COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Energy Union Factsheet Slovenia Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK Third Report on the State of the Energy Union
Date: 2017-11-23
Institutions: European Commission, Secretariat-General
Subjects: Slovenia, climate change policy, competitiveness, economic and social cohesion, energy cooperation, energy policy, innovation, investment, regional cooperation, single market

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 23.11.2017 SWD(2017) 412 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Energy Union Factsheet Slovenia Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK  Third Report on the State of the Energy Union  {COM(2017) 688 final} - {SWD(2017) 384 final} - {SWD(2017) 385 final} - {SWD(2017) 386 final} - {SWD(2017) 387 final} - {SWD(2017) 388 final} - {SWD(2017) 389 final} - {SWD(2017) 390 final} - {SWD(2017) 391 final} - {SWD(2017) 392 final} - {SWD(2017) 393 final} - {SWD(2017) 394 final} - {SWD(2017) 395 final} - {SWD(2017) 396 final} - {SWD(2017) 397 final} - {SWD(2017) 398 final} - {SWD(2017) 399 final} - {SWD(2017) 401 final} - {SWD(2017) 402 final} - {SWD(2017) 404 final} - {SWD(2017) 405 final} - {SWD(2017) 406 final} - {SWD(2017) 407 final} - {SWD(2017) 408 final} - {SWD(2017) 409 final} - {SWD(2017) 411 final} - {SWD(2017) 413 final} - {SWD(2017) 414 final}  
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

  Slovenia 

                          Energy Union factsheet1 

1.  Macro-economic implications of energy activities 

Energy and transport are key sectors for the overall functioning of the economy as they provide an 
important input and service to the other sectors of the economy. Together the activity in these two 
sectors2  accounted  for  8.9  %  of  the  total  value  added  of  Slovenia  in  2015.  Similarly,  their  share  in 
total employment3 was 6.2 % in 2015, of which 5.2 % in the transport sector and 1 % in the energy 
sector.  

(source: Eurostat) 

According  to  EurObserv'ER,  in  2015,  the  share  of  direct  and  indirect  renewable  energy  related 
employment in total employment of the economy in Slovenia was at about 0.42 %. The turnover of 
the renewable energy industry in the same year was estimated at around EUR 0.29 billion, more than 
half being attributed to biomass (57 % of total renewable turnover), followed by heat pumps (13.5 %) 
and biofuels industries (10 %). 

1   The indicators used in this country factsheet largely build on indicators developed for the Commission Staff 
Working  Document  "Monitoring  progress  towards  the  Energy  Union  objectives  –  key  indicators" 
(SWD(2017)  32 
final)  https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/swd-energy-union-key-
indicators_en.pdf  

2   Gross value added and employment in NACE sectors D-Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 

and H-Transportation and storage 

3   National accounts, Eurostat 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: EC based on Eurobserv'Er and Eurostat) 

The  decarbonisation  of  the  energy  and  transport  sectors  will  require  significant  investments  and 
economic  activity  beyond  the  remit  of  these  sectors  themselves.  The  energy  transition  implies  a 
structural  shift  in  economic  activity.  Energy-related  investment  and  jobs  will  in  part  migrate  from 
traditional  fossil  fuel  based  activities  towards  construction,  equipment  manufacturing  and  other 
services related to the deployment of low carbon and clean energy technologies. At the moment, the 
efforts related to the low-carbon and clean energy transition in sectors beyond can only be partially 
quantified and are therefore not included in this analysis.  

An indication of the level of efforts and challenges encountered by Slovenia in the energy sector is 
given  by  the  Gross  fixed  capital  formation  (GFCF)4.  Investments  in  the  electricity  and  gas  sectors, 
which  are  taken  as  reference  sectors,  experienced  an  increasing  trend  since  2010,  but  in  2014  felt 
back to 2012 level. They represented around 1.6 % of the country's GDP in 2014, higher than in the 
pre-crisis period.  

(source: Eurostat) 

4 Gross fixed capital formation consists of resident producers´ acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed tangible or 
intangible assets. This covers, in particular, machinery and equipment, vehicles, dwellings and other buildings. It 
also includes foreign direct investment (FDI). Steam and air conditioning supply are also included in the figures 
mentioned above as Eurostat reports electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply together. 

2 

 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

In terms of trade, Slovenia is overall a net importer of fossil fuels. The trade deficit in energy products 
has fallen from about 5 % of GDP in 2005 to 3.1 % in 2015. The largest decrease is accounted for by 
oil and gas, also reflecting lower prices on fossil fuels. The trade balance for electricity was positive in 
2015 (0.5 % of GDP). 

(source: Eurostat) 

2. Energy security, solidarity and trust 

2.1. Energy Mix 

In comparison to the average energy mix in the EU, Slovenia's energy mix of primary products has a 
higher share of nuclear (22.1 % versus 13.6 %) and of renewables (16 % versus 13 %). On the other 
hand,  the  share  of  natural  gas  is  significantly  lower  in  Slovenia  than  on  average  in  the  EU  (10.1  % 
versus 22 %).  

    (source: Eurostat) 

3 

2015 EU28: Energy mix*wastenuclearrenewablesnatural gasoilsolid fuels0,8%13,6%13,0%22,0%34,4%16,2%1627,5MtoeGIC -total:GIC -energy mix*1626,2Mtoe2015 SI: Energy mix*wastenuclearrenewablesnatural gasoilsolid fuels0,7%22,1%16,0%10,1%34,8%16,3%6,6MtoeGIC -total:6,6MtoeGIC -energy mix*:*energy mix as share share in GIC-excluding electricity and derivedheat exchanges ,GIC=gross inland consumption 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

2.2. Import dependency and security of supply 

48.7  %  of  Slovenia's  energy  consumption  is  imported,  which  is  a  slightly  lower  value  than  the  EU 
average (54 %). This lower import dependency is mainly due to the lower share of natural gas in the 
energy mix and the higher shares of renewables and nuclear energy compared to the EU average.  

