Social scoreboard 2017 : headline indicators : descriptions and highlights.
Date: 2017-06-12
Institutions: Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion
Subjects: EU statistics, child care, digital divide, gender equality, health care, income, labour force, labour market, learning, level of education, poverty, social mobility, standard of living, young person

THE EU and

EUROPEAN

Social  
Scoreboard 
2017

Headline indicators: 
descriptions and 
highlights

Disclaimer: Date of data extraction: April 2017 for text and charts.  
The on-line charts are regularly updated:  
https://composite-indicators.jrc.ec.europa.eu/social-scoreboard/#

Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for 
the use that might be made of the following information.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017

© European Union, 2017

Reuse is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

The reuse policy of European Commission documents is regulated by Decision 2011/833/EU (OJ L 330, 
14.12.2011, p. 39).

Cover photos © iStock.com, 2017

For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the EU copyright, permission 
must be sought directly from the copyright holders.

Print 
PDF 

ISBN 978-92-79-69524-7 
ISBN 978-92-79-69526-1 

doi:10.2767/95274 
doi:10.2767/02949 

KE-01-17-596-EN-C
KE-01-17-596-EN-N

1

TABLE OF CONTENT

Equal opportunities and access to labour market ............................................................................................................................. 2

1.  Education, skills and lifelong learning  ................................................................................................................................................2
Early leavers from education and training (% of population aged 18-24) ................................................................................................2

2.  Gender equality in the labour market  .................................................................................................................................................4
Gender employment gap .....................................................................................................................................................................................................4

3.  Inequality and upward mobility  .............................................................................................................................................................6
Income inequality measured by the quintile share ratio (S80/S20) ..............................................................................................................6

4.  Living conditions and poverty ..................................................................................................................................................................8
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) (% of total population) .........................................................................................8

5.  Youth  ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................10

Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET rate)  
(% of population aged 15-24) .......................................................................................................................................................................................10

Dynamic labour markets and fair working conditions ................................................................................................................. 12

6.  Labour force structure  ............................................................................................................................................................................12
Employment rate (% of population aged 20-64) ................................................................................................................................................12

Unemployment rate (% of active population aged 15-74) ............................................................................................................................14

7.  Labour market dynamics  .......................................................................................................................................................................16
Participants in activation-support — labour market policies per 100 persons who want to work (total) ..............................16

8.  Income, including employment-related  ...........................................................................................................................................17
Real gross household disposable income (Index 2008=100) ........................................................................................................................17

Compensation of employees per hour worked (euros) ......................................................................................................................................19

Public support / social protection and inclusion ............................................................................................................................... 21

9.  Impact of public policies on reducing poverty  .............................................................................................................................21
Impact of social transfers (other than pensions) on poverty reduction .....................................................................................................21

10. Early childhood care  ................................................................................................................................................................................23
Children aged less than 3 years in formal childcare ...........................................................................................................................................23

11.  Healthcare ....................................................................................................................................................................................................25
Self-reported unmet need for medical care (% of total population) ..........................................................................................................25

12. Digital access  .............................................................................................................................................................................................27
Individuals’ level of digital skills....................................................................................................................................................................................27

Social Scoreboard 20172

Equal opportunities and access to labour market

1.  EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LIFELONG LEARNING

EARLY LEAVERS FROM EDUCATION AND TRAINING (% OF POPULATION AGED 18-24)

Description: Early leaver from education and 
training refers to a person aged 18 to 24 who has 
completed at most lower secondary education and 
is not involved in further education or training. The 
indicator is expressed as a percentage of the total 
population aged 18 to 24.

Highlights: In the EU, the share of early leavers 
from education and training has been falling 
continuously since 2005. Despite improvements 
in some southern EU Member States, disparities 
across EU Member States persist up to now 
(ranging from 2.8% in Croatia to 19.4% in Spain, 
2016). 

Figure 1:  Early leavers from education and training (% of population aged 18-24)  

in EU Member States (2015)

20

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2016

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Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
Figure 2:  Share of early leavers from education and training in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

3

17.5

17.2

15.7

15.3

16.7

16.3

14.9

14.7

15.7

14.2

15.4

13.9

14.6

13.4

13.8

12.7

12.8

11.9

11.9

11.2

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

11.6

11.0

2015

10.9

10.8

2016

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_14)

Figure 3:  Share of early leavers from education and training in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
38.5

15.7

12.4

10

6.9

2.7

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_14)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 20174

Equal opportunities and access to labour market

2.  GENDER EQUALITY IN THE LABOUR MARKET 

GENDER EMPLOYMENT GAP

Description: Difference in the employment rates 
between men and women aged 20-64.

