Indicators report : annex to MORE3 study : support data collection and analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths of researchers.
Date: 2018-04-06
Institutions: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
Subjects: EU research policy, data collection, higher education, job mobility, labour market, organisation of research, professional career, research staff, sample survey

Indicators report 

Annex to MORE3 study: support data collection and 
analysis concerning mobility patterns and career paths 
of researchers

IDEA Consult, WIFO and Technopolis 
December – 2017 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Indicators report Europe – Annex to MORE3 study: Support data collection and analysis concerning 
mobility patterns and career paths of researchers 

European Commission 
Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 
Directorate B — Open Innovation and Open Science 
Unit B2 - Open Science and ERA policy 
Contact   Emiliano Carozza 
E-mail   Emiliano.CAROZZA@ec.europa.eu  

RTD-PUBLICATIONS@ec.europa.eu 

European Commission 
B-1049 Brussels 

Manuscript completed in December 2017. 

This  document  has  been  prepared  for  the  European  Commission  however  it  reflects  the  views  only  of  the  authors,  and  the 
Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. 

More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). 

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 

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ISBN 978-92-79-81479-2 

doi:10.2777/610289 

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Indicators report 

Annex to MORE3 study: Support data collection 
and analysis concerning mobility patterns and 
career paths or researchers 

IDEA Consult, WIFO and Technopolis 

2017 

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 
European Research Area 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table of Contents 

1. 

2. 

3. 

Introduction .............................................................................................. 5 

List of key indicators ................................................................................ 7 

Proposition of structure for meta-data fiches ...................................... 14 

4.  Methodology ........................................................................................... 15 
4.1. Data collection ....................................................................................... 15 
4.1.1. Eurostat ....................................................................................... 15 
4.1.2. SHE Figures .................................................................................. 16 
4.1.3. EURAXESS .................................................................................... 17 
4.1.4. Scopus ......................................................................................... 18 
4.1.5. MORE2/MORE3 surveys ................................................................ 19 
4.1.6. Additional indicators ..................................................................... 20 
4.2. Data imputation ..................................................................................... 21 

5. 

Indicators and scorecards ..................................................................... 23 
5.1. Human resources ................................................................................... 24 
5.1.1. Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees ................................. 25 
5.1.2. Number of young PhD graduates (ISCED8) per thousand 

population aged 25-29 ................................................................. 30 
5.1.3. Number of PhD  graduates (ISCED8) per thousand population ..... 35 
5.1.4. New women doctoral graduates (ISCED 8) per thousand population 
aged 25- 34 ................................................................................. 40 
5.1.5. Share of female researchers  in the total number of researchers .. 43 
5.1.6. Share of researchers in the private sector in the total number of 

researchers .................................................................................. 46 

5.1.7. Satisfaction with recruitment process at home research institution 

(open, transparent, merit-based) ................................................. 51 
5.2. Working Conditions ................................................................................ 55 
5.2.1. Share of researchers employed on fixed-terms contracts in their 

current academic position ............................................................. 56 

5.2.2. Share of researchers with part-time employment in their current 

academic position ......................................................................... 59 
5.2.3. Glass Ceiling Index (GCI) ............................................................. 62 
5.2.4. Satisfaction in current academic position with remuneration ........ 65 
5.2.5. Transferability of Pensions and Social Security ............................. 69 
5.2.6. Satisfaction in current academic position regarding the 

pension/social security ................................................................. 72 

5.2.7. Number of HRS4R acknowledged institutions per thousand 

researchers .................................................................................. 77 
5.3. Career path ............................................................................................ 80 
5.3.1. Share of researchers receiving transferable skills training during 

PhD .............................................................................................. 80 
5.3.2. Appreciation of transferable skills ................................................. 84 

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5.3.3. Degree of satisfaction with different aspects of the current 

academic position ......................................................................... 87 
5.3.4. Transparency and meritocracy in professional advancement in HEIs 
(composite indicator) ................................................................... 90 
5.3.5. Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff ........................... 93 
5.3.6. Proportion of women on boards .................................................... 96 
5.4. International Mobility ............................................................................. 99 
5.4.1. Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as 

researcher for more than 3 months in the last 10 years ............... 99 

5.4.2. Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as a 

researcher for less than 3 months in the last ten years .............. 102 

5.4.3. Share of HEI researchers that consider virtual mobility as 

substitute for short- or long-term mobility ................................. 105 

5.4.4. Percentage of co-publications of the country with an author from 

another country .......................................................................... 108 
5.4.5. R1-R2 PhD degree mobility ........................................................ 111 
5.5. Intersectoral mobility ............................................................................ 114 
5.5.1. Share of researchers with experience in private sector ............... 114 
5.5.2. Share of female researchers with experience in private sector ... 116 
5.6. Interdisciplinary mobility ....................................................................... 118 
5.6.1. Interdisciplinary mobility as a positive factor for career progression 
 ......................................................................................... 118 
5.7. Attractiveness of ERA ............................................................................ 121 

5.7.1. Mobile PhD students (ISCED 6/8) from abroad as a share of total 

PhD students of the country ....................................................... 121 

5.7.2. Share of HEI researchers considering availability of research 

funding better in EU than in non-EU countries ............................ 124 

5.7.3. Share of HEI researchers considering social security and pension 

plan better in EU than in non-EU countries ................................. 125 

6.  Conclusions ............................................................................................ 126 
6.1. Human resources .................................................................................. 126 
6.2. Working conditions ............................................................................... 126 
6.3. Career path ........................................................................................... 127 
6.4. International mobility ............................................................................ 127 
6.5. Intersectoral mobility ............................................................................ 128 
6.6. Interdisciplinary mobility ....................................................................... 128 
6.7. Attractiveness of ERA ............................................................................ 128 
6.8. Results in relation with ERA priorities .................................................... 128 

List of Tables .................................................................................................. 132 

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European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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1. Introduction 

The  MORE  3  study,  titled  “support  of  data  collection  and  analysis  concerning  mobility 
patterns  and  career  paths  of  researchers”,  is  carried  out  under  the  framework  contract 
“provision of services in the field of research evaluation and research policy analysis” Lot 
2 “Data collection and performance indicators to monitor the European Research Policy”. 
It  foresees  to  update,  improve  and  further  develop  the  set  of  indicators  of  the 
MORE2 study in order to meet the need for indicators over time and assess the impact on 
researchers of policy measures introduced during implementation of the EPR. The MORE3 
study provides new indicators and thus new surveys to meet emerging policy needs and 
priorities. 

The main objective of the MORE3 study is defined as:  

“Carrying  out  two  major  surveys  and  developing  indicators  to  help  monitor 
progress towards an open labour market for researchers” 

For this, four tasks are identified: 

I. 

Carry  out  a  survey  of  researchers  currently  working  in  the  EU  (and  EFTA)  in 
higher education institutions (HEI) regarding their mobility patterns, career paths, 
employment and working conditions (Task 1); 

II. 

Carry  out  a  global  survey  of  researchers  currently  working  outside  Europe 
regarding their mobility patterns, career paths and working conditions (Task 2); 

III.  Update the set of internationally-comparable indicators on researchers (Task 3); 

IV.  Draft  a  final  report  that  provides  a  comparative,  policy-relevant  analysis  of  the 

mobility patterns, working conditions and career paths of researchers (Task 4). 

This is report is part of the Second Interim Report of the MORE3 study consisting of the 
final reports for Task 1 and Task 3: 
 
 

Part 1: Task 1 – EU higher education survey results 
Part 2: Task 3 – Indicator report on researchers 

Underlying  report  thus  presents  the  final  results  of  Task  3,  the  revision,  updating  and 
development  of  a  limited  set  of  key  indicators  covering  different  aspects  related  to 
researchers  in  the  EU:  human  resources,  working  conditions,  career  path,  mobility 
(international,  intersectoral  and  interdisciplinary)  and  attractiveness  of  ERA.  These 
indicators  provide  recent  trends  and  international  comparison,  in  particular  with  respect 
to the EU average, of these aspects. 

Starting  from  previous  reports  (including  Researchers  Reports  and  MORE2  report),  an 
extensive and wide overview of indicators was conducted and resulted in the elaboration 
of  a  long  list  of  112  indicators.  Each  of  these  indicators  was  evaluated  according  to 
different  criteria  in  order  to  identify  the  most  relevant  key  indicators.  The  selection 
process  was 
validity, 
content 
reliability/comparability) and availability criteria (country and time coverage).  

(relevance, 

conceptual 

criteria 

based 

on 

31 indicators were identified in the previous progress report as being the most relevant 
for  key  indicators.  19  of  these  indicators  are  based  on  primary  data  from  the  MORE2 

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project  and  rely  on  data  conducted  on  the  MORE  surveys.  These  indicators  have  been  
updated in the course of the current MORE3 project. 

This  report  presents  the  final  list  of  key  indicators,  a  proposition  of  structure  for  the 
meta-data fiches to be delivered with the final report, the methodology followed for data 
collection  and  data  imputation,  and  tables  with  data  (including  scorecards)  for  each 
indicator. 

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2. List of key indicators  

Table 1:   List of key indicators 

No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

1-1 

Human 
resources 

Researchers (FTE) 
per thousand 
employees 

The indicator presents the 
current stock of 
researchers. It provides a 
measure of the 
achievements of EU Member 
States’ national R&D targets 
established in the EUROPE 
2020 Strategy. 

Eurostat, Total 
R&D personnel by 
sectors of 
performance, 
occupation and 
sex 
(rd_p_persocc) 

Period 
(from 
2000) 

Female 

Country coverage 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland; United-States; 
China; Japan; South Korea 

1-2 

Human 
resources 

Number of young 
PhD graduates 
(ISCED8) per 
thousand 
population aged 25-
29 

The indicator provides an 
indication of the efficacy of 
measures aimed to 
encourage the research 
career.  

Eurostat, 
Graduates 
(educ_uoe_grad 
from 2013, 
educ_grad until 
2012) 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland 

1-3 

Human 
resources 

1-4 

Human 
resources 

Number of PhD  
graduates (ISCED8) 
per thousand 
population 

The indicator provides an 
indication of the efficacy of 
measures aimed to 
encourage the research 
career. 

Eurostat, 
Graduates 
(educ_uoe_grad 
from 2013, 
educ_grad until 
2012) 

New women 
doctoral graduates 
(ISCED 8) per 
thousand 
population aged 25- 
34 

This indicator addresses the 
gender dimension and 
provides an indication of the 
efficacy of measures aimed 
to encourage the research 
career. 

Eurostat, 
Graduates 
(educ_uoe_grad 
from 2013, 
educ_grad until 
2012) 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland; US; Japan 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

1-5 

Human 
resources 

Share of female 
researchers  in the 
total number of 
researchers 

1-6 

Human 
resources 

Share of 
researchers in the 
private sector in 
the total number of 
researchers   

1-7 

Human 
resources 

2-1  Working 

conditions 

Satisfaction with 
recruitment process 
at home research 
institution (open, 
transparent, merit-
based) 

Share of 
researchers 
employed on fixed-
terms contracts in 
their current 
academic position 

This indicator addresses the 
gender dimension by 
providing a direct measure 
of the proportion of women 
in the population of 
researchers. This indicator 
is to be related to Indicators 
3-1 and 3-4 which address 
the career development of 
female researchers. 

Given the significant 
differences between 
working conditions, 
incentives, potential for 
mobility and private sector, 
the indicator provides 
insight into better 
understanding the observed 
values in the other 
indicators. 

The indicator provides 
insights into the recruitment 
process of researchers 
according to priority criteria 
of the Commission (OTM). 

Eurostat, Total 
R&D personnel by 
sectors of 
performance, 
occupation and 
sex 
(rd_p_persocc) 

Eurostat, Total 
R&D personnel by 
sectors of 
performance, 
occupation and 
sex 
(rd_p_persocc) 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

The indicator measures the 
size of non–permanent 
employment compared with 
total employment. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

Period 
(from 
2000) 

Female 

Country coverage 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland; United-States; 
China; Japan; South Korea 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

2-2  Working 

conditions 

Share of 
researchers with 

The indicator measures the 
size of part-time 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

MORE2 
(2012), 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

part-time 
employment in their 
current academic 
position   

employment compared to 
full time researchers. 

Period 
(from 
2000) 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Female 

Country coverage 

SHE figures (WIS 
database) 

2000-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland 

MORE3 surveys 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

MORE3 surveys 

MORE3 
(2016) 

No 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

2-3  Working 

Glass Ceiling Index 

conditions 

2-4  Working 

conditions 

Satisfaction with 
remuneration 

2-5  Working 

conditions 

Transferability of 
pensions/social 
security 

This indicator helps to 
assess and understand the 
difficulties for women 
progressing in their 
research career. 

The indicator provides an 
assessment of how each 
country stands in terms of 
remuneration according to 
researchers 

The indicator provides a 
measurement of the 
existence of a potential 
barrier to international 
mobility (i.e. the 
transferability of pensions 
and social security). 
However, it does not 
indicate the degree of 
importance of the barrier. 
This indicator is to be 
related to the Pan-European 
pension fund. 

2-6  Working 

conditions 

Satisfaction in 
current academic 
position regarding 
pensions/social 

The indicator provides an 
insight into the current level 
of satisfaction related to 
pension for academic 

MORE3 surveys 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

security 

researchers.  

Period 
(from 
2000) 

Female 

Country coverage 

2-7  Working 

conditions 

Number of HRS4R 
acknowledged 
institutions per 
thousand 
researchers 

These institutions have 
signed the Code of Conduct 
and provided the 
Commission with a gap 
analysis and a solid action 
plan on how to concretely 
implement the elements of 
the Code of Conduct. This 
indicates the strong 
commitment of the 
institutions of the countries. 

EURAXESS 

2005-2016 

No 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland 

3-1 

Career path 

Share of 
researchers 
receiving 
transferable skills 
training during PhD 

The indicator assesses the 
extent of the countries’ 
move towards more 
transferable skills training 
at the PhD stage. 

MORE3 survey 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

3-2 

Career path 

3-3 

Career path 

Appreciation of 
transferable skills 
(e.g. project 
management, data 
cleaning, 
networking, etc.) 
are regarded as 
positive factors for 
career progression 

Degree of 
satisfaction with 
different aspects of 
the current 
academic position. 
Composite indicator 
with career related 
aspects 

The indicator assesses the 
importance of transferable 
skills in the shaping of 
career paths.  

MORE3 survey 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

The indicator assesses the 
appreciation from the 
researcher’s point of view of 
the different dimensions 
related to his/her career 
path. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

Period 
(from 
2000) 

Female 

Country coverage 

3-4 

Career path 

Transparency and 
meritocracy in 
professional 
advancement in 
HEIs (composite 
indicator) 

The indicator expresses the 
assessment by researchers 
of the level of transparency 
and meritocracy in the 
careers progression in their 
institutions.   

MORE3 survey 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

3-5 

Career path 

Proportion of 
women as Grade A 
academic staff 

3-6 

Career path 

Proportion of 
women on boards 

The indicator measures 
gender (in)equality and 
thereby helps to assess and 
understand the difficulties 
for women in entering in a 
research career. The gender 
dimension provides an 
indication of the progress 
made towards implementing 
measures of gender equal 
opportunities. 

The indicator measures 
gender (in)equality and 
thereby helps to assess and 
understand the difficulties 
for women in entering and 
progressing in the research 
career. The gender 
dimension provides an 
indication of the progress 
made towards implementing 
measures of gender equal 
opportunities.  

WIS database/ 
SHE figures 

2000-2015 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland 

WiS database/ 
SHE figures 

2002-2014 

Yes 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland 

4-1 

International 
mobility 

Share of 
researchers (post 
PhD) that have 
worked abroad as 
researcher for more 
than 3 months in 

The indicator measures 
medium- to long-term 
international mobility. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

4-2 

International 
mobility 

4-3 

International 
mobility 

4-4 

International 
mobility 

the last 10 years 

Share of 
researchers (post 
PhD) that have 
worked abroad as a 
researcher for less 
than 3 months in 
the last ten years 

Share of HEI 
researchers that 
consider virtual 
mobility as 
substitute for short- 
or long-term 
mobility 

Percentage of co-
publications of the 
country with an 
author from 
another country 

4-5 

International 
mobility 

R1-R2 PhD degree 
mobility 

The indicator measures 
short-term international 
mobility. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

The indicator gives 
information about the 
relevance of ICT in reducing 
physical mobility while 
maintaining international 
scientific collaboration. 

The indicator is a proxy for 
scientific output effects of 
researcher mobility. 

The indicator measures the 
proportion of mobile PhD 
candidates as a 
measurement of 
international mobility at 
early career stages. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

5-1 

Intersectoral 
mobility 

Share of 
researchers with 
experience in 
private sector 

The indicator measures 
intersectoral (public-private 
sector) mobility. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

5-2 

Intersectoral 
mobility 

Share of female 
researchers with 

This indicator on 
intersectoral (public-private 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

Period 
(from 
2000) 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

Female 

Country coverage 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

SCOPUS 

2000-2014 

No 

EU28; Iceland; Norway; 
Switzerland; United States; 
China; Japan; South Korea 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

MORE2 
(2012), 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

Yes 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Rationale 

Data source 

experience in 
private sector 

sector) mobility addresses 
the gender issue. 

6-1 

Interdisciplina
ry mobility 

7-1 

Attractivenes
s of ERA 

7-2 

Attractivenes
s of ERA 

7-3 

Attractivenes
s of ERA 

Interdisciplinary 
mobility as a 
positive factor for 
career 
progression 

Mobile PhD 
students (ISCED 
6/8) from abroad as 
a share of total PhD 
students of the 
country 

Share of HEI 
researchers 
considering 
availability of 
research funding 
better in EU than in 
non-EU countries 

Share of HEI 
researchers 
considering social 
security and 
pension plan better 
in EU than in non-
EU countries 

The indicator assesses 
whether interdisciplinarity is 
facilitating career 
progression. 

MORE3 survey 

The indicator focuses on 
country of destination 
measuring mobility of 
researchers in the first 
stage of their career, with 
specific focus on mobility 
within Europe. It is also a 
measure of a country(s 
“brain-gain” within EU. 

The indicator measures the 
attractiveness of countries 
in terms of research 
funding. 

Eurostat: 
educ_uoe_mobs0
2/educ_uoe_enrt
01 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

The indicator measures the 
attractiveness of countries 
in terms of social 
security/pension plans. 

MORE2/MORE3 
surveys 

Period 
(from 
2000) 

MORE3 
(2016) 

MORE3 
(2016) 

Female 

Country coverage 

Yes 

EU and other selected non-
EU countries 

2008-2014 

No 

EU28 

Yes 

EU28 

Yes 

EU28 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

MORE2 
(2012), 
MORE3 
(2016) 

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3. Proposition of structure for meta-data fiches 

For  each  key indicator,  a fiche with meta-data will be created (for the final report) with 
information on the following elements (based on selected categories from Eurostat meta-
data): 

1 General information 
Name of indicator 
Type of data: primary data (from MORE survey) or secondary data 
Description of the indicator 
Source 
Date of extraction 
2 Statistical presentation 
Classification system (e.g. ISCED, R1-R5, sector) 
Statistical unit 
Time-series (period covered) 
Country coverage (list of countries) 
Unit of measure (metric) 
Reference period 
Frequency of dissemination 
3 Methodology for constructing the indicator 
4 Rationale/relevance 
5 Comments 

This structure will be discussed with and validated by the European Commission. 

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4. Methodology  

This  section  presents  the  methodology  used  for  collecting  data  for  each  indicator  by 
source. After the collection phase, an imputation procedure was implemented in order to 
fill in missing values in time series. This procedure is also explained in this section. 

4.1.  Data collection 

Key  indicators  rely  on  primary  data  from  the  MORE  surveys  (19  key  indicators)  and 
secondary data collected from various sources of information (12 key indicators): 

 
Eurostat 
 
SHE Figures report (from the Women in Science WiS database) 
 
EURAXESS 
 
Scopus 
  World Bank 

This section explains how data was collected from these different sources. 

4.1.1. 

Eurostat 

Eurostat was used to produce the following key indicators: 

Table 2:  

Indicators based on Eurostat 

No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Reference of Eurostat 
database 

1-1  Human 

Researchers (FTE) per thousand labour force 

rd_p_persocc 

resources 

1-2  Human 

resources 

Number of young PhD graduates (ISCED8) 
per thousand population aged 25-29 

1-3  Human 

resources 

Number of PhD graduates (ISCED8) per 
thousand population 

1-4  Human 

resources 

New women doctoral graduates (ISCED 8) 
per thousand population aged 25- 34 

2000 to 2012: educ_grad4 
From 2013: 
educ_uoe_grad01 

2000 to 2012: educ_grad4 
From 2013: 
educ_uoe_grad01 

2000 to 2012: educ_grad4 
From 2013: 
educ_uoe_grad01 

1-5  Human 

resources 

Share of female researchers in the total 
number of researchers 

rd_p_persocc 

1-6  Human 

resources 

Share of researchers in the private sector in 
the total number of researchers 

rd_p_persocc 

7-1  Attractiveness 
of ERA 

Mobile PhD students (ISCED 6/8) from 
abroad as a share of total PhD students of 
the country 

2008 to 2012: 
educ_mofo_orig and 
educ_enrl1tl 
From 2013: 
educ_uoe_mobs02 and 

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No 

Concept 

Indicator 

Reference of Eurostat 
database 

educ_uoe_enrt01 

Indicators  1-1,  1-5  and  1-6  in  Table  2  were  collected  using  the  rd_p_persocc  database 
from  Eurostat.  Data  was  extracted  for  years  2000  to  2014  in  full  time  equivalent.  For 
indicators 1-5 and 1-6, which are ratios, all data needed to calculate the share in the total 
number of researchers could be found in the rd_p_persocc database. On the other hand, 
to build the final indicator  1-1, the number of total researchers was divided by the total 
employment, in thousands (see section for information on the source of the employment 
data). 

Indicators  1-2,  1-3  and  1-4  were  collected  using  two  different  databases  from  Eurostat. 
Data  on  the  number  of  PhD  graduates  from  the  year  2000  to  2012  was  extracted  from 
the  educ_grad4  database,  while  for  years  2013  and  2014,  the  data  was  extracted  from 
the  educ_uoe_grad01  database.  Again,  the  use  of  additional  data  to  build  the  final 
indicators  (total  population  aged  25-34;  total  population  and  population  aged  25-34)  is 
described in in section 4.1.6.  

Finally, indicator  7-1 was built as the share  of foreign (intra-EU28) PhD students on the 
total number of PhD students of the country. Four Eurostat databases were used to build 
this  indicator.  From  2008  to  2012,  educ_mofo_orig  was  used  to  gather  the  number  of 
foreign PhD students from the EU27 + Croatia and educ_entr1tl for the total number of 
PhD students in each EU28 country. For 2013 and 2014, educ_uoe_mobs02 was used to 
collect the number of foreign PhD students from the EU28 and educ_uoe_enrt01 for the 
total number of PhD students in each EU28 country. 

For  all  these  indicators,  missing  values  were  imputed  following  the  methodology 
explained in section 4.2. 

4.1.2. 

SHE Figures 

Data from the Women in Science (WIS) database, published in the SHE Figures reports, 
were used for the following indicators: 

Table 3:  

Indicators based on SHE Figures 

No 

Concept 

Indicator 

3-5 

Career path 

Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff 

3-6 

Career path 

Proportion of women on boards 

For  indicator  3-5,  SHE  Figures  reports  2006,  2009,  2012  and  2015  were  used.  These 
reports respectively present the proportion of  women as Grade A academic staff for the 
years 2004, 2007, 2010 and 2013. When exceptions to the reference year are mentioned 
in  the  reports  for  some  countries,  these  have  been  taken  into  account  in  the  data 
collection (e.g. in the SHE Figures report of 2015, the reference year for the indicators is 
2013.  However,  the  reference  year  for  France  is  exceptionally  2011:  in  this  case,  we 
have reported our data for France to year 2011, instead of 2013). 

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Regarding  indicator  3-6,  SHE  Figures  reports  2009,  2012  and  2015  were  used.  These 
reports  respectively  present  the  proportion  of  women  on  boards  for  years  2007,  2010 
and  2014.  Similarly  as  with  indicator  3-5,  when  exceptions  to  the  reference  year  are 
mentioned in the reports for some countries, these have been taken into account in the 
data collection. 
Values were imputed according to the methodology explained in section 4.2. This allowed 
us to create continuous time series for these indicators. 

4.1.3. 

EURAXESS 

The following indicator was built based on Euraxess. 

