Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/427 of 10 March 2016 amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6) (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 2016-03-10
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: approval, commercial vehicle, general mechanical engineering, motor vehicle, motor vehicle pollution, pollution control measures, technical standard




L_2016082EN.01000101.xml










31.3.2016   


EN


Official Journal of the European Union


L 82/1








            COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) 2016/427
of 10 March 2016
         
amending Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 as regards emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 6)
(Text with EEA relevance)


THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,


Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (1), and in particular Article 5(3) thereof,

Whereas:







(1)


Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 requires the Commission to keep under review the procedures, tests and requirements for type-approval that are set out in Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 (2) and to adjust them so that they adequately reflect the emissions generated by real driving on the road, if necessary.












(2)


The Commission has performed a detailed analysis in this respect on the basis of own research and external information and found that emissions generated by real driving on the road of Euro 5/6 vehicles substantially exceed the emissions measured on the regulatory new European driving cycle (NEDC), in particular with respect to NOx emissions of diesel vehicles.












(3)


Type-approval emission requirements for motor vehicles have been tightened significantly through the introduction and subsequent revision of Euro standards. While vehicles in general have delivered substantial emission reductions across the range of regulated pollutants, this is not true of NOx emissions from diesel engines (especially light-duty vehicles). Actions for correcting this situation are therefore needed. Addressing the problem of NOx emissions from diesel engines should contribute to decrease the current sustained high levels of NO2 concentrations in ambient air, which are particularly related to those emissions and are a major concern regarding human health, as well as a challenge regarding compliance with Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (3).












(4)


The Commission has established in January 2011 a working group involving all interested stakeholders for developing a real driving emission (RDE) test procedure better reflecting emissions measured on the road. For this purpose the technical option suggested in Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, i.e. the use of portable emission measurement systems (PEMS) and not-to-exceed (NTE) regulatory concepts has been followed.












(5)


In order to allow manufacturers gradually to adapt to the RDE requirements, the respective test procedures should be introduced in two phases as agreed with stakeholders in the Cars 2020 process (4): during a first transitional period the test procedures should only be applied for monitoring purposes, while afterwards they should be applied together with binding quantitative RDE requirements to all new type-approvals/new vehicles. The final quantitative RDE requirements will be introduced in two subsequent steps.












(6)


Quantitative RDE requirements should be established in order to limit tailpipe emissions under all normal conditions of use pursuant to the emission limits set out in Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. For that purpose statistical and technical uncertainties of the measurement procedures should be taken into account.












(7)


An individual RDE test at the initial type-approval cannot cover the full range of relevant traffic and ambient conditions. Therefore in-service-conformity testing is of utmost importance for ensuring that a widest possible range of such conditions is covered by a regulatory RDE test, thereby providing for compliance with the regulatory requirements under all normal conditions of use.












(8)


For small-volume manufacturers the execution of PEMS tests according to the envisaged procedural requirements may constitute a significant burden that is not in balance with the expected environmental benefit. It is therefore appropriate to allow for some specific exemptions for those manufacturers. Real driving emissions test procedure should be updated and improved if necessary to reflect, e.g., changes in vehicle technology. To assist the revision procedure, vehicle and emissions data obtained during the transitional period should be considered.












(9)


In order to allow approval authorities and manufacturers to put in place the necessary procedures to comply with the requirements of this Regulation, it should apply from 1 January 2016.












(10)


It is therefore appropriate to amend Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 accordingly.












(11)


The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Technical Committee — Motor Vehicles,





HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:



Article 1
Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 is amended as follows:






(1)


In Article 2, the following points 41 and 42 are added:






‘41.


“Real driving emissions (RDE)” means the emissions of a vehicle under its normal conditions of use;










42.


“Portable emissions measurement system (PEMS)” means a portable emissions measurement system meeting the requirements specified in Appendix 1 to Annex IIIA;’.














(2)


In Article 3, the following paragraph 10 is added:

‘10.   The manufacturer shall ensure that, throughout the normal life of a vehicle which is type-approved in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, its emissions as determined in accordance with the requirements set out in Annex IIIA to this Regulation and emitted at an RDE test performed in accordance with that Annex, shall not exceed the values set out therein.
Type-approval in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 may only be issued if the vehicle is part of a validated PEMS test family according to Appendix 7 of Annex IIIA.
Until the adoption of specific values for the parameters CFpollutan

t in the table of point 2.1 of Annex IIIA to this Regulation, the following provisions shall apply:






(a)


The requirements of point 2.1 of Annex IIIA to this Regulation shall only apply after the adoption of specific values for the parameters CFpollutant
 in the table of point 2.1 of Annex IIIA to this Regulation.










(b)


The other requirements of Annex IIIA, in particular with regard to RDE tests to be performed and data to be recorded and made available, shall apply only to new type-approvals according to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 issued after the twentieth day following that of the publication of Annex IIIA in the Official Journal of the European Union.










(c)


The requirements of Annex IIIA shall not apply to type-approvals granted to small-volume manufacturers as defined in Article 2(32) of this Regulation.










(d)


Where the requirements set out in Appendices 5 and 6 of Annex IIIA are satisfied for only one of the two data evaluation methods described in those Appendices, the following procedures shall be followed:






(i)


one additional RDE test shall be performed;










(ii)


where those requirements are again satisfied for only one method the analysis of the completeness and normality shall be recorded for both methods and the calculation required by point 9.3 of Annex IIIA may be limited to the method for which the completeness and normality requirements are satisfied.




The data of both RDE tests and of the analysis of the completeness and normality shall be recorded and made available for examining the difference in the results of the two data evaluation methods.










(e)


The power at the wheels of the test vehicle shall be determined either by wheel hub torque measurement or from the CO2 mass flow using “Velines” according to point 4 of Appendix 6 of Annex IIIA.’.















(3)


In Article 6, paragraph 1, the fourth subparagraph is replaced by the following:

                                 ‘The requirements of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 shall be deemed to be met if all the following conditions are fulfilled:






(a)


the requirements of Article 3(10) are met;










(b)


the requirements of Article 13 of this Regulation are met;










(c)


for vehicles type-approved to the requirements of the Euro 5 emission limits given in Table 1 of Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, the vehicle has been approved according to UN/ECE Regulations No 83, series of amendments 06, No 85, No 101, series of amendments 01 and in the case of compression ignition vehicles No 24 Part III, series of amendments 03;










(d)


for vehicles type-approved to the requirements of the Euro 6 emission limits given in Table 2 of Annex I of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, the vehicle has been approved according to UN/ECE Regulations No 83, series of amendments 07, No 85 and its supplements, No 101, Revision 3 (comprising series of amendments 01 and their supplements) and in the case of compression ignition vehicles No 24 Part III, series of amendments 03.’.














(4)


Annex I, point 2.4.1, Figure I.2.4, is amended as follows:






(a)


the following rows are inserted after the row starting with ‘Particulate mass and particulate number (Type 1 test)’:


















‘Gaseous pollutants, RDE (Type 1A test)


Yes


Yes


Yes


Yes (4)


Yes (both fuels)


Yes (both fuels)


Yes (both fuels)


Yes (both fuels)


Yes (both fuels)


Yes ((both fuels)


Yes


—


—




Particulate number, RDE (Type 1A test) (6)


Yes


—


—


—


Yes (both fuels)


Yes (both fuels


Yes (both fuels


Yes (both fuels)


—


Yes (both fuels)


Yes


—


—’














(b)


the following explanatory note is added:






‘(6)


The particulate number RDE test only applies to vehicles for which Euro 6 PN emission limits are defined in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.’.


















(5)


A new Annex IIIA is inserted as set out in the Annex to this Regulation.






Article 2
This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.
It shall apply from 1 January 2016.




This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Brussels, 10 March 2016.


For the Commission


The President

Jean-Claude JUNCKER
            





(1)  
            OJ L 171, 29.6.2007, p. 1.

(2)  Commission Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 of 18 July 2008 implementing and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on type-approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (OJ L 199, 28.7.2008, p. 1).

(3)  Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (OJ L 152, 11.6.2008, p. 1).

(4)  Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: Cars 2020: Action Plan for a competitive and sustainable automotive industry in Europe (COM(2012) 636 final).




ANNEX



‘ANNEX IIIA

VERIFYING REAL DRIVING EMISSIONS

1.   INTRODUCTION, DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1.1.   Introduction
This Annex describes the procedure to verify the Real Driving Emissions (RDE) performance of light passenger and commercial vehicles.
1.2.   Definitions
1.2.1.   
                              “Accuracy” means the deviation between a measured or calculated value and a traceable reference value.
1.2.2.   
                              “Analyser” means any measurement device that is not part of the vehicle but installed to determine the concentration or the amount of gaseous or particle pollutants.
1.2.3.   
                              “Axis intercept” of a linear regression (a
0) means:





where:







a
1



is the slope of the regression line











is the mean value of the reference parameter











is the mean value of the parameter to be verified.




1.2.4.   
                              “Calibration” means the process of setting the response of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor, or signal so that its output agrees with one or multiple reference signals.
1.2.5.   
                              “Coefficient of determination” (r
2) means:





where:







a
0



is the axis intercept of the linear regression line





a
1



is the slope of the linear regression line





x
i



is the measured reference value





y
i



is the measured value of the parameter to be verified











is the mean value of the parameter to be verified





n



is the number of values




1.2.6.   
                              “Cross-correlation coefficient” (r) means:





where:







x
i



is the measured reference value





y
i



is the measured value of the parameter to be verified











is the mean reference value











is the mean value of the parameter to be verified





n



is the number of values




1.2.7.   
                              “Delay time” means the time from the gas flow switching (t0) until the response reaches 10 per cent (t10) of the final reading.
1.2.8.   
                              “Engine control unit (ECU) signals or data” means any vehicle information and signal recorded from the vehicle network using the protocols specified in point 3.4.5.of Appendix 1.
1.2.9.   
                              “Engine control unit” means the electronic unit that controls various actuators to ensure the optimal performance of the powertrain.
1.2.10.   
                              “Emissions” also referred to as “components”, “pollutant components” or “pollutant emissions” means the regulated gaseous or particle constituents of the exhaust.
1.2.11.   
                              “Exhaust”, also referred to as exhaust gas, means the total of all gaseous and particulate components emitted at the exhaust outlet or tailpipe as the result of fuel combustion within the vehicle's internal combustion engine.
1.2.12.   
                              “Exhaust emissions” means the emissions of particles, characterised as particulate matter and particle number, and of gaseous components at the tailpipe of a vehicle.
1.2.13.   
                              “Full scale” means the full range of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor as specified by the equipment manufacturer. If a sub-range of the analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor is used for measurements, full scale shall be understood as the maximum reading.
1.2.14.   
                              “Hydrocarbon response factor” of a particular hydrocarbon species means the ratio between the reading of a FID and the concentration of the hydrocarbon species under consideration in the reference gas cylinder, expressed as ppmC1.
1.2.15.   
                              “Major maintenance” means the adjustment, repair or replacement of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor that could affect the accuracy of measurements.
1.2.16.   
                              “Noise” means two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1,0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds.
1.2.17.   
                              “Non-methane hydrocarbons” (NMHC) means the total hydrocarbons (THC) excluding methane (CH4).
1.2.18.   
                              “Particle number” (PN) means as the total number of solid particles emitted from the vehicle exhaust as defined by the measurement procedure provided for by this Regulation for assessing the respective Euro 6 emission limit defined in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.
1.2.19.   
                              “Precision” means 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given traceable standard value.
1.2.20.   
                              “Reading” means the numerical value displayed by an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or any other measurement devise applied in the context of vehicle emission measurements.
1.2.21.   
                              “Response time” (t
90) means the sum of the delay time and the rise time.
1.2.22.   
                              “Rise time” means the time between the 10 per cent and 90 per cent response (t90 – t10) of the final reading.
1.2.23.   
                              “Root mean square” (x
rms) means the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of values and defined as:





where:







x



is the measured or calculated value




n


is the number of values




1.2.24.   
                              “Sensor” means any measurement device that is not part of the vehicle itself but installed to determine parameters other than the concentration of gaseous and particle pollutants and the exhaust mass flow.
1.2.25.   
                              “Span” means the calibration of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, or sensor so that it gives an accurate response to a standard that matches as closely as possible the maximum value expected to occur during the actual emissions test.
1.2.26.   
                              “Span response” means the mean response to a span signal over a time interval of at least 30 seconds.
1.2.27.   
                              “Span response drift” means the difference between the mean response to a span signal and the actual span signal that is measured at a defined time period after an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor was accurately spanned.
1.2.28.   
                              “Slope” of a linear regression (a
1) means:





where:













is the mean value of the reference parameter











is the mean value of the parameter to be verified





x
i



is the actual value of the reference parameter





y
i



is the actual value of the parameter to be verified





n



is the number of values




1.2.29.   
                              “Standard error of estimate” (SEE) means:





where:







ý



is the estimated value of the parameter to be verified





y
i



is the actual value of the parameter to be verified





x
max



is the maximum actual value of the reference parameter




n


is the number of values




1.2.30.   
                              “Total hydrocarbons” (THC) means the sum of all volatile compounds measurable by a flame ionisation detector (FID).
1.2.31.   
                              “Traceable” means the ability to relate a measurement or reading through an unbroken chain of comparisons to a known and commonly agreed standard.
1.2.32.   
                              “Transformation time” means the time difference between a change of concentration or flow (t
0) at the reference point and a system response of 50 per cent of the final reading (t
50).
1.2.33.   
                              “Type of analyser”, also referred to as “analyser type” means a group of analysers produced by the same manufacturer that apply an identical principle to determine the concentration of one specific gaseous component or the number of particles.
1.2.34.   
                              “Type of exhaust mass flow meter” means a group of exhaust mass flow meters produced by the same manufacturer that share a similar tube inner diameter and function on an identical principle to determine the mass flow rate of the exhaust gas.
1.2.35.   
                              “Validation” means the process of evaluating the correct installation and functionality of a Portable Emissions Measurement System and the correctness of exhaust mass flow rate measurements as obtained from one or multiple non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or as calculated from sensors or ECU signals.
1.2.36.   
                              “Verification” means the process of evaluating whether the measured or calculated output of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or signal agrees with a reference signal within one or more predetermined thresholds for acceptance.
1.2.37.   
                              “Zero” means the calibration of an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor so that it gives an accurate response to a zero signal.
1.2.38.   
                              “Zero response” means the mean response to a zero signal over a time interval of at least 30 seconds.
1.2.39.   
                              “Zero response drift” means the difference between the mean response to a zero signal and the actual zero signal that is measured over a defined time period after an analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor has been accurately zero calibrated.
1.3.   Abbreviations
Abbreviations refer generically to both the singular and the plural forms of abbreviated terms.







CH4



—


Methane




CLD


—


Chemiluminescence Detector




CO


—


Carbon Monoxide




CO2



—


Carbon Dioxide




CVS


—


Constant Volume Sampler




DCT


—


Dual Clutch Transmission




ECU


—


Engine Control Unit




EFM


—


Exhaust mass Flow Meter




FID


—


Flame Ionisation Detector




FS


—


full scale




GPS


—


Global Positioning System




H2O


—


Water




HC


—


Hydrocarbons




HCLD


—


Heated Chemiluminescence Detector




HEV


—


Hybrid Electric Vehicle




ICE


—


Internal Combustion Engine




ID


—


identification number or code




LPG


—


Liquid Petroleum Gas




MAW


—


Moving Average Window




max


—


maximum value




N2



—


Nitrogen




NDIR


—


Non-Dispersive Infrared




NDUV


—


Non-Dispersive Ultraviolet




NEDC


—


New European Driving Cycle




NG


—


Natural Gas




NMC


—


Non-Methane Cutter




NMC-FID


—


Non-Methane Cutter in combination with a Flame-Ionisation Detector




NMHC


—


Non-Methane Hydrocarbons




NO


—


Nitrogen Monoxide




No


—


number




NO2



—


Nitrogen Dioxide




NOX



—


Nitrogen Oxides




NTE


—


Not-to-exceed




O2



—


Oxygen




OBD


—


On-Board Diagnostics




PEMS


—


Portable Emissions Measurement System




PHEV


—


Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle




PN


—


particle number




RDE


—


Real Driving Emissions




SCR


—


Selective Catalytic Reduction




SEE


—


Standard Error of Estimate




THC


—


Total Hydrocarbons




UN/ECE


—


United Nations Economic Commission for Europe




VIN


—


Vehicle Identification Number




WLTC


—


Worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle




WWH-OBD


—


Worldwide Harmonised On-Board Diagnostics




2.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1.   Throughout its normal life, the emissions of a vehicle type-approved according to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 as determined according to the requirements of this Annex and emitted at a RDE test performed in accordance to the requirements of this Annex, shall not be higher than the following not-to-exceed (NTE) values:

NTEpollutant = CFpollutant
 × EURO-6
where EURO-6 is the applicable Euro 6 emission limit in Table 2 of Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and CFpollutant
 the conformity factor for the respective pollutant specified as follows:










Pollutant


Mass of oxides of nitrogen (NOx)


Number of particles (PN)


Mass of carbon monoxide (CO) (1)



Mass of total hydrocarbons (THC)


Combined mass of total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen (THC + NOx)





CFpollutant




tbd


tbd


—


—


—




2.2.   The manufacturer shall confirm compliance with point 2.1 by completing the certificate set out in Appendix 9.
2.3.   The RDE tests required by this Annex at type-approval and during the lifetime of a vehicle provide a presumption of conformity with the requirement set out in point 2.1. The presumed conformity may be reassessed by additional RDE tests.
2.4.   Member States shall ensure that vehicles can be tested with PEMS on public roads in accordance with the procedures under their own national law, while respecting local road traffic legislation and safety requirements.
2.5.   Manufacturers shall ensure that vehicles can be tested with PEMS by an independent party on public roads fulfilling the requirements of point 2.4, e.g. by making available suitable adapters for exhaust pipes, granting access to ECU signals and making the necessary administrative arrangements. If the respective PEMS test is not required by this Regulation the manufacturer may charge a reasonable fee as set out in Article 7(1) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.
3.   RDE TEST TO BE PERFORMED
3.1.   The following requirements apply to PEMS tests referred to in Article 3(10), second sub-paragraph.
3.1.1.   For type-approval, the exhaust mass flow shall be determined by measurement equipment functioning independently from the vehicle and no vehicle ECU data shall be used in this respect. Outside the type-approval context, alternative methods to determine the exhaust mass flow can be used according to Appendix 2, Section 7.2.
3.1.2.   If the approval authority is not satisfied with the data quality check and validation results of a PEMS test conducted according to Appendices 1 and 4, the approval authority may consider the test to be void. In such case, the test data and the reasons for voiding the test shall be recorded by the approval authority.
3.1.3.   Reporting and dissemination of RDE test information
3.1.3.1.   A technical report prepared by the manufacturer in accordance with Appendix 8 shall be made available to the approval authority.
3.1.3.2.   The manufacturer shall ensure that the following information is made available on a publicly accessible website without costs:






3.1.3.2.1.


By entering the vehicle type-approval number and the information on type, variant and version as defined in sections 0.10 and 0.2 of the vehicle's EC certificate of conformity provided by Annex IX of Directive 2007/46/EC, the unique identification number of a PEMS test family to which a given vehicle emission type belongs, as set out in point 5.2 of Appendix 7,










3.1.3.2.2.


By entering the unique identification number of a PEMS test family:






—


the full information as required by point 5.1 of Appendix 7,










—


the lists described in points 5.3 and 5.4 of Appendix 7;










—


the results of the PEMS tests as set out in points 6.3 of Appendix 5 and 3.9 of Appendix 6 for all vehicle emission types in the list described in point 5.4 of Appendix 7.








