COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT TECHNICAL INFORMATION TO THE REPORT "IMPLEMENTING THE PARIS AGREEMENT - PROGRESS OF THE EU TOWARDS THE AT LEAST -40% TARGET" Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council Implementing the Paris Agreement - Progress of the EU towards the at least -40% target (required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC)
Date: 2016-11-08
Institutions: Directorate-General for Climate Action, European Commission
Subjects: Kyoto Protocol, adaptation to climate change, climate change, environmental cooperation, environmental monitoring, greenhouse gas, international agreement, pollution control measures, reduction of gas emissions

EUROPEAN 
COMMISSION 

Brussels, 8.11.2016  
SWD(2016) 349 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

TECHNICAL INFORMATION TO THE REPORT "IMPLEMENTING THE PARIS 
AGREEMENT -  PROGRESS OF THE EU TOWARDS THE AT LEAST -40% 
TARGET"  

Accompanying the document 

Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council 

Implementing the Paris Agreement - Progress of the EU towards the at least -40% 
target 
(required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament 
and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting 
greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union 
level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC)  

{COM(2016) 707 final} 

EN 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
Contents 

1.  TECHNICAL REFERENCES TO MAIN DATA & FIGURES................................ 5 

2.  OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE TARGETS ................................................................... 6 

3.  EU WIDE TRENDS (INVENTORY) AND PROJECTIONS (WEM) PER SECTOR9 

4.  MEMBER  STATES  PROGRESSES  TOWARDS  EFFORT  SHARING  DECISION 
TARGETS................................................................................................................. 17 

5.  KEY FIGURES FOR KYOTO CP1 COMPLIANCE .............................................. 24 

6.  MEMBER STATES CLIMATE FINANCE ............................................................ 28 

7.  ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE .............................................................. 30 

2 

 
 
 
 
Index of Tables 

Table 1: Overview of Climate targets .....................................................................................................6 

Table 2: Emissions (Mt CO2 eq) covered by the Kyoto Protocol .........................................................16 

Table 3: Emissions (MtCO2eq) covered by the Climate and Energy Package .....................................16 

Table 4 : RELATIVE gap between historic emissions and ESD targets for 2013 and 2014 (in % of 
2005 base year emissions).....................................................................................................................17 

Table 5 : Estimated (2015) and projected (2020) RELATIVE gap between emissions and ESD targets 
(in % of 2005 base year emissions) ......................................................................................................19 

Table  6:  Historic  (2013-2014),  estimated  (2015)  and  projected  (2016-2020)  ABSOLUTE  gaps 
between emissions and annual limits under the Effort Sharing Decision (in Mt CO2 eq)....................21 

Table 7: Initial Assigned Amount units, GHG emissions 2008-2012 (tCO2eq), and  Kyoto Protocol 
units in the retirement account ..............................................................................................................24 

Table 8: Total quantity of Kyoto Protocol units requested to be carried over from first to the second 
commitment period ...............................................................................................................................26 

Table 9 : Climate finance provided to developing countries (2014).....................................................28 

3 

 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Index of Figures 

Figure 1: Share of emissions by IPCC sector category in the EU-28; 2014...........................................9 

Figure 2: Past change in EU-28 GHG emissions by IPCC sector categories. ......................................10 

Figure 3: EU- 28 GHG emissions per sector: inventory and  WEM projections scenario ...................12 

Figure  4:GHG  emissions  intensity  in  the  EU;  1990,  2005  and  2015.  Percentages  reflect  annual 
average reduction between 2015-1990. ................................................................................................14 

Figure  5:  GHG  emissions  per  capita  in  the  EU;  1990,  2005,  and  2015.  Percentages  reflect  annual 
average reduction between 2015-1990. ................................................................................................15 

4 

 
 
 
 
 
 
1. 

TECHNICAL REFERENCES TO MAIN DATA & FIGURES  

Source of data:  

Emissions up to 2014 are based on data from the official 2016 inventory submissions by the Member 
States. They have been compiled according to the 2006 IPCC guidelines, and the new global warming 
potentials from the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4).  

Emissions estimates for the year 2015 are based on approximated inventory data provided in 2016 by 
the Member States or estimated by the EEA on behalf of the Commission, where needed.  

Projected  emissions  are  based  on  Member  States'  submissions  of  2015,  and  on  the  updated 
projections  submitted  by  Member  States  in  2016  under  the  MMR.  Projections    have  been  quality-
checked, gap-filled and adjusted where necessary by the EEA on behalf of the Commission. For the 
gap  filling  and  ETS/non-ETS  split  estimation,  data  from  the  EU  Reference  Scenario  based  on  the 
PRIMES and GAINS models have been used.1 

Notes related to Figures presented in the Climate Action Progress Report: 

Figure 1: the scope of the emissions presented is as under the Climate and Energy Package (including 
international aviation). The quantification of the EU 2030 target is indicative. 

Figure 2: The 2015 gap is the difference between 2015 estimates in the non-ETS sector and the 2015 
targets as a percentage of ESD base-year emissions (i.e. 2005 emissions backwards calculated from 
the 2020 Annual Emission Allocations). The 2020 gap is the difference between projected non-ETS 
emissions and targets in 2020 as a percentage of base year emissions.   

1  For  Member  States  that  did  not  submit  new  projections  in  2015,  the  EU  Reference  scenario  2013  was  used  for  gap-
filling purposes (http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2030/docs/eu_trends_2050_en.pdf). For more information, 
see  Trends  and  Projections  in  Europe  2015  :  http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-
2015. 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
2. 

OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE TARGETS  

Table 1: Overview of Climate targets 

International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

Target year of 
period 

Second commitment period (2013-
2020) 
(target for EU-28) 

Already in force – covers the period 
post 2020 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

2030 Climate and Energy 
Framework 

EU ETS 

ESD 

EU ETS (as proposal 
COM(2015) 337 final) 

ESR (as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 

2013-2020 

2013-2020 

2021-2030 

2021-2030 

Emission 
reduction target 

-20% 

at least -40% in 2030 

-21% compared to 2005 
for ETS emissions 

Annual targets by 
MS. In 2020 -10% 
compared to 2005 
for non-ETS 
emissions 

-43% compared to 
2005 for ETS 
emissions 

Annual targets by 
MS. In 2030 -30% 
compared to 2005 
for non-ETS 
emissions 

Further targets 

- 

• limiting global warming to well 
below 2°C.;  
• every 5 years to set more ambitious 
targets as required by science; 
• report on implementation/ track 
progress towards the long-term goal 
through a robust transparency and 
accountability system. 
• balance between anthropogenic 
emissions by sources and removals by 
sinks of greenhouse gases in the 
second half of this century 

Overall target: -20% GHG emissions reduction 
vs 1990" 

Overall target:  "at least -40% domestic 
GHG emissions reduction vs 1990" 

(cid:57)Renewable Energy Directive: 20% share of 
renewable energy of gross final energy 
consumption; 

(cid:57)At least 27% share of  renewable energy 
in EU energy consumption; 

(cid:57)Energy Efficiency Directive : Increase energy 
efficiency by 20 % 

(cid:57)At least 27% improvement in energy 
efficiency (to be reviewed by 2020, having 
in mind an EU level of 30%) 

Base year 

1990, but subject to flexibility 
rules. 1995 or 2000 may be used as 
its base year for NF3 

1990 

1990 for overall emission reduction target; 2005 
for targets broken down into ETS and non-ETS 
emissions, 2007 projections of 2020 energy 
consumption for energy efficiency 

1990 for overall emission reduction target; 
2005 for targets broken down into ETS and 
non-ETS emissions  

6 

 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

EU ETS 

ESD 

LULUCF 

Included ARD and forest 
management, other activities if 
elected 
(new accounting rules)  

Included 

Excluded  

Aviation*** 

Use of 
international 
credits 

Carry-over of 
units (*)from 
preceeding 
periods 

Gases covered 

Domestic aviation included. 
International aviation not 
attributed.  

