COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Energy Union Factsheet Slovak Republic Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK Third Report on the State of the Energy Union
Date: 2017-11-23
Institutions: European Commission, Secretariat-General
Subjects: Slovakia, climate change policy, competitiveness, economic and social cohesion, energy cooperation, energy policy, innovation, investment, regional cooperation, single market

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 23.11.2017 SWD(2017) 413 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Energy Union Factsheet Slovak Republic  Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK  Third Report on the State of the Energy Union  {COM(2017) 688 final} - {SWD(2017) 384 final} - {SWD(2017) 385 final} - {SWD(2017) 386 final} - {SWD(2017) 387 final} - {SWD(2017) 388 final} - {SWD(2017) 389 final} - {SWD(2017) 390 final} - {SWD(2017) 391 final} - {SWD(2017) 392 final} - {SWD(2017) 393 final} - {SWD(2017) 394 final} - {SWD(2017) 395 final} - {SWD(2017) 396 final} - {SWD(2017) 397 final} - {SWD(2017) 398 final} - {SWD(2017) 399 final} - {SWD(2017) 401 final} - {SWD(2017) 402 final} - {SWD(2017) 404 final} - {SWD(2017) 405 final} - {SWD(2017) 406 final} - {SWD(2017) 407 final} - {SWD(2017) 408 final} - {SWD(2017) 409 final} - {SWD(2017) 411 final} - {SWD(2017) 412 final} - {SWD(2017) 414 final}  
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

  Slovak Republic 

                         Energy Union factsheet1 

1.  Macro-economic implications of energy activities 

Energy and transport are key sectors for the overall functioning of the economy as they provide an 
important input and service to the other sectors of the economy. Together the activity in these two 
sectors2 accounted for 10.8 % of the total value added of Slovakia in 2015. Similarly, their share in 
total employment3 was 6.8 % in 2015, of which 6.0% in the transport sector and 0.8 % in the energy 
sector.  

The  decarbonisation  of  the  energy  and  transport  sectors  will  require  significant  investments  and 
economic  activity  beyond  the  remit  of  these  sectors  themselves.  The  energy  transition  implies  a 
structural  shift  in  economic  activity.  Energy-related  investment  and  jobs  will  in  part  migrate  from 
traditional  fossil  fuel  based  activities  towards  construction,  equipment  manufacturing  and  other 
services related to the deployment of low carbon and clean energy technologies. At the moment, the 
efforts  related  to  the  energy  transition  in  other  sectors  cannot  be  reliably  quantified  and  are 
therefore not included.  

(source: Eurostat) 

1   The indicators used in this country factsheet largely build on indicators developed for the Commission Staff 
Working  Document  "Monitoring  progress  towards  the  Energy  Union  objectives  –  key  indicators" 
(SWD(2017)  32 
final)  https://ec.europa.eu/commission/sites/beta-political/files/swd-energy-union-key-
indicators_en.pdf  

2   Gross value added and employment in NACE sectors D-Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 

and H-Transportation and storage 

3   National accounts, Eurostat 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

In the case of renewable energy sector, both the direct as well as the indirect effects on employment 
are  being  estimated.  According  to  EurObserv'ER,  in  2015,  the  share  of  renewable  energy  related 
employment in total employment of the economy in Slovakia was at about 0.19 %, well below the EU 
average of 0.54 %. The turnover of the renewable energy industry in the same year was estimated at 
around EUR 505 million, the biggest part being attributed to the biomass (EUR 206 million) followed 
by biofuels (EUR 130 million), and biogas (EUR 40 million) industries. 

(Source: EC based on Eurobserv'Er and Eurostat) 

An indication of the level of efforts and challenges encountered by Slovakia in the energy sector is 
given  by  the  gross  fixed  capital  formation  (GFCF)4.  Investments  in  the  electricity  and  gas  sectors, 
which are taken as reference sectors, have been fluctuating around 2% since 2008 and stood at 1.7 % 
in 2015. 

(Source: Eurostat) 

4 Gross fixed capital formation consists of resident producers´ acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed tangible or 
intangible assets. This covers, in particular, machinery and equipment, vehicles, dwellings and other buildings. It 
also includes foreign direct investment (FDI). Steam and air conditioning supply are also included in the figures 
mentioned above as Eurostat reports electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply together. 

2 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

In terms of trade, Slovakia is a net importer of fossil fuels and electricity. The trade deficit in energy 
products  has  fallen  from  6.3  %  of  GDP  in  2006  to  3.5  %  in  2015,  influenced  by  improvements  in 
energy  efficiency  and  by  a  decrease  in  the  prices  of  energy  commodities.  The  largest  decrease  is 
accounted for by gas and the trade deficit of oil and coal has also been decreased whereas a slightly 
positive balance for electricity in 2006 turned negative in 2015.  

 (Source: Eurostat) 

2.  Energy security, solidarity and trust 

2.1. Energy Mix 

In comparison to the average energy mix of primary products in the EU, nuclear had a higher share in 
2015 in Slovakia's energy mix (24.4 % vs. 13.6 %), similarly to solid fuels (20.2 % vs. 16.2 %). At the 
same time, oil products had a significantly lower share (20.6 % vs. 34.4 %) and renewables also had 
lesser importance (9.7 % vs. 13 %). Natural gases had a similar share in Slovakia to the EU average. 

((source: Eurostat) 

2.2. Import dependency  and security of supply 

Slovakia had an overall import dependency for fossil fuels slightly above the EU average, as well  as 
for gas and petroleum and products between 2005 and 2015. In particular, Slovakia imports almost 

3 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

all  of  its  gas  from Russia.  Consequently,  Slovakia  experiences  a  significant  energy  trade  deficit, 
expressed in percentage of GDP, being well above EU average. 

 (source: Eurostat) 

Slovakia  remains  one  of  the  most  vulnerable  EU  countries  to  possible  gas  disruptions.  The 
establishment  of  a  reverse  flow  mechanism  with  Ukraine  was  an  important  milestone  for  energy 
security in the region. 