3.1.3.3.   Upon request, without costs and within 30 days, the manufacturer shall make available the technical report referred to in point 3.1.3.1 to any interested party.
3.1.3.4.   Upon request, the type-approval authority shall make available the information listed under points 3.1.3.1 and 3.1.3.2 within 30 days of receiving the request. The type-approval authority may charge a reasonable and proportionate fee, which does not discourage an inquirer with a justified interest from requesting the respective information or exceed the internal costs of the authority for making the requested information available.
4.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
4.1.   The RDE performance shall be demonstrated by testing vehicles on the road operated over their normal driving patterns, conditions and payloads. The RDE test shall be representative for vehicles operated on their real driving routes, with their normal load.
4.2.   The manufacturer shall demonstrate to the approval authority that the chosen vehicle, driving patterns, conditions and payloads are representative for the vehicle family. The payload and altitude requirements, as specified in points 5.1 and 5.2, shall be used ex-ante to determine whether the conditions are acceptable for RDE testing.
4.3.   The approval authority shall propose a test trip in urban, rural and motorway environments meeting the requirements of point 6. For the purpose of trip selection, the definition of urban, rural and motorway operation shall be based on a topographic map.
4.4.   If for a vehicle the collection of ECU data influences the vehicle's emissions or performance the entire PEMS test family to which the vehicle belongs as defined in Appendix 7 shall be considered as non-compliant. Such functionality shall be considered as a “defeat device” as defined in Article 3(10) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.
5.   BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
5.1.   Vehicle payload and test mass
5.1.1.   The vehicle's basic payload shall comprise the driver, a witness of the test (if applicable) and the test equipment, including the mounting and the power supply devices.
5.1.2.   For the purpose of testing some artificial payload may be added as long as the total mass of the basic and artificial payload does not exceed 90 % of the sum of the “mass of the passengers” and the “pay-mass” defined in points 19 and 21 of Article 2 of Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 (2).
5.2.   Ambient conditions
5.2.1.   The test shall be conducted under ambient conditions laid down in this section. The ambient conditions become “extended” when at least one of the temperature and altitude conditions is extended.
5.2.2.   Moderate altitude conditions: Altitude lower or equal to 700 metres above sea level.
5.2.3.   Extended altitude conditions: Altitude higher than 700 metres above sea level and lower or equal to 1 300 metres above sea level.
5.2.4.   Moderate temperature conditions: Greater than or equal to 273 K (0 °C) and lower than or equal to 303 K (30 °C)
5.2.5.   Extended temperature conditions: Greater than or equal to 266 K (– 7 °C) and lower than 273 K (0 °C) or greater than 303 K (30 °C) and lower than or equal to 308 K (35 °C)
5.2.6.   By way of derogation from the provisions of points 5.2.4 and 5.2.5 the lower temperature for moderate conditions shall be greater or equal to 276K (3 °C) and the lower temperature for extended conditions shall be greater or equal to 271 K (– 2 °C) between the start of the application of binding NTE emission limits as defined in Section 2.1 and until five years after the dates given in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Article 10 of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007.
5.3.   Dynamic conditions
5.4.   The dynamic conditions encompass the effect of road grade, head wind and driving dynamics (accelerations, decelerations) and auxiliary systems upon energy consumption and emissions of the test vehicle. The verification of the normality of dynamic conditions shall be done after the test is completed, using the recorded PEMS data. The methods for verifying the normality of the dynamic conditions, are laid down in Appendices 5 and 6 of this Annex. Each method includes a reference for dynamic conditions, ranges around the reference and the minimum coverage requirements to achieve a valid test.
5.5.   Vehicle condition and operation
5.5.1.   Auxiliary systems
The air conditioning system or other auxiliary devices shall be operated in a way which corresponds to their possible use by a consumer at real driving on the road.
5.5.2.   Vehicles equipped with periodically regenerating systems
5.5.2.1.   
                                 “Periodically regenerating systems” shall be understood according to the definition in Article 2(6).
5.5.2.2.   If periodic regeneration occurs during a test, the test may be voided and repeated once at the request of the manufacturer.
5.5.2.3.   The manufacturer may ensure the completion of the regeneration and precondition the vehicle appropriately prior to the second test.
5.5.2.4.   If regeneration occurs during the repetition of the RDE test, pollutants emitted during the repeated test shall be included in the emissions evaluation.
6.   TRIP REQUIREMENTS
6.1.   The shares of urban, rural and motorway driving, classified by instantaneous speed as described in points 6.3 to 6.5, shall be expressed as a percentage of the total trip distance.
6.2.   The trip sequence shall consist of urban driving followed by rural and motorway driving according to the shares specified in point 6.6. The urban, rural and motorway operation shall be run continuously. Rural operation may be interrupted by short periods of urban operation when driving through urban areas. Motorway operation may be interrupted by short periods of urban or rural operation, e.g. when passing toll stations or sections of road work. If another testing order is justified for practical reasons, the order of urban, rural and motorway operation may be altered, after obtaining approval from the approval authority.
6.3.   Urban operation is characterised by vehicle speeds up to 60 km/h.
6.4.   Rural operation is characterised by vehicle speeds between 60 and 90 km/h.
6.5.   Motorway operation is characterised by speeds above 90 km/h.
6.6.   The trip shall consist of approximately 34 % per cent urban, 33 % per cent rural and 33 % per cent motorway operation classified by speed as described in points 6.3 to 6.5 above. “Approximately” shall mean the interval of ± 10 per cent points around the stated percentages. The urban operation shall however never be less than 29 % of the total trip distance.
6.7.   The vehicle velocity shall normally not exceed 145 km/h. This maximum speed may be exceeded by a tolerance of 15 km/h for not more than 3 % of the time duration of the motorway driving. Local speed limits remain in force at a PEMS test, notwithstanding other legal consequences. Violations of local speed limits per se do not invalidate the results of a PEMS test.
6.8.   The average speed (including stops) of the urban driving part of the trip should be between 15 and 30 km/h. Stop periods, defined as vehicle speed of less than 1 km/h, shall account for at least 10 % of the time duration of urban operation. Urban operation shall contain several stop periods of 10 s or longer. The inclusion of one excessively long stop period that individually comprises >80 % of the total stop time of urban operation shall be avoided.
6.9.   The speed range of the motorway driving shall properly cover a range between 90 and at least 110 km/h. The vehicle's velocity shall be above 100 km/h for at least 5 minutes.
6.10.   The trip duration shall be between 90 and 120 minutes.
6.11.   The start and the end point shall not differ in their elevation above sea level by more than 100 m.
6.12.   The minimum distance of each operation: urban, rural and motorway, shall be 16 km.
7.   OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1.   The trip shall be selected in such a way that the testing is uninterrupted and the data continuously recorded to reach the minimum test duration defined in point 6.10.
7.2.   Electrical power shall be supplied to the PEMS by an external power supply unit and not from a source that draws its energy either directly or indirectly from the engine of the test vehicle.
7.3.   The installation of the PEMS equipment shall be done in a way to influence the vehicle emissions or performance or both to the minimum extent possible. Care should be exercised to minimise the mass of the installed equipment and potential aerodynamic modifications of the test vehicle. The vehicle payload shall be in accordance with point 5.1.
7.4.   RDE tests shall be conducted on working days as defined for the Union in Council Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1182/71 (3).
7.5.   RDE tests shall be conducted on paved roads and streets (e.g. off-road operation is not permitted).
7.6   Prolonged idling shall be avoided after the first ignition of the combustion engine at the beginning of the emissions test. If the engine stalls during the test, it may be restarted, but the sampling shall not be interrupted.
8.   LUBRICATING OIL, FUEL AND REAGENT
8.1.   The fuel, lubricant and reagent (if applicable) used for RDE testing shall be within the specifications issued by the manufacturer for vehicle operation by the customer.
8.2.   Samples of fuel, lubricant and reagent (if applicable) shall be taken and kept for at least 1 year.
9.   EMISSIONS AND TRIP EVALUATION
9.1.   The test shall be conducted in accordance with Appendix 1 of this Annex.
9.2.   The trip shall fulfil the requirements set out in points 4 to 8.
9.3.   It shall not be permitted to combine data of different trips or to modify or remove data from a trip.
9.4.   After establishing the validity of a trip according to Point 9.2 emission results shall be calculated using the methods laid down in Appendix 5 and Appendix 6 of this Annex.
9.5.   If during a particular time interval the ambient conditions are extended according to point 5.2, the emissions during this particular time interval calculated according to Appendix 4 of this Annex shall be divided by a value ext before being evaluated for compliance with the requirements of this Annex.
9.6.   The cold start is defined in accordance with point 4 of Appendix 4 of this Annex. Until specific requirements for emissions at cold start are applied, the latter shall be recorded but excluded from the emissions evaluation.




‘Appendix 1

Test procedure for vehicle emissions testing with a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS)

1.   INTRODUCTION
This Appendix describes the test procedure to determine exhaust emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles using a Portable Emissions Measurement System.
2.   SYMBOLS







≤


—


smaller or equal




#


—


number




#/m3



—


number per cubic metre




%


—


per cent




°C


—


degree centigrade




g


—


gramme




g/s


—


gramme per second




h


—


hour




Hz


—


hertz




K


—


kelvin




kg


—


kilogramme




kg/s


—


kilogramme per second




km


—


kilometre




km/h


—


kilometre per hour




kPa


—


kilopascal




kPa/min


—


kilopascal per minute




l


—


litre




l/min


—


litre per minute




m


—


metre




m3



—


cubic-metre




mg


—


milligram




min


—


minute





p
e



—


evacuated pressure [kPa]




qvs



—


volume flow rate of the system [l/min]




ppm


—


parts per million




ppmC1



—


parts per million carbon equivalent




rpm


—


revolutions per minute




s


—


second





V
s



—


system volume [l]




3.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
3.1.   PEMS

The test shall be carried out with a PEMS, composed of components specified in points 3.1.1 to 3.1.5. If applicable, a connection with the vehicle ECU may be established to determine relevant engine and vehicle parameters as specified in point 3.2.
3.1.1.   Analysers to determine the concentration of pollutants in the exhaust gas.
3.1.2.   One or multiple instruments or sensors to measure or determine the exhaust mass flow.
3.1.3.   A Global Positioning System to determine the position, altitude and, speed of the vehicle.
3.1.4.   If applicable, sensors and other appliances being not part of the vehicle, e.g. to measure ambient temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, and vehicle speed.
3.1.5.   An energy source independent of the vehicle to power the PEMS.
3.2.   Test parameters

Test parameters as specified in Table 1 of this Annex shall be measured, recorded at a constant frequency of 1,0 Hz or higher and reported according to the requirements of Appendix 8. If ECU parameters are obtained, these should be made available at a substantially higher frequency than the parameters recorded by PEMS to ensure correct sampling. The PEMS analysers, flow-measuring instruments and sensors shall comply with the requirements laid down in Appendices 2 and 3 of this Annex.

Table 1


Test parameters








Parameter


Recommended unit


Source (11)





THC concentration (4)
 (7)



ppm


Analyser




CH4 concentration (4)
 (7)



ppm


Analyser




NMHC concentration (4)
 (7)



ppm


Analyser (9)





CO concentration (4)
 (7)



ppm


Analyser




CO2 concentration (4)



ppm


Analyser




NOX concentration (4)
 (7)



ppm


Analyser (10)





PN concentration (7)



#/m3



Analyser




Exhaust mass flow rate


kg/s


EFM, any methods described in point 7 of Appendix 2




Ambient humidity


%


Sensor




Ambient temperature


K


Sensor




Ambient pressure


kPa


Sensor




Vehicle speed


km/h


Sensor, GPS, or ECU (6)





Vehicle latitude


Degree


GPS




Vehicle longitude


Degree


GPS




Vehicle altitude (8)
 (12)



M


GPS or Sensor




Exhaust gas temperature (8)



K


Sensor




Engine coolant temperature (8)



K


Sensor or ECU




Engine speed (8)



rpm


Sensor or ECU




Engine torque (8)



Nm


Sensor or ECU




Torque at driven axle (8)



Nm


Rim torque meter




Pedal position (8)



%


Sensor or ECU




Engine fuel flow (5)



g/s


Sensor or ECU




Engine intake air flow (5)



g/s


Sensor or ECU




Fault status (8)



—


ECU




Intake air flow temperature


K


Sensor or ECU




Regeneration status (8)



—


ECU




Engine oil temperature (8)



K


Sensor or ECU




Actual gear (8)



#


ECU




Desired gear (e.g. gear shift indicator) (8)



#


ECU




Other vehicle data (8)



unspecified


ECU







3.3.   Preparation of the vehicle

The preparation of the vehicle shall include a general technical and operational check.
3.4.   Installation of PEMS

3.4.1.   General

The installation of the PEMS shall follow the instructions of the PEMS manufacturer and the local health and safety regulations. The PEMS should be installed as to minimise during the test electromagnetic interferences as well as exposure to shocks, vibration, dust and variability in temperature. The installation and operation of the PEMS shall be leak-tight and minimise heat loss. The installation and operation of PEMS shall not change the nature of the exhaust gas nor unduly increase the length of the tailpipe. To avoid the generation of particles, connectors shall be thermally stable at the exhaust gas temperatures expected during the test. It is recommended not to use elastomer connectors to connect the vehicle exhaust outlet and the connecting tube. Elastomer connectors, if used, shall have a minimum exposure to the exhaust gas to avoid artefacts at high engine load.
3.4.2.   Permissible backpressure

The installation and operation of the PEMS shall not unduly increase the static pressure at the exhaust outlet. If technically feasible, any extension to facilitate the sampling or connection with the exhaust mass flow meter shall have an equivalent, or larger, cross-sectional area as the exhaust pipe.
3.4.3.   Exhaust mass flow meter

Whenever used, the exhaust mass flow meter shall be attached to the vehicle's tailpipe(s) according to the recommendations of the EFM manufacturer. The measurement range of the EFM shall match the range of the exhaust mass flow rate expected during the test. The installation of the EFM and any exhaust pipe adaptors or junctions shall not adversely affect the operation of the engine or exhaust after-treatment system. A minimum of four pipe diameters or 150 mm of straight tubing, whichever is larger, shall be placed either side of the flow-sensing element. When testing a multi-cylinder engine with a branched exhaust manifold, it is recommended to combine the manifolds upstream of the exhaust mass flow meter and to increase the cross section of the piping appropriately as to minimise backpressure in the exhaust. If this is not feasible, exhaust flow measurements with several exhaust mass flow meters shall be considered. The wide variety of exhaust pipe configurations, dimensions and expected exhaust mass flow rates may require compromises, guided by good engineering judgement, when selecting and installing the EFM(s). If measurement accuracy requires, it is permissible to install an EFM with a diameter smaller than that of the exhaust outlet or the total cross-sectional area of multiple outlets, providing it does not adversely affect the operation or the exhaust after-treatment as specified in point 3.4.2.
3.4.4.   Global Positioning System

The GPS antenna should be mounted, e.g. at the highest possible location, as to ensure good reception of the satellite signal. The mounted GPS antenna shall interfere as little as possible with the vehicle operation.
3.4.5.   Connection with the Engine Control Unit

If desired, relevant vehicle and engine parameters listed in Table 1 can be recorded by using a data logger connected with the ECU or the vehicle network following standards, e.g. ISO 15031-5 or SAE J1979, OBD-II, EOBD or WWH-OBD. If applicable, manufacturers shall disclose parameter labels to allow the identification of required parameters.
3.4.6.   Sensors and auxiliary equipment

Vehicle speed sensors, temperature sensors, coolant thermocouples or any other measurement device not part of the vehicle shall be installed to measure the parameter under consideration in a representative, reliable and accurate manner without unduly interfering with the vehicle operation and the functioning of other analysers, flow-measuring instruments, sensors and signals. Sensors and auxiliary equipment shall be powered independently of the vehicle.
3.5.   Emissions sampling

Emissions sampling shall be representative and conducted at locations of well-mixed exhaust where the influence of ambient air downstream of the sampling point is minimal. If applicable, emissions shall be sampled downstream of the exhaust mass flow meter, respecting a distance of at least 150 mm to the flow sensing element. The sampling probes shall be fitted at least 200 mm or three times the diameter of the exhaust pipe, whichever is larger, upstream of the vehicle's exit of the exhaust outlet, which is the point at which the exhaust exits the PEMS sampling installation into the environment. If the PEMS feeds back a flow to the tail pipe, this shall occur downstream of the sampling probe in a manner that does not affect during engine operation the nature of the exhaust gas at the sampling point(s). If the length of the sample line is changed, the system transport times shall be verified and if necessary corrected.
If the engine is equipped with an exhaust after-treatment system, the exhaust sample shall be taken downstream of the exhaust after-treatment system. When testing a vehicle with a multi-cylinder engine and branched exhaust manifold, the inlet of the sampling probe shall be located sufficiently far downstream so as to ensure that the sample is representative of the average exhaust emissions of all cylinders. In multi-cylinder engines, having distinct groups of manifolds, such as in a “V” engine configuration, the manifolds shall be combined upstream of the sampling probe. If this is technically not feasible, multi-point sampling at locations of well-mixed exhaust free of ambient air shall be considered. In this case, the number and location of sampling probes shall match as far as possible that of the exhaust mass flow meters. In case of unequal exhaust flows, proportional sampling or sampling with multiple analysers shall be considered.
If particles are measured, the exhaust shall be sampled from the centre of the exhaust stream. If several probes are used for emissions sampling, the particle sampling probe shall be placed upstream of the other sampling probes.
If hydrocarbons are measured, the sampling line shall be heated to 463 ± 10 K (190 ± 10 °C). For the measurement of other gaseous components with or without cooler, the sampling line shall be kept at a minimum of 333 K (60 °C) as to avoid condensation and to ensure appropriate penetration efficiencies of the various gases. For low pressure sampling systems, the temperature can be lowered corresponding to the pressure decrease provided that the sampling system ensures a penetration efficiency of 95 % for all regulated gaseous pollutants. If particles are sampled, the sampling line from the raw exhaust sample point shall be heated to a minimum of 373 K (100 °C). The residence time of the sample in the particle sampling line shall be less than 3 s until reaching first dilution or the particle counter.
4.   PRE-TEST PROCEDURES
4.1.   PEMS leak check

After the installation of PEMS is completed, a leak check shall be performed at least once for each PEMS-vehicle installation as prescribed by the PEMS manufacturer or as follows. The probe shall be disconnected from the exhaust system and the end plugged. The analyser pump shall be switched on. After an initial stabilisation period all flow meters shall read approximately zero in the absence of a leak. Else, the sampling lines shall be checked and the fault corrected.
The leakage rate on the vacuum side shall not exceed 0,5 per cent of the in-use flow rate for the portion of the system being checked. The analyser flows and bypass flows may be used to estimate the in-use flow rates.
Alternatively, the system may be evacuated to a pressure of at least 20 kPa vacuum (80 kPa absolute). After an initial stabilisation period the pressure increase Dp (kPa/min) in the system shall not exceed:





Alternatively, a concentration step change at the beginning of the sampling line shall be introduced by switching from zero to span gas while maintaining the same pressure conditions as under normal system operation. If for a correctly calibrated analyser after an adequate period of time the reading is ≤ 99 per cent compared to the introduced concentration, the leakage problem shall be corrected.
4.2.   Starting and stabilising the PEMS

The PEMS shall be switched on, warmed up and stabilised according to the specifications of the PEMS manufacturer until, e.g. pressures, temperatures and flows have reached their operating set points.
4.3.   Preparing the sampling system

The sampling system, consisting of the sampling probe, sampling lines and the analysers, shall be prepared for testing by following the instruction of the PEMS manufacturer. It shall be ensured that the sampling system is clean and free of moisture condensation.
4.4.   Preparing the EFM

If used for measuring the exhaust mass flow, the EFM shall be purged and prepared for operation in accordance with the specifications of the EFM manufacturer. This procedure shall, if applicable, remove condensation and deposits from the lines and the associated measurement ports.
4.5.   Checking and calibrating the analysers for measuring gaseous emissions

Zero and span calibration adjustments of the analysers shall be performed using calibration gases that meet the requirements of point 5 of Appendix 2. The calibration gases shall be chosen to match the range of pollutant concentrations expected during the emissions test.
4.6.   Checking the analyser for measuring particle emissions

The zero level of the analyser shall be recorded by sampling HEPA filtered ambient air. The signal shall be recorded at a constant frequency of at least 1,0 Hz over a period of 2 min and averaged; the permissible concentration value shall be determined once suitable measurement equipment becomes available.
4.7.   Measuring vehicle speed

Vehicle speed shall be determined by at least one of the following methods:






(a)


a GPS; if vehicle speed is determined by a GPS, the total trip distance shall be checked against the measurements of another method according to point 7 of Appendix 4,










(b)


a sensor (e.g. optical or micro-wave sensor); if vehicle speed is determined by a sensor, the speed measurements shall comply with the requirements of point 8 of Appendix 2, or alternatively, the total trip distance determined by the sensor shall be compared with a reference distance obtained from a digital road network or topographic map. The total trip distance determined by the sensor shall deviate by no more than 4 % from the reference distance,










(c)


the ECU; if vehicle speed is determined by the ECU, the total trip distance shall be validated according to point 3 of Appendix 3 and the ECU speed signal adjusted, if necessary to fulfil the requirements of point 3.3 of Appendix 3. Alternatively, the total trip distance as determined by the ECU shall be compared with a reference distance obtained from a digital road network or topographic map. The total trip distance determined by the ECU shall deviate by no more than 4 % from the reference.




4.8.   Check of PEMS set-up

The correctness of connections with all sensors and, if applicable, the ECU shall be verified. If engine parameters are retrieved, it shall be ensured that the ECU reports values correctly (e.g. zero engine speed (rpm) while the combustion engine is in key-on-engine-off status). The PEMS shall function free of warning signals and error indication.
5.   EMISSIONS TEST
5.1.   Test start

Sampling, measurement and recording of parameters shall begin prior to the start of the engine. To facilitate time alignment, it is recommended to record the parameters that are subject to time alignment either by a single data recording device or with a synchronised time stamp. Before as well as directly after engine start, it shall be confirmed that all necessary parameters are recorded by the data logger.
5.2.   Test

Sampling, measurement and recording of parameters shall continue throughout the on-road test of the vehicle. The engine may be stopped and started, but emissions sampling and parameter recording shall continue. Any warning signals, suggesting malfunctioning of the PEMS, shall be documented and verified. Parameter recording shall reach a data completeness of higher than 99 %. Measurement and data recording may be interrupted for less than 1 % of the total trip duration but for no more than a consecutive period of 30 s solely in the case of unintended signal loss or for the purpose of PEMS system maintenance. Interruptions may be recorded directly by the PEMS but it is not permissible to introduce interruptions in the recorded parameter via the pre-processing, exchange or post-processing of data. If conducted, auto zeroing shall be performed against a traceable zero standard similar to the one used to zero the analyser. It is strongly recommended to initiate PEMS system maintenance during periods of zero vehicle speed.
5.3.   Test end

The end of the test is reached when the vehicle has completed the trip and the combustion engine is switched off. The data recording shall continue until the response time of the sampling systems has elapsed.
6.   POST-TEST PROCEDURE
6.1.   Checking the analysers for measuring gaseous emissions

The zero and span of the analysers of gaseous components shall be checked by using calibration gases identical to the ones applied under point 4.5 to evaluate the analyser response drift compared to the pre-test calibration. It is permissible to zero the analyser prior to verifying the span drift, if the zero drift was determined to be within the permissible range. The post-test drift check shall be completed as soon as possible after the test and before the PEMS, or individual analysers or sensors, are turned off or have switched into a non-operating mode. The difference between the pre-test and post-test results shall comply with the requirements specified in Table 2.