Economy-wide action encouraged 

Use of KP flexible mechanisms 
subject to KP rules 

Possible 

Subject to KP rules including those 
agreed in the Doha Amendment 

No 

Domestic and some 
international aviation 
included in EU ETS 

Upper limit for credit 
use for period 2008-
2020 at a maximum of 
50 % of the reduction 
effort below 2005 levels 

EU ETS allowances can 
be banked into 
subsequent ETS trading 
periods since the second 
trading period 

Aviation generally 
excluded 

2Annual use of 
carbon credits is 
limited to up to 3 % 
of each Member 
State's ESD 
emissions in 2005  

No carry over from 
previous period 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, 
SF6, NF3 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6, 
NF3 

CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6 

2030 Climate and Energy 
Framework 

EU ETS (as proposal 
COM(2015) 337 final) 

ESR (as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 

Included: 
 July 2016, the Comission launched a 
proposal for a regulation on the inclusion of 
GHG emissions and removals from 
LULUCF into the 2030 climate and enegy 
framework (COM/2016/0479 final) and the 
rules of its inclusion as of 2021. 

Domestic and some 
international aviation 
included in EU ETS 

Aviation generally 
excluded 

No  

No 

Indefinite validity of 
allowances not 
limited to trading 
periods, no need to 
carry over. 

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs, PFCs, SF6, 

No 

CO2, CH4, N2O, 
HFCs, PFCs, SF6, 
NF3 

2 Member States that do not use their 3 % limit for the use of international credits in any specific year can transfer the unused part of their limit to another Member State or 
bank it for their own use until 2020. Member States fulfilling additional criteria (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia, 
Spain and Sweden) may use credits from projects in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and Small Island Developing States (SIDS) up to an additional 1 % of their verified 
emissions in 2005. These credits are not bankable and transferable. A maximum of approximately 750 Mt of international credits can be used during the period from 2013 to 
2020 in the ESD. 

7 

 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
International commitments 

EU domestic legislation 

Kyoto Protocol 

Paris Agreement 

Sectors included 

Energy, IPPU, 
agriculture, waste, 
LULUCF 

Energy, 
IPPU, 
agriculture, 
waste, 
LULUCF 

Energy, IPPU, agriculture, waste, 
LULUCF 

2020 Climate and Energy Package 

2030 Climate and Energy 
Framework 

EU ETS 

ESD 

EU ETS (as proposal 
COM(2015) 337 final) 

Power & heat 
generation, energy-
intensive industry 
sectors, aviation 

Transport (except 
aviation), buildings, 
non-ETS industry, 
agriculture (except 
forestry) and waste 

Power & heat 
generation, energy-
intensive industry 
sectors, aviation 

ESR (as proposal 
COM(2016) 482) 
Transport (except 
aviation), 
buildings, non-
ETS industry, 
agriculture (except 
forestry) and 
waste 

GWPs used 

IPCC SAR 

IPCC AR4 

IPCC AR4 

IPCC AR4 

IPCC AR4 

Applicable to 
number of MS 

15 (additional KP 
targets for single 
MS) 

28 and 
Iceland 

28 Member States + possibly Iceland 
and Norway 

28 (**) 

28  

Source: European Commission 

Note:  

(*) For the CP2 it refers to carry over from CP1. For the ETS it refers to carry-over from previous trading period under the scheme itself 

(**) Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway are also covered under the EU-ETS 

(***) To be reviewed after the ICAO Assembly 

.

8 

 
 
 
  
  
 
 
 
 
3. 

EU WIDE TRENDS (INVENTORY) AND PROJECTIONS (MS WEM) PER SECTOR 

3.1.  EMISSION TRENDS IN THE MAIN SECTORS 

3.1.1.  CHANGE IN SECTORIAL EMISSIONS  

In 2014, energy-related  activities, such  as energy  production  and  final  use  including  transport  were  
responsible for 78 % of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU. Agriculture was responsible 
for 10 % of total emissions, followed by the sector Industrial Processes with 9 % and Waste with 3 %. 

Figure 1: Share of emissions by IPCC sector category in the EU-28; 2014 

Source: EEA, EU greenhouse gas inventory, 2016 inventory data 

GHG  emissions  decreased  in  the  majority  of  sectors  between  1990  and  2014,  with  the  notable 
exception  of  transport  (see  figure  2),  including  international  transport  and  refrigeration  and  air 
conditioning. 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 2: Past change in EU-28 GHG emissions by IPCC sector categories. 

Source: EEA, 2016 EU greenhouse gas inventory 

Total emissions from energy supply fell by 6.5% in 2014 compared to 2013 levels, a total decrease by 
28% in the period 1990-2014. Energy supply concerns the production of energy, such as electricity 
or fuels like gasoline, coal, etc. In terms of emissions, energy supply comprises mainly the emissions 
from public electricity and heat production (thermal power plants), which together with the other 
supply-side sources, namely petroleum refining and manufacture of solid fuels (coal), are responsible 
for  the  bulk  of  all  energy-related  emissions.  The  emissions  from  electricity  and  heat  production 
decreased strongly since 1990 thanks to improvement in the transformation efficiency, in the context 
of  lower  heat  production  and  higher  electricity  production  between  1990  and  2014.  In  addition  to 
improved  energy  efficiency  there  has  been  a  move  towards  less  carbon  intensive  fuels  and  higher 
generation  of  electricity  from  renewable  sources.  Renewable  energy  production  in  the  EU  reached 
25.4 % share of total primary energy production in 2014. 

Emissions  from  energy  use  (manufacturing  industries  and  construction,  residential  and  service 
sectors)  fell  by  36%  between  1990  and  2014.  Manufacturing  industries  and  construction  was  the 
sector  responsible  for  largest  emission  reductions  in  the  EU,  in  particular  due  to  substantial 
improvements in carbon intensity, with emissions from solid fuels more than halving over the period, 
improved  energy  efficiency  in  restructured  iron  and  steel  plants  and  structural  changes  in  the 
economy,  with  higher  share  of  services  and  lower  share  of  energy  intensive  industries  in  the  GDP. 
Emissions  in  the  residential  sector  also  substantially  decreased  since  1990,  notably  due  to  energy 
efficiency improvements from better insulation standards in buildings and less carbon intensive fuel 
mix.  2014  was  the  hottest  year  on  record  in  Europe,  and  the  milder  temperatures  of  autumn/winter 
months  have  partly  contributed  to  the  lower  heat  demand  by  households  and  therefore  lower  GHG 
emissions. 

Transport, responsible for around 21% of the total EU emissions in 2014 (about 23% of the total 
emissions if international aviation is included) is the only sector where emissions have increased over 

10 

 
 
 
 
 
the period 1990-2014, by approximately 13 %. Transport emissions have been on a decreasing trend 
since 2007 but again increased in 2014. The biggest emission source within transport was by far road 
transport (around 95% share of the emissions in transport sector in 2014). The overall net increase in 
emissions  was  accounted  for  by  a  strong  uptake  of  diesel  and  decline  of  gasoline  use.  Energy 
efficiency  improvements  and  to  a  lesser  extent  increased  use  of  less  carbon  intensive  fuels  such  as 
LPG and biodiesel blends  have led to levels of road transport emissions that would have otherwise 
been higher.   