The security of gas supply regulation requires that, if the single largest gas infrastructure fails in one 
Member  State,  the  capacity  of  the  remaining  infrastructure  is  able  to  satisfy  the  total  gas  demand 
during a day of exceptionally high gas demand. Slovakia complies with this rule. 

(Source: gas coordination group) 

4 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

3.  Internal market 

3.1. Interconnections and wholesale market functioning 

3.1.1.  Electricity 

(source: EC based on ENTSO-E scenario 
outlook and adequacy forecast 2014) 

(sources: EC services based on Eurostat for the left graph  and based on 
Platts and European power exchanges for the right graph) 

The interconnection capacity5 for electricity was 43.3 % in 2017 for Slovakia, which is well above the 
2020  and  2030  EU  objectives  (respectively  10  %  and  15  %).  However,  the  country  is  impacted  by 
electricity loop flows from Germany, via Poland and the Czech Republic. Significant congestions also 
occur on the Slovak-Hungarian border where new electricity interconnections are planned (i.e. to be 
financed under  Connecting  Europe Facility  -  CEF). Continuing the  modernisation  and  upgrading the 
national electricity grid in Slovakia is a key element in improving the functioning of the national and 
regional electricity markets. 

Market  concentration  of  electricity  generation  remained  constantly  high  in  Slovakia  between  2005 
and 2015, whereas in the EU-28 it decreased slightly. 

Wholesale electricity market prices were lower in Slovakia between 2013 and 2016 compared to the 
EU  average  and  more  or  less  corresponded  to  wholesale  electricity  prices  in  Central  and  Eastern 
European markets. In September 2012, the market coupling of the Czech, Slovak and Hungarian day-
ahead electricity markets were successfully launched (Romania joined in 2014). 

The  national  arrangements  for  congestion  management  and  bidding  zone  definition  in  Central 
Europe do not necessarily reflect actual congestion, reducing possibilities to trade electricity across 
borders. Finding a joint regional solution would be likely to benefit all affected neighbours. 

5 The interconnectivity level is calculated as a ratio between import interconnection and net generation capacities 
of the country (i.e. the 2017 value is the ratio between simultaneous import interconnection capacity [GW] 
and net generating capacity [GW] in the country at 11 January 2017, 19:00 pm as resulted from ENTSO-E 
Winter Outlook 2016/2017) 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

Electricity Projects of Common Interest 

Slovakia has three electricity infrastructure projects in the second Union list of Projects of Common 
Interest (PCIs): 

(i) PCI 3.16.1 Hungary — Slovakia interconnection between Gabčikovo (SK) — Gönyű (HU) and Veľký 
Ďur  (SK):  This  project  is  in  the  permitting  phase  on  both  the  Slovak  and  Hungarian  sides.  It  has 
obtained a Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) grant for studies of 0.7 million EUR and commissioning is 
foreseen in 2020. 

(ii) PCI 3.17. Hungary — Slovakia interconnection between Sajóvánka (HU) and Rimavská Sobota (SK): 
This  project  is  in  the  permitting  phase  on  both  the  Slovak  and  Hungarian  sides.  It  has  obtained  a 
Connecting Europe Facility (CEF) grant for studies of 0.7 million EUR and commissioning is foreseen in 
2020. 

Slovakia signed with Hungary a construction agreement at Ministerial level for the implementation of 
the two aforementioned interconnectors (3.16.1 and 3.17) in October 2016.  

(iii)  PCI  3.18  -  Interconnection  between  Kisvárda  area  (HU)  and  Velké  Kapušany  (SK).  This  is  a  long 
term project which is currently under consideration. The estimated commissioning date is 2029. 

3.1.2.  Gas 

Slovakia  facilitates  greater  regional  integration  of  gas  markets  and  aims  at  further  strengthening 
interconnections with neighbouring countries in gas networks. The important infrastructure projects, 
helping in diversifying import gas sources, include the new gas interconnector between Poland and 
Slovakia,  one  of  the  projects  of  the  EU  energy  infrastructure  priority  corridor  North-South  gas 
Interconnections in Central Eastern and South-Eastern Europe (NSI East Gas). 

Wholesale gas prices in Slovakia were of comparable with the EU average in 2016. 

Market concentration of wholesale gas supply is high, though it decreased measurably between 2011 
and 2015. The largest gas supplier still holds a market share of almost 61 % of gas supply to all final 
customers  in  Slovakia  and  it  imports  gas  based  mainly  on  a  long-term  contract  with  Gazprom. 
Slovakia should continue its efforts to diversify gas imports in order to foster security of supply and  
address the  concentration on the wholesale market.  New interconnectors will help to  diversify gas 
supply across the Visegrad group countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary). 

6 

 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(source: ACER for the left graph and EC services based on on Platts, gas hubs, Eurostat for the right graph) 

Gas Projects of Common Interest 

Slovakia  has  two  gas  infrastructure  projects  in  the  second  European  Union  List  of  Projects  of 
Common Interest (PCISs): 

(i)  -  Cluster  PL-SK  interconnection  and  related  internal  reinforcements  in  Eastern  Poland  which 
includes: 

  The Poland – Slovakia interconnector; 

The project consists of a new cross-border pipeline with a length of approximately 164 km and with a 
maximum  daily  capacity  of  15.6  mcm/day  (approx.  5.6  bcm/year)  in  the  direction  SK-PL  and  12.9 
mcm/day (approx. 4.7 bcm/year) in the direction PL-SK. The scope of the project will also cover the 
construction  of  the  Strachocina  compressor  station  (Poland),  the  modification  of  the  existing 
compressor station in Veľké Kapušany  (Slovakia) and the  construction of metering station near the 
Slovak-Polish  border.  The  interconnector  is  currently  undergoing  the  permitting  stage  on  the 
Slovakian side with permitting having already finished on the Polish side. The project is estimated to 
be commissioned in 2020. 