Table 2


Permissible analyser drift over a PEMS test








Pollutant


Zero response drift


Span response drift (13)





CO2



≤ 2 000  ppm per test


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 2 000  ppm per test, whichever is larger




CO


≤ 75 ppm per test


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 75 ppm per test, whichever is larger




NO2



≤ 5 ppm per test


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 5 ppm per test, whichever is larger




NO/NOX



≤ 5 ppm per test


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 5 ppm per test, whichever is larger




CH4



≤ 10 ppmC1 per test


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 per test, whichever is larger




THC


≤ 10 ppmC1 per test


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 per test, whichever is larger




If the difference between the pre-test and post-test results for the zero and span drift is higher than permitted, all test results shall be voided and the test repeated.
6.2.   Checking the analyser for measuring particle emissions

The zero level of the analyser shall be recorded by sampling HEPA filtered ambient air. The signal shall be recorded over a period of 2 min and averaged; the permissible final concentration shall be defined once suitable measurement equipment becomes available. If the difference between the pre-test and post-test zero and span check is higher than permitted, all test results shall be voided and the test repeated.
6.3.   Checking the on-road emission measurements

The calibrated range of the analysers shall account at least for 90 % of the concentration values obtained from 99 % of the measurements of the valid parts of the emissions test. It is permissible that 1 % of the total number of measurements used for evaluation exceeds the calibrated range of the analysers by up to a factor of two. If these requirements are not met, the test shall be voided.




‘Appendix 2

Specifications and calibration of PEMS components and signals

1.   INTRODUCTION
This appendix sets out the specifications and calibration of PEMS components and signals.
2.   SYMBOLS







>


—


larger than




≥


—


larger than or equal to




%


—


per cent




≤


—


smaller than or equal to





A



—


undiluted CO2 concentration [%]





a
0



—


y-axis intercept of the linear regression line





a
1



—


slope of the linear regression line





B



—


diluted CO2 concentration [%]





C



—


diluted NO concentration [ppm]





c



—


analyser response in the oxygen interference test





c
FS,b



—


full scale HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1]





c
FS,d



—


full scale HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1]





c
HC(w/NMC)



—


HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1]





c
HC(w/o NMC)



—


HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1]





c
m,b



—


measured HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1]





c
m,d



—


measured HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1]





c
ref,b



—


reference HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1]





c
ref,d



—


reference HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1]




°C


—


degree centigrade





D



—


undiluted NO concentration [ppm]





D
e



—


expected diluted NO concentration [ppm]





E



—


absolute operating pressure [kPa]





E
CO2



—


per cent CO2 quench





E
E



—


ethane efficiency





E
H2O



—


per cent water quench





E
M



—


methane efficiency




EO2



—


oxygen interference





F



—


water temperature [K]





G



—


saturation vapour pressure [kPa]




g


—


gramme




gH2O/kg


—


gramme water per kilogram




h


—


hour





H



—


water vapour concentration [%]





H
m



—


maximum water vapour concentration [%]




Hz


—


hertz




K


—


kelvin




kg


—


kilogramme




km/h


—


kilometre per hour




kPa


—


kilopascal




max


—


maximum value




NOX,dry



—


moisture-corrected mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings




NOX,m



—


mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings




NOX,ref



—


reference mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings




ppm


—


parts per million




ppmC1



—


parts per million carbon equivalents




r2



—


coefficient of determination




s


—


second




t0



—


time point of gas flow switching [s]




t10



—


time point of 10 % response of the final reading




t50



—


time point of 50 % response of the final reading




t90



—


time point of 90 % response of the final reading





x



—


independent variable or reference value




χmin



—


minimum value




y


—


dependent variable or measured value




3.   LINEARITY VERIFICATION
3.1.   General

The linearity of analysers, flow-measuring instruments, sensors and signals, shall be traceable to international or national standards. Any sensors or signals that are not directly traceable, e.g. simplified flow-measuring instruments shall be calibrated alternatively against chassis dynamometer laboratory equipment that has been calibrated against international or national standards.
3.2.   Linearity requirements

All analysers, flow-measuring instruments, sensors and signals shall comply with the linearity requirements given in Table 1. If air flow, fuel flow, the air-to-fuel ratio or the exhaust mass flow rate is obtained from the ECU, the calculated exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified in Table 1.

Table 1


Linearity requirements of measurement parameters and systems










Measurement parameter/instrument









Slope
a1



Standard error
SEE


Coefficient of determination
r2





Fuel flow rate (14)



≤ 1 % max


0,98 - 1,02


≤ 2 % max


≥ 0,990




Air flow rate (14)



≤ 1 % max


0,98 - 1,02


≤ 2 % max


≥ 0,990




Exhaust mass flow rate


≤ 2 % max


0,97 - 1,03


≤ 2 % max


≥ 0,990




Gas analysers


≤ 0,5 % max


0,99 - 1,01


≤ 1 % max


≥ 0,998




Torque (15)



≤ 1 % max


0,98 - 1,02


≤ 2 % max


≥ 0,990




PN analysers (16)



tbd


tbd


tbd


tbd




3.3.   Frequency of linearity verification

The linearity requirements according to point 3.2 shall be verified:






(a)


for each analyser at least every three months or whenever a system repair or change is made that could influence the calibration;










(b)


for other relevant instruments, such as exhaust mass flow meters and traceably calibrated sensors, whenever damage is observed, as required by internal audit procedures, by the instrument manufacturer or by ISO 9000 but no longer than one year before the actual test.




The linearity requirements according to point 3.2 for sensors or ECU signals that are not directly traceable shall be performed once for each PEMS set-up with a traceably calibrated measurement device on the chassis dynamometer.
3.4.   Procedure of linearity verification

3.4.1.   General requirements

The relevant analysers, instruments and sensors shall be brought to their normal operating condition according to the recommendations of their manufacturer. The analysers, instruments and sensors shall be operated at their specified temperatures, pressures and flows.
3.4.2.   General procedure

The linearity shall be verified for each normal operating range by executing the following steps:






(a)


The analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor shall be set at zero by introducing a zero signal. For gas analysers, purified synthetic air or nitrogen shall be introduced to the analyser port via a gas path that is as direct and short as possible.










(b)


The analyser, flow-measuring instrument or sensor shall be spanned by introducing a span signal. For gas analysers, an appropriate span gas shall be introduced to the analyser port via a gas path that is as direct and short as possible.










(c)


The zero procedure of (a) shall be repeated.










(d)


The verification shall be established by introducing at least 10, approximately equally spaced and valid, reference values (including zero). The reference values with respect to the concentration of components, the exhaust mass flow rate or any other relevant parameter shall be chosen to match the range of values expected during the emissions test. For measurements of exhaust mass flow, reference points below 5 % of the maximum calibration value can be excluded from the linearity verification.










(e)


For gas analysers, known gas concentrations in accordance with point 5 shall be introduced to the analyser port. Sufficient time for signal stabilisation shall be given.










(f)


The values under evaluation and, if needed, the reference values shall be recorded at a constant frequency of at least 1,0 Hz over a period of 30 seconds.










(g)


The arithmetic mean values over the 30-second period shall be used to calculate the least squares linear regression parameters, with the best-fit equation having the form:

y = a
1
x + a
0

where:







y



is the actual value of the measurement system





a
1



is the slope of the regression line





x



is the reference value





a
0



is the y intercept of the regression line




The standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x and the coefficient of determination (r2) shall be calculated for each measurement parameter and system.










(h)


The linear regression parameters shall meet the requirements specified in Table 1.




3.4.3.   Requirements for linearity verification on a chassis dynamometer

Non-traceable flow-measuring instruments, sensors or ECU signals that cannot directly be calibrated according to traceable standards, shall be calibrated on the chassis dynamometer. The procedure shall follow as far as applicable, the requirements of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83. If necessary, the instrument or sensor to be calibrated shall be installed on the test vehicle and operated according to the requirements of Appendix 1. The calibration procedure shall follow whenever possible the requirements of point 3.4.2; at least 10 appropriate reference values shall be selected as to ensure that at least 90 % of the maximum value expected to occur during the emissions test is covered.
If a not directly traceable flow-measuring instrument, sensor or ECU signal for determining exhaust flow is to be calibrated, a traceably calibrated reference exhaust mass flow meter or the CVS shall be attached to the vehicle's tailpipe. It shall be ensured that the vehicle exhaust is accurately measured by the exhaust mass flow meter according to point 3.4.3 of Appendix 1. The vehicle shall be operated by applying constant throttle at a constant gear selection and chassis dynamometer load.
4.   ANALYSERS FOR MEASURING GASEOUS COMPONENTS
4.1.   Permissible types of analysers

4.1.1.   Standard analysers

The gaseous components shall be measured with analysers specified in points 1.3.1 to 1.3.5 of Appendix 3, Annex 4A to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. If an NDUV analyser measures both NO and NO2, a NO2/NO converter is not required.
4.1.2.   Alternative analysers

Any analyser not meeting the design specifications of point 4.1.1 is permissible provided that it fulfils the requirements of point 4.2. The manufacturer shall ensure that the alternative analyser achieves an equivalent or higher measurement performance compared to a standard analyser over the range of pollutant concentrations and co-existing gases that can be expected from vehicles operated with permissible fuels under moderate and extended conditions of valid on-road testing as specified in points 5, 6 and 7. Upon request, the manufacturer of the analyser shall submit in writing supplemental information, demonstrating that the measurement performance of the alternative analyser is consistently and reliably in line with the measurement performance of standard analysers. Supplemental information shall contain:






(a)


a description of the theoretical basis and the technical components of the alternative analyser;










(b)


a demonstration of equivalency with the respective standard analyser specified in point 4.1.1 over the expected range of pollutant concentrations and ambient conditions of the type-approval test defined in Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments as well as a validation test as described in point 3 of Appendix 3 for a vehicle equipped with a spark-ignition and compression-ignition engine; the manufacturer of the analyser shall demonstrate the significance of equivalency within the permissible tolerances given in point 3.3 of Appendix 3;










(c)


a demonstration of equivalency with the respective standard analyser specified in point 4.1.1 with respect to the influence of atmospheric pressure on the measurement performance of the analyser; the demonstration test shall determine the response to span gas having a concentration within the analyser range to check the influence of atmospheric pressure under moderate and extended altitude conditions defined in point 5.2. Such a test can be performed in an altitude environmental test chamber;










(d)


a demonstration of equivalency with the respective standard analyser specified in point 4.1.1 over at least three on-road tests that fulfil the requirements of this Annex;










(e)


a demonstration that the influence of vibrations, accelerations and ambient temperature on the analyser reading does not exceed the noise requirements for analysers set out in point 4.2.4.




Approval authorities may request additional information to substantiate equivalency or refuse approval if measurements demonstrate that an alternative analyser is not equivalent to a standard analyser.
4.2.   Analyser specifications

4.2.1.   General

In addition to the linearity requirements defined for each analyser in point 3, the compliance of analyser types with the specifications laid down in points 4.2.2 to 4.2.8 shall be demonstrated by the analyser manufacturer. Analysers shall have a measuring range and response time appropriate to measure with adequate accuracy the concentrations of the exhaust gas components at the applicable emissions standard under transient and steady state conditions. The sensitivity of the analysers to shocks, vibration, aging, variability in temperature and air pressure as well as electromagnetic interferences and other impacts related to vehicle and analyser operation shall be limited as far as possible.
4.2.2.   Accuracy

The accuracy, defined as the deviation of the analyser reading from the reference value, shall not exceed 2 % of reading or 0,3 % of full scale, whichever is larger.
4.2.3.   Precision

The precision, defined as 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given calibration or span gas, shall be no greater than 1 % of the full scale concentration for a measurement range equal or above 155 ppm (or ppmC1) and 2 % of the full scale concentration for a measurement range of below 155 ppm (or ppmC1).
4.2.4.   Noise

The noise, defined as two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1,0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds, shall not exceed 2 % of full scale. Each of the 10 measurement periods shall be interspersed with an interval of 30 seconds in which the analyser is exposed to an appropriate span gas. Before each sampling period and before each span period, sufficient time shall be given to purge the analyser and the sampling lines.
4.2.5.   Zero response drift

The drift of the zero response, defined as the mean response to a zero gas during a time interval of at least 30 seconds, shall comply with the specifications given in Table 2.
4.2.6.   Span response drift

The drift of the span response, defined as the mean response to a span gas during a time interval of at least 30 seconds, shall comply with the specifications given in Table 2.

Table 2


Permissible zero and span response drift of analysers for measuring gaseous components under laboratory conditions








Pollutant


Zero response drift


Span response drift




CO2



≤ 1 000  ppm over 4 h


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 1 000  ppm over 4 h, whichever is larger




CO


≤ 50 ppm over 4 h


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 50 ppm over 4 h, whichever is larger




NO2



≤ 5 ppm over 4 h


≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 5 ppm over 4 h, whichever is larger




NO/NOX



≤ 5 ppm over 4 h


≤ 2 % of reading or 5 ppm over 4h, whichever is larger




CH4



≤ 10 ppmC1



≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 over 4 h, whichever is larger




THC


≤ 10 ppmC1



≤ 2 % of reading or ≤ 10 ppmC1 over 4 h, whichever is larger




4.2.7.   Rise time

Rise time is defined as the time between the 10 per cent and 90 per cent response of the final reading (t
90 – t
10; see point 4.4). The rise time of PEMS analysers shall not exceed 3 seconds.
4.2.8.   Gas drying

Exhaust gases may be measured wet or dry. A gas-drying device, if used, shall have a minimal effect on the composition of the measured gases. Chemical dryers are not permitted.
4.3.   Additional requirements

4.3.1.   General

The provisions in points 4.3.2 to 4.3.5 define additional performance requirements for specific analyser types and apply only to cases, in which the analyser under consideration is used for PEMS emission measurements.
4.3.2.   Efficiency test for NOX converters

If a NOX converter is applied, for example to convert NO2 into NO for analysis with a chemiluminescence analyser, its efficiency shall be tested by following the requirements of point 2.4 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. The efficiency of the NOX converter shall be verified no longer than one month before the emissions test.
4.3.3.   Adjustment of the Flame Ionisation Detector

(a)   Optimisation of the detector response
If hydrocarbons are measured, the FID shall be adjusted at intervals specified by the analyser manufacturer by following point 2.3.1 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. A propane-in-air or propane-in-nitrogen span gas shall be used to optimise the response in the most common operating range.
(b)   Hydrocarbon response factors
If hydrocarbons are measured, the hydrocarbon response factor of the FID shall be verified by following the provisions of point 2.3.3 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments, using propane-in-air or propane-in-nitrogen as span gases and purified synthetic air or nitrogen as zero gases, respectively.
(c)   Oxygen interference check
The oxygen interference check shall be performed when introducing an analyser into service and after major maintenance intervals. A measuring range shall be chosen in which the oxygen interference check gases fall in the upper 50 per cent. The test shall be conducted with the oven temperature set as required. The specifications of the oxygen interference check gases are described in point 5.3.
The following procedure applies:






(i)


The analyser shall be set at zero.










(ii)


The analyser shall be spanned with a 0 per cent oxygen blend for positive ignition engines and a 21 per cent oxygen blend for compression ignition engines.










(iii)


The zero response shall be rechecked. If it has changed by more than 0,5 per cent of full scale, steps (i) and (ii) shall be repeated.










(iv)


The 5 per cent and 10 per cent oxygen interference check gases shall be introduced.










(v)


The zero response shall be rechecked. If it has changed by more than ± 1 per cent of full scale, the test shall be repeated.










(vi)


The oxygen interference E
O2 shall be calculated for each oxygen interference check gas in step (d) as follows:





where the analyser response is:





where:







c
ref,b



is the reference HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1]





c
ref,d



is the reference HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1]





c
FS,b



is the full scale HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1]





c
FS,d



is the full scale HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1]





c
m,b



is the measured HC concentration in step (b) [ppmC1]





c
m,d



is the measured HC concentration in step (d) [ppmC1].














(vii)


The oxygen interference E
O2 shall be less than ± 1,5 per cent for all required oxygen interference check gases.










(viii)


If the oxygen interference E
O2 is greater than ± 1,5 per cent, corrective action may be taken by incrementally adjusting the air flow (above and below the manufacturer's specifications), the fuel flow and the sample flow.










(ix)


The oxygen interference check shall be repeated for each new setting.




4.3.4.   Conversion efficiency of the non-methane cutter (NMC)

If hydrocarbons are analysed, a NMC can be used to remove non-methane hydrocarbons from the gas sample by oxidising all hydrocarbons except methane. Ideally, the conversion for methane is 0 per cent and for the other hydrocarbons represented by ethane is 100 per cent. For the accurate measurement of NMHC, the two efficiencies shall be determined and used for the calculation of the NMHC emissions (see point 9.2 of Appendix 4). It is not necessary to determine the methane conversion efficiency in case the NMC-FID is calibrated according to method (b) in point 9.2 of Appendix 4 by passing the methane/air calibration gas through the NMC.






(a)


Methane conversion efficiency
Methane calibration gas shall be flown through the FID with and without bypassing the NMC; the two concentrations shall be recorded. The methane efficiency shall be determined as:





where:






cHC(w/NMC)



is the HC concentration with CH4 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1]




cHC(w/o NMC)



is the HC concentration with CH4 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1]














(b)


Ethane conversion efficiency
Ethane calibration gas shall be flown through the FID with and without bypassing the NMC; the two concentrations shall be recorded. The ethane efficiency shall be determined as:





where:







c
HC(w/NMC)



is the HC concentration with C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1]





c
HC(w/o NMC)



is the HC concentration with C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1]








4.3.5.   Interference effects

(a)   General
Other gases than the ones being analysed can affect the analyser reading. A check for interference effects and the correct functionality of analysers shall be performed by the analyser manufacturer prior to market introduction at least once for each type of analyser or device addressed in points (b) to (f).
(b)   CO analyser interference check
Water and CO2 can interfere with the measurements of the CO analyser. Therefore, a CO2 span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of full scale of the maximum operating range of the CO analyser used during the test shall be bubbled through water at room temperature and the analyser response recorded. The analyser response shall not be more than 2 per cent of the mean CO concentration expected during normal on-road testing or ± 50 ppm, whichever is larger. The interference check for H2O and CO2 may be run as separate procedures. If the H2O and CO2 levels used for the interference check are higher than the maximum levels expected during the test, each observed interference value shall be scaled down by multiplying the observed interference with the ratio of the maximum expected concentration value during the test and the actual concentration value used during this check. Separate interference checks with concentrations of H2O that are lower than the maximum concentration expected during the test may be run and the observed H2O interference shall be scaled up by multiplying the observed interference with the ratio of the maximum H2O concentration value expected during the test and the actual concentration value used during this check. The sum of the two scaled interference values shall meet the tolerance specified in this point.
(c)   NOX analyser quench check
The two gases of concern for CLD and HCLD analysers are CO2 and water vapour. The quench response to these gases is proportional to the gas concentrations. A test shall determine the quench at the highest concentrations expected during the test. If the CLD and HCLD analysers use quench compensation algorithms that utilise H2O or CO2 measurement analysers or both, quench shall be evaluated with these analysers active and with the compensation algorithms applied.
(i)   CO2 quench check
A CO2 span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of the maximum operating range shall be passed through the NDIR analyser; the CO2 value shall be recorded as A. The CO2 span gas shall then be diluted by approximately 50 per cent with NO span gas and passed through the NDIR and CLD or HCLD; the CO2 and NO values shall be recorded as B and C, respectively. The CO2 gas flow shall then be shut off and only the NO span gas shall be passed through the CLD or HCLD; the NO value shall be recorded as D. The per cent quench shall be calculated as:





where:







A



is the undiluted CO2 concentration measured with NDIR [%]





B



is the diluted CO2 concentration measured with NDIR [%]





C



is the diluted NO concentration measured with the CLD or HCLD [ppm]





D



is the undiluted NO concentration measured with the CLD or HCLD [ppm].




