9-THC-like properties such as drug 
discrimination or mouse tetrad tests similar to what has been demonstrated with AB-CHMINACA. In the 
tetrad test battery that evaluates drug-induced changes in spontaneous motor activity, antinociception, 
ring immobility, and body temperature, AB-CHMINACA (i.p. administration) was shown to be 11- to 58 
times more potent than Δ9-THC (Wiley et al., 2015).  

Pharmacokinetics 

An incubation study with ten-donor-pooled cryopreserved human hepatocytes (10 μmol/L ADB- 
CHMINACA, 3 h) identified ten major phase I metabolites (Figure 3). Key reactions included oxidation of 
the cyclohexylmethyl substituent into hydroxylated (A4–A6, A8 and A9) or ketone (A7) species; tert-butyl 
hydroxylation (A10), and dihydroxylation (A1, A2, A3) also occurred to some extent. Interestingly, 
transformations at the indazole core, the carboxamide linker, or the dimethylbutanamide side chain 
(including hydrolysis of the terminal amide) were not observed (Carlier et al., 2017a). Correspondingly, 
the ADB-CHMINACA species hydroxylated at the cyclohexylmethyl substituent have been recommended 
as compound-specific analytical targets.  

FIGURE 3 
Proposed metabolic pathway of ADB-CHMINACA. Dominant pathways are indicated by double 
arrows (Carlier et al., 2017a). 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Interestingly, no phase II reaction products have been observed and amide hydrolysis resulting in the 
formation of the carboxylic function has also not been detected under the conditions studied, which 
deviated from incubation studies carried out with the L-tert-leucinamide derivative ADB-FUBINACA ( 34) 
where more extensive biotransformations (23 metabolites) were observed (Carlier et al., 2017b). In the 
case of ADB-FUBINACA, the cyclohexylmethyl substituent found in ADB-CHMINACA is replaced by a (4-
fluorophenyl)methyl moiety. An investigation into the quantitation of ADB-CHMINACA metabolites in 
authentic urine specimen collected from an autopsy case performed in 2014 has recently been reported. 
Two hydroxylated metabolites were investigated, namely the (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl derivative of 
ADB-CHMINACA (2.17 ng/mL) and its tert-butyl hydroxylated derivative (10.2 ng/mL) (Hasegawa et al., 
2017), which would reflect the metabolites A4 and A2 reported by Carlier et al. (Carlier et al., 2017a) 
(Figure 3). The parent molecule ADB-CHMINACA has been shown to be still detectable in authentic urine 
samples at a concentration of 229 pg/mL (Minakata et al., 2017).  

A number of ADB-CHMINACA metabolites have been detected in authentic human urine samples 
(unpublished observations): the (4-hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl metabolite (M1) ( 35) and its regioisomeric 
alcohol (hydroxylation site is not specified); the hydrolysed terminal amide species (M2), and the 4-
hydroxycyclohexyl)methyl analogue of the hydrolysed terminal amide (M3) and four M3 isomers (Table 2) 
(Cannaert et al., 2017). 

Additional information on the pharmacokinetic properties of ADB-CHMINACA could not be identified. 

Relevant user reports on the Internet about ADB-CHMINACA’s effect profile are limited.  

Based on an in vitro assay evaluating the changes of membrane potentials following G-protein activation, 
it was found that the transition from a L-valinamide to L-tert-leucinamide moiety led to an increase in 
potency at the CB1 receptor, at least in some cases (Banister et al., 2016, Banister et al., 2015). 
However, it is not known how this would translate to ADB-CHMINACA despite structural similarity.  

Inter-individual genetic variability in metabolising enzymes 

No information specifically for ADB-CHMINACA has been identified. 

Interactions with other substances and other interactions  

No studies were identified that have examined the interaction of ADB-CHMINACA with other substances, 
including medicinal products. 

Effects on ability to drive and operate machines 

No studies of the effects of ADB-CHMINACA on the ability to drive and operate machines have been 
performed. However, it is has been reported that intoxications elicited by a variety of synthetic 
cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, significantly impair the mental and physical ability that is 
required to drive and operate machines (Section D1.2) (See also Capron, 2016; Kaneko, 2017; Karinen et 
al., 2015; Musshoff et al., 2014; Peterson and Couper, 2015).  

(34) ADB-FUBINACA: N-[(2S)-1-Amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]-1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide.  
(35) The designations M1–M3 were based on the reference materials offered by the Chemical Company, Ann Arbor, M, USA. 

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A3. Psychological and behavioural effects 

While there is limited data, the psychological and behavioural effects of ADB-CHMINACA appear to share 
some similarities with cannabis, THC, and other synthetic cannabinoids (e.g. Griffiths and Griffin, 2016; 
Peterson and Couper, 2015; See also Section D). This includes: relaxation, euphoria, lethargy, confusion, 
anxiety, fear, distorted perception of time, depersonalisation, hallucinations, paranoid inclusions, as well 
as dry mouth, bloodshot eyes, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting and impaired motor performance. These 
effects appear to be much more pronounced and severe when compared to cannabis (Ford et al., 2017; 
Zaurova et al., 2016). In addition, psychotic episodes, as well as aggressive and violent behaviour, have 
also been reported. (See also Section D1 and Section D3.4.)  

A4. Legitimate uses of the product  

ADB-CHMINACA is used as an analytical reference material in clinical and forensic case 
work/investigations as well as scientific research. There is currently no information that suggests ADB-
CHMINACA is used for other legitimate purposes. 

There are no reported uses of ADB-CHMINACA as a component in industrial, cosmetic or agricultural 
products. In addition, a search of the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals 
(REACH) registered substances database hosted by the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) using the 
CAS Registry Number returned no results. 

There is no marketing authorisation (existing, on-going or suspended) for ADB-CHMINACA neither in the 
European Union nor in the Member States that responded to the request for information from the 
European Medicines Agency, which was undertaken as part of the Joint Report process (EMCDDA, 
2017c). 

There is no information to suggest that ADB-CHMINACA is currently used in the manufacture of a 
medicinal product in the European Union. However, in the absence of a database on the synthetic routes 
of all medicinal products it is not possible to confirm whether or not ADB-CHMINACA is currently used in 
the manufacture of a medicinal product.   

Section B. Dependence and abuse potential 

B1. Animal data  

No studies were identified that have investigated the dependence and/or abuse potential of ADB-
CHMINACA in animal models. 

B2. Human data  

No studies were identified that have investigated the dependence and/or abuse potential of ADB-
CHMINACA in humans. However, it has been suggested that consumption of synthetic cannabinoids can 
produce tolerance and withdrawal symptoms when use is abruptly discontinued following a regular use 
(Cooper, 2016, Macfarlane and Christie, 2015, Van Hout and Hearne, 2017). 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Section C. Prevalence of use 

Information from seizures, collected and biological samples 

ADB-CHMINACA was formally notified on 24 September 2014 by the EMCDDA on behalf of the 
Hungarian national focal point, in accordance with Article 4 of the Council Decision. The Reporting Form 
details a seizure of 2.07 grams of light brown powder that was seized in August 2014 by Hungarian Police 
in Hajós. The identification and analytical characterisation was based on GC-MS, FT-IR and NMR 
analysis. 