The project promoters have been awarded CEF financing for works with a value of EUR 107 million 
(40 % of the eligible costs) in the second 2016 CEF call. The promoters had previously benefited from 
EU financing for studies of EUR 4.8 million. 

  Transmission infrastructure projects between Rembelszczyzna and Strachocina (PL); 
  Transmission infrastructure projects between Tworog and Strachocina (PL). 

The two internal Polish infrastructure projects are planned for commissioning partially in 2019 and 
partially in 2023. 

(ii) Pipeline system from Bulgaria to Slovakia (Eastring) 

Eastring  is  a  project  covering  Slovakia,  Hungary,  Bulgaria  and  Romania,  and  possibly  also  third 
countries, e.g. Turkey and/or Ukraine and intended to serve as an interconnection between Western 

7 

 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

EU liquid hubs and the Balkan region (an area with a potential to be a highly liquid region offering 
new gas sources from Caspian/Eastern Mediterranean/Middle East region). Depending on the results 
of the feasibility study currently underway, the project capacity will vary between 10 bcm/year and 
40 bcm/year. The project is estimated to be finalized by 2021. 

The project promoters have recently been awarded CEF financing for studies with a value of EUR 1 
million in the second 2016 CEF call. 

3.2. Retail electricity and gas markets 

Retail prices in Slovakia are still regulated through "price caps" for all households and small industrial 
users.  The  regulatory  cycle  in  Slovakia  is  five  years,  the  elaboration  phase  of  which  includes  a 
consultation  process  including  all  market  participants,  which  represents  an  additional  step  to 
enhance the transparency and predictability of the regulatory framework. The regulatory framework 
should include measures to further increase the competitiveness of the Slovak energy sector. Retail 
prices are below the EU average for electricity (all consumers) and for household gas consumers. 

3.2.1.  Electricity 

The  electricity  market  could  be  improved  and  it  could  facilitate  new  production  and  cross-border 
transmission. The recent adoption of the law on energy regulation extends the framing of the setting 
of  energy  prices  until  2021.  Energy  regulation  in  Slovakia  also  includes  several  national  policy-
induced price components, such as a feed-in-tariff for electricity generation from domestic coal and 
lignite sources (not favourable for sustainability and environmental aspects). The connection of new 
decentralised  sources  to  the  network  is  perceived  as  difficult,  and  since  2013  a  ‘status  of  limited 
connection’ inhibits the connection of new decentralised sources to the grid. The complex, opaque 
regulatory framework complicates relations between stakeholders in the energy market, hampering 
the production and distribution of renewable energy and the transition to clean energy technologies. 

Although retail electricity prices are regulated in Slovakia, over the period 2011 and 2015 switching 
rates between utilities showed a slight increase (from 1.5 % to 2.7 %); though this was less than the 
half of the EU average, it indicates a potential for a dynamic and competitive retail electricity market 
in Slovakia. 

(source: ACER) 

     (source: Eurostat) 

(source: Eurostat) 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

3.2.2.  Gas 

Although retail gas prices are regulated in Slovakia, between 2011 and 2015 switching rates between 
utilities showed a slight increase (from 1.5 % to 3.2); though this was still well behind the EU average, 
it indicates a potential for a dynamic and competitive retail gas market. 

(source: ACER) 

       (source: Eurostat) 

(source: Eurostat) 

3.2.3.  Market performance indicators  

The overall assessment on consumer satisfaction of the retail electricity and gas markets is above the 
EU average6. 

(source: DG JUST survey) 

3.3. Energy affordability  

6 
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_evidence/consumer_scoreboards/10_edition/index_en.htm  

10th Consumer Markets Scoreboard (June 2014),   

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

The concept for the protection of consumers fulfilling conditions of energy poverty was adopted in 
June 2014. It should be updated with each new regulatory period. The Act on Energy Industry defines 
vulnerable household electricity customers as strongly disabled persons who use electricity or gas for 
heating,  or  a  person,  whose  vital  functions  depend  on  the  offtake  of  electricity.  The  DSOs  keep 
records  on  vulnerable  customers  and  can  disrupt  electricity  distribution  only  after  having  directly 
communicated with these electricity customers. 

 (source: ad-hoc data collection of DG ENER based on HBS with the support of Eurostat and national statistics) 

4.  Energy efficiency and moderation of demand 

Slovakia  is  well  on  track  to  meet  its  2020  targets  on  energy  efficiency.  Its  primary  energy 
consumption (15.4 Mtoe in 2015) was already under the 2020 target of 16.4 Mtoe. The final energy 
consumption  (10.1  Mtoe  in  2015)  still  shows  a  remaining  gap  to  the  2020  target  of  9  Mtoe.  Both 
numbers  marked  a  slight  increase  in  2015  compared  to  the  previous  year  (with  0.8  %  and  3  % 
respectively). The trend over the past  ten years was of general decrease (with some 13 % for final 
energy  consumption).  However,  the  limits  in  decreasing  the  country's  energy  consumption  were 
clearly  visible  in the last  two  years.  Therefore,  further efforts  are  needed  for  lowering final  energy 
consumption. 

(source: Eurostat) 

Slovakia’s energy intensity is relatively high, given the high energy intensity of the industrial sector 
and  its  significant  share  in  the  GDP  (43.9  %  in  2015).  The  energy  intensity  of  the  economy,  which 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

serves as a proxy indicator for overall energy efficiency, improved between 2005 and 2015, but it was 
approximately 80 % higher than the EU average in 2015, being among the highest in the EU. 

The  sectorial  breakdown  presents  a  mixed  view  on  energy  consumption  between  2005  and  2015. 
Consumption by industry remained more or less constant in the past few years, after undergoing a 
gradual decrease from 2005 to 2009. The industry has traditionally had the largest chunk in the final 
energy  consumption,  with  some 44  %  of  2015  total  compared  to  an  EU  average  of  only  25  %.  It is 
followed by consumption in transport (currently at some 22 %), households, and trade and services. 
Consumption has decreased by the most in the residential sector (-22 %) followed by the trade and 
services sector (-13 %). 