Alternative methods of diluting and quantifying of CO2 and NO span gas values such as dynamic mixing/blending are permitted upon approval of the approval authority.
(ii)   Water quench check
This check applies to measurements of wet gas concentrations only. The calculation of water quench shall consider dilution of the NO span gas with water vapour and the scaling of the water vapour concentration in the gas mixture to concentration levels that are expected to occur during an emissions test. A NO span gas having a concentration of 80 per cent to 100 per cent of full scale of the normal operating range shall be passed through the CLD or HCLD; the NO value shall be recorded as D. The NO span gas shall then be bubbled through water at room temperature and passed through the CLD or HCLD; the NO value shall be recorded as C. The analyser's absolute operating pressure and the water temperature shall be determined and recorded as E and F, respectively. The mixture's saturation vapour pressure that corresponds to the water temperature of the bubbler F shall be determined and recorded as G. The water vapour concentration H [%] of the gas mixture shall be calculated as:





The expected concentration of the diluted NO-water vapour span gas shall be recorded as D
e after being calculated as:





For diesel exhaust, the maximum concentration of water vapour in the exhaust gas (in per cent) expected during the test shall be recorded as H
m after being estimated, under the assumption of a fuel H/C ratio of 1,8/1, from the maximum CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas A as follows:





The per cent water quench shall be calculated as:





where:







D
e



is the expected diluted NO concentration [ppm]





C



is the measured diluted NO concentration [ppm]





H
m



is the maximum water vapour concentration [%]





H



is the actual water vapour concentration [%].




(iii)   Maximum allowable quench
The combined CO2 and water quench shall not exceed 2 per cent of full scale.
(d)   Quench check for NDUV analysers
Hydrocarbons and water can positively interfere with NDUV analysers by causing a response similar to that of NOX. The manufacturer of the NDUV analyser shall use the following procedure to verify that quench effects are limited:






(i)


The analyser and chiller shall be set up by following the operating instructions of the manufacturer; adjustments should be made as to optimise the analyser and chiller performance.










(ii)


A zero calibration and span calibration at concentration values expected during emissions testing shall be performed for the analyser.










(iii)


A NO2 calibration gas shall be selected that matches as far as possible the maximum NO2 concentration expected during emissions testing.










(iv)


The NO2 calibration gas shall overflow at the gas sampling system's probe until the NOX response of the analyser has stabilised.










(v)


The mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings over a period of 30 s shall be calculated and recorded as NOX,ref.










(vi)


The flow of the NO2 calibration gas shall be stopped and the sampling system saturated by overflowing with a dew point generator's output, set at a dew point of 50 °C. The dew point generator's output shall be sampled through the sampling system and chiller for at least 10 minutes until the chiller is expected to be removing a constant rate of water.










(vii)


Upon completion of (iv), the sampling system shall again be overflown by the NO2 calibration gas used to establish NOX,ref until the total NOX response has stabilised.










(viii)


The mean concentration of the stabilised NOX recordings over a period of 30 s shall be calculated and recorded as NOX,m.










(ix)


NOX,m shall be corrected to NOX,dry based upon the residual water vapour that passed through the chiller at the chiller's outlet temperature and pressure.




The calculated NOX,dry shall at least amount to 95 % of NOX,ref.
(e)   Sample dryer
A sample dryer removes water, which can otherwise interfere with the NOX measurement. For dry CLD analysers, it shall be demonstrated that at the highest expected water vapour concentration H
m the sample dryer maintains the CLD humidity at ≤ 5 g water/kg dry air (or about 0,8 per cent H2O), which is 100 per cent relative humidity at 3,9 °C and 101,3 kPa or about 25 per cent relative humidity at 25 °C and 101,3 kPa. Compliance may be demonstrated by measuring the temperature at the outlet of a thermal sample dryer or by measuring the humidity at a point just upstream of the CLD. The humidity of the CLD exhaust might also be measured as long as the only flow into the CLD is the flow from the sample dryer.
(f)   Sample dryer NO2 penetration
Liquid water remaining in an improperly designed sample dryer can remove NO2 from the sample. If a sample dryer is used in combination with a NDUV analyser without an NO2/NO converter upstream, water could therefore remove NO2 from the sample prior to the NOX measurement. The sample dryer shall allow for measuring at least 95 per cent of the NO2 contained in a gas that is saturated with water vapour and consists of the maximum NO2 concentration expected to occur during a vehicle test.
4.4.   Response time check of the analytical system

For the response time check, the settings of the analytical system shall be exactly the same as during the emissions test (i.e. pressure, flow rates, filter settings in the analysers and all other parameters influencing the response time). The response time shall be determined with gas switching directly at the inlet of the sample probe. The gas switching shall be done in less than 0,1 second. The gases used for the test shall cause a concentration change of at least 60 per cent full scale of the analyser.
The concentration trace of each single gas component shall be recorded. The delay time is defined as the time from the gas switching (t
0) until the response is 10 per cent of the final reading (t
10). The rise time is defined as the time between 10 per cent and 90 per cent response of the final reading (t
90 – t
10). The system response time (t
90) consists of the delay time to the measuring detector and the rise time of the detector.
For time alignment of the analyser and exhaust flow signals, the transformation time is defined as the time from the change (t
0) until the response is 50 per cent of the final reading (t
50).
The system response time shall be ≤ 12 s with a rise time of ≤ 3 seconds for all components and all ranges used. When using a NMC for the measurement of NMHC, the system response time may exceed 12 seconds.
5.   GASES
5.1.   General

The shelf life of calibration and span gases shall be respected. Pure and mixed calibration and span gases shall fulfil the specifications of points 3.1 and 3.2 of Appendix 3 of Annex 4A to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. In addition, NO2 calibration gas is permissible. The concentration of the NO2 calibration gas shall be within two per cent of the declared concentration value. The amount of NO contained in NO2 calibration gas shall not exceed 5 per cent of the NO2 content.
5.2.   Gas dividers

Gas dividers, i.e. precision blending devices that dilute with purified N2 or synthetic air, can be used to obtain calibration and span gases. The accuracy of the gas divider shall be such that the concentration of the blended calibration gases is accurate to within ± 2 per cent. The verification shall be performed at between 15 and 50 per cent of full scale for each calibration incorporating a gas divider. An additional verification may be performed using another calibration gas, if the first verification has failed.
Optionally, the gas divider may be checked with an instrument which by nature is linear, e.g. using NO gas in combination with a CLD. The span value of the instrument shall be adjusted with the span gas directly connected to the instrument. The gas divider shall be checked at the settings typically used and the nominal value shall be compared with the concentration measured by the instrument. The difference shall in each point be within ± 1 per cent of the nominal concentration value.
5.3.   Oxygen interference check gases

Oxygen interference check gases consist of a blend of propane, oxygen and nitrogen and shall contain propane at a concentration of 350 ± 75 ppmC1. The concentration shall be determined by gravimetric methods, dynamic blending or the chromatographic analysis of total hydrocarbons plus impurities. The oxygen concentrations of the oxygen interference check gases shall meet the requirements listed in Table 3; the remainder of the oxygen interference check gas shall consist of purified nitrogen.

Table 3


Oxygen interference check gases








 


Engine type




Compression ignition


Positive ignition




O2 concentration


21 ± 1 %


10 ± 1 %




10 ± 1 %


5 ± 1 %




5 ± 1 %


0,5 ± 0,5 %




6.   ANALYSERS FOR MEASURING PARTICLE EMISSIONS
This section will define future requirements for analysers for measuring particle emissions, once their measurement becomes mandatory.
7.   INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING EXHAUST MASS FLOW
7.1.   General

Instruments, sensors or signals for measuring the exhaust mass flow rate shall have a measuring range and response time appropriate for the accuracy required to measure the exhaust mass flow rate under transient and steady state conditions. The sensitivity of instruments, sensors and signals to shocks, vibration, aging, variability in temperature, ambient air pressure, electromagnetic interferences and other impacts related to vehicle and instrument operation shall be on a level as to minimise additional errors.
7.2.   Instrument specifications

The exhaust mass flow rate shall be determined by a direct measurement method applied in either of the following instruments:






(a)


Pitot-based flow devices;










(b)


pressure differential devices like flow nozzle (details see ISO 5167);










(c)


ultrasonic flow meter;










(d)


vortex flow meter.




Each individual exhaust mass flow meter shall fulfil the linearity requirements set out in point 3. Furthermore, the instrument manufacturer shall demonstrate the compliance of each type of exhaust mass flow meter with the specifications in points 7.2.3 to 7.2.9.
It is permissible to calculate the exhaust mass flow rate based on air flow and fuel flow measurements obtained from traceably calibrated sensors if these fulfil the linearity requirements of point 3, the accuracy requirements of point 8 and if the resulting exhaust mass flow rate is validated according to point 4 of Appendix 3.
In addition, other methods that determine the exhaust mass flow rate based on not directly traceable instruments and signals, such as simplified exhaust mass flow meters or ECU signals are permissible if the resulting exhaust mass flow rate fulfils the linearity requirements of point 3 and is validated according to point 4 of Appendix 3.
7.2.1.   Calibration and verification standards

The measurement performance of exhaust mass flow meters shall be verified with air or exhaust gas against a traceable standard such as, e.g. a calibrated exhaust mass flow meter or a full flow dilution tunnel.
7.2.2.   Frequency of verification

The compliance of exhaust mass flow meters with points 7.2.3 and 7.2.9 shall be verified no longer than one year before the actual test.
7.2.3.   Accuracy

The accuracy, defined as the deviation of the EFM reading from the reference flow value, shall not exceed ± 2 % of the reading, 0,5 % of full scale or ± 1,0 % of the maximum flow at which the EFM has been calibrated, whichever is larger.
7.2.4.   Precision

The precision, defined as 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given nominal flow, approximately in the middle of the calibration range, shall be no greater than ±1 per cent of the maximum flow at which the EFM has been calibrated.
7.2.5.   Noise

The noise, defined as two times the root mean square of ten standard deviations, each calculated from the zero responses measured at a constant recording frequency of at least 1,0 Hz during a period of 30 seconds, shall not exceed 2 per cent of the maximum calibrated flow value. Each of the 10 measurement periods shall be interspersed with an interval of 30 seconds in which the EFM is exposed to the maximum calibrated flow.
7.2.6.   Zero response drift

Zero response is defined as the mean response to zero flow during a time interval of at least 30 seconds. The zero response drift can be verified based on the reported primary signals, e.g. pressure. The drift of the primary signals over a period of 4 hours shall be less than ± 2 per cent of the maximum value of the primary signal recorded at the flow at which the EFM was calibrated.
7.2.7.   Span response drift

Span response is defined as the mean response to a span flow during a time interval of at least 30 seconds. The span response drift can be verified based on the reported primary signals, e.g. pressure. The drift of the primary signals over a period of 4 hours shall be less than ± 2 per cent of the maximum value of the primary signal recorded at the flow at which the EFM was calibrated.
7.2.8.   Rise time

The rise time of the exhaust flow instruments and methods should match as far as possible the rise time of the gas analysers as specified in point 4.2.7 but shall not exceed 1 second.
7.2.9.   Response time check

The response time of exhaust mass flow meters shall be determined by applying similar parameters as those applied for the emissions test (i.e. pressure, flow rates, filter settings and all other response time influences). The response time determination shall be done with gas switching directly at the inlet of the exhaust mass flow meter. The gas flow switching shall be done as fast as possible, but highly recommended in less than 0,1 second. The gas flow rate used for the test shall cause a flow rate change of at least 60 per cent full scale (FS) of the exhaust mass flow meter. The gas flow shall be recorded. The delay time is defined as the time from the gas flow switching (t
0) until the response is 10 per cent (t
10) of the final reading. The rise time is defined as the time between 10 per cent and 90 per cent response (t
90 – t
10) of the final reading. The response time (t
90) is defined as the sum of the delay time and the rise time. The exhaust mass flow meter response time (t90
) shall be ≤ 3 seconds with a rise time (t
90 – t
10) of ≤ 1 second in accordance with point 7.2.8.
8.   SENSORS AND AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Any sensor and auxiliary equipment used to determine, e.g. temperature, atmospheric pressure, ambient humidity, vehicle speed, fuel flow or intake air flow shall not alter or unduly affect the performance of the vehicle's engine and exhaust after-treatment system. The accuracy of sensors and auxiliary equipment shall fulfil the requirements of Table 4. Compliance with the requirements of Table 4 shall be demonstrated at intervals specified by the instrument manufacturer, as required by internal audit procedures or in accordance with ISO 9000.

Table 4


Accuracy requirements for measurement parameters







Measurement parameter


Accuracy




Fuel flow (17)



± 1 % of reading (19)





Air flow (17)



± 2 % of reading




Vehicle ground speed (18)



± 1,0 km/h absolute




Temperatures ≤ 600 K


± 2 K absolute




Temperatures >600 K


± 0,4 % of reading in Kelvin




Ambient pressure


± 0,2 kPa absolute




Relative humidity


± 5 % absolute




Absolute humidity


± 10 % of reading or, 1 gH2O/kg dry air, whichever is larger








‘Appendix 3

Validation of PEMS and non-traceable exhaust mass flow rate

1.   INTRODUCTION
This appendix describes the requirements to validate under transient conditions the functionality of the installed PEMS as well as the correctness of the exhaust mass flow rate obtained from non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or calculated from ECU signals.
2.   SYMBOLS







%


—


per cent




#/km


—


number per kilometre





a
0



—



y intercept of the regression line





a
1



—


slope of the regression line




g/km


—


gramme per kilometre




Hz


—


hertz




km


—


kilometre




m


—


metre




mg/km


—


milligramme per kilometre




r2



—


coefficient of determination





x



—


actual value of the reference signal





y



—


actual value of the signal under validation




3.   VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR PEMS
3.1.   Frequency of PEMS validation

It is recommended to validate the installed PEMS once for each PEMS-vehicle combination either before the test or, alternatively, after the completion of an on-road test. The PEMS installation shall be kept unchanged in the time period between the on-road test and the validation.
3.2.   PEMS validation procedure

3.2.1.   PEMS installation

The PEMS shall be installed and prepared according to the requirements of Appendix 1. After the completion of the validation test until the start of the on-road test, the PEMS installation shall not be changed.
3.2.2.   Test conditions

The validation test shall be conducted on a chassis dynamometer, as far as applicable, under type-approval conditions by following the requirements of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments or any other adequate measurement method. It is recommended to conduct the validation test with the worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) as specified in Annex 1 to UNECE Global Technical Regulation No 15. The ambient temperature shall be within the range specified in point 5.2 of this Annex.
It is recommended to feed the exhaust flow extracted by the PEMS during the validation test back to the CVS. If this is not feasible, the CVS results shall be corrected for the extracted exhaust mass. If the exhaust mass flow rate is validated with an exhaust mass flow meter, it is recommended to cross-check the mass flow rate measurements with data obtained from a sensor or the ECU.
3.2.3.   Data analysis

The total distance-specific emissions [g/km] measured with laboratory equipment shall be calculated following Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. The emissions as measured with the PEMS shall be calculated according to point 9 of Appendix 4, summed to give the total mass of pollutant emissions [g] and then divided by the test distance [km] as obtained from the chassis dynamometer. The total distance-specific mass of pollutants [g/km], as determined by the PEMS and the reference laboratory system, shall be compared and evaluated against the requirements specified in point 3.3. For the validation of NOX emission measurements, humidity correction shall be applied following point 6.6.5 of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments.
3.3.   Permissible tolerances for PEMS validation

The PEMS validation results shall fulfil the requirements given in Table 1. If any permissible tolerance is not met, corrective action shall be taken and the PEMS validation shall be repeated.

Table 1


Permissible tolerances







Parameter [Unit]


Permissible tolerance




Distance [km] (20)



± 250 m of the laboratory reference




THC (21) [mg/km]


± 15 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger




CH4
 (21) [mg/km]


± 15 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger




NMHC (21) [mg/km]


± 20 mg/km or 20 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger




PN (21) [#/km]



 (22)





CO (21) [mg/km]


± 150 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger




CO2 [g/km]


± 10 g/km or 10 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger




NOx
 (21) [mg/km]


± 15 mg/km or 15 % of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger




4.   VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR THE EXHAUST MASS FLOW RATE DETERMINED BY NON-TRACEABLE INSTRUMENTS AND SENSORS
4.1.   Frequency of validation

In addition to fulfilling the linearity requirements of point 3 of Appendix 2 under steady-state conditions, the linearity of non-traceable exhaust mass flow meters or the exhaust mass flow rate calculated from non-traceable sensors or ECU signals shall be validated under transient conditions for each test vehicle against a calibrated exhaust mass flow meter or the CVS. The validation test procedure can be executed without the installation of the PEMS but shall generally follow the requirements defined in Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments and the requirements pertinent to exhaust mass flow meters defined in Appendix 1.
4.2.   Validation procedure

The validation test shall be conducted on a chassis dynamometer under type-approval conditions, as far as applicable, by following the requirements of Annex 4a to UN/ECE Regulation No 83, 07 series of amendments. The test cycle shall be the worldwide harmonised light vehicles test cycle (WLTC) as specified in Annex 1 to UNECE Global Technical Regulation No 15. As reference, a traceably calibrated flow meter shall be used. The ambient temperature can be any within the range specified in point 5.2 of this Annex. The installation of the exhaust mass flow meter and the execution of the test shall fulfil the requirement of point 3.4.3 of Appendix 1 of this Annex.
The following calculation steps shall be taken to validate the linearity:






(a)


The signal under validation and the reference signal shall be time corrected by following, as far as applicable, the requirements of point 3 of Appendix 4.










(b)


Points below 10 % of the maximum flow value shall be excluded from the further analysis.










(c)


At a constant frequency of at least 1,0 Hz, the signal under validation and the reference signal shall be correlated using the best-fit equation having the form:

y = a
1
x + a
0

where:







y



is the actual value of the signal under validation





a
1



is the slope of the regression line





x



is the actual value of the reference signal





a
0



is the y intercept of the regression line




The standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x and the coefficient of determination (r2) shall be calculated for each measurement parameter and system.










(d)


The linear regression parameters shall meet the requirements specified in Table 2.




4.3.   Requirements

The linearity requirements given in Table 2 shall be fulfilled. If any permissible tolerance is not met, corrective action shall be taken and the validation shall be repeated.

Table 2


Linearity requirements of calculated and measured exhaust mass flow










Measurement parameter/system


a0



Slope a1



Standard error
SEE


Coefficient of determination
r2





Exhaust mass flow


0,0 ± 3,0 kg/h


1,00 ± 0,075


≤ 10 % max


≥ 0,90








‘Appendix 4

Determination of emissions

1.   INTRODUCTION
This appendix describes the procedure to determine the instantaneous mass and particle number emissions [g/s; #/s] that shall be used for the subsequent evaluation of a test trip and the calculation of the final emission result as described in Appendices 5 and 6.
2.   SYMBOLS







%


—


per cent




<


—


smaller than




#/s


—


number per second




α


—


molar hydrogen ratio (H/C)




β


—


molar carbon ratio (C/C)




γ


—


molar sulphur ratio (S/C)




δ


—


molar nitrogen ratio (N/C)





Δtt,i



—


transformation time t of the analyser [s]





Δtt,m



—


transformation time t of the exhaust mass flow meter [s]




ε


—


molar oxygen ratio (O/C)





r
e



—


density of the exhaust





r
gas



—


density of the exhaust component “gas”




l


—


excess air ratio





l
i



—


instantaneous excess air ratio





A/F
st



—


stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio [kg/kg]




°C


—


degrees centigrade





c
CH4



—


concentration of methane





c
CO



—


dry CO concentration [%]





c
CO2



—


dry CO2 concentration [%]





c
dry



—


dry concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume





c
gas,i



—


instantaneous concentration of the exhaust component “gas” [ppm]





c
HCw



—


wet HC concentration [ppm]





c
HC(w/NMC)



—


HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1]





c
HC(w/oNMC)



—


HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1]





c
i,c



—


time-corrected concentration of component i [ppm]





c
i,r



—


concentration of component i [ppm] in the exhaust





c
NMHC



—


concentration of non-methane hydrocarbons





c
wet



—


wet concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume





E
E



—


ethane efficiency





E
M



—


methane efficiency




g


—


gramme




g/s


—


gramme per second





H
a



—


intake air humidity [g water per kg dry air]




i


—


number of the measurement




kg


—


kilogram




kg/h


—


kilogramme per hour




kg/s


—


kilogramme per second





k
w



—


dry-wet correction factor




m


—


metre





m
gas,i



—


mass of the exhaust component “gas” [g/s]





qm

aw,i



—


instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
m,c



—


time-corrected exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]





qm

ew,i



—


instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]





qm

f,i



—


instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
m,r



—


raw exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]




r


—


cross-correlation coefficient




r2



—


coefficient of determination





r
h



—


hydrocarbon response factor




rpm


—


revolutions per minute




s


—


second





u
gas



—



u value of the exhaust component “gas”




3.   TIME CORRECTION OF PARAMETERS
For the correct calculation of distance-specific emissions, the recorded traces of component concentrations, exhaust mass flow rate, vehicle speed, and other vehicle data shall be time corrected. To facilitate the time correction, data which are subject to time alignment shall be recorded either in a single data recording device or with a synchronised timestamp following point 5.1 of Appendix 1. The time correction and alignment of parameters shall be carried out by following the sequence described in points 3.1 to 3.3.
3.1.   Time correction of component concentrations

The recorded traces of all component concentrations shall be time corrected by reverse shifting according to the transformation times of the respective analysers. The transformation time of analysers shall be determined according to point 4.4 of Appendix 2:

c
i,c
(t – Δt
t,i
) = c
i,r
(t)

where:







c
i,c



is the time-corrected concentration of component i as function of time t






c
i,r



is the raw concentration of component i as function of time t





Δtt,i



is the transformation time t of the analyser measuring component i.