Figure 4:  Gender employment gap

Highlights: The reduction of the gender 
employment gap seems to be on the right track. 
On average in the EU, this difference decreased 
from 15.9% in 2005 to 11.6% in 2015. Yet, the 
declining trend in the gender employment gap in 
recent years is to some extent due to a decreasing 
employment of men (unfavourable development); 
and not only due to an increasing employment 
rate of women (favourable development). In 2015, 
gender employment gaps range from 2.1% in 
Finland to 27.8% in Malta. 

2015

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Source: Eurostat (lfsi_emp_a)

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Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
5

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

Figure 5:  Gender employment gap in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

17.3

16.9

15.9

15.7

16.6

15.5

15.7

15.0

13.8

13.4

13.2

13.0

12.9

12.8

12.2

12.1

11.7

11.4

11.5

11.2

11.6

11.2

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (lfsi_emp_a)

Figure 6:  Gender employment gap in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
44.9

17.2

13.3

11.1

7.5

0.3

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (lfsi_emp_a)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 20176

Equal opportunities and access to labour market

3.  INEQUALITY AND UPWARD MOBILITY 

INCOME INEQUALITY MEASURED BY THE QUINTILE SHARE RATIO (S80/S20)

Description: The income quintile share ratio or 
S80/S20 ratio is a measure of the inequality of 
income distribution. It is calculated as the ratio of 
total income received by the 20% of the population 
with the highest income (top quintile) to that 
received by the 20% of the population with the 
lowest income (lowest quintile).

Highlights: The inequality of income distribution 
in the EU has increased slightly since 2010, with 
the richest 20% of the population earning about 
five times more than the poorest 20%. Additional 
efforts need to be done to bridge the gap between 
the “haves” and the “have nots”. Considerable 
differences are found between Member States, 
with the income quintile share ratio ranging in 
2015 from 8.3 in Romania to 3.5 in the Czech 
Republic and Slovakia.

Figure 7: 

Income quintile share ratio (S80/S20)

2015
2016

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Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
Figure 8: 

Income quintile share ratio in the EU 28 and euro area (2005-2015)

4.7

4.7

4.9

4.9

4.8

4.9

4.9

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.1

5.0

7

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

5.2

5.2

5.2

5.2

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (ilc_di11)

Figure 9: 

Income quintile share ratio in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: 0-1
8.3

5.9

5.0

4.3

3.8

3.2

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (ilc_di11)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 20178

Equal opportunities and access to labour market

4.  LIVING CONDITIONS AND POVERTY

PEOPLE AT RISK OF POVERTY OR SOCIAL EXCLUSION (AROPE) (% OF TOTAL POPULATION)

Description: People are considered to be at risk 
of poverty or social exclusion if they experience 
one or more of the following three conditions:

•  Being severely materially deprived–with living 
conditions constrained by a lack of resources 
as measured in terms of being deprived of four 
of nine items: unable to afford 1) to pay rent/
mortgage or utility bills on time; 2) to keep their 
home adequately warm; 3) to face unexpected 
expenses; 4) to eat meat, fish or a protein 
equivalent every second day; 5) a one week 
holiday away from home; 6) a car, 7) a washing 
machine, 8) a colour TV or 9) a telephone 
(including mobile phone). This indicator captures 
absolute poverty in some degree and is measured 
in the same way in all Member States.

•  Living in a jobless household or household with 
very low work intensity–where on average those 
of working-age (18–59) worked less than 20% of 
their potential total working hours over the past 
year, either because of not being employed or 
working part-time rather than full-time (students 
are excluded from the calculation).

•  Being at risk of poverty–living in a household 

with an ‘equivalised disposable income’ 
(equivalised means adjusted for the size and 
composition of households) below the at-risk-
of-poverty threshold, set at 60% of the national 
median equivalised disposable income.

This is a measure of relative poverty. The total 
number of people at risk of poverty or social 
exclusion is less than the sum of the numbers in 
each category, as many fall into more than one of 
these categories.

Highlights: In 2015, one out of four people in 
the EU is at risk of poverty or social exclusion. 
A detailed look reveals that one third of young 
people aged 18 to 24, one third of people with at 
most lower secondary education, and two thirds 
of unemployed people were at risk of poverty or 
social exclusion.