Table 4:  

Indicators based on Euraxess 

No 

Concept 

Indicator 

2-7  Working conditions 

Number of HRS4R acknowledged institutions per million inhabitants 

The  European  Commission  presents  all  listed  institutions  that  have  been  acknowledged 
with  HRS4R1  on  EURAXESS.  A  direct  link  to  the  website  of  each  of  the  acknowledged 
institutions is provided, with information on the strategy and on specific measures taken 
by the organisation generally available.  

find  out  the  exact  year 

In order to collect data, the project team browsed through all the available links in order 
to 
in  which  each  organisation  received  the  HRS4R 
acknowledgement  from  the  European  Commission.  In  cases  where  the  year  of 
obtainment was not directly available, alternative methods were used: 

 
 

Looking into other available sources (website of the organisation; online search); 
Contacting the Human Resources department of the organisation (via email and/or 
phone) 

When none of these alternative methods was successful, an estimate was made based on 
the  year  of  publication  of  the  “action  plan  on  concrete  measures  for  implementing  the 
elements  of  the  Code  of  Conduct  for  the  Recruitment  of  Researchers”.  Generally, 
institutions  receive  the  HRS4R  acknowledgement  from  the  European  Commission  soon 
after the publication of such action plan.  

The key indicator based on this data is presented as the number of institutions located in 
a  country  with  an  HRS4R  acknowledgement  from  the  European  Commission  in  a  given 
year per thousand researchers.  

1 See: http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index.cfm/rights/strategy4ResearcherOrgs. 

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4.1.4. 

Scopus 

Scopus was used to produce the following key indicator. 

Table 5:  

Indicator based on Scopus 

No 

4-4 

Concept 

Indicator 

International 
mobility 

Percentage of co-publications of the country with an author from 
another country 

In  order  to  calculate  this  percentage  of  international  co-publications,  intermediate 
indicators reported in Table 6 were used. 

Table 6:  

Intermediate indicators for co-publications with another country 

No 

Indicator 

Source 

A 

B 

C 

D 

E 

F 

Total Number of publications by country (i.e. with at least one co-author 
with domestic affiliation) 

Scopus 

Total Number of publications by country excluding foreign affiliations of 
co-authors 

Scopus 

Number of co-publications with another country 

Percentage of co-publications with another country 

Number of co-publications by million population 

Scopus 

Scopus 

Scopus 

Number of copublications with another country by million population 

EIS 2016 

Raw  data  on  publication  counts  by  year  was  extracted  from  Scopus  for  each  country 
separately (indicator A in Table 6). The extraction was limited to publications after 1999. 
Only data on articles or reviews from journals were collected. 

After  identification  of  foreign  affiliation  of  co-authors  within  the  publications  of  a  given 
country, all foreign affiliated countries were excluded  for a second extraction of data for 
this country (B). 

The  total  number  of  exclusively  domestic  publications  (i.e.  with  no  foreign  affiliation  of 
co-authors) of a country was subtracted from the total number of publications in order to 
calculate  the  number  of  co-publication  with  another  country,  i.e.  at  least  one  co-author 
with  foreign  affiliation  (C).  The  percentage  of  international  co-publications  (D)  is  the 
number  of  international  co-publications  by  country  divided  by  the  total  number  of  co-
publications by country. This is key indicator 4-4. 

In  order  to  validate  the  figures,  we  compared  them  with  data  from  the  European 
Innovation  Scoreboard  (EIS).  The  key  indicator  on  percentage  of  co-publications  in 
MORE3  is  not  directly  comparable  with  the  EIS  indicator  as  the  latter  is  not  the 
percentage of co-publications in total publications, but the number of co-publications per 
million  population.  Hence,  for  the  purpose  of  the  comparison  only,  the  number  of  total 
co-publications  per  million  population  (E)  was  calculated  and  compared  with  the  same 
ratio from the EIS 2016 (F). Results of the comparison analysis show similar figures, with 
a correlation coefficient of 99.1% between the country figures  of both sources for 2015. 

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Differences  are  likely  explained  by  different  dates  of  extraction  for  the  Scopus  and 
Eurostat  data  and  possibly  slight  differences  in  the  filters  used  (though  we  use  a 
definition  of  publications  that  is  standard,  i.e.  articles  and  reviews  from  journals).  EIS 
was not used as the main source of data to construct the indicator as it does not include 
non  EU  countries  and  the  2016  release  of  the  database  does  not  cover  years  before 
2008.  

4.1.5.  MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

19 key indicators rely on surveys conducted in the course of the MORE projects and are 
therefore unique to this project. Table 7 lists these 19 indicators. 

Table 7:  

Indicators based on MORE surveys 

No 

Concept 

1-7  Human resources 

Indicator 

Satisfaction with recruitment process at home research institution 
(open, transparent, merit-based) 

2-1  Working conditions  Share of researchers employed on fixed-terms contracts in their 

current academic position 

2-2  Working conditions  Share of researchers with part-time employment in their current 

academic position 

2-4  Working conditions  Satisfaction with remuneration 

2-5  Working conditions  Transferability of pensions/social security 

2-6  Working conditions  Satisfaction in current academic position regarding the pension/social 

security 

3-1  Career path 

Share of researchers receiving transferable skills training during PhD 

3-2  Career path 

Appreciation of transferable skills (e.g. project management, data 
cleaning, networking, etc.) are regarded as positive factors for career 
progression 

3-3  Career path 

Degree of satisfaction with different aspects of the current academic 
position. Composite indicator with career related aspects. 

3-4  Career path 

Transparency and meritocracy in professional advancement in HEIs 
(composite indicator) 

4-1 

International 
mobility 

Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as 
researcher for more than 3 months in the last 10 years 

4-2 

International 
mobility 

Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as a 
researcher for less than 3 months in the last ten years 

4-3 

International 
mobility 

Share of HEI researchers that consider virtual mobility as substitute 
for short- or long-term mobility 

4-5 

International 
mobility 

5-1 

Intersectoral 
mobility 

R1-R2 PhD degree mobility 

Share of researchers with experience in private sector 

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No 

5-2 

Concept 

Intersectoral 
mobility 

Share of female researchers with experience in private sector 

Indicator 

6-1 

Interdisciplinary 
mobility 

Interdisciplinary mobility as a positive factor for career 
progression 

7-2  Attractiveness of 

ERA 

Share of HEI researchers considering availability of research funding 
better in EU than in non-EU countries 

7-3  Attractiveness of 

ERA 

Share of HEI researchers considering social security and pension plan 
better in EU than in non-EU countries 

As  the  survey  focuses  on  researchers  in  HEIs  currently  working  in  the  EU,  these 
indicators do not cover non-EU countries.  

Indicators  7-2  and  7-3  on  the  attractiveness  of  ERA  in  terms  of  research  funding  and 
social  security/pension  plan  differentiate  researchers  according  to  their  nationality  as 
follows:  one  sub-set  of  data  refer  to  non-EU  researchers  currently  working  in  the  EU 
while another sub-set refer to EU researchers currently working in the EU but that have 
previously been mobile outside the EU. 

Methodology  for  collecting  and  treating  data  survey  indicators  are  detailed  in  Task  1  of 
this project (Part 1 of this Second Interim report). 

In  comparison  with  other  key  indicators  based  on  secondary  sources,  variations  over 
time  for  MORE  indicators  between  MORE2  (reference  year  2012)  and  MORE3  (reference 
year  2016)  can  sometimes  be  larger.  This  can  be  due  to  sensitiveness  of  results  to 
sampling  differences  per  country  and/or  because  questions  in  MORE  surveys  are  more 
focused  on  perception  of  stakeholders  of  various  concepts  while  indicators  from 
secondary data are related to factual data like the number of researchers in a country. 

4.1.6.  Additional indicators 

Additional indicators were collected in order to  produce  key indicators  of  Table 8, which 
consist in ratios with the denominator being population or employment in the country. 

Table 8:   Ratios indicators 

No 

Indicator 

1-1 

Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees 

1-2 

Number of young PhD graduates (ISCED8) per thousand population aged 25-29 

1-3 

Number of PhD  graduates (ISCED8) per thousand population 

1-4 

New women doctoral graduates (ISCED 8) per thousand population aged 25- 34 

Population  and  employment  were  collected  by  gender  and  for  specific  age  categories 
when needed for the key indicators. These additional indicators are listed in Table 9. 

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Table 9:   Additional indicators 

Indicator 

Source 

Total population 

Total female population 

Total employment 

Total female employment 

Population aged 25 to 29  

Female population aged 25 to 29 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Population aged 25 to 34 (sum of 25-29 and 30-34) 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Female population aged 25 to 34 (sum of 25-29 and 30-34) 

Eurostat & World Bank 

Data  for  EU28  and  EFTA  countries  were  collected  from  Eurostat,  while  data  for  the  US, 
China, Japan and South Korea were collected from the World Bank database. 

Table 10:   Sources for additional indicators 

Country 

EU28, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland 

Source 

Eurostat 

United States, China, Japan, South Korea 

World Bank 

4.2.  Data imputation 

Missing data is imputed with simple imputation methods. All imputed values are flagged 
in the database with a code corresponding to the imputation method. 

Standard imputations methods are used as follows: 

 

Interpolation: when data for a single year or a time period no longer than 6 years is 
missing with adjacent years available, the following formula was used: 

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑡 =

(𝑡 − 𝑡𝑎)
(𝑡𝑏 − 𝑡𝑎)

𝑋𝑎 +

(𝑡𝑏 − 𝑡)
(𝑡𝑏 − 𝑡𝑎)

𝑋𝑏 

with Xa and Xb being data points for,  respectively, previous year available (ta) and 
next  year  available  (tb).  This  corresponds  to  a  weighted  average  of  adjacent 
available  years  with  weights  being  the  distance  between  the  imputed  year  and 
available years. 

 

Last  observation  carried  forward:  when  data  for  years  at  the  end  of  the  period  is 
missing, the data point from the last available year is used as imputed value, with a 
maximum  of  three  years  of  difference  between  the  imputed  year  and  the  last 
available year. 

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 

Next  observation  carried  backward:  when  data  for  years  at  the  beginning  of  the 
period  is  missing,  the  data  point  from  the  next  available  year  is  used  as  imputed 
value, with a maximum of three years of difference between the imputed year and 
the next available year. 

Carry-backward and carry-forward imputations are used in order to get a better country 
coverage for a given year.  The maximum length of three years for imputation  reflects a 
compromise  between  ensuring  better  cross-sectional  coverage  and  guaranteeing  figures 
that still make sense for the imputed year. Trends should, however, be carefully assessed 
when  comparing  years  for  which  these  two  types  of  imputations  were  used.  For  this 
reason,  in  the  scorecards  presented  in  section  5,  carried  forward  imputations  are  not 
included in the analysis of the last two available years. 

Regarding  indicators  that  consist  in  dividing  an  indicator  by  employment  or  population 
(e.g.  researchers  per  thousand  employees),  the  numerator  is  imputed  based  on  the 
above  methodology,  not  the  ratio,  as  the  denominator  (employment,  population)  does 
not present missing values. 

Table 11 presents the codes that are used to flag imputed value in the database and in 
section 5. 

Table 11:   Flags used for imputation methods 

Flag  

ixy 

b 

f 

Imputation method 

Interpolation for the yth year in a series of missing value for x consecutive years. For 
example, i34 indicates that data for 4 consecutive years was initially missing, and that 
the flag correspond to the 3rd year of this period. 

Next available data point was carried backward 

Last available data point was carried forward 

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5. Indicators and scorecards 

This section presents the key indicators in the following format: 

 

One  scorecard  reporting  the  indicator  for  the  last  year  available  and,  when 
available,  the  indicator  five  years  before  the  last  year  available.  Changes  between 
these two years are reported, together with an arrow indicating the direction of the 
change  (up,  down,  or  horizontal  arrow  for  no  change).  Relative  changes 
(percentage change) are reported except for indicators that consist in percentages. 
For these indicators, absolute changes in percentage points are reported.  Coloured 
circles indicate the comparison with EU average as follows: 

For four indicators, a higher value is associated with a lower performance: share of 
researchers employed on fixed-term contracts (2-1); share of part-time researchers 
(2-2); glass ceiling index (2-3) and importance of transferability of pensions/social 
security  as  barrier  for  post-PhD  mobility.  For  these  indicators,  green,  yellow,  red 
and  black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20% 
below, between -20% and 10%, between 10% and 50% and above 50% compared 
to EU average. 

 

One table reporting data since 2000 or most recent available year. 

Regarding indicators based on the MORE surveys, only scorecards are presented because 
long time series are not available for these indicators. 

Indicators for female researchers are reported separately when available. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   23 

Country's performance is at least 20% above EU averageCountry's performance is between -10% and +20% of the EU averageCountry's performance is between -50% and -10% of the EU averageCountry's perfomance is below -50% of the EU average 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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5.1.  Human resources 

Positive  trends  over  the  last  decade  are  generally  observed  for  indicators  related  to 
human resources.  

The number of researchers per thousand employees has been increasing over the past 
ten years. Denmark, Finland and Sweden can be found among the best performers, while 
Romania is the worst. From the international comparison, it emerges that EFTA countries, 
the  US,  Japan  and  South  Korea  all  perform  better  than  the  EU  average,  while  China 
scores very low figures. 

Despite an overall  decrease in 2013-2014, the number of young PhD graduates (aged 
25-29)  per  thousand  population  shows  a  positive  trend  in  the  last  decade,  with  no 
significant  gender  differences.  The  highest  numbers  are  found  in  Slovakia  and  the  UK, 
and  the  lowest  numbers  are  registered  in  Bulgaria  and  Greece.  When  looking  at  the 
average  number  of  PhD  graduates  (all  ages)  per  thousand  population,  the  trend  is 
positive over the last decade. Best performing countries are Slovakia and Slovenia, while 
Cyprus  and  Malta  show  the  lowest  numbers.  The  international  comparisons  show  that 
Switzerland  outperforms  the  EU  for  both  number  of  PhD  graduates  and  young  PhD 
graduates,  while  Japan  has  a  very  low  number  of  PhD  graduates  per  thousand 
population. The data on female new doctoral graduate per thousand population aged 25-
34 are strongly increasing over the last decade, with largest numbers  found in  Slovenia 
and  Germany.  On  the  other  hand,  the  share  of  women  in  total  researchers  are  rather 
stable in the last decade.  

An increasing trend is also observed for the share of researchers in the private sector 
during  the  last  decade  (increasing  from  39%  in  2005,  to  42%  in  2014),  with  Sweden, 
Austria and Ireland to show the highest shares, and strong increases recorded in Bulgaria 
and Poland.  

Regarding  satisfaction  with  the  recruitment  process,  the  majority  of  researchers 
seem to be satisfied with recruitment at their research institution according to the open, 
transparent and merit-based criteria. 

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No 

1-1 

5.1.1.  Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees 

Rationale 

Data source 

The indicator presents the current stock  of 
researchers.  It  provides  a  measure  of  the 
achievements  of  EU  Member  States’ 
national  R&D  targets  established  in  the 
EUROPE 2020 Strategy. 

Eurostat, Total R&D personnel by sectors of 
performance, 
sex 
(rd_p_persocc) 

occupation 

and 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

 
 

 

Trend  over  the  last  decade  is  positive  for  EU  average,  both  for  total  and  female 
number of researchers per thousand employees. Average of EU countries is close 
to 8 FTE researchers per thousand employees. 
Largest  numbers  of  researchers  per  thousand  employees  in  the  EU  are  found  in 
Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Luxembourg and Sweden. Denmark, 
Finland and Sweden present particularly high figures for this indicator (more than 
14 FTE researchers per thousand employees). 
Lowest  numbers  of  researchers  per  thousand  employees  in  the  EU  are  found  in 
Croatia,  Cyprus  and  Romania  (less  than  4  FTE  researchers  per  thousand 
employees). 
Concerning  female  researchers,  Greece  and  Portugal  present  also  high  figures 
compared  to  EU  average,  while  Romania  is  the  country  with  the  worst 
performance in the EU.   
EFTA countries perform better than EU average. 
US,  Japan  and  South  Korea  also  perform  better  than  EU  average,  with 
particularly high figures for Japan and South Korea. 
China  presents  very  low  figures  for  this  indicator  (about  2  FTE  researchers  per 
thousand employees in the recent years). 

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Table 12:   Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees – Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate 
country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50%  compared  to  EU  average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   26 

Country20102014Comparison with EUAustria9.2810.1610%Belgium9.1710.4214%Bulgaria3.624.5125%Croatia4.313.97-8%Cyprus2.372.443%Czech Republic6.087.3821%Denmark14.1115.409%Estonia7.447.21-3%Finland17.1916.04-7%France9.5210.328%Germany8.789.083%Greece5.528.5956%Hungary5.776.4412%Ireland7.719.4022%Italy4.675.5018%Latvia4.704.37-7%Lithuania7.026.71-5%Luxembourg11.9510.49-12%Malta3.715.0135%Netherlands6.539.4144%Poland4.235.0419%Portugal9.079.050%Romania2.382.19-8%Slovakia6.586.28-5%Slovenia8.189.6117%Spain7.087.100%Sweden11.2014.5029%United Kingdom9.079.262%EU287.408.079%Iceland15.0011.55-23%Norway10.8811.536%Switzerland7.358.2312%United States10.0410.192%China1.802.1721%Japan14.0714.886%South Korea12.6614.8717%2010-2014 % change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 13:   Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees over 2000-2014 

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

27 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria6.61b6.59b6.636.74i17.257.677.728.208.788.879.289.329.8010.0310.16Belgium7.468.037.617.88i617.96i628.07i638.27i648.29i658.42i668.719.179.5510.1810.3410.42Bulgaria3.343.383.343.403.363.413.363.493.443.733.624.073.904.254.51Croatiabb5.823.954.693.793.793.623.884.064.314.324.384.373.97Cyprus1.061.111.421.551.782.022.152.172.172.352.372.372.342.472.44Czech Republic3.003.243.203.403.525.135.515.746.045.926.086.406.917.077.38Denmark7.22b7.269.469.349.6710.4110.4510.9412.7213.5114.1114.8215.2915.3815.40Estonia4.674.735.355.235.795.615.615.846.297.527.447.767.757.397.21Finland17.18b17.16b17.22b17.3216.6516.7315.8616.3716.8617.1916.4716.6516.3116.04France7.477.527.847.868.278.148.418.718.839.179.529.7510.1310.4310.32Germany7.177.317.417.577.727.597.647.787.988.398.788.909.209.179.08Greece3.59b3.483.58i13.664.07i14.494.484.694.85i315.11i325.52i336.206.828.458.59Hungary3.813.823.893.893.854.094.494.494.855.405.776.186.286.496.44Ireland5.205.305.435.716.116.056.076.056.977.407.718.478.929.219.40Italy3.213.173.333.243.273.743.954.134.224.564.674.785.005.345.50Latvia4.153.843.733.443.583.483.974.094.334.134.704.704.584.184.37Lithuania5.636.014.534.585.235.405.685.956.046.587.026.856.456.776.71Luxembourg9.159.45i219.86i2210.4710.8011.5310.5410.8611.3411.1511.9512.739.8810.6010.49Malta1.91b1.86b1.841.873.003.233.473.183.433.133.714.545.004.955.01Netherlands5.405.705.425.446.055.976.526.125.995.566.537.528.969.469.41Poland3.904.044.204.384.544.494.154.093.973.914.234.194.374.675.04Portugal3.563.713.924.244.354.475.195.928.448.589.079.899.999.099.05Romania2.102.042.262.392.422.652.152.132.182.192.381.982.192.272.19Slovakia4.794.544.364.465.014.955.135.265.195.646.586.656.596.356.28Slovenia4.975.055.164.304.365.686.256.537.217.808.189.599.809.809.61Spain5.005.025.005.345.645.755.856.006.457.067.08i417.07i427.26i437.33i447.10Sweden11.36b10.7811.02i111.2611.5012.8712.8110.2911.1810.7711.2010.8310.9314.1014.50United Kingdom6.366.727.29i317.83i328.36i338.838.948.838.749.049.078.858.949.269.26EU285.085.595.725.746.056.296.406.406.807.047.407.677.808.058.07Iceland12.38b12.2512.58i112.6813.52i114.0014.8113.0213.5315.6915.00i114.1813.08i111.7911.55fNorway8.79b8.788.91i19.249.259.459.7810.2210.4110.7810.8811.0711.1111.2411.53Switzerland6.916.76i316.66i326.63i336.576.52i316.39i326.28i336.116.72i317.35i327.86i338.438.34f8.23fUnited States8.258.508.849.489.188.999.079.049.5210.3910.0410.4510.4210.35f10.19fChina1.101.161.261.321.411.691.842.122.371.711.801.942.062.172.17fJapan12.6012.8312.4613.1413.2813.8914.0314.0613.6413.9514.0714.3914.3814.7414.88fSouth Korea5.516.846.987.497.628.729.6510.6511.3411.8212.6613.6314.7014.8514.87f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 14:   Female researchers (FTE) per thousand employees – Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow, red  and black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
average.
-50% 

compared 

below 

-50% 

-10% 

and 

and 

EU 

to 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   28 

Country20092013Comparison with EUAustria4.264.9015%Belgium6.086.568%Bulgaria3.854.5217%Croatia4.394.728%Cyprus1.881.964%Czech Republic3.603.9911%Denmark8.4110.4725%Estonia6.156.414%FinlandFrance3.795.6750%Germany3.754.4519%Greece4.687.9369%Hungary3.573.807%Ireland5.255.8011%Italy3.844.5819%Latvia4.004.174%Lithuania6.366.431%Luxembourg5.776.5413%Malta2.693.7038%Netherlands4.005.1829%Poland3.313.7915%Portugal8.058.293%Romania2.212.367%Slovakia5.415.9810%Slovenia5.737.4730%Spain6.206.15-1%Sweden6.708.2523%United KingdomEU284.775.5416%Iceland13.1610.21-22%2009-2013% changeScorecard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 15:   Female researchers (FTE) per thousand employees over 2000-2014  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

29 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria2.37b2.35b2.322.56i12.913.08i13.293.703.95i14.264.41i14.544.71i14.904.87fBelgium4.504.874.854.965.185.325.695.795.946.086.426.656.62f6.56f6.47fBulgaria3.283.263.303.403.363.393.243.553.523.853.874.284.074.524.48fCroatiabb5.594.284.844.013.903.894.304.394.654.724.814.724.61fCyprus0.760.801.001.091.361.611.641.641.671.881.841.841.821.961.93fCzech Republic1.751.891.912.032.003.113.223.393.583.603.613.733.953.993.96fDenmark4.42b4.475.355.605.94i16.396.54i16.817.48i18.419.139.8010.0310.4710.48fEstonia3.924.084.494.514.764.414.594.964.896.156.056.526.746.416.43fFinlandFrance3.84b3.78b3.79b3.785.345.525.675.51fGermany2.70b2.662.70i12.742.90i12.943.06i13.193.46i13.754.04i14.224.36i14.454.41fGreece3.16b3.073.14i13.193.42i13.683.89i514.16i524.39i534.68i545.12i555.856.94i17.937.77fHungary3.09b3.12b3.10b3.093.133.273.573.733.993.843.803.61fIreland3.87b3.74b3.573.874.023.954.164.234.795.255.435.415.64i15.805.74fItaly2.64b2.54b2.48b2.422.403.073.263.493.473.843.954.044.274.584.56fLatvia4.234.253.983.704.013.543.854.154.334.004.194.724.574.174.24fLithuania4.845.504.364.455.075.345.605.856.096.366.766.456.276.436.31fLuxembourg5.21b5.19b5.08b4.855.08i315.20i325.76i335.776.21i16.706.44i16.546.28fMalta2.51b2.36b2.43b2.532.652.842.462.832.692.763.183.793.703.53fNetherlands4.03b4.00b4.11b4.144.855.185.26fPoland5.254.69i214.19i223.593.733.963.573.593.373.313.633.593.603.793.71fPortugal3.503.673.884.164.254.334.955.587.868.058.319.019.108.298.09fRomania1.931.902.242.352.352.732.152.072.232.212.432.062.242.362.35fSlovakia4.043.913.884.004.584.584.924.965.005.416.206.366.235.985.85Slovenia3.783.823.903.013.034.204.544.875.255.736.177.367.257.477.42fSpain4.774.705.085.335.395.375.495.816.206.296.126.136.156.09fSweden7.75b7.72b7.83b7.817.10i16.356.45i16.706.88i16.877.57i18.258.15fUnited KingdomEU283.383.443.793.733.924.064.154.254.524.775.005.295.445.545.47Iceland9.09b9.109.39i19.6410.31i110.7711.7010.4410.8013.1611.84i110.5510.46f10.21f9.95f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.1.2.  Number  of  young  PhD  graduates  (ISCED8)  per  thousand 

population aged 25-29 

No 

1-2 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  provides  an  indication  of  the 
efficacy  of  measures  aimed  to  encourage 
the research career. 

