COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 2015 Annual Report on the European Union’s development and external assistance policies and their implementation in 2014
Date: 2015-11-24
Institutions: Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, European Commission
Subjects: EU financing, European neighbourhood policy, common foreign and security policy, development aid, distribution by sex, energy cooperation, environmental cooperation, human rights, humanitarian aid, poverty, sustainable development

EN 

   EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 24.11.2015  SWD(2015) 248 final   COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 2015 Annual Report on the European Union’s development and external assistance policies and their implementation in 2014 {COM(2015) 278 final}  
 
 
1.  CHAPTER 1 - DELIVERING ON COMMITMENTS ............................................ 5 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1.1.  EU response to world developments in 2014 ............................................ 5 
1.2.  Leading the way in development policy ...................................................... 6 

1.2.1.  A  more  strategic  approach:  implementing  the  ‘Agenda 

for Change’ ....................................................................................... 6 

1.2.2.  Responding  to  global  challenges  and  supporting  long-

term reforms .................................................................................. 10 

1.2.3.  Making  a  difference:  new 

instruments  and  aid 

modalities ....................................................................................... 12 
1.3.  Keeping long-term promises ....................................................................... 15 

1.3.1.  Progress in achieving the MDGs and preparation of the 

post-MDG framework .................................................................. 15 
1.3.2.  Focusing on poverty .................................................................... 18 
1.3.3.  Strengthening human rights and good governance ........... 19 
1.3.4.  Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues .................................. 20 
1.3.5.  Cooperation  with  civil  society  organisations  and  local 

authorities ...................................................................................... 21 
1.3.6.  Financing for development ........................................................ 23 
1.3.7.  The role of the private sector .................................................... 26 
1.4.  Better and more effective aid ...................................................................... 27 
1.4.1.  Aid effectiveness and joint programming ............................. 27 
1.4.2.  Cooperation with the donor community ................................ 30 
1.4.3.  Cooperation with international organisations ...................... 31 
1.4.4.  Coherence between development and other policies ........ 33 
1.5.  Outlook 2015 ................................................................................................. 34 

2.  CHAPTER 2 - IMPLEMENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW ................. 37 

2.1.  European Neighbourhood and the Middle East ....................................... 37 
2.1.1.  European Neighbourhood & Russia ....................................... 37 
2.1.2.  Middle East ..................................................................................... 54 
2.2.  African continental, Sub-Saharan Africa & all ACP programmes ......... 59 
2.2.1.  Sub-Saharan Africa ...................................................................... 60 
2.2.2.  South Africa ................................................................................... 74 
2.2.3. 

Intra-ACP  (Africa,  Caribbean,  Pacific)  programmes, 
including water and energy ....................................................... 78 
2.3.  Latin America & the Caribbean .................................................................. 81 
2.3.1.  Latin America ................................................................................ 81 
2.3.2.  Caribbean ....................................................................................... 91 
2.4.  Asia, Central Asia & the Pacific .................................................................. 98 
2.4.1.  Asia .................................................................................................. 98 
2.4.2.  Central Asia .................................................................................. 105 

2 

 
2.4.3.  Pacific ............................................................................................ 112 
2.5.  Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) .......................................... 118 

3.  CHAPTER 3 - IMPLEMENTATION: THEMATIC OVERVIEW ...................... 125 

3.1.  The thematic programmes ........................................................................ 125 
3.1.1. 
Investing in people ..................................................................... 125 
3.1.2.  Non-state actors and local authorities in development ... 128 
3.1.3.  Migration and asylum ................................................................ 129 
3.1.4.  Environment, 

sustainable 

change 

climate 

and 

management of natural resources ......................................... 131 
3.1.5.  Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture133 
3.1.6.  Sustainable Energy .................................................................... 135 
3.1.7.  Partnership Instrument ............................................................. 136 
3.2.  Democracy and human rights ................................................................... 141 
3.3.  Stability ......................................................................................................... 145 
3.3.1.  Crisis response and preparedness ....................................... 145 
3.3.2.  Global and regional trans-border challenges ..................... 152 
3.4.  Nuclear safety ............................................................................................. 156 
3.5.  Humanitarian assistance and Civil Protection ........................................ 159 
Introduction ................................................................................................ 159 
Humanitarian aid ......................................................................................... 159 
3.6.  Macro-Financial Assistance ...................................................................... 165 

4.  CHAPTER 4 - MANAGING AID FOR RESULTS ............................................ 166 

4.1.  Monitoring and evaluation ......................................................................... 166 
4.1.1.  Enhanced focus on results ...................................................... 166 
4.1.2.  Evaluation: review of the work programme ........................ 167 
4.1.3.  Lessons learned ......................................................................... 170 
4.2.  Aid delivery modalities ............................................................................... 171 
4.2.1.  Developments in aid delivery modalities and channels .. 171 
4.2.2.  Budget support ........................................................................... 173 
4.2.3.  Using EU grants strategically via blending ......................... 175 
4.3.  Progress in aid management .................................................................... 176 
4.3.1.  Progress on qualitative issues in aid management .......... 176 
4.3.2.  Simplification of procedures ................................................... 178 
4.4.  Communication & transparency ............................................................... 179 
4.4.1.  Communication and visibility ................................................. 179 
4.4.2.  Transparency ............................................................................... 180 

5.  CHAPTER 5 - FINANCIAL ANNEX ................................................................... 182 

5.1. 
Introduction to financial tables .................................................................. 182 
5.2.  Financial tables ........................................................................................... 184 

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INTRODUCTION  

"The world is changing rapidly. New players and new challenges reshape our 
understanding of development. Today development touches not just on a wide range 
of policy areas, it touches our everyday lives." HRVP Mogherini 

In  2014  the  European  Union  (EU)  employed  the  entire  breadth  of  its  policies  and 
tools  that  span  diplomatic,  security,  financial,  trade  development  and  humanitarian 
aid.  Development  and  external  assistance  are  part  and  parcel  of  an  integrated  EU 
approach that tackles the roots of a problem not just its symptoms. That is why the 
EU  increasingly  combines  all  its  policies  to  address  the  causes  of  conflict,  both  by 
tackling poverty and creating the conditions for economic growth, but also by laying 
the  foundations  for  stable  democratic  societies.  Comprehensive  responses  were 
developed to address major crises such as the conflict in Ukraine, the terror spread 
by Da’esh and other extremist movements in Syria, Iraq and beyond, as well as the 
Ebola crisis. 

The EU and its Member States remained the world's largest development aid donor 
and  promoted  European  core  values  of  peace,  security,  sustainable  development, 
poverty reduction and human rights worldwide. The EU continued to deliver in priority 
areas of the ‘Agenda for Change’1, notably human rights, democracy and other key 
elements  of  good  governance  and  inclusive  and  sustainable  growth.  The  EU's 
‘Agenda for Change’ remains crucial to improving its impact on poverty reduction and 
supporting partner countries in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. 

The EU is the world's leading humanitarian donor. In 2014 the EU Humanitarian Aid 
and Civil Protection department (ECHO) provided EUR 1 273 billion of assistance in 
response to natural disasters, armed conflicts and protracted crisis.  

At the end of 2014, the EU had 16 CSDP civilian and military missions or operations 
in place, of which two civilian missions (EUCAP Sahel Mali and EUAM Ukraine) and 
one  military  operation  (EUFOR  CAR)  were  established  in  2014,  focusing  on  the 
reform of the civilian security sector, protecting populations most at risk and creating 
the  conditions  for  providing  humanitarian  aid.  Cooperation  with  external  assistance 
instruments  and  actors  is  given  great  importance  during  the  planning  and 
implementation of CSDP missions in line with the comprehensive approach.  

As strong promotor of Human Rights, the EU undertook human rights dialogues and 
consultations  with  37  partner  countries  and  regional  groupings.  The  EU  supported 
human rights civil society organisations and human rights defenders, conducted eight 
Election  Observation  missions  and  nine  Electoral  Expert  missions  and  took  further 
steps 
to 
development cooperation.  

towards  applying  a  more  effective  human  rights-based  approach 

The  external  dimension  of  migration  has  gained  in  importance  and  will  remain  a 
priority  for  the  EU.  The  EU  sees  migration  as  a  global,  complex  and  multifaceted 
phenomenon that requires a comprehensive, coherent and long term response. This 

1 https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/policies/european-development-policy/agenda-change_en  

4 

 
 
                                                 
approach  entails  addressing  the  root  causes  through  intensifying  cooperation  with 
countries of origin and transit and better integrating migration in EU external policies. 

The  EU  is  deeply  committed  to  an  effective  multilateral  system  with  the  UN  at  its 
core. Throughout 2014 it has worked hard to advance the principles and spirit of the 
UN  Charter.  Whether  in  addressing  crises,  or  defending  human  rights,  justice, 
equality  and  equity,  good  governance,  democracy  and  the  rule  of  law,  the  EU 
continues to be a reliable and committed partner to the United Nations. In 2014, the 
EU  advanced  a  clear  vision  and  an  influential  voice  in  debates  on  the  post-2015 
agenda  in  order  to  build  consensus  and  achieve  an  ambitious  outcome  at  the  UN 
Summit that will take place in September 2015.  

The  EU  declared  2015  as  the  European  Year  for  Development  (EYD2015).    Given 
that  the  timeframe  for  the  Millennium  Development  Goals  is  coming  to  an  end,  the 
year’s  motto  ‘Our  world,  our  dignity,  our  future’  looks  ahead  towards  a  new  single 
framework for poverty eradication and sustainable development. The EYD2015 is the 
first  ever  European  Year  for  Development  and  aims  at  raising  awareness  of  the 
external actions of the EU and promoting the EU as a global player. 

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1. 

CHAPTER 1 - DELIVERING ON COMMITMENTS 

1.1.  EU response to world developments in 2014 

The  EU  has  been  following  the  political  situation  in  Ukraine  closely  and  has  been 
deeply  engaged  in  seeking  a  solution  to  the  crisis.  Political  initiatives  went  hand  in 
hand with a large support package worth EUR 11.1 billion for the next seven years to 
help  stabilise  Ukraine's  economic  and  financial  situation,  support  a  peaceful 
transition,  encourage  political  and  economic  reforms  and  support 
inclusive 
development.  An  EU  Advisory  Mission  for  Civilian  Security  Sector  Reform  Ukraine 
(CSDP Mission) was also officially launched in December 2014. 

the  High  Representative  prepared 

To  forge  an  effective  response  to  conflict  and  instability  to  the  EU's  south,  the 
European  Commission  and 
first  EU 
comprehensive strategy on tackling the crises in Syria and Iraq and the threat posed 
by  Da'esh.  The  strategy  brings  together  ongoing  and  planned  initiatives  of  the  EU 
and its Member States and boosts their efficiency, with an additional EUR one billion 
in funding for two years. With this substantial package, the EU will ensure steady and 
predictable funding for essential priorities: relief, stabilisation and development in the 
region,  as  well  as  countering  the  threat  posed  by  terrorist  groups.  These  political, 
social, and  humanitarian measures  target  Syria and  Iraq,  but  also  Lebanon,  Jordan 
and Turkey. 

the 

Dialogue  between  the  Palestinian  Authority  (PA)  and  the  EU  continued  in  the 
framework of  the  European  Neighbourhood  Policy  and  on the  basis  of  the  priorities 
jointly  agreed  in  the  2013  Action  Plan.  After  the  summer  conflict  in  Gaza,  the  EU 
repeatedly  underlined  the  need  for  a  sustainable  and  comprehensive  solution, 
including  the  lifting  of  the  border  closure,  the  return  of  the  PA  to  its  governmental 
responsibilities  in  the  Gaza  Strip  and  the  urgent  resumption  of  credible  peace 
negotiations.  The  EU  reaffirmed  the  applicability  of  international  human  rights  and 
humanitarian  law  in  the  occupied  Palestinian  territory  and  called  on  Israel  to  fully 
meet its obligations under international law. 

At  the  4th  EU-Africa  Summit  held  in  Brussels  in  April  2014,  leaders  reaffirmed  the 
EU's sustained  support  for  the  African Peace and  Security  Architecture  through the 
African Peace Facility (APF) and the potential for providing more equipment as well 
as  training  and  mentoring.  The  EU  was  able  to  announce  the  launching  of  EUFOR 
CAR. A maritime security meeting hosted by the HR/VP, along with comments in the 
plenary  session,  highlighted  the  valuable  lessons  learnt  from  Operation  Atalanta2, 
and  the  great  interest  from  West  African  countries  in  the  EU's  new  Gulf  of  Guinea 
Strategy3.  The  presence  of  UNSG  Ban  Ki-moon  sent  a  strong  message  about  the 
extent of EU-AU-UN cooperation. 

The EU has contributed EUR 1.2 billion in financial assistance to the fight against the 
Ebola epidemic in West Africa. This includes funding from the European Commission 
(more than EUR 200 million) and Member States. The Commission was active with 
financial  aid,  experts  on  the  ground,  supply  of  mobile  laboratories,  support  to  the 

2 http://eunavfor.eu/  
3 http://eeas.europa.eu/gulf_guinea/docs/strategy_en.pdf  

6 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
local authorities, reinforcement of national health infrastructures, coordination for the 
delivery of supplies and medical evacuations.  

The  implementation  of  the  EU  Strategy  for  Security  and  Development  in  the  Sahel 
continued  throughout  2014  in  all  four  of  its  main  strands:  political,  development, 
security,  and  countering  violent  extremism.  It  was  recognised  that  the  link  between 
security and development should remain at the heart of EU policies and operations in 
the Sahel, and that the implementation of the Strategy should be extended to Burkina 
Faso and Chad. 

Boko  Haram  (BH)  continued  its  terror  campaign  with  unprecedented  brutality.  The 
through  a  comprehensive  range  of  political,  development  and 
EU  reacted 
humanitarian  instruments  and  listed  BH  as  a  terrorist  group  along  the  lines  of  the 
UNSC Sanctions Committee decision. 

Throughout 2014, the EU remained actively involved alongside international partners 
to bring stability to the Central African Republic and to support the political transition 
endorsed  by  the  region  and  international  partners,  aiming  at  sustainable  recovery 
from  crisis.  On  15  July  2014,  the  EU  also  launched  its  first  ever  multi-donor 
development trust fund, in support of CAR, which aims to facilitate the transition from 
emergency  response  towards  longer-term  development  assistance.  By  the  end  of 
2014 the 'Fonds Bekou' as the trust fund is called, received EUR 50 million from the 
European Development Fund, France, Germany and the Netherlands. 

The EU deployed Election Observation Missions in Maldives, Guinea Bissau, Malawi, 
Egypt,  Kosovo,  Mozambique  and  Tunisia  and  Electoral  Expert  Missions  were 
deployed in Egypt, Libya, Thailand, Iraq, Algeria, Mauritania, Bolivia, and Fiji. While 
the  EU  does  not  observe  elections  in  the  OSCE  area,  it  supported  closely 
OSCE/ODIHR  in  the  context  of  the  presidential  and  parliamentary  elections  in 
Ukraine. 

In 2014, the EU focused strongly on climate change diplomacy and in particular on its 
outreach  to  strategic  partners  to  ensure  the  progress  of  international  negotiations 
under  the  United  Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC) 
framework.  2014 was an important year in laying the groundwork for the UNFCCC 
Conference of Parties in Paris 2015, where the EU seeks to secure a fair, ambitious 
and legally-binding international climate change agreement for the post-2020 period 
and to ramp up pre-2020 climate change ambitions. 

1.2.  Leading the way in development policy 

1.2.1.  A more strategic approach: implementing the ‘Agenda for Change’  

The  Agenda  for  Change,  adopted  in  2011,  is  the  basis  for  the  EU's  development 
policy. The primary objective of the Agenda for Change is to significantly increase the 
impact and effectiveness of EU development policy and, to this end, a series of key 
changes in the way assistance is delivered have been introduced. This change took 
place  within  the  framework  of  the  programming  for  the  period  2014-2020.  During 
2014, most new multi-annual programming documents were adopted and integrated 
the key changes outlined below. 

These key reorientations have changed EU development policy significantly. 

7 

 
 
 
a) 

An increased focus of support to countries most in need  

The  Agenda  for  Change  calls  for  an  increased  focus  of  support  towards  countries 
that  need  support  the  most  and  where  it  can  have  the  greatest  impact  on  poverty 
reduction.  This  principle  has  been  applied  through  the  graduation  of  16  upper  and 
large middle income countries from bilateral aid under the Development Cooperation 
Instrument  (DCI).  These  countries  will  not  receive  any  new  bilateral  aid,  but  will 
remain eligible for funding from regional and thematic programmes.  

For  those  countries  eligible  for  bilateral  aid,  the  differentiation  approach  has  been 
further applied at the level of country allocations through the use of a transparent and 
objective allocation methodology, which has been used for the first time in both the 
European  Development  Fund  (EDF)  and  the  DCI.  This  differentiation  approach  has 
induced  a  significant  shift  of  initial  allocated  funds  towards  Least  Developed 
Countries  and  other  Low  Income  Countries,  which  now  receive  about  75  %  of  total 
EDF and DCI resources for country level cooperation. The allocation to Upper Middle 
Income  Countries  and  High  Income  Countries  has  consequently  decreased.  For 
these  countries  regional  and  thematic  cooperation,  as  well  as  support  through  the 
Partnership Instrument will become progressively more significant. 

b) 

A significant increase in sector concentration 

To further increase the impact and leverage of EU assistance, and to help keep EU 
assistance manageable for all stakeholders involved, the Agenda for Change calls for 
resources to target a smaller number of sectors - as a rule a maximum three sectors 
should  be targeted. This has been achieved to a large degree for the programming 
period  2014-2020.  Analysis  shows  that  79  %  of  multi-annual  indicative  country 
programmes will have three sectors, and 48 % less than three. In only 19 % of the 
national programmes will support be focussed on more than three sectors, mainly in 
countries  with  very  large  financial  envelopes  and  which  are  considered  fragile  such 
as the Democratic Republic of Congo or Afghanistan. The average number of sectors 
per country falls to 2.3 and 2.9 respectively in the EDF and DCI programmes for the 
period 2014-2020. 

c) 

An increased focus on the priority sectors of the Agenda for Change 

In  line  with  the  Agenda  for  Change,  EU  support  is  now  more  focused  on  the  two 
critical  areas  –  notably  on  Human  Rights,  Democracy  and  other  key  elements  of 
good governance, and inclusive and sustainable growth for human development. The 
latter  is  to  be  obtained  through  support  to  social  protection,  health  and  education, 
private  sector  development  and  regional  integration,  as  well  as  sustainable 
agriculture and energy. 

d) 

Substantial progress with respect to aid effectiveness 

8 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Significant  progress  was  made  with  respect  to  alignment  on  country  policies  by 
basing EU programming on country policies and plans. Specific EU country strategy 
papers have therefore only been developed for a few cases. 

Fragmentation  and  proliferation  of  aid  is  still  widespread  and  increasing  in  some 
areas. It is in this context that Joint Programming has emerged as a core element of 
the  Agenda  for  Change  and  the  EU’s  common  aid  effectiveness  agenda.  Joint 
Programming  is  also  about  increased  EU  influence  and  impact  through  more 
coherent  interventions  and  a  strengthened  political  dialogue.  Under  the  current 
programming exercise, joint programming has truly advanced. The process has been 
concluded  or  is  underway  in  more  than  30  countries.  For  more  details  see  section 
1.4.2. 

e) 

Better predictability coupled with increased flexibility  

As  a  rule,  the  programming  is  undertaken  for  the  full  period  2014-2020  using  an 
approach  that  allows  ad  hoc  reviews  as  and  when  necessary.  Only  in  a  limited 
number of cases was programming for just the initial period undertaken. 

Adequate  complementarity  between  country, 

f) 
programming 

regional  and 

thematic 

Significant efforts were made to ensure adequate complementarity between country, 
regional  and  thematic  programming  documents  avoiding  overlapping  programmes 
and promoting synergies between the different levels. 

g) 

A strong results focus 

A much stronger results focus has been put in place by inclusion in the programming 
documents of clear sector objectives and related indicators to measure results. 

Furthermore, substantial preparatory work has been accomplished with regard to the 
International  Cooperation  and  Development  Results  framework  which  should 
enhance  the  EU’s  reporting  on  results  as  a  donor.  The  present  report  will  be 
complemented  later  in  2015  by  a  specific  report  on  the  results  of  the  EU  funded 
actions. 

h) Other important changes 

In  terms  of  development  instruments,  the  full  and  successful  implementation  of  the 
new  Budget  Support  policy  is  of  strategic  importance.  We  have  substantially 
improved  consistency  and  reporting  as  well  as  the  management  of  the  risks  and 
policy dialogue with the Risk Management Framework. Internal governance has been 
strengthened  with  the  Budget  Support  Steering  Committee  (BSSC).  Those  efforts 
have  been  translated  into  more  efficient  and  effective  budget  support  operations 
which  also  show  their  quality  through  a  sustained  decrease  in  errors  found  by  the 
Court  of  Auditors.  In  2014  State-building  Contracts  have  shown  their  usefulness  in 
stabilising  fragile  situations.  The  guidance  processes  of  the  BSSC  have  been 

9 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
simplified to better target relevant cases. In addition, the Commission has identified 
areas  where  an  increased  use  of  innovative  financial  instruments  can  be  explored 
and  used  through  the  EU  Blending  mechanisms.  Guarantees  and  risk  sharing 
mechanisms  can  be  used  in  particular  for  infrastructure  projects  and  for  support  to 
MSMEs but also for projects in the agricultural and social sectors. 

Domestic  revenue  mobilisation  (DRM)  is  receiving  growing  attention  and  the 
Commission  continued  a  number  of  sustained  efforts  on  international,  regional  and 
national level to support partner countries in their tax reforms to substantially improve 
DRM  and  the  fight  against  illicit  financial  flows.  In  addition,  the  EU  supports  the 
improving 
Extractive 
transparency of revenues from natural resources and the Tripartite Initiative with the 
World Bank and the OECD to strengthen Transfer Pricing efforts. 

Initiative  (EITI)  which  aims  at 

Industries  Transparency 

the  EU  renewed 

this  commitment  by  promoting 

As corruption is a major impediment to development, addressing it is at the heart of 
EU  work.  In  the  2014  communication  'A  decent  Life  for  all:  from  vision  to  collective 
action', 
the  adoption  and 
implementation  of  appropriate  legal  frameworks  and  national  policies  in  the  post-
2015  framework.  In  2014,  projects  worth  nearly  EUR  77  million  addressed  anti-
corruption  at  country  level  through  advocacy,  awareness-raising  and  reporting  and 
capacity building for control and oversight bodies and the judiciary. In addition, good 
governance  and  anti-corruption  are  mainstreamed  in  key  sectors  of  cooperation  to 
ensure that all development cooperation programmes through-out their cycle address 
corruption and promote principles of efficiency, accountability and transparency. 

At  the  same  time  Delegated  Cooperation  has  also  progressed.  In  2014  alone  (mid-
year  data)  17  new  Delegated  Cooperation  agreements  with  Member  States  were 
signed  for  a  value  of  EUR  131  million  (of  which  EUR  6  million  was  for  blending 
operations)  and  two  Transfer  agreements  from  Member  States  to  the  EU  were 
signed for a total of EUR 3.8 million. 

The Commission has identified areas where an increased use of innovative financial 
instruments can be further explored and used through the EU Blending mechanisms. 
Guarantees and risk sharing mechanisms can be used in particular for infrastructure 
projects and for support to MSMEs but also for projects in the agriculture and social 
sector. 

EU support for sustainable change in transition societies 

In  2013,  the  European  Commission  and  the  European  External  Action  Service 
(EEAS)  have  moved  to  implement  the  Joint  Communication  ‘EU  support  for 
sustainable change in transition societies’4. In July, the Joint Communication and the 
Council Conclusions were sent to all EU Delegations for information and to follow up 
where  relevant.  The  EU  offers  support  to  partner  countries  undergoing  transition, 
both  at  bilateral  and  regional  level.  Given  the  varying  levels  of  progress  in  different 
countries support is tailor-made, bearing in mind each country’s specific political and 
socioeconomic contexts.  

For  example,  in  the  southern  European  Neighbourhood  transitions  are  increasingly 
complex and multidimensional and require a coordinated mobilisation of a wide range 
of  EU  instruments.  The  EU  supports  democracy-related  reforms  in  the  areas  of 

4JOIN(2012) 27 final, 3.10.2012 

10 

 
 
                                                 
justice,  governance  and  human  rights.  Security  has  become  a  new  area  of 
cooperation  as  development  cannot  take  firm  root  in  the  absence  of  peace  and 
security. The EU further contributed to short-term security actions as well as to long-
term support to develop institutional capacity for Security Service Reform. In addition, 
the  EU  further  enhanced  support  to  civil  society,  including  support  to  create  a 
conducive environment for the development of civil society organisations.   

At headquarters level, a platform for better sharing knowledge was set up as a new 
public  group  on  capacity4dev5  and  was  made  operational  for  the  European 
Development Days in November 2013. This platform on transition will allow members 
of  the  group  to  find  relevant  information  on  EU  support  for  sustainable  change. 
Members  of  the  group  will  also  be  allowed  to  share  information  on  capacity4dev’s 
blog pages. 

1.2.2.  Responding to global challenges and supporting long-term reforms 

Climate change and development 

Climate change threatens to reverse the development achievements of recent years. 
Developing  countries  are  particularly  vulnerable  to  climate  change  because  their 
economies often depend more on climate-sensitive natural resources, their societies 
are  less  resilient  and  because  they  possess  fewer  resources  to  adapt  to  climate 
change. The EU has committed to spend at least 20 % of its budget for 2014-2020 
on  climate-related  projects  and  policies  and  the  EU’s  development  policy  will 
contribute  to  achieving  this  overall  commitment.  The  EU  is  the  world's  leader  in 
providing  ODA  to  developing  countries  and  is  also  the  world's  leader  in  providing 
support for climate action in these countries. The Global Climate Change Alliance is 
the  EU's  main  initiative  to  enhance  policy  dialogue  and  support  partner  countries 
implementing  their  climate  strategies,  in  particular  the  national  adaptation  planning 
processes.  For  example,  the  Chololo  village  in  Dodoma  province  in  Tanzania  is 
located  in  semi-arid  drylands,  one  of  three  ecosystems  targeted  for  support  by  the 
Global Climate Change Alliance (GCCA) project. Since 2011, the Chololo Ecovillage 
project  worked  with  the  community  to  identify,  introduce  and  evaluate  new 
approaches  in  agriculture,  livestock,  water,  energy  and  forestry.  It  proved  a  great 
local success and a source of learning on climate adaptation for other communities 
and regional and national decision-makers. Its strategies are being shared widely. 

At  the  European  level,  the  EU  has  taken  ambitious  steps  to  achieve  climate-smart 
development:  it  has  demonstrated  that  it  is  possible  to  de-couple  economic  growth 
from increasing CO2 emissions. The 20th Conference of Parties of the United Nations 
Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC  COP)  took  place  in  Lima, 
Peru, in December 2014. The conference prepared the road for a new climate deal to 
be agreed upon in Paris in 2015.   

Water and Energy 

5 http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/  

11 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
In line with the Agenda for Change and as a commitment to the objectives of the UN 
Secretary  General’s  Sustainable  Energy  for  All  initiative  (SE4ALL),  Commission  ex-
President Barroso proposed the target of enabling access to sustainable energy for 
500 million people by 2030 and put forward funds for the coordination, dissemination 
and tracking of this global effort. 

Long-term partnerships with developing countries are based on mutual accountability 
and  political  dialogue  at  regional,  national  and  local  level  to  help  them  develop 
efficient, sustainable energy reform programmes.  

In  the  margins  of  the  UN  Climate  Summit  in  New  York  in  September  2014  the  EU 
signed five Joint Declarations with African countries on enhanced energy cooperation 
aimed  at 
ties  between  partner  countries’  political 
commitments  in  the  field  of  energy  and  the  supporting  actions  financed  by  the  EU 
and relevant donors.  

the  political 

reinforcing 

Initiatives  such  as  the  EU’s  Technical  Assistance  Facility  worth  EUR  47  million  are 
available  to  assist  partner  countries  in  refining  and  developing  their  policies  so  that 
they  can  attract  the  necessary  private  investments  to  develop  a  sustainable  energy 
sector. 

Additionally,  over  25  countries  have  chosen  energy,  12  water  and  sanitation  and 
eight transport as a focal sector for their bilateral cooperation with the EU within the 
context of the next multi annual framework (2014-2020). 

Building resilience in crisis prone countries 
The Commission’s Resilience Action Plan of June 20136 provides the framework for 
a continuation and scaling up of the EU efforts to build resilience with an expanded 
geographical scope and operating at different levels.  