Figure 10: People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (% of total population)

2015
2016

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Source: Eurostat (ilc_peps01)

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Social Scoreboard 20179

Figure 11: Share of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion in EU Member States (2015)

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

22.0

22.1

21.9

21.7

21.6

24.7

24.6

23.3

23.1

24.4

23.5

23.7

23.1

24.3

22.9

23.7

22.0

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (ilc_peps01)

Figure 12: Share of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
61.3

29.4

24.7

21.0

18.0

13.9

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (ilc_peps01)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201710

Equal opportunities and access to labour market

5.  YOUTH 

YOUNG PEOPLE NEITHER IN EMPLOYMENT NOR IN EDUCATION AND TRAINING (NEET RATE) 
(% OF POPULATION AGED 15-24)

Description: Young people neither in employment 
nor in education and training corresponds to the 
share of the population aged 15 to 24 who are not 
employed and not involved in education or training.

Highlights: The share of young people neither 
in employment nor in education and training 
declined from 13.2% in 2012 to 12.2% in 2015. 
Considerable differences are found between 
Member States, with the NEET rate ranging in 
2015 from 4.7 in the Netherlands to 21.4 in Italy. 

Figure 13: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET rate)  

(% of population aged 15-24)

2015

.

3
9
1

.

5
8
1

.

1
8
1

.

2
7
1

.

6
5
1

.

3
5
1

.

3
4
1

.

7
3
1

.

2
2
1

.

2
2
1

.

0
2
1

.

0
2
1

.

6
1
1

.

3
1
1

.

1
1
1

.

0
1
1

.

8
0
1

.

6
0
1

.

5
0
1

.

4
0
1

5
9

.

2
9

.

y
l
a
t
I

a
i
r
a
g
u
B

l

a
i
t
a
o
r
C

i

a
n
a
m
o
R

e
c
e
e
r
G

i

n
a
p
S

s
u
r
p
y
C

d
n
a
e
r
I

l

Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_20)

9
1
A
E

i

a
k
a
v
o
S

l

i

m
u
g
e
B

l

8
2
U
E

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n
a
r
F

y
r
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H

l

a
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r
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P

d
n
a
o
P

l

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a
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E

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m
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d
g
n
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d
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d
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a
n
F

l

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5
7

.

5
7

.

7
6

.

2
6

.

2
6

.

2
6

.

7
4

.

i

a
n
a
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h
t
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L

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b
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R
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C

a
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t
s
u
A

n
e
d
e
w
S

k
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a
m
n
e
D

y
n
a
m
r
e
G

g
r
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o
b
m
e
x
u
L

s
d
n
a
l
r
e
h
t
e
N

i

a
v
t
a
L

a
t
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a
M

i

a
n
e
v
o
S

l

25

20

.

4
1
2

15

10

5

0

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
11

Figure 14: NEET rate in the EU28 and euro area (2000-2015)

12.7

12.1

11.7

11.3

11.0

10.8

11.0

10.9

12.8

12.8

12.9

12.7

12.6

12.4

13.2

13.1

13.0

12.9

12.6

12.5

12.2

12.0

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_20)

Figure 15: NEET rate in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
25.1

15.1

12.2

10.7

7.8

3.4

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_20)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201712

Dynamic labour markets and fair working conditions

6.  LABOUR FORCE STRUCTURE 

EMPLOYMENT RATE (% OF POPULATION AGED 20-64)

Description: The employment rate is the 
percentage of employed persons in relation to the 
total population in the same age group.

Highlights: For the first time since 2008, the 
employment rate in the EU reached 70% for the 
working age population (20 – 64 years) in 2015. 
In 2016, modest or notable improvements in 
the employment rates were recoded for most 
Member States. The educational background has a 
distinct influence on employability, as employment 
rates are higher among highly-educated persons 
compared to persons with lower education level.

Figure 16: Employment rate (% of population aged 20-64)

2015
2016

.

2
5
7

.

8
4
7

.

3
4
7

.

2
3
7

.

4
3
7

.

9
2
7

.

3
3
7

.

7
6
87
4
7

.

.

1
7
7

.

4
6
7

.

4
7
7

.

5
6
7

.

5
6
7

.

6
6
7

.

6
7
7

.

8
6
7

.

0
8
7

.

2
1
8

.

5
0
7 8
8
7

.

.

8
9
6

.

7
7
6

.

1
7
6

.

7
7
6

.