Eurostat,  Graduates  (educ_uoe_grad  from 
2013, educ_grad until 2012) 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

 

Trend  over  the  last  decade  is  positive  for  EU  average,  but  there  was  an  overall 
decrease  of  number  of  young  PhD  graduates  over  2013-2014.  Average  of  EU 
countries  is  close  to  1  young  PhD  graduates  per  thousand  population  (aged  25-
29). 
There is overall no significant difference between the total and female young PhD 
figures. 
Largest numbers of young PhD graduates in the EU are found in Slovakia, the UK 
and  Ireland  with  more  than  2  young  PhD  graduates  per  thousand  population. 
These countries also present the largest number of female young PhD graduates. 
Lowest numbers of young PhD graduates in the EU are found in Bulgaria, Croatia, 
Cyprus,  Finland,  Greece,  Latvia,  Luxembourg,  Malta  and  Poland  (less  than  0.5 
young PhD graduate per thousand population in 2014). Figures regarding female 
young PhD graduates are also the lowest in these countries. 
Concerning EFTA countries, Switzerland performs better than EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 16:   Young PhD graduates per thousand population aged 25-29 – Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate 
country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50%  compared  to  EU  average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   31 

Country20102014Comparison with EUAustria1.761.37-22%Belgium1.311.5115%Bulgaria0.130.2596%Croatia0.120.28132%Cyprus0.090.36314%Czech Republic0.720.68-5%Denmark1.091.6854%Estonia0.640.56-12%Finland0.500.490%France1.611.57-2%Germany1.681.9215%Greece0.280.25-11%Hungary0.430.5732%Ireland1.272.0763%Italy0.920.91-1%Latvia0.120.26117%Lithuania0.540.7642%Luxembourg0.350.4634%Malta0.100.1998%Netherlands1.331.6020%Poland0.320.334%Portugal0.251.18364%Romania0.790.60-23%Slovakia2.262.6417%Slovenia0.991.7274%Spain0.760.75-2%Sweden0.691.2176%United Kingdom1.922.2216%EU280.821.0124%Iceland0.330.27-19%Norway0.570.7023%Switzerland2.241.92-15%Scorecard2010-2014 % change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 17:   Young PhD graduates per thousand population aged 25-29 

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

32 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria1.72b1.78b1.83b1.851.941.621.561.641.691.761.681.521.311.37Belgium0.63b0.64b0.65b0.650.930.920.771.201.171.310.881.421.421.51Bulgaria0.09b0.10b0.09b0.100.160.170.180.190.180.130.120.150.180.25Croatia0.07b0.07b0.07b0.070.12i10.170.220.290.28Cyprus0.12b0.12b0.12b0.120.020.250.150.230.140.090.180.210.160.36Czech Republic0.78b0.76b0.74b0.740.890.921.331.341.340.720.770.830.790.68Denmark0.61b0.63b0.65b0.660.510.590.570.730.801.091.180.891.661.68Estonia0.41b0.42b0.42b0.420.460.590.630.640.650.790.780.56Finland0.480.48b0.47b0.460.520.530.600.630.560.560.500.400.450.580.49France1.61b1.62b1.63b1.641.57Germany1.49b1.55b1.57b1.561.761.711.671.711.641.681.862.662.001.92Greece0.120.790.280.740.170.22i10.280.27i210.26i220.250.25Hungary0.18b0.17b0.17b0.160.210.190.290.210.250.430.390.450.460.57Ireland1.25b1.22b1.23b1.271.421.521.842.07Italy0.390.39b0.40b0.420.510.640.740.800.84i310.88i320.92i330.950.961.160.91Latvia0.08b0.08b0.08b0.080.110.120.240.120.220.260.290.26Lithuania0.45b0.47b0.48b0.490.620.610.660.570.500.540.660.750.820.76Luxembourg0.36b0.35b0.35b0.340.630.750.46Malta0.07b0.07b0.07b0.070.070.030.200.100.170.130.260.19Netherlands1.34b1.34b1.33b1.331.481.631.60Poland0.31b0.32b0.32b0.320.360.33Portugal0.08b0.08b0.08b0.080.150.160.160.200.200.250.320.371.311.18Romania0.27b0.29b0.29b0.290.850.380.280.330.700.790.930.920.900.60Slovakia0.66b0.63b0.62b0.610.700.901.202.001.752.261.932.852.712.64Slovenia0.56b0.55b0.55b0.540.410.380.570.491.040.991.131.202.691.72Spain0.450.380.430.490.510.590.760.540.600.640.75Sweden0.77b0.79b0.80b0.820.840.811.620.890.670.690.640.661.141.21United Kingdom1.71b1.77b1.82b1.841.801.871.981.801.841.921.981.942.132.22EU280.440.650.660.590.580.670.620.730.740.760.820.820.931.081.01Iceland0.05b0.05b0.05b0.050.100.140.040.160.240.330.730.270.27f0.27fNorway0.34b0.35b0.36b0.370.450.420.450.570.430.570.650.740.680.70Switzerland1.72b1.73b1.74b1.751.992.081.971.882.082.242.062.141.881.92 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 18:   Young  female  PhD  graduates  per  thousand  population  aged  25-29  – 

Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate 
country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50%  compared  to  EU  average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   33 

Country20102014Comparison with EUAustria1.721.30-24%Belgium1.281.4614%Bulgaria0.140.2899%Croatia0.140.2897%Cyprus0.140.47229%Czech Republic0.640.663%Denmark0.681.2585%Estonia0.580.57-1%Finland0.510.37-26%France1.361.34-2%Germany1.882.1514%Greece0.210.2941%Hungary0.410.5636%Ireland1.291.9955%Italy0.970.95-2%Latvia0.140.31126%Lithuania0.570.7939%Luxembourg0.230.3757%Malta0.270.07-75%Netherlands1.171.6037%Poland0.350.361%Portugal0.321.19267%Romania0.710.768%Slovakia2.372.8621%Slovenia0.781.59105%Spain0.820.842%Sweden0.690.9436%United Kingdom1.752.0216%EU280.790.9925%Norway0.380.5648%Switzerland2.341.85-21%2010-2014 % change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 19:   Young female PhD graduates per thousand population aged 25-29  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

34 

imputation(cid:9)gridCountry200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria1.43b1.49b1.53b1.551.791.531.471.631.581.721.521.491.261.30Belgium0.48b0.49b0.50b0.500.710.740.661.131.101.280.861.361.411.46Bulgaria0.10b0.11b0.11b0.110.210.200.240.210.210.140.130.170.200.28Croatia0.08b0.08b0.08b0.080.14i10.210.290.340.28Cyprus0.24b0.23b0.23b0.230.040.350.300.320.180.140.330.310.240.47Czech Republic0.58b0.56b0.54b0.540.620.681.001.071.130.640.770.740.750.66Denmark0.36b0.36b0.37b0.380.310.300.350.430.550.680.850.701.171.25Estonia0.44b0.45b0.45b0.450.330.500.560.580.560.900.900.57Finland0.46b0.46b0.45b0.440.440.470.380.570.560.510.510.380.370.450.37France1.36b1.37b1.38b1.391.34Germany1.49b1.54b1.56b1.551.781.751.771.811.861.882.112.802.212.15Greece0.100.630.150.290.130.16i10.210.22i210.23i220.250.29Hungary0.15b0.14b0.14b0.130.170.200.240.180.250.410.400.450.430.56Ireland1.32b1.27b1.26b1.291.321.411.771.99Italy0.400.40b0.41b0.430.530.660.770.850.88i310.93i320.97i331.001.060.990.95Latvia0.10b0.10b0.11b0.110.100.140.170.140.250.210.230.31Lithuania0.42b0.44b0.45b0.460.650.560.710.520.540.570.650.680.830.79Luxembourg0.24b0.24b0.23b0.230.600.700.37Malta0.07b0.07b0.07b0.070.07i10.070.410.27i10.140.070.340.07Netherlands1.18b1.18b1.17b1.171.401.511.60Poland0.34b0.35b0.35b0.350.440.36Portugal0.08b0.08b0.07b0.070.150.160.170.240.210.320.340.451.451.19Romania0.30b0.32b0.32b0.320.570.350.300.420.790.711.041.071.070.76Slovakia0.64b0.61b0.60b0.590.650.891.172.061.742.372.062.953.002.86Slovenia0.42b0.42b0.41b0.410.330.340.310.440.940.780.930.982.391.59Spain0.480.410.440.530.550.660.820.570.690.750.84Sweden0.66b0.67b0.69b0.700.680.731.370.730.660.690.580.570.880.94United Kingdom1.53b1.59b1.63b1.651.561.621.741.611.681.751.831.831.952.02EU280.430.570.580.530.520.590.560.660.710.740.790.790.911.050.99Norway0.25b0.26b0.27b0.270.280.290.290.420.350.380.510.610.570.56Switzerland1.51b1.52b1.54b1.541.621.841.821.742.032.342.122.161.891.85 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.1.3.  Number of PhD  graduates (ISCED8) per thousand population 

No 

1-3 

Rationale 

Data source 

The indicator provides an indication of the 
efficacy  of  measures  aimed  to  encourage 
the research career. 

Eurostat,  Graduates  (educ_uoe_grad  from 
2013, educ_grad until 2012) 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

 

Trend  over  the  last  decade  is  positive  for  EU  average,  with  average  number  of 
PhD graduates in EU countries close to 0.24 per thousand population in 2013 and 
2014. 
There is overall no significant difference between the  figures related to total and 
female PhD graduates. 
Largest numbers of PhD graduates per thousand population in EU member states 
are  found in Denmark,  Finland (which presents however a low number of  young 
PhD  graduates  according  to  the  previous  indicator),  Germany,  Ireland,  Portugal, 
Slovakia,  Slovenia,  Sweden  and  the  UK  with  more  than  0.35  PhD  graduates  per 
thousand  population.  Together  with  Belgium,  these  countries  also  present  the 
largest number of female young PhD graduates, together. 
Lowest  numbers  of  PhD  graduates  for  EU  are  found  in  Cyprus,  Hungary,  Malta 
and  Poland  (less  than  0.12  PhD  graduate  per  thousand  population  in  2014). 
Figures  regarding  female  young  PhD  graduates  are  also  the  lowest  in  these 
countries. 
Norway  and  Switzerland  present  larger  figures  for  PhD  graduates  compared  to 
the  EU,  while  Japan  has  a  very  low  number  of  PhD  graduates  per  thousand 
population (0.13 in 2014). 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   35 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 20:   PhD graduates per thousand population - Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -
50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   36 

Country20102014Comparison with EUAustria0.300.26-13%Belgium0.200.2317%Bulgaria0.080.19134%Croatia0.190.203%Cyprus0.040.0791%Czech Republic0.210.2411%Denmark0.250.3851%Estonia0.130.1623%Finland0.280.3730%France0.200.216%Germany0.310.3511%Greece0.170.15-14%Hungary0.130.12-8%Ireland0.270.3840%Italy0.200.18-11%Latvia0.060.13112%Lithuania0.130.148%Luxembourg0.120.1529%Malta0.030.0578%Netherlands0.230.2719%Poland0.090.092%Portugal0.130.38187%Romania0.230.19-19%Slovakia0.530.40-25%Slovenia0.230.49114%Spain0.190.2325%Sweden0.290.3730%United Kingdom0.300.3930%EU280.200.2423%Iceland0.110.128%Norway0.250.2814%Switzerland0.460.473%United States0.220.246%Japan0.120.132%2010 - 2014 % change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 21:   PhD graduates per thousand population  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

37 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria0.30b0.30b0.30b0.300.270.260.250.270.270.300.280.290.260.26Belgium0.14b0.14b0.14b0.140.150.160.160.180.180.200.200.210.220.23Bulgaria0.05b0.05b0.05b0.050.070.080.080.080.090.080.090.130.170.19Croatia0.08b0.08b0.08b0.080.090.100.110.110.130.190.250.310.190.20Cyprus0.02b0.02b0.02b0.020.010.040.020.040.040.040.050.060.060.07Czech Republic0.17b0.17b0.17b0.170.190.200.220.230.230.210.230.260.230.24Denmark0.15b0.15b0.15b0.150.180.170.180.200.210.250.270.280.340.38Estonia0.15b0.15b0.15b0.150.100.11i10.110.120.120.130.190.140.180.16Finland0.240.24b0.24b0.240.260.270.270.290.290.310.280.310.310.350.37France0.16b0.16b0.16b0.160.170.180.190.200.20i10.200.210.21Germany0.28b0.28b0.28b0.280.310.290.290.310.310.310.340.330.340.35Greece0.12b0.12b0.12b0.120.110.140.220.130.15i10.170.150.160.140.15Hungary0.09b0.09b0.09b0.090.110.100.110.110.140.130.120.130.110.12Ireland0.18b0.18b0.17b0.170.200.230.240.240.270.270.320.320.330.38Italy0.110.11b0.11b0.110.150.170.180.180.210.21i210.20i220.190.190.180.18Latvia0.04b0.04b0.04b0.040.050.050.070.060.080.060.140.130.160.13Lithuania0.09b0.09b0.09b0.090.100.100.110.110.120.130.120.130.150.14Luxembourg0.12b0.12b0.12b0.110.110.120.15Malta0.010.01b0.01b0.010.01i10.010.010.020.030.050.030.050.030.060.05Netherlands0.17b0.17b0.17b0.160.180.180.190.200.200.230.220.240.260.27Poland0.14b0.14b0.14b0.140.150.160.160.150.130.090.080.090.100.09Portugal0.09b0.09b0.09b0.090.100.100.120.120.120.130.150.180.400.38Romania0.12b0.12b0.12b0.120.180.150.140.160.230.230.280.260.270.19Slovakia0.16b0.16b0.16b0.160.190.230.260.310.360.530.310.400.390.40Slovenia0.18b0.18b0.18b0.180.180.200.210.200.230.230.260.280.570.49Spain0.20b0.20b0.20b0.190.160.160.160.160.170.190.190.200.220.23Sweden0.31b0.31b0.31b0.310.310.290.430.310.310.290.270.270.350.37United Kingdom0.26b0.26b0.26b0.260.260.270.290.270.280.300.320.320.410.39EU280.120.150.150.150.150.160.160.180.170.190.200.200.210.240.24Iceland0.04b0.03b0.03b0.030.050.050.030.070.100.110.160.130.12f0.12fNorway0.17b0.17b0.17b0.170.180.190.210.260.230.250.260.280.310.28Switzerland0.38b0.38b0.38b0.380.420.430.430.420.440.460.440.460.450.47United States0.17b0.17b0.17b0.170.180.190.200.210.220.220.230.240.24f0.24fJapan0.12b0.12b0.12b0.120.120.120.130.130.130.120.120.130.130.13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 22:   Female PhD graduates per thousand population – Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -
50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   38 

Country20102014Comparison with EUAustria0.250.250.210.21-14%Belgium0.240.240.310.3129%Bulgaria0.050.050.130.13145%Croatia0.190.190.200.207%Cyprus0.030.030.070.07186%Czech Republic0.160.160.200.2022%Denmark0.220.220.350.3558%Estonia0.130.130.160.1625%Finland0.290.290.380.3831%France0.160.160.180.1811%Germany0.270.270.310.3115%Greece0.140.140.140.140%Hungary0.110.110.110.11-6%Ireland0.260.260.370.3745%Italy0.180.18Latvia0.070.070.150.15113%Lithuania0.140.140.150.1510%Luxembourg0.090.090.110.1119%Malta0.010.010.030.0395%Netherlands0.190.190.250.2534%Poland0.080.080.090.0910%Portugal0.140.140.390.39169%Romania0.220.220.190.19-13%Slovakia0.510.510.390.39-23%Slovenia0.210.210.540.54161%Spain0.170.170.230.2330%Sweden0.290.290.340.3421%United Kingdom0.270.270.360.3635%EU280.180.2329%Iceland0.100.100.130.1327%Norway0.220.220.280.2827%Switzerland0.390.390.400.403%United States0.240.240.250.257%Japan0.070.070.080.0810%2010 - 2014 % change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 23:   Female PhD graduates per thousand population  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

39 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria0.24b0.24b0.24b0.240.230.210.210.220.230.250.230.230.230.21Belgium0.12b0.12b0.13b0.130.150.170.170.200.210.240.250.280.280.31Bulgaria0.04b0.04b0.04b0.040.050.060.060.060.060.050.060.090.110.13Croatia0.07b0.07b0.07b0.070.080.100.110.110.120.190.270.330.210.20Cyprus0.02b0.02b0.02b0.020.000.050.030.030.030.030.060.050.060.07Czech Republic0.12b0.12b0.12b0.120.130.140.160.170.170.160.200.210.190.20Denmark0.10b0.10b0.10b0.100.140.140.140.170.180.220.240.250.300.35Estonia0.17b0.18b0.18b0.180.080.110.110.100.130.180.140.200.16Finland0.220.22b0.22b0.220.230.260.250.290.310.320.290.310.310.350.38France0.13b0.13b0.13b0.120.140.140.150.160.170.180.18Germany0.21b0.21b0.21b0.210.240.240.240.250.260.270.290.300.300.31Greece0.09b0.09b0.09b0.090.080.100.170.100.140.110.130.120.14Hungary0.07b0.07b0.07b0.070.090.080.080.090.130.110.110.110.100.11Ireland0.16b0.16b0.16b0.150.180.220.220.250.240.260.310.310.320.37Italy0.110.11b0.11b0.110.150.170.170.180.220.200.200.180.18Latvia0.04b0.04b0.04b0.040.060.040.070.070.090.070.170.140.160.15Lithuania0.09b0.09b0.09b0.100.100.110.130.120.140.140.120.140.160.15Luxembourg0.10b0.10b0.09b0.090.110.090.11Malta0.010.01b0.01b0.000.00i210.00i220.000.010.020.050.010.010.030.060.03Netherlands0.13b0.13b0.13b0.130.130.140.160.160.160.190.190.210.240.25Poland0.13b0.13b0.13b0.130.140.150.150.140.130.080.080.100.100.09Portugal0.08b0.08b0.08b0.080.090.110.110.120.120.140.160.190.410.39Romania0.12b0.12b0.12b0.120.170.140.140.150.210.220.270.280.270.19Slovakia0.14b0.14b0.14b0.140.170.210.230.290.340.510.310.380.390.39Slovenia0.14b0.14b0.14b0.140.170.190.190.190.200.210.230.280.600.54Spain0.19b0.19b0.18b0.180.150.150.150.150.170.170.180.190.220.23Sweden0.27b0.27b0.27b0.270.270.260.390.290.300.290.270.260.320.34United Kingdom0.22b0.22b0.22b0.210.220.230.250.240.250.270.280.290.370.36EU280.110.130.130.130.130.140.150.160.160.170.180.190.200.230.23Iceland0.04b0.03b0.03b0.030.050.050.040.050.130.100.150.130.13f0.13fNorway0.13b0.13b0.13b0.130.140.150.180.230.210.220.240.270.290.28Switzerland0.29b0.28b0.28b0.280.300.330.330.340.370.390.380.390.390.40United States0.16b0.16b0.16b0.160.170.180.200.210.230.240.250.260.26f0.25fJapan0.06b0.06b0.06b0.060.060.070.070.070.070.070.070.070.080.08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.1.4.  New  women  doctoral  graduates  (ISCED  8)  per  thousand 

population aged 25- 34 

No 

1-4 

Rationale 

Data source 

indicator  addresses 

the  gender 
This 
dimension and provides an indication of the 
efficacy  of  measures  aimed  to  encourage 
the research career. 

Eurostat,  Graduates  (educ_uoe_grad  from 
2013, educ_grad until 2012) 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

Figures for new women doctoral graduates per thousand population (aged 25-34) 
are  strongly  increasing  over  the  last  decade,  from  an  average  of  EU  Member 
States close to 0.32 in 2005 to 0.56 in 2014. 
Largest  numbers  for  EU  Member  States  are  found  in  Denmark,  Germany, 
Slovakia  and  Slovenia  with  about  1  or  more  new  women  doctoral  graduates  per 
thousand population in 2014. 
Lowest  EU  figures  are  found  in  Bulgaria,  Cyprus,  Greece,  Latvia,  Malta  and 
Poland. 

  Within  EFTA  countries,  this  indicator  is  lower  in  Norway  and  Iceland  than  in  the 
EU, while Switzerland performs better than the EU average with 1.18 new women 
doctoral graduates per thousand population in 2014. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   40 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 24:   New  women  doctoral  graduates  per  thousand  population  aged  25-34  – 

Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -
50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   41 

Country20102014Comparison with EUAustria0.700.61-13%Belgium0.530.6217%Bulgaria0.140.2479%Croatia0.270.4257%Cyprus0.050.19262%Czech Republic0.390.5029%Denmark0.550.9774%Estonia0.280.3424%Finland0.480.5718%France0.550.54-2%Germany0.941.0612%Greece0.160.2135%Hungary0.240.2919%Ireland0.570.8853%Italy0.590.590%Latvia0.100.27159%Lithuania0.360.4524%Luxembourg0.250.3123%Malta0.130.05-62%Netherlands0.680.9033%Poland0.220.248%Portugal0.250.77203%Romania0.460.6130%Slovakia1.020.95-7%Slovenia0.471.12135%Spain0.360.5246%Sweden0.580.7122%United Kingdom0.700.8419%EU280.430.5631%Iceland0.150.1929%Norway0.350.4630%Switzerland1.211.18-2%Scorecard2010-2014 % change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 25:   New women doctoral graduates per thousand population aged 25-34  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

42 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria0.58b0.60b0.61b0.630.640.600.600.640.670.700.650.680.640.61Belgium0.18b0.19b0.19b0.190.230.260.270.480.460.530.360.580.580.62Bulgaria0.08b0.08b0.08b0.080.130.130.180.140.150.140.160.190.240.24Croatia0.20b0.20b0.20b0.200.27i10.330.400.440.42Cyprus0.17b0.17b0.16b0.160.090.09i10.090.050.130.140.150.19Czech Republic0.29b0.28b0.28b0.270.280.320.380.390.420.390.490.520.500.50Denmark0.24b0.24b0.25b0.250.320.330.310.380.450.550.610.590.830.97Estonia0.19b0.19b0.19b0.190.200.240.280.280.400.320.470.34Finland0.330.34b0.34b0.340.410.430.410.520.540.550.480.510.500.520.57France0.55b0.55b0.55b0.540.54Germany0.61b0.63b0.66b0.680.790.800.830.870.920.941.041.061.041.06Greece0.16b0.16b0.16b0.160.240.330.580.080.12i10.160.17i210.19i220.210.21Hungary0.13b0.12b0.12b0.120.140.140.150.160.230.240.230.250.230.29Ireland0.58b0.57b0.57b0.570.650.670.740.88Italy0.290.29b0.30b0.300.400.470.500.540.55i310.57i320.59i330.610.630.600.59Latvia0.09b0.09b0.09b0.090.140.130.130.100.260.240.240.27Lithuania0.23b0.24b0.24b0.250.310.320.350.320.370.360.350.400.470.45Luxembourg0.26b0.26b0.25b0.250.310.290.31Malta0.14b0.14b0.13b0.130.13i310.12i320.12i330.110.05Netherlands0.67b0.68b0.68b0.680.760.840.90Poland0.22b0.22b0.22b0.220.280.24Portugal0.11b0.11b0.11b0.110.130.150.170.180.170.250.300.360.830.77Romania0.21b0.21b0.22b0.220.310.250.270.330.490.460.640.600.600.61fSlovakia0.30b0.29b0.29b0.280.340.380.490.620.711.020.690.940.960.95Slovenia0.31b0.31b0.31b0.310.340.440.350.390.510.470.530.611.371.12Spain0.28b0.28b0.27b0.260.220.230.290.300.320.360.350.410.470.52Sweden0.48b0.49b0.50b0.510.500.540.840.590.590.580.530.520.670.71United Kingdom0.52b0.53b0.55b0.560.560.600.650.620.670.700.750.750.860.84EU280.310.300.300.280.290.320.330.380.380.400.430.450.480.560.56Iceland0.05b0.05b0.05b0.050.140.15i210.15i220.170.150.260.200.20f0.19fNorway0.20b0.21b0.21b0.220.260.250.300.370.340.350.400.490.510.46Switzerland0.79b0.80b0.81b0.820.880.951.011.041.131.211.131.131.131.18 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

1-5 

5.1.5. 

Share of female researchers  in the total number of researchers 

Rationale 

Data source 

indicator  addresses 

This 
the  gender 
dimension  by  providing  a  direct  measure 
of  the  proportion  of  women 
in  the 
population  of  researchers.  This  indicator 
is to be related to Indicators 3-1 and 3-4 
which  addresses  the  career  development 
of female researchers. 