The Global Alliance for Resilience Initiative (AGIR) encompasses major stakeholders 
from  17  partner  countries,  regional  organisations,  and  technical  and  financial 
partners,  including  donors  and  UN  based  agencies,  civil  society  organizations  and 
the private sector. Its objective is to structurally reduce, in a sustainable manner, food 
and  nutritional  vulnerability  by  supporting  the  implementation  of  Sahelian  and  West 
African  policies.  The  EU  has  been  a  catalyst  in  mobilising  stakeholders  to  provide 
both  political  and  financial  support.  In  October  2014,  thanks  to  continued  high  level 
support  by  the  EU,  AGIR  was  on  the  right  track  in  the  three  West  African  regional 
organisations  as  well  as  in  17  countries:   all  West  African  countries  committed 
themselves to achieve, through their national and regional policies and budgets, the 
objective of ‘Zero Hunger’ within the next twenty years. 

On the donor side, all technical and financial partners have put resilience at the top of 
their  agenda.  The  EU  has  put  forward  EUR  1.5  billion  for  the  period  2014-2020  to 
strengthen  resilience  in  all  West  African  countries  and  Chad  through  the  11th 
European  Development  Fund  and  other  donors  such  as  the  WBG,  USAID  and  EU 
MS are following. The EU has supported this process through financial support (EUR 
2.4  million  from  FSTP)  to  the  ECOWAS/CILSS  to  develop  plans,  called  Country 
Resilience  Priorities  (CRPs),  in  all  countries.  At  field  level,  EU  Delegations  and 
ECHO offices are working closely together. 

6 SWD(2013) 227 Final, 19.06.2013 

12 

 
 
                                                 
Cooperation under the 11th EDF (2014-2020) with some sixty countries in the region 
will focus on agriculture and food security, providing a continuing basis for prolonged 
support to resilience activities.  

Indicators and data for climate-resilient and sustainable development  

the  world  on  a  climate-change-resilient  development  path 

Many initiatives are in place or have been announced to support climate adaptation 
and resilience in those countries most vulnerable to climate change. Global efforts to 
set 
require  an 
understanding of the relationships between climate change and development as well 
as metrics for the identification of the countries, groups of people, and sectors most 
seriously threatened by climate change. 

The  EU  Joint  Research  Centre  supports  Directorate-General  for  International 
Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid  in  identifying  indicators  for  climate-
resilient  development,  which  will  be  applied  throughout  the  new  Global  Climate 
Change Alliance (GCCA) programme (2014-2020). Moreover, the JRC is establishing 
an  open  forum  on  climate-resilient  and  sustainable  development,  which  will  be 
supported by a web knowledge platform, as an interface between science and policy 
in these areas.   

This  platform  will  provide  data  and  indicators  and  will  be  an  open  source, 
transparent,  objective,  reliable,  and  accurate  source  of  information  on  the  natural 
hazards  related  to  climate  change,  vulnerability,  adaptive  capacity,  mitigation,  and 
resilience.  It  will  provide  users  with  indicators  targeting  adaptation  and  mitigation 
funding,  and  monitoring  and  evaluation  (M&E)  of  adaptation  and  mitigation 
programmes, within the context of the 2015 Sustainable Development Goals, the 21st 
Conference  of  the  Parties  UNFCCC,  and  the  UN  World  Disaster  Risk  Reduction 
Conference. 

1.2.3.  Making a difference: new instruments and aid modalities 

2007-2013: a strong legacy  

Over the past few years, the EU and its Member States have provided more than half 
(56 %) of global aid to developing countries. To highlight just a selection of notable 
achievements,  the  EU  has  provided  aid  to  the  poorest  people  in  more  than  150 
countries worldwide through the European Development Fund and the Development 
and  Cooperation  Instrument  (DCI)  making  a  significant  impact  in  Africa,  Latin 
America and Asia: regions that are home to 70 % of the world's people living on less 
than USD 1.25 per day.  

In  our  immediate  neighbourhood,  a  number  of  strategic  developments  have  been 
successfully  achieved  with  partners  to  the  East  and  South  of  the  EU’s  borders 
including the deepening of bilateral relationships, the launch of key regional initiatives 
in  our  Southern 
and  active  support 
Neighbourhood. 

transition  processes 

for  democratic 

The  results  obtained  through  the  external  financing  instruments  during  the  last 
financial period have paved the way for new, improved and adapted tools.  

2014-2020: new challenges require new and sufficient targeted resources 

13 

 
 
 
The  new  external  financing  instruments  proposed  by  the  Commission  in  December 
2011 which provide the strategic tools for more effective and flexible action over the 
period 2014-20 have now been adopted by the Council and the European Parliament 
and started to be implemented from 2014. 

In  a  changing  and  globalised  world  that  is  affected  by  uncertainty  and  long  term 
crisis, and where emerging economies like China, India and Brazil are asserting their 
influence,  Europe  must  stand  together  and  be  an  active  partner  in  shaping  global 
change.  The  external  financing  instruments  funded  by  the  EU  budget  and  the 
European  Development  Fund  will  ensure  that  the  EU  can  speak  with  a  united  and 
stronger voice and promote poverty reduction, democracy, peace, solidarity, stability 
and prosperity, both in our immediate neighbourhood and across the world.  
Pursuing  the  external  strategic  objectives  of  the  Europe  2020  strategy7  the  new 
instruments translate into operational terms the priorities of the Agenda for Change. 
and the new vision for the European Neighbourhood Policy. Four policy priorities are 
at  stake:  enlargement,  neighbourhood,  cooperation  with  strategic  partners,  and 
development cooperation. With regards to the latter point, the overall priority remains 
to  help  the  poorest  in  the  world  and  work  towards  achieving  the  Millennium 
Development  Goals  (MDGs)  and  contribute  to  a  global  agenda  for  sustainable 
development post-2015. 

Over  the  period  2014-2020  the  total  amount  allocated  (at  current  prices)  for  the  six 
external  relations  instruments  is  EUR  51.4  billion.  This  is  allocated  as  follows  - 
Development  Cooperation  Instrument8:  EUR  19.6  billion;  European  Neighbourhood 
Instrument9:  EUR  15.4  billion;  Instrument  for  Pre-Accession  Assistance  (IPA  II)10: 
EUR  11.7  billion;  Instrument  contributing  to  Stability  and  Peace11:  EUR  2.3  billion; 
European  Instrument  for  Democracy  and  Human  Rights12:  EUR  1.3  billion;  and 
Partnership Instrument13: EUR 0.9 billion.  
In  addition,  the  Instrument  for  Nuclear  Safety  Cooperation14  and  the  Instrument  for 
Greenland15, both adopted by the Council, will respectively provide EUR 0.22 billion 
and EUR 0.19 billion from the EU budget.  

A  further  EUR  30.5  billion  will  be  made  available  for  cooperation  with  African, 
Caribbean and Pacific countries as well as Overseas Countries and Territories through 
the 11th European Development Fund (EDF), which remains outside of the EU budget 
for the next period.  

Overall funding foreseen for all the instruments for the EU  external action, including 
all those mentioned above totals EUR 96.8 billion. 

What are the main changes?    

7 http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm  
8 Regulation (EU) No 233/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 44. 
9 Regulation (EU) No 232/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 27. 
10 Regulation (EU) No 231/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 11. 
11Regulation (EU) No 230/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 1. 
12 Regulation (EU) No 235/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 85. 
13 Regulation (EU) No 234/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 77. 
14 Regulation (Euratom) No 237/2014; OJ L 77, 15.3.2014, p. 109. 
15 Council Decision 2014/137/EU; OJ L 76, 15.3.2014, p. 1. 

14 

 
 
 
                                                 
The  EU  seeks  to  target  its  resources  where  they  are  needed  most  and  where  they 
can  have  most  impact.  This  more  differentiated  approach  to  partnerships  and  aid 
allocation  driven  by  specific  country  context  is  a  core  principle  of  the  new 
Development  Cooperation  Instrument  and  European  Neighbourhood  Instrument. 
With  the  new  Development  Cooperation  Instrument,  the  partner  countries  most  in 
need,  in  particular  the  least  developed  countries,  have  been  given  priority  in  the 
programming phase achieved at the end of 2014.  
Compared to the 10th EDF the amount allocated to the 11th EDF remains stable.  The 
main areas of change were to insert changes foreseen by the second revision of the 
Cotonou  agreement  (such  as  the  creation  of  regional  envelopes  for  unforeseen 
needs  and  a  new  shock  absorbing  scheme),  as  well  as  to  align  the  11th  EDF 
Implementation  and  Financial  Regulations  as  much  as  possible  with  the  other 
financial  instruments  of  EU  development  cooperation.  During  2014,  the  bridging 
facility16 covered the period until the 11th EDF enters into force in March 2015. 

With  the  new  European  Neighbourhood  Instrument  an  incentive  based  approach, 
which is one of the key aspects of the renewed Neighbourhood policy, will allow the 
EU  to  adapt  its  support  for  partner  countries  who  are  genuinely  implementing  deep 
and  sustainable  democracy,  including  respect  for  human  rights,  and  agreed  reform 
objectives. 

When  it  comes  to  strategic  emerging  economies,  the  EU  will  focus  primarily  on 
partnerships in areas of mutual interest and will seek to more effectively promote its 
own strategic interests.  

Differentiation  also  means  a  flexible  use  of  implementation  methods.  Innovative 
financial instruments such as blending (the combination of grants and loans or equity 
to  enable  investments)  will  help  graduating  partner  countries  to  tap  into  capital 
markets and close financing gaps in the poorest countries. 

The  Commission  has  committed  itself  to  increase  the  share  of  EU  aid  through 
innovative  financial  instruments.  Therefore,  during  2014  Directorate-General  for 
Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid  has  carried  out  exhaustive  work 
together  with  development  finance  institutions  and  other  stakeholders  to  identify 
specific instruments, key areas and sectors where blending can be used more17. 

The  European  Parliament  was  involved  in  the  setting  of  priorities  for  EU  external 
cooperation  prior  to  the  programming  of  the  external  financial  instruments.  The 
Commission conducted an informal strategic dialogue with the European Parliament 
in the preparation of its programming documents. 

Finally,  the  new  instruments  allow  more  flexibility  to  increase  the  EU’s  capacity  to 
respond  to  unforeseen  events  and  the  simplified  rules  and  procedures  for 
programming and delivering assistance are more effective.  

16 Council Regulation (EU) 2014/567; OJ L 157, 27.5.2014, p. 52. 
17 COM(2014) 733 final, 15.12.2014 

15 

 
 
 
                                                 
1.3.  Keeping long-term promises 

1.3.1.  Progress  in  achieving  the  MDGs  and  preparation  of  the  post-MDG 
framework 

Poverty, hunger and nutrition 

After the first MDG goal target of halving extreme poverty was successfully met five 
years ahead of schedule in 2010, just over one billion of people remained in extreme 
poverty in 2011. However, major regional differences remain a concern. The positive 
development  is  mostly  due  to  the  progress  in  the  fast  growing  economies  of  East 
Asia. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and South Asia (SA) account for about 80 % of the 
World’s  poor  and  will  have  to  face  the  biggest  challenges  to  eradicate  extreme 
poverty. 

The target of halving the number of people suffering from hunger is within reach. The 
proportion of undernourished people globally decreased from 23.2 % in 1990-1992 to 
14.9  per  cent  in  2010-2012.  But  this  still  leaves  870  million  hungry  people.  With 
concerted  action  by  national  governments  and  international  partners  the  hunger 
target could be achieved, but more needs to be done. 

Education 

The  MDG  target  to  ensure  that  children  everywhere  in  the  world  will  be  able  to 
complete a full course of primary schooling has only been achieved in Latin America 
and  the  Caribbean,  East  Asia  and  the  Pacific,  and  Europe  and  Central  Asia.  Full 
enrolment  is  far  from  being  the  reality  in  South  Asia  and  Sub-Saharan  Africa  – 
despite an accelerated progress since 2010. In 2012, 58  million  children, especially 
in  conflict-affected  areas  and  girls  from  poor  rural  households,  still  remained  out  of 
school.  

The  EC's  financing  support  to  the  Global  Programme  of  Education  has  been 
instrumental  in  the  efforts  to  improve  MDG  targets  on  education.  In  June  2014  the 
Commission  hosted  the  second  replenishment  pledging  conference  of  the  Global 
Partnership  of  Education 
raised  an 
unprecedented  commitment  from  partner  countries  of  EUR  26  billion  in  additional 
domestic funding to education. The donors pledged EUR 2.1 billion to the GPE itself. 

in  Brussels.  The  Conference 

(GPE) 

Gender equality 

Great  progress  was  achieved  on  gender  parity  in  primary  education  with  an 
enrolment  ratio  for  boys  to  girls  standing  at  97  %  for  developing  countries.  In 
secondary  and  tertiary  education,  although  with  similar  average  indexes,  strong 
regional  disparities  prevail.  Achievements  were  also  made  in  women's  political 
participation.  In  January  2014,  22 %  of  all  members of  parliament  were  women,  up 
by  1.5  %  in  the  previous  year.  However,  inequalities  in  the  labour  market  remain 
persistent.  The  share  of  women  working  in  paid  employment  in  non-agricultural 
activities increased globally by only 5 % between 1990 and 2012 with lowest rates in 
Northern Africa (20 %). 

The  gender  commitments  of  EU  development  policy  continue.  To  empower  women 
and protect women and girls’ full enjoyment of human rights, the focus has been put 
on socioeconomic empowerment, access to and control over resources, participation 
in  political  and  decision  making  processes  especially  related  to  security  and  fragile 
situations.  Specific  actions  have  been  promoted,  for  instance  a  programme  in  the 

16 

 
 
Central  Africa  Republic  to  support  women  victims  of  violence  following  the 
humanitarian  crisis.  At  global  level,  the  European  Union  called  strongly  for  gender 
equality  and  women's  empowerment  and  the  promotion  of  human  rights  and 
opportunities  for  all  women  and  girls  to  be  considered  as  a  universal  priority  in  the 
elaboration of the post-2015 framework. 

Child mortality, maternal health and diseases  

The significant European Commission support to global health initiatives, the Global 
Alliance on  Vaccines  and  Immunisation (GAVI)  and  the  Global Fund  to  Fight  AIDS, 
Tuberculosis  and  Malaria  (GFATM),  has    contributed  to  progress  on  the  MDGs  at 
country  level,  in  particular  in  reducing  under-fives  mortality  due  to  increased 
availability  of  childhood  vaccination  programmes  and  prevention  of  malaria, 
tuberculosis and HIV. 

The  mortality  rate  for  children  under  five  years  in  2012  was  almost  half  of  its  1990 
number. The MDG of reducing global child mortality by two-thirds is thus still far from 
being  reached.  South  Asia  and  Sub-Saharan  Africa  account  alone  for  81  %  of  all 
child  deaths  in  the  world.  Stepping  up  efforts  to  decrease  this  high  number  is 
especially important in these two regions.  

The  maternal  mortality  ratio  shows  a  similar  picture.  Despite  the  45  %  decrease 
between 1990 and 2013, the progress lags far behind the goal of reducing maternal 
mortality by three-quarters. Moreover, regional differences are great and persistent.  

Despite the global decline in new HIV infections by 44 % between 2001 and 2012, in 
2012, a record number of 35.3 million people living with HIV were registered. SSA is 
the  region  where  around  70  %  of  all  new  incidents  occurred.  The  access  to 
antiretroviral  drugs  increased  40-fold  between  2002  and  2012,  treatment  coverage 
for children, however, only reaches half that of adults.  

Incidence of tuberculosis and deaths resulting from it continue to fall and the target of 
halving the spread is within reach by 2015. Still some 8.6 million people were newly 
diagnosed with the disease in 2012.  

Malaria  is  one  of  the  targets  that  will  most  likely  be  fully  met  by  the  deadline. 
Substantial work has been done in malaria prevention, leading to a decline in malaria 
mortality  rates  by  42  %  globally  between 200 and  2012.  More  than 700  million  bed 
nets were delivered alone in Sub-Saharan Africa in this period.  

Environmental sustainability 

Environmental  sustainability  continues  to  be  a  major  challenge  with  an  increase  of 
carbon dioxide emissions by almost 50 % since 1990, and an average forest loss of 
13 million hectares a year between 2000 and 2010. Considerable progress has been 
made on water provision. The proportion of people without access to improved water 
sources had been halved by 2010 – five years ahead of the target. Although 33 % of 
urban residents in developing countries live in slums, down from 40 % in 2000, their 
absolute number is still increasing.  

The  EU  seeks  an  integrated  approach  to  the  challenges  of  poverty  eradication  and 
sustainable development, including environmental concerns. Over the course of 2014 
the  European  Commission  has  worked  hard  to  ensure  that  the  follow  on  from  the 
MDGs  stresses  the  importance  of  present  and  future  generations,  recognising  that 
environmental  sustainability  is  fundamental  to  ensuring  the  sustainable  prosperity 

17 

 
 
and  well-being  of  all  citizens,  within  finite  planetary  boundaries.  Efforts  were  further 
focused  in  order  to  close  the  gap  between  climate  change  and  poverty  eradication 
and catalyse opportunities for investing in green growth. 

Lessons for the transition to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 

The  post-2015  development  agenda,  including  the  Sustainable  Development  Goals 
(SDGs)  at  its  core,  will  build  on  the  foundations  laid  by  the  MDGs,  complete 
unfinished business and respond to new challenges. It will also build simultaneously 
on the Rio +20 process. 

Indeed, the  transition to  the  SDGs  provides  the  opportunity  to  address  at  the  same 
time  lessons  learnt  and  gaps  identified  from  both  the  MDGs  and  the  Rio  +20 
processes.  One  central 
that  poverty  eradication  and  sustainable 
development  are  closely  interlinked  and  should  be  addressed  together.  Another  is 
that to stimulate action from all and achieve the necessary change, both at domestic 
and global level, a shift towards a universal agenda with goals and targets applying 
to all countries is fundamental.  

lesson 

is 

There is a need to move from a purely quantitative approach to also address quality, 
for  example 
to 
disaggregated data will also be key in order to address inequalities and ensure that 
targets are met for all relevant groups, including the poorest and most vulnerable.  

in  education  and  health.  Moving 

from  aggregate  averages 

The Open Working Group’s proposal for SDGs clearly heeds these lessons, and puts 
forward a transformative set of goals and targets integrating the three dimensions of 
sustainable  development  (economic,  social  and  environmental)  in  a  balanced 
manner.  It  addresses  gaps  from  the  MDGs  and  breaks  new  ground  with  goals  on 
inequalities, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, industrialisation, sustainable 
consumption and production, energy,  climate change, peace, justice and institutions. 

Energy 

Although  Energy  is  not  explicitly  mentioned  in  the  current  MDGs,  the  relevance  of 
access  to  sustainable  energy  as  acknowledged  through  the  EU's  contribution 
towards the SE4ALL initiative, is feeding into the discussion to include Energy in the 
future  SDGs.  Directorate-General  for  Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid 
works towards the general agreement that access to sustainable energy services, as 
stated  in  the  Agenda  for  Change,  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  levers  in  poverty 
reduction will hopefully lead towards the explicit mention of sustainable energy in the 
SDGs. 

Water and Sanitation 

The  MDG  target  to  halve  the  proportion  of  people  without  access  to  clean  drinking 
water  was  reached  five  years  ahead  of  the  2015  deadline18.  This  achievement 
reflects the concerted effort of the international community, to which the EU made a 
significant  contribution.  In  the  period  2004-2013,  EU  assistance  has  helped  to 
connect  70.2  million  people  to  drinking  water  and  24.5  million  people  to  sanitation 
facilities.  

18  'Progress  on  Drinking  Water  and  Sanitation  2012'  produced  by  the  WHO/UNICEF  Joint  Monitoring 
Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (http://www.wssinfo.org/) 

18 

 
 
 
                                                 
1.3.2.  Focusing on poverty  

Global poverty has declined significantly since 1990 and the goal of halving extreme 
poverty has been achieved globally. A major role in poverty reduction was played by 
India and China. Nonetheless, India remains the country with the highest share of the 
world's extreme poor (30 %) followed by China (8 %). Similarly, regions such as Sub-
Saharan Africa (SSA) and Southern Asia are still lagging behind.  

Many  African  countries  have  made  progress  towards  the  MDGs,  yet  almost  half  of 
the population still lives on USD 1.25 or less a day. EU development cooperation has 
been  a  constant  and  significant  supporter  of  African  countries.  In  2014  alone  EDF 
disbursements amounted to EUR 3 billion. The MDG initiative, which the EU started 
in  2013,  makes  available  additional  funds  for  supporting  countries  in  Sub-Saharan 
Africa  to  accelerate  their  progress  towards  the  MDG  targets.  To  date  an  amount  of 
EUR 974 million has been committed. 

Although Asian countries have shown remarkable growth, poverty is still widespread 
on  the  continent,  income  inequality  is  increasing  and  regional  development  is 
uneven.  During  2014,  a  number  of  Middle  Income  Countries  in  Asia  graduated  and 
will  therefore  no  longer  benefit  from  bilateral  allocations  under  the  DCI  instrument. 
Yet,  they  still  benefited  from  an  important  set  of  projects  and  programmes  funded 
under  the  2007-2013  MIPs  and  from  funding  stemming  from  thematic  and  regional 
programmes  notably  in  the  areas  of  trade  related  assistance,  higher  education, 
sustainable production and consumption, regional integration, good governance and 
civil  society.  As  to  the  Asian  MIC's  which  can  still  continue  benefiting  from  bilateral 
programmes, their Multiannual Programmes were approved in 2014. Priority sectors 
for  Change’  on  inclusive,  sustainable 
reflect 
development,  green  growth,  job  creation  and  on  good  governance.  Blending 
instruments have also been put in action, notably in Vietnam. In addition, measures 
promoting  EU  business  interests  and  public  diplomacy  have  been  implemented.  In 
Central  Asia,  EU  cooperation  has  focused  on  agriculture  and  rural  development, 
support  to  the  social  and  private  sectors,  sustainable  energy  development  and 
environmental protection, including the management of water resources. 

the  emphasis  of  the 

‘Agenda 

In  the  Gulf  region  the  political  and  security  situation  in  Iraq  and  Yemen  worsened 
during  2014.  The  escalation  of  violence  has  also  undermined  the  stability  of  the 
region. The general poverty situation has deteriorated further in these countries. The 
EU addresses these challenges by improving governance in Iraq and basic services 
delivery in Yemen. 

In  the  Pacific  region,  EU  development  assistance  has  continued  to  focus  on  MDG-
areas that are closely linked with improving basic living conditions, especially of poor 
and  remote  populations:  by  improving  basic  health  and  hygiene  standards  through 
improved access to  water  and  sanitation as  well  as by  assuring  sustainable  energy 
supply particularly in off-grid rural and outer island regions.  

Latin  America  and  the  Caribbean  reduced  their  poverty  levels  to  half  by  2015  and 
also reached other MDGs, e.g. the rate of underweight children dropped from 7 % to 
3 %, the access to improved drinking water sources rose to 94 % and more women 
are holding seats in national parliaments than in any other region. EU cooperation is 
focussed  on  increasing  productivity,  support  diversification  of  production,  economic 
integration and increased domestic resource mobilisation. 

19 

 
 
1.3.3.  Strengthening human rights and good governance  
In 2014, the EU continued to implement its ‘Agenda for Change’19 that has set human 
rights,  governance  and  democracy  as  a  core  focus  of  the  EU  development 
cooperation.  The  development  activities  had  also  to  respond  to  the  requirements 
stemming from the ‘EU Strategic Framework and Action Plan on Human Rights and 
Democracy’20. 

The EU finalised the bilateral programming exercise with partner  countries adopting 
strategic programming documents and multiannual indicative programmes for 2014-
2020.  Human  rights,  democracy  and  other  key  elements  of  good  governance  have 
been  addressed  either  as  key  focal  sectors  or  the  rights-based  approach  has  been 
applied in other areas of cooperation. 

The  EU  commitment  to  the  rights-based  approach  has  been  reflected  in  the  2014 
Commission  Staff  Working  Document  designing  a  toolbox  ‘a  right  based  approach, 
encompassing all human rights for EU development cooperation’21. In May 2014 the 
Council Conclusions welcomed this significant step and highlighted the key principles 
it contains. 

The toolbox provides political impetus and concrete guidance on how to integrate a 
rights-based  approach  into  any  development  programme  or  project  along  five 
working principles: applying all rights, participation and access to the decision making 
process,  non-discrimination  and  equal  access, 
to 
information. The implementation of a rights-based approach into all EU development 
programmes and projects will strengthen the capacity  of duty  of bearers to respect, 
protect and fulfil human rights and the corresponding capacity of the rights–holders to 
know, promote, protect and claim their rights and fundamental freedoms.    

transparency  and  access 

In  parallel  with  the  programming  exercise,  the  EU  continued  assessing  the 
fundamental  values  in  its  budget  support  programmes.  As  of  1  January  2013,  the 
methodology  provided  in  the  Budget  Support  Guidelines  is  implemented  for  all  new 
budget support programmes. 

1.3.4.  Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues  

Environment and Climate Change 

The  EU  remains  firm  on  its  commitment  to  make  20  %  of  its  spending  climate-
relevant,  and  this  is  also  true  of  its  development  cooperation.  Mainstreaming  of 
environment  and  climate  change  in  development  cooperation  remains  a  top  priority 
and the EU’s development arm seeks to ensure that the EU puts its money where its 
mouth  is  by  allocating  at  least  20  %  of  its  budget  to  climate-relevant  action  and  to 
ensure that biodiversity financing is doubled by 2015 and that these levels remain at 
this level or above through 2020 and beyond. 

19 COM(2011) 637 final, 13.10.2011; Council Conclusions, 3166th Foreign Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels, 
14.05.2012. 
20  Council  Conclusions  on  Human  Rights  and  Democracy;  3179th  Foreign  Affairs  Council  meeting, 
Luxembourg, 25.06.2012. 
21 SWD(2014) 152 final, Brussels, 30.4.2014 

20 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
In  2014  the  EU  sought  to  scale  up  support  to  the  Poverty-Environment  Initiative 
which  supports  30  countries  across  the  world  in  integrating  poverty-environment 
concerns  in  development  policy,  planning  and  investment.  Expanded  public  and 
private  investment  to  improve  the  poor’s  access  to  these  environmental  assets  can 
generate  strong  returns  for  poverty  reduction,  contribute  to  pro-poor  growth  and 
accelerate progress towards attaining the MDGs.  

Private Sector 

The  private  sector  plays  a  central  role  in  many  areas  of  EU  development 
cooperation.  Thus  on  May  2014,  the  Commission  adopted  a  Communication  ‘A 
stronger  role  of  the  private  sector  in  Achieving  Inclusive  and  Sustainable  Growth  in 
Developing  Countries’22  that  provides  a  strategic  framework  for  mainstreaming 
private  sector  development  and  engagement  across  sectors  of  EU  development 
cooperation  with  a  particular  focus  on  sustainable  energy,  sustainable  agriculture, 
infrastructure  and  green  sectors23.  In  line  with  partner  governments’  policies,  the 
Commission  is  developing  ways  to  better  integrate  private  sector  development 
objectives  into  support  strategies,  and  to  identify  modalities  for  using  the  private 
sector as an implementing and financing partner in these areas. 

More information can also be found in chapter 3.1.4. 

Research  and  innovation  are  a  mean  to  foster  development  by  enhancing  human 
potential  and  infrastructures  as  well  as  designing  new  services  and  products.  In 
addition, research provides evidence in support of development policies. 

The  communication  on  'Enhancing  and  focusing  EU  international  cooperation  in 
research  and  innovation:  A  strategic  approach'24,  adopted  by  the  European 
Commission  in  2012,  sets  "supporting  the  Union's  external  policies"  as  one  of  its 
three main objectives. A report on the implementation of the strategy was adopted in 
September  2014.  Annexed  to  this  report  is  a  set  of  11  roadmaps  with  international 
partners (2 regions and 9 countries) of the Union. These roadmaps are about setting 
priorities  and  making  them  visible,  mirroring  developments  of  the  Union’s  policy-
dialogues on research and innovation.  

DG Research and Innovation continues to invest through Horizon 2020, the new EU 
Framework  Programme  for  Research  and  Innovation  (2014-2020),  in  cooperation 
between  researchers  in  Europe  and  developing  countries,  to  contribute  to  the 
achievement  of  the  Millennium  Development  Goals  (MDGs)  and  other  international 
commitments such as Rio+20. Proper and appropriate cooperation between the DCI / 
EDF  and  Horizon  2020  should  be  ensured  in  future,  at  least  for  those  25  countries 
which  have  chosen  energy  as  one  of  their  three  focal  sectors  for  their  bilateral 
cooperation with the EU.  