Since then, a total of 17 Member States (Belgium, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, 
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United 
Kingdom), Turkey and Norway have reported detections of ADB-CHMINACA (EMCDDA, 2017c). 

Detections of ADB-CHMINACA may be under-reported since the substance is not routinely screened for. 
Three Member States (Austria, Slovenia and Sweden) reported that ADB-CHMINACA is part of routine 
screening in some (but not all) of their laboratories. 

Information from seizures 

A total of 19 countries reported seizures ( 36) of ADB-CHMINACA to the EMCDDA and/or Europol ( 37).  

Information reported to the EMCDDA and Europol indicates that 3794 seizures of ADB-CHMINACA have 
been reported by: Belgium (16), Croatia (2), Estonia (2), Finland (10), France (3), Germany (2), Greece 
(1), Hungary (75), Latvia (33), Lithuania (1), the Netherlands (1), Norway (2), Poland (233), Romania (1), 
Slovenia (1), Spain (1), Sweden (83), Turkey (3162) and the United Kingdom (165).  

The majority of the seizures comprise police and customs cases, with additional seizures taking place in 
custodial settings.  

The most commonly seized physical forms were herbal (plant) materials and powders. A small number of 
seizures of blotters and other physical forms were also reported. 

Physical forms seized included: herbal material (485 seizures; amounting to a total weight of 11 kg), 
powders (76; 9.8 grams) and blotters (41; 25.35 grams and 2 blotters). Other physical forms were 
encountered in 22 of the cases (258.8 grams). 

No quantitative information on the purity of ADB-CHMINACA in seized samples was provided to the 
EMCDDA. 

(36) Many ‘seizures’ relate to individual case-level data, however, some data provided to the EMCDDA are aggregated at the country 
level. Data is drawn from the Joint Report Questionnaires and data provided in the bi-annual data gathering (EU EWS progress 
and final reports) and from individual Reporting forms submitted on an ad hoc basis. 

(37) The United Kingdom reported additional seizures of ADB-CHMINACA after the production of the Joint Report. 

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Herbal material 

485 seizures of ADB-CHMINACA in herbal material were reported by 13 countries: Croatia, Estonia, 
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Sweden and the 
United Kingdom, amounting to nearly 11 kg seized.  

Turkey reported around 3160 seizures of herbal material amounting to almost 128 kg which have not 
been included in the total count ( 38).  

The largest single seizure of ADB-CHMINACA in herbal material was reported by Germany; 1.66 kg of a 
mixture containing ADB-CHMINACA, 5F-AMB-PICA, EMB-FUBINACA, 5F-APP-PINACA, THC and 
cannabidiol.  

Greece reported a seizure of nine bags of herbal material, found to contain just over 1 kg of ADB-
CHMINACA mixed with 5F-AMB. The seizure was made during a raid on a tobacco store in Drama, 
where a number of products containing other synthetic cannabinoids were seized.  

In just over 30% of all cases involving herbal material, ADB-CHMINACA was often found mixed with other 
synthetic cannabinoids. 

Powders 

A total of 76 seizures of powders were reported by 10 countries: Belgium, Finland, France, Hungary, 
Latvia, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden and Turkey, amounting to a total of 9.8 kg.  

In just over 90% of all cases involving powders, ADB-CHMINACA was the only substance detected. 

The largest single seizure of ADB-CHMINACA in powder form was 3 kg that was reported by Belgium. 
The consignment was seized by customs. It originated in China and was in transit to Austria and 
Romania.  

Turkey reported 2 large seizures of powders:  

  1.84 kg, containing ADB-CHMINACA, FUBIMINA, FUB-AKB, AMB-FUBINACA and NEP;  

  1 kg, containing ADB-CHMINACA mixed with THC, cannabinol and cannabidiol.  

Blotters 

Seizures of blotters containing ADB-CHMINACA were reported by Poland (40 cases; 25.35 g) and 
Sweden (1 case; 2 blotters).  

(38) Minimum estimate provided by the Turkish national focal point for 2016.  

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Other physical forms 

Poland reported 19 seizures of ‘agglomerated material’ containing ADB-CHMINACA mixed with either 
caffeine (14 cases) or 5F-AKB48 (5), amounting to a total of over 235 g of substance.  

One seizure of a ‘slab’ containing ADB-CHMINACA mixed with MDMB-CHMICA was reported by Estonia 
(13.4 g); one case of a ‘lump’ containing ADB-CHMINACA, AB-FUBINACA, 5F-ADB-PINACA and FUB-
APINACA was reported by Norway (9.7 g) and one seizure of a ‘paste-like substance’ was reported by 
Finland (0.7 g). 

Information from collected samples 

Two collected samples of ADB-CHMINACA were reported to the EMCDDA by:  

  Slovenia, 5 g of white powder purchased online as ‘5F-AEB’ from China, and; 

  Germany, ADB-CHMINACA identified as one of many substances in a number of powder 

samples collected from a scene of a death. 

Information from biological samples 

Serious adverse events (deaths and acute intoxications) with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA 
from biological samples are discussed in Section D. 

Additionally, a total of 28 analytically confirmed detections of ADB-CHMINACA in biological samples were 
reported by two Member States ( 39). Briefly these were:  

  22 cases related to drug abuse (consumption), intoxication or non-fatal intoxication, with no 

further details provided, Hungary (16 cases), Poland (6).  

  6 cases related to persons suspected of driving under the influence of drugs, all reported by 

Hungary. 

Availability, supply, price 

Information on production 

No information was received in relation to the production of ADB-CHMINACA. 

Information on trafficking 

Information related to trafficking routes is limited. In cases reported to the EMCDDA, China was indicated 
as a source country in a customs seizure made in Belgium and collected sample reported by Slovenia. In 

(39) Turkey reported 181 biological samples (blood, hair and urine) which may contain duplicates and therefore have not been 

included in the total count. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

addition, in two cases that were reported to Europol, one involved a courier seizure in Estonia that 
reportedly originated in Russia, and the second involved the interception of a postal package intercepted 
by customs in Bulgaria that arrived from Spain. 

Availability from Internet vendors 

The available data suggests that ADB-CHMINACA is sold openly online under its own name as powder 
and in herbal smoking mixtures (where the ingredients/composition is sometimes not stated). A structured 
search of online vendors on the surface web by the EMCDDA ( 40) found that the substance is available 
online in small and wholesale amounts as a ‘research chemical’ and as ‘aroma blends’, a common 
reference to ‘legal-high’ type products containing synthetic cannabinoids.  

On the websites identified, ADB-CHMINACA powders were available in amounts ranging from 1 gram to 
3 kg. Prices varied according to the amounts on sale and ranged from EUR 1.43 per gram to EUR 42.5 
per gram.  

The availability of ADB-CHMINACA on the darknet is not currently known. 

Prevalence of use  

No studies were identified that have investigated the prevalence of use of ADB-CHMINACA in the general 
population.  

Similar to other synthetic cannabinoids, ADB-CHMINACA is often sold and used as a ‘legal’ substitute for 
cannabis, typically as herbal smoking mixtures (EMCDDA, 2009; EMCDDA, 2017a). The composition of 
these products varies over time, with substances being changed in response to, or, in anticipation of, the 
introduction of control measures. This may have implications on the availability of ADB-CHMINACA and 
its prevalence of use. Overall, the available information does not suggest widespread use of the 
substance. 