Emissions from Agriculture in the EU have also shown a steady decline since 1990 levels, with an 
overall  decrease  of  21%  in  2014.  The  largest  reductions  in  emissions  in  the  sector  occurred  due  to 
decreasing use of fertiliser and manure and to declining cattle numbers. 

Industrial Processes, covering non-energy (i.e. non-combustion) emissions that stem from chemical 
processes where greenhouse gases are released were responsible for 9 % of the EU total emissions in 
2014.  While  overall  emissions  from  the  sector  were  cut  by  30%  since  1990,  due  to  industrial 
emissions  policy  and  gains  in  energy  efficiency  in  industrial  processes,  emissions  from  
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) almost quadrupled since 1990 levels, due to their use as substitutes to the 
ozone-depleting  substances  banned  under  the  Montreal  Protocol.  HFCs  are  mostly  used  in 
refrigeration  and  air  conditioning  and  the  increase  in  emissions  is  consistent  with  both  warmer 
climatic conditions in Europe and higher standards of comfort demanded.   

The  Waste  sector  is  responsible  for  3%  of  total  EU  emissions  and  is  also  one  of  the  sectors  with 
largest  emission  cuts  of  40%  from  1990  levels.  Emissions  from  managed  waste  disposal  on  land 
account for almost two thirds of total waste emissions, and showed the greatest decrease of all waste-
related  emissions,  due  to  reduction  of  the  amount  of  biodegradable  waste  going  to  landfills  and  to 
increase of CH4 recovered and utilised (combustion of biogas for electricity and/or heat generation) 
or flared.  

3.2.  PROJECTIONS  

This section presents Member State projections of GHG emissions under the “with existing measures 
scenario” (WEM), differentiated by sector and aggregated to EU-28 level. Projections are presented 
for the years  2015,  2020, 2025,  2030 and 2035, and are  displayed in CO2  equivalents. It should be 
noted  that  the  projections  of  emissions  related  to  fuel  sold  to  ships  and  aircrafts  engaged  in 
international transport are not included in the totals reported in this section. 

The  GHG  WEM  projections  of  the  European  Union  represents  a  business-as-usual  scenario 
aggregated  from  28  national  WEM  projections  where  only  policies  and  measures  that  have  been 
adopted  or  already  implemented  in  the  Member  State  are  considered,  as  far  as  covered  by  national 
projections. With regard to EU policy coverage the WEM projection is thus a conservative scenario. 
The  2016  data  set  of  projections  is  based  on  last  year's  2015  projections  submissions  (for  Member 
States that did not submit new projections in 2015, the EU Reference scenario 2013 was used for gap-
filling  purposes3)  and  it  has  been  updated  with  the  2016  submission  updates  provided  by  some 
Member States4. 

According to the WEM projections, emissions are estimated to be 23% lower in 2020 and 26% lower 
in 2030, as compared to 1990. When additional measures are taken into account (projections that also 
encompass planned policies and measures; "WAM"), projections submitted by Member States lead to 
a  reduction  of  emissions  by  25%  in  2020  and  29%  in  2030,  compared  to  1990.  The  aggregated 

3 As refered to in Article 14 (3) of the MMR (EU No 525/2013) 
4 Eight MS updated their projections in 2016 updates submissions (AT, CY, DK, FR, EL, HU, IE, LU) 

11 

 
 
 
                                                            
projection  for  2020  is  broadly  consistent  with  the  results  of  the  new  EU  Reference  Scenario  20165 
published by the European Commission, while for 2030 the latter projects a stronger decline of -35% 
in 2030 compared to 1990. 

3.2.1.  TOTAL AGGREGATE GHG EMISSION PROJECTIONS PER SECTOR 

From  a  sectoral  perspective,  the  largest  share  of  emission  reductions  comes  from  the  energy  sector 
(supply  and  use,  excluding  transport).  'Energy  supply'  and  'energy  use'  are  the  two  sectors  which 
contribute the most to emissions (57%). These emissions are projected to decrease by approximately 
34 % for energy use, and 32% in the case of energy supply in 2020, reaching further reductions in 
2030  of  38%  and  37%,  respectively  (vs.  1990).  In  absolute  terms,  the  'energy  supply'  sector  is 
expected to contribute quantitatively more to emissions reduction in the next decades. 

Transport is the  most  important sector where emissions are expected to increase between 1990 and 
2020.  They  will  be  13  %  higher  in  2020  than  in  1990  and  stay  at  about  this  level  until  2030.  The 
LULUCF emissions present a slightly increasing trend,  foreseen to reach 2% in 2020 and 3% in 2030 
(vs. 1990). 

The  rest  of  the  sectors  are  projected  to  decrease  significantly  their  GHG  emissions  in  the  next 
decades, the majority of them by 2020. The  industry sector is projected to decrease its emissions by 
approximately  28  %  in  2020  and  31%  in  2030  (vs.  1990). Agriculture is projected to fall 18% and 
16%  in  2020  and  2030,  respectively.  Finally,  the  sector  that  foresees  the  biggest  decrease  (not  in 
absolute  terms  but  relative  to  its  emissions)  is  the  'waste  sector'  with  a  cut  of  44%  in  2020  and 
projects to reduce its emissions by half in 2030 (vs. 1990).   

Figure 3: EU- 28 GHG emissions per sector: inventory and  WEM projections scenario 

Source: EEA, European Commission  

Notes: *sectors in the legend include indication of respective(s) IPCC sectoral codification. 

**The  observed  discrepancy  between  2014  projections  and  inventory  is  explained  by  the  fact  that  there  was  no  major 
projections update in 2016 submission under Article 14 of MMR. This means that for most MS the reference year used for 
projections remains  2013 (or a year before), not being possible to update their models with the most recent inventory data 

5 http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/analysis/models/docs/full_referencescenario2016report_en.pdf 

12 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                            
(up  to  the  year  2014).  The  projections  data  set  therefore  remains  significantly  close  to  the  previous  one  of  2015. 
Nevertheless,  as  part  of  the  QA/QC  process  carried  out  by  the  European  Topic  Centre  on  Air  and  Climate  Change 
(ETC/ACC) supporting the European Environmental Agency (EEA), the reference year used in MS projections has been 
checked against the GHG emissions for that same year from the latest inventory submission. This is done to ensure that 
projections are calibrated with the reference year used by MS for preparing their projections.   

13 

 
 
 
 
 
3.3.  CONVERGENCE IN GHG EMISSIONS INTENSITY AND EMISSIONS PER CAPITA 

All  Member  States  have  experienced  an  improvement  in  GHG  emissions  intensity  with  the  average  annual 
reduction rate ranging from 0.8 % to 5.1 %. This has led to a convergence of performances between Member 
States (Figure 4). 

Figure 4:GHG  emissions  intensity per GDP  in the  EU; 1990, 2005  and 2015. Percentages  reflect  annual  average 
reduction between 2015-1990. 

Source: Commission, EEA 

Note: approximated 2015 data. 

14 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Furthermore, as shown in Figure 5, emissions per capita have been decreasing and converging since 1990 in all 
Member States except for Portugal and Spain. Nevertheless for these two countries the emissions per capita are 
well below EU average. 

