COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Technical Information Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Two years after Paris - Progress towards meeting the EU's climate commitments (required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC)
Date: 2017-11-07
Institutions: Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission
Subjects: Kyoto Protocol, adaptation to climate change, climate change, environmental cooperation, environmental monitoring, greenhouse gas, international agreement, pollution control measures, reduction of gas emissions

EN 

  EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 7.11.2017  SWD(2017) 357 final  COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Technical Information Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Two years after Paris - Progress towards meeting the EU's climate commitments  (required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC) {COM(2017) 646 final}  
 
 
Contents 

Index of tables: .................................................................................................................................... 1 

Index of figures: ................................................................................................................................... 1 

1.  Overview of EU climate targets ....................................................................................................... 2 

2. 

3. 

EU-wide emissions trends and projections ..................................................................................... 6 

EU ETS emissions ........................................................................................................................... 12 

4.  Member States' LULUCF accounting quantities ............................................................................ 13 

5.  Member States' progress towards Effort Sharing Decision targets .............................................. 15 

6.  Climate finance to developing countries ....................................................................................... 20 

Index of tables: 
Table 1: Overview of climate targets ...................................................................................................... 3 
Table 2: Emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol 2nd commitment period (Mt. CO2-eq.). ............... 12 
Table 3: Emissions covered by the Climate and Energy Package (Mt CO2-eq.). ................................... 12 
Table 4: Verified ETS emissions (Mt CO2-equivalents). ......................................................................... 13 
Table 5: LULUCF accounting quantities (average annual values) estimated by JRC based on Member 
States' GHG Inventories under KP and under 529/2013. ...................................................................... 14 
Table 6: Member States' ESD targets and emissions relative to 2005 base year. Relative gap between 
emissions and targets. ........................................................................................................................... 16 
Table 7: Annual emissions allocations, emissions and gap to targets under the Effort Sharing Decision 
(Mt. CO2-eq.) ......................................................................................................................................... 18 
Table 8: Climate finance provided to developing countries (2015). ..................................................... 21 

Index of figures: 
Figure 1: Share of emissions by sector, EU-28 2015 ............................................................................... 7 
Figure 2: Historical change in EU-28 GHG emissions by sector. .............................................................. 8 
Figure 3: EU-28 GHG emissions per sector: historical data and projections (Mt. CO2-eq.). ................... 9 
Figure 4: GHG emissions intensity in the EU and its Member States 1990, 2005 and 2016 (tonnes CO2-
eq. per million Euro GDP). ..................................................................................................................... 10 
Figure 5: GHG emissions per capita in the EU and its Member States, 1990, 2005 and 2016 (tonnes 
CO2-eq. per capita). ............................................................................................................................... 11 
Figure 6: Development in supply and demand of ETS allowances 2013-2016. .................................... 13 

1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1.  Overview of EU climate targets 

Table 1: Overview of climate targets 

International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

2030 Climate and Energy Framework 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

EU ETS 

Effort Sharing 
Decision (ESD) 

EU ETS  
(as proposal COM(2015) 337 
final) 

Effort 
Sharing 
Regulation 
(ESR) 
(as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 

Target year 
of period 

Second commitment period 
(2013-2020) 
(target for EU-28) 

Already in force – 
covers the period post 
2020 

2013-2020 

2013-2020 

2021-2030 

2021-2030 

Emission 
reduction 
target 

Further 
targets 

-20% 

- 

at least -40% in 2030 

-21% in 2020compared 
to 2005 for ETS 
emissions 

Annual targets by MS. In 
2020 -10% compared to 
2005 for non-ETS 
emissions 

-43% in 2030 compared to 2005 
for ETS emissions 

Annual targets 
by MS. In 2030 
-30% compared 
to 2005 for non-
ETS emissions 

• limiting global 
warming to well 
below 2°C.;  

Overall target: -20% GHG emissions reduction vs 
1990" 

Overall target:  "at least -40% domestic GHG 
emissions reduction vs 1990" 

Renewable Energy Directive: 20% share of 
renewable energy of gross final energy consumption; 

At least 27% share of  renewable energy in EU 
energy consumption; 

2 

 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

2030 Climate and Energy Framework 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

EU ETS 

Effort Sharing 
Decision (ESD) 

EU ETS  
(as proposal COM(2015) 337 
final) 

Effort 
Sharing 
Regulation 
(ESR) 
(as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 

• every 5 years to set 
more ambitious 
targets as required by 
science; 
• report on 
implementation/ track 
progress towards the 
long-term goal 
through a robust 
transparency and 
accountability system. 
• balance between 
anthropogenic 
emissions by sources 
and removals by sinks 
of greenhouse gases 
in the second half of 
this century 

Energy Efficiency Directive : Increase energy 
efficiency by 20 % 

At least 27% improvement in energy efficiency 
(to be reviewed by 2020, having in mind an EU 
level of 30%)1 

Base year 

1990, but subject to flexibility 
rules. 1995 or 2000 may be 
used as its base year for NF3 

1990 

1990 for overall emission reduction target; 2005 for 
targets broken down into ETS and non-ETS 
emissions. 