The overall import  dependency  of  Slovenia  decreased  by  3.8  percentage points  between  2005  and 
2015,  while  at  the  EU  level,  import  dependency  increased  by  1.9  percentage  points  between  the 
same years. Nevertheless, in the area of natural gas Slovenia is completely dependent on imports via 
neighbouring Member States. Slovenia imports around 60 % of its natural gas from Russia, which is 
above  the  EU  average.  30  %  of  these  imports  are  directly  supplied  to  the  country  via  long-term 
contracts,  while  the  rest  is  mainly  supplied  by  short-term  contracts  concluded  with  gas  hubs  and 
exchanges  (at  least  50  %  of  this  gas  bought  via  short-term  contracts  also  originates  in  Russia).    As 
there are no operating refineries in the country, Slovenia imports refined products and no crude oil. 
Concerning solid fuels imports, Slovenia only imports limited quantities of hard coal, while the vast 
majority  of  electricity  produced  in  thermal  coal  power  plants  in  Slovenia  results  from  the  use  of 
locally sourced brown coal and lignite.  

 (source: Eurostat) 

Imports of uranium and nuclear fuels are not included in Eurostat's energy balances and therefore 
import  dependency  cannot  be  calculated  in  the  same  way  as  for  the  main  fossil  fuels.  Hence, 
complementary information is provided on imports of uranium and nuclear fuels. In Slovenia in 2015 
about 38%  of  the electricity produced  was  based  on nuclear  power.  As  the  nuclear  power  plant in 
Krško has been constructed by Westinghouse, the plant is not reliant on fuel imports from Russia.   

The security of gas supply regulation requires that, if the single largest gas infrastructure fails in one 
Member State, the capacity of the remaining infrastructure is able to satisfy total gas demand during 
a day of exceptionally high gas demand. Slovenia does not fulfil the N-1 criteria as seen in the below 
graphic and the country has a derogation until December 2018 pursuant article 6.10 of the Security 
of  Gas  Supply  Regulation.  On  the  basis  of  planned  infrastructure  projects  as  referred  to  in  the 
updated Slovenian Risk Assessment, the TSO has projected to comply with the N-1 standards as of 
2019,  notably  as  reverse  flow  at  Rogatec  interconnection  point  should  be  enabled  by  the  end  of 
2018. 

4 

54,0%48,7%69,1%99,7%88,4%0,0%64,1%96,7%0%40%80%120%EU28SIEU28SIEU28SIEU28SItotal energycarriersnatural gascrude oil and NGLhard coalImport dependency200520151,9%-3,8%12,0%0,1%7,2%na8,4%2,9%absolute change 2005-2015 [pp]SIEU28SIEU28SIEU28RussiaRussia RussiaIndonesiaRussia30,0%37,3% 28,8%95,7%29,1% Norway Norway Colombia 32,8% 12,4% 24,3% Algeria Nigeria United States 10,7% 8,3% 16,0%*share in total imports for the MS and in total non-EU imports for the EU282015: Top non-EU suppliers for main energy carriers* Natural gasCrude oil and NGLHard coal 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: gas coordination group) 

3. Internal market 

3.1. Interconnections and wholesale market functioning 

3.1.1. Electricity 

(source: EC services based on ENTSOE         source: EC services based on Eurostat            source: EC services based on Platts 
and European power exchanges) 

Slovenia's  electricity  interconnection  level5  was  at  83.6  %  in  2017  and  thereby  being  already  well 
above  the  2020  target  of  10  %.  Nevertheless,  Slovenia  has  several  electricity  Projects  of  Common 
Interest  under  the  guidelines  of  trans-European  energy  infrastructure,  including  two  electricity 
clusters  with  a  high  voltage  transmission  line  between  Slovenia,  Croatia  and  Hungary  and  a  high 
voltage transmission line between Slovenia and Italy in order to optimise electricity trade, contribute 

5 The interconnectivity level is calculated as a ratio between import interconnection and net generation capacities 
of the country (i.e. the 2017 value is the ratio between simultaneous import interconnection capacity [GW] 
and net generating capacity [GW] in the country at 11 January 2017, 19:00 pm as resulted from ENTSO-E 
Winter Outlook 2016/2017) 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

to  security  of  supply  and  better  deal  with  loop  flows.  Moreover,  Slovenian  and  Croatian  TSOs  and 
DSOs also launched a joint project co-financed by CEF in the field of smart grids6. 

Concentration  on  the  power  generation  market  is  above  the  EU  average  and  has  also  slightly 
increased between 2005 and 2015 as the largest generator in the country also increased its market 
share slightly between 2005 and 2015. Furthermore, the modest size of the market does no facilitate 
the  development  of  many  different  generators  that  would  lead  to  a  lower  market  concentration. 
Wholesale electricity prices in Slovenia are below the EU average in 2016. 

3.1.2. Gas 

Wholesale gas prices are at a similar level than the EU average and have experienced a strong decline 
mostly  in  line  with  the  EU  average  with  45.1  %,  further  reducing  the  still  existing  gap  to  the  EU 
average wholesale price for natural gas. The observed increase in the market concentration index for 
wholesale gas supply of over 50 % is mainly caused by methodological reasons, namely changes in 
the calculation of the underlying indicator7.  

(source: ACER for the left graph and EC services based on Platts, gas hubs, Eurostat for the right graph) 

3.2. Retail electricity and gas markets 

3.2.1. Electricity 

In  2015,  household  electricity  prices  in  Slovenia  were  below  the  EU  average  and  contrary  to  the 
average development at EU level, the electricity prices for households decreased between 2013 and 
2016 by 1.7 %. However, this decrease is lower than the decrease of wholesale electricity prices in 
Slovenia over the same period, which can be partially explained by an increase in the share of taxes 

6 See also http://www.sincrogrid.eu/. 
7  The  main  reason  being  that  imports  from  Austria  to  Slovenia  were  assigned  to  Austrian  producers  in  the 
calculation of the 2011 value, but in 2015 for these volumes the share of the upstream companies selling as 
were considered in proportion to Austrian market concentration levels. As Gazprom is the dominant supplier 
in the Austrian market, this changed calculation also led to an increase the concentration index for Slovenia.  