Figure 5: GHG emissions per capita in the EU; 1990, 2005, and 2015. Percentages reflect annual average reduction 
between 2015-1990. 

Source: Commission, EEA. 

Note: approximated 2015 data 

15 

 
 
 
 
3.4.  COMPARISON  OF  THE  EU-28  GHG  TOTAL  EMISSIONS  AND  PROJECTIONS  UNDER  THE 

KYOTO PROTOCOL AND UNDER THE CLIMATE AND ENERGY PACKAGE  

The EU 20 % reduction commitment by 2020 under the Climate and Energy package covers EU CO2 
emissions to the extent aviation is covered under the EU ETS. Since 2012 emissions that means all 
flights from international flights departing from, to and within the EU. The Kyoto Protocol includes 
GHG emissions from domestic aviation only (inventory category).  

The table below presents the quantitative differences between the scopes of the Kyoto Protocol and of 
the  Climate  and  Energy  Package.  Reductions  achieved  by  the  EU-28,  in  2014,  when  the  emissions 
from  international  aviation  are  also  taken  into  account,  amount  to  -23 %  compared  to  1990  levels. 
When excluding international aviation, the reduction amounts to -24%. 

Table 2: Emissions (Mt CO2 eq) covered by the Kyoto Protocol 

1990 

2005 

Total GHG emissions 

5,665  

5,217  

2014 

4,282  

Of which domestic aviation 

14 

20 

15 

Projections as compilation of MS data, WEM scenario  

-20% compared to Kyoto base year(1) 

2020 

4,235 

4,641 

Note: (1) The Kyoto base year emissions is different from 1990 emissions level and it is estimated at 5,798 Mt CO2 eq.;  5,802 Mt CO2 

eq. including Iceland 

Table 3: Emissions (MtCO2eq) covered by the Climate and Energy Package  

Total GHG emissions 

of which domestic aviation 

of which international aviation  

1990 

5,735 

14 

70 

2005 

5,348 

20 

132 

2014 

4,419 

15 

137 

Projections as compilation of MS data, WEM scenario 

-20 % compared to 1990 

2020 

4,387 

4,588 

16 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
 
4. 

MEMBER STATES PROGRESSES TOWARDS EFFORT SHARING DECISION TARGETS 

A strong monitoring and compliance system has been put in place to monitor Member States' action and help them take corrective measures if 
they  fail  to  meet  their  ESD  targets.  Inventory  data  submitted  by  the  Member  States  needs  to  undergo  a  detailed  Union  review,  before  ESD 
emissions are officially determined by the European Commission. Last year technical problems with UNFCCC reporting software did not allow 
Member States to submit their inventories in time for the review to take place. Thus in 2016 emissions had to be reviewed both for 2013 and 
2014.  The  2016  review  was  exceptionally  comprehensive  –  the  whole  inventories  of  all  Member  States  had  to  undergo  detailed  'second  step' 
checks, ensuring inter alia proper transition of inventory reporting to 2006 IPCC guidelines. The reviewed inventory data is based on updated 
IPCC inventory guidelines, of which only the change of global warming potentials is reflected in the absolute ESD targets set in 2013. 

Table 4 below shows that Malta is the only Member State with historic ESD emissions above its targets. Malta will now have four months to use 
flexibility  provisions  under  ESD  (e.g.  trading  ESD  units  with  other  Member  States),  in  order  to  comply  with  ESD  and  avoid  compliance 
procedures. 

Table 4 : RELATIVE gap between historic emissions and ESD targets for 2013 and 2014 (in % of 2005 base year emissions) 

Country 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Cyprus 

Czech Republic 

Denmark 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

A) 

2013 

B) 

C*)= B - A  

D) 

2014 

E) 

F*)= E – D 

2013 ESD target 
compared to 2005 

2013 ESD emissions 
data compared to 2005 

Relative gap 2013 vs. 
ESD 2013 target 

2014 ESD target 
compared to 2005 

2014 ESD emissions 
data compared to 2005 

Relative gap 2014 vs. 
ESD 2014 target 

-9% 

-2% 

12% 

4% 

-5% 

1% 

-3% 

8% 

-6% 

-6% 

-14% 

-7% 

-7% 

-20% 

-37% 

-1% 

-12% 

-1% 

-6% 

-12% 

-4% 

-5% 

-20% 

-24% 

-32% 

-2% 

-8% 

-9% 

-1% 

-7% 

17 

-10% 

-3% 

13% 

5% 

-5% 

2% 

-6% 

8% 

-7% 

-7% 

-17% 

-12% 

-5% 

-22% 

-37% 

-7% 

-14% 

4% 

-11% 

-15% 

-7% 

-9% 

-18% 

-27% 

-32% 

-9% 

-9% 

-4% 

-3% 

-9% 

 
 
 
 
  
Country 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Luxembourg 

Malta 

Netherlands 

Poland 

Portugal 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 

United Kingdom 

A) 

2013 

B) 

C*)= B - A  

D) 

2014 

E) 

F*)= E – D 

2013 ESD target 
compared to 2005 

2013 ESD emissions 
data compared to 2005 

Relative gap 2013 vs. 
ESD 2013 target 

2014 ESD target 
compared to 2005 

2014 ESD emissions 
data compared to 2005 

Relative gap 2014 vs. 
ESD 2014 target 

-5% 

-8% 

-5% 

-4% 

-9% 

9% 

-4% 

-6% 

6% 

-4% 

9% 

-3% 

2% 

2% 

2% 

-4% 

-7% 

-8% 

-7% 

-31% 

-27% 

-13% 

-19% 

4% 

-12% 

-8% 

14% 

-15% 

5% 

-24% 

-2% 

-10% 

-9% 

-16% 

-21% 

-13% 

-2% 

-23% 

-23% 

-10% 

-10% 

-6% 

-9% 

-2% 

7% 

-12% 

-4% 

-21% 

-4% 

-13% 

-12% 

-11% 

-14% 

-5% 

-6% 

-7% 

-3% 

-6% 

-10% 

11% 

-1% 

-8% 

6% 

-5% 

10% 

-2% 

4% 

4% 

3% 

-5% 

-8% 

-9% 

-12% 

-30% 

-27% 

-14% 

-22% 

7% 

-9% 

-13% 

17% 

-23% 

2% 

-23% 

-2% 

-16% 

-13% 

-16% 

-23% 

-17% 

-6% 

-23% 

-25% 

-8% 

-12% 

-4% 

-8% 

-5% 

11% 

-18% 

-8% 

-21% 

-7% 

-20% 

-16% 

-11% 

-15% 

-8% 

* Negative gap indicates over delivery, while positive gap indicate shortfall towards ESD targets. 

Note: The 2005 base year ESD emissions are not readily available from emission inventories and registries because the ETS scope and hence also the ESD scope has undergone several changes 
between 2005 and today. Thus 2005 ESD emissions consistent with the latest ETS scope were re-constructed using the following formula: 2005 ESD emissions = 2020 absolute ESD target / (1 + 
% 2020 ESD target). 

18 

 
 
 
  
 
Table 5 below presents the calculations underpinning Figure 2 of the Climate Action Progress Report. 