1990 for overall emission reduction target; 2005 for 
targets broken down into ETS and non-ETS 
emissions  

1 On 30 November 2016 the Commission proposed an update to the Energy Efficiency Directive including a new 30% energy efficiency target for 2030. The proposal is under 
consideration in the Council and the European Parliament.  

3 

 
 
  
  
 
 
                                                            
International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

2030 Climate and Energy Framework 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

EU ETS 

Effort Sharing 
Decision (ESD) 

EU ETS  
(as proposal COM(2015) 337 
final) 

Effort 
Sharing 
Regulation 
(ESR) 
(as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 

LULUCF 

Included ARD and forest 
management, other activities if 
elected 
(new accounting rules)  

Included 

Excluded  

Included: 
 July 2016, the Commission launched a proposal for 
a regulation on the inclusion of GHG emissions and 
removals from LULUCF into the 2030 climate and 
enegy framework (COM/2016/0479 final) and the 
rules of its inclusion as of 2021. The proposal 
includes a "no debit rule", i.e. emissions from 
LULUCF must be compensated by carbon uptake 
after specified rules.  

Aviation2 

Domestic aviation included. 
International aviation not 
attributed.  

Economy-wide action 
encouraged 

Use of 
international 
credits 

Use of KP flexible mechanisms 
subject to KP rules 

Possible 

EU ETS: 
 Domestic and some 
international aviation 
included.  
Upper limit for credit 
use for period 2008-
2020 at a maximum of 
50 % of the reduction 
effort below 2005 levels  

ESD: 
Aviation generally 
excluded 

EU ETS: 
Domestic and some 
international aviation included. 

ESR: 
Aviation 
generally 
excluded 

Annual use of carbon 
credits is limited to up to 
3 % of each Member 
State's ESD emissions in 
20053  

No  

No 

2 May be reviewed in the light of the implementation of ICAO's global measure.   
3 Member States that do not use their 3 % limit for the use of international credits in any specific year can transfer the unused part of their limit to another Member State 
or bank it for their own use until 2020. Member States fulfilling additional criteria (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, 
Slovenia, Spain and Sweden) may use credits from projects in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) up to an additional 1 % of their 
verified emissions in 2005. These credits are not bankable and transferable. A maximum of approximately 750 Mt of international credits can be used during the period 
from 2013 to 2020 in the ESD. 

4 

 
 
  
  
 
 
 
                                                            
International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

2030 Climate and Energy Framework 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

EU ETS 

Effort Sharing 
Decision (ESD) 

EU ETS  
(as proposal COM(2015) 337 
final) 

Effort 
Sharing 
Regulation 
(ESR) 
(as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 

Carry-over 
of units from 
preceeding 
periods4 

Gases 
covered 

Subject to KP rules including 
those agreed in the Doha 
Amendment 

No 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, 
SF6, NF3 

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs, PFCs, SF6, 
NF3 

EU ETS allowances can 
be banked into 
subsequent ETS trading 
periods since the second 
trading period 

No carry over from 
previous period 

Indefinite validity of allowances 
not limited to trading periods, 
no need to carry over. 

No 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, 
SF6, 

Sectors 
included 

Energy, IPPU, 
agriculture, 
waste, LULUCF 

Energy, 
IPPU, 
agriculture, 
waste, 
LULUCF 

Energy, IPPU, 
agriculture, waste, 
LULUCF 

Power & heat 
generation, energy-
intensive industry 
sectors, aviation 

Transport (except 
aviation), buildings, non-
ETS industry, agriculture 
(except forestry) and 
waste 

Power & heat generation, 
energy-intensive industry 
sectors, aviation 

GWPs used 

IPCC SAR 

IPCC AR4 

IPCC AR4 

Applicable 
to number of 
MS 

15 (additional 
KP targets for 
single MS) 

28 and 
Iceland 

28 Member States + 
possibly Iceland and 
Norway 

Source: European Commission.  

IPCC AR4 

285  

IPCC AR4 

28  

4 For the CP2 it refers to carry over from CP1. For the ETS it refers to carry-over from previous trading period under the scheme itself.  
5 In addition to the 28 MS, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are also covered under the EU-ETS.  

5 

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs, PFCs, 
SF6, NF3 
Transport 
(except 
aviation), 
buildings, non-
ETS industry, 
agriculture 
(except 
forestry) and 
waste 

 
 
  
  
 
 
                                                            
2.  EU-wide emissions trends and projections 

Figure 1: Share of greenhouse gas emissions by sector6, EU-28 2015 

Agriculture 
10,1% 

Industrial 
processes 
8,7% 

Transport 
21,0% 

Waste 
3,2% 

Energy supply 
30,9% 

Energy use  
26,0% 

Source: 2017 EU greenhouse gas inventory (European Environment Agency).  