6 

 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

in retail electricity prices from 29 % to 31,4 % in 2016 – a value that is nevertheless still below the EU 
average.   
The share of smart meters for electricity has increased by 10 percentage points from 2013 to 2015 to 
a penetration of 44 % at present. Annual switching rates by consumers from one electricity supplier 
to another were marginally higher than the EU average with 6.7 % in 2015 and have increased faster 
than the EU average.  

(source: ACER) 

(source: Eurostat)  

(source: Eurostat) 

3.2.2. Gas 

Between 2013  and  2016  household  prices  for  natural  gas  decreased significantly by  20.7%  and  are 
below the EU average, while the share of taxes and levies in household gas prices increased and stays 
above  the  EU  average.  Gas  prices  for  households  and  SMEs  nevertheless  are  higher  than  in  most 
neighbouring  countries.  While  the  market  uptake  of  gas  smart  meters  has  not  yet  taken  place  in 
Slovenia  – as in the majority of Member States with the exception of the Netherlands and the United 
Kingdom – the annual switching rate for households increased considerably from 2011 to 2015 and 
with  6%  is  only  slightly  below  the  EU  average.  This  also  coincides  with  the  overall  very  positive 
assessment of the retail gas market by consumers, which scores the highest of all the markets of all 
EU Member States8.  

8 See: 12th Consumer Markets Scoreboard 2016, 

http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_evidence/consumer_scoreboards/12_edition/docs/consumer_marke
ts_scoreboard_2016_en.pdf.  

7 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: ACER) 

(source: Eurostat)  

(source: Eurostat) 

3.2.3. Market performance indicators 

According to the periodical survey of DG JUST, the Slovene consumers are more satisfied than the EU 
average about the services received on energy retail markets and this satisfaction has even further 
increased during the past five years.  

(source: DG JUST survey) 

3.3. Energy affordability  

In Slovenia, the energy expenditure share in final consumption expenditure for the lowest quintile is 
with 14.9 % nearly twice as high as the EU average of 8.6 %. In contrast, a smaller percentage of the 
population at risk of poverty is unable to keep their home adequately warm with 13.6 % in contrast 
to  the  EU  average  of  22.7  %.  While  this  share  has  increased  much  faster  in  Slovenia  from  2005  to 
2015  than  on average  in  the  EU,  recent years  show  a  steady  decline  of  the  share  which  peaked  in 
2012 with 17.3 %.  

8 

72,680,375,381,20102030405060708090100EU28SIMarket performance indicator (MPI), retail electricity services2010201572,379,3average 2010-2015 [-]73,685,378,186,60102030405060708090100EU28SIMarket performance indicator (MPI), retail gas services2010201574,684,4average 2010-2015 [-] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

 (source: ad-hoc data collection of DG ENER based on HBS with the support of Eurostat and national statistics) 

4. Energy efficiency and moderation of demand 

Since 2005, Slovenia decreased its primary energy consumption by 8 % to 6.45 Mtoe in 2015. Over 
the  same  period,  final  energy  consumption  also  decreased  by  4.2  %  to  4.69  Mtoe  in  2015.  Even  if 
Slovenia  has  already  achieved  levels  of  primary  and  final  energy  consumption  below  the indicative 
national  2020  targets  (7.3  Mtoe  in  primary  energy  consumption  and  5.1  Mtoe  in  final  energy 
consumption),  the  country  needs  to  continue  its  efforts  in  order  to  keep  these  levels  until  2020.  

(source: Eurostat) 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: Eurostat) 

Although  primary  energy  intensity  decreased  over  the  2005-2015  period,  it  remains  above  the  EU 
average and it decreased at a slower pace. The energy intensity of Slovene industry is above the EU 
average,  but  decreased  faster  with  an  average  annual  reduction  of  3.3  %  between  2005  and  2015 
than the EU average, where the reduction was 2 % annually. In addition, the energy intensity in the 
residential sector and in the services sector is also well above the EU average, with the intensity in 
the residential sector also decreasing slower than the EU average.  

On the implementation of the Energy  Efficiency Directive, in 2015 Slovenia reported progress from 
the  previous  year  in  achieving  their  annual  savings  under  Article  7  (Energy  efficiency  obligation 
schemes). Therefore, in this context, the country needs to continue its current effort to ensure that 
the required final energy savings are achieved by 2020.  

(source: Eurostat)  

      (source: Eurostat) 

  (source: Odyssee database) 

In 2015 in Slovenia, transport was the largest energy consuming sector representing a 38.4 % share in 
the  total  final  energy  consumption,  which  is  well  above  than  the  EU  average  of  33.1  %.  While  the 
shares  of  the  industry  and  residential  sector  correspond  to  the  average  EU  values,  the  energy 
consumption of the services sector is with 9.8 %, considerably below the EU average of 13.6 %.    

Between 2005 and 2015 in Slovenia, the final energy consumption in transport recorded an average 
annual  increase  of  2.3  %,  higher  than  the  1.2  %  average  annual  increase  of  the  Slovenian  GDP. 

10 

2015 EU28: Final energy consumptionwasteservicesagriculture/forestry/fishingresidentialtransportindustry0,4%13,6%2,3%25,4%33,1%25,3%1084,0Mtoe2015 SI: Final energy consumptionother (non-specified)servicesagriculture/forestry/fishingresidentialtransportindustry0,4%9,8%1,6%23,7%38,4%26,2%4,7Mtoe 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

Overall, energy consumption in transport increased in 2015 by more than 20 % since 2005. This high 
increase originates mainly from road transport mainly, which includes transit transport.  

The  share  of  collective  land  transport  into  total  passengers'  transport  decreased  slightly  between 
2005 and 2015, indicating a slightly higher use of private transport means in Slovenia.  