3.2.   Time correction of exhaust mass flow rate

The exhaust mass flow rate measured with an exhaust flow meter shall be time corrected by reverse shifting according to the transformation time of the exhaust mass flow meter. The transformation time of the mass flow meter shall be determined according to point 4.4.9 of Appendix 2:

q
m,c
(t – Δt
t,m
) = qm

,r
(t)

where:







q
m,c



is the time-corrected exhaust mass flow rate as function of time t





q
m,r



is the raw exhaust mass flow rate as function of time t




Δtt,m



is the transformation time t of the exhaust mass flow meter.




In case the exhaust mass flow rate is determined by ECU data or a sensor, an additional transformation time shall be considered and obtained by cross-correlation between the calculated exhaust mass flow rate and the exhaust mass flow rate measured following point 4 of Appendix 3.
3.3.   Time alignment of vehicle data

Other data obtained from a sensor or the ECU shall be time-aligned by cross-correlation with suitable emission data (e.g. component concentrations).
3.3.1.   Vehicle speed from different sources

To time align vehicle speed with the exhaust mass flow rate, it is first necessary to establish one valid speed trace. In case vehicle speed is obtained from multiple sources (e.g. the GPS, a sensor or the ECU), the speed values shall be time aligned by cross-correlation.
3.3.2.   Vehicle speed with exhaust mass flow rate

Vehicle speed shall be time aligned with the exhaust mass flow rate by means of cross-correlation between the exhaust mass flow rate and the product of vehicle velocity and positive acceleration.
3.3.3.   Further signals

The time alignment of signals whose values change slowly and within a small value range, e.g. ambient temperature, can be omitted.
4.   COLD START
The cold start period covers the first 5 minutes after initial start of the combustion engine. If the coolant temperature can be reliably determined, the cold start period ends once the coolant has reached 343 K (70 °C) for the first time but no later than 5 minutes after initial engine start. Cold start emissions shall be recorded.
5.   EMISSION MEASUREMENTS DURING ENGINE STOP
Any instantaneous emissions or exhaust flow measurements obtained while the combustion engine is deactivated shall be recorded. In a separate step, the recorded values shall afterward be set to zero by the data post processing. The combustion engine shall be considered as deactivated if two of the following criteria apply: the recorded engine speed is < 50 rpm; the exhaust mass flow rate is measured at < 3 kg/h; the measured exhaust mass flow rate drops to < 15 % of the steady-state exhaust mass flow rate at idling.
6.   CONSISTENCY CHECK OF VEHICLE ALTITUDE
In case well-reasoned doubts exist that a trip has been conducted above of the permissible altitude as specified in point 5.2 of Annex IIIA and in case altitude has only been measured with a GPS, the GPS altitude data shall be checked for consistency and, if necessary, corrected. The consistency of data shall be checked by comparing the latitude, longitude and altitude data obtained from the GPS with the altitude indicated by a digital terrain model or a topographic map of suitable scale. Measurements that deviate by more than 40 m from altitude depicted in the topographic map shall be manually corrected and marked.
7.   CONSISTENCY CHECK OF GPS VEHICLE SPEED
The vehicle speed as determined by the GPS shall be checked for consistency by calculating and comparing the total trip distance with reference measurements obtained from either a sensor, the validated ECU or, alternatively, from a digital road network or topographic map. It is mandatory to correct GPS data for obvious errors, e.g. by applying a dead reckoning sensor, prior to the consistency check. The original and uncorrected data file shall be retained and any corrected data shall be marked. The corrected data shall not exceed an uninterrupted time period of 120 s or a total of 300 s. The total trip distance as calculated from the corrected GPS data shall deviate by no more than 4 % from the reference. If the GPS data do not meet these requirements and no other reliable speed source is available, the test results shall be voided.
8.   CORRECTION OF EMISSIONS
8.1.   Dry-wet correction

If the emissions are measured on a dry basis, the measured concentrations shall be converted to a wet basis as:

c
wet= k
w· c
dry

where:







c
wet



is the wet concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume





c
dry



is the dry concentration of a pollutant in ppm or per cent volume





k
w



is the dry-wet correction factor




The following equation shall be used to calculate k
w:





where:





where:







H
a



is the intake air humidity [g water per kg dry air]





c
CO2



is the dry CO2 concentration [%]





c
CO



is the dry CO concentration [%]




α


is the molar hydrogen ratio.




8.2.   Correction of NOx for ambient humidity and temperature

NOx emissions shall not be corrected for ambient temperature and humidity.
9.   DETERMINATION OF THE INSTANTANEOUS GASEOUS EXHAUST COMPONENTS
9.1.   Introduction

The components in the raw exhaust gas shall be measured with the measurement and sampling analysers described in Appendix 2. The raw concentrations of relevant components shall be measured in accordance with Appendix 1. The data shall be time corrected and aligned in accordance with point 3.
9.2.   Calculating NMHC and CH4 concentrations

For methane measurement using a NMC-FID, the calculation of NMHC depends on the calibration gas/method used for the zero/span calibration adjustment. When a FID is used for THC measurement without a NMC, it shall be calibrated with propane/air or propane/N2 in the normal manner. For the calibration of the FID in series with a NMC, the following methods are permitted:






(a)


the calibration gas consisting of propane/air bypasses the NMC;










(b)


the calibration gas consisting of methane/air passes through the NMC.




It is strongly recommended to calibrate the methane FID with methane/air through the NMC.
In method (a), the concentrations of CH4 and NMHC shall be calculated as follows:










In case (b), the concentration of CH4 and NMHC shall be calculated as follows:










where:







c
HC(w/oNMC)



is the HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 bypassing the NMC [ppmC1]





c
HC(w/NMC)



is the HC concentration with CH4 or C2H6 flowing through the NMC [ppmC1]





r
h



is the hydrocarbon response factor as determined in point 4.3.3(b) of Appendix 2





E
M



is the methane efficiency as determined in point 4.3.4(a) of Appendix 2





E
E



is the ethane efficiency as determined in point 4.3.4(b) of Appendix 2.




If the methane FID is calibrated through the cutter (method b), then the methane conversion efficiency as determined in point 4.3.4(a) of Appendix 2 is zero. The density used for NMHC mass calculations shall be equal to that of total hydrocarbons at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa and is fuel-dependent.
10.   DETERMINATION OF EXHAUST MASS FLOW
10.1.   Introduction

The calculation of instantaneous mass emissions according to points 11 and 12 requires determining the exhaust mass flow rate. The exhaust mass flow rate shall be determined by one of the direct measurement methods specified in point 7.2 of Appendix 2. Alternatively, it is permissible to calculate the exhaust mass flow rate as described in points 10.2 to 10.4.
10.2.   Calculation method using air mass flow rate and fuel mass flow rate

The instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate can be calculated from the air mass flow rate and the fuel mass flow rate as follows:

q
mew,i = q
maw,i + q
mf,i

where:







qm

ew,i



is the instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]





qm

aw,i



is the instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s]





qm

f,i



is the instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s].




If the air mass flow rate and the fuel mass flow rate or the exhaust mass flow rate are determined from ECU recording, the calculated instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified for the exhaust mass flow rate in point 3 of Appendix 2 and the validation requirements specified in point 4.3 of Appendix 3.
10.3.   Calculation method using air mass flow and air-to-fuel ratio

The instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate can be calculated from the air mass flow rate and the air-to-fuel ratio as follows:





where:










where:







qm

aw,i



is the instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s]





A/F
st



is the stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio [kg/kg]





l
i



is the instantaneous excess air ratio





c
CO2



is the dry CO2 concentration [%]





c
CO



is the dry CO concentration [ppm]





c
HCw



is the wet HC concentration [ppm]




α


is the molar hydrogen ratio (H/C)




β


is the molar carbon ratio (C/C)




γ


is the molar sulphur ratio (S/C)




δ


is the molar nitrogen ratio (N/C)




ε


is the molar oxygen ratio (O/C).




Coefficients refer to a fuel Cβ Hα Oε Nδ Sγ with β = 1 for carbon-based fuels. The concentration of HC emissions is typically low and may be omitted when calculating l
i.
If the air mass flow rate and air-to-fuel ratio are determined from ECU recording, the calculated instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified for the exhaust mass flow rate in point 3 of Appendix 2 and the validation requirements specified in point 4.3 of Appendix 3.
10.4.   Calculation method using fuel mass flow and air-to-fuel ratio

The instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate can be calculated from the fuel flow and the air-to-fuel ratio (calculated with A/Fst and l
i according to point 10.3) as follows:

q
mew,i = q
mf,i × (1 + A/F
st × λ
i)
The calculated instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate shall meet the linearity requirements specified for the exhaust gas mass flow rate in point 3 of Appendix 2 and the validation requirements specified in point 4.3 of Appendix 3.
11.   CALCULATING THE INSTANTANEOUS MASS EMISSIONS
The instantaneous mass emissions [g/s] shall be determined by multiplying the instantaneous concentration of the pollutant under consideration [ppm] with the instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s], both corrected and aligned for the transformation time, and the respective u value of Table 1. If measured on a dry basis, the dry-wet correction according to point 8.1 shall be applied to the instantaneous component concentrations before executing any further calculations. If applicable, negative instantaneous emission values shall enter all subsequent data evaluations. All significant digits of intermediate results shall enter the calculation of the instantaneous emissions. The following equation shall be applied:

m
gas,i = u
gas · c

gas,i
 · q
mew,i

where:







m
gas,i



is the mass of the exhaust component “gas” [g/s]





u
gas



is the ratio of the density of the exhaust component “gas” and the overall density of the exhaust as listed in Table 1





c
gas,i



is the measured concentration of the exhaust component “gas” in the exhaust [ppm]





qm

ew,i



is the measured exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]





gas



is the respective component





i



number of the measurement.





Table 1


Raw exhaust gas u values depicting the ratio between the densities of exhaust component or pollutant [kg/m3] and the density of the exhaust gas [kg/m3]
 (28)













Fuel



ρ
e [kg/m3]


Component or pollutant i




NOx



CO


HC


CO2



O2



CH4






ρ
gas [kg/m3]




2,053


1,250



 (23)



1,9636


1,4277


0,716





u
gas
 (24)
 (28)





Diesel (B7)


1,2943


0,001586


0,000966


0,000482


0,001517


0,001103


0,000553




Ethanol (ED95)


1,2768


0,001609


0,000980


0,000780


0,001539


0,001119


0,000561




CNG (25)



1,2661


0,001621


0,000987


0,000528 (26)



0,001551


0,001128


0,000565




Propane


1,2805


0,001603


0,000976


0,000512


0,001533


0,001115


0,000559




Butane


1,2832


0,001600


0,000974


0,000505


0,001530


0,001113


0,000558




LPG (27)



1,2811


0,001602


0,000976


0,000510


0,001533


0,001115


0,000559




Petrol (E10)


1,2931


0,001587


0,000966


0,000499


0,001518


0,001104


0,000553




Ethanol (E85)


1,2797


0,001604


0,000977


0,000730


0,001534


0,001116


0,000559




12.   CALCULATING THE INSTANTANEOUS PARTICLE NUMBER EMISSIONS
This section will define future requirements for calculating instantaneous particle number emissions, once their measurement becomes mandatory.
13.   DATA REPORTING AND EXCHANGE
The data shall be exchanged between the measurement systems and the data evaluation software by a standardised reporting file as specified in point 2 of Appendix 8. Any pre-processing of data (e.g. time correction according to point 3 or the correction of the GPS vehicle speed signal according to point 7) shall be done with the control software of the measurement systems and shall be completed before the data reporting file is generated. If data are corrected or processed prior to entering the data reporting file, the original raw data shall be kept for quality assurance and control. Rounding of intermediate values is not permitted. Instead, intermediate values shall enter the calculation of instantaneous emissions [g/s; #/s] as reported by the analyser, flow-measuring instrument, sensor or the ECU.




‘Appendix 5

Verification of trip dynamic conditions with method 1 (Moving Averaging Window)

1.   INTRODUCTION
The Moving Averaging Window method provides an insight on the real-driving emissions (RDE) occurring during the test at a given scale. The test is divided in sub-sections (windows) and the subsequent statistical treatment aims at identifying which windows are suitable to assess the vehicle RDE performance.
The “normality” of the windows is conducted by comparing their CO2 distance-specific emissions (29) with a reference curve. The test is complete when the test includes a sufficient number of normal windows, covering different speed areas (urban, rural, motorway).






Step 1.


Segmentation of the data and exclusion of cold start emissions;




Step 2.


Calculation of emissions by sub-sets or “windows” (point 3.1);




Step 3.


Identification of normal windows; (point 4)




Step 4.


Verification of test completeness and normality (point 5);




Step 5.


Calculation of emissions using the normal windows (point 6).




2.   SYMBOLS, PARAMETERS AND UNITS
Index (i) refers to the time step
Index (j) refers to the window
Index (k) refers to the category (t=total, u=urban, r=rural, m=motorway) or to the CO2 characteristic curve (cc)
Index “gas” refers to the regulated exhaust gas components (e.g. NOx, CO, PN)







Δ


—


difference




≥


—


larger or equal




#


—


number




%


—


per cent




≤


—


smaller or equal





a
1,
b
1



—


coefficients of the CO2 characteristic curve





a
2,
b
2



—


coefficients of the CO2 characteristic curve





dj




—


distance covered by window j [km]





fk




—


weighing factors for urban, rural and motorway shares





h



—


distance of windows to the CO2 characteristic curve [%]





hj




—


distance of window j to the CO2 characteristic curve [%]











—


severity index for urban, rural and motorway shares and the complete trip





k
11,
k
12



—


coefficients of the weighing function





k
21,
k
21



—


coefficients of the weighing function





M
CO2,ref



—


reference CO2 mass [g]





Mgas




—


mass or particle number of the exhaust component “gas” [g] or [#]





Mgas,j




—


mass or particle number of the exhaust component “gas” in window j [g] or [#]





Mgas,d




—


distance-specific emission for the exhaust component “gas” [g/km] or [#/km]





Mgas,d,j




—


distance-specific emission for the exhaust component “gas” in window j [g/km] or [#/km]





N
k



—


number of windows for urban, rural, and motorway shares





P
1, P
2, P
3



—


reference points




t


—


time [s]





t
1,j



—


first second of the jth averaging window [s]





t
2,j



—


last second of the jth averaging window [s]





ti




—


total time in step i [s]





t
i,j



—


total time in step i considering window j [s]





tol
1



—


primary tolerance for the vehicle CO2 characteristic curve [%]





tol
2



—


secondary tolerance for the vehicle CO2 characteristic curve [%]





tt




—


duration of a test [s]





v



—


vehicle speed [km/h]











—


average speed of windows [km/h]





vi




—


actual vehicle speed in time step i [km/h]











—


average vehicle speed in window j [km/h]











—


average speed of the Low Speed phase of the WLTP cycle











—


average speed of the High Speed phase of the WLTP cycle











—


average speed of the Extra High Speed phase of the WLTP cycle





w



—


weighing factor for windows





wj




—


weighing factor of window j.




3.   MOVING AVERAGING WINDOWS
3.1.   Definition of averaging windows

The instantaneous emissions calculated according to Appendix 4 shall be integrated using a moving averaging window method, based on the reference CO2 mass. The principle of the calculation is as follows: the mass emissions are not calculated for the complete data set, but for sub-sets of the complete data set, the length of these sub-sets being determined so as to match the CO2 mass emitted by the vehicle over the reference laboratory cycle. The moving average calculations are conducted with a time increment corresponding to the data sampling frequency. These sub-sets used to average the emissions data are referred to as “averaging windows”. The calculation described in the present point may be run from the last point (backwards) or from the first point (forward).
The following data shall not be considered for the calculation of the CO2 mass, the emissions and the distance of the averaging windows:






—


the periodic verification of the instruments and/or after the zero drift verifications,










—


the cold start emissions, defined according to Appendix 4, point 4.4,










—


vehicle ground speed < 1 km/h,










—


any section of the test during which the combustion engine is switched off.




The mass (or particle number) emissions M

gas,j
 shall be determined by integrating the instantaneous emissions in g/s (or #/s for PN) calculated as specified in Appendix 4.

Figure 1


Vehicle speed versus time — Vehicle averaged emissions versus time, starting from the first averaging window




First Window
Duration of first window

Figure 2


Definition of CO2 mass based averaging windows




The duration (t2,j
– t1,j
) of the jth averaging window is determined by:





Where:



 is the CO2 mass measured between the test start and time (ti,j), [g];



 is the half of the CO2 mass [g] emitted by the vehicle over the WLTP cycle (Type I test, including cold start);

t
2,j
 shall be selected such as:





Where Δt is the data sampling period.
The CO2 masses are calculated in the windows by integrating the instantaneous emissions calculated as specified in Appendix 4 to this Annex.
3.2.   Calculation of window emissions and averages

The following shall be calculated for each window determined in accordance with point 3.1:






—


the distance-specific emissions Mgas,d,j
 for all the pollutants specified in this annex,










—


the distance-specific CO2 emissions MCO2,d,j
,










—


the average vehicle speed 







4.   EVALUATION OF WINDOWS
4.1.   Introduction

The reference dynamic conditions of the test vehicle are set out from the vehicle CO2 emissions versus average speed measured at type approval and referred to as “vehicle CO2 characteristic curve”.
To obtain the distance-specific CO2 emissions, the vehicle shall be tested using the road load settings prescribed in the UNECE Global Technical Regulation No 15 — worldwide harmonised light vehicles test procedure (ECE/TRANS/180/Add.15).
4.2.   CO2 characteristic curve reference points

The reference points P
1, P
2 and P
3 required to define the curve shall be established as follows:
4.2.1.   Point P1





 (average speed of the Low Speed phase of the WLTP cycle)



 = Vehicle CO2 emissions over the Low Speed phase of the WLTP cycle × 1,2 [g/km].
4.2.2.   Point P2


4.2.3.   
                              

 (average speed of the High Speed phase of the WLTP cycle)



 = Vehicle CO2 emissions over the High Speed phase of the WLTP cycle × 1,1 [g/km].
4.2.4.   Point P3


4.2.5.   
                              

 (average speed of the Extra High Speed phase of the WLTP cycle)



 = Vehicle CO2 emissions over the Extra High Speed phase of the WLTP cycle × 1,05 [g/km]
4.3.   CO2 characteristic curve definition

Using the reference points defined in point 4.2, the characteristic curve CO2 emissions are calculated as a function of the average speed using two linear sections (P
1, P
2) and (P
2, P
3). The section (P
2, P
3) is limited to 145 km/h on the vehicle speed axis. The characteristic curve is defined by equations as follows:





For the section (P
1, P
2):











with:














and:

















For the section (P
2, P
3):











with:














and:













Figure 3


Vehicle CO2 characteristic curve




Window
4.4.   Urban, rural and motorway windows

4.4.1.   Urban windows are characterised by average vehicle ground speeds

 smaller than 45 km/h,
4.4.2.   Rural windows are characterised by average vehicle ground speeds

 greater than or equal to 45 km/h and smaller than 80 km/h,
4.4.3.   Motorway windows are characterised by average vehicle ground speeds

 greater than or equal to 80 km/h and smaller than 145 km/h

Figure 4


Vehicle CO2 characteristic curve: urban, rural and motorway driving definitions




Window
MOTORWAY
URBAN
RURAL
5.   VERIFICATION OF TRIP COMPLETENESS AND NORMALITY
5.1.   Tolerances around the vehicle CO2 characteristic curve

The primary tolerance and the secondary tolerance of the vehicle CO2 characteristic curve are respectively tol
1= 25 % and tol2
 = 50 %.
5.2.   Verification of test completeness

The test shall be complete when it comprises at least 15 % of urban, rural and motorway windows, out of the total number of windows.
5.3.   Verification of test normality

The test shall be normal when at least 50 % of the urban, rural and motorway windows are within the primary tolerance defined for the characteristic curve.
If the specified minimum requirement of 50 % is not met, the upper positive tolerance tol
1 may be increased by steps of 1 % until the 50 % of normal windows target is reached. When using this mechanism, tol1
 shall never exceed 30 %.
6.   CALCULATION OF EMISSIONS
6.1.   Calculation of weighted distance-specific emissions

The emissions shall be calculated as a weighted average of the windows distance-specific emissions separately for the urban, rural and motorway categories and the complete trip.