As  outlined  in  the  Union's  strategy  for  international  cooperation  in  research  and 
innovation25 Horizon 2020 is first of all open to the participation of researchers from 
across the world, which entails that the majority of developing countries are eligible 

22 COM(2014)263 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52014DC0263&from=EN 
23 Actions 6 to 9 of COM(2014)263, 13.5.2014 
24 COM(2012) 497 
25 COM(2012) 497 final, 14.9.2012 

21 

 
 
 
                                                 
for  funding.  Secondly,  targeted  international  cooperation  activities  are  included 
across  the  societal  challenges,  enabling  and  industrial  technologies  and  other 
relevant parts of Horizon 2020. 

1.3.5.  Cooperation with civil society organisations and local authorities 

Civil Society Organisations 

In  October  2012  the  EU  endorsed  the  Commission  Communication  ‘The  roots  of 
democracy and sustainable development: Europe’s engagement with Civil Society in 
external  relations’26.  The  new  policy  aims  at  achieving  an  enhanced  and  more 
strategic approach to EU engagement with local civil society organisations (CSO) in 
partner  countries,  in  order  to  build  stronger  democratic  processes  and  systems  of 
accountability,  achieve  better  development  outcomes  through  constructive  relations 
between States and CSOs, and enhance Civil Society capacity.  

Although the contribution of partner countries’ CSOs to their domestic policy-making 
is  at  the  heart  of  EU  engagement,  the  policy  also  emphasises  the  role  of  CSOs  in 
networks and international alliances that act at the regional and global levels to tackle 
transnational  and  global  challenges  including  holding  the  international  community 
accountable  for  delivering  on  aid  commitments  and  promoting  global  solidarity  and 
citizens’ awareness. 

2014 has been a critical year for translating these provisions into substantive actions. 

A  guidance  note  on  EU  Country  Roadmaps  for  Engagement  with  Civil  Society  was 
launched  in  January  2014.  To  date  76  Roadmaps  (conceived  as  a  joint  initiative 
between  the  EU  and  Member  States)  have  been  developed  out  of  target  of  118, 
while  several  others  are  in  the  pipeline.  Many  Delegations  have  been  using  the 
Roadmaps  as  an  entry  point  to  reach  out  to  a  broader  range  of  CSOs  in  order  to 
have  a  more  strategic  engagement  and  dialogue,  going  beyond  the  question  of 
financial  support.  The  roadmaps  are  also  instrumental  in  strengthening  EU 
collaboration  and  coordination  with  Member  States  and  other  international  players, 
as well as to give visibility to the work carried out by the EU. 

In  addition,  under  the  Multi-Annual  Financial  Framework  for  2014–2020  a  specific 
actor-based programme to benefit CSOs and local authorities (LA) was adopted as a 
successor  of  the  thematic  programme  Non-State  Actors  and  Local  Authorities  in 
Development27.  

Local Authorities 

In  May  2013,  the  European  Commission  adopted  the  Communication  ‘Empowering 
local  authorities  in  partner  countries  for  enhanced  governance  and  more  effective 
development outcomes’28. It promotes a more strategic EU engagement with LA and 
their Associations in partner countries in order to unlock their full potential, focusing 
on  good  governance  at  the  local  level  and  a  territorial  approach  to  development.  It 

26 COM(2012) 492, 12.9.2012 
27The new CSO-LA programme is further detailed in the chapter  ‘CSO and LA’ of the Thematic Programmes 
section 
28 COM(2013) 280 final, 15.5.2013 

22 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
supports  decentralisation  and  State  reforms,  LA  capacity  development,  smart 
solutions  for  sustainable  urbanisation,  and  Associations  of  LA  (ALA)  at  national, 
regional and international levels.  

2014  has  been  the  starting  point  for  the  translation  of  the  Communication  priorities 
into  concrete  actions,  firstly  with  the  elaboration  of  the  aforementioned  CSO-LA 
thematic programme. 

the  Commissioner 

In  addition,  the  Communication  recognises  ALA  as  instrumental  in  achieving  good 
governance  and  development  outcomes  at  local  level,  particularly  in  linking  local 
concerns and priorities to regional and international debates. As a result, following a 
International 
negotiation  process  held  during  2014, 
Cooperation  and  Development  Neven  Mimica  signed,  for  the  first  time  ever,  five 
Framework  Partnership  Agreements  (FPA)  with  the  main  regional  and  global 
the  United  Cities  and  Local  Governments,  Association 
networks  of  ALA: 
Internationale des Maires Francophones, Commonwealth Local Government Forum, 
United  Cities  and  Local  Governments  of  Africa,  and  the  Council  of  European 
Municipalities and Regions. FPA institutionalise strategic partnerships for the period 
2015-2020,  deepen  EU’s  relations  with  LA  and  foster  their  institutional  and 
operational  capacities  thanks  to financial  support  of  EUR  20.3  million  for  the  period 
2015-2017. 

for 

The  Policy  Forum  on  Development  (PFD):  a  space  for  multi-stakeholder 
dialogue 
2014  constituted  the  first  year  of  activity  of  the  PFD29  during  which  two  meetings 
were  held  in  Brussels  and  in  Latin  America.  Both  meetings  were  an  opportunity  for 
PFD members to discuss the global agenda, and notably the post-2015 framework, 
as  well  as 
together 
representatives  of  CSO  networks  (Non-Governmental  Organisations,  Trade  Unions, 
Cooperatives, Chambers of Commerce, Foundations, etc.) and ALA from the EU and 
partner countries. 

thematic  programme.  The  PFD  brings 

the  CSO-LA 

Development Education and Awareness-Raising (DEAR) 

In 2014, the EU sought to further implement the lessons learned from the 2012 Staff 
Working  Document  (SWD)  on  DEAR  in  Europe30.  To  this  end,  the  EU  further 
engaged  with  stakeholders  on  DEAR  in  2014,  including  with  EU  Member  States. 
Following up on what the SWD identified as elements of particular added-value, such 
as  the  pan-European  scope  of  EU-supported  actions,  the  EU  contracted  22  new 
large-scale projects. All of these projects are directly relevant to the objectives of the 
European  Year  for  Development  2015  (EYD2015)  and  seek  to  use  the  momentum 
created  by  EYD2015  to  further  raise  awareness  in  Europe  regarding  development 
issues and global interdependencies. 

29 https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/fpfis/mwikis/aidco/index.php/Policy_forum_on_development 
30SWD(2012) 457 final, 20.12.2012 

23 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
1.3.6.  Financing for development  

The Commission continued to successfully mobilise the EU and its Member States to 
act  as  one  on  financing  for  development  (FfD),  and  promote  a  comprehensive  and 
integrated  approach  to  all  financial  and  non-financial  Means  of  Implementation, 
throughout 2014. 

Building  on  the  2013  Commission  Communication  ‘Beyond  2015:  towards  a 
comprehensive  and  integrated  approach  to  financing  poverty  eradication  and 
sustainable  development’31,  the  EU  and  its  Member  States  have  been  able  to 
articulate  a  common  EU  approach  to  financing  beyond  2015  in  UN  discussions  on 
financing for development during 2014. This approach will be further refined in 2015. 
These  discussions  will  culminate  in  the  Third  UN  Financing  for  Development 
Conference in Addis Ababa in July 2015 and the post-2015 Summit in New York in 
September 2015.  

In  the  UN,  the  EU  and  its  Member  States  have  been  advocating  for  an  integrated 
approach  to  financing,  which  should  use  all  resources  from  all  actors,  ensure 
synergies  between  different  processes  and  support  poverty  eradication  and 
sustainable  development  in  all  of  its  dimensions.  Crucially,  financing  measures 
should also be set in the context of the wider Means of Implementation available to 
developing countries,  in particular good policy measures, good governance  and the 
creation  of  an  enabling  environment  needed  to  maximise  impact.  The  EU  and  its 
Member States have also pushed for merging the FfD and post-2015 tracks (arguing 
that the financing for Development Conference in Addis should constitute the Means 
of  Implementation  pillar  of  the  post-2015  agenda)  and  for  coherence  with  the 
Conference  of  the  Parties  of  the  UN  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  in 
December in Paris.  

The  12th  annual  EU  Financing  Accountability  Report  consolidated  reporting  on  EU 
progress against development financing commitments, and provided transparency of 
the  EU  and  Member  States’  actions  in  support  of  financing  for  development.  The 
Report  covered  all  aspects  of  development  finance  as  framed  by  the  Monterrey 
Consensus  and  the  Doha  Declaration.  It  showed  that  mobilising  more  development 
financing from all available sources was a necessary, but not sufficient, condition to 
fight  poverty  and  foster  development.  It  also  showed  that  the  EU’s  contribution  to 
supporting developing countries went far beyond its Official Development Assistance 
(ODA).  

The  EU  and  Member  States  have  made  substantial  progress  on  the  commitments 
concerning  private  investment,  trade,  finance  relating  to  climate  change  adaptation 
and  mitigation,  Science,  Technology  and  Innovation  (STI)  and  innovative  financing 
sources  and  instruments,  and  moderate  progress  on  the  commitments  concerning 
domestic 
remittances,  biodiversity 
protection and development effectiveness.  

resource  mobilisation,  debt  sustainability, 

At  the  same  time,  the  EU  and  most  Member  States  have  not  yet  reached  their 
collective and individual ODA targets by 2015. EU collective ODA amounted to a total 
of EUR 58.2 billion in 2014, corresponding to 0.42 % of combined GNI, showing an 
increase  of  2.4%  from  2013.As  a  percentage  of  GNI  however,  this  is  a  marginal 

31 COM(2013)531 final, 16.7.2013 

24 

 
 
                                                 
decline from 0.43% in 2013 due to changes in the way GNI was calculated by most 
Member  State.  EU  Collective  ODA  was  however  significantly  higher  than  for  other 
OECD donors with average ODA of 0.28% of GNI.  

The EU collectively remained the world’s largest donor in 2014- accounting for more 
than half of the ODA reported by the OECD DAC.   

25 

 
 
  
 
 
Collective EU ODA is the sum of the ODA reported by the EU institutions and by the 
Member States. It includes EUR 2.0 billion of ODA loans of the European Investment 
Bank’s  own  resources  (2014)  that  are  not  imputed  to  EU  Member  States  and  are 
additional 
in  GNI 
methodology, EU collective ODA in 2014 would have reached 0.44% of EU GNI. The 
total  ODA  of  the  EU  Member  States  alone  that  year  stood  at  EUR  56.1  billion,  or 
0.41% of combined GNI.  

the  aforementioned  change 

the  EU28  Total.  Without 

to 

Sources: 

  For figures 1995 – 2014 

o  For OECD members: OECD/ DAC. 

o  For  non-OECD  EU  Member  States:  OECD/  DAC  where  available, 
otherwise  Member  States  data.  Data  for  Cyprus  is  estimated  at  the 
same  volume  and  GNI  ratio  as  2013,  as  2014  figures  are  not  yet 
available.  

  2014 ODA figures are preliminary. 

  For figures 2015, Commission simulation is based on: 

o  Member States' ODA estimates when available, 

26 

 
 
 
 
 
o  Commission  projections  using  compound  annual  ODA  growth  rate  for 
2008-2013 when Member States have not provided ODA estimates. 

Official EU GNI projections from the annual macro-economic database (AMECO) of 
the European Commission. 

1.3.7.  The role of the private sector 

The  private  sector  is  emerging  as  an  active  player  in  the  development  field,  with 
increasing  public-private  collaboration  in  development  cooperation.  As  a  result, 
interactions  between  donors  and  the  private  sector  have  intensified  and  became 
more complex. 

Following  extensive  stakeholder  consultations  in  the  EU  and  partner  countries, 
including  the  private  sector,  the  Commission  adopted  on  13  May  2014  a 
Communication  ‘A  Stronger  Role  of  the  Private  Sector  in  Achieving  Inclusive  and 
Sustainable  Growth  in  Developing  Countries’32.This  new  strategy  introduces  private 
sector  engagement  as  a  new  dimension  in  EU  development  cooperation.  The 
Commission  will  look  beyond  public  support  to  improving  the  business  environment 
and framework conditions for private sector development in partner countries to also 
harness  the  potential  of  closer  engagement  of  the  private  sector  for  development, 
both  as  a  financing  and  implementing  partner  in  EU  development  cooperation,  and 
by  encouraging  the  positive  development  impact  which  comes  from  companies' 
engagement in development as part of their core business strategies. 

The  Communication  proposes  12  actions  in  areas  where  the  Commission  can  add 
value.  These  address  better  regulatory  environments  in  partner  countries,  business 
development support and access to finance, especially for micro, small and medium-
sized businesses in the formal and informal sectors that play a particularly vital role in 
job creation. 

The  Communication  also  identifies  actions  in  other  areas  such  as  sustainable 
energy,  sustainable  agriculture,  infrastructure  and  the  green  sectors,  where  private 
sector  engagement  can  effectively  complement  and  add  value  to  EU  development 
assistance, including through the use of blending (combining grants and loans). 

It  finally  encourages  the  private  sector  in  partner  countries,  the  EU  and  beyond  to 
engage in responsible investment, sustainable trade, inclusive business models and 
other  strategies  as  part  of  its  core  business  to  enhance  economic  opportunities  for 
the poor and thereby achieve development aims.    

The Communication also provides guidance to the EU and its Member States on how 
best to engage with the private sector for achieving development outcomes. To this 
end, it proposes a set of principles for private sector engagement in EU development 
cooperation.  In  particular,  clear  criteria  in  the  provision  of  direct  support  to  private 
sector  actors  have  been  defined  to  ensure  that  public  support  is  additional  to  what 
the  private sector  can do on its  own,  leads  to  measurable development  impact  and 
promotes high standards. 

32 COM(2014)263, 13.5.2014 

27 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
The  communication  has  been  discussed  thoroughly  in  the  Council  of  the  European 
Union, and the Foreign Affairs Council (FAC) has adopted in the course of 2014 two 
sets  of  Council  Conclusions.  On  23  June  2014,  a  first  set  were  adopted  under  the 
Greek  Presidency33  welcoming  the  principles  and  priorities  of  the  Commission’s 
communication.  Under  the  Italian  Presidency,  a  second  set34  was  adopted  on  12 
December 2014 with a specific focus on the principle and criteria that Member States 
have  committed  to  apply,  innovative  financial  instruments  and  mechanisms,  the 
dialogue with the private sector, the promotion of responsible business practices and 
finally donor harmonisation and aid effectiveness in this area. 

1.4.  Better and more effective aid 

1.4.1.  Aid effectiveness and joint programming  

The  Global  Partnership  for  Effective  Development  Cooperation  (GPEDC)  is  the  key 
framework  for  the  aid  and  development  effectiveness  agenda.    The  Commission 
represented the EU constituency in the GPEDC Steering Committee (SC), being one 
of the three representatives of donor partners in the SC, which met in 2014 in Abuja 
(February) and New York (July).  

The  first  GPEDC  High  Level  Meeting  (HLM)  took  place  in  Mexico  on  15-16  April 
2014.  It  highlighted  its  ability  to  convene  a  genuinely  diverse  group  of  actors,  its 
focus  on  important  issues  for  developing  countries,  the  mechanism  put  in  place  to 
monitor and measure progress, and its commitment to improve effectiveness on the 
ground. Thirty nine Voluntary Initiatives were launched at the Mexico HLM, with the 
European Union putting forward officially the commitment on Joint Programming. 

Joint  Programming  helps  respond  to  partner  countries  growing  requests  to  reduce 
aid fragmentation and transaction costs placed on their institutions. It also improves 
transparency, predictability, coordination, and reduces bureaucracy and costs for all 
actors involved. 

In 2012, 52 partner countries were deemed suitable by EU Heads of Mission as good 
candidates  for  EU  Joint  Programming.  This  means  60  to  70  %  of  bilateral  aid 
managed by the European Commission would be planned and implemented through 
joint programming processes.  

An  analysis  of  the  52  countries  shows  that  they  are  widely  spread  over  almost  all 
regions  (see  tables  below).    Almost  half  (25)  of  the  countries  are  in  sub-Saharan 
Africa, with West Africa being the most common region.  Asia has nine potential joint 
programming countries.   

Table 1. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF JOINT PROGRAMMING 

33 http://www.gr2014.eu/sites/default/files/FAC%20Conclusion%203_0.pdf 
34 http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/146174.pdf  

28 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
 
Region  

No.  of  JP 
Countries 

%  of  Global  JP 
Countries 

Africa – Western 

11 

Asia 

Africa – Eastern 

Neighbourhood - Southern  

Latin America 

Africa - Southern  

Neighbourhood - Eastern 

Africa – Central 

Caribbean 

Middle East 

9 

7 

7 

6 

4 

3 

3 

1 

1 

22 

18 

17 

6 

12 

16 

6 

5 

4 

3 

The  majority  of  joint  programming  countries  are  either  in  the  least  developed  or 
lower-middle  income  group  (see  table  below).  54  %  of  countries  where  joint 
programming has been launched are classified by the OECD as fragile states. 

Table 2. PARTNER COUNTRY TYPES 

Type 

No.  of  JP 
Countries 

% of Global JP 
Countries 

Upper-Middle Income  

Lower-Middle Income  

Least Developed  

Fragile State (OECD) 

Non-Fragile State (OECD) 

5 

18 

27 

28 

24 

10 

35 

52 

54 

46 

All Member States with a development presence in the partner countries participate 
in Joint Programming. Most Member States are present in at least some of the joint 
programming countries.  Particularly well represented are France (present in 45 joint 
programming  countries),  Germany  (41),  Italy  (31),  UK  (26),  Sweden  (20),  Denmark 
(20), the Netherlands (18), Belgium (17) and Spain (17).  

Preparations  for  the  Joint  Programming  process  are  underway  in  18  partner 
countries. In 14 partner countries Joint Programming documents were finalised or in 
the process of finalisation by end 2014.  The table below summarises the amounts of 
bilateral  programmable  assistance 
the  current 
programming cycle.  Some EUR 11.5 billion is being jointly programmed, with the EU 
contributing EUR 4.3 billion. 

these  14  countries  over 

in 

29 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3. FINANCIAL WEIGHT OF JOINT PROGRAMMING 

A. COUNTRY 

EU 

B. 
allocatio
n  

(EUR 
million) 

C.  Total 
EU  +  MS 
(EUR 
million) 

D. 
Joint 
programm
ing 
multiplier 
(C/B) 

E.  Period  under 
current discussions 

Burma/Myanmar 

300 

Burundi 

Cambodia 

Chad 

Comoros 

Ghana 

Guatemala 

Laos 

Mali 

Namibia 

Rwanda 

Senegal 

South Sudan 

Togo 

Total 

312 

471 

442 

101 

319 

186 

33 

598 

68 

541 

200 

345 

216 

870 

669 

1047 

582 

135 

1500 

500 

175 

1747.6 

166 

1473 

1200 

920 

483 

2.9 

2.1 

2.2 

1.3 

1.3 

4.7 

2.7 

5.3 

2.9 

2.4 

2.7 

6.0 

2.7 

2.2 

2.6 

2014-2016 (3 years) 

2012-2015 (4 years) 

2014-2018 (5 years) 

2015-2020 (6 years) 

2014-2020 (7 years) 

2014-2016 (3 years) 

2014-2020 (7 years) 

2014-2015 (2 years) 

2014-2018  (4years) 

2014-2016 (3 years) 

2014-2018 (5 years) 

2014-2017 (4 years) 

2011-2013 (3 years) 

2014-2020 (7 years) 

4 360 

11 465 

In  2014,  three  regional  joint  programming  workshops  were  held:  in  Guatemala  (for 
Latin  America/Caribbean),  Ethiopia  (East,  Central  and  Southern  Africa)  and  Ivory 
Coast  (West  Africa).  The  EU  also  produced  guidance  based  on  accumulated  good 
practice,  which  has  been  careful  to  focus  on  its  voluntary,  partner  country-focused 
nature. 

It was found that:  

 
Joint  programming  is  starting  to  be  used  to  improve  sector  coordination, 
including  better  divisions  of  labour  within  sectors;  the  greater  use  of  joint  aid 
modalities (such as budget support, pooled funding, delegated cooperation, and trust 
funds  etc.);  increased  sector  dialogue;  and  the  facilitating  of  work  with  non-EU 
donors.   
 
on partner country systems) as well as joint monitoring, evaluation and reporting.  
 
We  are  seeing  the  first  steps  towards  reduced  duplication  and  other 
transaction  costs  for  example  through  the  full  or  partial  replacement  of  bilateral 
programming documentation with joint programming documents.   

There  are  first  moves  towards  results  frameworks  (joint  goals/indicators  built 

30 

 
 
  
 
 
Joint programming can facilitate potential ties-in with other policy actions such 
as:  CSO  roadmaps,  early  warning  systems  in  fragile  countries,  and  budget  support 
risk assessments.   
 
Joint programming shows the EU speaking with one voice, enabling it to make 
full use of the weight of its presence in a partner country including facilitating joint EU 
positions. 

1.4.2.  Cooperation with the donor community  

Close  cooperation  with  the  OECD  on  development  issues  continued  at  all  levels  in 
2014.  Throughout  the  year,  the  Commission  participated  actively  in  the  work  of  the 
OECD Development Assistance Committee (DAC), of which the EU is a full member. 
In particular, the Commission contributed to the discussions at senior and ministerial 
level  covering  issues  of  great  relevance  for  the  future  global  development  agenda 
such  as  the  post-2015  development  goals,  the  Global  Partnership  for  Effective 
Development Cooperation and financing for development. The latter was the subject 
of  the  July  Tidewater  conference  in  which  Commissioner  Piebalgs  participated  and 
the  DAC  Ministerial  meeting  of  December  at  which  a  landmark  reform  of  the 
concessionality provisions for development loans was agreed, finally recognising EIB 
loans to developing countries. The Commission also contributed to promoting a more 
active involvement of emerging donors into OECD's work. 

As  part  of  the  broader  EU-US  strategic  dialogue,  the  Commission  chaired  regular 
consultations  with  its  US  counterparts  (USAID  and  US  State  Department)  in  the 
context  of  the  EU-US  development  dialogue  established  in  2009,  with  the  aim  of 
deepening  cooperation  on  the  ground  and  at  policy  level.  This  dialogue  notably 
contributed  to  raising  political  awareness  at  global  level  around  the  post  2015 
development  agenda  and  other  issues  of  common  interest  such  as  resilience, 
energy, security and development as well as to better coordinate actions in the field.  
Further impetus was given by the EU-US Summit in March 2014. As an example of 
enhanced  coordination,  a  number  of  EU  delegations  and  USAID  offices  are  now 
closely  cooperating,  sharing  country  assessments,  comparing  strategies  and 
exploring  synergies  at  sector  level.  Strong  synergies  are  being  developed  in  food 
security/resilience, sectors where both sides are very active, notably in the Sahel and 
the Horn of Africa.  

Consultations  were  held  with  Japan  in  Brussels  in  July  in  the  framework  of  our 
development  dialogue.  Field  cooperation  between  JICA  and  EU  Delegations  has 
been enhanced.  

Dialogue  with  China  has  been  strengthened  on  global  and  regional  development 
issues  notably  through  the  visit  of  Commissioner  Mimica  to  Beijing  in  November 
2014.   

The annual EU-Korea Development Policy Dialogue held in March 2014 showed that 
both  parties  largely  share  similar  development  thinking.  Relevant  contacts  with  the 
Korea  International  Cooperation  Agency  (KOICA),  Exim  Bank  and  civil  society 
organisations were also established. 

The European Commission continued to deploy efforts to engage with  new donors 
and  to  progressively  shift  its  relationships  with  them  towards  more  strategic 
partnerships on global/regional development issues.  

31 

 
 
1.4.3.  Cooperation with international organisations 

United Nations 

In 2014, the Commission was involved in a variety of different UN-related processes 
with  an  impact  on  development.  Council  Conclusions  based  on  Commission  inputs 
were  adopted  with  an  EU  position  preparing  for  the  UN  Conferences  on  Small 
Islands  Developing  States  (September  2014)  and  on  Landlocked  Developing 
Countries (November 2014). Both conferences had a successful outcome with active 
EU participation and high EU visibility. 

Within  the  framework  on  the  UN  General  Assembly  (UNGA)  and  the  UN  Economic 
and  Social  Council  (ECOSOC),  the  Commission  contributed  actively  to  the 
preparation  and  outcome  of  development-related  High  Level  Meetings,  notably  the 
Development Cooperation Forum and the High Level Political Forum (July 2014), the 
UNSG Summit on Climate Change and the UNGA Special Session on the review of 
the  Programme  of  Action  of  the  International  Conference  on  Population  and 
Development (September 2014).  

The  Commission  also  contributed  to  more  than  40  UNGA  resolutions  with  direct 
impact  on  development,  including  the  adoption  of  the  report  of  the  Sustainable 
Development  Goals  Open  Working  Group,  other  resolutions  and  the  UN  ECOSOC 
ministerial  declaration.  Cooperation  with  UN  agencies,  funds  and  programmes  was 
actively pursued with particular emphasis on giving visibility to our partnership.  

In  2014  the  Commission  also  renewed  a  Memorandum  of  Understanding  with  the 
United  Nations  Programme  for  Environment  (UNEP)  which  was  signed  at  the  1st 
UNEA in Nairobi on 25 June. 

A number  of  UN  organisations also participate  in  the  EU  framework programme for 
research  and  innovation.  Throughout  the  whole  duration  of  the  7th  Framework 
Programme, UN organisations that were more active in EU-funded research projects 
were  the  World Health Organisation (WHO)  and  the  UN  Organisation for  Education 
and Scientific Cooperation (UNESCO).  

International Financial Institutions (IFIs) 

Strategic and strong engagement with IFIs was reflected in the WBG/IMF Spring and 
October  Annual  meetings  in  Washington  that  addressed  the  Global  Economic 
Outlook,  actions  needed  to  revive  the  world  economy  and  the  global  financial 
architecture. The  Commission  continued  its  efforts  in  the  framework  of  its  strategic 
partnerships with the IMF for Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa (e.g. 
through  contributions  to  trust  funds,  strengthening  transparency  on  revenue  from 
natural resources, and improving tax policy and administration).  

The initial implementation of the new WBG strategy brings greater convergence with 
the EU vision for the post 2015 agenda; a result to which the high-level dialogue with 
the WB certainly contributed.  

The  Commission  has  continued  its  operational  cooperation  with  IFIs,  in  particular 
multilateral  development  banks,  both  global  and  regional,  providing  a  substantial 
contribution  to  the  funding  of  their  activities.  This  also  included  negotiating  new 

32 

 
 
 
framework agreements with the WB and the IMF and other IFIs to adapt to the new 
Financial Regulation. 

G20   

In  2014,  the  Australian  Presidency  narrowed  the  Development  Working  Group 
(DWG)  agenda  by  prioritising  Financial  Inclusion,  Infrastructure  and  Domestic 
Resource  Mobilisation.  The  EU  supported  these  priority  areas  by  involving  Member 
States  in  efforts  to  drive  down  remittance  costs,  by  linking  infrastructure  work  to  a 
German-led  initiative  involving  the  private  sector  in  green  infrastructure  investment 
and  by  developing  programmes  to  support  tax  authorities  in  Low  Income  Countries 
(LICs). The EU has also continued to press for action on the critically important Fossil 
Fuel Subsidy Reform and provided strong support for representation of groups such 
as the African Union at Summits and other meetings.  

For 2015, Turkey's key themes are inclusiveness, implementation and investment for 
growth. Turkey considers the DWG essential to understand LICs' needs and ensure 
G20  actions  have  a  positive  impact  on  LICs.  There  is  general  agreement  on  the 
importance of the DWGs efforts in contributing to a successful outcome from the post 
2015 and Financing for Development discussions. Turkey is prioritising Infrastructure, 
Food Security and Financial Inclusion. Domestic Resource Mobilisation and Human 
Resource  Development  work  is  proceeding  and  Turkey  has  introduced  a  new 
initiative on Inclusive Business. 

G7 

In  2014,  the  main  focus  of  the  G7's  development  related  work  continued  to  be  on 
agriculture  and  food  security.  The  ‘New  Alliance  to  improve  food  security  and 
nutrition'  was  expanded.  The  EU  continued  to  play  an  active  role  with  other  G7 
leaders to build the partnership between partner governments in Africa, G7 countries 
and the private sector to lift 50 million people out of poverty in the next ten years by 
supporting agricultural development. 