 Table 5 : Estimated (2015) and projected (2020) RELATIVE gap between emissions and ESD targets (in % of 2005 base year emissions) 

A) 

2015 

B) 

C*)= B - A 

D) 

2020 

E) 

F*)= E – D 

Country 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Cyprus 

Czech Republic 

Denmark 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Luxembourg 

2015 ESD target 
compared to 2005 

2015 ESD proxy 
emissions data 
compared to 2005 

Relative gap 2015 proxy 
vs. ESD 2015 target 

2020 national target 
(ESD target) 
compared to 2005 

Projected 2020 non-ETS 
emissions compared to 2005 
(with existing measures) 

Gap between projected 2020 
non-ETS emissions versus 
2020 ESD targets 

-11% 

-5% 

14% 

6% 

-5% 

3% 

-8% 

9% 

-9% 

-8% 

-7% 

-7% 

-1% 

-8% 

-10% 

12% 

2% 

-10% 

-15% 

-8% 

-3% 

-25% 

-31% 

-9% 

-15% 

-3% 

-11% 

-13% 

-9% 

-30% 

-23% 

-11% 

-19% 

9% 

-10% 

-14% 

-4% 

-3% 

-17% 

-31% 

-25% 

-12% 

-7% 

-11% 

-2% 

-5% 

-2% 

-24% 

-22% 

-2% 

-9% 

-3% 

-11% 

-3% 

-16% 

-15% 

20% 

11% 

-5% 

9% 

-20% 

11% 

-16% 

-14% 

-14% 

-4% 

10% 

-20% 

-13% 

17% 

15% 

-20% 

19 

-12% 

-10% 

-5% 

-9% 

-43% 

-8% 

-19% 

-2% 

-16% 

-17% 

-15% 

-26% 

-28% 

-8% 

-18% 

7% 

-3% 

-15% 

4% 

5% 

-25% 

-20% 

-38% 

-17% 

1% 

-13% 

0% 

-3% 

-1% 

-22% 

-38% 

12% 

-5% 

-10% 

-18% 

5% 

 
 
 
 
  
A) 

2015 

B) 

C*)= B - A 

D) 

2020 

E) 

F*)= E – D 

2015 ESD target 
compared to 2005 

2015 ESD proxy 
emissions data 
compared to 2005 

Relative gap 2015 proxy 
vs. ESD 2015 target 

2020 national target 
(ESD target) 
compared to 2005 

Projected 2020 non-ETS 
emissions compared to 2005 
(with existing measures) 

Gap between projected 2020 
non-ETS emissions versus 
2020 ESD targets 

6% 

-7% 

10% 

-2% 

7% 

5% 

3% 

-6% 

-10% 

-10% 

25% 

-20% 

2% 

-24% 

-6% 

-14% 

-12% 

-16% 

-24% 

-16% 

19% 

-13% 

-8% 

-22% 

-12% 

-19% 

-14% 

-10% 

-14% 

-5% 

5% 

-16% 

14% 

1% 

19% 

13% 

4% 

-10% 

-17% 

-16% 

-16% 

-21% 

6% 

-25% 

4% 

-4% 

-8% 

-12% 

-28% 

-19% 

-21% 

-5% 

-8% 

-26% 

-15% 

-17% 

-12% 

-2% 

-11% 

-3% 

Country 

Malta 

Netherlands 

Poland 

Portugal 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 

United 
Kingdom 

* Negative gap indicates over delivery, while positive gap indicate shortfall towards ESD targets. 

20 

 
 
 
  
 
 
Table 6: Historic (2013-2014), estimated (2015) and projected (2016-2020) ABSOLUTE gaps between emissions and annual limits under the Effort Sharing Decision 
(in Mt CO2 eq) 

ESD reviewed  

Proxy emissions 

WEM projections 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

Country 

Mt CO2 
eq.  

emissions
/ 
target 

absolute 
gap to 
target 

emission
s/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions 

Austria 

target 

emissions 

Belgium 

target 

emissions 

Bulgaria 

target 

emissions 

Croatia 

target 

emissions 

Cyprus 

target 

Czech 
Republic 

emissions 

target 

emissions 

Denmark 

target 

emissions 

Estonia 

target 

emissions 

Finland 

target 

50,1 

52,6 

74,3 

78,4 

22,2 

26,9 

15,1 

19,6 

3,9 

5,9 

61,5 

62,5 

33,7 

36,8 

5,8 

6,3 

31,6 

31,8 

-2,5 

-4,1 

-4,7 

-4,5 

-2,0 

-1,0 

-3,1 

-0,5 

-0,2 

48,2 

52,1 

70,1 

76,9 

22,9 

27,2 

14,7 

19,8 

3,9 

5,9 

57,6 

63,2 

32,6 

35,9 

6,1 

6,3 

30,1 

31,3 

-3,9 

-6,8 

-4,3 

-5,1 

-2,0 

-5,6 

-3,3 

-0,2 

-1,1 

emissions 

366,1 

353,5 

France 

target 

394,1 

-28,0 

389,5 

-35,9 

49,2 

51,5 

73,0 

75,3 

23,3 

27,5 

14,1 

20,0 

4,3 

5,9 

56,6 

64,0 

32,4 

35,0 

5,7 

6,3 

30,0 

30,8 

365,1 

384,4 

-2,3 

-2,3 

-4,2 

-5,9 

-1,6 

-7,3 

-2,6 

-0,7 

-0,8 

51,5 

51,0 

72,6 

73,8 

23,3 

27,7 

16,8 

20,2 

3,7 

5,9 

60,4 

64,7 

32,4 

34,1 

5,6 

6,4 

29,8 

30,3 

0,5 

-1,1 

-4,4 

-3,3 

-2,2 

-4,3 

-1,8 

-0,7 

-0,5 

51,4 

50,4 

72,4 

72,3 

23,2 

28,0 

16,9 

20,4 

3,7 

5,9 

59,6 

65,4 

31,6 

33,2 

5,6 

6,4 

29,4 

29,8 

1,0 

0,2 

-4,8 

-3,4 

-2,2 

-5,8 

-1,6 

-0,7 

-0,4 

51,3 

49,9 

72,2 

70,7 

23,0 

28,3 

17,0 

20,6 

3,7 

5,9 

58,8 

66,2 

31,2 

32,3 

5,7 

6,4 

29,2 

29,3 

1,5 

1,5 

-5,3 

-3,5 

-2,3 

-7,4 

-1,1 

-0,8 

-0,2 

51,3 

49,3 

71,9 

69,2 

22,8 

28,5 

17,1 

20,8 

3,6 

5,9 

58,0 

66,9 

31,0 

31,4 

5,7 

6,4 

28,8 

28,8 

1,9 

2,7 

-5,7 

-3,6 

-2,3 

-8,9 

-0,4 

-0,8 

-0,1 

51,0 

48,8 

71,6 

67,7 

22,7 

28,8 

17,2 

21,0 

3,6 

5,9 

57,2 

67,7 

30,8 

30,5 

5,7 

6,5 

28,4 

28,4 

2,2 

4,0 

-6,1 

-3,7 

-2,4 

-10,5 

0,3 

-0,8 

0,0 

356,5 

353,8 

351,2 

348,5 

345,8 

-19,3 

379,4 

-22,9 

374,4 

-20,5 

369,3 

-18,2 

364,3 

-15,9 

359,3 

-13,5 

21 

 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
ESD reviewed  

Proxy emissions 

WEM projections 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

Country 

Mt CO2 
eq.  