2
7
6

.

7
7
6

.

3
6
6

.

6
9
86
7
6

.

.

3
0
7

.

8
8
6

.

9
7
6

.

7
8
6

.

3
9
86
7
6

.

.

5
1
7
0
9 9
9
8
6
6

.

.

.

0
0
7

.

6
0
7

.

1
9
6

.

1
0
7

.

1
9
6

.

0
0
7

.

5
9
6

.

1
1
7

.

1
0
7

.

5
2
9 7
7
0
0
7
7

.

.

90

80

70

60

50

40

.

6
1
6

.

5
0
6

.

4
1
6

.

6
0
6

.

2
6
5

.

9
4
5

.

.

0
6
9 6
3
06
2
6

.

i

m
u
g
e
B

l

y
l
a
t
I

e
c
e
e
r
G

a
i
t
a
o
r
C

i

n
a
p
S

i

a
n
a
m
o
R

a
i
r
a
g
u
B

l

Source: Eurostat (tesem010)

i

a
k
a
v
o
S

l

a
t
l
a
M

d
n
a
o
P

l

s
u
r
p
y
C

d
n
a
e
r
I

l

9
1
A
E

y
r
a
g
n
u
H

l

a
g
u
t
r
o
P

i

a
n
e
v
o
S

l

e
c
n
a
r
F

8
2
U
E

i

a
v
t
a
L

g
r
u
o
b
m
e
x
u
L

d
n
a
n
F

l

i

a
i
r
t
s
u
A

i

a
n
a
u
h
t
i
L

s
d
n
a
l
r
e
h
t
e
N

c
i
l

b
u
p
e
R
h
c
e
z
C

i

a
n
o
t
s
E

k
r
a
m
n
e
D

i

m
o
d
g
n
K
d
e
t
i
n
U

y
n
a
m
r
e
G

n
e
d
e
w
S

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
Figure 17: Employment rate in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

13

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

69.0

68.9

67.9

67.9

69.9

69.8

70.3

70.2

69.0

68.8

68.6

68.4

68.6

68.4

68.4

68.0

68.4

67.7

69.2

68.2

70.1

69.0

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (tesem010)

Figure 18: Employment rate in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
52.9

64.4

67.8

70.7

74.2

81.2

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (tesem010)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201714

Dynamic labour markets and fair working conditions

UNEMPLOYMENT RATE (% OF ACTIVE POPULATION AGED 15-74)

Description: An unemployed person is defined as 
someone without work during the reference week; 
available to start work within the next two weeks 
(or has already found a job to start within the next 
three months); actively having sought employment 
at some time during the last four weeks. The 
unemployment rate is the number of unemployed 
people expressed as a percentage of the total 
labour force.

Highlights: Unemployment rates differ widely 
across EU Member States from 4.6% in Germany 
to 24.9% in Greece, in 2015. Moreover, the 
impact of the financial and economic crisis on 
unemployment rates in the Member States has 
also been heterogeneous, with some Member 
States showing an increase and others a decrease 
in their unemployment rate compared to their  
pre-crisis situation. All EU Member States had 
higher unemployment rates than Japan and higher 
or similar unemployment rates to the United 
States, in 2015.

Figure 19: Unemployment rate (% of active population aged 15-74)

.

9
4
2

.

6
3
2

.

1
2
2

.

6
9
1

25

20

15

10

5

0

.

1
6
1

.

0
5
1

.

3
3
1

.

1
3
1

.

6
2
1

.

2
1
1

.

9
1
1

.

7
1
1

.

5
1
1

7
9

.

.

9
0
1

.

0
0
1

.

4
0
1

.

1
0
1

9
9

.

6
9

.

4
9

.

4
9

,

5
8

.

1
9

.

2
9

.

9
7

.

9
7

.

6
7

.

0
9

.

0
8

.

4
9

.

8
8

.

5
8

.

8
7

.

5
7

.

2
6

.

8
6

.

1
5

.

.

4
8 7
6

.

9
6

.

9
5

.

9
6

.

.

5
0 6
6

.

3
6

.

8
6

.

2
6

.

2
6

.

2
6

.

0
6

.

7
5

.

2015
2016

.

3
85
4

.

3
5

.

9
4

.

6
4

.

1
4

.

4
3

.

1
3

.

1
5

.

4
5

.

.