Because of the variability in the composition of smoking mixtures, and the fact that the ingredients are not 
typically disclosed, most users will be unaware that they are using ADB-CHMINACA. As a result, the 
prevalence of use of ADB-CHMINACA should be considered in the wider context of the prevalence of use 
of herbal smoking mixtures, commonly referred to as ‘spice’. 

The use of ‘spice’-like products has been studied in some European countries in general population 
surveys or in specific populations such as students, ‘clubbers’ and/or internet users. The results of these 
surveys are not comparable as they use different methodology and samples but overall they indicate 
generally low prevalence levels in these groups (EMCDDA, 2017a). 

(40) The search for online vendors of ADB-CHMINACA on the surface web was performed in October 2017. The search identified 5 
vendors that appeared to be based in, and/or claim to have presence in China (n=2; 1 of which in Hong Kong), Hungary (n=1) 
and Sweden (n=1); the remaining website did not list a location. Three websites listed quantities and prices for ADB-
CHMINACA. The remaining sites only provided prices on request. 

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There is evidence that in some groups, such as high risk drug users and other marginalised groups, the 
prevalence of use of synthetic cannabinoids, particularly as smoking mixtures, may be higher. This 
includes individuals who are subject to drug testing (such as people in drug treatment, prisoners, and 
drivers) because some drug tests/screens will be unable to detect synthetic cannabinoids. In addition 
some vulnerable populations, such as the homeless and prisoners, specifically seek out synthetic 
cannabinoids because they have a reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap and 
are easy to smuggle (EMCDDA, 2017a; Blackman and Bradley, 2017; HMIP, 2015; Ralphs et al., 2017; 
User Voice, 2016). 

Section D. Health risks 

D1. Acute health effects 

D1.1. Animal data 

Data on the acute toxicity, abuse liability or dependence producing potential of ADB-CHMINACA could 
not be identified. 

D1.2. Human data 

No clinical studies were identified that have examined the acute health effects of ADB-CHMINACA and/or 
its metabolites in humans. Data from serious adverse events associated with ADB-CHMINACA are 
discussed below. In general, the acute health risks associated with ADB-CHMINACA appear to be similar 
to those found with other synthetic cannabinoids. 

As synthetic cannabinoids activate the CB1 receptor in a similar way to THC, their effects appear to have 
some similarities with cannabis (Auwärter et al., 2009). This includes: relaxation, euphoria, lethargy, 
confusion, anxiety, fear, distorted perception of time, depersonalisation, hallucinations, paranoid 
inclusions, as well as dry mouth, bloodshot eyes, tachycardia, nausea, vomiting and impaired motor 
performance. These effects appear to be much more pronounced and severe when compared to 
cannabis (Ford et al., 2017; Winstock et al., 2013; Zaurova et al., 2016). 

Severe and fatal poisoning also appears to be more common with synthetic cannabinoids as compared to 
cannabis. This can include severe cardiovascular toxicity (including sudden death), rapid loss of 
consciousness/coma, respiratory depression, seizures and convulsions, hyperemesis, delirium, agitation, 
psychosis, and aggressive and violent behaviour (Adams et al., 2017; Brenneman et al., 2016; Capron, 
2016; Ford et al., 2017, Hermanns-Clausen et al., 2013; EMCDDA, 2017c, EMCDDA, 2017d, EMCDDA, 
2017e; EMCDDA, 2017g; Kasper et al., 2015; Pap, 2016; Schwartz et al., 2015; Shevyrin et al., 2015; 
Springer et al., 2016; Tait et al., 2016; Trecki et al., 2015; Tyndall et al., 2015; Waugh et al., 2016; 
Winstock et al., 2013; Zaurova et al., 2016). (See Section D3.4.) 

In addition, some of the features of poisoning—particularly loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, 
and behavioural effects—may place users at additional risks, such as choking on/aspirating vomit, 
drowning, falling, hypothermia as a result of falling unconscious outside in cold weather, and self-inflicted 
violence/injury (EMCDDA, 2017g; Tait et al., 2016; Yeter, 2017). The aggressive and violent behaviours 
reported with synthetic cannabinoids may also place others at risk of injury. 

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RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Overall, poisoning with synthetic cannabinoids may be made worse when other drugs, especially central 
nervous system depressants (such as alcohol, opioids, and sedative/hypnotics), are used at the same 
time.  

There is no approved antidote to poisoning caused by synthetic cannabinoids.  

Acute intoxications reported by the Member States 

A total of 3 acute intoxications with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA were reported by the United 
Kingdom (41). The cases occurred during 2016. In 1 case, no other substances were detected. In the 
remaining 2 cases, another synthetic cannabinoid was detected. All the cases included clinical features of 
poisoning similar to those reported for other synthetic cannabinoids. 

Acute intoxications identified from other sources 

Table 4 provides a summary of non-fatal intoxications and cases of suspected driving under the influence 
of drugs identified in the literature involving confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA. Where reported, the 
range of ADB-CHMINACA concentration in serum ranged from 0.22 to 31 ng/mL. The clinical features of 
poisoning were similar to those reported for other synthetic cannabinoids. 

(41) In addition, Germany reported 8 acute intoxications with possible exposure to ADB-CHMINACA and Sweden reported 2 acute 
intoxications with suspected exposure to ADB-CHMINACA. These cases are not discussed further in this report. 

47 

 
 
                                                      
 
TABLE 4 
Non-fatal intoxications and driving under the influence cases associated with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA 

Type of 
event 

Number 
of 
cases 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Country  Age 

Gender  ADB-

CHMINACA 
analytical 
confirmation 

Poland 

17 

female  Concentration 

of MAB-
CHMINACA in 
blood: 5.2 
ng/mL 

Other drugs 
present 

Reported 
symptoms 

Treatment 
provided 

Additional 
information 

Reference 

diazepam (155 
ng/mL) and 
nordiazepam (12 
ng/mL) present in 
blood sample 
(patient received 
diazepam in the 
hospital). The blood 
analyses did not 
reveal any other 
substance 
(including alcohol, 
classic drugs as 
well as other NPS). 

Vomiting, 
unresponsive, 
seizures, unnaturally 
twisted limbs. On 
admission to the 
hospital unconscious 
or with periodic 
losses of 
consciousness, 
verbally incoherent. 
Acute respiratory 
failure, wheezing and 
muscle tremors were 
observed. After 
regaining 
consciousness: 
aggression, agitation, 
slurred speech, 
enlarged pupils, 
poorly responsive to 
light were observed 

On admission to the 
hospital unconscious 
or with periodic 
losses of 
consciousness, 
verbally incoherent. 
Acute respiratory 
failure, wheezing and 

diazepam 

Adamowicz 
& Gieron 
(2016) 

Patient had a 
history of NPS 
abuse. Patient 
smoked 
mixture of 
tobacco with a 
white 
powdered 
substance 
from a 
package 
labelled ‘‘AM-
2201’’. 

Adamowicz 
& Gieron 
(2016) 

Patient had a 
history of NPS 
abuse. Patient 
smoked 
mixture of 
tobacco with a 
white 
powdered 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Poland 

17 

female  Concentration 

of MAB-
CHMINACA in 
blood: 1.3 
ng/mL 

The blood analyses 
did not reveal any 
other substance 
(including alcohol, 
classic drugs as 
well as other NPS). 