6 The sectors correspond to IPCC sectors. Energy supply includes IPCC sectors 1.A.1, 1.B, 1.C. Energy use 
includes IPCC sectors 1.A.2, 1.A.4, 1.A.5, 6. International aviation is not included. 

6 

 
 
 
 
                                                            
 
Figure 2: Historical change in EU-28 greenhouse gas emissions by sector7.  

-31,4% 

-42,2% 

-20,3% 

-18,7% 

-27,7% 

-0,7% 

-6,7% 

-21,4% 

-33,5% 

-22,2% 

-28,8% 

Waste

Agriculture

Industrial processes

15,9% 

Transport

Energy use

Energy supply

-50,0% -40,0% -30,0% -20,0% -10,0% 0,0% 10,0% 20,0%

2015/2005

2015/1990

 Source: 2017 EU greenhouse gas inventory (European Environment Agency).  

7 The sectors correspond to IPCC sectors. Energy supply includes IPCC sectors 1.A.1, 1.B, 1.C. Energy use 
includes IPCC sectors 1.A.2, 1.A.4, 1.A.5, 6. International aviation is not included.  

7 

 
 
 
                                                            
 
Figure 3: EU-28 GHG emissions per sector8: historical data and projections (Mt. CO2-eq.). 

 2.000,00

 1.500,00

 1.000,00

 500,00

 -

Energy supply

Energy use

Transport

Industrial processes

Agriculture

Waste

LULUCF

.

q
e
-
2

O
C
.
t

M

1990

1995

2000

2005

2010

2015

2020

2025

2030

2035

 (500,00)

Source: 1990-2015 data based on 2017 EU greenhouse gas inventory (European Environment 
Agency), 2016 data based on 2017 approximated inventory (European Environment Agency), 2017-
2035 data based on Member States' projections9 reviewed by  the European Environment Agency.  

8 The sectors correspond to IPPC sectors. Energy supply includes IPCC sectors 1.A.1, 1.B, 1.C. Energy use 
includes IPCC sectors 1.A.2, 1.A.4, 1.A.5, 6. International aviation is not included.  
9 The projections are based on scenarios where existing measures are maintained (WEM scenarios).  

8 

 
 
 
                                                            
 
 
Figure 4: GHG emissions intensity in the EU and its Member States 1990, 2005 and 2016 (tonnes 
CO2-eq. per million Euro GDP)10, 11.  

EU 28

Bulgaria

Estonia

Poland

Romania

Czech Republic

Hungary

Lithuania

Latvia

Cyprus

Slovakia

Greece

Croatia

Slovenia

Portugal

Germany

Finland

Belgium

Netherlands

Spain

Italy

Ireland

Malta

Austria

United Kingdom

Luxembourg

France

Denmark

Sweden

-3.8% 

-4.5% 

-4.1% 

-4.7% 

-2.9% 

-3.5% 

-4.6% 

-3.9% 

-5.1% 

2016

2005

1990

-2.6% 

-1.1% 

-1.2% 

-1.6% 

-2.1% 

-0.8% 

-2.6% 

-2.2% 

-2.4% 

-2.3% 

-1.4% 

-1.3% 

-4.6% 

-4.1% 

-1.7% 

-3.7% 

-4.1% 

-2.0% 

-2.8% 

-3.1% 

0

500

1000

2000

1500
tonnes CO2-eq. / million Euro 

3000

2500

3500

4000

4500

Source: European Environment Agency. For 2016 approximated emissions data are used.  

10 Percentages reflect average annual change in the period 1990-2016.  
11 Emissions data used are national totals (including international aviation).  

9 

 
 
 
                                                            
Figure 5: GHG emissions per capita in the EU and its Member States, 1990, 2005 and 2016 (tonnes 
CO2-eq. per capita)12,13. 

EU 28

8,7 

Luxembourg

Estonia

Ireland

Netherlands

Czech Republic

Germany

Cyprus

Finland

Belgium

Poland

Austria

Denmark

Greece

Slovenia

Bulgaria

United Kingdom

Slovakia

Italy

Spain

France

Lithuania

Portugal

Hungary

Latvia

Romania

Sweden

Croatia

Malta

19,6 

14,7 

13,6 

12,2 

12,0 

11,3 

11,3 

11,1 

10,8 

10,4 

9,3 

9,1 

8,9 

8,5 

8,3 

7,7 

7,6 

7,3 

7,3 

7,2 

6,8 

6,7 

6,3 

5,8 

5,8 

5,6 

5,5 

5,3 

0,0

5,0

10,0

15,0

20,0
tonnes CO2-eq. per capita 

25,0

2016

2005

1990

30,0

35,0

40,0

Source: 1990 and 2005 emissions from inventory data, 2016 emissions from approximated inventory 
data (European Environment Agency). Population data: Eurostat. 