Eurostat,  Total  R&D  personnel  by  sectors  of 
performance, 
sex 
occupation 
(rd_p_persocc) 

and 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

Trend  over  the  last  decade  is  stable,  with  the  average  share  of  women  in  total 
researchers being close to 36%-37%. 
Largest  proportions  of  women  in  total  researchers  are  observed  in  Bulgaria, 
Croatia, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal and Romania (at least 45% in 2014). 
Lowest  proportions  are  found  in  Austria  and  Germany  (23%  of  female 
researchers in 2014). 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   43 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 26:   Share of female researchers in the total number of researchers - Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  p.p.  change  =  change  in  percentage  points.  Green, 
yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s performance being, respectively, at least 
20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   44 

Country20092013Comparison with EUAustria22%23%1%Belgium32%29%-2%Bulgaria48%50%2%Croatia49%50%1%Cyprus38%38%1%Czech Republic26%25%-2%Denmark30%33%3%Estonia42%42%1%FinlandFrance20%26%6%Germany21%23%2%Greece37%39%2%Hungary30%27%-3%Ireland33%29%-3%Italy34%36%2%Latvia50%50%0%Lithuania50%48%-2%Luxembourg22%27%5%Malta29%28%-1%Netherlands33%26%-8%Poland38%36%-2%Portugal45%45%0%Romania45%45%0%Slovakia42%42%0%Slovenia34%35%1%Spain39%39%0%Sweden30%28%-2%United KingdomEU2837%35%-1%Iceland40%42%2%2009-2013 p.p. changeScorecard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 27:   Share of female researchers in the total number of researchers  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

45 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria16%b16%b16%17%i118%18%i119%21%21%i122%22%i123%23%i123%23%fBelgium25%26%27%28%29%29%30%31%32%32%32%32%30%f29%f29%fBulgaria46%46%47%47%47%46%45%48%48%48%50%50%50%50%47%fCroatia43%b43%b43%48%46%47%46%47%49%49%49%49%50%50%53%fCyprus30%32%31%32%34%35%34%34%35%38%37%37%38%38%39%fCzech Republic26%26%26%26%25%26%25%25%25%26%25%25%25%25%23%fDenmark29%b29%27%28%29%i129%29%i129%28%i130%31%32%31%33%32%fEstonia42%42%41%42%41%40%40%41%38%42%41%41%43%42%43%fFinlandFrance21%b20%b20%b19%26%26%26%26%fGermany17%b16%16%i116%17%i118%18%i119%20%i121%21%i122%22%i123%23%fGreece33%b33%33%i133%32%i132%34%i5135%i5236%i5337%i5438%i5539%42%i139%38%fHungary36%b37%b35%b31%32%31%30%30%30%28%27%26%fIreland31%b29%b28%29%28%28%29%30%30%33%33%30%30%i129%28%fItaly30%b30%b28%b29%29%32%33%34%33%34%35%35%36%36%35%fLatvia49%55%53%53%54%50%47%50%50%50%47%52%51%50%49%fLithuania44%47%47%48%47%49%49%49%50%50%51%49%50%48%48%fLuxembourg21%b20%b19%b18%21%i3121%i3222%i3322%23%i123%29%i127%27%fMalta40%b40%b39%b25%25%25%25%28%29%26%25%28%28%27%fNetherlands31%b33%b29%b25%25%26%26%fPoland61%53%i2146%i2237%37%39%38%39%38%38%38%38%37%36%33%fPortugal44%45%45%45%45%45%44%44%44%45%44%44%44%45%44%fRomania43%43%45%45%45%46%45%44%46%45%44%46%45%45%46%fSlovakia39%40%41%41%41%41%42%41%42%42%42%42%42%42%41%Slovenia35%34%35%32%32%34%33%34%33%34%35%35%34%35%35%fSpain37%b35%36%37%37%38%38%38%38%39%38%39%38%39%39%fSweden34%b33%b33%b29%26%i129%27%i130%29%i130%33%i128%27%fUnited KingdomEU2836%36%36%36%35%36%36%36%36%37%37%37%37%37%36%Iceland35%b35%35%i136%36%i136%36%36%36%40%38%i136%39%f42%f42%f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

1-6 

5.1.6. 

Share of researchers in the private sector in the total number of 
researchers 

Rationale 

Data source 

Given  the  significant  differences  between 
working conditions, incentives, potential for 
mobility  and  private  sector,  the  indicator 
provides  insight  into  better  understanding 
the observed values in the other indicators 

Eurostat, Total R&D personnel by sectors of 
performance, 
sex 
(rd_p_persocc) 

occupation 

and 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

Overall, trend in the EU over the last decade is stable, with the average share of 
MS for researchers in the private sector being close to 40% (from 39% in 2005 to 
42% in 2014). Trends are heterogeneous at the country level: strong increase in 
researchers in the private sector are observed in Bulgaria and Poland, where the 
share  has  doubled  over  the  last  decade,  while  the  importance  of  the  private 
sector has strongly decreased in Greece, Luxembourg and Romania. 
The  proportion  of  female  researchers  in  the  private  sector  is  significantly  lower 
(about 30%).  
Largest proportions of researchers in the private sector are observed for EU MS in 
Austria,  Ireland  and  Sweden  (more  than  64%  in  2014).  Countries  with  at  least 
50% of female researchers in the private sector are Ireland, Malta and Sweden. 
Croatia, Greece and Slovakia present the lowest figures in the EU, with less than 
20%  of  researchers  and  less  than  13%  of  female  researchers  in  the  private 
sector. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   46 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 28:   Share of researchers in the private sector in the total number of researchers – 

Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  p.p.  change  =  change  in  percentage  points.  Green, 
yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being,  respectively,  at  least 
20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   47 

Country20092014Comparison with EUAustria62%64%1%Belgium47%51%4%Bulgaria14%27%13%Croatia19%15%-4%Cyprus24%21%-3%Czech Republic44%51%7%Denmark64%60%-4%Estonia30%29%-1%Finland58%56%-2%France57%60%3%Germany58%56%-2%Greece23%17%-6%Hungary45%59%15%Ireland54%64%10%Italy37%38%1%Latvia9%21%12%Lithuania13%23%10%Luxembourg57%40%-17%Malta52%60%8%Netherlands44%61%17%Poland16%32%16%Portugal26%27%2%Romania32%29%-3%Slovakia12%18%6%Slovenia44%54%10%Spain34%37%2%Sweden62%67%4%United Kingdom33%38%5%EU2838%42%4%Iceland36%38%2%Norway48%49%1%Switzerland43%47%4%United States70%69%-1%China61%62%1%Japan75%73%-1%South Korea76%79%3%2009-2014 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 29:   Share of researchers in the private sector in the total number of researchers  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

48 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria66%b66%b66%65%i164%64%63%63%63%62%62%62%63%64%64%Belgium55%56%53%53%51%51%50%50%47%47%49%50%51%51%51%Bulgaria12%12%10%13%13%12%13%12%13%14%14%13%19%22%27%Croatia15%b15%b15%16%14%12%13%14%16%19%18%18%17%16%15%Cyprus25%25%27%21%19%19%22%23%26%24%22%20%19%20%21%Czech Republic40%38%41%41%44%42%42%44%44%44%43%45%46%49%51%Denmark50%b50%62%59%61%63%61%63%66%64%61%61%61%59%60%Estonia10%15%15%17%20%27%25%26%31%30%31%33%31%31%29%Finland57%b57%b57%b57%55%56%56%59%58%55%57%57%57%56%France47%50%51%52%54%53%54%56%56%57%59%60%60%61%60%Germany (until 1990 former territory of the FRG)59%60%58%60%60%61%61%60%60%58%57%56%57%56%56%Greece23%26%27%27%29%i131%27%30%26%i3123%i3219%i3316%18%14%17%Hungary27%28%29%30%29%32%36%40%43%45%48%51%56%57%59%Ireland66%67%64%60%57%58%58%57%54%54%56%59%61%64%64%Italy39%40%39%38%38%34%34%35%38%37%37%38%37%37%38%Latvia26%20%20%14%13%14%17%10%11%9%16%14%15%16%21%Lithuania4%5%4%7%7%9%11%15%14%13%14%16%16%21%23%Luxembourg85%84%i2183%i2282%76%76%71%69%64%57%56%54%40%40%40%Malta17%b17%b17%18%46%49%49%49%47%52%57%67%67%64%60%Netherlands47%49%47%44%48%48%53%51%49%44%50%55%60%61%61%Poland18%17%8%12%14%15%16%16%14%16%18%16%23%29%32%Portugal14%15%17%19%19%19%25%30%26%26%25%28%28%27%27%Romania62%57%53%47%43%45%41%41%33%32%30%22%28%29%29%Slovakia24%24%24%20%17%18%16%13%13%12%13%13%16%17%18%Slovenia32%34%35%40%41%37%39%41%43%44%44%51%52%54%54%Spain27%24%30%30%32%32%34%34%35%34%34%34%35%36%37%Sweden61%b61%60%i159%58%67%68%63%66%62%62%60%62%67%67%United Kingdom50%50%48%46%41%38%37%35%34%33%33%35%35%37%38%EU2837%38%38%37%38%39%39%39%39%38%39%40%40%41%42%Iceland46%b46%45%i144%45%i147%48%48%48%36%41%i147%43%i138%38%fNorway56%b56%55%i154%51%48%50%49%50%48%47%47%48%48%49%Switzerland62%59%i3156%i3253%i3350%48%i3145%i3243%i3341%43%i3144%i3246%i3347%47%f47%fUnited States108%b105%98%i6188%i6287%i6384%i6479%i6576%i6670%70%67%68%69%69%f69%fChina51%52%55%56%57%62%63%66%69%61%61%62%62%62%62%fJapan65%66%69%70%70%71%71%71%75%75%75%75%74%73%73%fSouth Korea66%73%73%74%74%77%78%75%77%76%77%77%78%79%79%f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 30:   Share  of  female  researchers  in  the  private  sector  in  the  total  number  of 

female researchers – Scorecard  

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. p.p. change = change in percentage points. Green, yellow, 
red and black circles indicate country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, 
between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50%  compared  to  EU 
average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   49 

Country20092014Comparison with EUAustria42%44%2%Belgium31%34%3%Bulgaria13%19%6%Croatia16%13%-3%Cyprus20%18%-1%Czech Republic25%29%4%Denmark52%46%-6%Estonia20%22%2%FinlandFrance59%48%-11%Germany35%34%-1%Greece16%10%-6%Hungary32%39%6%Ireland45%50%5%Italy23%22%0%Latvia10%14%4%Lithuania9%14%5%Luxembourg29%16%-13%Malta48%57%9%Netherlands34%42%8%Poland10%17%7%Portugal16%17%1%Romania27%25%-2%Slovakia6%8%1%Slovenia29%40%10%Spain27%29%2%Sweden53%54%1%United KingdomEU2828%29%1%Iceland29%34%5%2009-2014 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 31:   Share of female researchers in the private sector in the total of number of female researchers  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

50 

FEMALECountry200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria41%b41%b41%40%i140%40%i140%41%41%i142%42%i142%43%i144%44%fBelgium36%37%36%36%34%35%35%34%32%31%34%34%34%f34%f34%fBulgaria13%13%12%13%13%12%11%10%12%13%13%12%16%19%19%fCroatia12%b12%b12%13%13%11%10%12%16%16%16%15%16%13%13%fCyprus23%24%24%17%15%15%16%17%22%20%18%16%18%18%18%fCzech Republic26%24%26%26%26%25%23%24%25%25%25%27%28%29%29%fDenmark42%b42%51%50%52%i154%53%i152%52%i152%50%48%48%46%46%fEstonia8%10%9%9%11%17%16%19%18%20%21%23%21%22%22%fFinlandFrancebbb57%57%59%62%46%47%48%48%fGermany44%b44%42%i141%40%i140%38%i136%36%i135%35%i135%35%i134%34%fGreece17%b17%19%i120%19%i119%19%i120%18%i3116%i3215%i3314%12%i110%10%fHungary26%b26%b26%b26%30%32%32%35%37%38%39%39%fIreland47%b47%46%42%42%43%44%44%42%45%45%45%47%i150%50%fItaly26%b26%b26%b26%26%21%20%22%24%23%22%22%22%22%22%fLatvia21%21%19%14%14%14%14%9%12%10%13%15%14%14%14%fLithuania4%5%3%5%5%6%8%9%10%9%10%11%12%14%14%fLuxembourg62%b62%b62%b62%49%i138%33%i129%27%i126%25%f16%16%fMalta36%b36%b36%b36%44%42%46%42%48%47%59%63%57%57%fNetherlands34%b34%b34%b34%38%42%42%fPoland10%9%i218%i227%8%11%11%12%11%10%10%9%13%17%17%fPortugal8%9%11%12%12%11%16%20%17%16%16%18%19%17%17%fRomania61%55%51%45%40%41%37%36%28%27%25%18%23%25%25%fSlovakia17%17%18%15%14%14%13%8%7%6%6%7%8%8%8%Slovenia26%27%28%31%32%27%28%30%30%29%30%38%37%40%40%fSpain13%b13%22%22%23%23%26%26%27%27%26%27%28%29%29%fSwedenbb44%b44%50%i157%55%i153%53%i153%51%i150%52%i154%54%fUnited KingdomEU2825%25%28%27%27%28%27%28%28%28%28%28%29%29%29%Iceland46%b46%43%i140%41%i142%41%40%39%29%31%i134%34%f34%f34%f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

1-7 

5.1.7. 

Satisfaction  with  recruitment  process  at  home  research 
institution (open, transparent, merit-based) 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  provides  insights  into  the 
researchers 
recruitment 
according 
the 
Commission (OTM). 

to  priority  criteria  of 

process 

of 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This indicator is calculated as the average between the following three indicators: 

 

 

 

Share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  research  job  vacancies  are  sufficiently 
externally and publicly advertised by their home institution; 
Share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  the  recruitment  process  is  sufficiently 
transparent in their home institution; 
And  share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  recruitment is  sufficiently merit-based  in 
their home institution. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 
 
 

The  indicator  has  increased  for  all  countries  between  the  MORE2  and  MORE3 
projects. A majority of researchers seem to be satisfied with recruitment at their 
research institution according to the open, transparent and merit-based criteria. 
Highest scores for this indicator are found in Czech Republic, Malta and the UK. 
Lowest scores for this indicator are observed in Hungary, Portugal and Spain. 
The  indicator  is  slightly  lower  for  female  researchers,  but  the  difference  is  not 
significant. 

We  note  that  the  respective  question  that  was  posed  in  MORE2  differs  slightly  from  the 
question asked in 20162 and was placed at a different position in the questionnaire. This 
is unlikely, however, to have caused such a big difference on its own. Real developments 
also  play  a  role,  in  particular  in  the  strong  increase  of  the  first  factor  (public 
advertisement of vacancies). Based on national sources (experts), we found that in three 
countries that experience a very strong rise in this indicator, real events took place that 

2  

The difference with 2012 data needs to be interpreted with caution since the respective question in MORE2 
was stated slightly differently, in particular the item on external advertising. 

MORE2: “What is your opinion on the following issues: 1) Are you satisfied with the extent to which job 
vacancies  are  publicly  advertised  and  made  known  by  your  institution?  2)  Do  you  think  that  the 
recruitment process at your home institution is sufficiently transparent? 3) Do you think that recruitment 
at  your  home  institution  is  sufficiently  merit-based?”,  with  answer  categories  “yes”,  “no”  and  “N/A  /  no 
opinion”. 

MORE3: “What is your opinion on the following issues with respect to recruitment in your home institution: 
1)  Research  job  vacancies  are  sufficiently  externally  and  publicly  advertised  and  made  known  by  the 
institution.  2)  The  recruitment  process  is  sufficiently  transparent.  3)  Recruitment  is  sufficiently  merit-
based.”, with answer categories “I agree”, “I don’t agree” and “N/A”. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   51 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                           
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

can be expected to have contributed to this rise3. This is the case in Romania (30pp rise), 
Austria  (24pp  rise)  and  Lithuania  (20pp  rise).  In  Romania,  the  EURAXESS  initiative 
seems  to  have  been  strongly  promoted  in  the  last  years:  all  vacancies/open  positions 
(both  national  and  international)  must  now  be  advertised  on  EURAXESS.  In  Austria,  we 
found  that  public  and  international  advertisement  of  new  positions  on  Euraxess  was 
already compulsory before but that in the 2013-2015 performance agreements with the 
universities,  internationalisation  was  increasingly  focused  on,  with  emphasis  on  the 
compulsory use of Euraxess for international job advertisements. In 2015, a new mobility 
strategy  of  the  Austrian  government  was  implemented  which  stressed  the  use  of  the 
Euraxess platform as a central information platform. Finally, in Lithuania there is also the 
practice  of  public  advertisement  of  vacancies,  but  more  importantly  the  rise  in  this 
indicator  can  be  associated  with  a  recent  expansion  in  the  scope  of  project-based 
competitive funding to research provided by the Research Council of Lithuania. These are 
new  research  (usually  short-term  and  often  part-time)  positions  that  are  also  publically 
advertised  and  which  may  thus  have  an  influence  on  the  researchers’  perception. 
Moreover,  increasing  competitive  pressure  for  talent  has  been  cited  by  country  experts, 
as  well  as 
for  recruiting  (such  as 
www.academicjobseu.com). 

increased  use  of  online  platforms 

the 

3  

Several  country  experts  were  contacted  in  this  regard.  Four  out  of  six  experts  replied  to  our  question. 
Information  on  real  events  that  are  expected  to  contribute  to  the  strong  rise  in  the  indicator  value  is 
available  for  Romania,  Austria  and  Lithuania.  In  the  Czech  Republic  no  change  was  observed  that  could 
affect this value. For Bulgaria and Latvia, no information was available through the country experts. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   52 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                           
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 32:   Satisfaction  with  recruitment  process  at  home  research 

institution  – 

Scorecard 

Note:  EU27-28=  average  of  27  EU  MS  in  MORE2  and  28  EU  MS  in  MORE3.  p.p. 
change = change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate 
country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 
20%, between -50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   53 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria56%80%24%Belgium64%80%16%Bulgaria47%68%21%Croatia47%66%19%Cyprus59%74%15%Czech Republic59%84%25%Denmark65%81%16%Estonia70%78%9%Finland61%78%17%France56%74%18%Germany63%80%17%Greece57%74%17%Hungary50%58%8%Ireland70%79%8%Italy41%66%26%Latvia61%81%20%Lithuania49%68%20%Luxembourg72%81%9%Malta64%86%22%Netherlands67%77%10%Poland63%82%19%Portugal53%62%9%Romania52%82%30%Slovakia55%64%9%Slovenia49%67%18%Spain60%59%-1%Sweden66%81%15%United Kingdom80%86%5%EU27-EU2863%77%14%Iceland58%83%25%Norway66%79%13%Switzerland67%80%14%2012- 2016 p.p. changetotal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 33:   Satisfaction with recruitment process at home research institution (female) – 

Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Yellow and red indicate 
country’s  performance  being,  respectively  between  -
10% and 20% and  between -50% and -10% compared 
to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   54 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria72%Belgium79%Bulgaria66%Croatia64%Cyprus75%Czech Republic80%Denmark72%Estonia72%Finland70%France73%Germany81%Greece68%Hungary62%Ireland79%Italy67%Latvia77%Lithuania65%Luxembourg79%Malta82%Netherlands78%Poland82%Portugal60%Romania82%Slovakia62%Slovenia73%Spain60%Sweden77%United Kingdom82%EU27-EU2875%Iceland84%Norway75%Switzerland81% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.2.  Working Conditions 

The series of indicators in this section relate to working conditions of researchers. 

The percentage of researchers employed on a fixed-term contract basis has decreased 
between  MORE2  and  MORE3  surveys,  for  all  countries  with  the  exception  of  Bulgaria, 
Italy, Malta, Poland and Slovakia.  

10%  of  EU  researchers  in  the  MORE3  survey  are  employed  on  part-time  contracts  in 
their  current  academic  position,  similar  to  MORE2  survey  results.  A  particularly  high 
proportion  of  these  kind  of  contractual  conditions  is  found,  among  others,  in  Germany, 
Lithuania and the Netherlands.  

Overall,  higher  shares  of  fixed-term  contracts  and  part-time  contracts  are  recorded  for 
female researchers than for male researchers.  

Data  confirm  the  existence  of  a  Glass  Ceiling  Effect  (see  GCI)  for  EU  female 
researchers, but this factor is improving over time. Overall, the average EU GCI has been 
decreasing  over  the  last  decade,  which  illustrates  a  slight  improvement  concerning 
difficulties for women in progressing their research career. 

The majority of researchers in the MORE3 survey consider themselves well paid or paid 
a  reasonable  salary.  The  highest  proportion  of  researchers  are  observed  in  Belgium 
and Luxembourg, the lowest in Greece and Lithuania.  

Concerning  satisfaction  with  the  pension  plan,  the  vast  majority  of  EU  researchers 
are  satisfied  with  their  pension  plan  with  highest  satisfaction  in  Denmark  and  the 
is  observed. 
Netherlands.  However,  a  strong  heterogeneity  across  countries 
Approximately the same satisfaction levels are observed for social security rights and 
benefits.  The  highest  satisfaction  rates  for  social  security  are  observed  in  Luxembourg 
and Switzerland, while the lowest are observed in Greece.  

There  are  264  HRS4R  acknowledged  institutions  in  EU  MS,  with  about  half  of  EU 
Member States possessing no or only a few HRS4R institutions. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   55 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.2.1. 

Share of researchers employed on  fixed-terms contracts in their 
current academic position 

No 

2-1 

Rationale 

Data source 

The indicator measures the size of non–
permanent employment compared with 
total employment 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

 

26%  of  EU  researchers  in  the  MORE3  survey  are  employed  on  fixed-term 
contracts in their current academic position. This is lower than the MORE2 figure 
of 34%. 
The percentage has decreased between both surveys for all countries, except for 
Bulgaria, Italy, Malta, Poland and Slovakia. 
Countries  with 
for  academic 
researchers are Bulgaria, France, Greece, Malta and the UK, with less than 13% 
of fixed-term contracts. 
Shares  of  fixed-term  contracts  are  the  highest  in  Lithuania  (70%),  Slovakia 
(63%), Luxembourg (61%) and Germany (53%). 
Proportions of fixed-term contracts are higher for female researchers, with an EU 
average of 31%, especially in Lithuania (70%), Luxembourg (63%) and Slovakia 
(61%). 

lowest  proportions  of 

fixed-term  contracts 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   56 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 34:   Share  of  researchers  employed  on  fixed-term  contracts  in  their  current 

academic position – Scorecard 

Note:  EU27-28=  average  of  27  EU  MS  in  MORE2  and  28  EU  MS  in  MORE3.  p.p. 
change = change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate 
country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% below, between -20% and 
10%,  between  10%  and  50%  and  above  50%  compared  to  EU  average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   57 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria45%33%-13%Belgium63%44%-19%Bulgaria11%13%2%Croatia46%28%-18%Cyprus34%23%-11%Czech Republic46%39%-6%Denmark56%36%-20%Estonia73%45%-28%Finland63%41%-22%France20%8%-12%Germany54%53%-1%Greece23%12%-11%Hungary23%19%-4%Ireland26%20%-6%Italy7%17%11%Latvia38%33%-5%Lithuania74%70%-4%Luxembourg65%63%-2%Malta5%7%3%Netherlands52%35%-16%Poland32%34%3%Portugal37%23%-14%Romania7%2%-6%Slovakia52%61%9%Slovenia20%17%-3%Spain21%16%-5%Sweden51%28%-23%United Kingdom28%9%-19%EU27-EU2834%26%-8%Iceland21%22%1%Norway31%33%2%Switzerland61%59%-2%total2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 35:   Share  of  researchers  employed  on  fixed-term  contracts  in  their  current 

academic position (female) – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% below, between -20% and 10%, between 
average.
10% 

compared 

above 

50% 

50% 

and 

and 

EU 

to 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   58 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria56%42%-14%Belgium75%55%-20%Bulgaria12%10%-2%Croatia52%30%-23%Cyprus33%25%-7%Czech Republic41%38%-3%Denmark61%40%-21%Estonia77%49%-28%Finland59%48%-11%France27%9%-18%Germany61%62%1%Greece24%13%-11%Hungary30%13%-16%Ireland25%20%-5%Italy8%18%10%Latvia43%33%-10%Lithuania73%75%2%Luxembourg77%75%-2%Malta4%14%11%Netherlands63%44%-19%Poland34%40%6%Portugal34%28%-6%Romania8%2%-6%Slovakia53%60%7%Slovenia23%18%-5%Spain24%17%-7%Sweden52%35%-18%United Kingdom34%13%-21%EU27-EU2839%31%-7%Iceland32%26%-6%Norway41%37%-4%Switzerland77%62%-15%2012-2016 p.p. changefemale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.2.2. 