7
0 4
4

.

i

a
k
a
v
o
S

l

9
1
A
E

e
c
n
a
r
F

i

a
v
t
a
L

8
2
U
E

d
n
a
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r
I

l

i

a
n
a
u
h
t
i
L

a
i
r
a
g
u
B

l

e
c
e
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r
G

i

n
a
p
S

a
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t
a
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r
C

s
u
r
p
y
C

y
l
a
t
I

l

a
g
u
t
r
o
P

Source: Eurostat (tesem120)

i

a
n
e
v
o
S

l

d
n
a
n
F

l

i

i

m
u
g
e
B

l

d
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P

l

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a
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H

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n
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d
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S

i

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D

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t
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G

c
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b
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R
h
c
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z
C

n
a
p
a
J

s
e
t
a
t
S
d
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t
i
n
U

i

m
o
d
g
n
K
d
e
t
i
n
U

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
 
 
Figure 20: Unemployment rate in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

11.4

10.5

12.0

10.9

11.6

10.2

10.2

10.2

9.6

9.7

9.6

9.0

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

9.1

9.0

8.4

8.2

7.5

7.2

7.6

7.0

15

10.9

9.4

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (tesem120)

Figure 21: Unemployment rate in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
27.5

11.5

8.7

7.4

5.9

2.8

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (tesem120)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201716

Dynamic labour markets and fair working conditions

7.  LABOUR MARKET DYNAMICS 

PARTICIPANTS IN ACTIVATION-SUPPORT — LABOUR MARKET POLICIES 
PER 100 PERSONS WHO WANT TO WORK (TOTAL)

Description: The share of participants to 
activation –support- labour market policies per 100 
persons who want to work. These labour market 
policies cover interventions that provide temporary 
support for groups that are disadvantaged in the 
labour market and which aim at activating the 
unemployed, helping people move from involuntary 
inactivity into employment, or maintaining the jobs 
of persons threatened by unemployment. Types 
of intervention: training, employment incentives, 
supported employment and rehabilitation, direct 
job creation and start-up incentives. 

Highlights: In 2015, the number of participants 
varied widely in the EU Member States, ranging 
from less than 3% in Greece and Bulgaria to nearly 
50% or more in Belgium and Denmark. No data 
availability for Estonia, Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Italy, 
Matla, Poland and the United Kingdom. 

Figure 22: Participants in activation-support — labour market policies per 100 persons who want to 

work (total)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

5
2

.

e
c
e
e
r
G

7
2

.

a
i
r
a
g
u
B

l

2015

.

5
4
5

.

6
9
4

.

2
1
4

.

7
0
4

.

1
2
4

.

0
0
4

.

3
0
6 3
8
2

.

.

5
8
2

.

8
6
2

.

2
1
2

.

8
1
2

.

4
3
1

.

6
3
1

2
8 9
7

.

.

3
1 4
3

.

.

i

a
v
t
a
L

i

a
n
a
m
o
R

i

a
n
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v
o
S

l

s
u
r
p
y
C

i

a
n
a
u
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t
i
L

i

a
k
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S

l

a
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r
t
s
u
A

c
i
l

b
u
p
e
R
h
c
e
z
C

d
n
a
n
F

l

i

l

a
g
u
t
r
o
P

y
n
a
m
r
e
G

s
d
n
a
l
r
e
h
t
e
N

g
r
u
o
b
m
e
x
u
L

y
r
a
g
n
u
H

e
c
n
a
r
F

n
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d
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w
S

i

m
u
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e
B

l

8
2
U
E

9
1
A
E

i

a
n
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t
s
E

d
n
a
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I

l

i

n
a
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S

a
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a
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r
C

y
l
a
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I

a
t
l
a
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d
n
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P

l

k
r
a
m
n
e
D

i

m
o
d
g
n
K
d
e
t
i
n
U

Source: Eurostat (lmp_ind_actsup)

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
17

Dynamic labour markets and fair working conditions

8.  INCOME, INCLUDING EMPLOYMENT-RELATED 

REAL GROSS HOUSEHOLD DISPOSABLE INCOME (INDEX 2008=100)

Description: The real adjusted gross disposable 
income of households per capita in PPS (index 
= 2008) is calculated as the adjusted gross 
disposable income of households and Non-Profit 
Institutions Serving Households (NPISH) divided 
by the purchasing power parities (PPP) of the 
actual individual consumption of households, by 
the price deflator (price index) of household final 
consumption expenditure and by the total resident 
population. Then the indicator is indexed with base 
year 2008.