Priorities  for  2015  include  supporting  the  responsible  management  of  global  supply 
chains.  The  EU  will  in  particular  support  the  German  “Partnership  for  sustainable 
textiles”  initiative,  which  aims  to  promote  responsible  business  practices  in 
developing countries to implement social, ecological and economic standards for the 
entire value chain of raw material, textile and clothing production.  

1.4.4.  Coherence between development and other policies 

Policy Coherence for  Development (PCD) emerged in  international discourse in the 
early 1990s against a background of growing concerns as to the effectiveness of aid. 
The  underlying  assumption  is  that  limiting  policy  incoherence  and  developing 
increased  effectiveness  of 
synergies  among  different  policies  will 
development  cooperation.  This  principle  is  embedded  in  the  Lisbon  Treaty  which 
stipulates  that  ‘the  Union  shall  take  account  of  the  objectives  of  development 
cooperation  in  the  policies  that  it  implements  which  are  likely  to  affect  developing 
countries’ (art. 208). The inclusion of PCD in its fundamental law sets the EU apart 
on the international stage. 

lead 

to 

33 

 
 
 
 
PCD is a legal and policy commitment shared by the  Commission and  EU  Member 
States. Since 2007, progress on PCD mainly in the Commission and in EU Member 
States  is  monitored  in  a  biennial  report  published  by  the  Commission.  In  2014 
preparations  were  made  for  the  publication  of  the  fifth  EU  PCD  Report  which  is 
scheduled for the second half of 2015.  

Measurement  of  impacts  of  policies  and  of  progress  on  PCD  is  a  long  term 
endeavour due to the complexity of issues and considered as work in progress.  

In 2014, the Commission continued its efforts to strengthen PCD at various levels. A 
potentially  strong  tool  for  promoting  PCD  are  Impact  Assessments  (IA)  which  are 
compulsory under Commission rules for every major new policy initiative at EU level. 
IA  allow  ex-ante  assessments  of  policy  proposals  and  can  help  to  ensure  that 
impacts  on  developing  countries  are  taken  into  account  at  an  early  stage  of  the 
preparation of a political initiative. In the context of the revision of IA Guidelines under 
the  lead  of  the  Commission  Secretariat  General,  Commission  services  made  a 
proposal  for  a  specific  toolkit  to  give  guidance  on  how  to  take  account  of 
development objectives in other EU policies.  

Based on the 2014 Commission Work Programme, policy initiatives which potentially 
have  an  impact  on  developing  countries  were  identified  with  the  aim  of  raising 
awareness among Commission services of the relevance of PCD at early stages of 
the initiatives.  

EU  Delegations  can  play  an  important  role  in  providing  feedback  on  the  impacts  of 
wider EU policies on our partner countries. For this reason, the Commission and the 
European External Action Service (EEAS) jointly conducted a first reporting exercise 
from  Delegations  at  the  beginning  of  2014  with  41  reports  received  covering  62 
partner  countries.  Based  on  the  feedback,  the  Commission  started  to  develop  a 
targeted  training  tool  on  PCD  based  on  e-learning  and  on-site  sessions  to  further 
raise  knowledge  and  awareness  in  Delegations.  Among  other  things,  a  regular 
reporting  mechanism  from  Delegations  on  PCD  is  envisaged  and  Delegations  are 
being  encouraged  to  engage  in  regular  discussions  on  PCD  with  partner  countries, 
Member States and civil society at country level. 

Encouraging  external  assessments  and  PCD-targeted  research  are  important  tools 
for  strengthening  PCD.  In  this  context,  the  Commission  launched  an  external  study 
that explores the links between the EU trade regimes and growth, poverty reduction 
and  economic  diversification  in  developing  countries  using  innovative  approaches. 
The study will provide useful information for the improvement of coherence between 
trade  and  development  policy.  It  is  scheduled  for  publication  during  the  first  half  of 
2015. 

The  international  reflection  on  the  post-2015  framework  has  further  highlighted  the 
key importance of ‘beyond-aid’ issues, including PCD. The Commission organised in 
June 2014 an international workshop on ‘How to promote policy coherence and PCD-
approaches in the Post-2015 framework?’. The aim of the workshop was to engage 
Member States, academics and civil society in a dialogue and reflection on the role of 
policy coherence and PCD in particular as an important mean of implementation for 
the new global agenda.  

Also, the Commission has been actively contributing to the work of the OECD PCD-
unit  with  a  view  to  knowledge  sharing  and  further  developing  tools  for  measuring 

34 

 
 
progress  on  PCD.  During  the  year,  the  Commission  convened  two  meetings  of  the 
network of Member States PCD focal points. This informal network allows sharing of 
information  on  national  processes  and  PCD  priorities  and  alerts  Member  States  to 
important events and issues relevant for PCD at EU level. It also allows reflection on 
cross-cutting issues and disseminating good practices. 

1.5.  Outlook 2015 

2015 is a pivotal year. Through the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda, 
the  international  community  will  be  called  upon  to  respond  in  a  transformative 
manner  to  fundamental  challenges  facing  the  world  today:  eradicating  poverty, 
achieving  inclusive  and  sustainable  development,  ensuring  the  promotion  and 
protection of all human rights and fundamental values as the basis for peaceful and 
prosperous societies.  

Two  high-level  international  meetings  provide  the  opportunity  to  agree  on  a  new 
agenda including a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). They are the Third 
International  Conference  on  Financing  for  Development  in  Addis  Ababa  in  July  and 
the  United  Nations  (UN)  summit  for  the  adoption  of  the  post-2015  development 
agenda in New York in September. This process must bring together and build upon 
earlier  initiatives,  in  particular  the  Millennium  Development  Goals  and  the  'Rio+20' 
Conference on Sustainable Development. It will also have important implications for 
negotiations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.  

Significant  progress  has  already  been  achieved  through  various  processes  at  the 
UN.  The  report  of  the  Open  Working  Group  on  SDGs35,  the  report  of  the 
Intergovernmental  Committee  of  Experts  on  Sustainable  Development  Financing36, 
and  the  UN  Secretary-General  Synthesis  Report37  provide  key  contributions  and 
show that a global agreement on an ambitious post-2015 agenda is within reach.  

The  EU  has  consistently  played  an  important  and  constructive  role  in  these 
processes, providing key inputs and engaging actively with partners at all levels. The 
European  Commission  Communications  of  February  201338,  July  201339  and  June 
201440,  Febuary  201541  and  the  Council  Conclusions  of  June  201342,  December 
201343 and December 201444 articulate the EU's vision for a post-2015 agenda that 
needs  to  be  global  and  universal,  incorporating  all  three  dimensions  of  sustainable 
development: social, economic and environmental. 

35 A/68/970,’Report of the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals’, 
12 August 2014. 
36 A/69/315*, ‘Report of the Intergovernmental Committee of Experts on Sustainable Development Financing’, 
15 August 2014. 
37 A/69/700, ‘The Road to Dignity by 2030: Ending Poverty, Transforming All Lives and Protecting the Planet’, 
4 December 2014. 
38 COM(2013)92, 27.2.2013. 
39 COM(2013)531, 16.7.2013. 
40 COM(2014)335, 2.6.2014. 
41 COM(2015)44, 5.2.2015 
42 11559/13 ‘The overarching post-2015 agenda’, 25 June 2013. 
43 17553/13 ‘Financing poverty eradication and sustainable development beyond 2015’, 12 December 2013. 
44 16827/14, ‘A transformative post-2015 agenda’, 16 December 2014. 

35 

 
 
 
                                                 
Implementing  such  a  far-reaching  agenda  presents  a  complex  challenge  but  also  a 
unique  opportunity  to  redefine  and  strengthen  the  way  the  global  community  works 
together.  In  order  to  deliver  the  post-2015  agenda,  a  new  global  partnership  for 
poverty  eradication  and  sustainable  development  is  required.  For  this  global 
partnership  to  succeed,  all  parties  will  have  to  contribute.  The  EU  is  committed  to 
playing  its  full  part,  working  constructively  with  others,  and  looking  forward  to  their 
active participation.  

36 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2. 

CHAPTER 2 - IMPLEMENTATION: GEOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW 

Introduction 

EU development cooperation is mainly based on three geographical instruments: the 
European Development Fund (EDF), the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI) 
and the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI)45. 

The  EDF  is  the  main  source  of  financing  for  EU  assistance  to  Sub-Saharan  Africa 
(except  South  Africa),  the  Caribbean  and  the  Pacific  regions  (ACP).  The  fund  is 
separate  from  the  EU  budget:  it  is  directly  funded  by  EU  Member  States  and 
managed by a specific committee.  

The DCI and the ENPI are financed by  the EU budget. The DCI covers geographic 
programmes  supporting  cooperation  with  47  developing  countries  in  Latin  America, 
Asia and Central Asia,  the  Gulf  region (Iran,  Iraq and  Yemen)  and South  Africa,  as 
well  as  thematic  programmes  benefiting  all  developing  countries46.  The  ENPI 
supports the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and covers 17 countries in the 
EU's southern and eastern neighbourhoods. 

While some figures and data can be found throughout this chapter, detailed financial 
information can be found in Chapter 5, Financial Annex.  

This  narrative  report  does  not  cover  the  Common  Foreign  and  Security  Policy 
(CFSP)47 or the current Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA)48 but they are 
included  in  Tables  5.22  and  5.23  in  Chapter  5.  A  short  section  of  this  report  is 
dedicated to humanitarian assistance49. 

2.1.  European Neighbourhood and the Middle East 

2.1.1.  European Neighbourhood & Russia 

Introduction  

Since  its  launch  in  2004,  the  European  Neighbourhood  Policy  (ENP)  has  been  a 
crucial aspect of the EU's foreign policy. It addresses issues of strategic importance, 
such  as  security,  stability  and  prosperity  in  our  neighbourhood,  by  aiming  to  foster 
sustainable and resilient economies and free and inclusive societies. It is a policy of 
long-term engagement, based on mutually beneficial integration and cooperation. 

2014  saw  some  remarkable  positive  developments  with  the  signature  of  three 
Association  Agreements  with  Georgia,  the  Republic  of  Moldova  and  Ukraine.  This 
new  generation  of  agreement  includes  provisions  on  a  deep  and  comprehensive 
Free  Trade  Area  (AA/DCFTA),  putting  in  place  the  most  ambitious  contractual 
relations so far established with neighbourhood partners. Furthermore, relations with 
Morocco and Tunisia have been strengthened and continue to reflect the depth and 

45 Under the 2014 to 2020 financial framework, this becomes the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI). 
46 See Chapter 3, Implementation: Thematic overview 
47 For more information on CFSP visit  http://www.eeas.europa.eu/cfsp/index_en.htm 
48 For more information on the IPA visit http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/instruments/overview/index_en.htm 
49 For more information on humanitarian assistance go to http://ec.europa.eu/echo/index_en.htm 

37 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
breadth of reform efforts in these countries. The democratic transition in Tunisia has 
been particularly positive. Some important progress in the area of mobility also took 
place as the Republic of Moldova successfully implemented all the benchmarks set in 
its Visa Liberalisation Action Plan (VLAP), which allowed Moldovan citizens to enjoy 
a  visa-free  travel  regime  in  the  Schengen  countries  from  spring  2014.  Tunisia  and 
Jordan also signed a Mobility Partnership with the EU in 2014. 

However,  2014  was  also  a  year  of  major  challenges  in  the  EU's  neighbourhood. 
Events in Ukraine, as well as increasing Russian pressure on other Eastern partners, 
have  put  Europe's  political  realities  into  focus.  Inside  and  outside  Syria,  millions  of 
people have been displaced because of the actions of the Assad regime and Da’esh, 
and  remain  in  dire  need  of  assistance.  Atrocities  and  human  rights  violations  and 
abuses  were  perpetrated  as  well  by  Da'esh,  Jabhat  al-Nusra  and  other  terrorist 
groups  in  the  region.  Renewed  hostilities  in  Gaza  have  shattered  livelihoods  and 
devastated  already  fragile  infrastructures.  Libya's  statehood  remained  at  stake;  the 
absence  of  functioning  public  authorities,  the  increase  of  violence  and  the  lack  of 
control  of  migratory  flows  to  and  from  the  country  created  favourable  conditions  for 
irregular  migration  and  trafficking  in  human  beings  to  Europe.  Poverty  in  the 
neighbourhood was on the rise impacting children in particular and other vulnerable 
groups in society. 

In this difficult context the EU has maintained a high level of engagement, for which 
the  instruments  offered  by  the  ENP  have  played  a  central  part.  The  new  European 
Neighbourhood  Instrument  (ENI),  in  place  since  March  2014,  allows  for  faster  and 
more targeted EU financial assistance, amounting to EUR 15.4 billion for the period 
2014-2020. In addition, civil society organisations and local authorities are better and 
more closely involved in preparing, implementing and monitoring EU support. 

The  ENI  provides  a  predictable,  long  term  envelope  to  support  the  agreed  reform 
priorities in each country. Countries where substantial democratic reforms are being 
introduced may also receive additional funding under an umbrella programme worth 
up  to  10  %  of  the  value  of  the  instrument.  For  this  purpose,  the  EU  assessed 
performance of partner countries on implementing 'deep democracy' and respect for 
human rights on the basis of the ENP Progress Reports.  

Substantial  support  is  also  provided  under  ENI  for  regional  and  cross-border 
initiatives.  Blending  of  EU  funding  with  IFIs  plays  an  increasing  role,  especially 
though  the  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  (NIF).  Funding  for  civil  society  has 
also substantially increased. 

But  the  ENI  is  not  suitable  or  sufficient  for  all  needs,  especially  where  a  crisis 
response  requires  substantial  additional  funding  at  short  notice.  ENI  funding  is 
therefore complemented by support under other instruments, such as the Instrument 
Contributing to Stability and Peace (ICSP), EU humanitarian funding (ECHO) or the 
European  Instrument  for  Democracy  and  Human  Rights  (EIDHR).  Under  these  or 
other  instruments,  additional  funds  may  need  to  be  mobilised  as  required  by  the 
evolving situation in the region, for example, the responses in Syria and Ukraine. 

Ukraine  remained  under  special  measures  in  terms  of  financing,  whilst  no 
programming has taken place for Syria. A number of special ENI facilities have been 
introduced  or  improved  including  the  NIF,  a  facility  to  support  partners  having 
concluded a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA) with the EU, and 

38 

 
 
enhanced  higher  education  support  under  Erasmus+.  Joint  programming  with 
Member States is being developed in some countries in the medium-term. 

The  current  dynamic  situation  in  the  neighbourhood  requires  a  flexible  approach  to 
planning  and  implementation  and  the  EU  has  used  all  the  flexibility  available  to  it. 
The EU has moved with unprecedented speed and fast-tracked approval processes 
to  meet  the  crisis  needs  in  Ukraine,  combining  major  ENI  support,  Macro-Financial 
Assistance and technical support from the Ukraine Support Group. An EU Trust Fund 
for Syria has been created to help address particular needs there. 

Russian Federation 

The  EU's  relations  with  Russia  in  2014  were  dominated  by  the  issue  of  Russia's 
illegal  annexation  of  Crimea  and  continuing  destabilisation  of  Ukraine  including 
aggression by Russian armed forces on Ukrainian soil.  
The  32nd  EU-Russia  Summit  took  place  in  a  restricted  format  on  28  January  in 
Brussels, focusing on Ukraine and the Eastern Partnership (EaP). On that occasion 
President Putin, while stating that Russia had no problem of principle with the EaP, 
raised concerns regarding effects on the Russian economy of the EU-Ukraine Deep 
and Comprehensive Free Trade Area. It was agreed to hold technical consultations 
to explain how the EU's Association Agreements with several EaP partner countries 
will  bring  benefits  to  all  partners,  Russia  included.  The  Summit  also  discussed  the 
joint  vision  of  a  Common  Economic  Space  from  Lisbon  to  Vladivostok,  which  could 
help overcome current differences, provided the sides could first agree on a New EU-
Russia Agreement, better compliance with WTO and other commitments, and more 
constructive  cooperation  in  our  Common  Neighbourhood.    A  joint  statement  of  28 
January 2014 on combating terrorism was adopted50. 

In  March,  the  European  Council  decided  on  a  graduated  approach  of  restrictive 
measures (including visa bans and asset freezes) on certain Russian and Ukrainian 
individuals  responsible  for  the  violation  of  Ukraine's  sovereignty  and  territorial 
integrity.  Negotiations  on  a  New  Agreement  and  the  Visa  Dialogue  as  well  as 
preparations for the Summit foreseen for June were suspended51. 
Further to European Council Conclusions of 16 July and 30 August,  in September52 
targeted  measures  were  taken  against  Russia  in  areas  including  access  to  capital 
markets, defence, dual-use goods and sensitive technologies, including those in the 
energy  sector.  Furthermore  several  EU-Russia  cooperation  programmes  were 
suspended.  The  European 
for 
Reconstruction  and  Development  also  suspended  the  signing  of  new  financing 
operations  in  Russia.  At  the  end  of  the  year  the  list  of  Russian  and  Ukrainian 
individuals  and  entities  subject  to  a  travel  ban  and  an  asset  freeze  stood  at  132 
persons  (including  persons  providing  support  to  or  benefitting  Russian  decision-
makers) and 28 entities.  

Investment  Bank  and 

the  European  Bank 

50 http://eu-un.europa.eu/articles/en/article_14531_en.htm 
51http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/141372.pdf, 
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/141707.pdf 
52http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/143990.pdf 
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/144868.pdf 

39 

 
 
                                                 
Russia took retaliatory measures including a ban on the import of certain foods from 
the EU and several non-EU countries and also imposed a travel ban on Members of 
the European Parliament without disclosing who were affected53. 

Following a series of EU-Russia-Ukraine talks on Russian gas deliveries and prices, 
the  EU  on  30  October  brokered  a  deal  between  Russia  and  Ukraine  enabling  gas 
supplies  to  continue  until  the  end  of  March  2015.  Among  its  main  points  were  the 
settling of Ukrainian gas debt based on a preliminary price, the final price/debt to be 
determined  through  pending  arbitration,  and  the  agreement  on  modalities  for  new 
gas  deliveries.  In  addition  the  European  Commission  worked  with  International 
Financing  Institutions  to  ensure  that  Ukraine  had  the  necessary  financial  means  to 
honour its part of the agreement. The parties also agreed to ensure safe gas transit 
through Ukraine to the European Union. Alleging EU opposition, Russia in December 
declared a stop to the ‘South Stream’ project which would have routed gas deliveries 
to  the  EU  through  Bulgaria  and  Serbia,  bypassing  Ukraine  as  transit  country.  An 
alternative  pipeline  through  Turkey  was  suggested  during  President  Putin's  visit  to 
Ankara, with the aim to carry Russian gas to the EU with Greece as entry point.  

Despite  the  adverse  circumstances  EU-Russia  communication  channels  remained 
open  and  political  dialogue  continued  in  2014  on  issues  high  on  the  EU's  foreign 
policy agenda such as Syria, Iran, the broader Middle East and Afghanistan. The EU 
also  continued  cooperation  with  Russia  on  global  issues  such  as  counter-terrorism, 
non-proliferation of weapons of  mass destruction, organised crime, illegal trafficking 
and energy security. 

The  human  rights  situation  in  Russia  remained  a  source  of  deep  concern  in  2014, 
characterised by further steps to restrict press freedom and civil society activities, in 
particular  online,  and  incapacitate  the  opposition  including  by  attempting  to  close 
down  NGOs  on  the  basis  of  administrative  or  judicial  court  cases54.  The  EU’s 
concerns  in  this  regard  were  raised  both  publicly  and  in  political  dialogue55.  The 
biannual EU-Russia Human Rights Consultations were not held in 2014.  

In the area of Research and Innovation, around 400 contracts have been signed by 
the end of the seventh Framework Programme (FP7) with the Mediterranean partner 
countries, with an EU contribution of around EUR 69 million. In the same period, the 
EU  contribution  to  the  participation  of  research  organisations  from  the  Eastern 
Partnership countries exceeded EUR 45 million. 

The ERANETMED project funded through the seventh Framework Programme (FP7) 
was  launched  in  2014  and  aims  at  reducing  the  fragmentation  of  scientific 
programming.  It  launched  its  first  Euro-Mediterranean  call  with  the  focus  on  food, 
energy and water, amounting to co-investment of about EUR 3 million. Horizon 2020 

53 The European Parliament on 17 September adopted a resolution on the situation in Ukraine and the state of 
play of EU-Russia relations (P8_TA(2014)0025) 
54  EU  Statement  of  22    October  on  the  Freedom  of  Association  and  Freedom  of  Expression  in  the  Russian 
Federation 
http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/council_europe/press_corner/all_news/news/2014/20141022_en.htm 
European  Parliament  resolution  of  23  October    on  the  closing-down  of  the  NGO  ‘Memorial’    in  Russia,  
2014/2903(RSP) 
55 The European Parliament on 2 April adopted a recommendation to the Council on establishing common visa 
restrictions for Russian officials involved in the Sergei Magnitsky case  (2014/2016(INI))  P7_TA(2014)0258. 
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P7-TA-2014-
0258+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN 

40 

 
 
                                                 
was  launched  in  a  regional  conference  in  Cairo  and  in  one  in  Amman  –  the  latter 
jointly with the launch of the “Support to Research and Technological Development” 
(SRTD  II)56.  Work  was  also  undertaken  by  a  number  of  EU  MS  and  South 
Mediterranean partners to develop a Partnership on Research and Innovation in the 
Mediterranean Area. 

Four  Eastern  Partnership  countries  (Moldova,  Ukraine,  Georgia  and  Armenia) 
requested association to the Horizon 2020 programme. The association of Moldova 
became  effective  as  of  1st  January  2014,  while  negotiations  with  Ukraine  were 
successfully  concluded  in  November  2014  for  an  effective  association  in  2015.  The 
association requests from Georgia and Armenia have been also positively assessed 
and  negotiations  are  expected  to  start  in  early  2015,  for  an  effective  association  in 
2016. 

Russia  is  the  most  active  international  cooperation  partner  country  in  research  and 
innovation,  with  Russian  participants  involved  in  over  300  grant  agreements  in  the 
seventh Framework Programme (FP7), receiving over EUR 60 million of EU funding. 
The EU-Russia Year of Science 2014 was closed in November 2014. 

In  2014,  two  FP7  funded  SSH  research  projects  (ISSICEU  and  CASCADE)  were 
launched  to  examine  the  security-democracy  nexus  and  the  intra-and  inter-societal 
sources of instability in the Caucasus and the opportunities for the EU to respond to 
this  (Call:  FP7-SSH-2013-2)57.  The  EU  contribution  to  these  projects  amounts  to 
approximately EUR 4.1 million. 

From 2014, Erasmus+ is the main programme of cooperation with partner countries 
on  higher  education  and  youth.  Erasmus+  provides  financing  mobility  actions  to 
enable periods of study abroad and joint projects for capacity building in universities. 
In  2015  we  aim  to  fund  around  3  200  student  and  staff  exchanges  with  Eastern 
Partnership  countries,  4  200  for  Southern  Mediterranean  countries  and  1  600  for 
Russia.  In  addition,  the  programme  funds  short  time  mobility  projects  benefitting 
young people, youth workers and supports volunteers.  

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

The  European  Union,  which  is  a  key  donor  in  the  region,  plays  an  active  role  in 
promoting the  aid  effectiveness  agenda  in  line with  its  international commitments  in 
Paris, Accra and Busan.  

With  regard  to  aid  effectiveness,  budget  support  and  blending  facilities  such  as  the 
Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) have been important to increase ownership 
and aid effectiveness. In line with the Paris declaration and the Backbone Strategy, 
ownership  and  alignment  were  achieved  through  consensus  with  partner  countries' 
authorities on priority cooperation sectors in programming documents. 

In  addition,  the  EU  is  a  major  actor  for  donor  coordination  in  the  region.  Close 
coordination  between  the  EU  and  Member  States  and  other  donors  has  been 
guaranteed in various fora.  

56 Ares(2015)966801 - 04/03/2015 programme 
57 http://www.issiceu.eu/ and http://www.cascade-caucasus.eu/  

41 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
Coordination  can  be  sought  at  different  levels:  with  member  states  in  Development 
Counsellors  meetings;  with  international  donors  in  general  in  development  partner 
groups; with UN agencies in UN-EU coordination meetings; or in working groups led 
by local authorities. In all the cases the EU is assuming a central role either being 
in the lead or ensuring technical support.  

In  particular,  coordination,  with  the  mid-term  goal  of  joint  programming,  has 
increased  in  Egypt,  Palestine58  and  Morocco.  Joint  programming  is  progressively 
gaining  momentum  in  the  Eastern  region.  Georgia  has  embarked  on  intense 
preparatory work, followed by Armenia.  

In December 2014, a regional EU Trust Fund (Madad Fund) for the Syria crisis was 
established by the Commission and Italy. This should enable a more coordinated and 
flexible regional EU response to the consequences of this regional crisis 

Working towards the MDGs 

EU  assistance  has  contributed  to  eradication  of  extreme  poverty  and  hunger  in  the 
Neighbourhood region (MDG 1), for instance, through providing support to reduce the 
consequences  of  the  Syrian  crisis  in  Syria  and  its  neighbouring  countries  (Lebanon 
and Jordan). EU support programmes on agriculture, rural and regional development 
continued  to  help  reducing  poverty  in  Moldova  and  Georgia.  Attaining  this  MDG 
remains a challenge in other countries such as Palestine. 

Primary education (MDG 2) also remained high on the EU's aid agenda in 2014, e.g. 
in  Egypt,  where    close  to  EUR  100  million  of  programme  funds  were  provided  in 
addition  to  its  education  sector  support  programme,  and  in  Algeria  where  technical 
assistance was provided. In Syria the Education sector programmes are contributing 
to efforts to ensure that a whole generation of Syrian children do not miss out on their 
education. 

Gender  equality  (MDG  3)  remained  a  key  challenge  in  2014  with  a  comprehensive 
EU  response  strategy  that  included  both  strong  gender  mainstreaming  activities  in 
virtually all major aid programmes (for example in Tunisia) as well as specific gender-
related  programmes  with  selected  public  and  non-state  actors  (for  example 
programme Egalité homme / femme in Morocco).  A training programme on gender 
for  all  the  EU  Delegations  in  the  Neighbourhood  has  been  completed  and  gender 
sector  notes  developed  as  part  of  the  work  with  mainstreaming  gender  into  all 
sectors. 

The EU's renewed commitment in the area of health (MDG 4-6) is reflected not only 
by  its  important  sector  support  programme,  in  countries  such  as  Morocco  and 
Algeria,  but  also  by  specific  health-related  components  in  a  number  of  other  major 
projects, for example support to health services in marginalised areas of Tunisia. In 
the  Eastern  region  projects  supported  non-state  actors  in  preventing  and  treating 
HIV-AIDS. 

Environmental sustainability (MDG 7) represents a particular challenge and is one of 
the  EU's  key  priority  sectors.  Through  the  NIF,  the  EU  supports  urban  investments 

58 This designation shall not be construed as recognition of a State of Palestine and is without prejudice to the 

individual positions of the Member States on this issue. 

42 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
for  better  water  supply  and  sanitation,  water  and  solid  waste  management,  energy 
efficiency  and  renewable  energies.  Various  projects 
focused  on  promoting 
environment  sustainability  in  the  Neighbourhood  including  the  'Covenant  of  Mayors' 
which  has  successfully  promoted  energy  efficiency  at  local  level.  Some  120  cities 
have  joined  this  initiative  and  started  investing  in  energy  efficient  buildings,  street 
lights, public transport, etc. 

Since  2011  the  EU  has  been in the  lead to  promote coordination  with  other  donors 
and  the  different  development  and  cooperation  stakeholders’  concerning  the  global 
partnership for development (MDG 8) (see above).  

MDGs indicators for Syria have dramatically worsened since the start of the civil war 
in 2011. 

Implementation & results:  

Neighbourhood East 

Bilateral cooperation 

In  Armenia,  the  EU  continued  to  provide  support  in  the  areas  of  justice,  public 
administration  and  trade  related  reforms  amongst  others.  This  included  a  strong 
focus  on  public  financial  management  to  ensure  a  more  efficient,  effective, 
transparent  and  accountable  use  of  public  funds.  In  2014,  this  support  led  to  the 
adoption  of  a  new  e-procurement  tendering  module,  strengthened  capacities  in 
internal  audit  and  a  closer  approximation  of  national  accounting  methods  to 
international standards. In the judiciary, the EU's budgetary support helped increase 
the number of public defenders and more generally access to free legal aid. With EU 
support,  a  new  policy  framework  for  food  safety  was  established  in  line  with  EU 
practice  including  measures  to  upgrade  the  national  services  responsible  for  food 
safety, quality control, veterinary and phyto-sanitary standards. 