Share of researchers with part-time employment in their current 
academic position   

No 

2-2 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  measures  the  size  of  part- 
time  employment  compared  to  full-time 
researchers 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

10% of EU researchers in the MORE3 survey are employed on part-time contracts 
in their current academic position. This figure is the same in the MORE2 survey. 
Proportions  of  part-time  contracts  are  particularly  high  in  a  limited  number  of 
countries:  Austria,  Czech  Republic,  Estonia,  Germany,  Latvia,  Lithuania  and  the 
Netherlands. 
The proportion of part-time researchers is slightly higher for female researchers, 
with  13%  of  female  researchers  being  employed  on  part-time  contracts.  This 
figure is close to 30% or more in Germany, Lithuania and the Netherlands. 
The  proportion  of  part-time  researchers  in  Switzerland  is  particularly  high:  33% 
of total researchers and 44% of female researchers are employed part-time. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   59 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 36:   Share  of  researchers  with  part-time  employment  in  their  current  academic 

position – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% below, between -20% and 10%, between 
average.
10% 

compared 

above 

50% 

50% 

and 

and 

EU 

to 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   60 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria21%15%-6%Belgium9%7%-2%Bulgaria4%5%0%Croatia2%6%4%Cyprus1%5%3%Czech Republic20%13%-7%Denmark5%7%2%Estonia21%21%-1%Finland7%4%-3%France5%5%0%Germany23%24%0%Greece4%1%-3%Hungary10%14%4%Ireland2%4%3%Italy3%1%-2%Latvia29%20%-9%Lithuania31%26%-5%Luxembourg3%6%2%Malta7%8%2%Poland3%3%0%Portugal7%7%0%Romania4%2%-2%Slovakia9%3%-6%Slovenia6%9%3%Spain7%5%-2%Sweden10%9%0%The Netherlands17%23%5%United Kingdom8%7%0%EU27-EU2810%10%0%Iceland20%17%-3%Norway8%9%1%Switzerland38%33%-4%total2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 37:   Share  of  researchers  with  part-time  employment  in  their  current  academic 

position (female) – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% below, between -20% and 10%, between 
10% and 50% and above 50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   61 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria31%21%-10%Belgium9%10%2%Bulgaria5%4%-2%Croatia2%7%4%Cyprus2%7%6%Czech Republic20%12%-8%Denmark5%5%0%Estonia21%25%4%Finland11%7%-4%France11%7%-4%Germany32%31%-1%Greece3%2%-1%Hungary13%15%2%Ireland3%7%4%Italy3%1%-1%Latvia25%19%-7%Lithuania31%28%-4%Luxembourg6%9%3%Malta6%1%-5%Poland3%1%-2%Portugal4%5%2%Romania3%3%0%Slovakia10%2%-8%Slovenia4%10%5%Spain8%3%-5%Sweden14%10%-4%The Netherlands28%35%7%United Kingdom13%14%1%EU27-EU2814%13%-1%Iceland16%17%1%Norway5%7%2%Switzerland51%44%-7%2012-2016 p.p. changefemale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

2-3 

5.2.3.  Glass Ceiling Index (GCI) 

Rationale 

Data source 

indicator  helps 

This 
understand 
progressing in their research career. 

the  difficulties 

to  assess  and 
for  women 

SHE figures (WIS database) 

“The GCI measures the relative chance for women, as compared with men, of reaching a 
top position. The GCI compares the proportion of women in grade A positions (equivalent 
to Full Professors in most countries) to the proportion of women in academia (grade A, B, 
and  C),  indicating  the  opportunity,  or  lack  of  it,  for  women  to  move  up  the  hierarchical 
ladder in their profession. A GCI of 1 indicates that there is no difference between women 
and  men  being  promoted.  A  score  of  less  than  1  means  that  women  are  over-
represented  at  grade  A  level  and  a  GCI  score  of  more  than  1  points  towards  a  Glass 
Ceiling Effect, meaning that women are underrepresented in grade A positions. In other 
words,  the  interpretation  of  the  GCI  is  that  the  higher  the  value,  the  thicker  the  Glass 
Ceiling  and  the  more  difficult  it  is  for  women  to  move  into  a  higher  position.  It  is 
important to note that differences between national grading systems  may partly explain 
variations of the GCI between countries” (SHE report 2012). 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

The average GCI of EU member states is 1.75, indicating the existence of a Glass 
Ceiling effect for EU female researchers. 
Overall,  the  average  EU  GCI  has  been  decreasing  over  the  last  decade,  which 
illustrates  a  slight  improvement  concerning  difficulties  for  women  in  progressing 
in their research career. 
Under-representation  of  women  in  grade  A  position  (i.e.  highest  values  for  GCI) 
in  Belgium,  Cyprus,  Czech  Republic,  Estonia,  Lithuania, 
are  observed 
Luxembourg, and the UK according to latest figures available. 
Relative chance for women (compared to men) of reaching top position is highest 
in Bulgaria, Croatia and Germany, even if this chance is still lower than for men 
according to the GCI. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   62 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 38:   Glass Ceiling Index – Scorecard  

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. Green, yellow, 
red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20% 
below,  between  -20%  and  10%,  between  10%  and  50%  and  above  50%  compared  to 
EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   63 

Country20092013Comparison with EUAustria1.831.76-4%Belgium2.251.95-13%Bulgaria1.401.25-11%Croatia1.511.26-17%Cyprus3.393.16-7%Czech RepublicDenmark1.891.71-10%EstoniaFinland1.711.58-8%France1.761.72-2%Germany1.451.34-8%GreeceHungary1.761.57-11%Ireland1.461.43-2%Italy1.761.73-2%Latvia1.781.63-8%LithuaniaLuxembourgMaltaNetherlands1.921.78-7%Poland1.831.82-1%Portugal1.851.75-5%Romania1.351.6321%Slovakia1.951.82-7%Slovenia1.791.63-9%Spain1.961.80-8%Sweden1.931.64-15%United KingdomEU27-EU281.801.75-3%Iceland1.481.41-5%Norway1.661.51-9%Switzerland1.891.73-8%2009-2013 % changeScorecard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 39:   Glass Ceiling Index  

Note:  b:  carry-backward  imputation,  f:  carry-forward  imputation,  ixy:  imputation  by  interpolation  for  data  corresponding  to  the  yth  year  in  a  period  of  x 
consecutive missing years. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

64 

Country200020012002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria2.39b2.39b2.39b2.392.22i12.041.99i211.95i221.901.83i11.761.76f1.76f1.76fBelgium2.32b2.32b2.32b2.322.31i212.31i222.302.28i212.27i222.252.212.08i11.951.95f1.95fBulgaria1.73b1.73b1.73b1.731.65i211.58i221.501.47i211.43i221.401.35i211.30i221.251.25f1.25fCroatia1.51b1.51b1.51b1.511.51i11.511.45i311.39i321.32i331.261.26fCyprus3.75b3.75b3.75b3.753.73i13.703.65i213.61i223.563.393.28i13.163.16f3.16f3.16fCzech Republic3.12b3.12b3.12b3.122.81i212.51i222.202.122.12f2.12f2.12fDenmark2.29b2.29b2.29b2.292.25i12.202.11i212.03i221.941.891.83i211.77i221.711.71f1.71fEstonia2.56b2.56b2.56b2.562.56f2.56f2.56fFinland1.84b1.84b1.84b1.841.83i211.81i221.801.77i211.74i221.711.631.61i11.581.58f1.58fFrance1.81b1.81b1.81b1.811.81i11.801.79i211.79i221.781.76i211.74i221.721.72f1.72f1.72fGermany1.89b1.89b1.89b1.891.76i211.63i221.501.48i211.47i221.451.41i211.38i221.341.34f1.34fGreece2.001.491.49f1.49f1.49fHungary2.34b2.34b2.34b2.342.23i212.11i222.001.92i211.84i221.761.70i211.63i221.571.57f1.57fIreland3.80b3.80b3.80b3.803.22i312.63i322.05i331.461.45i11.431.43f1.43f1.43fItaly1.91b1.91b1.91b1.911.87i211.84i221.801.79i211.77i221.761.75i211.74i221.731.73f1.73fLatvia2.18b2.18b2.18b2.182.09i211.99i221.901.86i211.82i221.781.73i211.68i221.631.63f1.63fLithuania3.19b3.19b3.19b3.193.11i213.04i222.962.96f2.96f2.96fLuxemburg2.55b2.55b2.55b2.552.802.81i212.81i222.822.82f2.82f2.82fMalta11.70b11.70b11.70b11.700.72b0.72b0.72b0.72Netherlands2.26b2.26b2.26b2.262.21i212.15i222.102.04i211.98i221.921.841.81i11.781.78f1.78fPoland1.80b1.80b1.80b1.801.80i211.80i221.801.81i411.82i421.83i431.84i441.851.821.82f1.82fPortugal1.74b1.74b1.741.76i511.77i521.79i531.80i541.82i551.831.851.80i11.751.75f1.75f1.75fRomania1.42b1.42b1.42b1.421.38i211.34i221.301.28i11.261.35i311.45i321.54i331.631.63f1.63fSlovakia2.90b2.90b2.90b2.902.63i212.37i222.102.05i312.00i321.95i331.901.911.821.82f1.82fSlovenia2.20b2.20b2.20b2.202.13i212.07i222.001.93i211.86i221.791.74i211.68i221.631.63f1.63fSpain2.35b2.35b2.35b2.352.20i212.05i221.901.92i211.94i221.961.91i211.85i221.801.80f1.80fSweden2.05b2.05b2.05b2.052.13i212.22i222.302.22i12.141.93i11.711.68i11.641.64f1.64fUnited Kingdom2.35b2.35b2.35b2.352.29i12.232.23f2.23f2.23fEU1.90b1.90b1.90b1.901.88i511.87i521.85i531.83i541.82i551.801.78i211.77i221.751.75f1.75fIceland2.24b2.24b2.24b2.242.13i212.01i221.901.76i211.62i221.481.45i11.411.41f1.41f1.41fNorway1.70b1.70b1.701.72i11.741.77i11.801.75i211.71i221.661.561.54i11.511.51f1.51fSwitzerland1.81b1.81b1.81b1.811.71i211.60i221.501.63i211.76i221.891.84i211.78i221.731.73f1.73f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.2.4. 

Satisfaction in current academic position with remuneration 

No 

2-4 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  provides  an  assessment  of 
how  each  country  stands  in  terms  of 
remuneration according to researchers 

MORE3 survey 

We present two sub-indicators related to key indicator 2-4: 

 

 

Satisfaction in current academic position with remuneration, measured as the share 
of researchers that consider themselves well paid or paid a reasonable salary. 
Share  of  researchers  that  consider  the  remuneration  package  in  their  current 
academic position better than that of people with comparable skills and experience 
outside academia 

We  note  that  in  the  MORE2  study  there  is  also  information  on  satisfaction  with 
remuneration but this stems from a more general type of question on satisfaction in the 
current  employment  of  the  researchers.  In  MORE3,  the  information  on  satisfaction  with 
remuneration  was  extended  and  deepened  in  new  questions,  which  is  why  we  only 
present the MORE3 values in this indicator report. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

67%  of  EU  researchers  in  the  MORE3  survey  consider  themselves  well  paid  or 
paid a reasonable salary.  
Highest  shares  of  researchers  satisfied  with  remuneration  are  observed  in 
Austria,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Luxembourg,  the  Netherlands  and  Sweden  (more 
than 80%). 
Lowest proportions are in Greece, Lithuania and Slovakia (41% or less). 
Researchers in Norway and Switzerland also report high levels of satisfaction with 
their remuneration. 

Concerning  the  share  of  researchers  that  consider  the  remuneration  package  in 
their current academic position better than that of people with comparable skills 
and experience outside academia, this proportion is only 10% for EU researchers. 
Largest  shares  are  observed  in  Romania  (42%),  Malta  (18%),  and  Bulgaria 
(18%).  
Lowest  shares  for  this  indicator  are  found  in  France  (4%),  Czech  Republic  (5%) 
and the UK (6%). 
Average indicator for EU (10%) and patterns are similar for female researchers. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   65 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Indicator report on researchers 

Table 40:   Satisfaction in current academic position with remuneration – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3.  Green, yellow, red and black circles 
indicate  country’s  performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -
50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   66 

Sub-indicator 1: share of researchers that consider themselves well paid or paid a reasonable salary2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria83%Belgium89%Bulgaria50%Croatia55%Cyprus67%Czech Republic51%Denmark82%Estonia44%Finland80%France59%Germany77%Greece26%Hungary34%Ireland73%Italy53%Latvia45%Lithuania33%Luxembourg89%Malta71%Netherlands83%Poland88%Portugal52%Romania52%Slovakia41%Slovenia32%Spain61%Sweden58%United Kingdom78%EU27-EU2867%Iceland49%Norway81%Switzerland86% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 41:   Share of researchers that consider the remuneration package in their current 
academic  position  better  than  that  of  people  with  comparable  skills  and 
experience outside academia - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and 
black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   67 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria10%Belgium9%Bulgaria18%Croatia12%Cyprus20%Czech Republic5%Denmark10%Estonia17%Finland16%France4%Germany14%Greece11%Hungary12%Ireland9%Italy7%Latvia15%Lithuania13%Luxembourg15%Malta18%The Netherlands12%Poland8%Portugal14%Romania42%Slovakia14%Slovenia13%Spain10%Sweden11%United Kingdom6%EU2810%Iceland7%Norway7%Switzerland14% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 42:   Share of researchers that consider the remuneration package in their current 
academic  position  better  than  that  of  people  with  comparable  skills  and 
experience outside academia (female) – Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and 
black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   68 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria15%Belgium8%Bulgaria16%Croatia11%Cyprus15%Czech Republic8%Denmark10%Estonia17%Finland13%France4%Germany15%Greece9%Hungary14%Ireland7%Italy5%Latvia11%Lithuania12%Luxembourg17%Malta18%The Netherlands16%Poland6%Portugal11%Romania30%Slovakia9%Slovenia10%Spain11%Sweden8%United Kingdom7%EU2810%Iceland7%Norway5%Switzerland13% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

2-5 

5.2.5. 

Transferability of Pensions and Social Security 

Rationale 

Data source 

MORE3 survey 

The  indicator  provides  a  measurement  of 
the  existence  of  a  potential  barrier  to 
the 
mobility 
international 
transferability  of  pensions  and  social 
security). However, it does not indicate the 
degree  of  importance  of  the  barrier.  This 
indicator  is  to  be  related  to  the  Pan-
European pension fund. 

(i.e. 

We  divide  this  indicator  into  two  sub-indicators:  one  regarding  pensions,  and  the  other 
one  regarding  social  security.  The  indicators  measure  the  share  of  researchers 
acknowledging importance of transferring pensions/social security as barrier for post-PhD 
mobility for mobile R2-3-4 researchers. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

About  20%  of  surveyed  researchers  acknowledge  the  importance  of  transferring 
pensions  or  social  security  as  a  barrier  to  post-PhD  mobility,  with  problems  due 
to  transfer  of  social  security  being  slightly  more  important  than  for  transfer  of 
pensions (respectively 23% and 19%). 
Poland  and  Switzerland  present  the  highest  proportions  of  researchers  reporting 
problems related to the transferability of pensions. 
Transferability  of  social  security  is  reported  in  highest  proportion  as  a  barrier  to 
post-PhD mobility in Lithuania, Poland and Malta. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   69 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Indicator report on researchers 

Table 43:   Share  of researchers acknowledging the  importance of transferring pensions 

as barrier to post-PhD mobility - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and 
black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively,  at  least  20%  below,  between  -20%  and 
10%,  between  10%  and  50%  and  above  50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   70 

Sub-indicator 1: share of researchers acknowledging the importance  of transferring pensions as barrier for post-PhD mobility 2016Comparison with EU28CountryTotalTotalAustria18%Belgium10%BulgariaCroatia12%Cyprus27%Czech RepublicDenmark9%Estonia16%Finland24%France26%Germany18%Greece20%Hungary19%Ireland19%Italy13%LatviaLithuaniaLuxembourg12%MaltaNetherlands15%Poland34%PortugalRomaniaSlovakia9%Slovenia25%Spain11%Sweden14%United Kingdom23%EU2819%Iceland21%Norway25%Switzerland31% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 44:   Share  of  researchers  acknowledging  the  importance  of  transferring  social 

security as barrier for post-PhD mobility - Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and 
black  circles 
indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively,  at  least  20%  below,  between  -20%  and 
10%, between 10% and 50% and above 50% compared 
to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   71 

Sub-indicator 2: share of researchers acknowledging the importance  of transferring social security as barrier for post-PhD mobility 2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria19%Belgium16%BulgariaCroatia17%Cyprus27%Czech Republic17%Denmark13%Estonia23%Finland29%France30%Germany21%Greece25%Hungary31%Ireland22%Italy19%Latvia14%Lithuania45%Luxembourg16%Malta37%Netherlands16%Poland41%Portugal13%Romania27%Slovakia14%Slovenia33%Spain20%Sweden20%United Kingdom23%EU2823%Iceland32%Norway34%Switzerland19% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.2.6. 

Satisfaction 
pension/social security 

in  current  academic  position  regarding 

the 

No 

2-6 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  provides  an  insight  into  the 
current  level  of  satisfaction  related  to 
pension/social 
academic 
security 
researchers.  

for 

MORE3 survey 

As  for  the  previous  indicator,  we  separate  this  indicator  into  two  sub-indicators:  one 
regarding pensions, and the other one regarding social security. The indicators measure 
the share of researchers that is satisfied with their pension plan or social security rights 
and benefits in their current academic position. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

 

 

73%  of  EU  researchers  (68%  for  female  researchers)  in  the  MORE3  survey  are 
satisfied with their pension plan. 
There is a strong heterogeneity across countries. Highest levels of satisfaction are 
reported  in  Denmark  and  the  Netherlands  (more  than  90%),  while  only  26%  of 
researchers in Greece are satisfied with their pension plan. 
Satisfaction in EFTA countries is higher than the EU average, especially in Norway 
and Switzerland. 

Concerning social security, 80% of EU researchers (78% for female researchers) 
in MORE3 are satisfied with their social security rights and benefits.  
Highest satisfaction levels are reported in Luxembourg and Switzerland with 97% 
of researchers being satisfied. 
Lowest satisfaction is observed in Greece, with only 42% of researchers and 38% 
of female researchers being satisfied with their social security rights and benefits. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   72 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 45:   Share of researchers satisfied with their pension plan in the current academic 

position - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average

December 2016                                                                                                                                   73 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria87%Belgium82%Bulgaria61%Croatia65%Cyprus55%Czech Republic70%Denmark94%Estonia58%Finland86%France83%Germany79%Greece26%Hungary45%Ireland81%Italy56%Latvia63%Lithuania45%Luxembourg86%Malta58%Netherlands93%Poland72%Portugal55%Romania50%Slovakia50%Slovenia64%Spain60%Sweden86%United Kingdom76%EU2873%Iceland84%Norway94%Switzerland92% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 46:   Share of researchers satisfied with their pension plan in the current academic 

position (female) – Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and 
black circles indicate country’s performance being, 
respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 
20%, between -50% and -10% and below -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   74 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria84%Belgium77%Bulgaria58%Croatia58%Cyprus49%Czech Republic63%Denmark92%Estonia47%Finland85%France78%Germany75%Greece27%Hungary51%Ireland83%Italy54%Latvia60%Lithuania40%Luxembourg84%Malta57%Netherlands94%Poland65%Portugal51%Romania47%Slovakia46%Slovenia62%Spain62%Sweden86%United Kingdom69%EU2868%Iceland87%Norway93%Switzerland88% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 47:   Share of researchers satisfied with their social security rights and benefits in 

the current academic position - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   75 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria94%Belgium91%Bulgaria75%Croatia82%Cyprus69%Czech Republic86%Denmark96%Estonia77%Finland91%France92%Germany87%Greece42%Hungary58%Ireland84%Italy72%Latvia61%Lithuania60%Luxembourg97%Malta89%Netherlands95%Poland84%Portugal73%Romania83%Slovakia59%Slovenia84%Spain83%Sweden91%United Kingdom85%EU2880%Iceland83%Norway91%Switzerland97% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 48:   Share of researchers satisfied with their social security rights and benefits in 

the current academic position (female) – Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   76 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria93%Belgium91%Bulgaria69%Croatia77%Cyprus67%Czech Republic81%Denmark96%Estonia75%Finland90%France93%Germany85%Greece38%Hungary67%Ireland86%Italy72%Latvia55%Lithuania55%Luxembourg95%Malta87%Netherlands95%Poland80%Portugal72%Romania80%Slovakia56%Slovenia84%Spain87%Sweden91%United Kingdom76%EU2878%Iceland81%Norway90%Switzerland98% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

2-7 

5.2.7.  Number  of  HRS4R  acknowledged  institutions  per  thousand 

researchers 

Rationale 

Data source 

These  institutions  have  signed  the  Code  of 
Conduct and provided the Commission with 
a  gap  analysis  and  a  solid  action  plan  on 
how  to  concretely  implement  the  elements 
of  the  Code  of  Conduct.  This  indicates  the 
strong  commitment  of  the  institutions  of 
the countries. 

EURAXESS 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 
 

There are 264 HRS4R acknowledged institutions in EU MS (13 in EFTA countries), 
which corresponds to close to 0.12 institutions per thousand researchers. 
About half of EU Member States possesses no or only a few HRS4R institutions. 
Countries  with  the  largest  number  of  these  institutions  per  researcher  are 
Croatia, Cyprus and Luxembourg. 

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Table 49:   Number  of  HRS4R  acknowledged  institutions  per  thousand  researchers  - 

Scorecard 

Note: EU= total of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   78 

Country20112015Comparison with EUAustria0.050.120.07Belgium0.120.260.14Bulgaria0.000.080.08Croatia0.882.621.74Cyprus0.002.312.31Czech Republic0.000.000.00Denmark0.000.050.05Estonia0.000.000.00Finland0.000.260.26France0.000.010.01Germany0.000.020.02Greece0.000.070.07Hungary0.000.000.00Ireland0.070.520.45Italy0.030.080.06Latvia0.000.000.00Lithuania0.000.000.00Luxembourg0.350.780.43Malta0.000.000.00Netherlands0.000.150.15Poland0.000.130.13Portugal0.000.030.03Romania0.000.110.11Slovakia0.000.000.00Slovenia0.000.350.35Spain0.010.310.30Sweden0.000.000.00United Kingdom0.120.320.19EU0.030.130.10Iceland0.440.510.07Norway0.110.270.16Switzerland0.030.080.06Scorecard2011-2015 change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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Table 50:  

Number of HRS4R acknowledged institutions per thousand researchers  

December 2016                                                                                                                                   79 

Number(cid:9)per(cid:9)thousand(cid:9)researchersCountry201020112012201320142015Austria0.030.050.100.100.100.12Belgium0.020.120.130.190.230.26Bulgaria0.000.000.090.080.080.08Croatia0.140.881.352.142.292.62Cyprus0.000.000.001.141.162.31Czech Republic0.000.000.000.000.000.00Denmark0.000.000.020.020.020.05Estonia0.000.000.000.000.000.00Finland0.000.000.000.080.160.26France0.000.000.000.010.010.01Germany0.000.000.000.000.010.02Greece0.000.000.080.070.070.07Hungary0.000.000.000.000.000.00Ireland0.000.070.130.300.340.52Italy0.030.030.040.060.070.08Latvia0.000.000.000.000.000.00Lithuania0.000.000.000.000.000.00Luxembourg0.000.350.430.800.780.78Malta0.000.000.000.000.000.00Netherlands0.000.000.010.070.090.15Poland0.000.000.010.040.050.13Portugal0.000.000.000.030.030.03Romania0.000.000.000.050.110.11Slovakia0.000.000.000.000.000.00Slovenia0.000.000.230.230.350.35Spain0.000.010.020.050.110.31Sweden0.000.000.000.000.000.00United Kingdom0.070.120.220.290.300.32EU0.010.030.060.090.100.13Iceland0.440.440.480.510.510.51Norway0.110.110.180.210.270.27Switzerland0.000.030.060.060.080.08 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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5.3.  Career path 

This section presents key indicators related to the career path of researchers. 

About  half  of  the  surveyed  EU  researchers  report  receiving  training  in  transferable 
skills  or  developing  transferable  skills  through  work  experience,  with  high  shares 
recorded  in  Ireland,  Malta  and  Slovenia,  and  low  shares  recorded  for  Austria  and 
Portugal.  The  large  majority  of  researchers  agree  on  the  added  value  of  transferable 
skills for career progression in their home institution. 

The degree of satisfaction with current academic position is the highest in Belgium, 
Czech  Republic,  and  Malta  and  is  particularly  low  in  Portugal  and  Italy.  EFTA  countries 
perform better than the EU average for this indicator. 