The weighing factor w
j for each window shall be determined as such:
If



Then w
j = 1
If





Then wj = k11hj + k12


with k11 = 1/(tol1 – tol2)

and k12: tol2/(tol2– tol1)
If





Then wj = k21hj + K22


with k21 = 1/(tol2 – tol1)

and k22 = k21 = tol2/(tol2 – tol1)
If





or





Then w
j = 0
Where:






Figure 5


Averaging window weighing function




Window
6.2.   Calculation of severity indices

The severity indices shall be calculated separately for the urban, rural and motorway categories:





and the complete trip:





Where fu, fr fm
 are equal to 0,34, 0,33 and 0,33 respectively.
6.3.   Calculation of emissions for the total trip

Using the weighted distance-specific emissions calculated under point 6.1, the distance-specific emissions in [mg/km] shall be calculated for the complete trip each gaseous pollutant in the following way:





And for particle number:





Where fu, fr fm
 are respectively equal to 0,34, 0,33 and 0,33.
7.   NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
7.1.   Averaging window calculations


Table 1


Main calculation settings











[g]

610




Direction for averaging window calculation


Forward




Acquisition frequency [Hz]


1




Figure 6 shows how averaging windows are defined on the basis of data recorded during an on-road test performed with PEMS. For sake of clarity, only the first 1 200 seconds of the trip are shown hereafter.
Seconds 0 up to 43 as well as seconds 81 to 86 are excluded due to operation under zero vehicle speed.
The first averaging window starts at t
1,1 = 0s and ends at second t
2,1 = 524 s (Table 3). The window average vehicle speed, integrated CO and NOx masses [g] emitted and corresponding to the valid data over the first averaging window are listed in Table 4.
















Figure 6


Instantaneous CO2 emissions recorded during on-road test with PEMS as a function of time. Rectangular frames indicate the duration of the jth window. Data series named “Valid=100 / Invalid=0” shows second by second data to be excluded from analysis




CO2 j-th MAW [g/km]
CO2 reference [g]
Valid=100 / Invalid=0
CO2 MAW [g/km]
Vehicle Speed [km/h]
Cumulated CO2 j-th MAW [g]
Time [sec]
CO2 emissions [g/km] // Vehicle Speed [km/h]
1 200
1 000
800
600
400
200
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
100
200
300
Cumulated CO2 [g/window]
CO2 MAW reference [g]
Valid=100 / Invalid=0
400
500
700
600
800
7.2.   Evaluation of windows


Table 2


Calculation settings for the CO2 characteristic curve







CO2 Low Speed WLTC (P1) [g/km]


154




CO2 High Speed WLTC (P2) [g/km]


96




CO2 Extra-High Speed WLTC (P3) [g/km]


120














Reference Point


 


 





P
1




















P
2




















P
3



















The definition of the CO2 characteristic curve is as follows:
For the section (P
1, P
2):






with







and: b1
 = 154 – (– 1,543) × 19.0 = 154 + 29,317 = 183,317
For the section (P
2, P
3):






with






and: b2
 = 96 – 0,672 × 56,6 = 96 – 38,035 = 57,965
Examples of calculation for the weighing factors and the window categorisation as urban, rural or motorway are:
For window #45:










For the characteristic curve:





Verification of:










124,498 × (1 – 25/100) ≤ 122,62 ≤ 124,498 × (1 + 25/100)
93,373 ≤ 122,62 ≤ 155,622
Leads to: w
45= 1
For window #556:










For the characteristic curve:





Verification of:










105,982 × (1 – 50/100) ≤ 72,15 ≤ 105,982 × (1 + 25/100)
52,991 ≤ 72,15 ≤ 79,487
Leads to:






w
556 = k
21
h
556 + k
22 = 0,04 · (– 31,922) + 2 = 0,723

with
k
21 = 1/(tol
2 – tol
1) = 1/(50 – 25) = 0,04

and
k
22 = k
21 = tol
2/(tol
2 – tol
1) = 50/(50 – 25) = 2

Table 3


Emissions numerical data











Window [#]



t
1,j


[s]



t
2,j
 – Δt

[s]



t
2,j


[s]







[g]







[g]




1


0


523


524


609,06


610,22




2


1


523


524


609,06


610,22




…


…


 


…


…


…




43


42


523


524


609,06


610,22




44


43


523


524


609,06


610,22




45


44


523


524


609,06


610,22




46


45


524


525


609,68


610,86




47


46


524


525


609,17


610,34




…


…


 


…


…


…




100


99


563


564


609,69


612,74




…


…


 


…


…


…




200


199


686


687


608,44


610,01




…


…


 


…


…


…




474


473


1 024 


1 025 


609,84


610,60




475


474


1 029 


1 030 


609,80


610,49




 


…


 


…


…


…




556


555


1 173 


1 174 


609,96


610,59




557


556


1 174 


1 175 


609,09


610,08




558


557


1 176 


1 177 


609,09


610,59




559


558


1 180 


1 181 


609,79


611,23








Table 4


Window numerical data




















Window [#]


t1,j [s]


t2,j [s]


dj [km]







[km/h]


MCO2,j

[g]


MCO,j

[g]


MNOx,j

[g]


MCO2,d,j

[g/km]


MCO,d,j

[g/km]


MNOx,d,j

[g/km]


MCO2,d,cc(

)
[g/km]


Window (U/R/M)


hj

[%]


wj

[%]




1


0


524


4,98


38,12


610,22


2,25


3,51


122,61


0,45


0,71


124,51


URBAN


– 1,53


1,00




2


1


524


4,98


38,12


610,22


2,25


3,51


122,61


0,45


0,71


124,51


URBAN


– 1,53


1,00




…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…




43


42


524


4,98


38,12


610,22


2,25


3,51


122,61


0,45


0,71


124,51


URBAN


– 1,53


1,00




44


43


524


4,98


38,12


610,22


2,25


3,51


122,61


0,45


0,71


124,51


URBAN


– 1,53


1,00




45


44


524


4,98


38,12


610,22


2,25


3,51


122,62


0,45


0,71


124,51


URBAN


– 1,51


1,00




46


45


525


4,99


38,25


610,86


2,25


3,52


122,36


0,45


0,71


124,30


URBAN


– 1,57


1,00




…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…




100


99


564


5,25


41,23


612,74


2,00


3,68


116,77


0,38


0,70


119,70


URBAN


– 2,45


1,00




…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…




200


199


687


6,17


46,32


610,01


2,07


4,32


98,93


0,34


0,70


111,85


RURAL


– 11,55


1,00




…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…




474


473


1 025 


7,82


52,00


610,60


2,05


4,82


78,11


0,26


0,62


103,10


RURAL


– 24,24


1,00




475


474


1 030 


7,87


51,98


610,49


2,06


4,82


77,57


0,26


0,61


103,13


RURAL


– 24,79


1,00




 


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…


…




556


555


1 174 


8,46


50,12


610,59


2,23


4,98


72,15


0,26


0,59


105,99


RURAL


– 31,93


0,72




557


556


1 175 


8,46


50,12


610,08


2,23


4,98


72,10


0,26


0,59


106,00


RURAL


– 31,98


0,72




558


557


1 177 


8,46


50,07


610,59


2,23


4,98


72,13


0,26


0,59


106,08


RURAL


– 32,00


0,72




559


558


1 181 


8,48


49,93


611,23


2,23


5,00


72,06


0,26


0,59


106,28


RURAL


– 32,20


0,71




7.3.   Urban, rural and motorway windows — Trip completeness

In this numerical example, the trip consists of 7 036 averaging windows. Table 5 lists the number of windows classified in urban, rural and motorway according to their average vehicle speed and divided in regions with respect to their distance to the CO2 characteristic curve. The trip is complete since it comprises at least 15 % of urban, rural and motorway windows out of the total number of windows. In addition the trip is characterised as normal since at least 50 % of the urban, rural and motorway windows are within the primary tolerances defined for the characteristic curve.

Table 5


Verification of trip completeness and normality








Driving Conditions


Numbers


Percentage of windows




All Windows





Urban


1 909 


1 909 /7 036  × 100 = 27,1 > 15




Rural


2 011 


2 011 /7 036  × 100 = 28,6 > 15




Motorway


3 116 


3 116 /7 036  × 100 = 44,3 > 15




Total


1 909  + 2 011  + 3 116  = 7 036 


 




Normal Windows





Urban


1 514 


1 514 /1 909  × 100 = 79,3 > 50




Rural


1 395 


1 395 /2 011  × 100 = 69,4 > 50




Motorway


2 708 


2 708 /3 116  × 100 = 86,9 > 50




Total


1 514  + 1 395  + 2 708  = 5 617 


 








‘Appendix 6

Verification of trip dynamic conditions with method 2 (Power Binning)

1.   INTRODUCTION
This Appendix describes the data evaluation according to the power binning method, named in this appendix “evaluation by normalisation to a standardised power frequency (SPF) distribution”.
2.   SYMBOLS, PARAMETERS AND UNITS






ai



Actual acceleration in time step i, if not other defined in an equation:







aref



Reference acceleration for Pdrive, [0,45 m/s2]




DWLTC



intercept of the Veline from WLTC




f0, f1, f2



Driving resistance coefficients




i


Time step for instantaneous measurements, minimum resolution 1Hz




j


Wheel power class, j = 1 to 9




kWLTC



Slope of the Veline from WLTC




mgas, i



Instantaneous mass of the exhaust component “gas” at time step i, [g/s]




mgas, 3s, k



3-second moving average mass flow of the exhaust gas component “gas” in time step k given in 1 Hz resolution [g/s]











Average emission value of an exhaust gas component in the wheel power class j, g/s




Mgas,d



Distance-specific emissions for the exhaust gas component “gas” [g/km]




p


phase of WLTC (low, medium, high and extra-high), p = 1 – 4




Pdrag



Engine drag power in the Veline approach where fuel injection is zero, [kW]




Prated



Maximum rated engine power as declared by the manufacturer, [kW]




Prequired,i



Power to overcome road load and inertia of a vehicle at time step i, [kW]




Pr,,I



Same as Prequired,i defined above used in longer equations




Pwot(nnorm)



Full load power curve, [kW]




Pc,j



Wheel power class limits for class number j, [kW] (Pc,j, lower bound represents the lower limit Pc,j, upper bound the upper limit)




Pc,norm, j



Wheel power class limits for class j as normalised power value, [-]




Pr, I



Power demand at the vehicle's wheel to overcome driving resistances in time step i [kW]




Pw,3s,k



3-second moving average power demand at the vehicle's wheel to overcome driving resistances in in time step k in 1 Hz resolution [kW]




Pdrive



Power demand at the wheel hub for a vehicle at reference speed and acceleration [kW]




Pnorm



Normalised power demand at the wheel hub [-]




ti



Total time in step i, [s]




tc,j



Time share of the wheel power class j, [%]




ts


Start time of the WLTC phase p, [s]




te


End time of the WLTC phase p, [s]




TM


Test mass of the vehicle, [kg]; to be specified per section: real test weight in PEMS test, NEDC inertia class weight or WLTP masses (TML, TMH or TMind)




SPF


Standardised Power Frequency distribution




vi



Actual vehicle speed in time step i, [km/h]











Average vehicle speed in the wheel power class j, km/h




vref



Reference velocity for Pdrive, [70 km/h]




v3s,k



3-second moving average of the vehicle velocity in time step k, [km/h].




3.   EVALUATION OF THE MEASURED EMISSIONS USING A STANDARDISED WHEEL POWER FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
The power binning method uses the instantaneous emissions of the pollutants, mgas, i (g/s) calculated in accordance with Appendix 4.
The mgas, i values shall be classified in accordance with the corresponding power at the wheels and the classified average emissions per power class shall be weighted to obtain the emission values for a test with a normal power distribution according to the following points.
3.1.   Sources for the actual wheel power

The actual wheel power Pr,i shall be the total power to overcome air resistance, rolling resistance, longitudinal inertia of the vehicle and rotational inertia of the wheels.
When measured and recorded, the wheel power signal shall use a torque signal meeting the linearity requirements laid down in Appendix 2, point 3.2.
As an alternative, the actual wheel power may be determined from the instantaneous CO2 emissions following the procedure laid down in point 4 of this Appendix.
3.2.   Classification of the moving averages to urban, rural and motorway

The standard power frequencies are defined for urban driving and for the total trip (see paragraph 3.4) and a separate evaluation of the emissions shall be made for the total trip and for the urban part. The three-second moving averages calculated according to paragraph 3.3 shall therefore be allocated later to urban and extra-urban driving conditions according to the velocity signal (v3s,k) as outlined in Table 1-1.

Table 1-1


Speed ranges for the allocation of test data to urban, rural and motorway conditions in the power binning method









 


Urban


Rural (30)



Motorway (30)





v3s,k [km/h]


0 to ≤ 60


> 60 to ≤ 90


> 90




Where






v3s,k



3-second moving average of the vehicle velocity in time step k, [km/h]




k


time step for moving average values.




3.3.   Calculation of the moving averages of the instantaneous test data

Three-second moving averages shall be calculated from all relevant instantaneous test data to reduce influences of possibly imperfect time alignment between emission mass flow and wheel power. The moving average values shall be computed in a 1 Hz frequency:















Where






k


time step for moving average values




i


time step from instantaneous test data.




3.4.   Set up of the wheel power classes for emission classification

3.4.1.   The power classes and the corresponding time shares of the power classes in normal driving are defined for normalised power values to be representative for any LDV (Table 1-2).

Table 1-2


Normalised standard power frequencies for urban driving and for a weighted average for a total trip consisting of 1/3 urban, 1/3 road, 1/3 motorway mileage










Power class No


Pc,norm,j [-]


Urban


Total trip




From >


to ≤


Time share, tC,j





1


 


– 0,1


21,9700 %


18,5611 %




2


– 0,1


0,1


28,7900 %


21,8580 %




3


0,1


1


44,0000 %


43,45 %




4


1


1,9


4,7400 %


13,2690 %




5


1,9


2,8


0,4500 %


2,3767 %




6


2,8


3,7


0,0450 %


0,4232 %




7


3,7


4,6


0,0040 %


0,0511 %




8


4,6


5,5


0,0004 %


0,0024 %




9


5,5


 


0,0003 %


0,0003 %




The Pc,norm columns in Table 1-2 shall be de-normalised by multiplication with Pdrive, where Pdrive is the actual wheel power of the tested car in the type approval settings at the chassis dynamometer at vref and aref.
Pc,j [kW] = Pc,norm, j × Pdrive






Where:






—



j is the power class index according to Table 1-2










—


The driving resistance coefficients f0, f1, f2
 should be calculated with a least squares regression analysis from the following definition:

PCorrected/v = f0 + f1 × v + f2 × v2


with (PCorrected/v) being the road load force at vehicle velocity v for the NEDC test cycle defined in point 5.1.1.2.8 of Appendix 7 to Annex 4a of UNECE Regulation 83 — 07 series of amendments.










—


TMNEDC is the inertia class of the vehicle in the type approval test, [kg].




3.4.2.   Correction of the wheel power classes

The maximum wheel power class to be considered is the highest class in Table 1-2 which includes (Prated × 0,9). The time shares of all excluded classes shall be added to the highest remaining class.
From each Pc,norm,j the corresponding Pc,j shall be calculated to define the upper and lower bounds in kW per wheel power class for the tested vehicle as shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1


Schematic picture for converting the normalised standardised power frequency into a vehicle specific power frequency




Pc,i [kW] = Pc,norm, i * Pdrive
Time share in standard trip [%]
Time share in standard trip [%]
Pc,i bounds [kW]
Pc,i,norm bounds [-]
100,40
100,40
83,97
83,97
67,54
67,54
51,11
51,11
34,68
34,68
18,25
18,25
1,83
1,825
– 1,825
– 1,83
5,5
5,5
4,6
4,6
3,7
3,7
2,8
2,8
1,9
1,9
1
1
0,1
0,1
– 0,1
– 0,1
Total trip
Urban
30 %
35 %
40 %
45 %
50 %
15 %
0 %
5 %
10 %
20 %
25 %
10 %
0 %
5 %
15 %
20 %
25 %
40 %
30 %
35 %
45 %
50 %
An example for this de-normalisation is given below.
Example for input data:






Parameter


Value




f0 [N]


79,19




f1 [N/(km/h)]


0,73




f2 [N/(km/h)2]


0,03




TM [kg]


1 470 




Prated [kW]


120 (Example 1)




Prated [kW]


75 (Example 2)




Corresponding results:
Pdrive = 70 [km/h]/3,6 × (79,19 + 0,73 [N/(km/h)] × 70[km/h] + 0,03 [N/(km/h)2] × (70 [km/h])2 + 1 470 [kg] × 0,45[m/s2]) × 0,001
Pdrive = 18.25 kW

Table 2


De-normalised standard power frequency values from Table 1-2 (for Example 1)










Power class No


Pc,j [kW]


Urban


Total trip




From >


to ≤


Time share, tC,j [%]




1


All < – 1,825


– 1,825


21,97 %


18,5611 %




2


– 1,825


1,825


28,79 %


21,8580 %




3


1,825


18,25


44,00 %


43,4583 %




4


18,25


34,675


4,74 %


13,2690 %




5


34,675


51,1


0,45 %


2,3767 %




6


51,1


67,525


0,045 %


0,4232 %




7


67,525


83,95


0,004 %


0,0511 %




8


83,95


100,375


0,0004 %


0,0024 %




9 (31)



100,375


All > 100,375


0,00025 %


0,0003 %








Table 3


De-normalised standard power frequency values from Table 1-2 ( for Example 2)










Power class No


Pc,j [kW]


Urban


Total trip




From >


to ≤


Time share, tC,j [%]




1


All < – 1,825


– 1,825


21,97 %


18,5611 %




2


– 1,825


1,825


28,79 %


21,8580 %




3


1,825


18,25


44,00 %


43,4583 %




4


18,25


34,675


4,74 %


13,2690 %




5


34,675


51,1


0,45 %


2,3767 %




6 (32)



51,1


All > 51,1


0,04965 %


0,4770 %




7


67,525


83,95


—


—




8


83,95


100,375


—


—




9


100,375


All > 100,375


—


—




3.5.   Classification of the moving average values

Each moving average value calculated according to point 3.2 shall be sorted into the de-normalised wheel power class into which the actual 3-second moving average wheel power Pw,3s,k fits. The de-normalised wheel power class limits have to be calculated according to point 3.3.
The classification shall be done for all three-second moving averages of the entire valid trip data as well as for the all urban trip parts. Additionally all moving averages classified to urban according to the velocity limits defined in Table 1-1 shall be classified into one set of urban power classes independently of the time when the moving average appeared in the trip.
Then the average of all three-second moving average values within a wheel power class shall be calculated for each wheel power class per parameter. The equations are described below and shall be applied once for the urban data set and once for the total data set.
Classification of the 3-second moving average values into power class j (j = 1 to 9):

if




then: class index for emissions and velocity = j.
The number of 3-second moving average values shall be counted for each power class:

if




then: countsj = n + 1 (countsj is counting the number of 3-second moving average emission value in a power class to check later the minimum coverage demands).
3.6.   Check of power class coverage and of normality of power distribution

For a valid test the time shares of the single wheel power classes shall be in the ranges listed in Table 4.

Table 4


Minimum and maximum shares per power class for a valid test












 


Pc,norm,j [-]


Total trip


Urban trip parts




Power class No


From >


to ≤


lower bound


upper bound


lower bound


upper bound




Sum 1 + 2 (33)



 


0,1


15 %


60 %


5 % (33)



60 %




3


0,1


1


35 %


50 %


28 %


50 %




4


1


1,9


7 %


25 %


0,7 %


25 %




5


1,9


2,8


1,0 %


10 %


> 5 counts


5 %




6


2,8


3,7


> 5 counts


2,5 %


0 %


2 %




7


3,7


4,6


0 %


1,0 %


0 %


1 %




8


4,6


5,5


0 %


0,5 %


0 %


0,5 %




9


5,5


 


0 %


0,25 %


0 %


0,25 %




In addition to the requirements in Table 4, a minimum coverage of 5 counts is demanded for the total trip in each wheel power class up to the class containing 90 % of the rated power to provide a sufficient sample size.
A minimum coverage of five counts is required for the urban part of the trip in each wheel power class up to class No 5. If the counts in the urban part of the trip in a wheel power class above No 5 are less than five, the average class emission value shall be set to zero.
3.7.   Averaging of the measured values per wheel power class

The moving averages sorted in each wheel power class shall be averaged as follows:










Where






j


wheel power class 1 to 9 according to Table 1











average emission value of an exhaust gas component in a wheel power class (separate value for total trip data and for the urban parts of the trip), [g/s]











average velocity in a wheel power class (separate value for total trip data and for the urban parts of the trip), [km/h]




k


time step for moving average values.




3.8.   Weighting of the average values per wheel power class

The average values of each wheel power class shall be multiplied with the time share, tC,j per class according to Table 1-2 and summed up to produce the weighted average value for each parameter. This value represents the weighted result for a trip with the standardised power frequencies. The weighted averages shall be computed for the urban part of the test data using the time shares for urban power distribution as well as for the total trip using the time shares for the total.
The equations are described below and shall be applied once for the urban data set and once for the total data set.










3.9.   Calculation of the weighted distance-specific emission value

The time-based weighted averages of the emissions in the test shall be converted into distance-based emissions once for the urban data set and once for the total data set as follows:





Using this formula, weighted averages shall be calculated for the following pollutants:






Mw,NOx,d



weighted NOx test result in [mg/km]




Mw,CO,d




weighted CO test result in [mg/km]




4.   ASSESSMENT OF THE WHEEL POWER FROM THE INSTANTANEOUS CO2 MASS FLOW
The power at the wheels (Pw,i) can be computed from the measured CO2 mass flow in 1 Hz basis. For this calculation the vehicle-specific CO2 lines (“Veline”) shall be used.
The Veline shall be calculated from the vehicle type approval test in the WLTC according to the test procedure described in UNECE Global Technical Regulation No 15 — worldwide harmonised light vehicles test procedure (ECE/TRANS/180/Add.15).
The average wheel power per WLTC phase shall be calculated. in 1 Hz from the driven velocity and from the chassis dynamometer settings. All wheel power values below the drag power shall be set to the drag power value.