A major development in Azerbaijan in 2014 was the start of in-depth reforms in the 
education  sector,  and  specifically  on  vocational  and  educational  training  (VET)  to 
better match labour skills and job market demands. The EU supported this effort with 
assistance  and  advice.  Thanks  to  an  enhanced  dialogue  on  public  finance 
management,  a  Public  Expenditure  Financial  Accountability  assessment  has  been 
finalised  and  published  for  the  first  time  in  Azerbaijan.  The  twinning  instrument 
remained a successful instrument with a very high implementation rate as in previous 
years.  

The  EU  cooperation  with  Belarus  in  2014  remained  focused  on  sustainable  social 
and  economic  development  for  the  benefit  of  the  population  at  large.  The  EU 
provided  new  support  to  help  the  country  reform  its  education  system  and  to  boost 
employment opportunities and social prosperity of young and adult learners. Support 
to  civil  society  organisations,  independent  media  and  young  Belarusian  students 
continued.   

In  Moldova,  EU  assistance  supported  reforms  necessary  to  implement  the 
Association Agreement and Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Agreement 
(AA/DCFTA) that was signed in June 2014. Additional funds were granted to support 
the  DCFTA  implementation  following  the  ‘more-for-more’  approach.  Since  April, 
Moldovan  citizens  can  travel  to  EU  without  visas;  a  dedicated  EU  programme 

43 

 
 
 
the  visa 

in  place  under 

supported  reforms  put 
liberalisation  process  (Visa 
Liberalisation  Action  Plan,  VLAP).  Ongoing  work  on  sustainable  development  and 
poverty reduction continued. For instance, renewable energy projects helped improve 
heating  systems  in  public  buildings  by  using  waste  straw  from  local  agricultural 
enterprises. The Economic Stimulation in  Rural Area (ESRA) programme continued 
to  support  new  rural  business  opportunities  and  create  jobs.  The  Neighbourhood 
Investment  Facility  (NIF)  contributed  to  leverage  a  significant  volume  of  financial 
assistance to the country with investments mainly in the transport, energy and water 
sectors.  

EU cooperation with Georgia also accompanied the signature and implementation of 
an  AA/DCFTA.  A  dedicated  programme  on  DCFTA  support  has  been  set  up. 
Following the ‘more for more’ approach, additional funds were allocated to Georgia in 
support  of  human  rights,  agriculture  and  support  for  core  public  institutions.  EU 
assistance in criminal justice helped to improve healthcare in the prison as well as to 
draft  a  new  criminal  code.  In  the  field  of  agriculture,  the  EU  promoted  the 
establishment of 540 agricultural cooperatives, with more than 2 000 members (24 % 
women).  EU  support  for  internally  displaced  persons  continued  with  71  buildings 
constructed in 2014 offering more than 2 000 flats.  

EU  assistance  to  Ukraine  in  2014  was  significantly  stepped  up  to  respond  to  the 
political and economic  challenges in  the  country.  The major  achievement  under  the 
bilateral  cooperation  programme  was  the  accelerated  adoption  of  a  large  ‘State 
Building  Contract’  in  the  form  of  budget  support  to  address  short-term  economic 
problems  and  prepare  for  in-depth  reform  in  the  context  of  political  association  and 
economic integration with the EU (AA/DCFTA). The State Building Contract enabled 
a  successful  dialogue  with  the  Government  on  a  number  of  key  aspects  including 
legislation  in  constitutional  and  electoral  reform,  anti-corruption,  justice,  public 
administration,  and  public  finance  management.  Particular  attention was  devoted to 
the civil society and to the internally displaced population in the East.  

Regional Cooperation 

Throughout  2014,  the  EU  continued  to  address  common  challenges  and  trans-
issues  such  as  economic  development,  environment  protection, 
boundary 
interconnectivity, and contacts between people. Support to the multilateral dimension 
of the Eastern Partnership continued.  

The  Eastern  Partnership  flagship  on  small  and  medium-sized  enterprises  (SMEs) 
remained  the  main  EU  initiative  to  support  regional  economic  development. 
Improving business climate, providing advisory service and better access to finance 
for small businesses was the main focus.  

In  the  energy  field,  the  INOGATE  programme  continued  to  be  the  main  regional 
initiative.  The  programme  promoted  regional  cooperation  with  EU  organisations, 
continued  working  on  electricity  and  gas  with  a  particular  focus  on  the  areas  of 
Energy  Community  Treaty  (ECT),  and  supported  the  implementation  of  national 
energy efficiency and renewable action plans. The Covenant of Mayors initiative has 
successfully promoted energy efficiency at the local level.  

In  2014,  regional  projects  in  the  environment  field  continued  to  support  water 
management, 
forest  governance,  air  quality  governance,  green  economy, 
environmental information exchanges and climate change adaptation and  mitigation 

44 

 
 
initiatives.  These  projects  have  supported,  for  example,  the  preparation  of  new 
legislation on Strategic Environmental Assessment in the six EaP countries. 

The  activities  of  the  Integrated  Border  Management  flagship  initiative  supported 
exchanges of best practices among EU and EaP countries, provided training, advice 
and equipment for border-crossing infrastructure.  

Contact  between  citizens  from  EU  and  EaP  are  promoted  through,  among  other 
initiatives, the EaP Culture and the EaP Youth programmes.  

the 

2014  was  the  first  year  in  which  Russia  no  longer  benefited  from  bilateral 
cooperation  under  the  ENI,  although  it  is  still  eligible  for  regional  ENI  programmes 
and  cross-border  cooperation.  As  a  result  of  the  review  of  cooperation  with  Russia 
following 
illegal  annexation  of  Crimea,  some  activities  under  regional 
programmes and initiatives, such as the Northern Dimension, were suspended in the 
second  half  of  the  year.  Academic  cooperation  and  outreach  to  broader  Russian 
society  as  well  as  cross-border  cooperation  continued.  Support  to  civil  society  and 
especially  the  work  on  human  rights  and  democracy  continued  through  instruments 
such as EIDHR (European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights).   

Cross Border Cooperation  

The  main  focus  in  2014  was  on  the  adoption  of  a  new  CBC  programming  and 
regulatory framework for the period 2014-2020. There will be 16 CBC programmes in 
this new period. First Joint Programming Committees for all future CBC programmes 
were  organised  and  the  main  features  of  the  programmes  (such  as  eligible  area, 
objectives, allocation per objective) were defined. 

Neighbourhood South 

Bilateral Cooperation 

In  2014,  EU  cooperation  with  Algeria  continued  to  be  comprehensive  covering  a 
wide  range  of  sectors  including  support  to  SMEs,  rural  development,  local 
governance,  and  gender  equality,  etc.  and  using  multiple  cooperation  instruments. 
For  example,  twinning,  grants to civil society,  institutional  support  projects  etc.  New 
cooperation programmes were also adopted in the field of justice reform, support to 
the media and vocational training for a total amount of EUR 26.3 million. 

The volume of committed and disbursed aid in Egypt during the past year returned to 
pre-2013 levels. The Annual Action Programme (AAP) 2014 for Egypt allocated EUR 
30  million  of  Community  funding  to  a  strategic  ‘Access  to  Education  and  Protection 
for  at  Risk  Children’  programme,  and  EUR  115  million  to  two  key  blending 
operations: the ‘Household Natural Gas Connection’ (EGAS) for EUR 68 million and 
the Kafr El Sheikh Wastewater Expansion programme for EUR 17 million. In terms of 
implementation,  in  the  course  of  the  year,  several  important  bilateral  programmes 
and  aid  contracts  in  priority  areas  like  Justice,  Administrative  Reform,  Local 
Development,  Public  Finance  Management,  as  well  as  Solid-Waste  Management 
and Technical and Vocational Training, which had been facing long-term deadlocks 
due to the crisis, could be successfully unblocked and are now in execution. 

Bi-lateral cooperation with Israel consists of Institutional Twinning averaging EUR 2 
million yearly.  In  addition,  under  the  ENI  envelope,  Israel  participates,  together  with 
Palestine  and  Jordan,  in  the  Partnership  for  Peace  programme  for  EUR  5  million 
yearly,  which  aims  at  the  promotion  at  societal  level  of  the  conditions  for  the 

45 

 
 
resolution  of  the  Israeli-Palestinian  conflict,  by  increasing  direct  civil  society 
relationships between Palestinians and Israelis. 

In  2014,  two  major  programmes  to  support  the  Jordanian  government’s  reforms 
were adopted: Public Finance Management and Public Administration reforms (EUR 
47.5  million)  and  Skills  for  employment  and  social  inclusion  (EUR  52  million).  In 
addition, a solid waste management programme (EUR 10 million) and the Erasmus+ 
special window for Jordan (EUR 5 million) were also approved. Jordan also received 
additional EU assistance from ENI funds aimed at dealing with the burden imposed 
on the  country  by the  Syrian  conflict  with  a package  worth  EUR  66 million.  Most  of 
these funds will be used to defray the cost of providing education for Syrian refugee 
children. 

The  bulk  of  the  Delegation's  ongoing  programmes  addressed  the  Syrian  refugee 
crisis in Lebanon, including Palestinian refugees from Syria, mitigating the strains on 
Lebanon’s  infrastructure  including  schools,  primary  health  care,  waste  water 
treatment etc. The Delegation launched new programmes in the security sector. The 
EU  continued  support  to  justice  reform.  The  Office  of  the  Minister  of  State  for 
Administrative Reform continued to implement a strategy with EU support to enhance 
public 
the 
Government  produced  an  Agricultural  Strategy  2015-2019.  The  EU  also  supported 
Lebanon's  efforts  to  develop  renewable  energy  sources  and  encourage  energy 
efficiency. 

transparency,  accountability  and  effectiveness.  With  EU  support 

In  Libya,  due  to  political  and  security  instability,  most  programmes  and  activities 
initially aimed at supporting public authorities and ministries were suspended with the 
exception of those supporting neutral democratic institutions such as the Constitution 
Drafting  Assembly  and  the  High  National  Elections  Committee.  Civil  society 
programmes continued to empower local civil society organisations, in particular vis-
a-vis  the  constitution  awareness  campaign  and  the  reconciliation  processes.  Other 
sectors like migration, health and education have been supported in the first part of 
the year at strategic level and had to be reoriented to address more immediate needs 
due to the crisis situation. 

In  Morocco  in  2014,  the  Commission  adopted  three  important  programmes  for  a 
total amount of EUR 198 million in support of reform of the judiciary (EUR 70 million); 
healthcare  reform  (EUR  90  million)  and  the  construction  of  the  Ouarzazate  solar 
plant (EUR 38 million). Two smaller-scale projects were also funded in the context of 
the Umbrella programme. These were support to the implementation of the Deep and 
Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) and support to vocational training in 
the  green  energy  sector  both  amounting  to  EUR  10  million.  Support  to  civil  society 
was also well addressed, especially through the thematic EIDHR instrument as well 
as  the  Civil  Society  facility.  All  these  actions  demonstrate  the  EU's  willingness  to 
accompany the sustainable development of Morocco as well as to assist the country 
in maximising the benefits of a future DFCTA. 

Following the adoption of Palestine's Single Support Framework, the annual Action 
Programme  2014  was  finalised  with  an  envelope  amounting  to  EUR  300  million 
including  PEGASE  Direct  Financial  Support  (EUR  168  million),  Private  Sector 
Development (EUR 10.5 million), Governance (EUR 13 million), Hebron Wastewater 
Treatment Plant  (HWWTP)  (EUR  15 million),  Access  to  Essential  Social and Public 
Infrastructure  in  Area  C  (EUR  3.5  million),  East  Jerusalem  (EUR  10  million)  and 

46 

 
 
UNRWA (EUR 80 million). In view of the exceptional situation in Gaza an additional 
EUR 12 million has been allocated to UNRWA targeting support to Gaza. 

In Syria, bilateral cooperation with the Syrian government has been suspended since 
2011. However, support through the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) has 
continued  to  be  provided  in  2014  (EUR  41  million)  to  support  the  resilience  of  the 
affected population inside Syria complementing humanitarian aid in sectors such as 
education,  support  to  livelihoods  or  civil  society  capacity  building.  Support  has  also 
been provided in neighbouring countries, notably Jordan and Lebanon, to help these 
countries cope with the consequences of the Syrian crisis. A total of EUR 213 million 
has  been  committed  in  2014  through  the  ENI  to  these  three  countries  for  that 
purpose. 

Throughout the year 2014 the EU disbursed EUR 180 million in Tunisia, committing 
EUR  169  million  in  grants  under  the  Annual  Action  Programme  (EUR  119  million 
under  the  bilateral programme and  EUR  50 million  under  the  ‘umbrella’  programme 
rewarding  progress  in  reform.  Seven  programmes  were  identified  under  the  2014 
Annual  Action Programme (AAP)  for Tunisia:  the  Recovery  Support  Programme IV; 
Programme  to  Support  Justice  Reform  II;  Programme  to  Support  Tunisian  Media; 
Programme  to  promote  Gender  Equality  in  Tunisia;  Programme  to  Support  the 
Tunisian Government in integrated border management and international protection; 
Programme  to  redevelop  low  income  neighbourhoods  in  Tunisia  (extension  phase); 
and phase three of the Programme of Support to the Association Agreement and the 
Transition Process. 

Regional Cooperation 

The  functioning  of  the  Union  for  the  Mediterranean  (UfM)  was  consolidated  with 
three successful sectorial Ministerial Meetings on industry, environment and climate 
change,  and  the  digital  economy.  Also,  the  cooperation  with  the  League  of  Arab 
States  (LAS)  was  strengthened  through  the  launch  of  a  strategic  dialogue  and  the 
organisation  of  the  EU-Arab  Foreign  Ministers  Meeting  in  June  2014.  Both  sides 
intensified  exchanges  on  security  policy 
including  counter-terrorism.  The 
implementation of the EU-LAS Joint Work Programme of cooperation continued with 
activities  organised  in  the  fields  of  human  rights,  election  observation,  women’s’ 
empowerment and energy. 

Collaboration  with  LAS  has  been  fruitful  in  the  area  of  women  empowerment 
particularly  under  activities  jointly  organised  with  UNWomen  under  EUROMED 
regional programme in areas such as political and economic empowerment. 

In the field of justice and police, two follow-up programmes will continue supporting 
the  development  of  a  Euro-Mediterranean  area  of  effective  coordination  and 
cooperation  by  strengthening  the  rule  of  law  and  continuously  progress  towards 
alignment with international standards. 

In the area of migration, a new EUROMED programme contributes to strengthening 
dialogue  and  cooperation  on  migration,  mobility  and  international  protection  issues 
with the objective of eventually ensuring compliance with international standards. 

In  the  energy  sector  the  High  Level  Euro-Mediterranean  Conference  on  Energy  in 
November 2014 proposed the creation of UfM Platforms on three priority areas: gas, 
regional electricity market and renewable energy/energy efficiency.  Complementary 
to these efforts, the Commission financially supports the work of the Associations of 

47 

 
 
Mediterranean  Energy  Regulators  and  of  Mediterranean  Transmission  Systems 
Operators. At local level, the ‘Cleaner and Energy Saving Mediterranean Cities' and 
the 'Sustainable Urban Development Energy ' programmes provide direct support to 
more than 30 municipalities.  

Private sector support continued in 2014 for an enabling business environment for 
SMEs,  Business  to  Business  linkages  to  promote  investment,  and  entrepreneurial 
cooperation in the cultural and creative industries. In addition, EUROMED economic 
research  networks  received  financial  support  for  analysis  and  policy  dialogue  on 
economic  challenges  in  the  region.  This  was  completed  by  an  important  support 
package  through  the  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  for  micro-finance  and  risk 
capital  in  cooperation  with  European  Finance  Institutions  to  facilitate  access  to 
finance in partner countries.  

In the area of transport, a new project on air safety was launched with the European 
Air Safety Agency fostering the integration of the Southern partner countries into the 
Common Aviation Area. In addition, the successful EUROMED Rail, Road and Urban 
Transport project was extended for another two years continuing efforts to accede to 
International Road Conventions and to improve rail safety in the partner countries.   

Support  to  civil  society  is  a  key  element  in  regional  cooperation,  especially  since 
new opportunities and roles have emerged for civil society as actors for change. The 
EU  continues  to  support,  through  the  Civil  Society  Facility,  the  capacities  of 
legitimate,  credible  and  independent  partners.  In  addition,  the  EU  continues  to 
support  the  Anna  Lindh  Foundation  in  its  efforts  to  promote  values  of  tolerance, 
respect  and  mutual  understanding  among  different  peoples  and  cultures  in  the 
Mediterranean.  During  2014,  the  EU  continued  to  fund  the  Council  of  Europe's 
Southern  Programme  in  promoting  democratic  reforms.  A  programme  creating  an 
enabling environment for media reforms was launched in early 2014. 

In  the  area  of  youth,  a  new  project  was  launched  with  UNESCO  to  promote 
networking and exchanges among youth organisations in the Southern region and to 
reinforce  their  capacities  so  that  young  people  can  achieve  democratic  transition 
towards  active  citizenship,  political  participation  and  social  inclusion.    In  addition  to 
that,  a  pilot  project  was  launched  to  facilitate  learning,  networking  and  exchange  of 
experiences for young professionals through a placement and  internship scheme in 
SMEs located in the EU-Southern Neighbourhood countries. 

A  successful  UfM  Ministerial  meeting  on  environment  and  climate  change  took 
place  in  Athens  in  May  2014,  addressing  mitigation  and  adaptation  to  climate 
change,  prevention  of  marine  pollution  under  the  UfM  Horizon  2020  initiative,  and 
sustainable consumption and production. The areas of sustainable consumption and 
production  were  tackled  also  through  the  launch  of  the  innovative  and  large  Switch 
Med programme at the start of 2014. 

Inter–regional dimension 

The number of Twinning projects launched in 2014 was the highest ever since the 
introduction  of  the  instrument  in  the  Neighbourhood  region  10  years  ago.  The  two 
main fields of Twinning's launched were finance and transport.   

Regional  SIGMA  events  have  been  organised  as  the  first  regional  conference  for 
Supreme  Audit  Institutions  of  the  European  Neighbourhood  South  region  organised 
together with the Court of Accounts of Algeria. 

48 

 
 
Interest in TAIEX support continued to be very high although the demands received 
from the eastern Neighbourhood are much higher than from the southern countries.   

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results  Oriented  Monitoring  (ROM)  system.  As  a  result,  the  first  series  of  changes 
have been put into operation by the signing of newly tendered service contracts for 
the  implementation  of  the  new  ROM  system.  These  contracts  replace  those  that 
ended in first quarter of 2014. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

The new ROM system aims to provide external support to both EU Delegations and 
HQ  operational  units  in  terms  of  their  own  internal  monitoring  and  reporting  on 
results.  For  these  purposes,  significant  improvements  have  been  introduced  to  the 
new  system.  For  ROM  reviews  of  ongoing  projects  and  programmes  the  most 
important features of the new ROM system are: 

longer  field  missions  by  the  experts  to  allow  for  meaningful  consultations  with 

systematic use of specialised thematic and senior sector expertise to undertake 

  Strengthening the quality of ROM reviews through: 
- 
ROM reviews; 
- 
stakeholders; 
- 
consultants implementing the ROM services.  
 
Improving the coverage of ROM reviews by focusing them on project categories 
considered  to  be  under  increased  risk  conditions  from  the  perspective  of  EU 
monitoring. 

introduction of an external Quality Assurance (QA) system, independent of the 

The  reviews  proceed  on  the  basis  of  a  harmonised  set  of  rules,  specifications  and 
procedures  described  in  the  Commission's  new  Handbook  for  Results  Oriented 
Monitoring including a new set of standard monitoring questions to be addressed by 
the ROM experts. 

The ROM review process will be supported through a new IT tool, the ROM module, 
which  presents  a  database  for  ROM  review  reports,  for  the  comments  which 
operational  managers  in  EU  Delegations  and  Commission  HQ  operational  services 
may  want  to  make  on  the  reports,  and  for  follow-up  plans.  The  follow-up  plan 
becomes  the  basis  for  the  internal  monitoring  of  the  project  or  programme  by  the 
Delegation/HQ operational staff. 

Perspectives 

The EU is currently reviewing the assumptions on which the ENP is based, as well as 
its scope, and how instruments should be used, including how different policy sectors 
can better contribute to cooperation, ensuring linkages between internal and external 
priorities.  The  purpose  of  such  a  review  is  to  ensure  the  ENP  can,  in  the  future, 
support more effectively the development of an area of shared stability, security and 
prosperity with our partners. 

The  Joint  Communication  'Towards  a  New  European  Neighbourhood  Policy'  of  4 
March  2015  outlines  the  major  questions  and  issues  which  the  EU  and  its  partner 

49 

 
 
 
 
countries  are  currently  facing.  The  results  of  this  consultation  will  be  announced  in 
autumn 2015, through the adoption a Joint Communication on a renewed ENP. 

The  EU  remains  committed  to  building  partnerships  with  its  neighbours  reflecting 
their  respective  ambitions,  abilities,  interests  and  reform  objectives.  The  partners' 
reform paths and ambitions as regards their relations with the EU, and the challenges 
individual  countries  face,  are  becoming  more  and  more  diverse.  This  will  require 
relations  between  the  EU  and  its  partners  to  become  more  differentiated  and 
therefore able to respond better to the expectations and needs of each partner. 

Many  of  the  security,  economic  and  social  challenges  of  the  Eastern  and 
Mediterranean  regions  are  directly  linked  to  a  low  level  of  regional  integration. 
Regional  cooperation  is  essential  in  tackling  complex  common  challenges  such  as 
illegal  migration,  terrorism  and  arms  trafficking,  which  require  a  coordinated 
response. This would require continued strengthening of the regional cooperation in 
the Eastern and Southern neighbourhood. In this context of regional cooperation the 
EU will continue working in a coordinated manner and pursuing a regional approach 
with the statistical authorities in the two regions to improve the availability and quality 
of economic and social statistics, necessary to monitor progress in the countries. 

In  the  last  two  years,  the  Union  for  the  Mediterranean  (UfM)  has  modernised  and 
adapted  its  priorities,  focussing  on  youth,  job  creation,  local  development,  civil 
society  support  and  the  role  of  women  in  society.  Politically  the  UfM  has  also 
demonstrated  its  benefits.  The  UfM  has  successfully  resumed  Ministerial  meetings 
with  four  held  since  autumn  2013  on  the  topics  of  Women  (September),  Transport 
(November),  Energy 
(February),  and  a  meeting  on 
Industry 
Environment and Climate Change (13 May, Athens). 

(December), 

Regarding the Eastern Neighbourhood, focus on sector assistance, approximation to 
EU  acquis  and  differentiation  will  remain  at  heart  of  our  bilateral  cooperation  with 
Ukraine,  Georgia  and  Moldova,  where  the  EU  will  continue  working  on  the 
to  private  sector 
implementation  of  AA/DCFTA 
development,  public  administration 
trade 
opportunities  in  rural  areas.  Support  to  inclusive  and  sustainable  economic 
development  as  well  as  support  to  civil  society  will  continue  in  all  countries  of  the 
Eastern Partnership (EaP) region.  

reform  or  creating  business  and 

through  support 

including 

At the regional level in the Neighbourhood East region, cooperation on sustainable 
development and growth and energy will likely remain key aspects. Also, support to 
private sector and SMEs would focus on an inclusive approach by targeting women 
entrepreneurs.  

The four Eastern Partnership thematic platforms have continued to meet twice a year 
to  review  and  discuss  next  steps  in  the  policy  dialogue  between  the  EU  and  EaP 
countries. The Eastern Partnership Summit in 2015 has reviewed the implementation 
of agreed commitments and progress achieved. 

Against the background of the Ukrainian political crisis, the EU has in 2014 initiated 
unprecedented  programmes  of  support  to  help  stabilise  the  economic  and  financial 
situation,  assist  with  transition,  encourage  political  and  economic  reforms  and 
support  inclusive  development.  Support  has  also  been  stepped  up  in  a  number  of 
ways  for  the  Republic  of  Moldova  and  Georgia  in  light  of  the  pressures  they  have 
been subject to as a result of their decision to sign the Association Agreements. 

50 

 
 
Besides  facilitating  access  to  finance  via  the  SME  Finance  Facility,  a  new  DCFTA 
Facility  was  put  in  place  in  order  to  facilitate  the  adaptation  and  reorientation  of 
businesses,  so  as  to  increase  the  access  to  benefits  foreseen  by  the  agreements. 
With  the  Facility,  the  EU  aims  at  mobilising  EUR  150  million  of  grants  through  the 
Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) in order to leverage up to EUR 1.5 billion of 
investment from IFIs in the three countries. 

Support to governance and socio economic sectors in the southern neighbourhood, 
especially  in  countries  such  as  Tunisia,  and  Morocco  will  likely  remain  important 
factors. Programmes to be approved in 2015 will follow priority sectors established in 
single  support  frameworks  for  each  country  with  the  exception  of  Syria  and  Israel 
where  EU  action  focus  on  support  in  response  to  the  Syrian  crisis  (including  its 
effects  in  Lebanon  and  Jordan)  and  institutional  twinning,  respectively.  The  EU 
deploys a flexible approach to its cooperation with Libya in order to respond swiftly to 
a changing situation. 

In  the  Southern  Neighbourhood  region  a  strong  focus  is  placed  on  promoting 
inclusive  and  sustainable  economic  development  in  the  southern  Neighbourhood 
which  reaches  60  %  of  the  total  2015  allocation  including  contributions  to  the 
Neighbourhood Investment Facility.  Countering radicalisation and fighting terrorism, 
civil society and migration is also a priority for 2015. As an overarching theme the EU 
continues its support to and close cooperation with the Union for the Mediterranean 
(UfM). 

Case studies  

Moldova: promoting economic stimulation in rural areas 

Living conditions in the rural areas are still much worse than in the cities. 81 % of the 
extremely poor population of Moldova still live in the countryside. The EU funded the 
programme  'Economic  Stimulation  in  Rural  Area'  (ESRA)  to  help  Moldova  address 
these challenges by creating new rural businesses opportunities and jobs.   

Thanks to EU support rural businesses get more access to finance. More than three 
thousand grants and 200 loans guarantees were offered helping to create more than 
10 000 new jobs – three out of ten of which went to women. 

Rural  business  infrastructure  improved  with  the  creation  of  eight  new  Business 
Incubators in rural areas. 

Entrepreneurship  becomes  part  of  labour  policies.  The  ESRA  programme  provided 
more than 900 training days on entrepreneurship and small business development to 
staff from national and local public administrations. At the same time, the Ministry of 
Education  introduced  a  new  curriculum  on  entrepreneurship  for  technical  and 
professional schools with more than 400 students enrolling the first year (2012-2013). 
As  part  of  the  dialogue  on  sector  reforms,  labour  legislation  was  adjusted  to  reflect 

51 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
national  commitments  on  gender  equality  and  women's  participation  in  the  labour 
market. 

Maria  opened  a  bakery  in  Verejeni  Village  in  Moldova  thanks  to  financial  support 
offered under the ESRA programme ©EU Delegation in Moldova 

Covenant of Mayors 

‘Implementation  of  energy  efficient  technologies  in  the  Municipal  Cultural  and 
Educational Centre in city Ocnita’  

Realised within the Covenant of Mayors  – East action and funded by the European 
Commission in collaboration with Lithuanian Energy Agency KREA and the Moldovan 
NGO ‘Alliance for Energy Efficiency and Renewables (AEER)’. 

This project included the refurbishment of the building 
construction  elements  and  installation  of  a  heating 
system based on renewable energy. This building had 
not  been  renovated  for  many  years  and  inefficient 
electric  radiators  were  used  for  space  heating.  After 
performing an energy audit of the building, the project 
was divided into two steps: First step involved: 

Improving the insulating properties of windows 

 
and doors  

 

 

reducing air infiltration   

minimising ‘cold bridges’  

After  implementing  these  three  interventions  energy 
efficiency has increased by 35 %. 

Egypt: Improving the life of two million residents of Cairo's informal areas 

The  Commission  is  helping  to  improve  the  living  conditions  and  social  and 
socioeconomic  infrastructure  of  two  million  people  living  in  nine  selected  informal 
settlements of the Greater Cairo region.  

60  %  of  Greater  Cairo's  inhabitants  live  in  informal  areas  characterised  by  extreme 
poverty  and  population  density,  high  pollution  and  lack  of  basic  services.  The 
Commission  is  assisting  local  communities  in  enhancing  their  services  and 
environmental  conditions.  The  Commission  provides  funding  for  around  100  local 
small and medium-scale pilot initiatives in a variety of priority sectors, accompanied 
by specific capacities building measures for local leaders and community members. 
Particular  emphasis  is  put  on  empowering  local  youth,  women  and  grassroots 
organisations.  