 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Poland 

15 

male 

Concentration 
of MAB-
CHMINACA in 
blood: 1.7 
ng/mL 

The blood analyses 
did not reveal any 
other substance 
(including alcohol, 
classic drugs as 
well as other NPS). 

substance 
from a 
package 
labelled ‘‘AM-
2201’’. 

Patient had a 
history of NPS 
abuse. Patient 
smoked 
mixture of 
tobacco with a 
white 
powdered 
substance 
from a 
package 
labelled ‘‘AM-
2201’’. 

Adamowicz 
& Gieron 
(2016) 

muscle tremors were 
observed. After 
regaining 
consciousness: 
aggression, agitation, 
slurred speech, 
enlarged pupils, 
poorly responsive to 
light were observed 

On admission to the 
hospital unconscious 
or with periodic 
losses of 
consciousness, 
verbally incoherent. 
Acute respiratory 
failure, wheezing, 
muscle tremors and 
blood pressure 
spikes were 
observed. After 
regaining 
consciousness: 
aggression, agitation, 
slurred speech, 
enlarged pupils, 
poorly responsive to 
light were observed 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Poland 

18 

male 

Concentration 
of MAB-
CHMINACA in 
blood: 14.6 
ng/mL 

Diazepam (1205 
ng/mL), 
nordiazepam (16 
ng/mL) and 
temazepam (6 

Vomiting, 
unresponsive, 
seizures, unnaturally 
twisted limbs. On 
admission to the 

diazepam 

Adamowicz 
& Gieron 
(2016) 

Patient had a 
history of NPS 
abuse. Patient 
smoked 
mixture of 

49 

 
 
 
ng/mL) were 
present in blood 
(patient received 
diazepam in the 
hospital). The blood 
analyses did not 
reveal any other 
substance 
(including alcohol, 
classic drugs as 
well as other NPS). 

hospital unconscious 
or with periodic 
losses of 
consciousness, 
verbally incoherent. 
Acute respiratory 
failure, wheezing and 
muscle tremors were 
observed. After 
regaining 
consciousness: 
aggression, agitation, 
slurred speech, 
enlarged pupils, 
poorly responsive to 
light were observed 

RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

>125 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Positive result 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

>41 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

11 out of 12 
available 
samples were 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA 

tobacco with a 
white 
powdered 
substance 
from a 
package 
labelled ‘‘AM-
2201’’. 

DHSL 
(2014) 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Oct 
2014, Baton 
Rouge, LA 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Nov 
2014, Bryan, 
TX 

50 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

>62 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

AB-PINACA 

ADB-PINACA 

9 available 
samples were 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

3 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

6 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

7 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Dec. 
2014–Jan 
2015, 
Beaumont, TX 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Dec. 
2014–Jan 
2015, Salina, 
KS 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Apr 
2015, 
Philadelphia, 
MS 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

51 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

9 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

19 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

2 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

14 

Germany  17-46 

12 
male,  

2 
female 

ADB-
CHMINACA 
was identified 
in 13 (10) 
serum (urine) 
samples. 
Concentration 
in serum 
varied from 

In 7 cases more 
than one SC was 
found (4 times in 
urine samples only). 
Amphetamine 
derivatives were 
detected in 6 cases. 

Ten patients reported 
panic attacks. 

Clinical features 
included tachycardia 
(n ¼ 9), recurrent 
vomiting (n ¼ 7), 
agitation (n ¼ 7), 
somnolence, 
disorientation, 

effects. Apr 
2015, 
Hampton, VA 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Apr 
2015, 
Hagerstown, 
MD 

Cluster of 
cases of 
adverse health 
effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Apr 
2015, 
Jackson, MS 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

Dec 2014, 
Salina, KS 

Trecki et 
al. (2015) 

All patients 
recovered. 

Hermanns-
Clausen et 
al. (2017) 

52 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

0.22 to 31 
ng/mL 
(median 0.49 
ng/mL). 

aggressiveness and 
shivering (each 
6),dyspnea (n ¼ 5), 
seizures (n ¼ 2), 
bradycardia (n ¼ 2), 
double vision (n ¼ 1), 
and psychosis (n ¼ 
1). Elevation of 
creatine kinase (CK, 
n ¼ 6) and of 
creatinine (n ¼ 4), 
hyperkalemia (n ¼ 
2), and hypoglycemia 
(47 mg/dL, n ¼ 1) 
were also recorded. 
One patient 
developed posterior 
reversible 
encephalopathic 
syndrome (PRES), 
with recovery after 4 
days. Extreme 
agitation and rioting 
was followed by 
muscle hematomas, 
rhabdomyolysis 
(maximum CK 
166,000 U/L) and 
renal impairment 
(creatinine 1.7 
mg/dL) in one case. 
A 25-year-old 
required mechanical 
ventilation after 
aspiration. 

53 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Germany  20 

male 

ADB-
CHMINACA 
was identified 
in serum (31 
ng/mL), and in 
urine. 

Ketamine, which 
was therapeutically 
applied, was also 
found in serum (240 
ng/mL). 

Vomiting, 
restlessness, severe 
headache, 
disorientation, 
somnolence, 
impaired 
coordination, 
posterior reversible 
leucencephalopathy 
syndrome, fever, 
rhabdomyolysis 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

14 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Analytically 
confirmed 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

10 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

18 

male 

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA 
or its 
metabolite 

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-

Hermanns-
Clausen et 
al. (2017) 

Mazer-
Amirshahi 
et al. 
(2017) 

Patients who 
presented to 
two academic 
EDs in 
Washington 
with reported 
SC exposure 
from July 2015 
to July 2016 

Apr 2015, 
Jackson 
Mississippi  

Kasper et 
al. (2015)§ 

Urine: caffeine 

Unresponsiveness, 
agitation, 
tachycardia,  

Sedative for 
agitation 

Patient 
smoked ‘K2’ 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

54 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

28 

male 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

17 

female 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

14 

male 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

13 

female 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

13 

male 

CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-

Urine: Caffeine, 
morphine, 
midazolam, 
lorazepam 

Unresponsiveness, 
hallucinations, 
tachycardia, 

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

History of 
substance 
abuse and 
hepatitis. 
Patient 
developed 
aspiration 
pneumonia. 