(source: Eurostat) 

(source: Eurostat)  

   (source: Eurostat) 

  (source: Odyssee database) 

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(source: Eurostat)  

        (source: Eurostat and DG MOVE pocketbook) 

(source: Eurostat)  

The  energy  savings  achieved  by  renovating  buildings  of  central  government  bodies  amounted  to 
almost 55 GWh in 2015, meaning that the annual target was met. Over 9 000 square meters of total 
floor area were renovated in 2015. The total amount of final energy saved in buildings by applying 
energy efficiency measures was of 550 GWh, similar with the level achieved by measures applied in 
industry. 

As regards Article 7 of the Energy Efficiency Directive (2012/27/EU) on energy efficiency obligation 
schemes  and  alternative  measures,  Slovakia  chose  to  take  an  alternative  approach.  The  main 
rationale  behind  this  choice  was  to  try  to  alleviate  potential  increases  in  the  pricing  of  energy 
(electricity, gas, heat) for final customers. This alternative approach consisting of setting other policy 
measures is expected to allow Slovakia to reach its cumulative energy savings target for 2014-2020 
(of 26 565 GWh) or the annual energy savings target (of 948 GWh). 

The alternative approach resulted in final consumer energy savings of 1 150 GWh in 2015, seeing an 
important  increase  compared  with  2014  when  only  837  GWh  were  achieved  (i.e.  well  below  the 
annual  target).  However,  the  combined  average  for  2014  and  2015  was  still  missed,  therefore  the 
saving targets for 2016-2020 needed to be slightly increased. 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
               
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

In  January  2017,  the  Slovak  Government  approved  the  Strategic  Development  Plan  for  Transport 
until 2030 (second phase of the MASTER plan). It sets up the strategic priorities, i.e. measures which 
have been reviewed and  given preference from the  perspective of their  potential contribution and 
economic  efficiency.  As  regards  infrastructure  investments,  the  Government  continued  to  put 
priority on the construction of the missing sections of motorways and highways. 

Slovakia is facing a challenge in the high renovation and maintenance costs and old rolling stock in 
their  railway  network.  The  national  reform  programme  of  20177  underlined  the  significance  of 
railway transport and the efficiency of the public passenger transport in the area of public transport 
and investments continue to flow into the modernisation of railway corridors, purchase of new and 
the restoration of the existing train units. The Government has also stated its intention to optimise 
the unit cost and to increase revenues in the subsidised public passenger rail transport. Furthermore, 
with the objective to increase the accessibility, comfort, and hence the attractiveness of the public 
passenger transport, there is a plan to set up a transport authority for the coordination of passenger 
trains, suburban buses, and eventually also the city transport. 

5.  Decarbonisation of economy 

5.1. GHG emissions 

In 2016, Slovakia reported 44.8 % less GHG emissions than in 1990, a decrease twice higher than at 
the EU average. 

National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions target in 2020 of Slovakia is a maximum 13 % increase in 
non-ETS sectors as compared to the 2005 base year. According to the latest national projections and 
taking into account the existing measures, the non-ETS emissions are expected to decrease by 12.2 % 
in 2020 compared to 2005. Thus, the target will be over-achieved by some 25.2 percentage points. 

For  2016  the  interim  target  was  an  increase  of  no  more  than  9  %  compared  to  2005,  while  the 
preliminary figures show that the non-ETS emissions actually decreased by 14 %. 

(source: EC and EEA)   

7 

National 

2017 
of 
(http://www.finance.gov.sk/Components/CategoryDocuments/s_LoadDocument.aspx?categoryId=8046&do
cumentId=15607)  

Programme 

Republic 

Reform 

Slovak 

the 

13 

 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(source: EC and EEA)   

Preliminary accounts under the Kyoto Protocol for Slovakia show overall removals of -3.0 Mt CO2-eq. 
as  an  annual  average  in  the  period  2013-2015.  For  comparison,  the  annual  average  of  the  EU-28 
accounted for removals of  -119.0 Mt. CO2-eq. It should be noted that in this  preliminary simulated 
accounting  exercise,  removals  from  Forest  Management  were  capped  to  -2.6  Mt  CO2-eq  per  year, 
due  to  significantly  exceeding  the  limit  of  the  difference  between  the  reported  sink  and  the 
accounting forest management reference level.  

Removals by Afforestation are notably higher than very limited emissions by Deforestation; however, 
removals  by  Forest  Management  are  by  far  much  higher  in  all  years.  Overall,  there  is  no  trend  in 
removals; in fact all activities show no particular trend over the course of the three-year period.  

Note: Forest Management credits are capped and presented as yearly averages when the total Forest 
Management credits of the considered period exceed the simulated cap over the same period. 

(source: EC and EEA) 

CO2 emissions in transport and alternative vehicles 
The average CO2 emission of new passenger cars in Slovakia is slightly above the EU average (124.9 g 
CO2/km vs 118.1 g CO2/km in 2016). 

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

 (source: European Environment Agency) 

New, innovative technologies, such as electro-mobility, are indispensable for EU’s growth, jobs and 
competitiveness.  The  boost  to  alternative  energy  sources  for  transport  may  imply  an  important 
development  of  the  Slovak  industrial  sector:  currently  1  of  the  3  plants  located  in  Slovakia  is 
producing vehicles running on alternative energies. 

Electro-mobility is on the rise in terms of the numbers of electric vehicles that have been registered 
and  the  current  charging  infrastructure.  Despite  the  relatively  low  absolute  numbers  of  registered 
electric vehicles, there were palpable year-on-year increases in electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids 
between 2011 and 2016. 

Slovakia  has  been  building  up  a  core  network  of  rapid  recharging  points.  This  network  seamlessly 
connects  the  cities  of  Bratislava  and  Košice  along  the  main  roads  – 
the  D1  motorway  and  the  R1 
expressway.  Since  2015,  this  network  has  also 
incorporated  multiple  charging  standards, 
considerably improving recharging conditions for the end user. 