Amid  its  positive  results  and  good  reception  by  local  stakeholders,  this  innovative 
participatory  programme  looks  set  to  continue  receiving  EU  funding  in  the  years  to 
come, and could be replicated in more of Cairo's numerous informal areas as well as 
in other of the country's major cities. 

Tunisia: www.Jamaity.org - a platform for Tunisian civil society 

52 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Jamaity.org (in Arabic ‘my NGO’) is an innovative project whose aim is to support the 
creation of an internet platform for Tunisian civil society. 

The  objective  of  the  action  is  to  have  an  interactive  and  participatory  virtual  space, 
which  brings  together  different  Tunisian  NGOs  and  associations  and  contribute  to 
their networking and facilitate their access to information and knowledge exchange. 

A  team  of  10  young  professionals  is  in  charge  of  the  platform  and  collects  and 
disseminates all the information that could be relevant to associations and technical 
and financial partners. 

The  platform  presents  a  database  of  NGOs  and  ongoing  projects.  Furthermore 
different opportunities are published regularly such as vacancies, calls for proposals, 
conferences or training sessions. 

The data are striking (Dec 2014) 2 049 associations and 141 technical and financial 
partners  are  registered  in  the  platform  and  contribute  regularly.  Furthermore 
information  concerning  196  projects,  360  events,  463  opportunities  and  98 
publications have been uploaded in the resource centre. 

INSPIRE 

In 2014, the JRC provided support to the establishment of spatial data infrastructures 
within the context of the Enlargement and Integration Action, through targeted events 
and  training  sessions  for  representatives  of  countries  within  the  scope  of  the 
European Neighbourhood Policy. Particular emphasis was put on the transfer of best 
practices,  and  the  organisational  and  technological  lessons  learned  from  the 
implementation  of  the  INSPIRE  Directive59  in  the  EU.  The  JRC  is  also  extensively 
collaborating  and  exploring  synergies  with  other  international  organisations  that  are 
active in the EU-neighbouring countries, such as the World Bank and the Food and 
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 

DANUBE 

The JRC launched the Scientific Support to the European Union Danube Strategy in 
2013. This support is sub-divided into different flagship clusters and activities, one of 
which is the Danube Reference Data and Services Infrastructure (DRDSI). They aim 
to approach the scientific challenges faced by the Danube Region from an integrated 
and  cross-cutting  perspective  taking  into  account  the  interdependencies  between 
various policy priorities. In 2014, the JRC created a DRDSI platform as a unique and 
publicly-accessible  access  point  to  data  resources  in  the  Danube  Region,  gathered 
initial content for key organisations to display in this platform, set in motion processes 
with  regional  representatives  to  involve  more  organisations  in  data  sharing,  and 
provided  training  and  workshops  to  relevant  groups  in  the  region  including 
neighbouring and candidate countries. This activity can also be seen as a means of 
transferring  knowledge  about  the  INSPIRE  Directive  to  neighbouring  countries,  an 
opportunity  for  Member  States  to  share  experiences  in  implementing  the  Directive, 
and  the  reuse  of  INSPIRE  investments  in  support  of  policies  and  data  beyond  its 
environmental focus. 

59 http://inspire.ec.europa.eu/  

53 

 
 
                                                 
2.1.2.  Middle East 

Introduction  

The  situation  in  the  Southern  Mediterranean,  and  consequently  the  cooperation 
between the EU and the countries of that region, remains complex and uneven.  

2014  saw  some  positive  developments  with  Morocco,  Jordan  and  especially 
Tunisia  continuing  their  internal  reforms.  The  democratic  transition  of  Tunisia  was 
particularly  advanced  with  the  adoption  of  a  new  democratic  Constitution  (January 
2014) and successful conduct of parliamentary and presidential elections at the end 
of the year. The cooperation of these countries with the EU was reinforced with the 
preparations  for  launching  the  Deep  and  Comprehensive  Free  Trade  Agreements 
(DCFTAs)  negotiations  and  the  signature  of  the  Mobility  Partnerships  with  Tunisia 
and Jordan. A similar agreement with Morocco was concluded in 2013. The EU also 
backed  reforms  in  other  North  African  countries.  However,  whilst  a  successful 
economic track was widely implemented by countries of the region, the governance 
track  met  some  hesitation.  Faced  with  a  deteriorating  security  situation,  national 
politics  were  marked  with  governmental  measures  to  fight  terrorism,  which  have 
indirectly  affected  civilian  populations  and  hindered  the  functioning  of  democratic 
institutions. The EU on various occasions indicated the need for lifting restrictions on 
human rights and fundamental freedoms. All in all, the democratic transition record of 
the Southern Mediterranean countries remains diverse.  

With the adoption of  a new  Constitution and the election of President El-Sisi Egypt 
has  re-emerged  as  a  foreign  and  security  policy  player  in  the  region.  However,  the 
formal  EU-Egypt  dialogue  under  the  European  Neighbourhood  Policy  remained  de 
facto  suspended,  but  with  a  clear  understanding  by  both  sides  that  the  process 
should resume in 2015. In Algeria, where President Bouteflika was re-elected for a 
fourth  term  in  office  (April  2014),  the  announced  constitutional  reform  was  delayed. 
Negotiations  with  the  EU  on  an  ENP  Action  Plan  continued.  Algeria  played  an 
increasingly  active  role  in  the  region,  as  shown  in  its  mediation  efforts  in  Mali  and 
Libya. 

2014 was marked by increased instability and security crises in the region. Syria for 
the fourth year continued to be embroiled in the civil war with a devastating impact on 
the  country  and  across  the  region.  Situation  was  aggravated  further  with  the 
emergence  of  the  self-proclaimed  Islamic  State  (ISIL/  Da'esh).  Its  jihadist  warriors 
launched  an  unprecedented  offensive  conquering  vast  areas  of  war-torn  eastern 
Syria and western Iraq. So far, all international efforts to bring about peace or even 
achieve  a  de-escalation  of  violence  in  Syria  have  been  unsuccessful.  Since  August 
the  US  led  'Global  Coalition  to  counter  ISIL/Da’esh',  which  includes  majority  of  the 
EU Member States and many countries from the region, was formed to counter the 
ISIL/Da’esh  threat  and  to  support  the  Iraqi  forces  and  the  Kurdish  Peshmerga 
fighters to regain ground and provide security to the population. The conflict in Syria 
impacted  Lebanon's  and  Jordan's  security  and 
and 
socioeconomic  situations.  The  Syrian  refugee  influx  continued  to  affect  the  whole 
region.  

Iraq  has  also  strongly 

The  rise  of  ISIL/Da'esh  had  consequences  for  the  whole  Arab  world,  as  the  group 
succeeded in finding followers in the Middle East and North Africa, and became the 
leader  of  many  other  terrorist  groupings.  ISIL/Da'esh  activities  led  to  further 

54 

 
 
destabilisation of the region, especially in Libya, who’s political and security situation 
further declined. The country was already heavily polarised by two rival armed factions 
and also became an area of terrorist activities and ISIL influence. Internal violence led 
to the evacuation of the EU Delegation and of the EU Border Mission (EUBAM), which 
were relocated to Tunisia in July 2014.  

Despite  strong  efforts  by  the  United  States  to  relaunch  the  Middle  East  Peace 
Process  (MEPP),  relevant  efforts  came  to  a  halt  in  April  2014.  In  the  summer,  the 
conflict  erupted  with  an  Israeli  military  operation  in  the  Gaza  Strip  in  response  to 
Hamas  rocket  fire.  This  further  shattered  livelihoods  and  already  fragile  Gaza 
infrastructures. By the end of the year, the Israeli-Palestinian rift deepened further.  

Due to absence of functioning public authorities, increase of violence and the lack of 
control of migratory flows to and from the countries of the region, irregular migration 
and trafficking in human beings from the region to Europe has risen significantly.  

Many  of  the  security,  economic  and  social  challenges  of  the  Mediterranean  region 
are  directly  linked  to  a  low  level  of  regional  integration.  The  whole  MENA  region 
remains  the  least  integrated  -  politically  and  economically  -  in  the  world.  Therefore 
strengthening  of  regional  cooperation  in  the  Mediterranean  was  high  on  the 
European  agenda.  Cooperation  was 
regional 
organisations,  such  as  the  Union  for  the  Mediterranean  (UfM)  and  the  EU 
intensified  relations  with  the  League  of  Arab  States  (LAS).  A  series  of  high  level 
meetings,  including  at  ministerial  level,  were  conducted  in  2014,  as  three  UfM 
sectorial Minister Meetings took place and the EU-LAS foreign Ministers meeting was 
organised in Athens in June. Dialogue with the six members of the Gulf Cooperation 
Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates) 
was  regular  and  joint  cooperation  strengthened,  especially  with  regard  to  the 
response to the ISIL/Da'esh threat. 

reinforced 

relevant 

through 

The  political  situation  in  the  Arabian  Peninsula,  Iraq  and  Yemen  worsened  during 
2014  especially  for  Iraq  and  Yemen.  In  these  countries,  the  escalation  of  violence 
has also undermined the stability of the region. 

In  Iraq,  the  surge  in  violence  exacerbated  after  the  national  elections  held  in  April 
2014 and the rapid advances of the terrorist organisation known as ISIL/ Da'esh and 
the fall of Iraq's second largest city, Mosul, to them in June 2014. In this context, new 
complex  and  highly  politicised  problems  appeared  with  the  most  crucial  of  those 
being the plight of more than two million refugees fleeing ISIL held territories.  

As ultimately a sustainable political solution to the crisis is needed in Iraq, the EU's 
development  cooperation  towards  Iraq  supports  current  political  processes  by 
tackling the roots of the current violence and bolstering long term structural stability. 
The Multiannual Indicative Programme adopted for Iraq identifies three focal sectors 
which  correspond  to  government  priorities:  Rule  of  Law  and  human  rights;  primary 
and secondary education; and access to sustainable energy for all.  

Continuing the transition process after the 2011 revolution, Yemen continued in 2014 
carrying out its National Dialogue Conference on nine core topics for the future state 
and its constitution. This process was interrupted in 2014 with the Houthi takeover.  

The security situation throughout the country became very dangerous, and following 
the  5  May  2014  lethal  attack  on  the  EU’s  security  team  the  EU  Delegation  was 
evacuated.  Although  working  remotely,  the  EU  nevertheless  continued  to  provide 

55 

 
 
technical expertise to the Ministry of Interior to kick-start its reform and closely follows 
up  progress  in  this  area.  In  addition,  support  under  the  DCI  in  2014  could  be 
continued.  A  new  multi  annual  indicative  programme  for  2014-15  was  decided  with 
an  envelope  of  EUR  108  million  and  a  EUR  51  million  package  adopted  in  2014 
aiming at enhancing resilience and basic service delivery systems.  

EU cooperation in Iran is limited to supporting civil society organisations working with 
vulnerable people and communities such as Afghan refugees, drug addicts or, more 
recently,  nomadic  tribes.  In  line  with  the  EU’s  dual  track  approach,  these  activities 
are  implemented  alongside  the  EU’s  efforts  to  engage  with  Iran  in  meaningful 
negotiations on its nuclear programme. 

In  the  area  of  Research  and  Innovation,  the  MERID  project  is  one  of  the  newly 
selected  Horizon  2020  projects  and  is  of  increasing  importance  and  political 
relevance  due  to  its  science  diplomacy  dimension  in  the  challenging  Middle  East 
region.  It  seeks  to  establish  a  sustainable  collaboration  framework  between  the  EU 
and  Middle  East  countries  in  research  and  innovation  as  well  as  to  create  new 
channels  and  forge  new  links,  especially  with  countries  that  are  newcomers  to  EU 
cooperation in Research and Innovation such as Iraq and Iran. The EU contribution 
to the project amounts to EUR one million. 

From 2014, Erasmus+ is the main programme of cooperation with partner countries 
on higher education and youth. Erasmus+ provides financing to enable periods of 
study abroad and joint projects for capacity building in universities. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

The Commission was instrumental in setting up and funding multi-donor trust funds in 
Iraq. This multilateral approach has allowed the priorities of the Iraqi authorities to be 
taken  into  account  alongside  those  of  the  EU.  EU  cooperation  is  therefore  moving 
from  joint  assistance  with  UN  agencies  to  more  direct  cooperation  targeting  the 
development  of  sector  policies  and  strategies.  This  is  a  key  factor  in  developing  a 
culture  that  targets  national  interest  via  national  policies  and  will  also  be  the 
opportunity to improve donor coordination and division of labour. 

Working towards the MDGs 
According to the latest UNDP report60, Iraq has made progress enrolling children in 
primary  education  with  enrolment  at  98.1  %.  However,  the  net  enrolment  ratio  in 
secondary  education  is  still  low  (48.6  %).  Iraq  faces  considerable  challenges  in  its 
efforts to meet the 2015 MDGs, particularly in gender equality (27 % of seats held by 
women in  national parliaments) and access to improved water sources (at 70.6 %). 
The  EU  is  addressing  these  challenges  by  mainstreaming  gender  equality  and 
strengthening  water  management  services  as  well  as  enhancing  access  to  quality 
secondary education. 

Most  MDG  indicators  have  worsened  in  the  aftermath  of  the  2011  crisis  in  Yemen: 
poverty and food insecurity affect half the population and many children remain out of 
school.  The  EU  addresses  these  challenges  by  improving  basic  services  in  social 
protection  and  health  (including  an  important  focus  on  nutrition),  and  by  launching 

602015  Millennium 
http://www.undp.org/content/dam/iraq/docs/mdgs/MDG%20Booklet%202013_C_FIN-EN.pdf  

Development 

(UNDP 

Goals 

Iraq 

Report 

– 

– 

2013) 

- 

56 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
economic development programmes, primarily targeting youth, the unemployed and 
women. 

Implementation & results: 

In  August  2014  the  EU  adopted  the  2014-17  Multiannual  Indicative  Programme  for 
Iraq.  In  line  with  the  Agenda  for  Change  and  the  Iraqi  National  Development  Plan, 
the  Multiannual  Indicative  Programme  identifies  three  focal  sectors:  rule  of  law  and 
human  rights;  primary  and  secondary  education;  and  access  to  sustainable  energy 
for all. The overall budget of the MIP amounts to EUR 78 million. 

Case  study:  Developing  policies  for  cooperation  between  public  authorities 
and civil society for the benefit of Iraqi citizens 

Enhancing efforts to promote an environment conducive to civil society organisations 
(CSOs)  in  partner  countries  is  one  of  the  three  main  priorities  of  the  ‘Civil  Society’ 
Communication adopted by the European Commission in September 201261. 

In Iraq, two parallel processes have been launched (one in the Kurdistan region, and 
another at the federal level) to strengthen the involvement of CSOs in public life. The 
success of both processes so far has been found to be due to the following elements: 

Ownership: Drafting groups taking part in knowledge sharing sessions helped 

Participation:  Consultations  were  facilitated by local  leaders  selected through 

Experience  exchange:  Lessons  learned  during  the  preparations  in  Kurdistan 

 
build consensus and respond to local needs. 
 
agreed criteria and trained by the EU. 
 
were passed on to assist in the federal process. 
 
garner the necessary support. 
 
European  and  region-specific  expertise:  Participants  were  exposed  to  direct 
examples from European countries as well as regional experiences to build trust and 
confidence.  

Awareness-raising:  The  media  and  parliamentarians  were  kept  informed  to 

In  July  2014  the  EU  adopted  the  2014-15  Multiannual  Indicative  Programme  for 
Yemen.  In  line  with  the  Agenda  for  Change  and  the  Yemen  National  Development 
Plan,  the  Multiannual  Indicative  Programme  identifies  two  focal  sectors:  integrated 
rural  development  to  enhance  the  potential  for  growth  and  job  creation,  and  thus 
build  the  resilience  of  the  rural  population,  and  promotion  of  good  governance  and 
rule of law. The overall budget of the MIP amounts to EUR 108 million. In 2014 EUR 
51 million were allocated to projects increasing resilience of the rural population and 
governmental basic service distribution systems, such as rural development focusing 
on water resources and health. These allocations were significantly increased in line 
with  the  commitments  made  at  the  Riyadh  donor  conference  in  2012  to  support 
Yemen’s transition process. 

Due to the ongoing dispute over the country’s nuclear programme the EU’s mandate 
for cooperation with Iran is limited. Implementation of projects by local or  European 
CSOs  is  hampered  by  administrative  obstacles  such  as  difficulties  in  issuing  visas 

61 http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2012:0492:FIN:EN:PDF 

57 

 
 
 
                                                 
and carrying out international bank transfers and by a country context not particularly 
conducive to a strong civil society.  

Monitoring 

Due  to  the  tense  security  situation  in  Iraq,  the  EU  is  not  in  a  position  to  carry  out 
regular monitoring of projects. Some ongoing projects are reviewed by independent 
experts. Additional monitoring actions are carried out in the form of monthly reports, 
steering committees and monitoring missions.  

While the situation is similar in Yemen, an evaluation of the EU-Yemen cooperation 
between  2002  and  2012  was  launched  in  2014.  The  results  will  guide  the 
programming of cooperation with Yemen from 2016 onwards.   

(See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

Perspectives 

A  flexible  and  prompt  implementation  of  the  Multi-Annual  Indicative  Programme  in 
the  areas  of  education,  governance,  democracy  and  the  rule  of  law  represents  the 
most appropriate EU response to the current crisis in Iraq since it addresses the root 
causes of the ongoing conflict. 

Yemen was undergoing a mostly successful transition process with a unique National 
Dialogue shaping the future state and political scene until the process was disrupted 
by the Houthi offensive, which destabilised the transition government and brought the 
process to a halt at the end of the year. 

Within the wider context of the Arab Spring, and further to the election of President 
Rohani in June 2013, the political context in Iran seems more conducive to the work 
of  Civil  Society.  The  potential  impact  of  the  agreement  recently  reached  on  a  Joint 
Plan of Action with regard to the nuclear issue will also have to be monitored. 

2.2.  African continental, Sub-Saharan Africa & all ACP programmes  

In 2007, the EU and Africa adopted a new strategic framework for their relations, the 
Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES), based on common values aiming to promote shared 
interests and to tackle common challenges.  

2014 was definitively a landmark year for the EU-Africa cooperation. The Fourth EU 
Africa  Summit  took  place  on  2-3  April  2014  under  the  theme  ‘investing  in  people, 
prosperity and peace’.  78 countries attended of which 61 were at the level of Heads 
of State and Government (40 African, 21 European). The Summit adopted a political 
Declaration, a Roadmap 2014-2017, and a stand-alone Declaration on migration and 
mobility.  While  renewing  the  commitment  to  the  objectives  of  the  Joint-Africa  EU 
Strategy,  a  limited  number  of  broad  joint  priorities  for  action  have  been  adopted  in 
five  priority  areas:  Peace  and  Security;  Democracy,  democratic  governance  and 
human  rights;  Human  development;  Sustainable  and  inclusive  development  and 
growth and continental integration; and Global and emerging issues. The stand-alone 
EU-Africa  Declaration  on  migration  and  mobility  demonstrates 
the  political 
commitment  to  work  together  on  areas  like  combating  human  trafficking,  the  fight 
against  irregular  migration  and  advancing  legal  migration  and  mobility.  The  Summit 
provided new impetus to the partnership and helped to advance the key objective of 
towards  a  partnership  of  equals  and  seizing  shared  opportunities. 
moving 

58 

 
 
 
 
Considered  as  a  success  by  both  sides,  the  summit  has  given  a  strong  platform  to 
take the Africa-EU Partnership forward.  An EU-Africa Business Forum attended by 1 
100  participants  was  held  at  the  eve  of  the  Summit  and  highlighted  the  continued 
strong  economic  and  investment  ties  between  the  two  continents.  Parliaments  and 
civil  society  also  organised  events  in  order  to  feed  in  their  views  to  the  Summit 
outcome documents. 

Under  the  African  Peace  Facility  (APF),  the  key  instrument  for  implementing  the 
Africa-EU  Partnership  on  Peace  and  Security,  more  than  EUR  1.4  billion  of 
assistance  has  so  far  been  channelled.  The  APF  combines  short-term  funding  for 
crisis  response  with  a  longer-term  support  of  institutional  capacity  building.  In  2014 
the  EUR  750  million,  three-year  APF  action  programme  was  approved.  Its  overall 
orientation  is  broadly  in  line  with  previous  APF  action  programmes.  The  direct 
beneficiaries remain the AU and regional economic communities with 80-85 % of the 
funds  to  support  African-led  peace  support  operations  and  10-15  %  to  support  the 
operationalisation  of  the  African  Peace  and  Security  Architecture  (APSA).  As  in  the 
past, limited funding will also be available for quick impact actions aimed at conflict 
prevention and crisis management. The new elements of the APF Action Programme 
are: more emphasis on building sustainable African capabilities for peace operations 
and operationalisation of APSA; a stronger language on exit strategies and financial 
burden  sharing  in  order  to  strengthen  African  ownership,  but  also  to  take  into 
consideration the financial constraints on the APF and member state's demands on 
this  issue;  and  simplification  the  EU  decision  procedure  to  increase  speed  and 
reactivity.  In  2014,  considerable  support  was  provided  to  the  African-led  peace 
support operations AMISOM in Somalia and AFISM-CAR in Central African Republic 
(until it was integrated into UN operation MINUSCA).  Furthermore, capacity building 
programmes  are  being  implemented  to  support  the  implementation  of  the  African 
Peace  and  Security  Architecture  (APSA)  at  the  continental  and  regional  level. 
Through the Early Response Mechanism (ERM) financial support has been provided 
to  eight  actions  in  2014  focused  on  mediation  and  prevention  activities  but  also  on 
Human Rights and post-conflict efforts.  

In 2014, Africa-EU cooperation in the priority area of human rights was strengthened. 
At  the  Africa-EU  Summit  in  2014,  African  and  European  leaders  agreed  to  work 
together  to  ensure  full  respect  for  human  rights,  international  law  and  gender 
equality, and to fight impunity and all forms of discrimination, racism and xenophobia. 
The  EU  continued  to  support  the  operationalisation  of  the  African  Governance 
Architecture; it provided EUR 9.8 million in support to the African Union Commission 
to improve its capabilities to monitor elections, to the Pan-African Parliament and to 
the African Commission and Court on Human and Peoples' Rights. Cooperation and 
dialogue  with  the  African  Union  was  also  further  strengthened  in  2014  on  specific 
human rights topics such as business and human rights. 

The  new  priorities  of  the  EU-Africa  Summit  were  immediately  reflected  in  the 
programming  process  of  the  newly  created  Pan-African  Programme  (the  first 
continent wide programme) financed under the Development Cooperation Instrument 
with an allocation of EUR 845 million for 2014-2020. The first 12 projects worth a total 
of  EUR  107  million  were  approved.   They  cover  topics  from  migration,  higher 
education  and  research,  to  public  finance  management  and  the  development  of 
statistics. 

59 

 
 
2.2.1.  Sub-Saharan Africa 

Introduction  

The  implementation  of  the  EU  Strategy  for  Security  and  Development  in  the  Sahel 
continued  throughout  2014,  with  an  extension  to  cover  Burkina  Faso  and  Chad. 
Respective National indicative Programmes and the Regional indicative Programme 
under the 11th EDF were prepared in line with the Strategy, more than EUR 5 billion 
will be mobilised for the Sahel region over the coming seven years (2014-2020). The 
EU  welcomed  new  mechanisms  for  international  coordination  in  the  region:  the 
creation of the G5 (formalised in December 2014 in Nouakchott) as a local response 
to regional challenges and the setting-up of the platform in Bamako to coordinate the 
various international donors.  

Since  the  beginning  of  the  political  and  security  crisis  in  Mali,  the  EU  has 
continuously supported Mali's territorial integrity, its return to constitutional order and 
a  political  settlement  of  the  crisis  through  dialogue.  Two  CSDP  missions  are  now 
deployed  in  Mali  to  contribute  to  the  reassurance  and  security  stabilisation  process 
and  train  security  forces:  EUTM  for  the  army  and  EUCAP  Sahel  Mali,  launched  in 
July 2014, for civilian forces. The EU has been involved in the Algiers peace process 
through its EUSR for Sahel since June 2014 as a co-mediator, together with the UN, 
the  AU,  ECOWAS  and  OCI  and  is  ready  to  accompany  implementation  of  a  future 
peace  accord.  The  European  Commission  continued  to  be  fully  engaged  in  the 
international  follow-up  mechanism  of  the  Brussels  Donors  Conference,  in  order  to 
guarantee  the  best  effectiveness  and  transparency  possible  in  the  disbursement  of 
the fund. 

In 2014 the EU continued to actively implement its Strategic Framework for the Horn 
of  Africa  in  pursuit  of  a  comprehensive  approach  to  its  actions  in  the  region.  
Political, financial and security support was provided to Somalia, also to the African 
Union for the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM), to which the EU remains 
the biggest financial contributor.  The EU development support to Somalia is based 
on  the  priorities  set  out  in  the  Somali  Compact  endorsed  in  2013  during  the  New 
Deal  Conference.  It  focusses  on  state building and peace building, food security and 
building  resilience,  as  well  as  education.  The  support  is  channelled  through  the 
coordination  mechanisms  established  under  the  New  Deal  provisions  which  were 
gradually  established  in  the  course  of  2014  and  overall  EUR  89  million  support  was 
approved  from  EDF  for  2014.  In  June  2014  the  EU  signed  with  the  Federal 
Government  the  first  National  Indicative  Programme  for  Somalia  which  will  cover  the 
period  2014-2020  and  will  be  financed  under  the  11th  EDF.  The  total  amount  of  the 
programme  is  EUR  286  million  and  first  projects  will  start  in  2015.  In  2014  additional 
funding was also provided through the ICSP (EUR 7 million) and Food Security thematic 
programme (EUR 10 million). In 2014 the EU also re-opened its Delegation to Somalia 
currently  based  in  Nairobi.  This  step  enables  better  engagement  with  Federal 
institutions  as  well  as  interim  regional  administrations.  Three  CSDP  missions  are 
present in Somalia (EUNAVFOR Operation ATALANTA, EUTM Somalia and EUCAP 
Nestor) all contributing to establishing a secure and safe environment in Somalia.  In 
addition,  in  2014  the  EU  provided  more  than  EUR  158  million  in  humanitarian 
assistance to Somalia, as the situation deteriorated making 3.1 million people acutely 
dependant on outside assistance. 

In  the  Central  African  Republic  (CAR)  in  2014  the  EU  has  been  supporting  the 

60 

 
 
regional  effort  for  stabilisation.  Since  January  a  new  transitional  government  has 
been in place and  in  September  the  African Union force  MISCA  was  replaced by  a 
UN  Peace-Keeping  Operation:  MINUSCA.  This  was  supported  by  French  troops 
(operation  SANGARIS)  and  since  June  2014  also  by  an  EU  CSDP  operation  –
EUFOR CAR, with about 850 troops, funded through the ATHENA mechanism. The 
humanitarian  crisis  remained  serious  with  displaced  populations  inside  CAR  and 
to  neighbouring  countries.  ECHO  mobilised  EUR  22.5  million  of 
refugees 
humanitarian assistance in 2014 for CAR alone. European Commission development 
aid also scaled up, confirming the EU as the primary ODA donor to the country with 
the  launch  of  the  innovative  EU-managed  multi-donor  trust  fund  "Fonds  Bêkou" 
endowed  in  2014  alone  with  EUR  36  million  plus  an  additional  EUR  27  million  for 
health and education, EUR 20 million for the electoral process and EUR 33 million of 
budget  support  for  fragile  situations  ('State  Building  Contract')  that  allowed  basic 
state functions to keep running.  

The  EU  continued  to  contribute  to  pursue  durable  peace  and  security  in  the  Great 
Lakes  region,  supporting  international  efforts  to  bring  stability,  to  address  the  root 
causes of conflict, to fight poverty and promote economic development.  

The EU continued to firmly support regional integration as a fundamental element to 
ensure  African  ownership  and  leadership  in  confronting  African  challenges,  to 
enhance  competitiveness,  and 
to  promote  peace,  development  and  good 
governance throughout the continent62. 

In  the  area  of  Research  and  Innovation,  by  the  end  of  the  seventh  Framework 
Programme  (FP7),  some  400  contracts  have  been  signed  with  the  Sub-Saharan 
Africa countries for an EU contribution of around EUR 135 million. 

The  Parliament  and  the  Council  approved  in  June  2014  the  EU  participation  in  the 
second  European  and  Developing  Countries  Clinical  Trials  Partnership  programme 
with  sub-Saharan  Africa  (EDCTP2)  with  an  EU  contribution  of  EUR  683 
million. EDCTP started in 2003.  