12 Numbers show tonnes CO2-eq. per capita in 2016.  
13 Emissions data used are national totals (including international aviation). Population data used are 'average 
population – total'.  

10 

 
 
                                                            
Table 2: Emissions covered by the Kyoto Protocol 2nd commitment period (Mt. CO2-eq.).14 

1990 

2005 

2015 

2020 

Total GHG 
emissions 

Of which domestic 
aviation 

5,647 

5,214 

4,310 

14 

20 

15 

Projections as compilation of MS data, 
WEM scenario 

-20% compared to Kyoto base year 

4,068 

451715 

Table 3: Emissions covered by the Climate and Energy Package (Mt CO2-eq.). 

Total GHG 
emissions 

of which domestic 
aviation 

of which 
international 
aviation 

1990 

2005 

2015 

2020 

5,716 

5,345 

4,452 

14 

69 

20 

15 

132 

142 

Projections as compilation of MS data, 
WEM scenario 

-20 % compared to 1990 

4,213 

4,573 

14 Emissions from international aviation is covered by the EU Climate and Energy Package, but not by the 
obligation under the Kyoto Protocol.  
15 Preliminary numbers.  

11 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
3.  EU ETS emissions 

Table 4: Verified ETS emissions (Mt CO2-equivalents). 

Year 

2011 

2012 

2013 

2014 

2015 

Verified total emissions  

1904 

1867 

1908 

1814 

1803 

2016 

1750 

Change to year x-1 

-1.8% 

-2% 

2.2% 

-4.9% 

-0.6% 

-2.9% 

Verified emissions from 
power sector  

1.185 

1.181 

1.128 

1.039 

1.031 

982 

Change to year x-1 

-0,3% 

-4,4% 

-7,9% 

-0,8% 

-4,8% 

Verified emissions from 
industrial installations  

720 

686 

780 

775 

772 

768 

Change to year x-1 

-4,6% 

13,7% 

-0,7% 

-0,4% 

-0,5% 

Real GDP16 growth rate 
EU28 

1.7% 

-0.5% 

0.2% 

1.7% 

2.2% 

1.9% 

Figure 6: Development in supply and demand of ETS allowances 2013-2016.  

16 GDP data as reported on: 
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&plugin=1&language=en&pcode=tec00115  
(accessed in July 2017). Verified aviation emissions are reported separately in section 4. 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
4.  Member States' LULUCF accounting quantities 

Table 5: LULUCF accounting quantities (average annual values) estimated by JRC based on Member 
States' GHG Inventories under KP and under 529/2013. 

Accounting quantity, average annual values (Mt CO2/y), credits (-) and debits (+) 

Member  
State 

Article 3.3 

Article 3.4 

Activities under KP 

AR 

D 

FM 

CM  GM  RV  WDR 

total under 
KP 

Austria 

-2.0 

0.5 

-2.7 

Belgium 

-0.4 

1.3 

-1.2 

Bulgaria 

-1.3 

0.1 

2.3 

Croatia 

-0.2 

0.1 

-1.1 

Cyprus 

Czech Republic 

-0.5 

0.2 

-1.2 

Denmark 

-0.3 

0.1 

-2.2 

-1.8 

0.3 

Estonia 

-0.2 

0.2 

-0.4 

Finland 

-0.2 

3.4 

-2.5 

France 

-9.6 

11.2 

-7.5 

Germany 

-6.5 

2.1 

-32.3 

1.9 

-3.5 

Greece 

-0.1 

0.0 

-0.4 

Hungary 

-1.2 

0.2 

-2.0 

Ireland 

-3.7 

0.2 

0.3 

0.0 

-1.2 

Italy 

Latvia 

-8.3 

2.0 

-8.7 

0.5 

-0.7 

-0.1 

1.7 

2.7 

Lithuania 

-0.3 

0.2 

-1.7 

Luxemburg 

-0.2 

0.0 

-0.2 

Malta 

Netherlands 

-0.8 

1.5 

0.0 

13 

-4.2 

-0.3 

1.1 

-1.3 

0.0 

-1.6 

-3.9 

-0.4 

0.7 

-5.9 

-38.3 

-0.5 

-3.0 

-4.4 

-15.2 

4.4 

-1.8 

-0.3 

0.0 

0.7 

Additional 
activities under 
529/2013 

CM 

GM 

-0.3 

0.0 

0.1 

0.1 

-0.1 

0.0 

-0.1 

0.0 

-0.1 

-0.1 

0.0 

2.0 

0.0 

-0.3 

-0.8 

-1.4 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

0.9 

-1.4 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Accounting quantity, average annual values (Mt CO2/y), credits (-) and debits (+) 