Alternative  fuel  vehicles  sales  have  been  increasing  over  the  recent  years.  The  Government 
introduced environment-friendly elements in the car registration fee, taking into account the age of 
the car and the engine power. The fee is lower for cars powered by alternative fuels. 

Over the last three years, the number of electric charging points in Slovakia has increased from 50 
units in 2014 to 335 units in 2016. 

15 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

 (European Environment Agency)  

       (European Alternative Fuels Observatory) 

National Policy Frameworks under Directive 2014/94/EU on alternative fuels infrastructure have to 
establish targets, objective and measures for the development of the market of alternative fuels in 
the  transport  sector  and  the  deployment  of  the  relevant  infrastructure.  Slovakia  has  submitted  its 
National Policy Framework as requested under article 3 of the Directive 2014/94/EU.  

A detailed assessment of the Slovak National Policy Framework in terms of its compliance with the 
requirements  of  Directive  2014/94/EU  on  alternative  fuels  infrastructure,  its  contribution  to 
achievement  of  long-term  energy and  climate objectives  of  the  Union  and  coherence of  its  targets 
and objectives in terms of cross-border continuity has been published as part of the Communication 
on  Alternative  Fuels  Action  Plans  (COM(2017)652)  and   the  related  staff  working  document 
SWD(2017)365.  

5.2. Adaptation to climate change 

Slovakia adopted its National Adaptation Strategy (NAS) in 2014. An update is foreseen in 2018. To 
date,  no  specific  national  adaptation  plan  has  been  adopted,  though  some  adaptation  actions  are 
included into existing sectorial strategies and plans for water management, agriculture and forestry. 
Some  adaptations  plans  have  been  adopted  on  local  level.  Consequently,  no  Monitoring  and 
Reporting  Framework  has  been  developed.  The  NAS  proposes  a  set  of  adaptation  measures  in  the 
following  sectors:  geological  environment,  water  management,  biodiversity,  urban  environment, 
health,  agriculture,  forest  management,  transport,  energy,  tourism,  and  disaster  risk  management. 
Adaptation measures with positive impacts on public health are considered to be a top priority. 

5.3. Taxes on energy and transport and fossil fuel subsidies 

The overall tax burden on energy and transport in Slovakia amounts to 1.7 % of GDP, i.e. 0.7 % below 
the EU average. The taxes on transport fuel are with 1.4% of GDP slightly above EU average but have 
decreased  by  0.4  %  since  2007,  whereas  the  tax  burden  on  transport  vehicles  did  not  change 
compared  to  2007  and  is  with  0.2  %  of  GDP  less  than  half  of  the  EU  average.  Taxes  on  heat  and 
electricity are at 0.1 % of GDP very low compared to an EU average of 0.6 % of GDP. The tax burden 
on energy and transport has fallen compared to 2007, which mainly reflects falling fuel tax revenues. 
Slovakia has no CO2 component in the tax frameworks for vehicles or energy products. 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(Source: Eurostat, provisional data) 

(source: OECD Inventory of Support Measures for Fossil Fuels 2015)  

After peaking in 2010, total support for fossil fuels saw a moderate decline until 2014, reaching then 
EUR 165 million, majority of which (95 million) comes as energy tax reductions and exemptions, and 
the remaining EUR 70 million is a budgetary transfer to coal production. 

What appears as a decline in support since 2011, can be attributed to the removal of direct grants for 
exploiting the country’s lignite deposits, which were provided by the state between 2006 and 2010. 
Besides  coal,  natural  gas  is  also  fully  exempt  from  taxation  for  a  number  of  purposes,  such  as  the 
processing of minerals and in combined-heat-and-power plants. 

In 2014 and 2015, state aid has been granted to ensure the orderly closure of the Baňa Dolina and 
Cigeľ lignite and coal mines. This was based on the Council Decision 2010/787/EU which requires that 
mines receiving such aid must be wound down by the end of 2018 at the latest. 

17 

 
 
  
 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

The aid to cover exceptional costs of the closure of the Baňa Dolina lignite mining field amounted to 
a total budget of EUR 200 318, granted under a plan ending in 20158. 

The aid to cover exceptional costs in the closure of mining field Cigeľ amounted to a total of EUR 6 
081 515. It takes the form of a direct grant, which will be disbursed in tranches covering the period 
2015-20179. 

5.4. Renewable energy  

In  2015  the  share  of  renewables  in  the  gross  final  energy  consumption  of  Slovakia  was  12.9  %, 
meaning  that  Slovakia  not  only  outperformed  the  interim  target  for  2015/16  (10  %),  but  the 
2017/2018 target (11.4 %) as well, and it is right on track to meet its 2020 target (14 %). 

Nevertheless,  there  is  an  issue  of  public  acceptance  of  renewables  due  to  overgenerous  support 
schemes  in  the  past  and  a  clear  nuclear  option  made  by  the  Slovak  government,  making  the 
environment for renewables unfavorable. The distribution system operators (DSOs) have declared a 
connection  moratorium  for  new  renewable  energy  plants  with  a  generating  capacity  of  more  than 
10 kW, arguing with problems of capacity and the stability of the grid. 

Slovakia  applies  a  technology-specific  feed-in  tariff  as  the  main  support  instrument  for  renewable 
electricity  generation.  Since  July  2011,  the  Slovak  government  has  introduced  several  sudden  and 
unplanned  changes  in  the  PV  feed-in  schemes  and  additional  reporting  obligations,  resulting  in  an 
uncertain investment environment for RES-E in the country. 

Lifting the moratorium on new  renewable installations  would facilitate  the attainment of  the 2020 
RES target (14 %) and it might contribute to the future 27 % RES EU target for 2030. 