On  average,  EU  researchers  are  positive  about  transparency  and  meritocracy  in 
professional advancement in HEIs. Female  researchers are slightly less positive. This 
indicator is at its lowest in Hungary, Italy, Portugal and Spain. 

Concerning  female  career  paths,  the  average  EU  proportion  of  women  as  Grade  A 
academic  staff  increased  steadily  between  2004  and  2013.  In  an  international 
comparison  with  EFTA  countries,  Iceland  and  Norway  show  higher  proportions  than  the 
EU  average,  while  the  average  for  Switzerland  is  lower  than  the  EU.  The  average  EU 
proportion  of  women  on  boards  also  increased  steadily  between  2005  and  2014, 
and the same comparison with EFTA countries is in line with the one for women as Grade 
A academic staff. 

5.3.1. 

Share of researchers receiving transferable skills training during 
PhD 

No 

3-1 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  assesses  the  extent  of  the 
countries’ move  towards more  transferable 
skills training at the PhD stage. 

MORE3 survey 

This indicator corresponds to the share of R1-R2 researchers with a PhD or enrolled in a 
PhD  programme  who  indicate  they  received  training  in  transferable  skills  or  developed 
transferable  skills  through  work  experience.  We  note  that  in  MORE2  a  similar  question 
was  asked,  but  referring  to  ‘structured  training’  rather  than  specific  training  in 
transferable  skills.  Structured  training  refers  to  a  (formal)  training  programme  with  a 
clearly  detailed  schedule,  a  fixed  time  frame  and  predefined  targets/milestones.  The 
training in transferable  skills  refered  to  in  the  MORE3  survey  can  be  either  part  of  such 
structured  training  programme  or  be  independent  of  such  programme.  Given  the 
different  interpretation,  the  MORE2  estimates  on  structured  training  are  not  included  in 
this indicator. 

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Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 
 

On  average,  about  half  of  the  surveyed  researchers  report  receiving/having 
received  training  in  transferable  skills  or  developing  transferable  skills  through 
work experience. 
The  largest  proportion  of  researchers  reporting  these  transferable  skills  are  in 
Ireland, Latvia, Malta and Slovenia (more than 70%). 
Lowest shares are found in Austria and Portugal (40% or less). 
Figures are not significantly different for female researchers. 

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Table 51:  
Scorecard 

Share  of  researchers  receiving  transferable  skills  training  during  PhD  - 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   82 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria23%Belgium65%Bulgaria67%Croatia60%CyprusCzech Republic61%Denmark61%Estonia53%Finland57%France45%Germany44%Greece54%Hungary50%Ireland71%Italy50%Latvia70%Lithuania45%Luxembourg66%Malta80%Netherlands62%Poland51%Portugal40%Romania47%Slovakia57%Slovenia73%Spain66%Sweden65%United Kingdom56%EU27-EU2851%Iceland70%Norway72%Switzerland55% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 52:   Share  of  researchers  receiving  transferable  skills  training  during  PhD 

(female) –Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   83 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria26%Belgium61%Bulgaria70%Croatia62%CyprusCzech RepublicDenmark47%Estonia52%Finland58%France48%Germany47%GreeceHungaryIreland73%Italy42%LatviaLithuania47%Luxembourg70%MaltaNetherlands59%Poland58%Portugal39%RomaniaSlovakia53%Slovenia74%Spain71%Sweden62%United Kingdom60%EU27-EU2852%Norway79%Switzerland61% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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5.3.2.  Appreciation of transferable skills  

No 

3-2 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  assesses  the  importance  of 
transferable  skills  in  the  shaping  of  career 
paths.  

MORE3 survey 

This indicator is measured as the share of researchers who agree that transferable skills 
are regarded as a positive factor for career progress in their home institution. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 
 

 

 

On  average,  81%  of  the  surveyed  researchers  agree  that  transferable  skills  are 
regarded as a positive factor for career progress in their home institution. 
Country differences are small, with most results being close to 80%. 
Largest  proportions  of  researchers  assessing  transferable  skills  as  being 
important are in Latvia and Romania (more than 90%). 
Lowest  shares  are  found  in  Finland  and  Hungary  (70%  or  less),  but  figures  are 
still high. 
Figures are not significantly different for female researchers. 

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Table 53:   Appreciation of transferable skills - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   85 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria84%Belgium87%Bulgaria73%Croatia73%Cyprus71%Czech Republic84%Denmark79%Estonia84%Finland70%France79%Germany86%Greece75%Hungary67%Ireland80%Italy75%Latvia92%Lithuania74%Luxembourg82%Malta82%Netherlands83%Poland79%Portugal75%Romania90%Slovakia82%Slovenia80%Spain76%Sweden85%United Kingdom81%EU2881%Iceland84%Norway74%Switzerland82% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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Table 54:   Appreciation of transferable skills (female) - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   86 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria78%Belgium90%Bulgaria71%Croatia71%Cyprus78%Czech Republic81%Denmark83%Estonia86%Finland66%France72%Germany87%Greece75%Hungary62%Ireland78%Italy77%Latvia91%Lithuania74%Luxembourg78%Malta80%Netherlands79%Poland82%Portugal73%Romania89%Slovakia80%Slovenia83%Spain84%Sweden89%United Kingdom76%EU2880%Iceland82%Norway76%Switzerland82% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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5.3.3.  Degree  of  satisfaction  with  different  aspects  of  the  current 

academic position 

No 

3-3 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  assesses  the  appreciation 
from  the  researcher’s  point  of  view  of  the 
different  dimensions  related  to  his/her 
career path. 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This  indicator  is  a  composite  indicator  with  a  0-1  scale  measuring  the  satisfaction  in 
current academic position with: 
 
 
  Mobility perspectives. 

Level of responsibility; 
Opportunities for advancement (MORE2) or career perspectives (MORE3); 

Each dimension has the same weight in the indicator presented. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 
 

On average, the degree of satisfaction in current academic position as measured 
by  this  indicator  is  0.77  on  a  scale  from  0  to  1  for  EU  researchers  (based  on 
MORE3 data). 
Highest scores are found in Belgium, Czech Republic and Malta (0.86 or more in 
MORE3). 
The degree of satisfaction is particularly low in Portugal (score of 0.75) and Italy 
(0.62). 
EFTA countries perform better than the EU average for this indicator. 
Figures are slightly lower for female researchers in all countries, except Hungary 
and Latvia. 

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Table 55:   Degree of satisfaction with different aspects of the current academic position 

– Scorecard 

Note:  EU27-28=  average  of  27  EU  MS  in  MORE2  and  28  EU  MS  in  MORE3.  Change  = 
absolute  change  between  2012  and  2016.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate 
country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, 
between -50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   88 

Satisfaction(cid:9)in(cid:9)current(cid:9)academic(cid:9)position(cid:9)with:(cid:9)level(cid:9)of(cid:9)responsbility,(cid:9)career(cid:9)perspectives(cid:9)and(cid:9)mobility(cid:9)perspectives20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria0.700.820.12Belgium0.740.860.11Bulgaria0.710.730.02Croatia0.690.800.10Cyprus0.680.700.02Czech Republic0.790.860.07Denmark0.790.830.05Estonia0.800.800.01Finland0.750.840.09France0.700.740.04Germany0.760.790.03Greece0.660.690.03Hungary0.700.67-0.03Ireland0.640.770.13Italy0.460.620.17Latvia0.810.830.02Lithuania0.700.730.03Luxembourg0.730.750.02Malta0.740.890.15Netherlands0.780.810.04Poland0.750.840.08Portugal0.580.57-0.01Romania0.610.830.21Slovakia0.750.820.07Slovenia0.730.780.05Spain0.690.68-0.01Sweden0.790.830.04United Kingdom0.770.820.05EU27-EU280.720.770.06Iceland0.790.890.11Norway0.790.850.06Switzerland0.770.810.04total2012-2016 change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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Table 56:   Degree of satisfaction with different aspects of the current academic position 

(female) - Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and 
black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   89 

Satisfaction(cid:9)in(cid:9)current(cid:9)academic(cid:9)position(cid:9)with:(cid:9)level(cid:9)of(cid:9)responsbility,(cid:9)career(cid:9)perspectives(cid:9)and(cid:9)mobility(cid:9)perspectives2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria0.73Belgium0.84Bulgaria0.69Croatia0.76Cyprus0.70Czech Republic0.81Denmark0.78Estonia0.77Finland0.83France0.71Germany0.78Greece0.66Hungary0.70Ireland0.73Italy0.58Latvia0.85Lithuania0.72Luxembourg0.67Malta0.86Netherlands0.78Poland0.82Portugal0.53Romania0.80Slovakia0.79Slovenia0.73Spain0.66Sweden0.78United Kingdom0.73EU27-EU280.73Iceland0.90Norway0.83Switzerland0.81 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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5.3.4. 

Transparency  and  meritocracy  in  professional  advancement  in 
HEIs (composite indicator) 

No 

3-4 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  expresses  the  assessment  by 
researchers  of  the  level  of  transparency 
and  meritocracy  in  career  progression  at 
their institutions.   

MORE3 survey 

This  indicator  is  a  composite  indicator  based  on  the  following  indicators  (with  equal 
weights): 

 

 

 

Share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  the  different  types  of  career  paths  are  clear 
and transparent at their home institution; 
Share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  career  progression is  sufficiently  merit-based 
at their home institution; 
Share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  obtaining  a  tenured  contract  based  on  merit 
only is common practice at their home institution. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

On  average,  EU  researchers  are  positive  about  transparency  and  meritocracy  in 
professional advancement in HEIs. Female researchers are slightly less positive. 
Compared  to  other  EU  countries,  researchers  from  Czech  Republic,  Latvia, 
Romania  and  Poland  acknowledge  the  most  transparency  and  meritocracy  in 
advancement. 
This indicator is the lowest in Hungary, Italy, Portugal and Spain. 

 
  Within  EFTA  countries,  Iceland  shows  higher  figures  for  this  indicator  than  EU 

average. 

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Table 57:   Transparency  and  meritocracy  in  professional  advancement  in  HEIs  - 

Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and 
black  circles 
indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, 
between -50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU 
average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   91 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria68%Belgium72%Bulgaria65%Croatia59%Cyprus69%Czech Republic80%Denmark69%Estonia70%Finland70%France60%Germany68%Greece70%Hungary53%Ireland59%Italy55%Latvia79%Lithuania66%Luxembourg58%Malta73%Netherlands67%Poland80%Portugal52%Romania79%Slovakia63%Slovenia66%Spain53%Sweden74%United Kingdom72%EU2867%Iceland80%Norway69%Switzerland67% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 58:   Transparency and  meritocracy in professional advancement in HEIs (female) 

– Scorecard 

Note:  EU28=  average  of  EU  MS.  Green,  yellow,  red  and 
indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
black  circles 
respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and 
20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   92 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria58%Belgium70%Bulgaria62%Croatia55%Cyprus68%Czech Republic70%Denmark59%Estonia66%Finland59%France57%Germany69%Greece60%Hungary57%Ireland59%Italy55%Latvia78%Lithuania61%Luxembourg52%Malta72%Netherlands63%Poland76%Portugal47%Romania78%Slovakia58%Slovenia65%Spain56%Sweden68%United Kingdom62%EU2862%Iceland79%Norway63%Switzerland66% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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No 

3-5 

5.3.5. 

Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff 

Rationale 

Data source 

thereby  helps 

The indicator measures gender (in)equality 
to  assess  and 
and 
understand  the  difficulties  for  women  in 
entering  a  research  career.  The  gender 
dimension  provides  an  indication  of  the 
progress  made 
implementing 
measures of gender equal opportunities. 

towards 

WIS database/ SHE figures 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

The  trend  is  positive  over  the  last  decade,  with  the  average  EU  proportion  of 
women as Grade A academic staff increasing steadily from 15% to 22% between 
2004 and 2013. 
Highest proportions are observed in Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland and Romania (26% 
or more). 
Lowest  proportions  are  found  in  Belgium,  Cyprus,  Czech  Republic  and  the 
Netherlands (16% or less). 

  Within  EFTA  countries,  Iceland  and  Norway  show  higher  proportions  of  Grade  A 
women  than  EU  average,  while  the  figure  for  Switzerland  is  lower  than  EU 
average. 

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Table 59:   Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff – Scorecard  

Note:  EU=  average  of  EU  MS.  p.p.  change  =  change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow, 
red and black circles indicate country’s performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, 
between  -10%  and  20%,  between  -50%  and  -10%  and  below  -50%  compared  to  EU 
average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   94 

Country20092014Comparison with EUAustria 17%20%3%Belgium 12%16%4%Bulgaria 25%32%6%Croatia26%38%12%Cyprus 11%11%0%Czech Republic 13%13%0%Denmark 15%19%4%Estonia Finland 24%27%3%France 19%19%0%Germany 14%17%3%Greece 20%Hungary 20%24%4%Ireland28%Italy 20%21%1%Latvia 33%Lithuania 14%14%0%Luxembourg9%17%8%Malta Netherlands 12%16%4%Poland 21%23%2%Portugal 22%25%3%Romania 36%30%-6%Slovakia 22%24%2%Slovenia 19%23%4%Spain 17%21%4%Sweden 20%24%4%United Kingdom 18%EU19%22%3%Iceland 22%26%4%Norway 20%25%5%Switzerland 25%19%-5%2009-2014 p.p. changeScorecard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
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Table 60:   Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff 

Note: b: carry-backward imputation, f: carry-forward imputation, ixy: imputation by interpolation for data corresponding to the yth year in a period of x 
consecutive missing years.

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

95 

Country2000200120022003200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015Austria 9.50b9.50b9.5010.38i3111.25i3212.13i3313.0014.33i2115.67i2217.0018.65i120.3020.30f20.30f20.30fBelgium 9.00b9.00b9.00b9.009.67i2110.33i2211.0011.33i2111.67i2212.0013.20i2114.40i2215.6015.60f15.60fBulgaria 18.00b18.00b18.00b18.0020.00i2122.00i2224.0024.67i2125.33i2226.0027.90i2129.80i2231.7031.70f31.70fCroatia26.00b26.00b26.00b26.0026.00i126.0029.00i3132.00i3235.00i3338.0038.00fCyprus 10.20b10.20b10.20b10.2010.13i2110.07i2210.0010.33i2110.67i2211.0010.93i2110.87i2210.8010.80f10.80f10.80fCzech Republic 10.30b10.30b10.30b10.3011.20i2112.10i2213.0013.0013.02i4113.04i4213.06i4313.08i4413.1013.10f13.10fDenmark 10.90b10.90b10.90b10.9011.45i112.0013.00i2114.00i2215.0016.05i3117.10i3218.15i3319.2019.20f19.20fEstonia 17.20b17.20b17.20b17.2017.20f17.20f17.20fFinland 21.2021.80i2122.40i2223.0023.33i2123.67i2224.0024.87i2125.73i2226.6026.60f26.60fFrance 16.1016.68i4117.26i4217.84i4318.42i4419.0019.00i2119.00i2219.0019.3019.30f19.30f19.30fGermany 9.20b9.20b9.20b9.2010.13i2111.07i2212.0013.00i2114.00i2215.0015.77i2116.53i2217.3017.30f17.30fGreece 11.0011.08i3111.15i3211.23i3311.3019.6019.60f19.60f19.60fHungary 15.40b15.40b15.40b15.4016.60i2117.80i2219.0019.67i2120.33i2221.0022.03i2123.07i2224.1024.10f24.10fIreland10.00b10.00b10.0028.2028.20f28.20f28.20fItaly 16.40b16.40b16.40b16.4017.27i2118.13i2219.0019.33i2119.67i2220.0020.37i2120.73i2221.1021.10f21.10fLatvia 26.50b26.50b26.50b26.5027.33i2128.17i2229.0030.80i2132.60i2234.4034.40f34.40f34.40fLithuania 12.10b12.10b12.10b12.1012.73i2113.37i2214.0014.00i2114.00i2214.0014.13i2114.27i2214.4014.40f14.40fLuxembourg9.00b9.00b9.00b9.009.00i319.00i329.00i339.0012.75i116.5016.50f16.50f16.50fMalta 2.30b2.30b2.30b2.3044.50Netherlands 11.00b11.00b11.00b11.0011.67i2112.33i2213.0014.07i2115.13i2216.2016.20f16.20fPoland 19.50b19.50b19.50b19.5019.67i2119.83i2220.0020.43i5120.87i5221.30i5321.73i5422.17i5522.6022.60f22.60fPortugal 20.90b20.90b20.90b20.9021.08i5121.27i5221.45i5321.63i5421.82i5522.0023.00i2124.00i2225.0025.00f25.00f25.00fRomania 29.10b29.10b29.10b29.1030.07i2131.03i2232.0034.00i136.0034.43i3132.85i3231.28i3329.7029.70f29.70fSlovakia 13.50b13.50b13.50b13.5015.67i2117.83i2220.0020.75i3121.50i3222.25i3323.0023.35i123.7023.70f23.70fSlovenia 12.90b12.90b12.90b12.9014.27i2115.63i2217.0018.00i2119.00i2220.0020.83i2121.67i2222.5022.50f22.50fSpain 17.60b17.60b17.60b17.6017.73i2117.87i2218.0017.67i2117.33i2217.0018.30i2119.60i2220.9020.90f20.90fSweden 16.10b16.10b16.10b16.1016.73i2117.37i2218.0019.00i120.0020.95i3121.90i3222.85i3323.8023.80f23.80fUnited Kingdom 15.90b15.90b15.90b15.9016.70i117.5017.50i2117.50i2217.5017.50f17.50f17.50fEU2812.3214.5714.6014.6214.8016.5617.2417.9218.5119.0819.5420.4321.3622.0621.6822.68Iceland 15.10b15.10b15.10b15.1016.40i2117.70i2219.0020.67i2122.33i2224.0025.15i126.3026.30f26.30f26.30fNorway 15.70b15.70b15.70b15.7016.28i3116.85i3217.43i3318.0019.00i2120.00i2221.0022.40i2123.80i2225.2025.20f25.20fSwitzerland 16.50b16.50b16.50b16.5018.33i2120.17i2222.0023.33i2124.67i2226.0023.77i2121.53i2219.3019.30f19.30f 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

No 

3-6 

5.3.6. 

Proportion of women on boards 

Rationale 

Data source 

WiS database/ SHE figures 

indicator  measures 

The 
gender 
(in)equality  and  thereby  helps  to  assess 
and understand the difficulties for women 
in  entering  and progressing  in  a  research 
career. The gender dimension provides an 
indication  of  the  progress  made  towards 
implementing  measures  of  gender  equal 
opportunities.  

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

The  trend  is  positive  over  the  last  decade,  with  average  EU  proportion  of 
women  on  boards  increasing  steadily  from  25%  to  33%  between  2005  and 
2014. 
Highest proportions are observed in Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, 
the Netherlands and Sweden (50% or more). 
Proportions are particularly low in Estonia (12%) and Greece (11%). 

 
  Within EFTA countries, Iceland and Norway show higher proportions of women 
on  boards  than  the  EU  average  (more  than  40%),  while  the  figure  for 
Switzerland is lower than the EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   96 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 61:   Proportion of women on boards – Scorecard 

Note:  EU=  average  of  EU  MS.  p.p.  change  =  change  in  percentage  points. 
Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% and -
average.
10% 

compared 

below 

-50% 

and 

EU 

to 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   97 

Country20092014Comparison with EUAustria 31%38%7%Belgium 20%19%-1%Bulgaria 32%40%8%Croatia38%Cyprus 16%26%10%Czech Republic 12%Denmark 36%43%7%Estonia 26%12%-14%Finland 45%50%5%France Germany 21%25%4%Greece 11%Hungary 19%23%4%IrelandItaly 23%35%13%Latvia 27%29%2%Lithuania 22%32%10%Luxembourg11%53%42%Malta Netherlands 26%50%24%Poland 20%Portugal 38%21%-17%Romania 36%Slovakia 20%21%1%Slovenia 25%32%7%Spain 34%32%-2%Sweden 51%55%4%United Kingdom 31%EU28%33%17%Iceland 39%47%21%Norway 46%40%-12%Switzerland 20%23%13%2009-2014 p.p. changeScorecard 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 62:   Proportion of women on boards 

Note: b: carry-backward imputation, f: carry-forward imputation, ixy: imputation by interpolation for data corresponding to the yth year in a period of x 
consecutive missing years.

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

98 

Country2002200320042005200620072008200920102011201220132014Austria 31.00b31.00b31.00b31.0032.75i3134.50i3236.25i3338.00Belgium 21.00b21.00b21.00b21.0020.71i6120.43i6220.14i6319.86i6419.57i6519.29i6619.00Bulgaria 37.00b37.00b37.0034.33i2131.67i2229.0031.75i3134.50i3237.25i3340.00Croatia38.00b38.00b38.0038.00i2138.00i2238.0038.00f38.00f38.00fCyprus 12.00b12.00b12.00b12.0014.00i2116.00i2218.0020.00i3122.00i3224.00i3326.00Czech Republic 12.00b12.00b12.00b12.0012.00f12.00f12.00fDenmark 37.00b37.00b37.00b37.0036.33i2135.67i2235.0037.00i3139.00i3241.00i3343.00Estonia 25.00b25.00b25.00b25.0025.33i2125.67i2226.0022.50i3119.00i3215.50i3312.00Finland 44.00b44.00b44.00b44.0044.33i2144.67i2245.0046.25i3147.50i3248.75i3350.00France 27.0027.00f27.00f27.00fGermany 20.00b20.00b20.00b20.0020.33i2120.67i2221.0022.00i3123.00i3224.00i3325.00Greece 11.00b11.00b11.00b11.00Hungary 19.00b19.00b19.00b19.0019.00i2119.00i2219.0020.00i3121.00i3222.00i3323.00Ireland22.00b22.00b22.0022.00f22.00f22.00fItaly 28.00b28.00b28.00b28.0022.50i117.0021.50i3126.00i3230.50i3335.00Latvia 20.00b20.00b20.00b20.0023.33i2126.67i2230.0029.75i3129.50i3229.25i3329.00Lithuania 18.00b18.00b18.00b18.0020.00i6122.00i6224.00i6326.00i6428.00i6530.00i6632.00Luxembourg4.00b4.00b4.00b4.007.67i2111.33i2215.0024.50i3134.00i3243.50i3353.00Malta Netherlands 20.00b20.00b20.00b20.0023.00i2126.00i2229.0034.25i3139.50i3244.75i3350.00Poland 7.0020.00Portugal 24.00b24.0026.33i5128.67i5231.00i5333.33i5435.67i5538.0034.60i4131.20i4227.80i4324.40i4421.00Romania 36.00b36.00b36.00b36.00Slovakia 17.00b17.00b17.00b17.0020.00i123.0022.50i3122.00i3221.50i3321.00Slovenia 28.0026.33i2124.67i2223.0025.25i3127.50i3229.75i3332.00Spain 34.00b34.00b34.00b34.0033.50i3133.00i3232.50i3332.00Sweden 49.00b49.00b49.00b49.0049.86i6150.71i6251.57i6352.43i6453.29i6554.14i6655.00United Kingdom 25.00b25.00b25.00b25.0028.00i131.0031.00f31.00f31.00fEU20.0024.3325.0825.4825.5226.3127.2327.8528.1028.9130.8432.1132.61Iceland 37.00b37.00b37.00b37.0038.00i2139.00i2240.0041.75i3143.50i3245.25i3347.00Norway 45.00b45.00b45.00b45.0045.33i2145.67i2246.0044.50i3143.00i3241.50i3340.00Switzerland 19.00b19.00b19.00b19.0019.67i2120.33i2221.0021.50i3122.00i3222.50i3323.00 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.4.  International Mobility 

International mobility is measured by the mean of various indicators, based on the MORE 
surveys and bibliometrics. 

The  long-term  international  mobility  of  researchers,  measured  as  the  share  of 
researchers  that  have  worked  abroad  for  3  months  or  more  in  the  last  ten  years  (post 
PhD)  has  decreased  slightly  in  most  of  the  countries  between  MORE2  and  MORE3. 
Researchers  from  EFTA  countries  are  more  mobile  for  a  longer  period  of  time  than  EU 
average.  

As for the share of researchers that have worked abroad for less than 3 months (short- 
term  mobility),  the  trend  follows  a  similar  path,  but  without  significant  differences 
between the EU average and the EFTA countries average. Female researchers appear to 
be less short-term mobile than male researchers.  

Virtual mobility is considered to substitute international mobility (either short or 
long  term)  to  a  certain  extent.  This  is  the  case  for  the  majority  of  the  researchers 
surveyed.  

The  average  percentage  of  international  co-publications  (in  total  publications)  of  EU 
MS was 55% in 2015. This figure has been steadily increasing over the last decade for all 
EU  countries.  While  Austria,  Belgium,  Cyprus  and  Luxembourg  present  the  highest 
shares, Poland and Romania present particularly low shares.  