Highlights: Since 2005, the real gross household 
disposable income has shown a mixed trend. In 
2015, eight EU Member States – Greece, Spain, 
Italy, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, 
United Kingdom - had less real gross household 
disposable income compared to 2008.

Figure 23: Real gross household disposable income (index 2008=100)

150

120

90

60

30

0

2015

.

6
3
9

.

1
1
9

.

1
5
9

.

5
5
9

.

6
5
9

.

1
7
9

.

9
7
9

.

5
0
0
1

.

6
0
0
1

.

0
1
0
1

.

2
1
0
1

.

0
2
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1

.

1
2
0
1

.

7
2
0
1

.

8
2
0
1

.

7
7
0
1

.

5
8
0
1

.

5
9
0
1

.

9
4
0
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1
6
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1

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7
2
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1

.

0
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6
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1
2
2
1

.

1
8
1
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6
6
1
1

.

5
7
1 7
3
7

.

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8
2
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9
1
A
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a
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C

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B

l

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h
t
i
L

c
i
l

b
u
p
e
R
h
c
e
z
C

i

a
k
a
v
o
S

l

a
i
r
a
g
u
B

l

d
n
a
o
P

l

i

a
n
a
m
o
R

a
t
l
a
M

g
r
u
o
b
m
e
x
u
L

Source: Eurostat (tepsr_wc310)

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
18

Figure 24: Real gross household disposable income in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

99.3

96.0

100,9

97,8

102,2

99,3

100,0

100,0

101,4

100,7

98,3

98,5

99,8

97,6

98,6

96,9

98,4

96,3

99,2

97,8

101,2

101,0

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (tepsr_wc310)

Figure 25: Real gross household disposable income in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: Index 2008=100
70.2

93.9

97.7

100.0

102.4

122.1

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (tepsr_wc310)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 2017Dynamic labour markets and fair working conditions

19

COMPENSATION OF EMPLOYEES PER HOUR WORKED (EUROS)

Description: Compensation of employees 
includes wages, salaries in cash and in kind, 
employers’ social security contributions.

Highlights: Compensation per employee has 
not ceased to increase, even so during the crisis 
years. Considerable differences are found between 
Member States, with the compensation per 
employee ranging in 2015 from 4.4 € per hour 
worked in Bulgaria to 43.0 € in Luxembourg.

Figure 26: Compensation of employees per hour worked (euros)

50

40

30

20

10

0

7
6

.

2
7

.

2
6

.

4
4

.

5
4

.

.

4
4 8
7

.

a
i
r
a
g
u
B

l

i

a
n
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m
o
R

d
n
a
o
P

l

y
r
a
g
n
u
H

i

a
n
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t
i
L

i

a
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t
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L

a
i
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r
C

8
8

.

3
9

.

i

a
n
o
t
s
E

c
i
l

b
u
p
e
R
h
c
e
z
C

Source: Eurostat (tepsr_wc320)

2015

.

0
3
4

.

9
7
3

.

3
8
3

.

1
3
3

.

7
3
3

.

5
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.

2
9
2

.

7
9
2

.

7
8
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.

9
8
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.

2
8
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6
2

.

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6
2
2

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3
2

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3
9
1

.

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,

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3
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8
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.

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G

s
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g
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o
b
m
e
x
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L

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
20

Figure 27: Compensation of employees per hour worked in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

23.4

23.8

24.4

25.0

25.6

25.9

26.2

20.9

21.4

18.4

19.0

21.9

22.6

19.6

19.7

19.8

20.6

20.9

21.7

22.0

22.3

23.0

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (tepsr_wc320)

Figure 28: Compensation of employees per hour worked in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: EUR
1.9

6.7

11.6

22.1

28.0

43.0

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (tepsr_wc320)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201721

Public support / social protection and inclusion

9.  IMPACT OF PUBLIC POLICIES  
ON REDUCING POVERTY 

IMPACT OF SOCIAL TRANSFERS (OTHER THAN PENSIONS) ON POVERTY REDUCTION

Description: Reduction in the at-risk-of-poverty 
rate expressed in % due to social transfers; this is 
calculated as the difference between the at-risk-
of-poverty rate before and after social transfers.

Highlights: In 2015, social transfers reduced 
the share of people at risk of poverty by 8.7 
percentage points (from 26.0% down to 17.3%). 
This impact ranged widely across Member States 
from 3.9 percentage points in Romania to almost 
20 percentage points in Ireland.