emissions
/ 
target 

absolute 
gap to 
target 

emission
s/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions 

460,2 

436,8 

Germany 

target 

472,5 

-12,3 

465,8 

-29,0 

emissions 

Greece 

target 

emissions 

Hungary 

target 

emissions 

Ireland 

target 

44,2 

59,0 

38,4 

50,4 

42,2 

46,9 

-14,8 

-12,0 

-4,7 

44,4 

59,3 

38,4 

51,5 

41,7 

45,8 

-14,9 

-13,1 

-4,1 

emissions 

273,3 

265,3 

Italy 

target 

308,2 

-34,8 

306,2 

-40,9 

Latvia 

emissions 

target 

emissions 

Lithuania 

target 

emissions 

Luxembourg 

target 

Malta 

emissions 

target 

8,8 

9,3 

11,8 

12,9 

9,4 

9,5 

1,3 

1,2 

-0,5 

-1,2 

-0,2 

0,1 

emissions 

108,3 

9,0 

9,4 

12,3 

13,3 

8,9 

9,3 

1,3 

1,2 

97,9 

-0,3 

-1,0 

-0,5 

0,1 

Netherlands 

target 

122,9 

-14,7 

120,7 

-22,8 

emissions 

Poland 

target 

emissions 

Portugal 

target 

186,1 

193,6 

38,6 

49,3 

181,5 

-7,5 

194,9 

-13,3 

-10,7 

38,8 

49,6 

-10,8 

448,7 

459,1 

44,5 

59,6 

41,0 

52,6 

43,6 

44,6 

272,4 

304,2 

9,2 

9,4 

12,1 

13,7 

8,8 

9,1 

1,4 

1,2 

102,0 

118,4 

181,6 

196,1 

38,6 

49,9 

440,0 

435,4 

-10,4 

452,4 

-12,4 

445,7 

-10,3 

-15,1 

-11,6 

-1,0 

47,5 

59,9 

38,6 

53,8 

43,8 

43,5 

-12,4 

-15,2 

0,3 

47,5 

60,3 

38,5 

54,9 

44,0 

42,4 

-12,8 

-16,3 

1,7 

430,9 

439,0 

47,5 

60,6 

38,5 

56,0 

44,4 

41,2 

-8,2 

-13,1 

-17,5 

3,2 

426,3 

432,3 

47,5 

60,9 

38,4 

57,1 

44,7 

40,1 

-6,1 

-13,5 

-18,7 

4,6 

421,7 

425,6 

47,4 

61,2 

38,4 

58,2 

45,0 

39,0 

-4,0 

-13,8 

-19,9 

6,0 

272,8 

273,7 

274,5 

275,4 

276,2 

-31,8 

302,3 

-29,4 

300,3 

-26,6 

298,3 

-23,8 

296,4 

-21,0 

294,4 

-18,2 

-0,9 

-1,3 

-0,4 

-0,2 

-9,4 

8,8 

9,6 

12,8 

14,4 

8,6 

8,7 

0,9 

1,2 

105,4 

113,9 

188,5 

-0,9 

-1,6 

-0,2 

-0,2 

-8,5 

8,9 

9,7 

12,9 

14,7 

8,6 

8,5 

0,9 

1,2 

104,0 

111,6 

188,7 

-0,8 

-1,9 

0,0 

-0,2 

-7,6 

9,0 

9,8 

12,9 

15,1 

8,6 

8,3 

0,9 

1,2 

102,6 

109,3 

188,8 

-0,8 

-2,2 

0,2 

-0,2 

-6,7 

9,1 

9,9 

13,0 

15,5 

8,6 

8,1 

0,9 

1,2 

101,2 

107,0 

189,0 

-0,8 

-2,5 

0,5 

-0,2 

-5,8 

-9,0 

198,6 

-10,1 

199,9 

-11,2 

201,1 

-12,3 

202,3 

-13,4 

-10,4 

39,4 

50,4 

-11,1 

38,9 

50,7 

-11,8 

38,5 

51,0 

-12,4 

38,1 

51,2 

-13,1 

-0,2 

-1,5 

-0,3 

0,2 

-16,4 

-14,5 

-11,3 

8,7 

9,5 

12,7 

14,0 

8,6 

8,9 

0,9 

1,2 

106,7 

116,1 

188,3 

197,4 

39,8 

50,1 

22 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
ESD reviewed  

Proxy emissions 

WEM projections 

2013 

2014 

2015 

2016 

2017 

2018 

2019 

2020 

Country 

Mt CO2 
eq.  

emissions
/ 
target 

absolute 
gap to 
target 

emission
s/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions
/ 
target 

absolut
e gap to 
target 

emissions 

Romania 

target 

emissions 

Slovakia 

target 

emissions 

Slovenia 

target 

72,7 

75,6 

21,1 

24,0 

10,9 

12,3 

-2,9 

-2,9 

-1,4 

72,5 

77,5 

19,8 

24,4 

10,5 

12,4 

-4,9 

-4,6 

-1,9 

emissions 

200,3 

199,8 

Spain 

target 

227,6 

-27,3 

225,6 

-25,9 

emissions 

Sweden 

target 

35,3 

41,7 

-6,4 

emissions 

339,5 

34,5 

41,0 

324,4 

-6,5 

United 
Kingdom 

70,0 

79,3 

20,2 

24,7 

10,7 

12,4 

199,4 

223,7 

34,0 

40,4 

328,7 

-9,3 

-4,6 

-1,7 

71,6 

81,1 

22,4 

25,1 

11,2 

12,4 

-9,5 

-2,7 

-1,2 

72,9 

82,9 

22,5 

25,5 

11,1 

12,4 

-10,0 

-3,0 

-1,3 

74,3 

84,7 

22,5 

25,8 

11,1 

12,5 

-10,4 

-3,3 

-1,4 

201,1 

202,9 

204,8 

-24,3 

221,8 

-20,7 

219,9 

-17,0 

218,0 

-13,2 

-6,4 

33,7 

39,8 

337,8 

345,2 

-6,0 

-7,4 

33,3 

39,1 

333,1 

340,7 

-5,8 

-7,6 

32,9 

38,5 

327,9 

336,1 

-5,6 

-8,2 

75,7 

86,6 

22,6 

26,2 

11,1 

12,5 

206,8 

216,1 

32,5 

37,8 

323,3 

331,6 

-10,9 

-3,6 

-1,4 

-9,2 

-5,3 

77,0 

88,4 

22,6 

26,5 

11,0 

12,5 

208,4 

214,2 

32,1 

37,2 

315,6 

-11,3 

-3,9 

-1,5 

-5,8 

-5,1 

-8,3 

327,1 

-11,5 

target 

358,7 

-19,3 

354,2 

-29,8 

349,7 

-21,0 

Note: Negative gap indicates over delivery, while positive gap indicate shortfall towards ESD targets. 

Source: EEA, European Commission. 

(1) 2013 and 2014 ESD emissions from the 2016 ESD comprehensive review of inventory data. 

(2) 2015 emissions data are approximated inventory data (Art. 8 of the MMR) 

(3) 2016-2020 projected emissions in effort sharing sectors from MS with existing measures 

23 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
5. 