16% of EU R1-R2 researchers are obtaining or have obtained a PhD in another country 
than  the  country  of  their  previous  education,  with  the  highest  shares  in  Greece, 
Ireland, Luxembourg, and the lowest in Croatia and Czech Republic. EFTA countries score 
higher shares on average. 

5.4.1. 

Share  of  researchers  (post  PhD)  that  have  worked  abroad  as 
researcher for more than 3 months in the last 10 years 

Rationale 

Data source 

indicator  measures 

The 
month) international mobility 

long-term  (>3 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

No 

4-1 

This  indicator  corresponds  to  the  percentage  of  R2-3-4  researchers  that  have  worked 
abroad for 3 months or more at least once in the last ten years of their post-PhD career. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

The  share  of  researchers  that  have  worked  abroad  for  3  months  or  more  in  the 
last ten years (post PhD) is close to 30% (27% in MORE3, 31% in MORE2). 
This  share  decreases  slightly  between  the  two  surveys  for  most  countries,  while 
strong increases are observed in France, Luxembourg and Poland. 
This  indicator  for  long-term  mobility  is  the  highest  in  Austria,  Cyprus  and 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   99 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

 
 

Luxembourg (38% or more in 2016).  
Latvia (12%) and Romania (13%) present the lowest figures. 
Researchers  from  EFTA  countries  are  more  mobile  for  a  longer  period  of  time 
than  the  EU  average,  especially  Switzerland,  with  about  50%  of  researchers 
having worked abroad for 3 months or more in the last ten years (post PhD). 

Table 63:   Share  of  researchers  (post  PhD)  that  have  worked  abroad  as  researcher  for 

more than 3 months in the last 10 years - Scorecard 

Note:  EU27-28=  average  of  27  EU  MS  in  MORE2  and  28  EU  MS  in  MORE3.  p.p.  change  = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% 
and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   100 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria45%38%-7%Belgium46%33%-13%Bulgaria18%21%3%Croatia19%19%0%Cyprus44%38%-6%Czech Republic16%19%3%Denmark53%30%-23%Estonia27%28%1%Finland42%25%-17%France26%35%8%Germany45%33%-11%Greece34%24%-10%Hungary34%33%-1%Ireland37%32%-5%Italy25%22%-3%Latvia20%12%-7%Lithuania18%17%-1%Luxembourg47%61%14%Malta24%17%-7%Netherlands46%33%-14%Poland9%20%10%Portugal27%17%-11%Romania20%13%-6%Slovakia28%24%-4%Slovenia34%23%-10%Spain32%29%-3%Sweden39%28%-11%United Kingdom29%26%-3%EU27-EU2831%27%-4%Iceland49%31%-18%Norway43%40%-3%Switzerland53%48%-5%total2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 64:  Share  of  researchers  (post  PhD)  that  have  worked  abroad  as  researcher  for 

more than 3 months in the last 10 years (female) – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change 
= change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20%  above,  between  -10%  and  20%, 
between -50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   101 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria45%38%-7%Belgium49%33%-15%Bulgaria17%21%4%Croatia15%19%3%Cyprus25%38%13%Czech Republic9%19%10%Denmark54%30%-23%Estonia22%28%6%Finland33%25%-8%France20%35%15%Germany30%33%3%Greece30%24%-6%Hungary29%33%4%Ireland35%32%-2%Italy24%22%-1%Latvia22%12%-9%Lithuania17%17%0%Luxembourg61%Malta25%17%-8%Netherlands44%33%-12%Poland6%20%14%Portugal25%17%-8%Romania16%13%-2%Slovakia27%24%-3%Slovenia27%23%-3%Spain28%29%1%Sweden31%28%-3%United Kingdom25%26%0%EU27-EU2825%27%2%Iceland31%Norway41%40%-1%Switzerland54%48%-6%2012-2016 p.p. changefemale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.4.2. 

Share  of  researchers  (post  PhD)  that  have  worked  abroad  as  a 
researcher for less than 3 months in the last ten years 

No 

4-2 

Rationale 

Data source 

The 
international mobility. 

indicator  measures 

short-term 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This  indicator  corresponds  to  the  percentage  of  R2-3-4  researchers  that  have  worked 
abroad  for  periods  less  than  3  months  at  least  once  in  the  last  ten  years  of  their  post-
PhD career. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 
 

 

The share of researchers that have worked abroad for  less than 3 months in the 
last ten years (post PhD) is close to 40% (37% in MORE3, 41% in MORE2). 
This  share  has  decreased  slightly  for  the  majority  of  countries  between  the  two 
surveys, with strongest declines in Denmark, Luxembourg and Romania. 
This  indicator  for  short-term  mobility  is  the  highest  in  Italy  (46%)  and  Slovenia 
(49%). 
Romania (22%) presents the lowest figure. 
Researchers  from  EFTA  countries  are  not  significantly  more  short-term  mobile 
(indicator  for  Iceland  and  Norway  is  slightly  higher  than  EU  average  while  it  is 
slightly lower for Switzerland). 
Female  researchers  appear  to  be  less  mobile  in  the  short  term  than  male 
researchers. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   102 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Indicator report on researchers 

Table 65:   Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as a researcher for 

less than 3 months in the last ten years – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   103 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria52%39%-13%Belgium54%41%-13%Bulgaria41%42%1%Croatia40%30%-10%Cyprus41%36%-5%Czech Republic45%41%-4%Denmark56%36%-20%Estonia45%37%-8%Finland43%41%-2%France33%34%1%Germany48%40%-9%Greece44%40%-5%Hungary61%44%-17%Ireland40%33%-7%Italy37%46%8%Latvia45%34%-11%Lithuania40%36%-4%Luxembourg51%29%-21%Malta37%38%1%Netherlands44%37%-7%Poland29%34%5%Portugal44%34%-10%Romania55%22%-33%Slovakia44%42%-2%Slovenia45%49%3%Spain42%41%-1%Sweden44%36%-8%United Kingdom37%34%-4%EU27-EU2841%37%-4%Iceland56%39%-17%Norway42%42%0%Switzerland41%35%-7%total2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 66:   Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as a researcher for 

less than 3 months in the last ten years (female) - Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   104 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria53%35%-18%Belgium48%35%-13%Bulgaria42%45%3%Croatia43%31%-12%Cyprus42%49%7%Czech Republic47%41%-6%Denmark52%30%-22%Estonia43%41%-2%Finland31%42%11%France27%31%5%Germany48%35%-13%Greece47%35%-12%Hungary59%56%-3%Ireland34%32%-3%Italy37%44%7%Latvia40%32%-9%Lithuania40%41%1%Luxembourg25%Malta44%46%2%Netherlands45%35%-10%Poland26%33%7%Portugal53%36%-17%Romania45%19%-25%Slovakia37%36%-1%Slovenia41%51%10%Spain35%35%0%Sweden35%40%5%United Kingdom30%32%2%EU27-EU2837%35%-2%Iceland35%Norway46%37%-8%Switzerland41%39%-3%female2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.4.3. 

Share  of  HEI  researchers  that  consider  virtual  mobility  as 
substitute for short- or long-term mobility 

No 

4-3 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  gives  information  about    the 
in  reducing  physical 
relevance  of  ICT 
mobility  while  maintaining 
international 
scientific collaboration. 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This indicator corresponds to the share of researchers for whom the use of web-based or 
virtual  technology  in  international  collaboration  reduces  either  visits  of  less  than  3 
months or visits of 3 months or more. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 
 

The  share  of  researchers  that  consider  virtual  mobility  as  a  substitute  for 
international mobility is about 60% (61% in MORE3, 64% in MORE2). EU average 
figures for female researchers are similar. 
This indicator is the highest in Finland, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain (74% 
or more). 
It is lowest in Denmark, France and Germany (53% or less). 
Figures for EFTA countries are similar to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   105 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Indicator report on researchers 

Table 67:   Share  of  HEI  researchers  that  consider  virtual  mobility  as  substitute  for 

short- or long-term mobility – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = change 
in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s performance being, 
respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% and -10% and below -
50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   106 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria60%59%-1%Belgium58%61%3%Bulgaria61%60%-1%Croatia55%56%1%Cyprus63%70%7%Czech Republic55%65%10%Denmark56%47%-9%Estonia61%58%-3%Finland61%74%13%France60%53%-7%Germany52%46%-6%Greece66%69%3%Hungary63%68%5%Ireland55%60%5%Italy75%77%2%Latvia62%70%8%Lithuania59%63%4%Luxembourg64%62%-2%Malta74%71%-3%The Netherlands64%61%-3%Poland70%66%-4%Portugal76%84%8%Romania73%81%8%Slovakia62%58%-4%Slovenia69%57%-12%Spain73%74%1%Sweden64%67%3%United Kingdom66%56%-10%EU27-EU2864%61%-3%Iceland41%63%22%Norway53%60%7%Switzerland56%61%5%total2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 68:   Share  of  HEI  researchers  that  consider  virtual  mobility  as  substitute  for 

short- or long-term mobility  (female) – Scorecard 

Note:  EU27-28=  average  of 27  EU  MS  in  MORE2  and 28 EU  MS  in  MORE3.  p.p.  change  =  change  in 
percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being, 
respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% and -10% and below -50% 
compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   107 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria62%64%2%Belgium57%59%2%Bulgaria58%62%4%Croatia56%50%-6%Cyprus69%73%4%Czech Republic61%67%6%Denmark53%41%-12%Estonia68%56%-12%Finland58%76%18%France69%55%-14%Germany44%40%-4%Greece62%69%7%Hungary60%72%12%Ireland48%65%17%Italy77%80%3%Latvia61%77%16%Lithuania57%64%7%Luxembourg57%65%8%Malta81%75%-6%The Netherlands67%52%-15%Poland65%62%-3%Portugal77%79%2%Romania61%82%21%Slovakia60%54%-6%Slovenia70%54%-16%Spain77%76%-1%Sweden60%71%11%United Kingdom63%58%-5%EU27-EU2864%61%-3%Iceland69%Norway60%67%7%Switzerland61%64%3%female2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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5.4.4. 

Percentage of co-publications of the country with an author from 
another country 

No 

4-4 

Rationale 

Data source 

The indicator is a proxy for scientific output 
effects of researcher mobility. 

SCOPUS 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 
 

 

 

 

The  average  percentage  of  international  co-publications  of  EU  Member  States 
corresponds to 55% of total publications in 2015. 
This rate has been steadily increasing over the last decade for all EU countries. 
EU countries with the highest percentages of international co-publications (more 
than two thirds) are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus and Luxembourg. 
Poland (32%) and Romania (37%) present particularly low shares of international 
co-publications. 
Proportions of international co-publications in EFTA countries are higher than EU 
average. 
The US (37%), China (20%), Japan (29%) and South Korea (27%) present lower 
shares of international co-publications compared to EU average.  

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Table 69:   Percentage  of  co-publications  of  the  country  with  an  author  from  another 

country – Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   109 

Country20102015Comparison with EUAustria61%67%6%Belgium59%67%8%Bulgaria50%49%0%Croatia30%40%10%Cyprus70%71%1%Czech Republic40%46%6%Denmark57%64%6%Estonia50%62%12%Finland53%61%8%France49%56%7%Germany49%54%5%Greece39%53%14%Hungary49%53%5%Ireland52%61%9%Italy42%48%6%Latvia42%50%8%Lithuania28%42%13%Luxembourg79%83%4%Malta53%62%10%Netherlands53%61%8%Poland29%32%3%Portugal51%55%5%Romania29%37%8%Slovakia45%49%4%Slovenia41%49%8%Spain41%48%7%Sweden57%64%7%United Kingdom47%56%9%EU48%55%7%Iceland73%77%4%Norway55%62%8%Switzerland65%70%5%United States31%37%6%China17%20%4%Japan25%29%4%South Korea27%27%0%2010-2015 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 70:   Percentage of co-publications of the country with an author from another country  

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

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5.4.5.  R1-R2 PhD degree mobility 

No 

4-5 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  measures  the  proportion  of 
mobile  PhD  candidates  as  a  measurement 
of  international  mobility  at  early  career 
stages. 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This  indicator  corresponds  to  the  share  of  R1-R2  researchers  obtaining  or  having 
obtained  a  PhD  in  another  country  than  the  country  of  their  previous  education  giving 
direct access to the PhD. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

 

16%  of  EU  R1-R2  researchers  are  obtaining  or  have  obtained  a  PhD  in  another 
country  than  the  country  of  their  previous  education  giving  direct  access  to  the 
PhD.  The  proportion  is  similar  for  female  researchers.  This  figure  is  stable 
between the MORE2 and MORE3 surveys. 
This  share  is  the  highest  in  Greece,  Ireland,  Luxembourg  and  Malta  (43%  or 
more in MORE3). 
Croatia,  Czech  Republic  and  Portugal  present  very  low  PhD  degree  mobility  at 
early career stages (7% or less). 
This indicator is higher in EFTA countries compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   111 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
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Table 71:   R1-R2 PhD degree mobility - Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change 
= change in percentage points. Green, yellow, red and black circles indicate country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, 
between -50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   112 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria19%21%3%Belgium16%21%5%Bulgaria16%12%-4%Croatia6%5%-1%CyprusCzech Republic14%7%-6%Denmark24%19%-5%Estonia12%10%-2%Finland22%15%-8%France9%15%6%Germany17%12%-4%Greece46%Hungary16%9%-8%Ireland32%43%11%Italy17%15%-3%Latvia20%12%-7%Lithuania19%11%-8%Luxembourg83%60%-23%Malta46%Netherlands32%30%-3%Poland1%19%18%Portugal10%4%-6%Romania10%15%5%Slovakia16%10%-6%Slovenia10%19%9%Spain18%15%-3%Sweden26%17%-8%United Kingdom16%24%8%EU27-EU2815%16%1%Iceland64%Norway33%37%4%Switzerland40%40%1%total2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 72:   R1-R2 PhD degree mobility (female) - Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   113 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria20%32%12%Belgium13%17%4%Bulgaria9%Croatia9%4%-5%CyprusCzech Republic20%Denmark23%21%-2%Estonia5%6%1%Finland21%8%-12%France4%16%13%Germany17%10%-7%GreeceHungary17%Ireland26%47%20%Italy8%26%18%LatviaLithuania20%9%-12%Luxembourg78%67%-11%Malta60%Netherlands25%19%-6%Poland2%15%13%Portugal8%2%-7%Romania13%Slovakia16%5%-11%Slovenia11%19%7%Spain12%17%5%Sweden13%16%3%United Kingdom11%24%13%EU27-EU2813%16%3%Norway29%33%4%Switzerland26%38%13%female2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.5.  Intersectoral mobility 

Regarding intersectoral mobility, 11% of EU R2-3-4 researchers in HEIs have previously 
worked  as  researchers  in  the  private  sector.  This  figure  is  8%  for  women.  Bulgaria, 
Greece and Hungary record the highest shares, and France and Romania the lowest.  

Switzerland  shows  a  higher  figure  than  EU  average.  Norway  and  Iceland  show  lower 
figures compared to EU average for women researchers. 

5.5.1. 

Share of researchers with experience in private sector 

No 

5-1 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  measures  intersectoral  (HEI 
to private sector) mobility. 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This indicator corresponds to  the share of R2-3-4 researchers in HEIs  who have worked 
as  a  researcher  (excluding  PhD)  in  private  industry  (excluding  private  not-for  profit 
sector). Please note that only in MORE3 a distinction was made within the private sector 
between  a  large  firm  and  an  SME  or  start-up.  In  MORE2,  only  the  aggregated  option 
‘private sector’ was available to the respondents. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

11%  of  EU  R2-3-4  researchers  have  previously  worked  as  researchers  in  the 
private  sector.  This  figure  is  stable  between  the  MORE2  and  MORE3  surveys 
(12% in MORE2). 
This share is the highest in Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary and Ireland (15% or more 
in MORE3). 
Romania presents a particularly low proportion of researchers with experience in 
the private sector (5%). 

  Within EFTA countries, Switzerland shows a higher figure than EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   114 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
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Table 73:   Share of researchers with experience in private sector - Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -
50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   115 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotaltotalAustria12%12%0%Belgium13%10%-3%Bulgaria16%20%4%Croatia14%11%-3%Cyprus16%7%-8%Czech Republic12%13%1%Denmark13%13%0%Estonia11%13%2%Finland12%13%2%France10%6%-4%Germany11%12%0%Greece16%16%0%Hungary18%16%-2%Ireland16%15%-1%Italy6%12%7%Latvia14%11%-3%Lithuania10%10%1%Luxembourg15%12%-3%Malta12%8%-4%Netherlands12%14%1%Poland15%12%-3%Portugal6%10%4%Romania11%5%-6%Slovakia9%11%3%Slovenia14%11%-3%Spain12%11%-1%Sweden11%10%-1%United Kingdom14%10%-4%EU27-2812%11%-1%Iceland23%8%-15%Norway10%10%-1%Switzerland15%15%-1%2012-2016 p.p. changetotal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.5.2. 

Share of female researchers with experience in private sector 

No 

5-2 

Rationale 

Data source 

indicator  on 

This 
intersectoral  (public-
private  sector)  mobility  addresses  the 
gender issue. 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

This  indicator  corresponds  to  the  share  of  female  R2-3-4  researchers  who  have  worked 
as  a  researcher  (excluding  PhD)  in  private  industry  (in  %  of  total  number  of  female 
researchers). 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 
 

8%  of  EU  female  R2-3-4  researchers  have  previously  worked  as  researchers  in 
the private sector.  This figure is stable between the MORE2 and MORE3 surveys 
(9%  in  MORE2),  but  it  is  lower  than  for  indicator  5-1,  which  includes  all 
researchers. 
This share is the highest in Hungary and Ireland (15% or more in MORE3). 
Belgium  and  Romania  present  particularly low proportions  of  female  researchers 
with experience in the private sector (5%). 

  Within  EFTA  countries,  Norway  (1%)  and  Iceland  (5%)  show  low  figures 
compared  to  EU  average  while  Switzerland  (12%)  presents  a  higher  figure  than 
EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   116 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 74:   Share of female researchers with experience in private sector - Scorecard 

Note: EU27-28= average of 27 EU MS in MORE2 and 28 EU MS in MORE3. p.p. change = 
change  in  percentage  points.  Green,  yellow,  red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s 
performance being, respectively, at least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between 
-50% and -10% and below -50% compared to EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   117 

20122016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemalefemaleAustria10%10%1%Belgium15%1%-14%Bulgaria6%12%6%Croatia8%9%2%Cyprus23%5%-19%Czech Republic8%11%4%Denmark8%13%5%Estonia3%12%9%Finland7%7%1%France10%5%-5%Germany3%9%6%Greece11%11%0%Hungary5%15%11%Ireland9%16%7%Italy5%9%4%Latvia8%7%0%Lithuania7%7%0%Luxembourg11%Malta9%12%3%Netherlands10%12%2%Poland12%13%1%Portugal6%9%3%Romania9%3%-6%Slovakia7%7%0%Slovenia11%5%-6%Spain11%10%-1%Sweden7%7%1%United Kingdom13%5%-8%EU27-289%8%-1%Iceland5%Norway4%1%-3%Switzerland7%12%5%2012-2016 p.p. changefemale 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.6.  Interdisciplinary mobility 

This  category  includes  one  single  indicator,  which  shows  that  a  large  majority  of  EU 
researchers agree that interdisciplinary mobility is a positive factor for career progression 
in their home institution. Shares for EFTA countries are similar to the EU average. 

5.6.1. 

Interdisciplinary  mobility  as  a  positive  factor  for  career 
progression 

No 

6-1 

Rationale 

Data source 

The indicator assesses whether researchers 
regard  interdisciplinarity  as  a  factor  that 
facilitates career progression. 

MORE3 survey 

This  indicator  corresponds  to  the  share  of  researchers  who  agree  that  interdisciplinary 
mobility is regarded as a positive factor for career progression in their home institution. 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 
 

 
 

A  large  majority  of  EU  researchers  (74%  for  all  researchers,  75%  for  female 
researchers)  agree  that  interdisciplinary  mobility  is  a  positive  factor  for  career 
progression in their home institution. 
Differences between countries are limited. 
This  share  is  the  highest  in  Germany,  Latvia,  Poland  and  Romania  (80%  or 
more). 
Lowest figures are observed in France and Hungary (62%). 
Shares  in  EFTA  countries  are  similar  to  EU  average,  with  share  of  Switzerland 
being slightly higher. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   118 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 75:   Interdisciplinary  mobility  as  a  positive  factor  for  career  progression  – 

Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black 
circles indicate country’s performance being, respectively, at 
least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% and 
-10% and below -50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   119 

2016Comparison with EU28CountrytotaltotalAustria79%Belgium74%Bulgaria72%Croatia69%Cyprus67%Czech Republic79%Denmark76%Estonia79%Finland72%France62%Germany81%Greece74%Hungary62%Ireland76%Italy70%Latvia83%Lithuania75%Luxembourg77%Malta77%Netherlands75%Poland80%Portugal71%Romania85%Slovakia79%Slovenia73%Spain70%Sweden78%United Kingdom74%EU2874%Iceland74%Norway73%Switzerland78% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 76:   Interdisciplinary mobility as a positive factor for career progression (female) 

– Scorecard 

Note: EU28= average of EU MS. Green, yellow, red and black 
circles indicate country’s performance being, respectively, at 
least 20% above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% and 
-10% and below -50% compared to EU average.

December 2016                                                                                                                                   120 

2016Comparison with EU28CountryfemalefemaleAustria75%Belgium74%Bulgaria70%Croatia68%Cyprus74%Czech Republic74%Denmark84%Estonia77%Finland68%France64%Germany82%Greece78%Hungary63%Ireland76%Italy74%Latvia84%Lithuania77%Luxembourg78%Malta78%Netherlands77%Poland83%Portugal70%Romania85%Slovakia79%Slovenia78%Spain76%Sweden80%United Kingdom71%EU2875%Iceland70%Norway77%Switzerland79% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.7.  Attractiveness of ERA 

As  a  first  insight  about  the  attractiveness  of  ERA,  figures  concerning  mobile  PhD 
students  from  abroad  as  a  share  of  the  total,  appear  to  be  stable  over  the  period 
2008-2014.  Countries  scoring  the  highest  numbers  are  Austria  and  the  Netherlands, 
while the lowest numbers are observed in Croatia, Italy and Poland. 

Less  than  half  of  researchers  surveyed  consider  research  funding,  pension  plans  or 
social security better in the EU than outside the EU.  

5.7.1.  Mobile PhD students (ISCED 6/8) from abroad as a share of total 

PhD students of the country 

No 

7-1 

Rationale 

Data source 

indicator 

focuses  on  country  of 
The 
destination  measuring  mobility 
of 
researchers  in  the  first  stage  of  their 
career,  with  specific  focus  on  mobility 
within  Europe.  It  is  also  a  measure  of  a 
country’s “brain-gain” within EU. 

Eurostat: 
educ_uoe_mobs02/educ_uoe_enrt01 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

 

The trend over 2008-2014 is stable, with an average for an EU Member State of 
8% of PhD students coming from another country. 
Countries with most PhD students from abroad relative to their total PhD students 
are  Austria,  Belgium,  Denmark,  Luxembourg,  the  Netherlands  and  the  UK  (12% 
or more). 
Lowest  figures  are  observed  in  Bulgaria,  Croatia,  Poland,  Italy,  Poland  and 
Romania (62%). 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   121 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Table 77:   Mobile  PhD  students  (ISCED  6/8)  from  abroad  as  a  share  of  total  PhD 

students of the country – Scorecard  

Note: EU= average of EU MS. p.p. change = change in percentage points. Green, yellow, 
red  and  black  circles  indicate  country’s  performance  being,  respectively,  at  least  20% 
above, between -10% and 20%, between -50% and -10% and below -50% compared to 
EU average. 

December 2016                                                                                                                                   122 

Country20092014Comparison with EUAustria17%16%-1%Belgium12%12%-1%Bulgaria2%1%-1%Croatia0%0%0%Cyprus8%5%-3%Czech Republic6%9%2%Denmark9%15%6%Estonia2%3%1%Finland4%6%2%France7%7%0%Germany0%3%3%GreeceHungary4%5%0%Ireland17%9%-9%Italy2%0%-2%Latvia0%4%3%Lithuania0%2%1%Luxembourg60%Malta5%5%0%Netherlands25%17%-8%Poland0%0%0%Portugal2%2%0%Romania1%1%0%Slovakia6%7%1%Slovenia4%3%-1%Spain5%Sweden8%United Kingdom16%12%-4%EU8%8%0%2009-2014 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

Table 78:   Mobile PhD students (ISCED 6/8) from abroad as a share of total PhD students of the country  

Note: b: carry-backward imputation, f: carry-forward imputation, ixy: imputation by interpolation for data 
corresponding to the yth year in a period of x consecutive missing years.