Urine: Lorazepam 

Agitation, delirium, 
tachycardia 

Sedative for 
agitation 
(benzodiazepines) 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Urine: norfentanyl 

Unresponsiveness, 
agitation 

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

Patient 
smoked ‘K2’ 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Urine: 
phenylephrine, 
midazolam, 
fentanyl, 
norfentanyl, 
diphenhydramine, 
cotinine 

Patient was found 
Intermittently 
responsive, 
combative. 
Tachycardia 

Sedative for 
agitation 
(benzodiazepines); 
endotracheal 
intubation 

History of 
marijuana 
abuse 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Urine: lorazepam, 
hydroxymidazolam 

Unresponsiveness, 
agitation, 
combativeness 

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

Patient 
developed 
aspiration 
pneumonia. 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

55 

 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

50 

male 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

40 

female 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

19 

female 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

14 

male 

CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Serum 
specimens 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA  

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

4 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Positive result 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

13 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

6 available 
samples 

Urine: ethanol, 
naloxone, 
metoprolol, caffeine 

Unresponsiveness, 
apnea, cyanosis,  

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

History of 
polysubstance 
abuse 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Urine: 
acetaminophen 

Seizure, tachycardia 

Sedative for 
agitation 
(benzodiazepines); 
endotracheal 
intubation 

History of 
bipolar 
disorder 

Seizure, arrhythmia, 
unresponsiveness,  

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

History of 
epilepsy, 
bipolar 
disorder and 
substance 
abuse. 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Urine: morphine, 
norfentanyl, 
cocaine, 
amphetamine, 
methamphetamine, 
codeine, 
midazolam, 
lorazepam 

Urine: sertraline 

Agitation, 
bradycardia, periods 
of unresponsiveness, 
combativeness 

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

History of 
substance 
abuse 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

Oct 2014, 
Shreveport, 
Louisiana 

 US DEA 
(2015) 

Apr 2015, 
Philadelphia, 

 US DEA 
(2015)§ 

56 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

15 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

15 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA 

7 available 
samples 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA 

9 available 
samples 
positive for 
ADB-
CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

2 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

positive 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Positive 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

>10 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

10 samples 
positive 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

2 

Germany  46 

male 

Germany  n/a 

n/a 

Cocaine, 
methadone 

Panic, dyspnea, 
tachycardia, nausea, 
somnolence 

Mississippi  

Apr 2015, 
Hampton, 
Virginia 

 US DEA 
(2015)§ 

Apr 2015, 
Hagerstown, 
Maryland 

 US DEA 
(2015)§ 

Dec 2014, 
Salina, 
Kansas 

 US DEA 
(2015)§ 

Dec 2014/Jan 
2015, Salina 
Kansas 

 US DEA 
(2015)§ 

Apr/ May 
2015, 
Mississippi 

 US DEA 
(2015)§ 

Franz et al. 
(2015) 

Franz et al. 
(2015)* 

57 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

DUI 

3 

Hungary 

n/a 

n/a 

Concentration 
in blood: 
2.48–25.9 
ng/ml 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

3 

UK 

n/a 

n/a 

positive 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

1 > (10 
months) 

male 

Serum 
analysis 
confirmed the 
presence of 
ADB-
CHMINACA 
and its 
metabolite 

One patient 
required intubation 
and ventilation 

endotracheal 
intubation 

Patient was 
unresponsive, 
moaning, and rigid on 
arrival. Bradycardia, 
apnea hypothermia. 

Analysis of the 
substance 
ingested 
revealed the 
presence of 
the synthetic 
cannabinoid 
MAB-
CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

47 

female 

positive 

somnolence 

US 

21 

male 

positive 

somnolence 

US 

59 

male 

positive 

somnolence 

US 

53 

male 

positive 

somnolence 

Institóris et 
al. (2017) 

Hill et al. 
(2017) 

Hawkins et 
al. (2015) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

58 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

31 

female 

positive 

agitation 

US 

34 

male 

positive 

agitation 

US 

34 

male 

positive 

somnolence 

US 

45 

male 

positive 

Awake and alert 

US 

33 

male 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 3 
methyl 

Awake and alert 

US 

42 

male 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 3 
methyl 

Awake and alert 

US 

50 

female 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 3 
methyl 

somnolence 

US 

67 

male 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 3 
methyl 

Awake and alert 

US 

34 

male 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 3 
methyl 

somnolence 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 

59 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

Non-fatal 
intoxication 

1 

US 

35 

male 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 

somnolence 

US 

34 

male 

positive 

AB-CHMINACA 3 
methyl; AB-
CHMINACA 

somnolence 

§ Potential duplicates with those reported by Trecki et al., (2015). 
* Potential duplicates with those reported by Hermanns-Clausen et al., (2017). 

(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

DeGeorge 
et al. 
(2017) 

60 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Deaths reported by the Member States 

Deaths 

A total of 13 deaths were reported by 3 Member States: Germany (6), Sweden (5) and Hungary (2). In all 
cases, exposure to ADB-CHMINACA was analytically confirmed from post-mortem samples.  

The German deaths occurred between January 2015 and September 2016. Those in Hungary occurred in 
2016 and October 2014. Four of the five deaths in Sweden occurred between February and July 2015, 
with the remainder occurring in October 2016. 

Demographic data were available for all but one death and involved only males. The mean age was 28 
years (median 28) and ranged from 17 to 38 years. 

Circumstances and cause of death 

There was a lack of information regarding any symptoms experienced by the deceased prior to death in 
the majority of cases. Where described, the deceased had been sleeping, had vomited or had become 
unconscious. Where information was known, in the majority of instances the individuals were found dead, 
predominantly in a home environment (either their own or a friend’s). Consequently, it was not possible to 
identify or evaluate ante-mortem symptoms (especially in relation to acute intoxication) in these cases. 

A cause of death was reported in all but one case, and, in at least 9 deaths, ADB-CHMINACA was either 
the cause of death or is likely to have contributed to death (even in presence of other substances); other 
substances were detected in 11 cases. ADB-CHMINACA was the only drug present in 1 death where 
additional toxicological information was known. 

ADB-CHMINACA was quantified in 12 cases. Post-mortem blood concentrations between 0.7 and 16 
ng/mL (median 1.1 ng/mL) and between 5 and 30 ng/g blood were recorded (median 10 ng/g blood). With 
ng/g being approximately equivalent to ng/mL, an inclusive range of 0.7 to 30 and median of 5.9 ng/mL in 
blood (~ng/g) across all 12 cases. Due to the toxicity of potent synthetic cannabinoids, a post-mortem 
blood concentration cannot necessarily be used to determine a “fatal” concentration. In the majority of 
circumstances involving synthetic cannabinoids, the mere presence of the drug is of significance whether 
concentration has been determined or not, especially in situations of poly-drug use and the varying 
circumstances in which they are used. 

A range of other substances were detected in the deaths, including: alcohol, cannabinoids, cocaine, 
antidepressants, antipsychotics, synthetic cathinones, diphenidines, opioids (buprenorphine and 
methadone) and benzodiazepines. Other synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists were detected in 3 of 
the deaths; 5F-AKB-48, AKB-48, 5F-PB-22, FUB-AKB48 (FUB-APINACA), FUB-AMB, AB-CHMINACA. In 
one of these cases, 5 other synthetic cannabinoids were detected in addition to ADB-CHMINACA. 

Overall, whilst other substances may have contributed some toxicity, the potent nature of ADB-
CHMINACA means the primary toxic contribution could be attributed to the drug and death may not have 
occurred if ADB-CHMINACA had not been used. However, in the 3 cases where multiple synthetic 
cannabinoids were present, it is not possible or appropriate to identify ADB-CHMINACA as the primary 
synthetic cannabinoid that may have produced toxicity but a synergistic effect is likely nonetheless. 
Sufficient case data were available in all 13 deaths and an assessment of the toxicological significance 
score (TSS) (Elliott, Sedefov, & Evans-Brown, 2017) incorporating the above considerations in the 
deaths, showed that ADB-CHMINACA had a TSS value of 3 (high) in all 13 deaths (where it was cited as 
the cause of death or is likely to have contributed to death). 

RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

Deaths identified from other sources 

Table 5 provides a summary of deaths identified in the literature involving confirmed exposure to ADB-
CHMINACA. The majority of cases occurred in United States in the period towards the end of 2014 and 
beginning of 2015. In cases where the demographic of subjects was provided, young male patients were 
involved (reported ages: 18, 20, and 30). In two cases the blood concentration of ADB-CHMINACA was 
reported (6.05 ng/ml and 2.7 ng/mL) and in once case ADB-CHMINACA was quantified in urine (229 
pg/mL).

62 

 
 
TABLE 5 
Deaths associated with confirmed exposure to ADB-CHMINACA 

Country  Age  Gender  ADB-CHMINACA 

Other drugs present 

analytical 
confirmation 

Concentration of 
MAB-CHMINACA 
in urine: 229 
pg/mL 

Concentration of 5F-
ADB in urine: 19 pg/mL 

Number 
of 
cases 

1 

Japan 

n/a  male 

2 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Reported 
symptoms 

Reported 
cause of 
death 

Treatment 
provided 

Additional 
information 

Reference 

1 

1 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Positive result 

AB-CHMINACA, AB-
PINACA, ADB-PINACA 

Japan 

30 

male 

MAB-CHMINACA 
was detected in 
body fluids, and 
solid tissues. 
Concentration in 
Femoral vein 
blood 6.05 ng/ml. 
The highest 
concentration in 
the liver: 156 

5F-ADB was detected 
in the stomach 
contents and nine solid 
tissues (the highest 
concentration in 
adipose tissue- 7.95 
ng/g). Routine analysis 
of blood alcohol 
showed a low level of 
alcohol. Drug 

Direct cause 
of death: 
asphyxia; the 
indirect cause 
appeared to 
be synthetic 
cannabinoid 
poisoning. 

Minakata 
et al. 
(2017) § 

Trecki et al 
(2015) 

Three silver -
colored 
packages 
containing 
herbal blend 
mixtures were 
found close to 
the body. 

Cluster of cases 
of adverse 
health effects or 
severe toxic 
effects. Nov 
2014, Bryan, TX 

Oct 2014, 
Austin, TX 

Trecki et al 
(2015) 

Three opened, 
silver-colored 
herbal blend 
packages with 
brand names 
‘‘AL 37’’ ‘‘AP 
31’’ and ‘‘GM 
sapphire’’ were 
found near the 
body. In the 

Hasegawa 
et al. 
(2015a) 

Hasegawa 
et al. 
(2015b)  

Hasegawa 
et al. 
(2017) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

ng/g. Two 
metabolites of 
MAB-CHMINACA 
were detected in 
urine: M1 (2.17 
ng/ml) and M11 
(10.2 ng/ml) 

screening for urine 
specimens showed a 
positive result for 
barbiturate drugs. 
Analysis of blood 
revealed the presence 
of a low level of 
quetiapine and a 
nicotine metabolite. 

1 

US 

18 

male 

Concentration of 
MAB-CHMINACA 
in blood 2.7 
ng/mL 

Blood: N-methyl-2-
aminoindane 95.4 
ng/mL 

Urine:  

Vomiting, coughing 
up blood, Diffuse 
alveolar hemorrhage 
(DAH) 

UR-144 metabolites, N-
(4-hydroxypentyl)1.7 
ng/mL – N-pentanoic 
acid 2.6 ng/mL. 

Standard forensic drug 
screen on whole blood 
was negative for 129 
pharmaceuticals and 
chemicals. 

Urine: sertraline 

1 

US 

20 

male 

Serum specimens 
positive for ADB-
CHMINACA  

subsequent 
analysis MAB-
CHMINACA 
was detected in 
‘‘GM sapphire’’ 
and 5F-ADB 
was detected in 
‘‘AL 37’’ and 
‘‘AP 31’’ 

Bottei et 
al. (2016) 

Whether the 
DAH was 
caused by the 
synthetic 
cannabinoid 
or the 
aminoindane 
is unknown. 

Unresponsiveness, 
hyperthermia, 
tachycardia, 
decorticate 
posturing, 
rhabdomyolysis, 
acute renal failure, 
anoxic brain injury  

Sedative for 
agitation; 
endotracheal 
intubation 

Katz et al. 
(2016) 

64 

 
 
 
 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

1 

2 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Positive result 

US 

n/a 

n/a 

Positive 

§ Potential duplicate with those reported by Hasegawa et al., (2015a), Hasegawa et al., (2015b) , and Hasegawa et al., (2017). 

Nov 2014, 
Navasota, 
Texas 

Dec 2014/Jan 
2015, Salina 
Kansas 

 US DEA 
(2015) 

 US DEA 
(2015) 

65 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
D2. Chronic health effects 

D2.1. Animal data 

No studies were identified that have investigated the chronic health effects of ADB-CHMINACA in 
animals. 

D2.2. Human data 

No studies were identified that have investigated the chronic health effects of ADB-CHMINACA in 
humans. 

D3. Factors affecting public health risks 

D3.1. Availability and quality of the new psychoactive substance on the market  

ADB-CHMINACA is sold on the surface web as a powder and in ‘legal-high’ type products such as herbal 
smoking mixtures. The substance is available in small and wholesale amounts. Herbal smoking mixtures 
do not commonly state the presence of synthetic cannabinoids. As a result, many users will not be aware 
that they are using such substances.   

D3.2. Availability of the information, degree of knowledge and perceptions amongst users 
concerning the psychoactive substance and its effects 

The availability of information, degree of knowledge and perceptions amongst users concerning ADB-
CHMINACA and its effects are limited. There is considerable variability both within and between different 
batches of synthetic cannabinoid products, in terms of both the substances and the amount present. For 
that reason, most individuals will be unaware that they are using ADB-CHMINACA. 

Unknown to users, synthetic cannabinoids have also been sold as ecstasy/MDMA and other illicit drugs. 
In some cases, this has led to severe poisoning (Allibe et al., 2016; Brenneman et al., 2016; Pap, 2016). 

Opioids (such as U-47,700 and furanylfentanyl) have also been identified in smoking mixtures/plant 
material. Users will be unaware of this, and the use of such opioid-containing products could pose a risk 
of life-threatening respiratory depression. This risk will be especially high in individuals with no tolerance 
to opioids (Coopman et al., 2017; EMCDDA, 2017h). 

D3.3. Characteristics and behaviour of users  

No studies were identified that have examined the characteristics and behaviour of users of ADB-
CHMINACA.  

Synthetic cannabinoids are sold and used as a ‘legal’ replacement for cannabis (EMCDDA, 2009; 
EMCDDA, 2017a). In addition some users specifically seek out synthetic cannabinoids because they 
have a reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap and are easy to smuggle. In most 
cases they are smoked using a cigarette of plant material that has been mixed with one or more of the 
cannabinoids. Because these products rarely state the ingredients, most users will be unaware that they 
are using synthetic cannabinoids. 

People who use synthetic cannabinoids may include recreational users (including cannabis users), high-
risk drug users, and groups who experiment with the substances (such as psychonauts). They may also 
include individuals who are subject to drug testing (such as people in drug treatment, prisoners, and 

RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

drivers) because some drug tests/screens will be unable to detect some of the cannabinoids (especially 
those that are relatively new to the drug market). In the past few years, synthetic cannabinoids have 
become increasingly used by vulnerable groups (such as the homeless and prisoners). 

D3.4. Nature and extent of health consequences 

The limited information available on the pharmacology, dependence and abuse potential, and acute 
health effects of ADB-CHMINACA have been discussed above (Section A2, Section B, Section D1 and 
Section D2).  