(source: Eurostat)  

        (source: Eurostat and DG MOVE pocketbook) 

(source: Eurostat)  

In November  2016,  the National  programme  of  development of  transport until 2030  was  adopted, 
based  on  the  Transport  development  strategy  of  Slovenia  (2015).  The  programme  provides  for 
activities,  means  of  implementation  and  estimated  funding  needs  for  all  the  measures  included  in 
the  strategy.  The  programme  envisages  EUR  9  billion  in  infrastructure  investments  for  the  period 
2016-2022, and a further EUR 7.9 billion to be invested by 2030.  

Regarding infrastructure,  the  main  focus  will  be  on  the  development of  railway  infrastructure  with 
priority projects in the TEN-T network, including the construction of the second track on the Divača–
Koper  railway  line,  the  upgrade  of  the  Zidani  Most–Celje  and  Maribor–Šentilj  lines  and  the 
renovation of the Karavanke railway tunnel. For road network the priorities are the completion of the 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

Draženci-Gruškovje  motorway,  the  construction  of  the  second  tube  of  the  Karavanke  motorway 
tunnel  and  establishment  of  an  electronic  tolling  system  for  haulage  vehicles,  which  will  enable 
tolling according to the actual kilometres travelled. Investment in the further development of airport 
and  port  infrastructure  will  continue,  including  increasing  the  capacities  of  the  container  terminal 
and upgrading the remaining infrastructure and equipment of the port of Koper. 

The plan  is  also  to  promote integrated public passenger  transport  (IPPT). The  establishment of  the 
IPPT  authority,  which  will  manage  the  transport  of  passengers  in  rail  transport  and  interurban  line 
bus transport and harmonise these with urban transport, is planned for 2017.  

One  of  the  measures  to  support  the  transition  to  sustainable  mobility  was  also  the  set-up  of  a 
network  of  26  high-speed  electric  charging  stations  on  motorways.  Further  measures  to  provide 
incentives  for  recharging  infrastructure  and  the  increase  in  the  number  of  electric  vehicles  are 
planned. In the efforts to promote sustainable mobility, the government also launched a pilot project 
for civil servants to be able to use an electric vehicle sharing scheme instead of conventionally fuelled 
cars.  

Finally, part of the measures to stimulate the growth potential will also be the restructuring of tax 
burdens,  which  aim  at  promoting  environmental  objectives  (the  Green  Budget  Reform  project).  In 
this respect, a recast of the  Motor Vehicles Tax Act is planned, with an additional emphasis on the 
environmental component in the taxation of vehicles. 

5. Decarbonisation of the economy 

5.1. GHG emissions 

Slovenia is on track to achieve its greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target for 2020. Slovenia 
committed to a non-ETS GHG target of +4 % in 2020 compared to 2005 levels. According to national 
projections, Slovenia will reduce its non-ETS emissions by -9.3 % between 2005 and 2020. It is well on 
track to meet its 2020 target. 

(source: EC and EEA) 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

While Slovenia was able to reduce the carbon intensity of its economy by 42.1 % since 1990, it is still 
above the EU average by more than a third. The share of transportation, responsible for 31.8 % of 
emissions, remains above the EU average due to the sale of fuel to vehicles transiting the country. 

(source: EC and EEA)   

Preliminary accounts under the Kyoto Protocol for Slovenia show overall removals of -0.1 Mt CO2-eq. 
as  an  annual  average  in  the  period  2013-2015.  For  comparison,  the  annual  average  of  the  EU-28 
accounted for removals of  -119.0 Mt. CO2-eq. It should be noted that in this  preliminary simulated 
accounting exercise, removals from Forest Management were capped to -0.65 Mt CO2-eq per year, 
due  to  significantly  exceeding  the  limit  of  the  difference  between  the  reported  sink  and  the 
accounting  forest  management  reference  level.  Slovenia  is  the  only  EU  Member  State  with  no 
accounted activities by Afforestation.  

All emissions by Deforestation are offset by removals by Afforestation, resulting in a slightly negative 
balance. Overall, there is a very minor decreasing trend in removals due to increasing emissions by 
Deforestation over the course of the three-year period.  

Note: Forest Management credits are capped and presented as yearly averages when the total Forest 
Management credits of the considered period exceed the simulated cap over the same period. 
(source: EC and EEA) 

13 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

CO2 emissions in transport and alternative fuelled vehicles 
The average CO2 emissions of new cars in Slovenia were in 2016 slightly above the EU average and 
have decreased at a slower pace between 2005 and 2016 than the EU average. 

 (source: EEA/UNFCCC) 

Over the last three years  the number of electric charging points in Slovenia  has more than tripled, 
from 151 units in 2014 to 474 units in 2016. 

       (European Alternative Fuels Observatory) 

 (European Environment Agency)  
National Policy Frameworks under Directive 2014/94/EU on alternative fuels infrastructure have to 
establish targets, objective and measures for the development of the market of alternative fuels in 
the  transport  sector  and  the  deployment  of  the  relevant  infrastructure.  Slovenia  has  submitted  its 
National Policy Framework as requested under article 3 of the Directive 2014/94/EU.  

A  detailed  assessment  of  the  Slovenian  National  Policy  Framework  in  terms  of  its  compliance  with 
the  requirements  of  Directive  2014/94/EU  on  alternative  fuels  infrastructure,  its  contribution  to 
achievement  of  long-term  energy and  climate objectives  of  the  Union  and  coherence of  its  targets 
and objectives in terms of cross-border continuity has been published as part of the Communication 
on  Alternative  Fuels  Action  Plans  (COM(2017)652)  and   the  related  staff  working  document 
SWD(2017)365. 

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

5.2. Adaptation to climate change  

Slovenia has a National Adaptation Strategy in place. The NAP has been prepared taking into account 
national  risk  assessments  and  an  action  plan  of  measures  will  follow  based  on  a  comprehensive 
national  Climate  Change  Vulnerability  Assessment.  Sectors  that  have  devoted  most  attention  to 
climate change adaptation action are water management (and associated risks of flood and drought), 
agriculture and forestry. No monitoring and reporting framework is operational to date. A system for 
periodic review of adaptation action has been developed in the framework of the NAP. 