KEY FIGURES FOR KYOTO CP1 COMPLIANCE 

Table 7: Initial Assigned Amount units, GHG emissions 2008-2012 (tCO2eq), and  Kyoto Protocol units in the retirement account 

IAA 

GHG emissions 2008-2012 

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 RMUs 

 CERs 

 tCERs 

 lCERs 

Total 

 Total quantity of Kyoto Protocol units in the retirement account 

Eu-15 

19621381509 

18822263095 

17.368.888.639  

445.838.157  

302.009.951  

725.166.210  

1.615.811  

-    

18.843.518.768  

IAA 

GHG emissions 2008-2012 
(tCO2eq) 

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 RMUs 

 CERs 

 tCERs 

 lCERs 

Total 

 Total quantity of Kyoto Protocol units in the retirement account 

Austria 

      343.866.009  

414.658.054  

362.501.669  

11.975.750  

6.786.726  

33.393.909  

Belgium 

      673.995.528  

626.308.776  

590.701.837  

9.451.546  

-    

26.162.846  

Denmark 

      276.838.955  

297.947.591  

257.813.160  

14.510.576  

8.654.523  

17.005.884  

Finland  

      355.017.545  

338.353.531  

304.541.813  

4.088.755  

17.449.492  

12.273.471  

France 

   2.819.626.640  

2.538.856.531  

2.425.839.655  

24.706.979  

23.648.026  

64.661.871  

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

Germany 

   4.868.096.694  

4.706.574.671  

4.245.979.938  

194.764.982  

39.728.163  

226.101.588  

-    

Greece 

      668.669.806  

598.504.091  

568.566.201  

11.322.449  

2.052.032  

16.563.409  

-    

Ireland 

      314.184.272  

308.508.846  

280.189.478  

4.294.121  

16.291.152  

6.512.114  

1.221.981  

Italy 

   2.416.277.898  

2.479.638.840  

2.258.521.514  

46.715.521  

75.276.599  

98.993.939  

131.267  

Luxembourg 

        47.402.996  

60.116.132  

53.190.972  

395.536  

373.279  

5.893.782  

262.563  

Netherlands 

   1.001.262.141  

997.119.267  

928.949.317  

29.763.371  

-    

38.406.579  

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

414.658.054  

626.316.229  

297.984.143  

338.353.531  

2.538.856.531  

4.706.574.671  

598.504.091  

308.508.846  

2.479.638.840  

60.116.132  

997.119.267  

24 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
        
        
        
        
              
          
        
 
  
  
  
 
                           
             
          
            
          
                         
                    
             
                           
             
            
                       
          
                         
                    
             
                           
             
          
            
          
                         
                    
             
                           
             
            
          
          
                         
                    
             
                        
          
          
          
          
                         
                    
          
                        
          
        
          
        
                         
                    
          
                           
             
          
            
          
                         
                    
             
                           
             
            
          
            
              
                    
             
                        
          
          
          
          
                 
                    
          
                             
               
              
              
            
                 
                    
               
                           
             
          
                       
          
                         
                    
             
Sweden 
United 
Kingdom 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

IAA 

GHG emissions 2008-2012 
(tCO2eq) 

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 RMUs 

 CERs 

 tCERs 

 lCERs 

Total 

 Total quantity of Kyoto Protocol units in the retirement account 

Portugal 

      381.937.527  

362.098.075  

302.650.818  

4.567.634  

44.760.045  

10.119.578  

-    

Spain 

   1.666.195.929  

1.791.980.049  

1.568.312.827  

65.062.121  

52.780.585  

105.824.516  

-    

      375.188.561  

305.573.749  

295.466.371  

2.113.323  

-    

7.994.055  

   3.412.080.630  

3.017.236.560  

2.925.663.069  

22.105.493  

14.209.329  

55.258.669  

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

-    

362.098.075  

1.791.980.049  

305.573.749  

3.017.236.560  

IAA 

GHG emissions 2008-2012 

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 RMUs 

 CERs 

 tCERs 

 lCERs 

Total 

      610.045.827  

                           312.859.911 

             285.924.659 

          13.587.718  

            3.563.874 

            9.783.660 

             312.859.911  

      148.778.503  

                           144.820.156 

             139.023.568 

              487.493  

            5.090.172 

              218.923  

                         -                        -                 144.820.156  

Total quantity of Kyoto Protocol units in the retirement account 

Czech Republic 

      893.541.801  

                           680.149.966 

             626.791.646 

          25.128.765  

            6.584.129 

          21.645.426 

             680.149.966  

Estonia 

Hungary 

Latvia 

      196.062.637  

                             95.304.517 

               90.835.022 

            4.255.338  

                       -    

              214.157  

                         -                        -                   95.304.517  

      542.366.600  

                           335.956.338 

             325.001.828 

            1.172.944  

            7.277.911 

            2.503.655 

      119.182.130  

                             56.453.901 

               48.478.397 

              490.531  

            6.233.333 

            1.251.640 

             335.956.338  

               56.453.901  

Lithuania 

      227.306.177  

                           109.786.321 

               97.066.552 

            3.477.985  

            5.893.563 

            3.348.131 

                         -                        -                 109.786.321  

Poland 

   2.648.181.038  

                        2.006.265.534 

          1.947.596.833 

            2.061.462  

          27.766.419 

          28.840.820 

          2.006.265.534  

Roumania 

   1.279.835.099  

                           615.929.959 

             584.842.690 

            4.479.948  

          17.988.730 

            8.618.591 

                         -                        -                 615.929.959  

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

      331.433.516  

                           227.690.025 

             209.505.856 

            2.327.557  

            1.394.152 

          14.462.460 

                         -                        -                 227.690.025  

        93.628.593  

                             98.542.441 

               85.504.459 

            4.695.634  

            6.600.000 

            1.742.348 

                         -                        -                   98.542.441  

IAA 

GHG emissions 2008-
2012 

AAUs 

ERUs 

RMUs 

CERs 

tCERs 

lCERs 

Total 

EU (26) 

 26.711.003.052  

23.527.233.832  

21.809.460.149  

508.003.532  

390.402.234  

817.796.021  

1.615.811  

-    

23.527.277.837  

25 

 
 
 
  
  
  
 
                           
             
            
          
          
                         
                    
             
                        
          
          
          
        
                         
                    
          
                           
             
            
                       
            
                         
                    
             
                        
          
          
          
          
                         
                    
          
 
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
                       
        
        
        
        
              
                    
        
 
Source: UNFCC, European Commission. 

Note:  IIA:  Initial  Assigned  Amount,  AAU:  Assigned  Amount  Unit,  ERU:  Emission  Reduction  Unit,  RMU:  Removal  Unit,  CER:Certified  Emission  reduction,  tCER:temporary  Certified 

Emission Reduction, lCER:long-term Certified Emission Reduction. 

Table 8: Total quantity of Kyoto Protocol units requested to be carried over from first to the second commitment period 

EU15 

                2.124.109.368,00  

0 

0 

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 CERs 

Austria 

Belgium 

Denmark 

Finland  

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Ireland 

Italy 

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 CERs 

                                 4.945  

                    360  

                   2.322.185  

                          1.706.252  

           3.267.881  

                 16.822.907  

                                     -    

                      -    

                              -    

                         14.018.572  

           2.917.220  

                   6.798.242  

                       187.377.092  

                      -    

                              -    

                                     -    

                      -    

                              -    

                         37.224.272  

           3.493.262  

                   4.392.299  

                          7.816.073  

               74.964  

                   5.255.000  

                             795.601  

           1.108.946  

                   2.138.152  

Luxembourg 

                                     59  

                      -    

                     527.006  

Netherlands 

                                     -    

                      -    

                   3.684.180  

Portugal 

Spain 

Sweden 

                         40.608.686  

              595.005  

                   4.149.718  

                         16.062.657  

           2.171.080  

                 14.742.035  

                             262.565  

           1.225.069  

                   7.845.487  

United Kingdom 

                          1.162.710  

         85.302.015  

                 27.524.671  

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 CERs 

26 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Bulgaria 

Croatia 

                       259.659.629  

           2.284.921  

                     913.430  

                          9.048.519  

                      -    

                              -    

Czech republic 

                         48.272.014  

                      -    

                              -    

Estonia 

Hungary 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Poland 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

                         19.868.929  

           2.127.338  

                     440.523  

                       166.996.521  

           3.876.894  

                   5.336.676  

                         28.249.726  

                 5.317  

                       21.550  

                         71.822.887  

           2.327.000  

                     246.966  

                       411.095.255  

         42.388.889  

                 42.968.220  

                       532.594.270  

         17.870.726  

                   8.692.621  

                         28.624.050  

                      -    

                              -    

                          1.248.230  

                      -    

                              -    

EU (26) 

                    4.008.628.882  

       171.036.887  

               154.821.868  

AAUs 

 ERUs 

 CERs 

Source: UNFCC, European Commission. 