December 2016                                                                                                                                    

123 

Country2008200920102011201220132014Austria16%17%16%16%17%17%16%Belgium12%12%13%13%14%11%12%Bulgaria2%2%2%2%1%1%1%Croatia0%0%0%0%0%0%0%Cyprus6%8%7%8%9%3%5%Czech Republic6%6%7%7%8%8%9%Denmark8%9%10%11%12%14%15%Estonia2%2%3%3%3%3%3%Finland4%4%5%5%5%6%6%France7%7%7%7%7%7%7%Germany0%0%3%b3%b3%b3%3%GreeceHungary4%4%4%5%4%4%5%Ireland21%b17%b15%16%16%12%9%Italy2%2%2%i12%2%2%0%Latvia1%0%1%0%2%3%4%Lithuania1%0%0%0%0%1%2%Luxembourg60%b60%b60%b60%64%71%71%fMalta1%5%0%1%5%5%5%Netherlands26%25%24%18%17%17%17%Poland0%0%0%0%0%0%0%Portugal2%2%3%3%3%4%2%Romania1%1%1%1%1%1%1%Slovakia4%6%6%6%7%7%7%Slovenia5%4%4%4%5%3%3%Spain5%5%5%5%6%4%4%fSweden7%8%8%9%9%8%8%fUnited Kingdom17%16%16%16%16%13%12%EU288%8%8%8%9%9%8% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.7.2. 

Share  of  HEI  researchers  considering  availability  of  research 
funding better in EU than in non-EU countries 

No 

7-2 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  measures  the  attractiveness 
of countries in terms of research funding. 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

42% of HEI researchers consider that availability of research funding is better in 
the  EU  than  in  non-EU  countries.  This  proportion  is  the  same  based  on  the 
MORE2 and MORE3 surveys. 
Non-EU  researchers  currently  working  in  the  EU  present  a  lower  figure  for  this 
indicator  than  EU  researchers  currently  working  in  the  EU  with  previous 
experience outside the EU. 

Table 79:   Share of HEI researchers considering availability of research funding better in 

EU than in non-EU countries - Scorecard 

December 2016                                                                                                                                124 

20122016Non-EU researchers currently working in the EU43%38%-5%Non-EU researchers - Female38%37%-1%EU researchers currently working in the EU but that have previously been mobile outside the EU42%43%1%EU researchers - Female47%Total EU and non-EU researchers42%42%-1%2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

5.7.3. 

Share of HEI researchers considering social security and pension 
plan better in EU than in non-EU countries 

Rationale 

Data source 

The  indicator  measures  the  attractiveness 
of 
social 
security/pension plan. 

countries 

terms 

of 

in 

MORE2/MORE3 surveys 

No 

7-3 

Key descriptive insights: 

 

 

About 31% of HEI researchers consider that social security and pension plans are 
better in the EU than in non-EU countries.  
Non-EU researchers currently working in the EU present a much higher figure for 
this  indicator  than  EU  researchers  currently  working  in  the  EU  with  previous 
experience  outside  the  EU,  in  particular  for  social  security,  with  50%  of  them 
considering that it is better in the EU than in non-EU countries. 

Table 80:   Share  of HEI researchers considering  social security and pension plan better 

in EU than in non-EU countries - Scorecard 

December 2016                                                                                                                                125 

20122016 - Social security2016 - Pension plan2016 - average social security and pension planNon-EU researchers currently working in the EU35%47%37%42%7%Non-EU researchers - Female43%49%40%45%2%EU researchers currently working in the EU but that have previously been mobile outside the EU23%27%28%28%5%EU researchers - Female26%27%26%Total EU and non-EU researchers27%32%30%31%4%2012-2016 p.p. change 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
European Commission – MORE3 Second Interim Report  
Indicator report on researchers 

6. Conclusions 

The  results  from  the  key  indicators  are  presented  here  for  each  concept  covered  in  this 
report and also in relation with the ERA priorities. 

6.1.  Human resources 

POSITIVE  TRENDS  OVER  THE  LAST  DECADE  ARE  GENERALLY  OBSERVED  FOR  INDICATORS 
RELATED TO HUMAN RESOURCES.  

The number of researchers per thousand employees has been increasing over the past 
ten  years.  Highest  figures  are  found  in  Denmark,  Finland  and  Sweden  while  Romania 
presents  the  lowest  number  of  researchers  per  thousand  employees.  There  are  large 
differences  between  countries  according  to  this 
indicating  significant 
heterogeneity in national systems of research. EFTA countries, the US, Japan and South 
Korea all perform better than the EU average, while China scores very low figures.  

indicator, 

The  number  of  PhD  graduates  (and  young  PhD  graduates)  per  thousand  population in 
the EU shows a positive trend in the last decade, with no significant gender differences, 
but  significant  differences  between  countries.  The  share  of  women  in  total  researchers 
has remained rather stable in the last decade.  

An increasing trend is also observed for the share of researchers in the private sector 
during the last decade. 

Regarding satisfaction with the recruitment process, a majority of researchers seem 
to  be  satisfied  with  recruitment  at  their  research  institution,  according  to  the  open, 
transparent and merit-based criteria. 

6.2.  Working conditions 

STRONG COUNTRY HETEROGENEITY REGARDING WORKING CONDITIONS  

The  percentage  of  researchers  employed  on  a  fixed-term  contract  and  part-time 
contract  basis  has  decreased  for  most  countries  over  the  last  five  years.  There  is  a 
significant  country  heterogeneity  concerning  these  working  conditions,  for  example  with 
high proportions of part-time contracts found in Germany, Lithuania and the Netherlands.  

A  MAJORITY  OF  RESEARCHERS  ARE  SATISFIED  WITH  REMUNERATION,  PENSION  PLAN  AND 
SOCIAL SECURITY RIGHTS AND BENEFITS 

The  majority  of  researchers  consider  themselves  well  paid  or  paid  a  reasonable 
salary  and  are  satisfied  with  their  pension  plan  and  social  security  rights  and 
benefits. For these indicators, there is also a strong country heterogeneity. 

About half of EU Member States present no or only a few HRS4R institutions. 

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GENDER  DIFFERENCES  ARE  OBSERVED  FOR WORKING  CONDITIONS,  BUT THE  SITUATION  HAS 
IMPROVED OVER TIME 

Higher  shares  of  fixed-term  contracts  and  part-time  contracts  are  also  recorded  for 
female researchers than for male researchers.  

Data confirm the existence of a Glass Ceiling Effect for EU female researchers, but this 
factor  is  improving  over  time.  Overall,  the  average  EU  GCI  has  been  indeed  decreasing 
over  the  last  decade,  which  illustrates  a  slight  improvement  concerning  difficulties  for 
women in progressing in their research career. 

6.3.  Career path 

TRANSFERABLE SKILLS ARE HIGHLY VALUED BY RESEARCHERS FOR CAREER PROGRESS 

A  large  majority  of  researchers  agree  on  the  added  value  of  transferable  skills  for 
career  progression  in  their  home  institution.  About  half  of  the  surveyed  EU  researchers 
report  receiving  training  in  transferable  skills  or  developing  transferable  skills  through 
work experience. 

MOST  RESEARCHERS  ACKNOWLEDGE  THE  TRANSPARENCY  AND  MERITOCRACY 
PROFESSIONAL ADVANCEMENT IN THEIR INSTITUTION 

IN 

On  average,  EU  researchers  are  positive  about  transparency  and  meritocracy  in 
professional advancement in HEIs. Female researchers are slightly less positive.  

A  MINORITY  OF  GRADE  A  ACADEMIC  STAFF  AND  BOARD  MEMBERS  ARE  WOMEN,  BUT  THESE 
PROPORTIONS HAVE INCREASED DURING THE LAST DECADE 

Concerning women’s career paths, the average EU proportion of women as Grade A 
(22%  in  2013)  academic  staff  increased  steadily  between  2004  and  2013.  The 
average  EU  proportion  of  women  on  boards  also  increased  steadily  (33%  in 
2014) between 2005 and 2014. 

6.4.  International mobility 

INTERNATIONAL  MOBILITY  IS  RELATIVELY  STABLE:  BETWEEN  2012  AND  2016, 
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION INCREASED 

International  mobility  (both  short-term  and  long-term  mobility)  of  researchers  (post 
PhD)  has  slightly  decreased  in  most  of  the  countries.  It  still  represents  a  significant 
aspect of the research career with about 27% of researchers reporting long-term mobility 
in the past ten years and 37% reporting short-term mobility. Female researchers appear 
to  be  less  short-term  mobile  than  male  researchers.  16%  of  EU  R1-R2  researchers  are 
obtaining  or  have  obtained  a  PhD  in  another  country  than  the  country  of  their 
previous education. 

Virtual mobility is considered a substitute for international mobility (either short 
or  long  term)  to  a  certain  extent.  This  is  the  case  for  the  majority  of  the  researchers 
surveyed.  

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When looking at international co-authorships as an indicator of international cooperation, 
it  appears  that  the  average  percentage  of  international  co-publications  (in  total 
publications) of EU MS has been steadily increasing over the last decade (55% in 2015).  

6.5.  Intersectoral mobility 

LOW BUT STABLE FIGURES ARE OBSERVED FOR INTERSECTORAL MOBILITY 

Regarding intersectoral mobility, 11% of EU R2-3-4 researchers in HEIs have previously 
worked as  researchers in the private sector. Switzerland shows a higher figure than the 
EU average. Overall women are less intersectorally mobile than men. Norway and Iceland 
show lower figures compared to EU average for women researchers. 

6.6.  Interdisciplinary mobility 

INTERDISCIPLINARY MOBILITY IS HIGHLY VALUED BY RESEARCHERS 

This  category  includes  one  single  indicator,  which  shows  that  a  large  majority  of  EU 
researchers agree that interdisciplinary mobility is a positive factor for career progression 
in their home institution. Shares for EFTA countries are similar to the EU average. 

6.7.  Attractiveness of ERA 

FIGURES CONCERNING MOBILE PHD STUDENTS FROM ABROAD ARE STABLE OVER TIME 

As an initial impression about the attractiveness of ERA, figures concerning mobile PhD 
students from abroad as a share of the total appear to be stable over the period 2008-
2014, with on average  for  EU Member States 8% of  PhD students coming from another 
country. 

LESS  THAN  HALF  RESEARCHERS  CONSIDER  FUNDING,  PENSION  PLANS  AND  SOCIAL  SECURITY 
BETTER IN THE EU THAN OUTSIDE THE EU 

Less  than  half  of  researchers  surveyed  consider  research  funding,  pension  plans  or 
social  security  better  in  the  EU  than  outside  the  EU.  About  31%  of  HEI  researchers 
take the view that social security and pension plans are better in the EU than in non-EU 
countries, while 42% think that availability of research funding is better in the EU than in 
non-EU countries.  

6.8.  Results in relation with ERA priorities 

These  findings  can  be  linked  to  the  main  priorities  of  the  ERA  reinforcement  strategy4, 
which aim to establish a European research system that can compete in a global research 
landscape. The table below summarises some  of the main findings of  the key indicators 
as they relate to each of these priorities. 

4   COM(2012) 392 final. 

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ERA priority areas 

Related to concepts 

Related findings in key indicators 

1.  More effective national 
research systems 

2.  Optimal transnational 
cooperation and 
competition 

International cooperation 

International competition 

    While overall, the number of researchers per thousand employees 
has been increasing over the past ten years, there are large 
differences between countries, indicating a significant 
heterogeneity in European national systems of research. 

  Large discrepancies between countries are also found at early 

stages, with significant country heterogeneity also observed for 
PhD graduates. 

  Heterogeneity is also illustrated by strong differences between 
countries concerning satisfaction with respect to pensions and 
social security of researchers. 

  Figures on international co-publications are increasing over time, 
indicating more frequent international cooperations between 
researchers.  

  Figures related to international mobility of researchers are 

relatively stable, yet presenting a 4pp decrease between 2012 
and 2016. Figures related to mobile PhD students from abroad 
are also stable over time. 

  Virtual mobility can further support international cooperation as it 

is considered to some extent a substitute for international 
mobility by the majority of researchers. 

  Less than half of researchers surveyed consider research funding, 
pension plans or social security better in the EU than outside the 
EU.  

3.  An open labour market for 
researchers (facilitating 
mobility, supporting training 
and ensuring attractive 
careers) 

  Facilitating mobility, open 

  The number of HRS4R institutions is growing, but about half of 

labour market for non-native 
researchers 

the EU MS present no or only a few HRS4R institutions.  

  Open labour market based on 

  The majority of researchers is satisfied with recruitment at their 

merit, recognition of all 
relevant skills 

research institution according to the open, transparent and merit-
based criteria. 

  On average, EU researchers are positive about transparency and 
meritocracy in professional advancement in their HEI. Female 
researchers are slightly less positive.  

  Training of research skills, as 
well as other skills to  create 

  About half of the surveyed EU researchers report receiving 

training in transferable skills or developing transferable skills 

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ERA priority areas 

Related to concepts 

Related findings in key indicators 

openness towards careers 
outside academia 

through work experience. The large majority of researchers agree 
on the added value of transferable skills for career progress in 
their home institution, underlining the importance thereof. 

  Attractiveness of research 

  The percentage of researchers employed on part-time contracts 

careers 

basis has decreased in the last 5 years.  

4.  Gender equality and gender 

Mainstreaming 

mainstreaming in research 

Equality 

5.  Optimal circulation and 
transfer of scientific 
knowledge 

Open innovation 

Open science: 

- Digital innovations 

  The majority of researchers in the EU consider themselves well 

paid or paid a reasonable salary. 

  A large majority of EU researchers are satisfied with their pension 

plan and social security rights and benefits. 

  Share of women in total FTE researchers has been stable over the 
last decade with the average share being close to 36%-37%. 
Large country differences are observed, however, ranging from 
23% in Austria and Germany to 50% in Bulgaria, Croatia and 
Latvia. 

  Overall, higher shares of fixed-term contracts and part-time 
contracts are recorded for female researchers than for male 
researchers.  

  Data confirm the existence of a Glass Ceiling Effect for EU female 

researchers, but there is slight improvement over time concerning 
difficulties for women in progressing in their research career. 
  Concerning women’s career paths, the average EU proportion of 
women as Grade A academic staff (22% in 2013) increased 
steadily between 2004 and 2013. The average EU proportion of 
women on boards also increased steadily between 2005 and 2014 
(33% in 2014). 

  Intersectoral mobility is not common among the HEI researchers, 
with 11% of R2-3-4 researchers having previously worked as 
researchers in the private sector. 

  On the other hand, a large majority of researchers in EU HEI 

agree that interdisciplinary mobility is a positive factor for career 
progression in their home institution.  

  Virtual mobility is considered a relevant tool to substitute for 

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ERA priority areas 

Related to concepts 

Related findings in key indicators 

- New ways of disseminating 

international mobility. 

research results 

- New ways of collaborating 

(globally) 

Open to the world 

  Average percentage of international co-publications (in total 

publications) of EU MS was 55% in 2015. This figure has been 
steadily increasing over the last decade for all EU countries. 

Knowledge circulation 

  Results on international, intersectoral, interdisciplinary and virtual 

mobility show interactions between researchers according to 
various channels, which support the idea that knowledge 
circulation is strongly valued by researchers. 

6. 

International cooperation 

Cross-cutting priority 

  Cf. priorities 2, 3 and 5. 

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List of Tables 

Table 1:  
List of key indicators ............................................................................ 7 
Table 2:  
Indicators based on Eurostat ............................................................... 15 
Table 3:  
Indicators based on SHE Figures .......................................................... 16 
Table 4:  
Indicators based on Euraxess .............................................................. 17 
Table 5:  
Indicator based on Scopus .................................................................. 18 
Table 6:  
Intermediate indicators for co-publications with another country ............. 18 
Table 7:  
Indicators based on MORE surveys ....................................................... 19 
Table 8:  
Ratios indicators ................................................................................ 20 
Additional indicators ........................................................................... 21 
Table 9:  
Table 10:   Sources for additional indicators .......................................................... 21 
Table 11:   Flags used for imputation methods ...................................................... 22 
Table 12:   Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees – Scorecard ......................... 26 
Table 13:   Researchers (FTE) per thousand employees over 2000-2014 ................... 27 
Table 14:   Female researchers (FTE) per thousand employees – Scorecard .............. 28 
Table 15:   Female researchers (FTE) per thousand employees over 2000-2014 ........ 29 
Table 16:   Young PhD graduates per thousand population aged 25-29 – Scorecard ... 31 
Table 17:   Young PhD graduates per thousand population aged 25-29 ..................... 32 
Table 18:   Young  female  PhD  graduates  per  thousand  population  aged  25-29  – 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 33 
Table 19:   Young female PhD graduates per thousand population aged 25-29........... 34 
Table 20:   PhD graduates per thousand population - Scorecard .............................. 36 
Table 21:   PhD graduates per thousand population ................................................ 37 
Table 22:   Female PhD graduates per thousand population – Scorecard ................... 38 
Table 23:   Female PhD graduates per thousand population ..................................... 39 
Table 24:   New  women  doctoral  graduates  per  thousand  population  aged  25-34  – 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 41 
Table 25:   New women doctoral graduates per thousand population aged 25-34 ....... 42 
Table 26:   Share of female researchers in the total number  of researchers  - Scorecard
 ....................................................................................................... 44 
Table 27:   Share of female researchers in the total number of researchers ............... 45 
Table 28:   Share of researchers in the private sector in the total number of researchers 
– Scorecard ...................................................................................... 47 
Table 29:   Share of researchers in the private sector in the total number of researchers
 ....................................................................................................... 48 
Table 30:   Share  of  female  researchers  in  the  private  sector  in  the  total  number  of 
female researchers – Scorecard ........................................................... 49 
Table 31:   Share  of  female  researchers  in  the  private  sector  in  the  total  of  number  of 
female researchers ............................................................................ 50 
Table 32:   Satisfaction  with  recruitment  process  at  home  research  institution  – 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 53 
Table 33:   Satisfaction with recruitment process at home research institution (female) – 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 54 
Table 34:   Share  of  researchers  employed  on  fixed-term  contracts  in  their  current 
academic position – Scorecard............................................................. 57 
Table 35:   Share  of  researchers  employed  on  fixed-term  contracts  in  their  current 
academic position (female) – Scorecard ................................................ 58 
Table 36:   Share  of  researchers  with  part-time  employment  in  their  current  academic 
position – Scorecard ........................................................................... 60 
Table 37:   Share  of  researchers  with  part-time  employment  in  their  current  academic 
position (female) – Scorecard .............................................................. 61 
Table 38:   Glass Ceiling Index – Scorecard ........................................................... 63 
Table 39:   Glass Ceiling Index ............................................................................ 64 

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Table 40:   Satisfaction in current academic position with remuneration – Scorecard .. 66 
Table 41:   Share of researchers that consider the remuneration package in their current 
academic  position  better  than  that  of  people  with  comparable  skills  and 
experience outside academia - Scorecard ............................................. 67 
Table 42:   Share of researchers that consider the remuneration package in their current 
academic  position  better  than  that  of  people  with  comparable  skills  and 
experience outside academia (female) – Scorecard ................................ 68 
Table 43:   Share of researchers acknowledging the importance of transferring pensions 
as barrier to post-PhD mobility - Scorecard ........................................... 70 
Table 44:   Share  of  researchers  acknowledging  the  importance  of  transferring  social 
security as barrier for post-PhD mobility - Scorecard .............................. 71 
Table 45:   Share  of  researchers  satisfied  with  their  pension  plan  in  the  current 
academic position - Scorecard ............................................................. 73 
Table 46:   Share  of  researchers  satisfied  with  their  pension  plan  in  the  current 
academic position (female) – Scorecard ................................................ 74 
Table 47:   Share of researchers satisfied with their social security rights and benefits in 
the current academic position - Scorecard ............................................ 75 
Table 48:   Share of researchers satisfied with their social security rights and benefits in 
the current academic position (female) – Scorecard ............................... 76 
Table 49:   Number  of  HRS4R  acknowledged  institutions  per  thousand  researchers  - 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 78 
Table 50:   Number of HRS4R acknowledged institutions per thousand researchers .... 79 
Table 51:   Share  of  researchers  receiving  transferable  skills  training  during  PhD  - 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 82 
Table 52:   Share  of  researchers  receiving  transferable  skills  training  during  PhD 
(female) –Scorecard........................................................................... 83 
Table 53:   Appreciation of transferable skills - Scorecard ....................................... 85 
Table 54:   Appreciation of transferable skills (female) - Scorecard .......................... 86 
Table 55:   Degree of satisfaction with different aspects of the current academic position 
– Scorecard ...................................................................................... 88 
Table 56:   Degree of satisfaction with different aspects of the current academic position 
(female) - Scorecard .......................................................................... 89 
Table 57:   Transparency  and  meritocracy  in  professional  advancement  in  HEIs  - 
Scorecard ......................................................................................... 91 
Table 58:   Transparency and meritocracy in professional advancement in HEIs (female) 
– Scorecard ...................................................................................... 92 
Table 59:   Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff – Scorecard ................... 94 
Table 60:   Proportion of women as Grade A academic staff .................................... 95 
Table 61:   Proportion of women on boards – Scorecard.......................................... 97 
Table 62:   Proportion of women on boards ........................................................... 98 
Table 63:   Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as researcher for 
more than 3 months in the last 10 years - Scorecard ............................ 100 
Table 64:  Share of researchers (post PhD) that have worked abroad as researcher for 
more than 3 months in the last 10 years (female) – Scorecard ............... 101 
Table 65:   Share  of  researchers  (post  PhD)  that  have  worked  abroad  as  a  researcher 
for less than 3 months in the last ten years – Scorecard ........................ 103 
Table 66:   Share  of  researchers  (post  PhD)  that  have  worked  abroad  as  a  researcher 
for less than 3 months in the last ten years (female) - Scorecard............ 104 
Table 67:   Share  of  HEI  researchers  that  consider  virtual  mobility  as  substitute  for 
short- or long-term mobility – Scorecard ............................................. 106 
Table 68:   Share  of  HEI  researchers  that  consider  virtual  mobility  as  substitute  for 
short- or long-term mobility  (female) – Scorecard ............................... 107 
Table 69:   Percentage  of  co-publications  of  the  country  with  an  author  from  another 
country – Scorecard .......................................................................... 109 
Table 70:   Percentage  of  co-publications  of  the  country  with  an  author  from  another 
country ............................................................................................ 110 

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Table 75:  

Table 76:  

Table 71:   R1-R2 PhD degree mobility - Scorecard ............................................... 112 
Table 72:   R1-R2 PhD degree mobility (female) - Scorecard .................................. 113 
Table 73:   Share of researchers with experience in private sector - Scorecard ......... 115 
Table 74:   Share  of  female  researchers  with  experience  in  private  sector  -  Scorecard
 ...................................................................................................... 117 
Interdisciplinary  mobility  as  a  positive  factor  for  career  progression  – 
Scorecard ........................................................................................ 119 
Interdisciplinary mobility as a positive factor for career progression (female) 
– Scorecard ..................................................................................... 120 
Table 77:   Mobile  PhD  students  (ISCED  6/8)  from  abroad  as  a  share  of  total  PhD 
students of the country – Scorecard .................................................... 122 
Table 78:   Mobile  PhD  students  (ISCED  6/8)  from  abroad  as  a  share  of  total  PhD 
students of the country ..................................................................... 123 
Table 79:   Share  of  HEI  researchers  considering  availability  of  research  funding  better 
in EU than in non-EU countries - Scorecard .......................................... 124 
Table 80:   Share of HEI researchers considering social security and pension plan better 
in EU than in non-EU countries - Scorecard .......................................... 125 

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Getting in touch with the EU 

IN PERSON 
All over the European Union there are hundreds of Europe Direct Information Centres.  
You can find the address of the centre nearest you at: http://europa.eu/contact 

ON THE PHONE OR BY E-MAIL 
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Finding information about the EU 

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non-commercial purposes. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
K

I

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The MORE III study aims at updating, improving and further develop the set of indicators 
of  the  MORE2  study  in  order  to  meet  the  need  for  indicators  over  time  and  assess  the 
impact  on  researchers  of  policy  measures  introduced  for  the  development  of  an  open 
labour  market  for  researchers.  This  study  gathers  data  to  highlight  emerging  policy 
needs and priorities regarding mobility patterns, career paths and working conditions of 
researchers. 

The  study  carries  out  two  surveys:  the  first  one  addressed  to  researchers  currently 
working in the EU (and EFTA) in higher education institutions (HEI) and the second one 
to researchers currently working outside Europe. 

Studies and reports