5.3. Taxes on energy and transport and fossil fuel subsidies  

Slovenia  uses  taxation  as  part  of  its  climate  policy  and  has  a  carbon  tax  in  place  since  1996,  also 
applying  to  the  transport  sector  since  2012.  In  addition,  the  registration  tax  on  vehicles  is  partly 
based on CO2 emissions.  

The overall tax burden on energy and  transport (including carbon taxation) in Slovenia amounts to 
3.5  %  of  GDP,  which  is  considerably  higher  than  the  EU  average  (more  than  1  percentage  point  in 
2014). It is particularly the tax burden on transport fuel that is higher (almost double in 2014), while 
taxation on vehicles is broadly in line with the EU-average. Taxation of heat and electricity is slightly 
below  the  EU-average,  but  showed  an  increase  with  respect  to  2005.  The  overall  tax  burden  has 
increased during the period from 2.7 % to 3.4 %, mainly reflecting increasing tax revenue from motor 
fuels. 

(source: Eurostat) 

Most of the support for fossil fuels in Slovenia is in the form of consumer support to end-users and 
industries.  The  refund  on  excise  duty  for  diesel  in  commercial  transport  has  been  increasing  since 
2012 and reached about EUR 42 million in 2014, representing 50 % of all reimbursements for energy 
sources.  In  2012,  market  price  support  for  coal,  the  main  producer  support,  was  terminated. 
Following this, coal use fell and the virtual elimination of producer support resulted.  

15 

0123452007201420072014SIEU28[% GDP]Energy & Transport related taxes as % GDPHeat & ElectricityTransport VehiclesTransport Fuel2,723,472,282,37Total transport and electricity taxes [%GDP]: 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2015) 

5.4. Renewable energy  

Concerning  renewable  energy,  Slovenia's  RES  share  in  final  energy  consumption  in  2015  was  22  % 
therefore  putting  the  country  on  track  to  reach  the  2020  target  of  a  25  %  share.  Furthermore, 
Slovenia  met  the  2013-2014  indicative  trajectory  on  the  RES  share  and  was  already  in  2015  well 
above its indicative trajectories for 2015-2016 and for 2017-2018.  

With 34.1 %, Slovenia's RES share in heating and cooling is significantly above the EU average of 18.6 
%. Its RES share of 32.7 % in electricity generation is slightly above the EU average of 28.8 % but has 
slightly  decreased  since  2009.  However,  the  RES  share  in  transport  is  –  with  only  2.2  %  in  2015  – 
below the EU average of 6.7 % and has been decreasing in recent years. Additional efforts in this area 
would be necessary if the binding 10 % target for 2020 is to be reached.  

 (source: Eurostat-SHARES) 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: Eurostat-SHARES) 

In Slovenia, electricity from renewable sources is promoted through a feed-in tariff and a premium 
tariff,  both  granted  through  a  tender  procedure.  Producers  of  electricity  from  renewables  may 
choose between a guaranteed feed-in tariff and a bonus (premium) on top of the free market price 
for electricity. Hardly any wind power is installed in Slovenia despite favourable climatic conditions 
especially in the west of the country.   

The support for renewable energy for heating purposes is done mainly through loans, grant subsidies 
and building obligations, while the main incentives for renewable energy use in transport are a quota 
system, tax exemptions and subsidies in the form of non-repayable grants. Furthermore, there is an 
obligation to ensure that biofuels are offered at petrol stations. 

Due  to  a  consistent  deployment  of  renewables  since  2005,  it  is  estimated  that  Slovenia  avoided 
about  9,4%  of  the  fossil  fuel  in  gross  inland  consumption  and  about  6,3  %  of  GHG  emissions  at 
national level in 20159.   

 (source: EEA) 

9 Avoided GHG emissions mentioned here have a theoretical character as these contributions do not necessarily 
represent 'net GHG savings per se' nor are they based on life-cycle assessment or full carbon accounting. 

17 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

5.5. Contribution of the Energy Union to better air quality 

Air  quality  in  Slovenia  continues  to  give  causes  for  concern.  For  the  year  2013,  the  European 
Environment  Agency  estimated  that  about  1,960  premature  deaths  were  attributable  to  fine 
particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations and over 150 to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations10. 

For PM, Slovenia reported exceedances of the binding EU air quality standard11. For the year 2015, 
Slovenia  reported  exceedances  of  the  limit  value  for  PM10  in  2  out  of  the  4  air  quality  zones  in 
Slovenia as shown in the figure below12. 

(source: EEA) 

The health-related external costs from air pollution in Slovenia have been estimated to be more than 
EUR 988 million/year (income adjusted, 2010), which includes the intrinsic value of living a healthy life 
without premature death as well as the direct costs to the economy such as healthcare costs and lost 
working days due to sickness caused by air pollution13. 

The  Energy  Union  can  substantially  contribute  to  addressing  these  air  quality  problems  through 
measures reducing emissions of both GHG and air pollutants such as PM and nitrogen oxides (NOx) 
from major contributing sectors such as (road) transport, energy production, industry and residential 
heating (e.g. stoves and boilers) as shown in the figure below14. 

10  European  Environment  Agency,  2016,  Air  Quality  in  Europe  –  2016  Report,  table  10.2.  The  report  also 
includes details as regards the underpinning methodology for calculating premature deaths.    
11 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality 
and cleaner air for Europe, OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p.1-44 
12  Compliance  data  as  reported  by  the  Member  States  as  part  of  their  official  annual  air  quality  report  for  the 
calender year 2015 (available on the European Environment Agency's (EEA) Eionet/Central Data Repository), 
http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/si/eu/aqd 
13 See also the EU Environmental Implementation Review Country Report for Slovenia, SWD(2017)57 final of 
3.2.2017 
14 National emission data as reported by the Member States to the EEA (available on the EEA's Eionet/Central 
Data Repository), http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/si/eu/nec_revised 

18 

012345NO2 Annual limit valuePM2.5 Annual limit valuePM10 Daily limit value[number of zones]Air quality zones in exceedance of EU air quality standards number of zones exceedingnumber of zones not exceedingSI 
 
 
                                                            
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

 (Source: EEA. This table reflects only sources of primary PM2,5 emissions.) 