Compared to cannabis, more pronounced effects as well as severe and fatal poisoning appear to be more 
common with synthetic cannabinoids (EMCDDA, 2017c; EMCDDA, 2017d, EMCDDA, 2017e, EMCDDA, 
2017f, EMCDDA, 2017g; Tait et al., 2016; Waugh et al., 2016; Winstock et al., 2013; Zaurova et al., 
2016). The reasons for this are poorly understood, but at least two factors are likely to be important: the 
high potency of the substances and the unintentionally high doses that users are exposed to. 

Firstly, studies have found that many of the cannabinoids, including ADB-CHMINACA, which are sold on 
the drug market, are much more potent and active, typically behaving as full agonists, as compared to 
THC. This means that even at very small doses they can activate the CB1 receptor much more strongly 
than THC (Banister et al., 2016; Ford et al., 2017; Reggio, 2009; Tai and Fantegrossi, 2017).  

Secondly, the process for mixing the synthetic cannabinoids with the herbal/plant material (which are the 
most common way of using these substances) can lead to dangerous amounts of the substances in the 
products. This is because producers have to guess the amount of cannabinoids(s) to add, while the 
mixing process makes it difficult to dilute the substances sufficiently and distribute them consistently 
throughout the plant material. This can result both in products that contain toxic amounts of the 
substances in general (Ernst et al., 2017; Frinculescu et al., 2016; Langer et al., 2014: Langer et al., 
2016), as well as products where the cannabinoids are clumped together forming highly concentrated 
pockets within the plant material (Frinculescu et al., 2016; Moosmann et al., 2015; Schäper et al., 2016). 
These issues are made worse as the products are smoked (and, to a lesser degree, vaped) allowing the 
substances to be rapidly absorbed into the systemic circulation (bloodstream) and to reach the brain. 

The combination of these two factors makes it difficult for users to control the dose that they are exposed 
to and can lead them to rapidly administer a toxic dose unintentionally. Accounts from patients and 
people who witness poisonings suggest that in some cases a small number of puffs from a cigarette have 
been sufficient to cause severe and fatal acute poisoning.  

These two factors are also responsible for outbreaks of mass poisonings caused by smoking mixtures, 
which have ranged in size from four or five victims to over 800. Mass poisonings can overwhelm 
emergency responders and other local healthcare systems. Many of the outbreaks that have been 
reported so far are from the United States, but they have also occurred in Russia and Europe (Adams et 
al., 2017; Kasper et al., 2015; Schwartz et al., 2015; Shevyrin et al., 2015; Springer et al., 2016; Trecki et 
al., 2015; Tyndall et al., 2015). Such types of outbreaks have been reported for ADB-CHMINACA (DHSL, 
2014; Trecki et al., 2015). 

Driving while under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids places users and others at risk of injury 
(Capron, 2016; Kaneko, 2017; Karinen et al., 2015; Musshoff et al., 2014; Peterson and Couper, 2015). In 
a recent case series of 36 drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs in Washington, United 
States, where 5F-MDMB-PINACA was the predominate psychoactive substance identified, 50% of the 

67 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

drivers were found unconscious and 28% has been involved in collisions with single/multiple cars 
(Capron, 2016). Similarly, the operation of machinery while under the influence of synthetic cannabinoids 
may place the user and others at risk of injury. 

D3.5. Long-term consequences of use 

While there is limited data for ADB-CHMINACA, the long-term consequences of use might share 
similarities to cannabis and other synthetic cannabinoids. This may include dependence. 

D3.6. Conditions under which the new psychoactive substance is obtained and used, including 
context-related effects and risks 

There is limited data on the conditions which ADB-CHMINACA is obtained and used. 

Sources appear to include internet retailers, physical shops, friends and other acquaintances, and street-
level drug dealers (Section D3.1). In addition, most users will be unaware that they have sourced and 
used ADB-CHMINACA (Section C and Section D1.2.1). The available data suggests that ADB-
CHMINACA is used in the same environments as cannabis, including the home, and, to a lesser extent, 
in recreational settings. 

Section E. Social risks 

The available data suggests that the acute behavioural effects of ADB-CHMINACA bear some similarities 
to cannabis but are more pronounced and severe. 

In addition, and, of particular note, is that in some settings, synthetic cannabinoids are increasingly used 
by high risk drug users and other vulnerable groups, such as the homeless and prisoners. In at least 
some cases, these users are specifically seeking out synthetic cannabinoids because the substances 
have developed a reputation for causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap and are easy to 
smuggle. Reports suggest that this has exacerbated existing health and social problems for these 
vulnerable groups, as well as creating new ones. 

E1. Individual social risks 

There is no information on whether the use of ADB-CHMINACA causes individual social risks; however, 
they may have some similarities with those associated with other synthetic cannabinoids. These may 
impact on education or career, family or other personal and social relationships and may result in 
marginalisation. 

E2. Possible effects on direct social environment 

While there is no specific information on the possible effects of ADB-CHMINACA on the direct social 
environment, the behavioural effects of synthetic cannabinoids include reports of aggressive and violent 
behaviour. This may place users and others at risk of injury. 

E3. Possible effects on society as a whole 

There is no specific information on the possible effects of ADB-CHMINACA on society as a whole.  

68 

 
 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

E4. Economic costs 

There are no data on the effects of ADB-CHMINACA in respect to its health and social costs. 

E5. Possible effects related to the cultural context, for example marginalisation 

There is no specific data on the possible effects of ADB-CHMINACA related to the cultural context.  

Of particular note is that synthetic cannabinoids are increasingly used by vulnerable groups, such as the 
homeless and prisoners. Reports suggest that this has caused new health and social problems as well as 
exacerbated existing ones for these groups. For example, in prisons, alongside the adverse health 
effects, the market in synthetic cannabinoids has been linked to an increase in aggression, violence, 
bullying, and debt. In some cases this has caused a serious threat to the overall safety and security of the 
prison environment (Blackman and Bradley, 2017; HMIP, 2015; Ralphs et al., 2017; User Voice, 2016). 

E6. Possible appeal of the new psychoactive substance to specific population groups 
within the general population 

While no specific examples are available on the possible appeal of ADB-CHMINACA to specific user 
groups, it is reasonable to assume ADB-CHMINACA may be sought by those looking for ‘legal’ 
substitutes for cannabis. This includes individuals subject to drug testing (such as drivers, prisoners, and 
those in drug treatment). 

In addition, and, of particular note, is that synthetic cannabinoids are increasingly used by high risk drug 
users and other vulnerable groups, such as the homeless and prisoners. In at least some cases, these 
users are specifically seeking out synthetic cannabinoids because they have developed a reputation for 
causing profound intoxication, they can be cheap and are easy to smuggle Reports suggest that this has 
exacerbated existing health and social problems as well as creating new ones for these groups. For 
example, in prisons, alongside the adverse health effects, the market in synthetic cannabinoids has been 
linked to an increase in aggression, violence, bullying, and debt. In some cases this has caused a serious 
threat to the overall safety and security of the prison environment (Blackman et al., 2017; HMIP, 2015; 
Ralphs et al., 2017; User Voice, 2016). 