Member  
State 

Article 3.3 

Article 3.4 

Activities under KP 

AR 

D 

FM 

CM  GM  RV  WDR 

Additional 
activities under 
529/2013 

CM 

GM 

total under 
KP 

Poland 

-2.8 

0.3 

-12.1 

-14.6 

0.8 

-0.7 

Portugal 

-3.5 

2.1 

-2.1 

-3.0 

-1.4 

Romania 

-0.3 

8.1 

-7.5 

-1.2 

Slovakia 

-0.4 

0.1 

-2.6 

Slovenia 

0.5 

-0.6 

Spain 

-12.1 

0.6 

-2.4 

0.0 

Sweden 

-1.3 

3.0 

-2.5 

Un. Kingdom 

-0.8 

1.3 

-3.2 

-1.8 

1.1 

-7.9 

-1.0 

-3.0 

-0.1 

-14.0 

-0.9 

-3.4 

0.5 

-0.1 

1.0 

0.0 

-0.9 

0.1 

EU 

-57.2 

41.0 

-92.0 

-4.1 

-5.5 

-1.2 

0.0 

-119.0 

0.9 

-1.5 

Iceland 

-0.6 

0.0 

0.2 

-0.6 

-1.0 

EU + Iceland 

-57.8 

41.0 

-91.8 

-4.1 

-5.5 

-1.9 

0.0 

-120.1 

0.9 

-1.5 

AR: Afforestation/Reforestation, D: Deforestation, FM: Forest Management CM: Cropland 
Management, GM: Grazing land management, RV: Revegetation, WDR: Wetland Drainage and 
Rewetting. 

Numbers express the average annual values based on values reported during 2013-2015. For FM, 
estimates consider information on technical corrections to Forest Management Reference Levels and the 
impact of the cap.  

AR, D and FM are mandatory activities under the KP. Grey cells indicate the voluntary elected 
activities.  

Under 529/2013, some MS did not report yet complete information on CM and GM. Specifically, 
information on CM and GM is missing in BG, CY, FR, HU, MT and SI; CZ and ES did not provide 
information on the base year for GM. Grey cells are already reported under the KP. 

14 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
5.  Member States' progress towards Effort Sharing Decision targets 

Table 6: Member States' ESD targets and emissions relative to 2005 base year. Relative gap between emissions and targets17. 

2015 

2015 
emissions 
data 
compared 
to 2005 

2015 ESD 
target 
compared 
to 2005 

Relative gap 
2015 vs. 
ESD 2015 
target 

2016 ESD 
target 
compared 
to 2005 

-9% 
-6% 
24% 
15% 
42% 
4% 
-13% 
17% 
-9% 
-3% 
-4% 
-5% 

-13% 
-9% 
15% 
-11% 
-3% 
-1% 
-19% 
13% 
-12% 
-11% 
-7% 
-27% 

-4% 
-3% 
-10% 
-25% 
-45% 
-4% 
-6% 
-4% 
-3% 
-8% 
-3% 
-23% 

-10% 
-8% 
25% 
16% 
42% 
5% 
-15% 
17% 
-11% 
-5% 
-5% 
-4% 

2016 

2016 proxy 
emissions 
data 
compared 
to 2005 

-12% 
-7% 
13% 
-18% 
0% 
-6% 
-19% 
8% 
-8% 
-10% 
-6% 
-26% 

2020 

Projected 
2020 ESD 
emissions 
compared 
to 2005 

-14% 
-12% 
-2% 
-12% 
-14% 
0% 
-22% 
11% 
-15% 
-20% 
-11% 
-22% 

Relative gap 
projected 
2020 
emissions 
vs. 2020 
ESD targets 
2% 
3% 
-22% 
-23% 
-9% 
-9% 
-2% 
0% 
1% 
-6% 
3% 
-18% 

Relative gap 
2016 vs. 
ESD 2016 
target 

2020 ESD 
target 
compared 
to 2005 

-1% 
1% 
-13% 
-34% 
-42% 
-11% 
-4% 
-10% 
3% 
-6% 
0% 
-22% 

-16% 
-15% 
20% 
11% 
-5% 
9% 
-20% 
11% 
-16% 
-14% 
-14% 
-4% 

Country 
Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Croatia 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 

17 The relative gap to target is calculated as follows: (emissions year x) – (ESD target year x). Negative values indicate over-delivery while positive values 
indicate shortfall towards ESD target.  