With






f0, f1, f2



road load coefficients used in in the WLTP test performed with the vehicle




TM


test mass of the vehicle in the WLTP test performed with the vehicle in [kg]





P

drag
= – 0,04 × P

rated



if Pw,i < Pdrag then Pw,i = Pdrag


The average power per WLTC phase is calculated from the 1 Hz wheel power according to:





With






p


phase of WLTC (low, medium, high and extra-high)




ts


Start time of the WLTC phase p, [s]




te


end time of the WLTC phase p, [s].




Then a linear regression shall be made with the CO2 mass flow from the bag values of the WLTC on the y-axis and from the average wheel power Pw,p
 per phase on the x-axis as illustrated in Figure 2.
The resulting Veline equation defines the CO2 mass flow as function of the wheel power:













CO2 in [g/h]




Where






kWLTC



slope of the Veline from WLTC, [g/kWh]




DWLTC



intercept of the Veline from WLTC, [g/h].





Figure 2


Schematic picture of setting up the vehicle-specific Veline from the CO2 test results in the four phases of the WLTC




The actual wheel power shall be calculated from the measured CO2 mass flow according to:





With





CO2 in [g/h]









PW,j in [kW]




The above equation can be used to provide PWi for the classification of the measured emissions as described in point 3 with following additional conditions in the calculation







if vi < 0,5 and if ai < 0 then P w,i = 0




v in [m/s]





if CO2i < 0,5 X DWLTC then P w,i = Pdrag




v in [m/s].








‘Appendix 7

Selection of vehicles for PEMS testing at initial type approval

1.   INTRODUCTION
Due to their particular characteristics, PEMS tests are not required to be performed for each 
                           “vehicle type with regard to emissions and vehicle repair and maintenance information”
                         as defined in Article 2(1) of this Regulation, which is called in the following 
                           “vehicle emission type”
                        . Several vehicle emission types may be put together by the vehicle manufacturer to form a 
                           “PEMS test family”
                         according to the requirements of point 3, which shall be validated according to the requirements of point 4.
2.   SYMBOLS, PARAMETERS AND UNITS







N


—


Number of vehicle emission types




NT


—


Minimum number of vehicle emission types




PMRH



—


highest power-to-mass-ratio of all vehicles in the PEMS test family




PMRL



—


lowest power-to-mass-ratio of all vehicles in the PEMS test family




V_eng_max


—


maximum engine volume of all vehicles within the PEMS test family.




3.   PEMS TEST FAMILY BUILDING
A PEMS test family shall comprise vehicles with similar emission characteristics. Upon the choice of the manufacturer vehicle emission types may be included in a PEMS test family only if they are identical with respect to the characteristics in points 3.1 and 3.2.
3.1.   Administrative criteria

3.1.1.   The approval authority issuing the emission type approval according to Regulation (EC) 715/2007.
3.1.2.   A single vehicle manufacturer.
3.2.   Technical criteria

3.2.1.   Propulsion type (e.g. ICE, HEV, PHEV).
3.2.2.   Type(s) of fuel(s) (e.g. petrol, diesel, LPG, NG, …). Bi- or flex-fuelled vehicles may be grouped with other vehicles, with which they have one of the fuels in common.
3.2.3.   Combustion process (e.g. two stroke, four stroke)
3.2.4.   Number of cylinders
3.2.5.   Configuration of the cylinder block (e.g. in-line, V, radial, horizontally opposed)
3.2.6.   Engine volume
The vehicle manufacturer shall specify a value V_eng_max (= maximum engine volume of all vehicles within the PEMS test family). The engine volumes of vehicles in the PEMS test family shall not deviate more than – 22 % from V_eng_max if V_eng_max ≥ 1 500 ccm and – 32 % from V_eng_max if V_eng_max < 1 500 ccm.
3.2.7.   Method of engine fuelling (e.g. indirect or direct or combined injection)
3.2.8.   Type of cooling system (e.g. air, water, oil)
3.2.9.   Method of aspiration such as naturally aspirated, pressure charged, type of pressure charger (e.g. externally driven, single or multiple turbo, variable geometries, …)
3.2.10.   Types and sequence of exhaust after-treatment components (e.g. three-way catalyst, oxidation catalyst, lean NOx trap, SCR, lean NOx catalyst, particulate trap).
3.2.11.   Exhaust gas recirculation (with or without, internal/external, cooled/non-cooled, low/high pressure).
3.3.   Extension of a PEMS test family

An existing PEMS test family may be extended by adding new vehicle emission types to it. The extended PEMS test family and its validation must also fulfil the requirements of points 3 and 4. This may in particular require the PEMS testing of additional vehicles to validate the extended PEMS test family according to point 4.
3.4.   Alternative PEMS test family

As an alternative to the provisions of points 3.1 to 3.2 the vehicle manufacturer may define a PEMS test family, which is identical to a single vehicle emission type. In this the requirement of point 4.1.2 for validating the PEMS test family shall not apply.
4.   VALIDATION OF A PEMS TEST FAMILY
4.1.   General requirements for validating a PEMS test family

4.1.1.   The vehicle manufacturer presents a representative vehicle of the PEMS test family to the type-approval authority. The vehicle shall be subject to a PEMS test carried out by a Technical Service to demonstrate compliance of the representative vehicle with the requirements of this Annex.
4.1.2.   The authority responsible for issuing the emission type-approval in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 selects additional vehicles according to the requirements of point 4.2 of this Appendix for PEMS testing carried out by a Technical Service to demonstrate compliance of the selected vehicles with the requirements of this Annex. The technical criteria for selection of an additional vehicle according to point 4.2 of this Appendix shall be recorded with the test results.
4.1.3.   With agreement of the type-approval authority, a PEMS test can also be driven by a different operator witnessed by a Technical Service, provided that at least the tests of the vehicles required by of this Appendix and in total at least 50 % of the PEMS tests required by this Appendix for validating the PEMS test family are driven by a Technical Service. In such case the Technical Service remains responsible for the proper execution of all PEMS tests pursuant to the requirements of this Annex.
4.1.4.   A PEMS test results of a specific vehicle may be used for validating different PEMS test families according to the requirements of this Appendix under the following conditions:






—


the vehicles included in all PEMS test families to be validated are approved by a single authority according to the requirements of Regulation (EC) 715/2007 and this authority agrees to the use of the specific vehicle's PEMS test results for validating different PEMS test families,










—


each PEMS test family to be validated includes a vehicle emission type, which comprises the specific vehicle;




For each validation the applicable responsibilities are considered to be borne by the manufacturer of the vehicles in the respective family, regardless of whether this manufacturer was involved in the PEMS test of the specific vehicle emission type.
4.2.   Selection of vehicles for PEMS testing when validating a PEMS test family

By selecting vehicles from a PEMS test family it should be ensured that the following technical characteristics relevant for pollutant emissions are covered by a PEMS test. One vehicle selected for testing can be representative for different technical characteristics. For the validation of a PEMS test family vehicles shall be selected for PEMS testing as follows:
4.2.1.   For each combination of fuels (e.g. petrol-LPG, petrol-NG, petrol only), on which some vehicle of the PEMS test family can operate, at least one vehicle that can operate on this combination of fuels shall be selected for PEMS testing.
4.2.2.   The manufacturer shall specify a value PMRH (= highest power-to-mass-ratio of all vehicles in the PEMS test family) and a value PMRL (= lowest power-to-mass-ratio of all vehicles in the PEMS test family). Here the “power-to-mass-ratio” corresponds to the ratio of the maximum net power of the internal combustion engine as indicated in point 3.2.1.8 of Appendix 3 to Annex I of this Regulation and of the reference mass as defined in Article 3(3) of Regulation (EC) No 715/2007. At least one vehicle configuration representative for the specified PMRH and one vehicle configuration representative for the specified PMRL of a PEMS test family shall be selected for testing. If the power-to-mass ratio of a vehicle deviates by not more than 5 % from the specified value for PMRH, or PMRL, the vehicle should be considered as representative for this value.
4.2.3.   At least one vehicle for each transmission type (e.g. manual, automatic, DCT) installed in vehicles of the PEMS test family shall be selected for testing.
4.2.4.   At least one four-wheel drive vehicle (4 × 4 vehicle) shall be selected for testing if such vehicles are part of the PEMS test family.
4.2.5.   For each engine volume occurring on a vehicle in the PEMS family at least one representative vehicle shall be tested.
4.2.6.   At least one vehicle for each number of installed exhaust after-treatment components shall be selected for testing.
4.2.7.   Notwithstanding the provisions in points 4.2.1 to 4.2.6, at least the following number of vehicle emission types of a given PEMS test family shall be selected for testing:






Number N of vehicle emission types in a PEMS test family


Minimum number NT of vehicle emission types selected for PEMS testing




1


1




from 2 to 4


2




from 5 to 7


3




from 8 to 10


4




from 11 to 49


NT = 3 + 0,1 × N (*1)





more than 49


NT = 0,15 × N (*1)





5.   REPORTING
5.1.   The vehicle manufacturer provides a full description of the PEMS test family, which includes in particular the technical criteria described in point 3.2 and submits it to the responsible type approval authority.
5.2.   The manufacturer attributes a unique identification number of the format MS-OEM-X-Y to the PEMS test family and communicates it to the type approval authority. Here MS is the distinguishing number of the Member State issuing the EC type-approval (34), OEM is the 3 character manufacturer, X is a sequential number identifying the original PEMS test family and Y is a counter for its extensions (starting with 0 for a PEMS test family not extended yet).
5.3.   The type approval authority and the vehicle manufacturer shall maintain a list of vehicle emission types being part of a given PEMS test family on the basis of emission type approval numbers. For each emission type all corresponding combinations of vehicle type approval numbers, types, variants and versions as defined in Sections 0.10 and 0.2 of the vehicle's EC certificate of conformity shall be provided as well.
5.4.   The type approval authority and the vehicle manufacturer shall maintain a list of vehicle emission types selected for PEMS testing in order validate a PEMS test family in accordance with point 4, which also provides the necessary information on how the selection criteria of point 4.2 are covered. This list shall also indicate whether the provisions of point 4.1.3 were applied for a particular PEMS test.




‘Appendix 8

Data exchange and reporting requirements

1.   INTRODUCTION
This Appendix describes the requirements for the data exchange between the measurement systems and the data evaluation software and for the reporting and exchange of intermediate and final results after the completion of the data evaluation.
The exchange and reporting of mandatory and optional parameters shall follow the requirements of point 3.2 of Appendix 1. The data specified in the exchange and reporting files of point 3 shall be reported to ensure a complete traceability of final results.
2.   SYMBOLS, PARAMETERS AND UNITS








a
1



—


coefficient of the CO2 characteristic curve





b
1



—


coefficient of the CO2 characteristic curve





a
2



—


coefficient of the CO2 characteristic curve





b
2



—


coefficient of the CO2 characteristic curve





k
11



—


coefficient of the weighing function





k
12



—


coefficient of the weighing function





k
21



—


coefficient of the weighing function





k
22



—


coefficient of the weighing function





tol
1



—


primary tolerance





tol
2



—


secondary tolerance.




3.   DATA EXCHANGE AND REPORTING FORMAT
3.1.   General

Emission values as well as any other relevant parameters shall be reported and exchanged as csv-formatted data file. Parameter values shall be separated by a comma, ASCII-Code #h2C. The decimal marker of numerical values shall be a point, ASCII-Code #h2E. Lines shall be terminated by carriage return, ASCII-Code #h0D. No thousands separators shall be used.
3.2.   Data exchange

Data shall be exchanged between the measurement systems and the data evaluation software by means of a standardised reporting file that contains a minimum set of mandatory and optional parameters. The data exchange file shall be structured as follows: The first 195 lines shall be reserved for a header that provides specific information about, e.g. the test conditions, the identity and calibration of the PEMS equipment (Table 1). Lines 198-200 shall contain the labels and units of parameters. Lines 201 and all consecutive data lines shall comprise the body of the data exchange file and report parameter values (Table 2). The body of the data exchange file shall contain at least as many data lines as the test duration in seconds multiplied by the recording frequency in Hertz.
3.3.   Intermediate and final results

Manufacturers shall record summary parameters of intermediate results as structured in Table 3. The information in Table 3 shall be obtained prior to the application of the data evaluation methods laid down in Appendices 5 and 6.
The vehicle manufacturer shall record the results of the two data evaluation methods in separate files. The results of the data evaluation with the method described in Appendix 5 shall be reported according to Tables 4, 5 and 6. The results of the data evaluation with the method described in Appendix 6 shall be reported according to Tables 7, 8 and 9. The header of the data reporting file shall be composed of three parts. The first 95 lines shall be reserved for specific information about the settings of the data evaluation method. Lines 101-195 shall report the results of the data evaluation method. Lines 201-490 shall be reserved for reporting the final emission results. Line 501 and all consecutive data lines comprise the body of the data reporting file and shall contain the detailed results of the data evaluation.
4.   TECHNICAL REPORTING TABLES
4.1.   Data exchange


Table 1


Header of the data exchange file








Line


Parameter


Description/unit




1


TEST ID


[code]




2


Test date


[day.month.year]




3


Organisation supervising the test


[name of the organisation]




4


Test location


[city, country]




5


Person supervising the test


[name of the principal supervisor]




6


Vehicle driver


[name of the driver]




7


Vehicle type


[vehicle name]




8


Vehicle manufacturer


[name]




9


Vehicle model year


[year]




10


Vehicle ID


[VIN code]




11


Odometer value at test start


[km]




12


Odometer value at test end


[km]




13


Vehicle category


[category]




14


Type approval emissions limit


[Euro X]




15


Engine type


[e.g. spark ignition, compression ignition]




16


Engine rated power


[kW]




17


Peak torque


[Nm]




18


Engine displacement


[ccm]




19


Transmission


[e.g. manual, automatic]




20


Number of forward gears


[#]




21


Fuel


[e.g. gasoline, diesel]




22


Lubricant


[product label]




23


Tyre size


[width/height/rim diameter]




24


Front and rear axle tire pressure


[bar; bar]




25


Road load parameters


[F0, F1, F2]




26


Type-approval test cycle


[NEDC, WLTC]




27


Type-approval CO2 emissions


[g/km]




28


CO2 emissions in WLTC mode Low


[g/km]




29


CO2 emissions in WLTC mode Mid


[g/km]




30


CO2 emissions in WLTC mode High


[g/km]




31


CO2 emissions in WLTC mode Extra High


[g/km]




32


Vehicle test mass (35)



[kg; % (36)]




33


PEMS manufacturer


[name]




34


PEMS type


[PEMS name]




35


PEMS serial number


[number]




36


PEMS power supply


[e.g. % battery type]




37


Gas analyser manufacturer


[name]




38


Gas analyser type


[type]




39


Gas analyser serial number


[number]




40-50 (37)



…


…




51


EFM manufacturer (38)



[name]




52


EFM sensor type (38)



[functional principle]




53


EFM serial number (38)



[number]




54


Source of exhaust mass flow rate


[EFM/ECU/sensor]




55


Air pressure sensor


[type, manufacturer]




56


Test date


[day.month.year]




57


Start time of pre-test procedure


[h:min]




58


Start time of trip


[h:min]




59


Start time of post-test procedure


[h:min]




60


End time of pre-test procedure


[h:min]




61


End time of trip


[h:min]




62


End time of post-test procedure


[h:min]




63-70 (39)



…


…




71


Time correction: Shift THC


[s]




72


Time correction: Shift CH4



[s]




73


Time correction: Shift NMHC


[s]




74


Time correction: Shift O2



[s]




75


Time correction: Shift PN


[s]




76


Time correction: Shift CO


[s]




77


Time correction: Shift CO2



[s]




78


Time correction: Shift NO


[s]




79


Time correction: Shift NO2



[s]




80


Time correction: Shift exhaust mass flow rate


[s]




81


Span reference value THC


[ppm]




82


Span reference value CH4



[ppm]




83


Span reference value NMHC


[ppm]




84


Span reference value O2



[%]




85


Span reference value PN


[#]




86


Span reference value CO


[ppm]




87


Span reference value CO2



[%]




88


Span reference value NO


[ppm]




89


Span Reference Value NO2



[ppm]




90-95 (39)



…


…




96


Pre-test zero response THC


[ppm]




97


Pre-test zero response CH4



[ppm]




98


Pre-test zero response NMHC


[ppm]




99


Pre-test zero response O2



[%]




100


Pre-test zero response PN


[#]




101


Pre-test zero response CO


[ppm]




102


Pre-test zero response CO2



[%]




103


Pre-test zero response NO


[ppm]




104


Pre-test zero response NO2



[ppm]




105


Pre-test span response THC


[ppm]




106


Pre-test span response CH4



[ppm]




107


Pre-test span response NMHC


[ppm]




108


Pre-test span response O2



[%]




109


Pre-test span response PN


[#]




110


Pre-test span response CO


[ppm]




111


Pre-test span response CO2



[%]




112


Pre-test span response NO


[ppm]




113


Pre-test span response NO2



[ppm]




114


Post-test zero response THC


[ppm]




115


Post-test zero response CH4



[ppm]




116


Post-test zero response NMHC


[ppm]




117


Post-test zero response O2



[%]




118


Post-test zero response PN


[#]




119


Post-test zero response CO


[ppm]




120


Post-test zero response CO2



[%]




121


Post-test zero response NO


[ppm]




122


Post-test zero response NO2



[ppm]




123


Post-test span response THC


[ppm]




124


Post-test span response CH4



[ppm]




125


Post-test span response NMHC


[ppm]




126


Post-test span response O2



[%]




127


Post-test span response PN


[#]




128


Post-test span response CO


[ppm]




129


Post-test span response CO2



[%]




130


Post-test span response NO


[ppm]




131


Post-test span response NO2



[ppm]




132


PEMS validation — results THC


[mg/km;%] (40)





133


PEMS validation — results CH4



[mg/km;%] (40)





134


PEMS validation — results NMHC


[mg/km;%] (40)





135


PEMS validation — results PN


[#/km;%] (40)





136


PEMS validation — results CO


[mg/km;%] (40)





137


PEMS validation — results CO2



[g/km;%] (40)





138


PEMS validation — results NOX



[mg/km;%] (40)





… (41)



… (41)



… (41)









Table 2


Body of the data exchange file; the rows and columns of this table shall be transposed in the body of the data exchange file










Line


198


199 (42)



200


201




 


Time


trip


[s]



 (43)





 


Vehicle speed (44)



Sensor


[km/h]



 (43)





 


Vehicle speed (44)



GPS


[km/h]



 (43)





 


Vehicle speed (44)



ECU


[km/h]



 (43)





 


Latitude


GPS


[deg:min:s]



 (43)





 


Longitude


GPS


[deg:min:s]



 (43)





 


Altitude (44)



GPS


[m]



 (43)





 


Altitude (44)



Sensor


[m]



 (43)





 


Ambient pressure


Sensor


[kPa]



 (43)





 


Ambient temperature


Sensor


[K]



 (43)





 


Ambient humidity


Sensor


[g/kg; %]



 (43)





 


THC concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


CH4 concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


NMHC concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


CO concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


CO2 concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


NOX concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


NO concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


NO2 concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


O2 concentration


Analyser


[ppm]



 (43)





 


PN concentration


Analyser


[#/m3]



 (43)





 


Exhaust mass flow rate


EFM


[kg/s]



 (43)





 


Exhaust temperature in the EFM


EFM


[K]



 (43)





 


Exhaust mass flow rate


Sensor


[kg/s]



 (43)





 


Exhaust mass flow rate


ECU


[kg/s]



 (43)





 


THC mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


CH4 mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


NMHC mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


CO mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


CO2 mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


NOX mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


NO mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


NO2 mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


O2 mass


Analyser


[g/s]



 (43)





 


PN


Analyser


[#/s]



 (43)





 


Gas measurement active


PEMS


[active (1); inactive (0); error (>1)]



 (43)





 


Engine speed


ECU


[rpm]



 (43)





 


Engine torque


ECU


[Nm]



 (43)





 


Torque at driven axle


Sensor


[Nm]



 (43)





 


Wheel rotational speed


Sensor


[rad/s]



 (43)





 


Fuel rate


ECU


[g/s]



 (43)





 


Engine fuel flow


ECU


[g/s]



 (43)





 


Engine intake air flow


ECU


[g/s]



 (43)





 


Coolant temperature


ECU


[K]



 (43)





 


Oil temperature


ECU


[K]



 (43)





 


Regeneration status


ECU


—



 (43)





 


Pedal position


ECU


[%]



 (43)





 


Vehicle status


ECU


[error (1); normal (0)]



 (43)





 


Per cent torque


ECU


[%]



 (43)





 


Per cent friction torque


ECU


[%]



 (43)





 


State of charge


ECU


[%]



 (43)





 


… (45)



… (45)