Note: AAU: Assigned Amount Unit, ERU: Emission Reduction Unit, CER: Certified Emission reduction. 

27 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6. 

MEMBER STATES CLIMATE FINANCE 

In 2015, EU Member States submitted to the European Commission their third annual reports on 
financial  and  technology  support  provided  to  developing  countries  pursuant  to  Article  16  of  the 
Monitoring Mechanism Regulation (MMR) with information for the year 2014. The information 
submitted by EU Member States is in accordance with the relevant provisions of the UNFCCC, 
including the common formats agreed under UNFCCC for the biennial reports. In 2014, the EU 
and its Member States contributed EUR 14.5bn in climate finance.6  
Table 9 : Climate finance provided to developing countries (2014).  

EU and Member States 

Climate finance (€ million) 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Cyprus 

Czech Republic 

Denmark 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Luxembourg 

Malta 

Netherlands 

Poland 

Portugal 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 

United Kingdom 

European Commission 

European Investment Bank 

EU total 

141,27 

142,74 

0,07 

0,03 

0,00 

10,80 

222,04 

0,53 

132,25 

2921,43 

5130,61 

0,04 

2,71 

41,44 

143,23 

0,42 

0,26 

36,26 

0,08 

339,98 

4,19 

9,52 

0,03 

1,23 

2,35 

498,75 

384,75 

1551,43 

677,01 

2098,50 

14493,94 

Source:  Reporting  submitted  by  MS  under  Monitoring  Mechanism  Regulation  (EU)  n  525/2013;  OECD  data  on  imputed 
multilateral climate related finance. 

6 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/11/10-conclusions-climate-finance/  

28 

 
 
 
 
                                                            
This figure includes climate finance sources from public budgets and other development financial 
institutions. The 2014 figure also includes climate finance from the EIB of EUR 2.1bn and OECD 
data on imputed multilateral contributions. The data is reported on the basis of technical guidance 
from the European Commission for reporting under Article 16, as discussed with Member States. 
Differences in reporting methodologies and in the scope of the data still exist, despite efforts by 
the EU and its Member States to harmonise reporting methodologies. 

Types of activities 

The  EU  and  its  Member  States  supported  both  activities  that  reduce  greenhouse  gas  emissions 
(mitigation)  and  adaptation  to  the  consequences  of  climate  change.  Of  all  climate  funding, 
approximately  58%  was  devoted  to  mitigation  and  14%  to  adaptation.  The  remaining  28%  was 
multi-purpose climate finance with both adaptation and mitigation objectives, including the fight 
against deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+). 

29 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. 

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE  

The  2013  EU  strategy  on  adaptation  to  climate  change  aims  at  making  Europe  more  climate-
resilient. It promotes adaptation action across the EU, ensuring that adaptation considerations are 
addressed in all relevant EU policies (mainstreaming), promoting greater coordination, coherence 
and information-sharing. 

In  2017,  the  European  Commission  will  report  to  the  EU  Parliament  and  Council  on  the 
implementation  of  the  Adaptation  Strategy.  This  report  will  also  include  an  assessment  of  the 
progress made by Member States in terms of adaptation action and hence preparedness. Progress 
will be assessed, inter alia, on the basis of the reports provided in 2015 by Member States within 
the  framework  of  the  Monitoring  Mechanism  Regulation.  Some  general  trends  are  described 
below:  

Adaptation  planning  and  the  identification  of  general  risks  and  vulnerabilities  are  developed  in 
many  Member  States.  National  adaptation  strategies/actions  plans  have  been  adopted  in  21  
Member States and most of those who do not yet have a strategy are preparing one. In addition, 
several  Member  States  are  in  the  process  reviewing  their  adaptation  strategies  and  action  plans. 
Effective  horizontal  coordination  between  relevant  Ministries  was  beneficial  in  many  cases:  for 
example,  in  Austria,  Belgium,  and  Hungary  it  has  facilitated  the  planning  for  adaptation. 
Coordination between different levels of governance (local, regional, national) is still weak in the 
majority of Member States. However, there are some efforts to develop political, regulatory and 
technical  frameworks  for  cities  to  implement  adaptation  measures  in  different  Member  States.   
Several  countries  have  included  urban  adaptation  in  their  national  strategies,  or  have  made  it  a 
standard  part  of  priority  sectors  under  consideration  .  At  EU  level,  adaptation  has  been  merged 
with  mitigation  efforts  through  the  new  Covenant  of  Mayors  in  a  European  initiative  of  nearly 
7,000 cities.  Stakeholder involvement is considered key to have a transparent, inclusive and well-
informed planning process. Some countries have yet to explore in-depth involvement and increase 
the  commitment  to  adaptation  of  private  sector  and  civil  society  stakeholders.  Progress,  in  this 
direction,  has  been  achieved  in  some  Member  States,  for  example  the  UK,  the  Netherlands  and 
France. 

In the Member States, earmarked financing for adaptation is still more the exception than the rule. 
While  over  half  of  the  MS  have  financial  resources  available  for  preliminary  adaptation  action 
(e.g.  climate  services,  vulnerability  assessments  and  climate  research),  only  few  (for  instance 
Denmark,  Germany  and  Malta)  have  a  dedicated  budget  to  implement  adaptation  action  in 
vulnerable sectors.  Public funding for adaptation often focuses on water, agriculture, forestry and 
human health.   

The definition of solid adaptation actions and their strategic implementation is still an outstanding 
issue for many Member States. Further comprehensive sector vulnerability assessments should be 
carried out. Only few countries have specific projects/programs to implement adaptation measures 
as  such.  Due  to  insufficient  awareness,  technical  capacity  and  resources,  measures  are  often 
implemented  ad  hoc.  Providing  information  to  relevant  stakeholders  (e.g.  on  adaptation  tools, 
education,  guidelines)  and  integrating  adaptation  concerns  into  priority  policies  are  the  main 
instruments in this regard. Priority sectors for adaptation implementation cover a broad spectrum 
and include: water management and water resources, forests and forestry, agriculture, biodiversity 
and ecosystems, and human health.     

Monitoring  and  Evaluation  systems  of  adaptation  have  only  been  developed  or  are  under 
development in less than half the Member States . This is partly explained by the relatively early 
stage  in  implementation  of  adaptation  actions.  The  few  MS  that  are  more  advanced  with  M&E, 

30 

 
 
 
 
have  mostly  focused  on  processes  as  in  the  case  of  Spain  and  Finland,  while  outcome-based 
indicators  (e.g.  reductions  in  vulnerability  to  climate  change)  were  developed  by  Austria  and 
Germany. Challenges in this regard include developing outcome-based indicators and addressing 
knowledge gaps, such as on cost and benefits of adaptation and vulnerability at local level. 

31