15 

 
 
 
  
                                                            
2015 

2015 
emissions 
data 
compared 
to 2005 

2015 ESD 
target 
compared 
to 2005 

2016 

2016 proxy 
emissions 
data 
compared 
to 2005 

Relative gap 
2016 vs. 
ESD 2016 
target 

2020 ESD 
target 
compared 
to 2005 

2020 

Projected 
2020 ESD 
emissions 
compared 
to 2005 

Relative gap 
2015 vs. 
ESD 2015 
target 

2016 ESD 
target 
compared 
to 2005 

10% 
-5% 
-9% 
11% 
3% 
-10% 
4% 
-7% 
9% 
3% 
5% 
8% 
5% 
-5% 
-7% 
-16% 

-14% 
-9% 
-18% 
5% 
0% 
-15% 
17% 
-21% 
4% 
-16% 
-1% 
-13% 
-9% 
-17% 
-22% 
-22% 

-23% 
-3% 
-9% 
-5% 
-3% 
-5% 
12% 
-14% 
-5% 
-19% 
-6% 
-20% 
-14% 
-12% 
-15% 
-6% 

12% 
-8% 
-10% 
12% 
6% 
-12% 
4% 
-9% 
10% 
3% 
7% 
9% 
5% 
-6% 
-9% 
-17% 

-12% 
-5% 
-17% 
4% 
-2% 
-16% 
20% 
-20% 
7% 
-17% 
-4% 
-14% 
-7% 
-16% 
-22% 
-22% 

-24% 
2% 
-7% 
-8% 
-8% 
-4% 
16% 
-11% 
-3% 
-20% 
-11% 
-23% 
-12% 
-10% 
-14% 
-5% 

10% 
-20% 
-13% 
17% 
15% 
-20% 
5% 
-16% 
14% 
1% 
19% 
13% 
4% 
-10% 
-17% 
-16% 

-19% 
-3% 
-21% 
8% 
2% 
-17% 
16% 
-26% 
6% 
-17% 
1% 
-12% 
-9% 
-20% 
-32% 
-26% 

Relative gap 
projected 
2020 
emissions 
vs. 2020 
ESD targets 
-29% 
17% 
-8% 
-9% 
-13% 
3% 
11% 
-10% 
-8% 
-18% 
-18% 
-25% 
-13% 
-10% 
-15% 
-10% 

Country 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 

Source: 2015 emissions from 2017 annual review of inventory data. 2016 emissions from 2017 approximated inventory data. 2020 Member States' 
projections (with existing measures), quality checked by the European Environment Agency (2017).  

16 

 
 
  
 
 
Table 7: Annual emissions allocations, emissions and gap to targets under the Effort Sharing Decision (Mt. CO2-eq.) 

Base year 
emissions 

ESD reviewed 

2005 

2013 

2014 

2015 

r
a
e
y
e
s
a
b

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

56.8 

80.3 

22.1 

17.4 

4.2 

61.7 

40.1 

5.4 

33.9 

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

50.1 

52.6 

74.3 

78.4 

22.2 

26.9 

15.1 

19.6 

3.9 

5.9 

61.5 

62.5 

33.7 

36.8 

5.8 

6.3 

31.6 

31.8 

-2.5 

-4.1 

-4.7 

-4.5 

-2.0 

-1.0 

-3.1 

-0.5 

-0.2 

48.2 

52.1 

70.1 

76.9 

22.9 

27.2 

14.7 

19.8 

3.9 

5.9 

57.6 

63.2 

32.6 

35.9 

6.1 

6.3 

30.1 

31.3 

-3.9 

-6.8 

-4.3 

-5.1 

-2.0 

-5.6 

-3.3 

-0.2 

-1.1 

-2.2 

-2.6 

-2.1 

-4.4 

-1.9 

-2.7 

-2.5 

-0.2 

-0.9 

49.3 

51.5 

72.7 

75.3 

25.4 

27.5 

15.6 

20.0 

4.1 

5.9 

61.3 

64.0 

32.5 

35.0 

6.1 

6.3 

29.9 

30.8 

17 

Country 

Mt CO2-eq. 