The initiative of European and African countries to jointly fund collaborative research 
projects,  ERANET  (ERAfrica),  launched  its  first  set  of  17  projects  in  2014  for  an 
amount  of  over  EUR  8  million.  Projects  cover  the  areas  of  'renewable  energy', 
interfacing challenges' and 'idea driven research'. 

At its meeting in November 2013, the EU-Africa High Level Policy Dialogue (HLPD) 
selected food and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture as a priority topic for 
further  cooperation.  The  conclusions  of  the  EU-Africa  HLPD  were  endorsed  by  the 
Heads  of  State  at  the  EU-Africa  Summit  2014  and  gave  rise  to  an  expert  working 
group that is tasked to work on an input to a roadmap towards a jointly funded EU-
Africa  Research  and  Innovation  Partnership  focusing  on  food  and  nutrition  security 
and sustainable agriculture. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

To  improve  the  effectiveness  of  European  Aid  the  EU  and  EU  member  states  are 
moving  towards  closely  coordinating  the  programming  of  their  aid.  In  26  of  the  55 
partner countries, which have been earmarked for Joint Programming (JP), EU and 

62 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/acp/regional-cooperation/peace/capacity_building/apsa_en.htm 

61 

 
 
 
                                                 
Member  States  have  already  begun  to  adopt  this  approach.  Out  of  these  26 
countries, 18 are classified by the OECD as fragile states and 21 are least developed 
countries. The countries are spread over Sub-Saharan Africa with 11 of them in West 
Africa, seven in Eastern, five in Southern and three in Central Africa. In 2014, Joint 
Programming  documents  were  agreed  or  drafted  for  Burundi,  Chad,  Comoros, 
Ghana,  Kenya,  Mali,  Namibia,  Rwanda,  Senegal,  and  Togo.  Preparations  are 
underway or planned in a further 15 African countries.  

Examples of Aid Effectiveness from West Africa 

In  West  Africa,  JP  is  picking  up  speed  and  intensity,  with  good  Member  State 
engagement  in  the  process.  A  JP  Workshop  covering  West  Africa  took  place  in 
Abidjan  on  4-5  June  2014,  co-hosted  with  France  and  organised  by  Directorate-
General  for  Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid  and  European  External 
Action Service (EEAS).  

JP  documents  have  been  signed  in  Senegal  and  Ghana.  They  are  however  an 
intermediate  step  until  the  full  synchronisation  of  programing  cycles  and  country 
strategies  is  possible.  In  Senegal,  the  JP  document  includes  interventions  with  a 
budget  of  EUR  1.2  billion.  The  document  has  been  signed  by  the  Government,  the 
EU Commission, Belgium, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands 
and  the  European  Investment  Bank  (EIB).  In  Ghana,  the  Transitional  EU  JP 
document for 2013-2016 was signed on 6 June 2014 by the Government of Ghana, 
EU,  Czech  Republic,  Denmark,  France,  Italy,  Germany,  Netherlands,  Spain,  DFID 
and the EIB covering an amount of EUR 1.5 billion.   

In addition, JP documents are being developed in Mali and Togo and initial work (the 
joint analysis and response documents) is underway in Cote d'Ivoire.  

Working towards the MDGs 

The rate of economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa is fast and progress towards the 
Millennium  Development  Goals  has  accelerated.  However,  the  reduction  of  poverty 
has been uneven. Large differences are observed with regard to the performance of 
individual  countries  and  the  speed  of  progress  on  specific  MDGs.  Indicators  on 
nutrition,  health,  water  and  sanitation  illustrate  the  remaining  challenges.  Between 
1990 and  2012,  the  percentage  of  underweight  children in  the  sub-Saharan Region 
decreased by 14.3 % compared a 24 % average decrease for developing countries. 
The  reduction  of  the  under-5  mortality  from  177  to  98  per  1  000  live  births  and  the 
decrease  of  the  maternal  mortality  from  870  to  460  per  100 000  births  are 
commendable achievements, but the region still has the highest burden of maternal 
and child deaths. The proportion of the population with access to safe drinking water 
increased from 33 % to 48 % between 1990 and 2012, but 20 of the 45 countries not 
on track to achieve access to safe drinking water are in Africa. The use of improved 
sanitation  facilities  increased  from  24  %  to  30  %,  while  the  average  for  developing 
regions rose from 36 % to 57 % of the population.  

Responding to the challenges, the EU has maintained a strong focus on cooperation 
with the Sub-Saharan region. In addition, in 2010 the EU launched the MDG-Initiative 
(MDG-I) to support accelerated progress on lagging MDGs in African, Caribbean and 
Pacific  (ACP)  countries.  For  90  %  of  the  EUR  one  billion  budget  implementation 

62 

 
 
 
 
contracts  have  been  concluded  with  Government  Institutions,  Non-Governmental 
Organisations (NGOs) and International Organisations. The focus is on Poverty and 
Hunger  Eradication  (MDG  1),  Water  and  Sanitation  (MDG  7),  and  Health  (MDG  4 
and 5).  

The  examples  below  illustrate  how  the  EU  contributions  translated  into  effective 
action at country level:  

In Botswana, the EU supported the Ministry of Health in efforts to reduce maternal 
and under-five mortality (MDG 4 and 5). A cadre of Community Health Workers has 
been  created  and  deployed  to  the  six  districts  with  the  highest  under-five  mortality. 
The targets regarding the number of home visits to families with children under five 
years of age were significantly surpassed. 600 community health workers have been 
trained  and  deployed.  The  government  is  now  considering  expanding  the  project  to 
12 districts.  

In Kenya, food security (part of MDG 1) remains a major challenge. In particular the 
arid  areas  in  the  north  of  the  country  are  plagued  by  recurrent  severe  droughts. 
Given the low fertility of soils and low and highly variable rainfall, livestock has been 
the dominant source of livelihood in  the region. The EU funded project ‘Sustainable 
Livelihoods through Value Chain Development for Pastoral Communities in Turkana’ 
targets  a population of  855 000  in  Turkana county  in  Northern Kenya.  Implemented 
by  Oxfam,  the  project  is  working  with  over  5 000  men  and  women  in  over  800 
households. So far, 251 new businesses have emerged as a result of the action.  

In  Zimbabwe  the  maternal  mortality  ratio  (MMR)  in  2010  stood  at  960  deaths  per 
100 000 live births according to the Demographic and Health Survey 2010-11. Every 
day  approximately  10  women  were  dying  in  childbirth  or  due  to  pregnancy-related 
complications.  Since  2011,  the  EU  supported  the  improvement  of  health  service 
delivery  mainly  through  a  EUR  32  million  contribution  to  the  UNICEF  managed 
Health Transition Fund, and a UNFPA-managed EUR 10 million project to revitalise 
Maternity Waiting Homes (MWHs). A 2014 survey shows significant improvements of 
services  and  maternal  health:  The  availability  of  trained  health  personnel  (doctors, 
nurses,  etc.)  and  vital  medicines  has  improved,  skilled  attendance  at  birth  has 
increased from 66 % to 80 %, and the MMR has fallen to 614 deaths per 100 000 live 
births.  While  the  latter  rate  is  still  very  high,  this  is  the  first  time  in  20  years  that 
maternal mortality has decreased.  

In  Burkina  Faso,  the  EU  contributes  to  poverty  reduction  and  economic  growth 
through  a  general  budget  support  programme  (EUR  365.9  million),  which  is 
implemented from 2009 to 2015. The focus is on education, health and food security 
with  some  encouraging  results.  Between  2009  and  2013,  the  gross  enrolment  ratio 
for girls increased by 14 % and child stunting dropped by 10 %. An additional health 
sector  budget  support  (EUR  36  million)  focused  on  improving  mainly  maternal  and 
child health. Between 2008 and 2013, the assisted delivery rate increased by 23 %, 
significantly  decreasing  child  and  mother  mortality.  The  EU's  support  to  the 
water/sanitation sector was implemented through a sector budget support of EUR 75 
million. Between 2009 and 2013, the programme contributed to increasing access to 
safe drinking water in rural areas by 15 % and in urban areas by 20 %. Percentage of 
households with access to a sanitation facility in urban areas increased from 19% to 
29% and 83 800 latrines were built. 

63 

 
 
Implementation & results 

General Overview 

In  2014,  EUR  982.5  million  were  committed  for  actions  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa 
representing  72.6  %  of  the  originally  planned  amount  of  EUR  1 353  million. 
Commitments remained below the target due to limitations of the available credits. As 
the  11th  EDF  had  not  yet  entered  into  force,  new  commitments  had  to  be  financed 
from the ‘Bridging Facility’, which consisted of the unspent balance from the 10th EDF 
and of de-commitments from the 8th, 9th, and 10th EDF. As the available credits were 
limited,  commitments  had  to  be  restricted  to  the  actions  of  highest  priority  which 
could not be postponed until the entry into force of the 11th EDF.  

Payments to countries in Sub-Saharan Africa under the EDF amounted to EUR 3 032 
million and exceeded the disbursement target of EUR 2 957 million (102.5 %). 

Establishing the legal basis for the new programming period 2014-2020 

Each EDF is established by EU Member States, outside the EU Budget, on the basis 
of an Internal Agreement. The 11th EDF Internal Agreement was signed by Member 
States in June 2013 and requires ratification by all Member States in order to enter 
into force. It defines the overall amount of the 11th EDF (EUR 30 506 million) and its 
breakdown  by  broad  financial  envelopes,  as  well  as  Member  States’  contributions 
and voting rights.  

Detailed provisions on programming and implementation of development cooperation 
as  well  as  monitoring,  reporting  and  evaluation  requirements  are  defined  in  the 
the  11th  EDF 
Implementation  Regulation.  The  Commission  proposal 
Implementation  Regulation  was  adopted  by  the  college  in  June  2013  and  Council 
negotiations were finalised in March 2014. It will apply after the entry into force of the 
11th EDF.  
In  addition,  the  financial  rules  for  the  11th  EDF  are  set  up  in  the  Financial 
Regulation, for which Council negotiations were concluded in January 2014, and will 
also  be  applied  after  the  entry  into  force  of  the  11th  EDF.  The  11th  EDF  Financial 
Regulation  is  also  aligned  to  the  maximum  extent  possible  with  the  Financial 
Regulation of the General Budget.  

for 

Southern Africa and Indian Ocean 

2014 marked the first year of the multi-annual financial framework 2014 to 2020. New 
EDF funds for this period (the 11th EDF) were not yet available, and this shaped the 
bilateral cooperation of the EU. For most countries, new commitments of funds were 
restricted by the amounts available under the 11th EDF Bridging Facility. Meanwhile, 
the programming exercise continued for a number of countries. 

EDF cooperation for Southern African and Indian Ocean countries amounted to more 
than EUR  150 million of new committed operations in  2014, which corresponded to 
the planned forecast. During the year, the region accounted for more than EUR 500 
million of new contracts, and payments for over EUR 400 million.  

The Commission put in place a number of new Budget Support (BS) programmes in 
2014.  Out  of  a  forecast  of  approximately  EUR  319  million  to  be  paid  on  BS,  about 
EUR 207 million has been disbursed.  

64 

 
 
The ongoing budget support operations have contributed to the implementation of the 
national poverty reduction strategies and Public Finance Management (PFM) reforms 
in  countries,  such  as  Botswana,  Ethiopia,  Mauritius,  Mozambique,  Namibia  and 
South Africa.  

The Commission continued to support reforms in the area of PFM. This entailed the 
formal  assessment  of  PFM  systems  through  the  Public  Expenditure  Financial 
Accountability  framework  (for  example,  five  sub-national  assessments  were  carried 
out  in  Ethiopia)  and  the  continuous  assessment  of  performance  for  all  countries 
receiving budget support. The EU support to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
Regional  Technical  Assistance  Centres  (South  AFRITAC  and  East  AFRITAC)  is 
another  important  intervention  to  help  partner  countries  strengthen  human  and 
institutional capacity.  

In  the  area  of  support  to  fragile  states,  the  Commission  adopted  a  EUR  78  million 
State Building Contract in favour of Madagascar. This programme is part of a post-
election package developed to support the democratic transition in Madagascar. The 
signature of the relative Financing Agreement took place in December 2014, followed 
by a first disbursement of EUR 65 million, essential for continuing to improve public 
financial management and service delivery. 
In parallel with the accomplishment of projects under the 10th EDF, the programming 
phase  of  the  11th  EDF  was  a  central  part  of  the  bilateral  cooperation  in  2014.  The 
outlines  for  the  years  2014  to  2020  were  jointly  developed  by  the  national 
governments  of  the  partner  countries  together  with  the  Commission  and  the 
involvement of Civil Society.  

The  indicative  allocation  for  bilateral  cooperation  with  Southern  Africa  and  the 
Indian  Ocean  countries  from  11th  EDF  funds  amounts  to  just  over  EUR  3 000 
million  (plus  the  bilateral  DCI  funding  for  South  Africa  from  2014-2020  of  EUR  241 
million). 

The key sectors of focus for the region will be: governance, sustainable agriculture, 
human  development  (including  health  and  education),  water  and  sanitation,  and 
energy. 

Budget  support  will  remain  a  relevant  aid  modality  to  provide  for  a  coherent  policy 
dialogue  and 
finance  management  and  a  more  stable 
macroeconomic framework. 

to  develop  public 

EU  bilateral  cooperation  with  countries  in  Southern  Africa  and  the  Indian  Ocean 
region  in  2014  helped  to  promote  key  reforms  of  public  systems  and  improved  the 
lives of millions of people.  

East Africa 
The National Programming for the 11th EDF was concluded and formalised with the 
signature  of  the  National  Indicative  Programmes  (NIPs)  with  all  the  countries  in  the 
Horn of Africa except Eritrea. Sudan and South Sudan are at this stage not eligible 
for  a  National  Programme  under  the  11th  EDF.  Good  progress  was  made  on  the 
regional programme for Eastern Africa, Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean. 

In  Somalia,  the  first  National  Indicative  Programme  was  signed  on  19  June  2014 
following  the  endorsement  of  the  Somali  Compact  in  2013.  This  programme  will  be 
financed by the 11th EDF and amounts to EUR 286 million. The focal sectors include 

65 

 
 
support to state and peace building, building resilience and increasing food security, 
and strengthening the education sector. 

The  EU  continues  to  be  the  biggest  donor  in  Somalia  and  has  provided  EUR  548 
million between 2008  and  2014.  Some  of  the considerable  results  achieved  include 
getting 100 000 children access to primary education, delivering safe water for half a 
million people and helping 250 000 households (1 500 000 people) produce livestock 
for their livelihoods and income. 

In South Sudan, the Commission changed its approach to development cooperation 
following  the  breakout  of  conflict  on  15  December  2013.  In  coordination  with  key 
international donors the Commission shifted the focus of activities to peace-building 
and direct support to the population. A EUR 80 million budgetary support programme 
(State Building Contract) was suspended before disbursements had started and the 
funds  are  being  re-programmed  to  basic  health  and  education.  A  EUR  40  million 
programme in support of the rule of law shifted its focus from support to Parliament, 
Elections  Commission  and  Ministry  of  Justice  to  improving  access  to  justice  at 
community level. 

Eritrea  shows  some  willingness  to  reintegrate  into  regional  activities  and  to 
reconnect  with  International  Development  Partners.  Cooperation  with  the  EU  re-
started in 2014. In response to food security challenges the programme will have a 
focus on the agriculture sector.  

Also in 2014, the government issued a draft national development plan which shows 
its priorities for the coming years and constitutes a basis for the EU-Eritrea dialogue 
on 11th EDF programming. 

In  Tanzania,  the  EU  and  other  international  partners  put  on  hold  budget  support 
disbursements  after  officials  of  the  Independent  Power  Tanzania  Limited  (IPTL),  an 
Electricity Utility subsidised by Government, had moved USD 122 million to offshore 
bank  accounts.  The  case  is  being  followed  up  by  legal  authorities  and  at  political 
level.  The  EU  and  other  donors  have  welcomed  the  actions  taken.  However,  the 
resumption of budget support operations can only be considered when the underlying 
systemic risks have been addressed. 

In  Ethiopia,  the  EU  will  continue  its  support  to  the  Road  Sector  Development 
Programme  for  the  period  2009-2017  through  budget  support,  which  eventually  will 
reach a total of EUR 230 million. In 2014 EUR 30 million was disbursed.  

Following almost 20 years of EU-Ethiopia cooperation the road network has doubled, 
quality  has  improved,  the  Government  is  gradually  taking  over  financing,  and 
management capacities at national and sub-national level are improving. Each year, 
the percentage of population residing within two kilometres from all-season roads has 
increased by 2 %. Today more than 65 % of villages have access to the national road 
network including during the rainy season. 

West and Central Africa 

In  line  with  the  Agenda  for  Change,  the  EU's  bilateral  cooperation  with  countries  in 
West  and  Central  Africa  contributes 
to  poverty  reduction  and  sustainable 
development  in  some  of  the  poorest,  crisis  vulnerable  and  conflict-affected  parts  of 
the  world.  These  core  objectives  are  firmly  enshrined  in  the  11th  EDF  National 

66 

 
 
Indicative Programmes (NIPs) that were developed and negotiated during the course 
of 2014.  
Finalising the programming of the 11th EDF national envelopes was one of the key 
objectives for the EU's cooperation with West and Central Africa in 2014. By the end 
of 2014, 19 out of 25 NIPs with Central and West African countries were adopted 
and signed. The NIPs for Congo Brazzaville, Liberia and Mali were signed in early 
2015,  whilst  those  for  The  Gambia  and  Guinea  Bissau  should  be  adopted  later  in 
the  course  of  2015.  For  the  Central  African  Republic  (CAR)  discussions  are 
planned to begin after the 2015 elections. The main priority sectors chosen for each 
country fit with the priority sectors identified in the Agenda for Change. The combined 
11th  EDF  NIPs  of  the  nine  Central  African  countries  and  16  West  African  countries 
amount to a total of more than EUR 7.8 billion.  

Among  the  new  commitments  was  a  package  of  EUR  119  million  in  assistance 
(electoral  support,  social  sectors,  food  security  emergency  budget  support)  to  the 
CAR, which contributed to the short term stabilisation of the country. In particular the 
State  Building Contract  (budget support)  helped  to  prevent  a further  collapse of  the 
public  sector  by  contributing  to  secure  the  payment  of  civil  servant's  wages.  The 
package also included the EDF contribution to the newly created Bêkou Trust Fund, 
which became operational in the second half of 2014 (see chapter 4.2.1). Other new 
commitments  include  assistance  for  the  2015  general  elections  in  Burundi,  support 
for the energy sectors in Rwanda and Burundi and a significant security sector reform 
programme, focussing on the DRC's Armed Forces. The latter project was designed 
to  take  over  important  reform  support  activities  previously  carried  out  by  a  CSDP 
mission, which will be gradually phased out by June 2016. 

In response to the Ebola crisis in West Africa in 2014, the Commission mobilised 
some EUR 210 million in development and early recovery assistance for delivery in 
2014  and  2015.  The  funding  aimed  to  support  macroeconomic  stability  and  the 
health sectors in the most affected countries, and to strengthen Ebola preparedness 
in other countries of the region. Adding to this the contributions for humanitarian aid 
and with EUR 138.4 million for research on treatment, diagnostics and vaccines, the 
European Commission's total contribution amounted to EUR 414 million. The overall 
funding from the EU, including the EU budget and Member States’ contributions was 
more than EUR 1.2 billion. An additional amount of over EUR 100 million was funded 
by industry in the context of the Innovative Medicines Initiative. 

EUR  210  million  for  development  and  early  recovery  were  allocated  to  support  the 
following  objectives:  EUR  122  million  for  supporting  macroeconomic  stability  and 
health  services  in  the  most  affected  countries;  EUR  5  million  for  the  recently-
established  African  Union  mission  'Support  to  EBOLA  Outbreak  in  West-Africa 
(ASEOWA);  EUR  8  million  for  mobile  laboratories  and  training  of  health  workers  in 
Guinea,  Nigeria and  Liberia;  EUR  28 million to  healthcare,  food  security,  water  and 
sanitation and resilience of vulnerable households; EUR 20 million for strengthening 
health  services  in  Forestry  Guinea;  and  EUR  27.5  million  for  health  preparedness, 
awareness  raising  and  violence  prevention  in  affected  and  at-risk  neighbouring 
countries. 

With  regard  to  the  Programming  of  Regional  Cooperation,  negotiations  on  the 
draft  Regional  Indicative  Programmes  (RIPs)  for  Central  and  West  Africa  were 
largely  completed  before  end  of  2014.  Both  RIPs  are  scheduled  to  be  formally 

67 

 
 
adopted  in  2015.  On  the  Regional  Cooperation  in  Central  Africa,  good  progress 
was  made  during  and  after  regional  meetings  in  Brussels  (January)  and  Libreville 
(June). In December, the two regional organisations mandated to negotiate the RIP's 
content, ECCAS and CEMAC63 confirmed their agreement on the final draft version 
of the document. The Regional Indicative Programme of EUR 350 million is expected 
to be signed before the summer of 2015.    
The  programming  of  the  11th  EDF  RIP  for  West  Africa  made  good  progress  and  a 
draft text could be finalised by December, after a series of consultations with the two 
regional  organisations  in  April  (Brussels),  June  (Ouagadougou)  and  October 
(Abidjan). Signature of the final document is expected in the first semester of 2015. 
The 11th EDF RIP for West Africa is allocated an overall budget of EUR 1.15 billion 
for  the  period  2014-2020  and  will  cover  the  following  three  focal  sectors:  Peace, 
security  and  stability  (approximately  20  %);  Regional  economic 
integration 
(approximately 50 %); and Resilience and natural resources (approximately 30 %). 

Overall, the number of new decisions in 2014 was relatively small, since 2014 was 
the  year  of  transition  between  the  10th  and  11th  EDF  with  only  limited  resources 
available for new commitments. Nevertheless, the EU committed EUR 227 million for 
cooperation  with  Central  Africa,  in  particular  in  the  CAR  and  the  Great  Lakes  sub-
region (Burundi, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)). The level of 
new commitments reflects the importance that the EU attaches to the stabilisation of 
the  Great  Lakes  countries  and  CAR.  The  new  commitments  for  West  African 
Countries  amounted  to  EUR  160  million  and  included  the  amounts  which  were 
mobilised  for  early  recovery  and  development  assistance  in  response  to  the  Ebola 
crisis.  

Concerning financial payments, the 2014 target of EUR 1 485 million for the Central 
and  West  Africa  region  was  surpassed  by  the  disbursement  of  EUR  1 565  million 
(105.4  %).  Budget  Support  disbursements  for  the  region  amounted  to  EUR 
459 million. 

EDF payments  in  the  Central  African  Region  amounted to  EUR  414  million.  More 
than  90  %  of  the  payments  went  to  the  following  six  countries  (in  declining  order): 
CAR,  DRC,  Rwanda,  Burundi,  Cameroon  and  Chad.  Of  the  executed  payments 
EUR  85  million  were  disbursed  in  the  form  of  budget  support  to  three  countries: 
Rwanda  (several  sector  reform  contracts),  Burundi  (state  building  contract)  and 
CAR (state building contract). The state building contract in Burundi benefitted from 
an additional tranche to support the government in repairing damage after a natural 
disaster.  

EUR 939 million was disbursed to West African countries with Burkina Faso, Niger, 
Mali and Nigeria amongst the largest recipients. In 2014 Budget Support operations 
in West Africa were implemented in 10 different countries for a total amount of EUR 
374 million. The countries benefiting from Budget Support included two of the Ebola 
stricken  countries.  The  countries  were:  Benin,  Burkina  Faso,  Cape  Verde,  Guinea 
Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.  

EU  budget  support  helped  the  Government  of  Niger  in  the  implementation  of  its 
economic and social development plan (PDES). In 2014, budget allocations for social 

63  ECCAS  (Economic  Community  of  Central  African  States)  and  CEMAC  (Communauté  Economique  et 
Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale) 

68 

 
 
                                                 
sectors  represented  24.7  %  of  budgetary  resources,  with  16.3  %  for  education  and 
8.4 % for health. In terms of quality, the primary school completion rate was 65.9 % 
in  2013-2014  compared  to  54.3  %  in  2012-2013,  and  the  gross  enrolment  rate  for 
girls  was  75.3  %  in  2014.  In  the  health  sector,  the  number  of  births  assisted  by 
qualified health workers has been on the rise with an increase of 14.5 % from 2012 to 
2013. 

The EU is accompanying Cape Verde towards its goals of increasing the renewable 
energy  in  its  energy  mix  and  achieving  reliable  and  cost  effective  access  for  the 
population  to  electricity  and  modern  energy  services  across  all  of  its  islands  in  the 
framework of the ‘EU-Cape Verde Reinforced Cooperation in the Energy Sector’. The 
ongoing Budget Support programme supports development and poverty reduction in 
the archipelago.  Some of the most tangible results achieved in 2014 include: 72.3 % 
of  the  population  now  has  access  to  improved  sanitation;  17  protected  areas  have 
been created on 61 095 ha of land; 98 210 ha of protected marine areas exist; and 
37  training  events  were  organised  with  764  national  police  officers.  EU  budget 
support  also  contributed  to  reconstruction  after  the  eruption  of  a  volcano  with  a 
contribution  of  EUR  three  million  by  the  end  of  the  year  to  support  rehabilitation  of 
livelihoods and infrastructure. 

The  EU-funded  State-Building  Contract  in  Côte  d'Ivoire  contributed  to  reinforcing 
governance as well as improving the capacities of the Ivorian administration so that 
the government is able to consolidate peace and stability, fight poverty and promote 
inclusive  and  sustainable  growth.  The  programme  has  contributed  a  number  of  key 
results,  in  particular  strengthening  local  administration  across  the  country  –  the 
'prefectures' and 'sub-prefectures'.  In addition the fight against fraud and corruption 
was  reinforced  in  2014  through  the  operationalisation  of  the'  Squad  for  Countering 
Corruption' and an accompanying sanction system.  

Case Studies 

Bilateral Cooperation with a fragile country – the Central African Republic 

The Bêkou Trust Fund 

In July 2014, the first ever EU Trust Fund was established in collaboration between 
Member  States  and  the  European  Commission.  The  mandate  of  the  Trust  Fund 
Bêkou  (meaning  "hope"  in  Sango)  is  in  line  with  the  spirit  of  Linking  Relief 
Rehabilitation and Development (LRRD): it aims at reviving essential public services, 
building  national  and  local  administrative  structures,  reviving  economic  activity,  and 
responding to humanitarian issues.  

Its purpose is to mount a coordinated response from European donors and to assure 
a  high  level  of  efficiency  by  sharing  resources  and  making  use  of  all  partners' 
comparative advantages. Six actions have been already validated by the Operational 
Committee  on  Health,  on  Economic  and  social  reconstruction  in  urban  areas,  on 
Gender, on Food Production for Resilience and Social Cohesion, on Refugees in the 
East  of  Cameroon,  and  a  horizontal  project  on  Technical  assistance  and 
communication.  

69 

 
 
 
Bilateral cooperation through General Budget Support in West Africa 

In 2014 BS operations in West Africa were implemented in nine different countries for 
a total amount of EUR 373.6 million.  

BS disbursements were contingent upon preconditions being met. In three countries 
(Togo,  Mauritania  and  Ghana)  the  eligibility  criteria  related  to  macroeconomic 
stability were considered not to be fulfilled and disbursements could not be released.  

Improvement  of  domestic  revenue  mobilisation  and  budget  execution  in  the  social 
sector as well as better access to water facility were noted in Benin. In Senegal the 
budget support operations focus on the environment sector. A first budget operation 
was approved for Guinea Bissau after the success of the electoral process.  

Within  West  Africa,  the  key  challenge  in  2014  was  for  the  EU  to  offer  an  effective 
response to the Ebola crisis. As part of the EUR 140 million package in response to 
the  outbreak,  almost  EUR  30 million was  disbursed through BS in  Liberia and  EUR 
22.6 million in Sierra Leone.  

Cooperation through the Sugar Protocol 

For  Swaziland  a  total  of  EUR  120  million  was  allocated  for  EU  Accompanying 
Measures  for  Sugar  Protocol  Countries  (AMSP),  with  the  overall  objectives  of 
alleviating poverty and increasing competitiveness of the sugar sector. 

Impact evaluations conducted in 2014 confirmed poverty reduction in the sugar belt 
as  well  as  improved  competitiveness  for  both  raw  and  refined  sugar  vis-à-vis 
Swaziland's  direct  competitors  (Brazil,  Australia,  Thailand,  Malawi,  Zambia, 
Mozambique, Mauritius and South Africa). 