 (source: Eurostat-SHARES) 

8 http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases/254370/254370_1600282_76_2.pdf 
9 http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases/253688/253688_1616638_114_5.pdf 

18 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(source: Eurostat-SHARES) 

 (source: EEA10) 

5.5. Contribution of the Energy Union to better air quality 

Air  quality  in  Slovakia  continues  to  give  cause  for  concern.  For  the  year  2013,  the  European 
Environment  Agency  estimated  that  about  5,620  premature  deaths  were  attributable  to  fine 
particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations11. 

For PM and for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Slovakia reported exceedances of the  binding EU air quality 
standards12. For the year 2015, Slovakia reported exceedances of the limit value for PM10 and of the 
limit value for NO2 in 4 of the 10 air quality zones in Slovakia13. 

10 Avoided GHG emissions mentioned here have a theoretical character as these contributions do not necessarily 
represent 'net GHG savings per se' nor are they based on life-cycle assessment or full carbon accounting. 
11  European  Environment  Agency,  2016,  Air  Quality  in  Europe  –  2016  Report,  table  10.2.  The  report  also 
includes details as regards the underpinning methodology for calculating premature deaths.    

19 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(Source: EEA) 

The health-related external costs from air pollution in Slovakia have been estimated to be more than 
EUR  3  billion/year  (income  adjusted,  2010),  which  includes  the  intrinsic  value  of  living  a  healthy  life 
without premature death as well as the direct costs to the economy such as healthcare costs and lost 
working days due to sickness caused by air pollution14. 

The  Energy  Union  can  substantially  contribute  to  addressing  these  air  quality  problems  through 
measures reducing emissions of both GHG and air pollutants such as PM and nitrogen oxides (NOx) 
from major contributing sectors such as (road) transport, energy production, industry and residential 
heating (e.g. stoves and boilers)15. 

12 Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality 
and cleaner air for Europe, OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p.1-44 
13  Compliance  data  as  reported  by  the  Member  States  as  part  of  their  official  annual  air  quality  report  for  the 
calender year 2015 (available on the European Environment Agency's (EEA) Eionet/Central Data Repository), 
http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/sk/eu/aqd  
14 See also the EU Environmental Implementation Review Country Report for Slovakia, SWD(2017)58 final of 
3.2.2017 
15 National emission data as reported by the Member States to the EEA (available on the EEA's Eionet/Central 
Data Repository), http://cdr.eionet.europa.eu/sk/eu/nec_revised 

20 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                                                                                                                                                          
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(Source: EEA. This table reflects only sources of primary PM2,5 emissions.) 

6.  Research, innovation and competitiveness  

6.1. 

Research and innovation policy 

The  energy  R&I  priorities  in  the  Slovak  Republic  are  based  on  the  objectives  of  its  national  energy 
policy:  increasing  efficiency  in  power  generation  and  energy  end  use,  reducing  energy  intensity, 
reducing dependence on energy imports, expanding the use of nuclear power, increasing the share 
of renewable energy sources, and supporting alternative fuels for transport.  

The  R&I  strategy  up  to  2020  includes  the  following  priorities  linked  to  energy:  (a)  Production  and 
transmission of electricity - increasing the transmission capacity and safety of the electricity system 
in Slovakia;  (b) Nuclear  power,  including R&D  projects  on the fast reactor  ALLEGRO,  increasing the 
safety  and  efficiency  of  nuclear  power  plants,  decommissioning  and  waste  from      nuclear  power 
plants at  the end of  their life-cycle, and improving  the safety of operating and built nuclear power 
plants;  (c)  Smart-grid  technologies  –  e.g.,  self-sufficient  region  and  micro  grids,  renewable  energy, 
electro  mobility,  Smart  Metering;  (d)  Materials  for  energy  -  construction  materials,  functional 
materials,  technological  processes  of  materials;  (e)  Heat 
industry  (e.g.,  co-generation, 
opportunities  for  cost-reductions,  methodologies  for  the  combined  production  of  electricity,  heat 
and cooling, material and energy recovery from waste). 

in 

Slovakia is not a very active contributor to the ongoing work of the Strategic Energy Technology (SET) 
Plan. It only participates in two (out of fifteen) temporary working groups for the implementation of 
the integrated SET Plan, the ones dedicated to energy efficiency in industry and nuclear safety. 

Regarding  the  Horizon  2020  programme,  Slovakia  has  received  so  far  0.2%  of  the  EU  contribution 
devoted to the 'secure, clean and efficient energy' part of the programme. As of September 2017, 30 
participations from Slovak organisations have been awarded EUR 3.3 million in Horizon 2020 energy 
projects.  This  includes  a  grant  of  EUR  0.6  million  to  Bavenir  for  its  participation  in  project  SHAR-Q 
(energy storage).  

6.2. 

Investments and patents in the Energy Union R&I priorities  

In  2016,  public  (national)  investments  in  the  Energy  Union  R&I  priorities  reached  EUR  18  million16. 
The highest share of these investments (40%) was attracted by the Sustainable Transport priority of 
the  Energy  Union,  followed  by  the  Smart  Systems  and  Renewables  priorities  (36  %  and  15  % 
respectively). In the period 2007-2016, the maximum annual public investment was EUR 25 million, 
reported in 2013. In 2014, the most recent year for which data for most Member States are available, 
public investment per GDP in the Slovak Republic was similar to the EU average. 

16   This figure is six times the amount reported in 2015 but in line with reports for previous years e.g. EUR 20 

million in 2014 and EUR 25 million in 2013.  

21 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

Private investment in the Energy Union R&I priorities in 2012 was estimated at EUR 25 million (0.15% 
of the private R&I investment in Energy Union R&I priorities in the EU). The focus was on the Smart 
System priority, which received 36 % of these investments, followed by Sustainable Transport with a 
share of 29%.  

In 2013, the most recent year for which complete patent17 statistics are available, 12 companies and 
research  organisations  based  in  the  Slovak  Republic  filed  13  patents  in  low-carbon  energy 
technologies (0.2 % of the EU total). The focus was on Smart System (37 %), followed by Renewables 
(33 %) and Sustainable Transport (20 %). 