6. Research, innovation and competitiveness  

6.1. Research and innovation policy 

Most  energy  research  in  Slovenia  is  managed  by  the  National  Research  Agency,  which  operates 
within  the  Ministry  of  Education,  Science,  Culture  and  Sport.  Energy  research  priorities  in  Slovenia 
are  nuclear  energy  (which  has  strongest  emphasis);  electric  power  and  power  systems;  thermal 
power  and  processes;  renewable  energies;  and  energy  conservation  in  buildings.  Research  in 
renewable  energies  covers  small  hydropower  and  micro-hydro  turbines;  solar  energy,  including 
advanced solar cells; wood biomass (in particular forestry management and social aspects of the use 
of wood for energy); green chemistry and biogas and geothermal energy. There is also considerable 
research in electric power engineering and power systems operation and management, including the 
development of smart grids and integration of renewable energy into power systems. 

Energy  research  projects  are  funded  through  general  or  framework  programmes,  of  which  the 
'Operational Programme for the Implementation of the European Cohesion Policy in the 2014-2020 
period (OP EKP)' is the biggest. There is also a National Renewable Energy Action Plan which includes 
research and innovation (R&I) funding through the Resolution on Research and Innovation Strategy 
of Slovenia 2011-2020, complemented by the National Energy Programme for 2011–2030.  

Slovenia’s  Smart  Specialisation  Strategy  (S4)  is  an  implementing  document  relating  to  the  already 
adopted  strategic  documents  (also  OP  EKP  and  S4).  Smart  Specialisation  is  a  platform  for 
concentrating development investments in areas where Slovenia has the critical mass of knowledge, 
capacities  and  competences  and  where  there  is  innovation  potential  for  placing  Slovenia  within 
global markets and thus enhancing its recognisability. Three priority areas (P1 - Healthy working and 
living  environment,  P2-  Natural  and  traditional  resources  for  the  future  and  P3  -  (S)  Industry  4.0) 
comprise  all  together  nine  areas  of  application  in  the  framework  of  which  focus  areas  and 
technologies  are  identified.  Energy  is  integrated  in  all  three  priority  areas,  e.g.:  focus  area  and 
technologies  related  to  'Conversion,  distribution  and  energy  management'  in  the  'Smart  cities  and 
communities'  area  of  application  (P1),  focus  area  on  'Production  of  energy  based  on  alternative 
sources'  in  the  'Networks  for  the  transition  to  circular  economy'  (P2),  focus  area  and  technologies 
related to 'E-mobility and energy storage systems' in the 'Mobility' area of application (P3). 

19 

1,1%76,3%2,6%7,9%2,8%0,2%0,0%9,1%0,0%AgricultureCommercial, institutional and householdsEnergy production and distributionEnergy use in industryIndustrial processes and product useNon-road transportOtherRoad transportWastePM2.5 emissions by sectors -2015*SI4,4%13,6%12,8%12,7%0,5%2,6%0,0%53,3%0,1%NOx emisisons by sectors -2015* *NECD data submitted by MS to EEA at 28th May 2015 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

Slovenia  is  not an  active  contributor  to  the  ongoing  work of  the Strategic  Energy  Technology  (SET) 
Plan. It does not participate in any of the fifteen temporary working groups which have been set up 
to implement the integrated SET Plan. 

Regarding  the  Horizon  2020  programme,  Slovenia  has  received  so  far  1.1%  of  the  EU  contribution 
devoted to the 'secure, clean and efficient energy' part of the programme. As of September 2017, 67 
participations from Slovenian organisations have been awarded over EUR 20 million in Horizon 2020 
energy projects. This includes a grant of EUR 1.2 million to INEA d.o.o. for its participation in project 
GOFLEX (grid integration of renewables) and four grants totalling almost EUR 6.8 million to Slovenian 
beneficiaries participating in project FutureFlow (TSO cooperation). 

6.2. Investments and patents in the Energy Union R&I priorities  

The European Commission does not have any data regarding the public (national) investments in the 
Energy Union R&I priorities.  

Private investment in the Energy Union R&I priorities in 2013 was estimated at EUR 49 million (0.3% 
of  the  private  R&I  investment  in  Energy  Union  R&I  priorities  in  the  EU).  The  focus  was  on  the  the 
Efficient Systems priority which received 95 % of these investments. The remaining 5% was attracted 
by Sustainable Transport. 

In 2013, the most recent year for which complete patent15 statistics are available, 9 companies and 
research organisations based in Slovenia filed 7 patents in low-carbon energy technologies (0.11% of 
the  EU  total).  The  focus  was  on  Efficient  Systems  (71%),  followed  by  the  Smart  system  and 
Sustainable Transport priorities (14% each). 

In 2013, private investments and patents in the Energy Union R&I priorities were lower than the EU 
average  when  normalised  by  GDP  and  by  population  respectively.  In  the  period  2007-2013,  both 
private R&I investment and the number of patents in Energy Union R&I priorities have increased on 
average by 67% and 55% per year, displaying higher rates of increase than the indicators at EU level 
(6% and 15% respectively). 

15   In  the  context  of  this  document,  the  term  'patent'  refers  to  patent  families,  rather  than  applications,  as  a 
measure  of  innovative  activity.  Patent families  include  all documents  relevant to  a  distinct  invention (e.g. 
applications to multiple authorities), thus preventing multiple counting. A fraction of the family is allocated 
to each applicant and relevant technology. 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(Data sources: Public investment as available in the International Energy Agency RD&D Statistics database16 for 
codes  relevant  to  Energy  Union  RIC  priorities.  Patent  data  based  on  the  European  Patent  Office  PATSTAT 
database17. Private investment as estimated by JRC SETIS. Detailed methodology is available from the JRC18.) 