Section F. Involvement of organised crime 

F1. Evidence that criminal groups are systematically involved in production, trafficking and 
distribution for financial gain 

There is no specific information to suggest the involvement of organised crime or established criminal 
groups in the manufacture, distribution and supply of ADB-CHMINACA. 

In the cases where the origin of the seizures reported to Europol was known, the country of origin 
indicated was: Spain (1) and Russia (1). Bulgaria reported 1 seizure which was en-route from Spain. 
Bulgaria also reported an additional seizure in 2016 which was reported to have been intended for 
distribution within the country and was offered for sale via the internet. Estonia reported 1 seizure of ADB-
CHMINACA from a courier, which was en-route from Russia.  

69 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

In the cases where the origin of seizures reported to the EMCDDA was known, the country of origin 
indicated was China (1). Belgian customs reported the largest single seizure of ADB-CHMINACA in 
powder form, which amounted to 3 kg. The seizure was en-route from China and destined for Austria and 
Romania. 

F2. Impact on the production, trafficking and distribution of other substances, including 
existing psychoactive substances as well as new psychoactive substances 

No information was reported nor identified concerning the impact of ADB-CHMINACA on the production, 
trafficking and distribution of other substances, including existing psychoactive substances as well as new 
psychoactive substances. 

F3. Evidence of the same groups of people being involved in different types of crime 

No information was reported nor identified concerning evidence of the same groups of people being 
involved in different types of crime related to the availability of ADB-CHMINACA. 

F4. Impact of violence from criminal groups on society as a whole or on social groups or 
local communities (public order and safety) 

No information was reported nor identified concerning incidents of violence related to the availability of 
ADB-CHMINACA. 

F5. Evidence of money laundering practices, or impact of organised crime on other 
socioeconomic factors in society 

No information was reported nor identified concerning evidence of money laundering practices, or impact 
of organised crime on other socioeconomic factors in society related to the availability of ADB-
CHMINACA. 

F6. Economic costs and consequences (evasion of taxes or duties, costs to the judicial 
system)  

No information was reported nor identified concerning the economic costs and consequences related to 
the availability of ADB-CHMINACA. 

F7. Use of violence between or within criminal groups 

No information was reported nor identified concerning the use of violence between or within criminal 
groups related to the availability of ADB-CHMINACA. 

F8. Evidence of strategies to prevent prosecution, for example through corruption or 
intimidation 

No information was reported nor identified concerning evidence of strategies to prevent prosecution 
related to the availability of ADB-CHMINACA. 

70 

 
 
RISK ASSESSMENT I ADB-CHMINACA 

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Participants of the risk assessment meeting, 7-8 
November 2017  

Extended Scientific Committee  

Dr Anne Line BRETTEVILLE-JENSEN 
Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research, Oslo 
Chair of the Scientific Committee 

Professor Dr Gerhard BUEHRINGER 
Addiction Research Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität 
Dresden, Institut für Therapieforschung (IFT), Munich 

Professor Dr Paul DARGAN 
Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas’ Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London 

Dr Marina DAVOLI 
Department of Epidemiology, Lazio Regional Health Service, Rome 

Professor Dr Gabriele FISCHER 
Medical University Vienna, Center of Public Health, Vienna 

Professor Dr Henk GARRETSEN 
Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg 

Professor Dr Krzysztof KRAJEWSKI 
Department of Criminology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow 

Dr Fernando RODRÍGUEZ de FONSECA 
Fundación IMABIS, Hospital Universitario Carlos Haya de Málaga, Málaga 

Professor Dr Rainer SPANAGEL 
Institute of Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim 

Dr Wim BEST 
Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Freudenthal Institute, Utrecht 

Dr Simon BRANDT 
School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool 

Professor Dr Gaetano Di CHIARA 
Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Cagliari, Cagliari 

Professor Dr Éva KELLER 
Semmelweis University, Department of Forensic and Insurance Medicine, Budapest 

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Dr Claude GUILLOU 
Directorate F – Health, Consumers and Reference Materials, DG Joint Research Centre, European 
Commission 

Edith HOFER 
Organised Crime and Drugs Policy Unit, DG HOME, European Commission 

Dr Leon Van Aerts 
Section Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biotechnology, College ter Beoordeling van Geneesmiddelen, 
Medicines Evaluation Board, Utrecht, on behalf of European Medicines Agency 

Werner VERBRUGGEN 
Europol’s Drug Unit, Europol 

Paul GRIFFITHS 
Scientific Director, EMCDDA 

Dr Roumen SEDEFOV 
Head of Unit, Supply reduction and new drugs unit, EMCDDA 

Invited external experts 

Professor Dr Volker AUWÄRTER 
Freiburg University, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Freiburg 

Dr Robert KRONSTRAND 
Dep. Forensic Genetics and Toxicology, Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping 

Professor Dr Bela SZABO 
Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Freiburg 

Dr István UJVÁRY 
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest 

EMCDDA staff present 

Anabela ALMEIDA 
Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

Rachel CHRISTIE 
Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

Michael EVANS-BROWN 
Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

Ana GALLEGOS 
Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

Rita JORGE 

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Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

Joanna DE MORAIS 
Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

Sofía SOLA 
Action on new drugs sector, Supply reduction and new drugs unit 

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Recommended citation: 

TD-AK-18-001-EN-N 

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2018), Report on the risk assessment of N-(1-amino-3,3-
dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA) in the framework of 
the Council Decision on new psychoactive substances, Risk Assessments, Publications Office of the European 
Union, Luxembourg. 

The risk assessment report and technical annex of the publication are published in the original version that has not 
been edited. 

About the EMCDDA 

The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is the central source and confirmed 
authority on drug-related issues in Europe. For over 20 years, it has been collecting, analysing and disseminating 
scientifically sound information on drugs and drug addiction and their consequences, providing its audiences with an 
evidence-based picture of the drug phenomenon at European level.  

The EMCDDA’s publications are a prime source of information for a wide range of audiences including: policymakers 
and their advisors; professionals and researchers working in the drugs field; and, more broadly, the media and 
general public. Based in Lisbon, the EMCDDA is one of the decentralised agencies of the European Union. 

Related publications and websites 

EMCDDA 

I Risk assessment of new psychoactive substances — operating guidelines, 2010 
www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index100978EN.html 

EMCDDA and Europol 

I EMCDDA-Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance N-(1-amino-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-1-
(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (ADB-CHMINACA), 2017 www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/joint-
reports/adb-chminaca 

I EMCDDA–Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA, Implementation 
reports, 2017 www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/implementation-reports/2016 

I EMCDDA–Europol Early-warning system on new psychoactive substances — operating guidelines, 2007 
www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index52448EN.html 

These and all other EMCDDA publications are available from emcdda.europa.eu/publications 

I EMCDDA Action on new drugs website: www.emcdda.europa.eu/drug-situation/new-drugs 

Legal notice: Neither the EMCDDA nor any person acting on behalf of the EMCDDA is responsible for the use that might be made of the 
following information. 

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union 
doi:10.2810/473009 I ISBN 978-92-9497-281-1 

© European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2018 
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. 
This publication is only available in electronic format. 

EMCDDA, Praça Europa 1, Cais do Sodré, 1249-289 Lisbon, Portugal 
Tel. (351) 211 21 02 00 I info@emcdda.europa.eu  
emcdda.europa.eu I twitter.com/emcdda I facebook.com/emcdda 

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