Figure 29: Impact of social transfers (other than pensions) on poverty reduction

20

15

10

5

0

.

9
9
1

2015

.

4
4
6 1
3
1

.

.

4
2
1

.

5
2
1

.

8
1
1

.

9
1
1

.

3
0
1

.

5
0
1

.

7
0
1

.

8
0
1

.

7
1
0 1
1
1

.

.

2
7 9
8

.

5
8

.

4
0 8
8

.

.

9
6

.

1
7

.

4
7

.

2
6

.

4
6

.

5
5

.

7
4 6
6

.

.

.

3
8 5
4

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9
3

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l

a
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l
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i

n
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p
S

y
n
a
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r
e
G

9
1
A
E

8
2
U
E

s
u
r
p
y
C

e
c
n
a
r
F

l

a
g
u
t
r
o
P

c
i
l

b
u
p
e
R
h
c
e
z
C

i

a
n
e
v
o
S

l

y
r
a
g
n
u
H

a
i
t
a
o
r
C

a
i
r
t
s
u
A

s
d
n
a
l
r
e
h
t
e
N

i

m
u
g
e
B

l

d
n
a
n
F

l

i

d
n
a
e
r
I

l

n
e
d
e
w
S

g
r
u
o
b
m
e
x
u
L

k
r
a
m
n
e
D

i

m
o
d
g
n
K
d
e
t
i
n
U

Source: Eurostat (ilc_li10; ilc_li02)

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
22

Figure 30: Impact of social transfers in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

9.2

8.9

8.5

8.1

8.2

9.5

9.6

8.9

8.9

9.3

8.8

9.0

8.3

8.9

8.7

8.7

8.5

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (ilc_li10; ilc_li02)

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

Figure 31: Impact of social transfers in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
2.9

6.5

8.3

10.5

13.0

24.7

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (ilc_li10; ilc_li02)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201723

Public support / social protection and inclusion

10. EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE 

CHILDREN AGED LESS THAN 3 YEARS IN FORMAL CHILDCARE

Description: Children cared for in formal child 
care, expressed as a percentage of all children of 
the same age group.

Highlights: In 2015, the share of children aged 
0-3 in formal childcare ranges widely across 
Member States, from 1.1% in Slovakia to 77.3% 
Denmark. In the long-run, investment in childcare 
and pre-primary education offers higher returns 
and is more likely to help children from low socio-
economic status.

Figure 32: Children in formal childcare (% of children aged less than 3 years)

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

.

9
1 2
1

.

i

a
k
a
v
o
S

l

c
i
l

b
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R
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z
C

.

1
0
2 5
7
4

.

.

4
6
4

.

7
1
4

.

7
9
4 3
7
3

.

.

9
3
3

.

5
2
3

.

4
0
3

.

6
0
3

.

3
0
3 3
7
2

.

.

4
1
2

.

3
2
2

.

8
0
9 2
7
4 1
5
1

.

.

9
8

.

4
9

.

7
9

.

.

4
1
1

.

8
1
1

.

9
5
9 2
2
2

.

3
5

.

d
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P

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i

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a
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t
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y
l
a
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I

8
2
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E

y
n
a
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G

d
n
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r
I

l

i

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d
g
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K
d
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t
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d
n
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F

l

i

9
1
A
E

i

a
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v
o
S

l

i

n
a
p
S

e
c
n
a
r
F

l

a
g
u
t
r
o
P

s
d
n
a
l
r
e
h
t
e
N

i

m
u
g
e
B

l

2015

.

3
7
7

.

0
4
6

.

8
1
5

n
e
d
e
w
S

k
r
a
m
n
e
D

g
r
u
o
b
m
e
x
u
L

Source: Eurostat (ilc_caindformal)

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
24

Figure 33: Children in formal childcare in the EU28 and euro area (2005-2015)

30.0

30.0

30.0

27.0

27.0

26.0

28.0

34.0

29.0

32.0

31.0

27.0

27.0

33.9

30.3

32.3

28.4

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

Source: Eurostat (ilc_caindformal)

European Union (28 countries)
Euro area (19 countries)

Figure 34: Children in formal childcarein EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
1.0

8.0

19.0

27.3

38.0

78.0

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (ilc_caindformal)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201725

Public support / social protection and inclusion

11.  HEALTHCARE

SELF-REPORTED UNMET NEED FOR MEDICAL CARE (% OF TOTAL POPULATION)