emissions 

Austria 

target 

emissions 

Belgium 

target 

emissions 

Bulgaria 

target 

emissions 

Croatia 

target 

emissions 

Cyprus 

target 

Czech 
Republic 

emissions 

target 

emissions 

Denmark 

target 

emissions 

Estonia 

target 

emissions 

Finland 

target 

Proxy 
emissions 

2016 

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

Projections (WEM) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

50.2 

51.0 

74.5 

73.8 

25.0 

27.7 

14.3 

20.2 

4.2 

5.9 

58.1 

64.7 

32.3 

34.1 

5.8 

6.4 

31.3 

30.3 

-0.8 

0.7 

-2.8 

-5.9 

-1.7 

-6.6 

-1.8 

-0.5 

1.0 

49.5 

49.5 

71.9 

72.5 

22.4 

25.9 

15.1 

18.7 

3.7 

4.2 

59.3 

65.2 

32.4 

34.8 

6.0 

5.9 

29.7 

30.2 

0.0 

-0.6 

-3.5 

-3.6 

-0.5 

-5.9 

-2.4 

0.1 

-0.5 

49.4 

48.9 

71.7 

71.1 

22.2 

26.1 

15.2 

18.9 

3.7 

4.1 

60.2 

65.9 

31.8 

33.9 

6.0 

6.0 

29.4 

29.6 

0.5 

0.7 

-3.9 

-3.7 

-0.5 

-5.7 

-2.1 

0.1 

-0.2 

49.3 

48.3 

71.5 

69.7 

22.0 

26.3 

15.2 

19.1 

3.6 

4.0 

61.1 

66.5 

31.5 

33.0 

6.0 

6.0 

29.1 

29.1 

1.0 

1.8 

-4.4 

-3.9 

-0.4 

-5.5 

-1.5 

0.0 

0.0 

49.1 

47.8 

71.0 

68.2 

21.7 

26.5 

15.2 

19.3 

3.6 

4.0 

61.9 

67.2 

31.1 

32.1 

6.0 

6.0 

28.8 

28.5 

1.4 

2.8 

-4.8 

-4.1 

-0.4 

-5.3 

-0.9 

0.0 

0.3 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Base year 
emissions 

ESD reviewed 

2005 

2013 

2014 

2015 

Country 

Mt CO2-eq. 

r
a
e
y
e
s
a
b

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

emissions 

398.2 

366.1 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

353.5 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

353.0 

Proxy 
emissions 

2016 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

357.0 

Projections (WEM) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

339.1 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

332.1 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

325.2 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

318.2 

France 

target 

394.1 

-28.0 

389.5 

-35.9 

384.4 

-31.4 

379.4 

-22.4 

358.2 

-19.1 

352.9 

-20.8 

347.7 

-22.5 

342.5 

-24.3 

emissions 

477.8 

460.2 

436.8 

444.1 

450.4 

441.5 

436.3 

431.2 

426.5 

Germany 

target 

472.5 

-12.3 

465.8 

-29.0 

459.1 

-15.1 

452.4 

-2.0 

432.3 

9.1 

425.2 

11.1 

418.1 

13.1 

410.9 

15.6 

emissions 

62.6 

44.2 

44.4 

45.4 

46.5 

47.6 

48.2 

48.7 

48.9 

Greece 

target 

59.0 

-14.8 

59.3 

-14.9 

59.6 

-14.2 

59.9 

-13.5 

59.1 

-11.6 

59.4 

-11.2 

59.7 

-11.1 

60.0 

-11.1 

emissions 

48.0 

38.4 

38.4 

41.4 

42.1 

Hungary 

target 

50.4 

-12.0 

51.5 

-13.1 

52.6 

-11.2 

53.8 

-11.6 

emissions 

47.1 

Ireland 

target 

42.2 

46.9 

-4.7 

emissions 

334.5 

273.3 

41.7 

45.8 

265.3 

-4.1 

43.0 

44.6 

273.3 

-1.6 

44.5 

43.5 

277.5 

1.0 

40.7 

50.1 

44.6 

40.9 

269.9 

40.0 

39.5 

39.1 

-9.3 

51.0 

-11.0 

51.9 

-12.4 

52.8 

-13.7 

3.7 

44.6 

39.8 

267.5 

4.8 

45.3 

38.7 

265.1 

6.5 

45.6 

37.7 

262.7 

8.0 

Italy 

target 

308.2 

-34.8 

306.2 

-40.9 

304.2 

-31.0 

302.3 

-24.8 

298.3 

-28.4 

295.8 

-28.4 

293.4 

-28.3 

291.0 

-28.3 

emissions 

Latvia 

target 

emissions 

Lithuania 

target 

emissions 

Luxembourg 

target 

emissions 

Malta 

target 

8.5 

13.3 

10.1 

1.1 

8.8 

9.3 

12.4 

12.9 

9.4 

9.5 

1.3 

1.2 

-0.5 

-0.5 

-0.2 

0.1 

emissions 

127.8 

108.3 

9.0 

9.4 

12.9 

13.3 

8.9 

9.3 

1.3 

1.2 

97.9 

-0.3 

-0.4 

-0.5 

0.1 

Netherlands 

target 

122.9 

-14.7 

120.7 

-22.8 

9.0 

9.4 

13.3 

13.7 

8.6 

9.1 

1.3 

1.2 

101.1 

118.4 
18 

-0.4 

-0.4 

-0.5 

0.1 

8.9 

9.5 

13.0 

14.0 

8.5 

8.9 

1.3 

1.2 

102.7 

-0.7 

-1.0 

-0.4 

0.2 

9.1 

9.7 

13.6 

14.1 

8.4 

8.7 

1.3 

1.2 

98.3 

-0.7 

-0.5 

-0.4 

0.1 

9.1 

9.8 

13.5 

14.5 

8.4 

8.5 

1.3 

1.2 

96.9 

-0.7 

-1.0 

-0.2 

0.1 

9.2 

9.9 

13.6 

14.9 

8.4 

8.3 

1.3 

1.2 

96.0 

-0.7 

-1.3 

0.0 

0.1 

9.2 

10.0 

13.6 

15.2 

8.4 

8.1 

1.3 

1.2 

94.6 

-0.8 

-1.7 

0.3 

0.1 

-17.3 

116.1 

-13.5 

114.1 

-15.7 

111.8 

-14.9 

109.6 

-13.6 

107.4 

-12.8 

 
 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Base year 
emissions 

ESD reviewed 

2005 

2013 

2014 

2015 

Country 

Mt CO2-eq. 