… (45)




 (43)
 (45)





4.2.   Intermediate and final results

4.2.1.   Intermediate results


Table 3


Reporting file #1 — Summary parameters of intermediate results








Line


Parameter


Description/unit




1


Total trip distance


[km]




2


Total trip duration


[h:min:s]




3


Total stop time


[min:s]




4


Trip average speed


[km/h]




5


Trip maximum speed


[km/h]




6


Average THC concentration


[ppm]




7


Average CH4 concentration


[ppm]




8


Average NMHC concentration


[ppm]




9


Average CO concentration


[ppm]




10


Average CO2 concentration


[ppm]




11


Average NOX concentration


[ppm]




12


Average PN concentration


[#/m3]




13


Average exhaust mass flow rate


[kg/s]




14


Average exhaust temperature


[K]




15


Maximum exhaust temperature


[K]




16


Cumulated THC mass


[g]




17


Cumulated CH4 mass


[g]




18


Cumulated NMHC mass


[g]




19


Cumulated CO mass


[g]




20


Cumulated CO2 mass


[g]




21


Cumulated NOX mass


[g]




22


Cumulated PN


[#]




23


Total trip THC emissions


[mg/km]




24


Total trip CH4 emissions


[mg/km]




25


Total trip NMHC emissions


[mg/km]




26


Total trip CO emissions


[mg/km]




27


Total trip CO2 emissions


[g/km]




28


Total trip NOX emissions


[mg/km]




29


Total trip PN emissions


[#/km]




30


Distance urban part


[km]




31


Duration urban part


[h:min:s]




32


Stop time urban part


[min:s]




33


Average speed urban part


[km/h]




34


Maximum speed urban part


[km/h]




35


Average urban THC concentration


[ppm]




36


Average urban CH4 concentration


[ppm]




37


Average urban NMHC concentration


[ppm]




38


Average urban CO concentration


[ppm]




39


Average urban CO2 concentration


[ppm]




40


Average urban NOX concentration


[ppm]




41


Average urban PN concentration


[#/m3]




42


Average urban exhaust mass flow rate


[kg/s]




43


Average urban exhaust temperature


[K]




44


Maximum urban exhaust temperature


[K]




45


Cumulated urban THC mass


[g]




46


Cumulated urban CH4 mass


[g]




47


Cumulated urban NMHC mass


[g]




48


Cumulated urban CO mass


[g]




49


Cumulated urban CO2 mass


[g]




50


Cumulated urban NOX mass


[g]




51


Cumulated urban PN


[#]




52


Urban THC emissions


[mg/km]




53


Urban CH4 emissions


[mg/km]




54


Urban NMHC emissions


[mg/km]




55


Urban CO emissions


[mg/km]




56


Urban CO2 emissions


[g/km]




57


Urban NOX emissions


[mg/km]




58


Urban PN emissions


[#/km]




59


Distance rural part


[km]




60


Duration rural part


[h:min:s]




61


Stop time rural part


[min:s]




62


Average speed rural part


[km/h]




63


Maximum speed rural part


[km/h]




64


Average rural THC concentration


[ppm]




65


Average rural CH4 concentration


[ppm]




66


Average rural NMHC concentration


[ppm]




67


Average rural CO concentration


[ppm]




68


Average rural CO2 concentration


[ppm]




69


Average rural NOX concentration


[ppm]




70


Average rural PN concentration


[#/m3]




71


Average rural exhaust mass flow rate


[kg/s]




72


Average rural exhaust temperature


[K]




73


Maximum rural exhaust temperature


[K]




74


Cumulated rural THC mass


[g]




75


Cumulated rural CH4 mass


[g]




76


Cumulated rural NMHC mass


[g]




77


Cumulated rural CO mass


[g]




78


Cumulated rural CO2 mass


[g]




79


Cumulated rural NOX mass


[g]




80


Cumulated rural PN


[#]




81


Rural THC emissions


[mg/km]




82


Rural CH4 emissions


[mg/km]




83


Rural NMHC emissions


[mg/km]




84


Rural CO emissions


[mg/km]




85


Rural CO2 emissions


[g/km]




86


Rural NOX emissions


[mg/km]




87


Rural PN emissions


[#/km]




88


Distance motorway part


[km]




89


Duration motorway part


[h:min:s]




90


Stop time motorway part


[min:s]




91


Average speed motorway part


[km/h]




92


Maximum speed motorway part


[km/h]




93


Average motorway THC concentration


[ppm]




94


Average motorway CH4 concentration


[ppm]




95


Average motorway NMHC concentration


[ppm]




96


Average motorway CO concentration


[ppm]




97


Average motorway CO2 concentration


[ppm]




98


Average motorway NOX concentration


[ppm]




99


Average motorway PN concentration


[#/m3]




100


Average motorway exhaust mass flow rate


[kg/s]




101


Average motorway exhaust temperature


[K]




102


Maximum motorway exhaust temperature


[K]




103


Cumulated motorway THC mass


[g]




104


Cumulated motorway CH4 mass


[g]




105


Cumulated motorway NMHC mass


[g]




106


Cumulated motorway CO mass


[g]




107


Cumulated motorway CO2 mass


[g]




108


Cumulated motorway NOX mass


[g]




109


Cumulated motorway PN


[#]




110


Motorway THC emissions


[mg/km]




111


Motorway CH4 emissions


[mg/km]




112


Motorway NMHC emissions


[mg/km]




113


Motorway CO emissions


[mg/km]




114


Motorway CO2 emissions


[g/km]




115


Motorway NOX emissions


[mg/km]




116


Motorway PN emissions


[#/km]




… (46)



… (46)



… (46)





4.2.2.   Results of the data evaluation


Table 4


Header of reporting file #2 — Calculation settings of the data evaluation method according to Appendix 5








Line


Parameter


Unit




1


Reference CO2 mass


[g]




2


Coefficient a
1 of the CO2 characteristic curve


 




3


Coefficient b
1 of the CO2 characteristic curve


 




4


Coefficient a
2 of the CO2 characteristic curve


 




5


Coefficient b
2 of the CO2 characteristic curve


 




6


Coefficient k
11 of the weighing function


 




7


Coefficient k
12 of the weighing function


 




8


Coefficient k
22 = k
21 of the weighing function


 




9


Primary tolerance tol
1



[%]




10


Secondary tolerance tol
2



[%]




11


Calculation software and version


(e.g. EMROAD 5.8)




… (47)



… (47)



… (47)









Table 5a


Header of reporting file #2 — Results of the data evaluation method according to Appendix 5








Line


Parameter


Unit




101


Number of windows


 




102


Number of urban windows


 




103


Number of rural windows


 




104


Number of motorway windows


 




105


Share of urban windows


[%]




106


Share of rural windows


[%]




107


Share of motorway windows


[%]




108


Share of urban windows greater than 15 %


(1=Yes, 0=No)




109


Share of rural windows greater than 15 %


(1=Yes, 0=No)




110


Share of motorway windows greater than 15 %


(1=Yes, 0=No)




111


Number of windows within ± tol
1



 




112


Number of urban windows within ± tol
1



 




113


Number of rural windows within ± tol
1



 




114


Number of motorway windows within ± tol
1



 




115


Number of windows within ± tol
2



 




116


Number of urban windows within ± tol
2



 




117


Number of rural windows within ± tol
2



 




118


Number of motorway windows within ± tol
2



 




119


Share of urban windows within ± tol
1



[%]




120


Share of rural windows within ± tol
1



[%]




121


Share of motorway windows within ± tol
1



[%]




122


Share of urban windows within ± tol
1 greater than 50 %


(1=Yes, 0=No)




123


Share of rural windows within tol
1 ± greater than 50 %


(1=Yes, 0=No)




124


Share of motorway windows within ± tol
1 greater than 50 %


(1=Yes, 0=No)




125


Average severity index of all windows


[%]




126


Average severity index of urban windows


[%]




127


Average severity index of rural windows


[%]




128


Average severity index of motorway windows


[%]




129


Weighted THC emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




130


Weighted THC emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




131


Weighted THC emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




132


Weighted CH4 emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




133


Weighted CH4 emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




134


Weighted CH4 emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




135


Weighted NMHC emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




136


Weighted NMHC emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




137


Weighted NMHC emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




138


Weighted CO emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




139


Weighted CO emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




140


Weighted CO emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




141


Weighted NOx emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




142


Weighted NOx emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




143


Weighted NOx emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




144


Weighted NO emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




145


Weighted NO emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




146


Weighted NO emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




147


Weighted NO2 emissions of urban windows


[mg/km]




148


Weighted NO2 emissions of rural windows


[mg/km]




149


Weighted NO2 emissions of motorway windows


[mg/km]




150


Weighted PN emissions of urban windows


[#/km]




151


Weighted PN emissions of rural windows


[#/km]




152


Weighted PN emissions of motorway windows


[#/km]




… (48)



… (48)



… (48)









Table 5b


Header of reporting file #2 — Final emission results according to Appendix 5








Line


Parameter


Unit




201


Total trip — THC Emissions


[mg/km]




202


Total trip — CH4 Emissions


[mg/km]




203


Total trip — NMHC Emissions


[mg/km]




204


Total trip — CO Emissions


[mg/km]




205


Total trip — NOx Emissions


[mg/km]




206


Total trip — PN Emissions


[#/km]




… (49)



… (49)



… (49)









Table 6


Body of reporting file #2 — Detailed results of the data evaluation method according to Appendix 5; the rows and columns of this table shall be transposed in the body of the data reporting file










Line


498


499


500


501




 


Window Start Time


 


[s]



 (50)





 


Window End Time


 


[s]



 (50)





 


Window Duration


 


[s]



 (50)





 


Window Distance


Source (1=GPS, 2=ECU, 3=Sensor)


[km]



 (50)





 


Window THC emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window CH4 emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window NMHC emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window CO emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window CO2 emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window NOX emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window NO emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window NO2 emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window O2 emissions


 


[g]



 (50)





 


Window PN emissions


 


[#]



 (50)





 


Window THC emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window CH4 emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window NMHC emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window CO emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window CO2 emissions


 


[g/km]



 (50)





 


Window NOX emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window NO emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window NO2 emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window O2 emissions


 


[mg/km]



 (50)





 


Window PN emissions


 


[#/km]



 (50)





 


Window distance to CO2 characteristic curve h
j



 


[%]



 (50)





 


Window weighing factor w
j



 


[-]



 (50)





 


Window Average Vehicle Speed


Source (1=GPS, 2=ECU, 3=Sensor)


[km/h]



 (50)





 


… (51)



… (51)



… (51)




 (50)
 (51)









Table 7


Header of reporting file #3 — Calculation settings of the data evaluation method according to Appendix 6








Line


Parameter


Unit




1


Torque source for the power at the wheels


Sensor/ECU/“Veline”




2


Slope of the Veline


[g/kWh]




3


Intercept of the Veline


[g/h]




4


Moving average duration


[s]




5


Reference speed for de-normalisation of goal pattern


[km/h]




6


Reference acceleration


[m/s2]




7


Power demand at the wheel hub for a vehicle at reference speed and acceleration


[kW]




8


Number of power classes including the 90 % of Prated



—




9


Goal pattern layout


(stretched/shrank)




10


Calculation software and version


(e.g. CLEAR 1.8)




… (52)



… (52)



… (52)









Table 8a


Header of reporting file #3 — Results of data evaluation method according to Appendix 6








Line


Parameter


Unit




101


Power class coverage (counts >5)


(1=Yes, 0=No)




102


Power class normality


(1=Yes, 0=No)




103


Total trip — Weighted average THC emissions


[g/s]




104


Total trip — Weighted average CH4 emissions


[g/s]




105


Total trip — Weighted average NMHC emissions


[g/s]




106


Total trip — Weighted average CO emissions


[g/s]




107


Total trip — Weighted average CO2 emissions


[g/s]




108


Total trip — Weighted average NOX emissions


[g/s]




109


Total trip — Weighted s average NO emissions


[g/s]




110


Total trip — Weighted average NO2 emissions


[g/s]




111


Total trip — Weighted average O2 emissions


[g/s]




112


Total trip — Weighted average PN emissions


[#/s]




113


Total trip — Weighted average Vehicle Speed


[km/h]




114


Urban — Weighted average THC emissions


[g/s]




115


Urban — Weighted average CH4 emissions


[g/s]




116


Urban — Weighted average NMHC emissions


[g/s]




117


Urban — Weighted average CO emissions


[g/s]




118


Urban — Weighted average CO2 emissions


[g/s]




119


Urban — Weighted average NOX emissions


[g/s]




120


Urban — Weighted s average NO emissions


[g/s]




121


Urban — Weighted average NO2 emissions


[g/s]




122


Urban — Weighted average O2 emissions


[g/s]




123


Urban — Weighted average PN emissions


[#/s]




124


Urban — Weighted average Vehicle Speed


[km/h]




… (53)



… (53)



… (53)









Table 8b


Header of reporting file #3 — Final emissions results according to Appendix 6








Line


Parameter


Unit




201


Total trip — THC Emissions


[mg/km]




202


Total trip — CH4 Emissions


[mg/km]




203


Total trip — NMHC Emissions


[mg/km]




204


Total trip — CO Emissions


[mg/km]




205


Total trip — NOx Emissions


[mg/km]




206


Total trip — PN Emissions


[#/km]




… (54)



… (54)



… (54)









Table 9


Body of reporting file #3 — Detailed results of the data evaluation method according to Appendix 6; the rows and columns of this table shall be transposed in the body of the data reporting file










Line


498


499


500


501




 


Total trip — Power class number (55)



 


—


 




 


Total trip — Lower power class limit (55)



 


[kW]


 




 


Total trip — Upper power class limit (55)



 


[kW]


 




 


Total trip — Goal pattern used (distribution) (55)



 


[%]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class occurrence (55)



 


—



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class coverage > 5 counts (55)



 


—


(1=Yes, 0=No) (56)





 


Total trip — Power class normality (55)



 


—


(1=Yes, 0=No) (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average THC emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average CH4 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average NMHC emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average CO emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average CO2 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average NOX emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average NO emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average NO2 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average O2 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average PN emissions (55)



 


[#/s]



 (56)





 


Total trip — Power class average Vehicle Speed (55)



Source (1=GPS, 2=ECU, 3=Sensor)


[km/h]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class number (55)



 


—


 




 


Urban trip — Lower power class limit (55)



 


[kW]


 




 


Urban trip — Upper power class limit (55)



 


[kW]


 




 


Urban trip — Goal pattern used (distribution) (55)



 


[%]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class occurrence (55)



 


—



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class coverage > 5 counts (57)



 


—


(1=Yes, 0=No) (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class normality (55)



 


—


(1=Yes, 0=No) (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average THC emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average CH4 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average NMHC emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average CO emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average CO2 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average NOX emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average NO emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average NO2 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average O2 emissions (55)



 


[g/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average PN emissions (55)



 


[#/s]



 (56)





 


Urban trip — Power class average Vehicle Speed (55)



Source (1=GPS, 2=ECU, 3=Sensor)


[km/h]



 (56)





 


… (58)



… (58)



… (58)




 (56)
 (58)





4.3.   Vehicle and engine description

The manufacturer shall provide the vehicle and engine description in accordance with Appendix 4 of Annex I.




‘Appendix 9

Manufacturer's certificate of compliance


Manufacturer's certificate of compliance with the Real Driving Emissions requirements

(Manufacturer):…
(Address of the Manufacturer):…
Certifies that
The vehicle types listed in the attachment to this Certificate comply with the requirements laid down in point 2.1 of Annex IIIA to Regulation (EC) No 692/2008 relating to real driving emissions for all possible RDE tests, which are in accordance to the requirements of this Annex.
Done at […(Place)]
On […(Date)]
…
(Stamp and signature of the manufacturer's representative)
Annex:






—


List of vehicle types to which this certificate applies.





’


(1)  CO emissions shall be measured and recorded at RDE tests.

(2)  Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230/2012 of 12 December 2012 implementing Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to type-approval requirements for masses and dimensions of motor vehicles and their trailers and amending Directive 2007/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 353, 21.12.2012, p. 31).

(3)  Regulation (EEC, Euratom) No 1182/71 of the Council of 3 June 1971 determining the rules applicable to periods, dates and time limits (OJ L 124, 8.6.1971, p. 1).

(4)  To be measured on a wet basis or to be corrected as described in point 8.1 of Appendix 4.

(5)  To be determined only if indirect methods are used to calculate exhaust mass flow rate as described in paragraphs 10.2 and 10.3 of Appendix 4.

(6)  The method to determine vehicle speed shall be chosen according to point 4.7.

(7)  Parameter only mandatory if measurement required by Annex IIIA, Section 2.1.

(8)  To be determined only if necessary to verify the vehicle status and operating conditions.

(9)  May be calculated from THC and CH4 concentrations according to point 9.2 of Appendix 4.

(10)  May be calculated from measured NO and NO2 concentrations.

(11)  Multiple parameter sources may be used.

(12)  The preferable source is the ambient pressure sensor.

(13)  If the zero drift is within the permissible range, it is permissible to zero the analyser prior to verifying the span drift.

(14)  Optional to determine exhaust mass flow.

(15)  Optional parameter.

(16)  To be decided once equipment becomes available.

(17)  Optional to determine exhaust mass flow.

(18)  The requirement applies to the speed sensor only.

(19)  The accuracy shall be 0,02 per cent of reading if used to calculate the air and exhaust mass flow rate from the fuel flow according to point 10 of Appendix 4.

(20)  Only applicable if vehicle speed is determined by the ECU; to meet the permissible tolerance it is permitted to adjust the ECU vehicle speed measurements based on the outcome of the validation test.

(21)  Parameter only mandatory if measurement required by Annex IIIA, Section 2.1.

(22)  Still to be determined.

(23)  Depending on fuel.

(24)  At l = 2, dry air, 273 K, 101,3 kPa.

(25)  
            u values accurate within 0,2 % for mass composition of: C = 66 – 76 %; H = 22 – 25 %; N = 0 – 12 %.

(26)  NMHC on the basis of CH2,93 (for THC the u
gas coefficient of CH4 shall be used).

(27)  
            u accurate within 0,2 % for mass composition of: C3 = 70 – 90 %; C4 = 10 – 30 %.

(28)  ugas is a unitless parameter; the u
gas values include unit conversions to ensure that the instantaneous emissions are obtained in the specified physical unit, i.e. g/s.

(29)  For hybrids, the total energy consumption shall be converted to CO2. The rules for this conversion will be introduced in a second step.

(30)  For the evaluation the three-second moving averages need only to be classified later into events under urban velocity conditions for the “urban” part of the trip. For the “total” trip all three-second moving averages shall be used independently from the velocity.

(31)  The highest class wheel power class to be considered is the one containing 0,9 × Prated. Here 0,9 × 120 = 108.

(32)  The highest class wheel power class to be considered is the one containing 0,9 × Prated. Here 0,9 × 75 = 67,5.

(33)  Representing the total of motoring and low power conditions

(*1)  NT shall be rounded to the next higher integer number.

(34)  1 for Germany; 2 for France; 3 for Italy; 4 for the Netherlands; 5 for Sweden; 6 for Belgium; 7 for Hungary; 8 for the Czech Republic; 9 for Spain; 11 for the United Kingdom; 12 for Austria; 13 for Luxembourg; 17 for Finland; 18 for Denmark; 19 for Romania; 20 for Poland; 21 for Portugal; 23 for Greece; 24 for Ireland. 25 for Croatia; 26 for Slovenia; 27 for Slovakia; 29 for Estonia; 32 for Latvia; 34 for Bulgaria; 36 for Lithuania; 49 for Cyprus; 50 for Malta.

(35)  Mass of the vehicle as tested on the road, including the mass of the driver and all PEMS components.

(36)  Percentage shall indicate the deviation from the gross vehicle weight.

(37)  Placeholders for additional information about analyser manufacturer and serial number in case multiple analysers are used. Number of reserved rows is indicative only; no empty rows shall occur in the completed data reporting file.

(38)  Mandatory if the exhaust mass flow rate is determined by an EFM.

(39)  If required, additional information may be added here.

(40)  PEMS validation is optional; distance-specific emissions as measured with the PEMS; Percentage shall indicate the deviation from the laboratory reference.

(41)  Additional parameters may be added until line 195 to characterise and label the test.

(42)  This column can be omitted if the parameter source is part of the label in column 198.

(43)  Actual values to be included from line 201 onward until the end of data

(44)  To be determined by at least one method

(45)  Additional parameters may be added to characterise vehicle and test conditions.

(46)  Additional parameters may be added to characterise additional elements.

(47)  Additional parameters may be added until line 95 to characterise calculation settings.

(48)  Additional parameters may be added until line 195.

(49)  Additional parameters may be added.

(50)  Actual values to be included from line 501 to line onward until the end of data.

(51)  Additional parameters may be added to characterise window characteristics.

(52)  Additional parameters may be added until line 95 to characterise calculation settings.

(53)  Additional parameters may be added until line 195.

(54)  Additional parameters may be added.

(55)  Results reported for each power class starting from power class #1 up to power class which includes 90 % of Prated.

(56)  Actual values to be included from line 501 to line onward until the end of data.

(57)  Results reported for each power class starting from power class #1 up to power class #5.

(58)  Additional parameters may be added.