In 2013, private R&I investments and patents in Energy Union R&I priorities were lower than the EU 
average  when  normalised  by  GDP  and  by  population  respectively.  In  the  period  2007-2013,  both 
private R&I investment and the number of patents in Energy Union R&I priorities have increased on 
average  by  15  %  and  31  %  per  year,  rates  of  increase  which  are  higher  than  those  for  the  same 
indicators at EU level (6 % and 15 % respectively). 

Note: Data only available from 2008 onwards. The international comparison (right) is shown for 2014 (Slovakia 
had reported EUR 20 million). Reporting at EU level is not as complete for 2015, and very few countries have 
reported for 2016. 

17   In  the  context  of  this  document,  the  term  'patent'  refers  to  patent  families,  rather  than  applications,  as  a 
measure  of  innovative  activity.  Patent  families  include  all documents  relevant to  a  distinct  invention (e.g. 
applications to multiple authorities), thus preventing multiple counting. A fraction of the family is allocated 
to each applicant and relevant technology. 

22 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(Data sources: Public investment as available in the International Energy Agency RD&D Statistics database18 for 
codes  relevant  to  Energy  Union  RIC  priorities.  Patent  data  based  on  the  European  Patent  Office  PATSTAT 
database19. Private investment as estimated by JRC SETIS. Detailed methodology available from the JRC20; 

6.3. 

Competitiveness 

(source: ECFIN) 

                   (source: Eurostat and IEA) 

Regarding the competitiveness in the wind and solar energy sector, Slovakia is performing well in the 
wind sector  as  expressed  in the high revealed  comparative advantage  indicator21  well  above 1  and 
twice the European average. The comparative advantage is concentrated in the industries producing 
towers,  generators  and  gearboxes  for  the  wind  energy  sector.  As  indicated  by  the  revealed 
comparative  advantage  below  1,  the  Slovakian  economy  is  not  specialised  in  solar  energy 

18 http://www.iea.org/statistics/RDDonlinedataservice/  
19 https://www.epo.org/searching-for-patents/business/patstat.html#tab1  
20 https://setis.ec.europa.eu/related-jrc-activities/jrc-setis-reports/monitoring-ri-low-carbon-energy-technologies  

21 The RCA index for product "i" is defined as follows: RCAi =

Xj,i
∑ Xj,i
i
Xw,i
∑ Xw,i
i

 where X is the value of exports, and j is 

the country and w is the reference group, the World economy. 2005 refers in the text to the indicator average 
over the 2000-2009 period, while 2015 represents the average over the 2010-2016 period. The same applies for 
the RTB indicator - see below. 

23 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

components,  except  in  power  electronics.  The  relative  trade  balance22  for  wind  components  is 
positive and well above EU average which is in line with the comparative advantage in wind energy 
industries. For solar energy components, the relative trade balance is negative and at the level of the 
EU average. 

(Source: UN comtrade) 

7.  Regional and local cooperation 

Slovakia  is  actively  participating  in  various  regional  cooperation  groups,  with  key  focus  on  the 

development of infrastructure and security of supply. 

  Regional High level Group CESEC, together with Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, 
Italy,  Romania,  and  Slovenia,  and  five  Energy  Community  contracting  parties  Albania,  the 
Former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia,  Moldova,  Serbia  and  Ukraine.  Other  Energy 
Community contracting parties can be invited on an ad hoc basis. 

On 9 September 2016 the CESEC High-Level Group agreed on a updated CESEC Action Plan 2.0 that 
includes  i)  a  Member  State-specific  list  of  regulatory  actions,  ii)  actions  for  the  Energy  Community 
Contracting  Parties,  and  iii)  further  regional  work  to  improve  the  functioning  of  gas  markets  by 
improving trading arrangements, enabling market entry and – where appropriate – optimizing cross-
border transmission tariffs. 

It also reached agreement regarding the widening of the scope of cooperation to electricity markets 
and infrastructure, renewables as well as energy efficiency. This will benefit those three dimensions 
of  the  Energy  Union.  It  is  to  be  expected  that  enhanced  regional  cooperation  in  the  CESEC  region, 
which  takes  into  account  the  Western  Balkan  six  initiatives  in  the  electricity  market,  will  benefit 

22 The RTB indicator for product "i" is defined as follows: 𝑅𝑇𝐵𝑖 =
exports and 𝑀𝑖 imports. 

𝑋𝑖−𝑀𝑖
𝑋𝑖+𝑀𝑖

 where 𝑋𝑖 is the value of product's "i" 

24 

 
 
 
 
                                                            
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

regional  cross-border  electricity  trade  and  further  prioritize  PCI  projects  and  also  accelerate  the 
implementation of PCI's. 

The EU macro-regional strategy for the Danube Region in which Slovakia takes part can be used as a 
basis  for  regional  cooperation  on  energy.  European  Territorial  Cooperation  –  'Interreg'  –  under  EU 
cohesion policy also provides further opportunities for cross-border, transnational and interregional 
cooperation, including in the Energy Union areas. 

Cities and urban areas have a key role in the energy and climate challenge. The Urban Agenda for the 
EU,  established  by  the  Pact  of  Amsterdam  in  May  2016,  better  involves  cities  in  the  design  and 
implementation of policies, including those related to the Energy Union. It is implemented through 
Partnerships, in which the Commission, Member States, cities and stakeholders work together on a 
number  of  important  areas,  including  on  Energy  Transition,  Urban  Mobility,  Air  Quality,  Climate 
Adaptation and Housing. Slovakia is participating in the partnership on Housing, as co-coordinator. 

(source: JRC 2016. Notes: SEAP=sustainable energy action plan, GHG=greenhouse gas emissions) 

In  Slovakia,  by  September  2016,  4  cities  (covering  0.53  million  inhabitants)  have  committed  to 
conduct  vulnerability  and  risk  assessment  and  develop  and  implement  adaptation  plans  in  the 
framework of the Covenant of Mayors for Climate and Energy. 