r
a
e
y
e
s
a
b

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

emissions 

180.0 

186.1 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

181.5 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

186.8 

Proxy 
emissions 

2016 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

192.8 

Projections (WEM) 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

189.2 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

189.5 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

189.8 

p
a
g
e
t
u
o
s
b
a

l

t
e
g
r
a
t
o
t

/

s
n
o
i
s
s
i

m
e

t
e
g
r
a
t

190.1 

Poland 

target 

193.6 

-7.5 

194.9 

-13.3 

196.1 

-9.4 

197.4 

-4.6 

200.0 

-10.8 

201.7 

-12.2 

203.4 

-13.6 

205.2 

-15.1 

emissions 

48.6 

38.6 

38.8 

Portugal 

target 

49.3 

-10.7 

49.6 

-10.8 

emissions 

Romania 

target 

emissions 

Slovakia 

target 

emissions 

Slovenia 

target 

75.5 

23.0 

11.8 

72.7 

75.6 

21.1 

24.0 

10.9 

12.3 

-2.9 

-2.9 

-1.4 

72.5 

77.5 

19.8 

24.4 

10.5 

12.4 

-4.9 

-4.6 

-1.9 

40.6 

49.9 

74.6 

79.3 

20.1 

24.7 

10.7 

12.4 

-9.2 

-4.7 

-4.7 

-1.7 

40.4 

50.1 

72.7 

81.1 

19.7 

25.1 

11.0 

12.4 

-9.7 

-8.4 

-5.4 

-1.4 

41.9 

47.9 

75.1 

84.1 

19.9 

25.0 

10.7 

12.2 

emissions 

236.0 

200.3 

199.8 

196.2 

197.8 

191.4 

-6.0 

41.4 

48.3 

75.6 

-6.9 

41.0 

48.7 

76.0 

-7.7 

40.5 

49.1 

76.5 

-8.6 

-9.0 

86.0 

-10.4 

87.9 

-11.8 

89.8 

-13.3 

-5.1 

-1.5 

20.0 

25.3 

10.7 

12.2 

191.2 

-5.3 

-1.5 

20.1 

25.6 

10.7 

12.3 

190.4 

-5.6 

-1.5 

20.2 

25.9 

10.7 

12.3 

189.1 

-5.8 

-1.6 

Spain 

target 

227.6 

-27.3 

225.6 

-25.9 

223.7 

-27.6 

221.8 

-24.0 

218.3 

-26.8 

216.3 

-25.1 

214.3 

-23.9 

212.4 

-23.3 

Sweden 

target 

United 
Kingdom 

emissions 

target 

emissions 

43.5 

35.3 

41.7 

-6.4 

34.5 

41.0 

324.4 

-6.5 

33.9 

40.4 

326.0 

-6.5 

33.7 

39.8 

324.4 

-6.1 

32.2 

37.8 

321.0 

-5.6 

31.4 

37.2 

316.7 

-5.9 

30.5 

36.7 

314.4 

-6.1 

29.7 

36.1 

309.4 

-6.4 

417.8 

339.5 

358.7 

-19.3 

354.2 

-29.8 

349.7 

-23.7 

345.2 

-20.8 

360.4 

-39.4 

357.2 

-40.6 

354.1 

-39.7 

350.9 

-41.5 

Source: 2013 -2015 ESD emissions from the annual reviews of inventory data. 2016 emissions from approximated inventory data. 2017-2020 Member States 
projections (with existing measures), quality checked by the European Environment Agency.  

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6.  Climate finance to developing countries 

Table 8: Climate finance provided to developing countries (2016). 

EU and Member States 
Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Croatia 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 
European Commission  
European Investment Bank 
Total 

Climate finance (€ million) 

199.26 
 100.92 

 7.48 
 172.98 
 0.38 
 43.04 
 3 334.84 
 8 534.08 
0.23 
35.29 
52.70 
242.95 
0.01 
0.54 
129.53 
0.20 
471.89 
 5.38 
 2.00 
 0.78 
 2.99 
 2.98 
 595.03 
 402.40 
 1 163.58 
2 730.17 
1 947.72 
20 179.32 

Source: The figures represent climate finance sources from public budgets and other development 
financial institutions as reported by Member States under Article 16 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 
of 21 May 2013. They also include EUR 2.7 billion climate finance from the EU Budget and the 
European Development Fund, and EUR 1.9 billion from European Investment Bank. 

20