6.3. Competitiveness 

In 2014, the real unit energy costs (RUEC)19 in Slovenia with 14.1 were below the EU average of 15.3 
and have decreased by 5.6 % since 2005. They are nearly twice the RUEC of the US, but well below 
those in Japan, China or the Russian Federation. The electricity prices paid by industrial customers in 
Slovenia are below the EU average. However, gas prices for industrial consumers are above the EU 
average. 

(source: ECFIN) 

                   (source: Eurostat and IEA) 

Regarding  the  competitiveness  in  solar  energy,  Slovenia  is  performing  quite  well.  Even  though  the 
revealed comparative advantage indicator20 is just about the value of 1, the Slovenian economy was 

16 http://www.iea.org/statistics/RDDonlinedataservice/  
17 https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/business/patstat.html#tab1  
18 https://setis.ec.europa.eu/related-jrc-activities/jrc-setis-reports/monitoring-ri-low-carbon-energy-technologies  
19   This indicator measures the amount of money spent on energy sources needed to obtain one unit of value 

added. 

20 The RCA index for product "i" is defined as follows: RCAi =

Xj,i
∑ Xj,i
i
Xw,i
∑ Xw,i
i

 where X is the value of exports, and j is 

the country and w is the reference group, the World economy. 2005 refers in the text to the indicator average 

21 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

above  the  EU  average  in  2015  due  to  a  strong  specialisation  in  power  electronics  for  solar 
photovoltaics  panels.  The  relative  trade  balance21  confirms  that  Slovenia  is  a  net  exporter  of  solar 
components, in particular power electronic products, while the EU on average is a net importer. The 
Slovenian economy is not specialised in the manufacturing of wind technologies and components as 
indicated by a relative comparative advantage indicator below 1. In terms of relative trade balance, 
Slovenia  reduced  its  gap  with  respect  to  the  EU  average  and  became  also  a  net  exporter  for  wind 
components in 2015.  

(source: UN comtrade) 

7. Regional and local cooperation 

Slovenia  is  part  a  member  of  the  High  Level  Group  on  Central  and  South  Eastern  Europe  Gas 
Connectivity  (CESEC)  together  with  Austria,  Bulgaria,  Croatia,  Greece,  Hungary,  Italy,  Romania  and 
the  Slovak  Republic.  The  objective  of  the  High  Level  Group  is  to  establish  a  regional  priority 
infrastructure  roadmap  and  advance  its  implementation  in  order  to  develop  missing  infrastructure 
and improve supply security. CESEC has decided in September 2016 to move its cooperation into new 
areas aiming to create a regional electricity market as well as boosting renewable energy and energy 
efficiency.  Infrastructure  projects  in  the  CESEC  region  are  mainly  supported  through  CEF  funding, 
totalling up to EUR 72.5 million of which EUR 45.2 million are foreseen for electricity projects. In the 
framework  of  the  societal  challenge  for  secure,  clean  and  efficient  energy  of  the  Horizon  2020 
programme, EUR 228.1 million were allocated to participants from the region in order to stimulate 
research and innovation.  

The  EU  macro-regional  strategies  for  the  Danube  Region,  the  Adriatic  and  Ionian  Region,  and  the 
Alpine Region in which Slovenia takes part can be used as a basis for regional cooperation on energy. 
European  Territorial  Cooperation  –  'Interreg'  –  under  EU  cohesion  policy  also  provides  further 
opportunities for cross-border, transnational and interregional cooperation, including in the Energy 
Union areas. 

over the 2000-2009 period, while 2015 represents the average over the 2010-2016 period. The same applies for 
the RTB indicator - see below. 
21 The RTB indicator for product "i" is defined as follows: 𝑅𝑇𝐵𝑖 =
exports and 𝑀𝑖 imports. 

 where 𝑋𝑖 is the value of product's "i" 

𝑋𝑖−𝑀𝑖
𝑋𝑖+𝑀𝑖

22 

0123456solarwindsolarwindSIEU28[-]Revealed Comparative Advantage -RCA20052015-0,220,19-0,070,22absolute change 2005 -2015:-1,0-0,50,00,51,0solarwindsolarwindSIEU28[-]Relative Trade Balance -RTB20052015-0,170,28-0,080,06absolute change 2005 -2015: 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                          
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

Cities and urban areas have a key role in the energy and climate challenge. The Urban Agenda for the 
EU,  established  by  the  Pact  of  Amsterdam  in  May  2016,  better  involves  cities  in  the  design  and 
implementation of policies, including those related to the Energy Union. It is implemented through 
Partnerships, in which the Commission, Member States, cities and stakeholders work together on a 
number  of  important  areas,  including  on  Energy  Transition,  Urban  Mobility,  Air  Quality,  Climate 
Adaptation and Housing. Slovenia is participating in the partnerships on Urban Mobility and Housing, 
as member. 

By 2016 in the context of the Covenant of Mayors, the sustainable energy action plans delivered by 
29  Slovene  municipalities  had  been  assessed.  Overall,  these  29  municipalities  cover  about  710,000 
inhabitants  representing  around  35  %  of  the  total  population  in  Slovenia.  All  together,  these 
municipalities  committed  to  reduce  by  2020  the  GHG  emissions  by  21,1%  (as  compared  to  1990 
baseline).  

(source: JRC 2016. Notes: SEAP=sustainable energy action plan, GHG=greenhouse gas emissions) 

In  Slovenia,  by  September  2016,  2  cities  (covering  0.01  million  inhabitants)  have  committed  to 
conduct  vulnerability  and  risk  assessment  and  develop  and  implement  adaptation  plans  in  the 
framework of the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. 