Description: Self-reported unmet needs for 
medical care concern a person’s own assessment 
of whether he or she needed examination or 
treatment for a specific type of health care, but 
did not have it or did not seek it because of 
the following three reasons: ‘Financial reasons’, 
‘Waiting list’ and ‘Too far to travel’. The problems 
that people report in obtaining care when they are 
ill often reflect significant barriers to care. Medical 
care refers to individual healthcare services 
(medical examination or treatment excluding 
dental care) provided by or under direct supervision 
of medical doctors or equivalent professions 
according to national healthcare systems. Data are 
collected from the ‘European Statistics of Income 
and Living Condition’ survey and refer to such 
needs during the previous 12 months. Data are 
expressed as percentages within the population 
aged 16 years old and over living in private 
households.

Highlights: The share of the population reporting 
that they are not able to meet their medical needs, 
in particular for financial reasons, showed an 
increasing trend after the crisis. On average across 
EU countries, four times more people in low income 
groups reported unmet medical needs for financial, 
geographic or waiting time reasons as did people 
in high income groups (6.4% versus 1.5%).The 
main reason for people in low income groups to 
report unmet health care needs was that care was 
too expensive. Any increase in unmet care needs, 
particularly among people with low income, may 
result in poorer health status for the population 
affected and increase health inequalities. In 2015, 
the share of the population reporting that they are 
not able to meet their medical needs ranged from 
merely 0.1% in Austria and the Netherlands to 
more than 10% in Greece and in Estonia.

Figure 35: Self-reported unmet need for medical care (% of total population)

15

12

.

7
2
1

.

3
2
1

9

6

3

0

4
9

.

4
8

.

3
7

.

2
7

.

7
4

.

3
4

.

d
n
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n
F

l

i

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G

i

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i

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t
a
L

d
n
a
o
P

l

y
l
a
t
I

a
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r
a
g
u
B

l

Source: Eurostat (hlth_silc_08) 

2
3

.

8
2
U
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0
3

.

9
2

.

8
2

.

8
2

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6
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2015

1
0

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9
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1
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.

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d
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9
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8
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Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
26

Figure 36: Self-reported unmet need for medical care in EU Member States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
19.2

6.5

3.1

1.7

0.7

0

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

Source: Eurostat (hlth_silc_08) 

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 201727

Public support / social protection and inclusion

12. DIGITAL ACCESS 

INDIVIDUALS’ LEVEL OF DIGITAL SKILLS

Description: Share of people with either basic 
or above basic overall digital skills expressed as a 
percentage of the population aged 16-74 years.

Highlights: Digital skills are central to a 
knowledge based economy and increasingly 
important in daily life. However, the level of digital 
skills of the EU population seems insufficient. In 
2015, 45% of the EU population did not have basic 
digital skills. 

Figure 37: Population with at least basic digital skills (% of total population aged 16-74) in 2015

100

80

60

40

.

0
1
3

.

0
6
2

20

.

0
2
4

.

0
3
4

.

0
4
4

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0
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4
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2015

.

0
6
8

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4
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7
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.

.

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6
6

.

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4
6

.

0
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.

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5

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0
1
5

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0
2
5

.

0
3
5

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9
4

.

0
0
5

.

0
7
5

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4
5

.

0
5
5

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0
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.

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0

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a
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C

i

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n
a
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h
t
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L

Source: Eurostat (isoc_sk_dskl_i)

a
t
l
a
M

i

a
n
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v
o
S

l

i

a
k
a
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k
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d
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a
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r
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N

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o
d
g
n
K
d
e
t
i
n
U

d
n
a
n
F

l

i

9
1
A
E

g
r
u
o
b
m
e
x
u
L

Social Scoreboard 2017 
 
28

Figure 38: Population with at least basic digital skills (% of total population aged 16-74) in EU Member 

States (2015)

IE

UK

NL

BE

LU

FR

DK

DE

SE

PL

SK

HU

CZ

AT

SI

HR

PT

ES

IT

Unit: %
26

44

51

57

71

86

No data

The legend values are 
drawn from 11 years 
of observations, whilst 
the map shows the 
colors corresponding 
to the values of the 
indicator in 2015. This 
representation allows 
comparisons across 
countries and over time.

FI

EE

LV

LT

RO

BG

EL

, Source: Eurostat (isoc_sk_dskl_i)

MT

CY

Social Scoreboard 2017Getting in touch with the EU

In person

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on the European Pillar of Social Rights,  
please visit  
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