8.  Cohesion policy and EU clean energy investments  

EU  cohesion  policy  makes  a  key  contribution  to  delivering  the  Energy  Union  objectives  on  the 
ground,  including  important  investment  possibilities  to  implement  energy  policy  objectives  in 
Slovakia,  which  are  complemented  by  national  public  and  private  co-financing,  aiming  at  optimal 
leverage.  It  also  ensures  integrated  territorial  solutions  to  energy  and  climate  challenges,  supports 
capacity building and provides technical assistance. 

Over  2014-2020,  cohesion  policy  is  investing  some  EUR  1,061  million  in  energy  efficiency 
improvements  in  public  and  residential  buildings  and  in  enterprises,  as  well  as  in  high-efficiency 
cogeneration,  district  heating  and  renewable  energy  in  Slovakia.  Cohesion  policy  is  also  investing 
significantly  in  R&I  and  in  SME  competitiveness,  based  on  the  national  strategy  for  smart 
specialisation. For Slovakia, the strategy includes a focus on sustainable energy and automotive and 
mechanical engineering. At this stage, at least EUR 8 million are foreseen for investments in R&I and 
adoption of low-carbon technologies, but this might increase further in line with the evolving content 
of the smart specialisation strategy. A further estimated EUR 1,600 million is invested in supporting 
the move towards an energy-efficient, decarbonised transport sector. 

25 

 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

(source: DG REGIO) 

These  investments  are  expected to  contribute  to  around 38,000  households  with improved energy 
consumption  classification,  a  decrease  of  around  278,900  MWh  per  year  of  primary  energy 
consumption of public buildings, 620 MW of additional capacity of renewable energy production, as 
well as to around 130 km of reconstructed or upgraded railway lines and 30 km of new or improved 
tram  and  metro  lines.  Overall,  the  EU  cohesion  policy  investments  in  Slovakia  over  2014-2020  are 
expected to contribute to an estimated annual decrease of GHG emissions of around 739,000 tonnes 
of CO2eq. 

For  example,  the  national  pilot  project  Green  to  households,  running  from  2015  to  2018,  entails 
support for installation of small equipment to use renewable energy in households. Households can 
obtain a financial contribution in the form of vouchers for installation of photovoltaic panels, solar 
collectors, biomass boilers and heat pumps. More than 14,000 facilities will be supported from the 
overall  budget  of  EUR  45  million.  The  main  goal  of  this  project  is  to  increase  the  share  of  use 
renewable energy sources  by  households  by  55  MW  and  to  reduce  greenhouse  gas  emissions.  The 
contribution from the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) amounts to EUR 37,320,252. 

As  another  example,  the  reconstruction  of  the  boiler  plant  in  Brezová  pod  Bradlom  in  2010-2011 
involved the reconstruction of two boilers for wood biomass combustion with a total power output 
of  5.2  MW  (2  x  2.6  MW).  The  investment  also  entailed  the  replacement  of  distributors  and 
reconstruction  of  heat  exchange  stations.  Implementation  of  the  project  enabled  to  reduce 
emissions  from  heat  production  and  to  increase  the  use  of  renewable  sources.  It  also  resulted  in 
reducing the losses of distribution. The Brezová pod Bradlom boiler plant was put into operation in 
2011  and  supplies  heat  to  90%  of  the  population  of  the  city.  The  contribution  from  the  European 
Regional Development Fund (ERDF) was EUR 1,078,134. 

As  a  further  example,  in  Bratislava  the  Cohesion  Fund  in  the  2007-2013  period  supported  the 
purchase  of  120  electric  trolleybuses,  with  energy  recovery  (recuperation).  The  new  buses  are 
environmentally friendly and low-floor, which makes them more accessible for citizens with reduced 
mobility. The new buses are equipped with modern travel information and climate-control systems, 
improving travel comfort and service quality for all users. Furthermore, these new vehicles make it 
possible to extend existing trolleybus lines. The project  contributes to the achievement of a modal 
shift from private cars to public transport, thus improving the urban environment and the quality of 
life. The contribution from the Cohesion Fund was EUR 49,199,408. 

To increase the chances of receiving funding backed by the European Fund for Strategic Investments 
(EFSI),  project  promoters  both  private  and  public  are  encouraged  to  contact  the  European 

26 

 
 
 
                              Energy Union –Slovak Republic 

Investment Advisory Hub for technical support to help them get their projects off the ground. This 
advice is free of charge for public promoters. 

Through  its  support  to  sustainable  transport  systems,  the  Connecting  Europe  Facility  (CEF)  also 
contributes  to  the  goals  of  the  Energy  Union.  Following  the  Slovak  participation  in  the  CEF  – 
Transport  2014-2015  Calls,  the  Slovak  action  portfolio  comprises  18  signed  grant  agreements, 
allocating  EUR  552.3  million  of  actual  CEF  Transport  Funding  to  Slovak  beneficiaries  (state-of-play 
February 2017)23. The transport mode which receives the highest share of funding is rail (52.2 % of 
actual  funding).  The  development  of  railway  infrastructure  absorbs  most  of  the  CEF  funding  in 
Slovakia. The rail actions fall into two main groups, where the first group of actions aims to upgrade 
the rail infrastructure in order to eliminate the existing capacity bottlenecks, reduce travel time and 
enhance  safety  along  the  three  Core  Network  Corridors  crossing  the  country.  The  second  group 
includes actions addressing interoperability requirements for telematics applications, as well as the 
implementation of Rail Freight Corridors. 

A  large  share  of  the  Slovak  portfolio  includes  both  national  and  multinational  inland  waterways 
(IWW) actions and covers various types of activities  contributing  to the modal shift of freight from 
road to inland waterways. The Slovak road actions concern the establishment of the key cross-border 
road  connection  on  the  Baltic-Adriatic  Corridor,  innovation  focused  on  fast  charging  stations, 
including electric vehicle charging, and a pilot deployment of mono-fuelled LNG buses.24 

23 Note that European Economic Interest Groups and International Organisations are excluded from the analysis. 
24 Source: INEA 

27