8. Cohesion policy and EU clean energy investments  

EU  cohesion  policy  makes  a  key  contribution  to  delivering  the  Energy  Union  objectives  on  the 
ground,  including  important  investment  possibilities  to  implement  energy  policy  objectives  in 
Slovenia  which  are  complemented  by  national  public  and  private  co-financing,  aiming  at  optimal 
leverage.  It  also  ensures  integrated  territorial  solutions  to  energy  and  climate  challenges,  supports 
capacity building and provides technical assistance. 

is 

investing  some  EUR  314  million 

Over  2014-2020,  cohesion  policy 
in  energy  efficiency 
improvements  in  public  and  residential  buildings  and  in  SMEs,  as  well  as  in  in  high-efficiency 
cogeneration  and  district  heating,  renewable  energy  and  smart  electricity  distribution  grids  in 
Slovenia. Cohesion policy is also investing significantly in R&I and in SME competitiveness in Slovenia, 
based on the national strategy for smart specialisation. For Slovenia, the strategy includes a focus on 
smart  cities  and  communities,  smart  buildings  and  homes,  networks  for  transition  to  a  circular 
economy, factories of the future and mobility. At this stage, at least  EUR 70 million is foreseen for 
investments  in  R&I  and  adoption  of  low-carbon  technologies  in  Slovenia,  but  this  might  increase 
further in line with the evolving content of the smart specialisation strategy. A further estimated EUR 
188 million is invested in supporting the move towards an energy-efficient, decarbonised transport 
sector. 

23 

 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

(source: DG REGIO) 

These  investments  are  expected  to  contribute  to  around  2,500  households  with  improved  energy 
consumption  classification,  a  decrease  of  around  23,000,000  kWh  per  year  of  primary  energy 
consumption  of  public  buildings,  around  80  MW  of  additional  capacity  of  renewable  energy 
production  and  300,000  additional  users  connected  to  smart  grids,  as  well  as  to  around  25  km  of 
reconstructed or upgraded railway lines. Overall, the EU cohesion policy investments in Slovenia over 
2014-2020 are expected to contribute to an estimated annual decrease of GHG emissions of around 
63,000 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. 

For example, the general hospital in Brežice is one of the oldest in the country, dating back to 1872. 
Ceilings, facades, walls and floors have been thermally insulated, doors and windows replaced and 
roofs  upgraded.  A  new  air-conditioning  system  to  provide  cooling  and  ventilation  in  the  operating 
theatres  has  been  installed  and  hot  water  is  now  provided  through  solar  heating.  Part  of  the 
hospital’s  energy  supply  has  been  switched  to  renewable  energy  sources,  notably  solar  energy 
alongside  heat  pumps  which  have  been  installed  to  extract  energy  from  groundwater.  As  a  result, 
total energy costs have decreased by 14 %, CO2 emissions reduced by 27 % and water consumption 
has  fallen  by  11  %.  Total  investment  for  the  project  amounted  to  EUR  2 million,  of  which  the 
Cohesion Fund contributed EUR 1 million. 

As  another  example,  the  "CENILS  –  innovative  light  sources  (ILS)  technology  transfer  in  central 
Europe" project aimed to create and maintain a network of universities, laboratories and businesses 
across central Europe to share information about developing and making effective use of innovative 
light sources. The project created approximately five jobs through the implementation of two pilot 
actions,  aimed  at  promoting  two  promising  ILS  applications.  At  least  40  people  from  the  Central 
Europe  programme  area  and  members  of  the  Principal  Target  Group  (PTG)  performed  these  pilot 
actions.  These activities  strengthened  human  resources  and  knowledge  development.  Moreover,  it 
promoted  an  exchange  of  qualified  personnel  within  different  regions,  contributed  to  the 
management of demographic change, migration and countered the problems associated with brain-
drain.  Total  investment  amounted  to  EUR 1  million,  of  which  the  contribution  from  the  European 
Regional  Development  Fund  (ERDF)  was  EUR 900,000.  The  project  started  in  September  2012  and 
was concluded in December 2014.  

As  a  further  example,  the  "Energy  renovation  of  Centre  for  School  and  Extracurricular  Activities 
Bohinj" is being implemented as a demo/ pilot energy efficiency project of nearly zero energy public 
building. The building is intended for summer or winter camp programmes for primary school pupils 
and  as  a  sports  facility  for  sport  associations,  clubs  and  other  NGOs.  Measures  are  being  made  on 
building envelope, heating system, ventilation and air-conditioning and use of electric power. Energy 
savings are expected to amount to 247 MWh/year, on a heated area of 1772 m2. The total value of 

24 

050100150200250300350400450Energy and Low-carbon R&ILow-carbon transport[Million EUR]SIERDF and Cohesion Funds allocation on energy, low-carbon transport and low-carbon R&I 2014-2020 384188Total alocation [mn EUR] 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovenia 

the investment is EUR 1.5 million, of which the Cohesion Fund is contributing with EUR 276,000. The 
project started in November 2015 and is planned to be finished by August 2017. 

Through  its  support  to  sustainable  transport  systems,  the  Connecting  Europe  Facility  (CEF)  also 
contributes to the goals of the Energy Union. Following Slovenian participation in the CEF – Transport 
2014-2015 Calls, the Slovenian action portfolio comprises 21 signed grant agreements, allocating EUR 
152.9  million  of  actual  CEF  Transport  Funding  to  Slovenian  beneficiaries  (state-of-play  February 
2017)22.  The  transport  mode  which  receives  the  highest  share  of  funding  is  rail  (84.9%  of  actual 
funding).  The  rail  actions  address  works  to  upgrade  the  railway  sections  belonging  to  both  the 
Mediterranean  and  Baltic  –  Adriatic  Core  Network  Corridors,  as  well  as  the  implementation  of  the 
European Railway Traffic Management System (ERTMS).  

The  Slovenian  road  actions  fall  into  three  main  groups,  with  the  objectives  concerning  the 
development  and  modernisation  of  the motorway  infrastructure,  the implementation of  Intelligent 
Transport  Systems  and  Services  (ITS),  and  innovation  aiming  at  the  greening  of  road  transport. 
Slovenia also participates in five multi-beneficiary maritime actions focusing on development of the 
Port of Koper, improving the environmental performance of maritime transport and its integration in 
the logistics chain.23 

22   Note  that  European  Economic  Interest  Groups  and  International  Organisations  are  excluded  from  the 

analysis. 
23   Source: INEA 

25