Key results include the rehabilitation of 50 km of roads and bridges; the improvement 
of water supply via rehabilitation of bulk water/ irrigation schemes; the expansion of 
the  land  planted  with  sugar  cane  with  an  additional  4  800  ha;  the  creation  of 
smallholder Farmer Companies; and improved capacity of institutional stakeholders. 

With the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) concluded with Southern African 
Development Community (SADC), Swaziland will be able to continue export quota 
free and duty free to European markets. Swaziland has recently shipped the largest 
single sugar tonnage in the history of the country when 40 000 metric tonnes of sugar 
was sent to Cadiz in Spain. 

Regional Cooperation 

Smartfish  (Implementation  of  a  Fisheries  Strategy  in  the  Eastern  &  Southern 
Africa & Indian  Ocean Region,  2011-17)  is a regional programme operating in  20 
countries, financed by a EUR 37 million contribution from the 10th EDF. It contributes 
to  an  increased  level  of  social,  economic  and  environmental  development  and 
deeper  regional 
the  sustainable 
management  and  exploitation  of  fisheries  resources.  The  programme  supports  a 
Control  and  Surveillance  system  for  trans-boundary  fisheries  resources  and  a 
regional  trade  strategy  to  ensure  access  of  fisheries  products  to  domestic,  regional 
and export markets. 

improved  capacities 

integration 

through 

for 

Parcs  de  l’Entente  coordinates  the  management  of  three  neighbouring  parks  in 
Benin, Burkina Faso and Niger. EU support for this project continued under the 10th 

70 

 
 
EDF. The project support the authorities in their daily operations of conservation and 
protection and works through NGOs with local communities.  

Cooperation at continental level: Scaling up the Africa-EU Partnership  

Since 2007, the EU and Africa have developed a new framework for their relations: 
the Joint Africa-EU Strategy (JAES). The priority areas for 2014-2017 include: Peace 
and  Security;  Democracy,  Good  Governance  and  Human  Rights;  Human 
Development;  Sustainable  and  inclusive  development  and  growth  and  continental 
integration; and Global and emerging issues.  
In  April  2014,  the  4th  EU-Africa  Summit  took  place  in  Brussels.  It  brought  together 
more  than  60  EU  and  African  leaders,  and  a  total  of  90  delegations.  The  Summit 
adopted  a  political  Declaration,  a  Roadmap  2014-2017,  and  a  stand-alone 
Declaration on migration and mobility. The organization of a Business Forum aside of 
the Summit attracted more than 1 000 stakeholders. 

Since  the  Summit,  the EU  has  already been able  to  reflect  the  new  priorities in  the 
programming process. Following the creation of the Pan African Programme in 2013, 
which  for  the  period  2014-2020  has  a  budget  of  EUR  845  million,  the  EU  has 
approved  its  Multiannual  Indicative  Programme  for  2014-2017.  The  first  12  projects 
with  a  total  budget  of  EUR  107  million  have  already  been  approved  and  focus  on 
migration,  higher  education  and  research,  public  finance  management,  and  the 
development of statistics. 

Through  the  African  Peace  Facility  (APF)  the  EU  provided  support  to  the  African 
Union  and  the  Regional  Economic  Communities.  This  support  was  allocated  in 
particular  to  peace  support  operations  (e.g.  AMISOM  in  Somalia  and  MISCA  in  the 
Central  African  Republic).  In  2014,  capacity  building  continued,  aiming  at  the 
operationalisation  of  the  African  Peace  and  Security  architecture  (APSA).  Equally, 
the APF’s Early Response Mechanism supported a number of urgent mediation and 
preventive diplomacy activities (e.g. South Sudan, Burundi, Great Lakes region). The 
Financing  Agreement  for  the  APF’s  2014-2016  Action  Programme  was  signed  with 
an envelope of EUR 750 million to continue to support the three main areas: African-
led peace operations, the capacity building of the APSA, and early response actions.  

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system.  (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

A global study on the result of ROM in ACP countries since 2000, conducted in 2012 
and 2013, was presented to the Commission services in February 2014. It included 
four  specific  reports  for  the  four  African  sub-regions  and  provided  the  Commission 
with lessons learned on the implementation of ROM since its creation.  

Perspectives 

71 

 
 
 
 
 
In  2014,  the  second preparatory phase of  the  country  programming process  for  the 
period  2014  to  2020  resulted  in  the  preparation  of  the  draft  Multi  Annual  Indicative 
Programmes  (MIPs)  for  actions  financed  from  the  European  Development  Fund 
(EDF),  either  at  national,  regional  or  intra-ACP  level.  For  59  partner  countries  NIPs 
were adopted with a total budget of EUR 11 069 million. Altogether, more than 77 % 
of the Indicative Programmes were completed.  

EU  development  policy  remains  committed  to  supporting  regional  integration. 
Drawing  lessons  from  the  past,  the  EU  and  the  Duly  Mandated  Regional 
Organisations  (DMROs)  are  currently  devising  results-oriented  regional  strategies 
based on specific and limited objectives.  

Furthermore,  the  DMROs  agreed  to  allow  national  authorising  officers,  specialist 
institutions,  regional  development  banks  and  other  relevant  technical  bodies  to 
assume responsibility for implementing regional programmes, especially trans-border 
or national projects with a specific regional dimension.  

Intensive coordination work took place in 2014 between the DMRO and the EU and 
broad  agreement  was  reached  on  the  governance  and  the  content  of  Regional 
Programmes.  

Case studies 

Water  for  Growth  and  Poverty  Reduction  in  the  Mékrou  transboundary  River 
Basin (Burkina Faso, Benin and Niger)  

Africa  faces  a  complex  challenge  in  water  resource  management  because  of  two 
legacies:  its  natural  legacy  of  high  hydro-climatic  variability  and  its  political  and 
geographic  legacy  in  which  several  countries  share  the  same  river  basin.  Shared 
water  resources  present  management  challenges  and  require  investments  in  trans-
boundary water management plans, in the development of sustainable policy, and in 
institutional capacity building. 

The  Mékrou  River  basin  (a  sub-basin  of  the  Niger  River)  is  shared  between  three 
countries  (Benin,  Burkina  Faso  and  Niger)  and  is  characterised  by  a  poorly 
developed  water 
infrastructure.  This  presents  significant  social,  economic, 
environmental and political risks. Furthermore, the region's low capacity to buffer the 
effects  of  hydrological  variability  generates  uncertainty  and  risks  for  economic 
activities.  As  water  becomes  scarce  in  the  face  of  rising  demand  and  Climate 
Change,  there  is  a  risk  of  potential  trans-boundary  water  conflicts,  which  will  likely 
constrain the region’s growth. 

The overall objective of the Commission through this EUR five million project, which 
is implemented by the JRC in collaboration with the Global Water Partnership, is to 
support  Economic  Green  Growth  and  Poverty  Reduction  in  the  three  African 
countries in order to foster peace and security and to ensure continued water supply 
to developing areas. 

There  are  two  specific  objectives.  First  to  establish  long-term  planning  of  the 
Cooperation  Framework  on  Water  for  Growth  in  the  trans-  boundary  Mékrou  River 
basin.  Second to develop an Integrated Water Resource Strategy for Green Growth 

72 

 
 
 
 
in  the  Mékrou  River  basin  involving  food  security,  appropriate  urban  and  rural 
development,  and  environmental  conservation  measures  to  meet  the  challenges  of 
climate change and promote investment in the water sector. 

MASE for improved maritime situational awarenessi  
Under the 10th EDF Programme to Promote Regional Maritime Security (MASE), the 
Joint  Research  Centre  (JRC)  started  in  2014  the  trial  implementation  of  a  software 
system  providing  maritime  situational  awareness  to  two  operational  centres  in  the 
Eastern Southern Africa - Indian Ocean region.   

The  MASE  programme  supports  the  implementation  of  the  Eastern  and  Southern 
Africa  –  Indian  Ocean  Regional  Strategy  and  Action  Plan,  which  was  adopted  in 
October  2010  in  Mauritius  to  fight  piracy  and  promote  maritime  security  by 
strengthening the capacity of the region. The EU is supporting the implementation of 
the  regional  strategy  with  EUR  37.5  million  mainly  to  develop  a  strategy  to  tackle 
piracy on land in Somalia; enhance judicial capabilities to arrest, transfer, detain and 
prosecute  piracy  suspects;  address  economic  impact  and  financial  flows  related  to 
piracy;  and  improve  national  and  regional  capacities  in  maritime  security  functions, 
including surveillance and coastguard functions. As part of the programme, the JRC 
implements the Piracy, Maritime Awareness and Risks (PMAR) project by running a 
pre‐operational trial providing the shipping traffic situation off East Africa in both real-
time  and  as  monthly  statistics  to  two  operational  centres  in  Kenya  and  the 
Seychelles.  

2.2.2.  South Africa 

Introduction  

Given the density of political and electoral activities throughout the year both in South 
Africa  (general  elections)  and  in  the  EU  (EP  elections  and  selection  of  a  new  EU 
leadership), both sides agreed to defer their seventh annual summit until the second 
semester of 2015.  

fundamental 

Nevertheless, 
intense  contacts  continued  and  culminated  with  a  week  of 
consultations at senior official level in Brussels in November (the South Africa week). 
This  week  included  the  EU-South  Africa  6th  Political  and  Security  Dialogue  Forum 
which remains an indispensable tool to discuss issues directly affecting the security-
development  nexus.  Human  rights, 
to  ensure  any  sustainable 
development,  were  discussed  in  depth  in  the  framework  of  the  2nd  formal  Human 
Rights  Dialogue.  The  plenary  of  the  14th  Joint  Cooperation  Council  (JCC)  gave  a 
chance  to  the  eighteen  formal  and  informal  sectorial  dialogues  to  report  on  their 
annual  activities.  In  this  context,  the  JCC  adopted  the  joint  progress  report  of  the 
development  dialogue  that  had  been  discussed  in  its  margins.  The  South  Africa 
National  Treasury,  Directorate-General 
for  Development  and  Cooperation  — 
EuropeAid, the EU Delegation  and the EIB presented the full range of ongoing and 
future activities in the field of development, stressing the many opportunities but also 
some  challenges  relating  to  cooperation.  These  intensive  consultations  on  a  wide 
range of issues in a year of transition have reinvigorated the Strategic Partnership. 

73 

 
 
 
 
 
A major milestone in our relations was the successful conclusion of the negotiations 
of the SADC Economic Partnership Agreement on 15 July 2014. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 
The 2013 6th EU-SA summit recognised that the attainment of the MDGs up to 2015 
and beyond remains one of the key development priorities; it was also agreed to take 
concrete  measures  to  implement  the  sustainable  development  commitments  of  the 
Rio+20  Conference  outcomes  and  to  consult  on  the  Post-2015  Development 
Agenda. 

The use of country systems has been high on the aid effectiveness agenda in South 
Africa and  the  EU  Delegation has  been  a good  performer  in  using  country  systems 
with 68 % of its aid committed in the period 2007-2013 in the form of budget support. 
In cases where country systems are not used, the SA government is fully involved in 
management  of  the  actions,  all  of  which  are  under  the  umbrella  of  the  National 
Development Plan 2030. 

Efforts  to  strengthen  donor  cooperation,  particularly  between  EU  Member  States 
present in South Africa, were maintained. The main donors hold ad hoc meetings for 
general coordination to avoid any duplication and overlaps. With the volume of aid to 
South Africa being low in relative terms, (less than 1 % of the government budget), 
the SA government saw a strategy to improve the division of labour to be of limited 
value.  

The Technical Cooperation and Official Development Assistance (ODA) Programme 
funded three assignments specifically important in the area of aid effectiveness and 
the implementation of ODA strategies: a review of trilateral development cooperation 
activities in South Africa; a review of philanthropy within South Africa; and a review of 
technical assistance models in South Africa. 

Implementation and results 

Development Cooperation 

to 

impact  South  Africa's  citizens' 

In  2014,  development  cooperation,  one  of  the  three  pillars  of  the  EU-SA  Trade, 
Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) strengthened later by a Strategic 
Partnership,  continued 
lives.  Development 
cooperation  between  the  European  Union  and  South  Africa  is  marked  by  the 
objective of ensuring that it brings added value through innovation, pilot programmes, 
capacity development, and the sharing of skills and knowledge laying emphasis not 
on the ‘heavy lifting’ that might be expected of ODA in other countries, but rather on a 
more  targeted  and  focused  approach  which  gives  space  to  the  Government  to 
identify  value  added  activities  or  initiatives,  providing  technical  assistance  in  areas 
where  this  form  of  assistance  is  most  appropriate,  and  complementing  these 
activities with support to civil society organisations.  

The  Multi-annual  Indicative  Programme  (MIP)  for  the  period  2014-2020  was 
approved in 2014 for an amount of EUR 241 million, making South Africa eligible for 
bilateral cooperation, as an exceptional case, including in view of the phasing out of 
development  grant  aid.  The  MIP  will  mainly  provide  support  to  the  three  prioritised 
areas  of  the  South  Africa  National  Development  Plan  2030:  employment  creation; 
education, training and innovation; and building the capacity of the State. 

Implementation activities and disbursements 

74 

 
 
In 2014, the EUR 26 million Teaching and Learning Development Sector programme 
was approved. This programme is the first under the new allocation for 2014-2020. At 
the  end  of  2013,  100  %  of  the  2007-2013  envelope  of  EUR  980  million  for  South 
Africa had been committed and total payments under this envelope were about EUR 
576 million by the end of 2014.  

The  support  for  an  ongoing  Primary  Education  programme  has  continued.  A 
disbursement  request  for  EUR  13  million  was  received  in  2014  and  is  to  be 
processed  in  2015.  The  programme  focuses  more  particularly  on  teaching  and 
learning  methods,  assessments  and  support  materials,  as  well  as  on  teacher 
education.  In  2014,  about  7.3  million  students  at  primary  school  level  had  been 
assessed  (through  the  Annual  National  Assessment  programme),  56  million 
workbooks  had  been  distributed  to  26  000  schools  in  the  country,  about  6  000 
students graduated from an initial teacher  education  university  programme, and the 
number  of  students  enrolled  in  initial  teacher  education  programmes  exceeded  21 
000.  

The National Development Policy Support Programme continued to progress well. A 
request  for  a  disbursement  of  EUR  52 million  under  the  general  budget  support 
(GBS)  component  was  received  in  2014  and  disbursed  in  early  2015.  The  GBS 
component  of  EUR  200  million  is  complemented  by  a  support  to  civil  society 
component  (EUR  20  million)  aimed  at  sustainable  environment,  skills  development 
and employment, and citizens in action; a capacity building project for public financial 
management (EUR 20 million); and a component to support the development of pro-
poor policies (EUR 10 million).  

Related  to  the  implementation  of  the  Employment  Creation  Programme  a  final 
payment  request  was  received  in  2014  and  EUR  25  million  was  disbursed  in  early 
2015.  Over  the  period  of  assessment  this  programmes  has  contributed  to  the 
achievements  of 
(340 000  work 
the  Expanded  Public  Works  Programme 
opportunities created), the Community Works Programme (186 000 participants, the 
majority  of  which  are  women  and  youth),  the  National  Skills  Fund  with  95 000 
learners trained, and the funding of 376 SMEs amongst others.   

The Infrastructure Investment Programme for South Africa (IIPSA) (EUR 100 million) 
was  launched  in  March  2014  through  a  media  event  involving  the  CEO  of  the 
Development  Bank  of  South  Africa  (DBSA)  and  the  Ambassadors  of  the  EU  and 
several EU Member States following the signing of a Financing Agreement with the 
SA government and a Delegation Agreement with the DBSA in late 2013. IIPSA aims 
at  supporting  the  big  infrastructure  plans  of  the  SA  government  through  project 
preparation  and  the  blending  of  EU  grants  with  loans  from  Development  Finance 
Institutions, notably DBSA, EIB, African Development Bank (AfDB) and Kreditanstalt 
für Wiederaufbau (KfW), and possibly private sector funding. Following a Request for 
Proposals  in  April  2014  screening  of  potential  projects  is  currently  ongoing,  with 
emphasis  on  ensuring  that  support  leads  to  actual  infrastructure  investments  taking 
place. 

In  terms  of  support  to  international  collaboration  through  higher  education,  and 
thanks  to  Erasmus  Mundus  programme  in  South  Africa,  about  540  South  African 
students and staff had benefitted from scholarships for mobility from South Africa to 
the EU since the programme began in 2011. Cooperation is now further strengthened 
under the new Erasmus+ programme. 

75 

 
 
Budget Support 

An evaluation of Budget Support (BS) in South Africa concluded that the BS to SA in 
the  period  2000-2011  represents  a  positive  experience  that  can  be  continued  and 
further  integrated  into  the  SA-EU  Strategic  Partnership.  BS  has  supported  policy 
innovation by enhancing specific innovative programmes, often with the participation 
of  Civil  Society  Organisations  (CSOs).  Sector  Budget  Support  (SBS)  funds  have 
created  strong  opportunities  to  test  policy  and  institutional  processes  through 
innovative and risk-taking initiatives.  

A  repeat  Public  Expenditure  and  Financial  Accountability  (PEFA)  assessment  has 
been  carried  out  in  2014.  It  found  that  fiscal  discipline  is  overall  very  solid  and 
resources are allocated according to priorities. Challenges remain to achieve efficient 
public service delivery.  

Dialogues under support programmes 

Dialogues  linked  to  the  different  support  programmes  on  the  whole  performed 
satisfactorily. Of particular note are the dialogues linked to the education programme, 
health programme, employment, justice, science and technology, and public financial 
management. 

A workshop on internationalisation of higher education arrived at the conclusion that 
an  annual  review  of  South  African  participation  in  EU  instruments  for  higher 
education  should  be  carried  out;  and  that  a  joint  study  on  college  lecturer  training 
should feed into future workshops on vocational educational training and teacher and 
lecturer professionalisation. 

In the area of employment and social affairs discussion has taken place in three main 
areas:  New  Skills  for  New  Jobs  in  Infrastructure;  National  Skills  Planning;  and 
Effective Delivery of Social Grants. An international conference on Manufacturing-led 
Growth  for  Employment  and  Equality  was  held  in  May  2014.  The  conference 
welcomed 350 participants who explored the link between issues of industrialisation, 
equity and employment, and the role of the manufacturing sector. 

Case Studies 

The Primary Health Care Policy Support Programme has supported in piloting of 
the  National  Health  Insurance,  notably  piloting  new  contracting  procedures  for  600 
private  sector  General  Practitioners  to  work  in  public  facilities;  strengthened  health 
systems (including the audit of all 4 210 primary health care facilities); the placement 
of  interns  in  all  nine  provincial  departments  of  health  to  strengthen  Public  Finance 
Management,  Human  Resources  management  and  IT.    The  Youth  Empowerment 
Programme  through  its  use  of  football  to  address  youth  related  challenges  has 
trained  162  instructors,  over  1 500  youth  coaches,  and  an  estimated  60 000  South 
Africans 
football 
in  a  programme  now  being  replicated  by  Provinces  and 
associations. 

The Employment Creation Programme has supported the nation-wide Community 
Works  Programme  which  has  been  replicated  and  scaled-up  and  is  expected  to 
create more than 1.5 million job opportunities by end of 2014.  Similarly the pilots in 
the Innovation for Poverty Alleviation programme have created over 600 jobs and 48 
small  businesses  in  areas  ranging  from  demonstration  agronomy  to  wireless  mesh 
networks. In addition, around 200 rural facilities reaching 20 000 school children have 

76 

 
 
been  connected  to  the  internet  through  the  Wireless  Mesh  Network.  Plans  are 
underway to replicate and draw lessons from these pilot programmes. 

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

Perspectives  

The EU will continue to implement its existing programmes in 2015.  

In  2016  the  new  Teaching  and  Learning  Development  Sector  programme will  show 
its first results in terms of research and initial design of professional qualifications for 
the  education  and  development  of  teachers  in  areas  such  as  early  childhood, 
primary,  special  needs  and  vocation  education  in  partnership  with  South  African 
universities.  

In  the  context  of  the  Strategic  Partnership,  people-to-people  and  institution-to-
institution contacts, exchange of information and knowledge and trilateral cooperation 
will  be  maintained  both  under  existing  programmes  and  the  TDCA  facility,  and 
subsequent programmes. 

In the preparation of the 2014-2020 Multi-annual Indicative Programme, the focus will 
be  on  the  areas  of  employment  creation,  public  administration  strengthening  and 
oversight, and support to dialogue initiatives.  

2.2.3.  Intra-ACP  (Africa,  Caribbean,  Pacific)  programmes,  including  water  and 
energy 
Under  the  10th  EDF,  EUR  2  895  million  was  allocated  to  intra-ACP  cooperation 
aiming to address the shared challenges facing African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) 
States  through  operations  benefiting  many  or  all  ACP  States.  In  2014,  the 
implementation of the last programmes identified under the 10th EDF strategy started, 
with  an  increased  focus  on  support  to  the  private  sector,  environment  and  climate 
change  and  disaster  risk  reduction.  In  parallel,  negotiations  on  the  11th  EDF  intra-
ACP strategy continued, focusing on identifying those key sectors where this type of 
cooperation brings added value and complementarity with other instruments, such as 
supporting global initiatives and promoting shared approaches to shared challenges.  

Highlights  of  the  programmes' achievements  in  2014  include  encouraging results  in 
the  field  of  improving  the  business  climate  for  ACP  entrepreneurs,  in  higher 
education and mobility of students between the European Union and ACP countries, 
the  promotion  of  activities  that  mitigate  the  impacts  of  climate  change  and 
illustrations on the key role that women play across all development sectors in ACP 
countries. 

In  many  ACP  countries,  private  sector  policies  and  regulatory  frameworks  have 
remained  insufficiently  developed.  In  this  context,  intra-ACP  cooperation  has 
intensified  its  contributions  to  the  promotion  of  a  business  enabling  and  investment 
friendly  climate,  notably  through  empowering  stakeholders  via  knowledge  transfer 

77 

 
 
 
and  supporting  public-private  dialogue  to  spur  economic  development  along  ACP 
policies and strategies. 

In  the  field  of  health,  intra-ACP  cooperation  has  translated  into  action  the  joint 
commitment  of  the  EU  and  ACP  countries  to  the  6th  MDG,  to  combat  HIV/Aids, 
malaria  and  other  diseases,  by  renewing  our  support  to  leading  global  health 
initiatives GAVI and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. These 
initiatives  have  a  direct  effect  on  ACP  citizens  through  increased  access  to  quality 
and  affordable  vaccines  and  treatments.  In  2014,  an  additional  1.3  million  people 
began  treatment  for  HIV  in  programmes  supported  by  the  GFATM.  More  than  4 
million  children  have  now  been  immunised  against  rotavirus  diarrhoea;  the 
pentavalent  vaccine  has  been  introduced  in  73  countries,  and  the  price  of  the 
pneumococcal vaccine has been significantly reduced.  

The  EU  is  a  strong  advocate  of  strengthening  health  systems  in  partner  countries. 
For  example,  in  the  framework  of  intra-ACP,  the  WHO,  the  European  Commission 
and ACP partnership on pharmaceutical policies contributes to increased availability 
and  quality  of  medicines  in  15  countries  through  sustainable  capacity  building 
activities.  

Access  to  and  quality  of  education  remains  key  issues  for  many  ACP  countries. 
Intra-ACP cooperation enables the EU and ACP countries to fully participate in global 
initiatives  in  the  field  of  education,  and  their  joint  commitment  to  the  Global 
Partnership for Education was renewed during the pledging conference in June. The 
partnership  is  the  only  multilateral  partnership  devoted  to  improving  access  and 
quality  in  education  and  has  enabled  22  million  more  children  to  access  primary 
school  since  2003,  including  greater  access  for  girls,  while  at  the  same  time 
improving  the  quality  of  education.  In  addition,  a  EUR  6  million  contribution  was 
made to the programme IFADEM that aims to enable long-distance training of 8 000 
teachers in four countries.  

In  parallel,  support  continued  to  higher  education  mobility  and  capacity  building 
programmes  like  Edulink,  involving  151  academic  institutions  in  43  ACP  countries, 
Intra-ACP  mobility  and  Erasmus  Mundus,  allowing  more  than  1  360  ACP  students 
and  university  staff  to  participate  in  mobility  schemes  so  far.  This  kind  of  support 
should  be  integrated  in  the  future  under  the  Erasmus+  programme  providing  a 
comprehensive umbrella for mobility and capacity building activities. 

Intra-ACP  supports  the  Global  Climate  Change  Alliance  that  offers  technical 
assistance  to  ACP  countries  in  tackling  challenges  related  to  climate  change.  To 
date the programme has provided assistance to organisations located in 20 different 
ACP  countries  on  a  wide  variety  of  topics.  For  example,  with  the  support  of  the 
programme  Community  Forests  Pemba  (CFP)  has  worked  with  Community  Forests 
International  to  initiate  community  tree-planting  throughout  Pemba,  Tanzania.  CFP 
has  worked  with  rural  Pembans  -  mainly  women  -  to  propagate  and  plant  over 
1 000 000 trees in 18 different communities. An innovative online platform for sharing 
news and best practices was launched in 2014.  

78 

 
 
  
  
Gender equality and women empowerment were important cross-cutting elements 
of many of the financed activities. The key role women play across all development 
sectors  in  ACP  countries  was  particularly  evidenced  by  the  study  ‘ACP  Women, 
Actors  of  Development’  undertaken  within  the  framework  of  the  joint  commitment 
towards  gender  equality  in  the  ACP-EU  Partnership  Agreement.  The  publication 
illustrated  the  vital  role  of  grassroots  organisations  in  the  realisation  of  women's 
rights,  and  their  contribution  to  equitable  and  sustainable  development.  The 
publication presented a comprehensive review of outstanding examples, challenges 
and  opportunities  across  the  ACP  countries  for  advancing  women's  rights,  while 
shedding  light  on  women's  agency  in  human  sustainable  development  as  a  critical 
factor  for  stimulating  learning,  knowledge  sharing  and  innovation  in  development 
programmes.  

Water and Sanitation 

In 2014, the remaining funds (EUR 2.5 million) of the Water Facility were contracted 
in two actions in West Africa (Sector dialogue support in Niger and implementation of 
the National Ebola Prevention Plan in Guinea Bissau) and in visibility actions for the 
water  sector  in  several  ACP  countries.  The  Final  Evaluation  of  the  Facility  for  both 
the  9th  and  10th  EDF  started  in  May  and  results  should  be  available  at  the  end  of 
2015.  In  its  response  to  the  Citizens'  Initiative,  (‘Water  and  sanitation  are  a  human 
right!')  the  Commission  suggested  that  it  will  “stimulate  innovative  approaches  for 
development assistance; promote sharing of best practices between Member States 
and identify new opportunities for cooperation”. For this purpose, results and lessons 
learned from projects financed under the Water Facility will be included. 

Energy 

In 2014, to meet the challenge of providing access to electricity in rural areas, the EU 
continued  to  support  energy  generation  projects  in  the  developing  ACP  countries. 
With  the  remaining  Energy  Facility  funds  specific  challenges  of  the  energy  poor 
including  in  several  fragile  states  were  addressed  through  31  rural  electrification 
projects  with  total  grants  amounting  to  EUR  153  million  benefitting  more  than  three 
million people directly and many more indirectly through the energy services provided 
to social and productive infrastructures. All these actions correspond to a total budget 
of approximately EUR 200 million (through co-financing support by applicants). 

MESA project 

The JRC is supporting the Monitoring for Environment and Security in Africa (MESA) 
project64,  which  was  proposed through the  Ouagadougou  Declaration  in  September 
2010  by  the  African  Union  Commission,  the  ACP  Secretariat  and  the  African 
Regional Economic Communities. The programme aims at continuing and reinforcing 
past initiatives for the use of Earth Observation data in Africa (namely Preparation for 
the  use  of  Meteosat  Second  Generation  in  Africa  (PUMA)  and  Africa  Monitoring  of 
the Environment for Sustainable Development (AMESD)) and paving the way to the 
forthcoming  Copernicus  (previously  GMES)  and  Africa  Initiative.  It  is  funded  by  the 
10th European Development Fund with a budget of EUR 37 million. In 2014, the JRC 
supported  the  establishment  of  the  key  centralised  components  of  the  project, 
including  the  definition  of  Service  Contract  for  Training  (EUR  3.0  million)  and  the 

64 http://mesa.au.int/mesa/ 

79 

 
 
                                                 
Supply Contract (EUR 3.5 million), and implemented the eStation 2.0 system, for the 
reception, post-processing and analysis of Earth Observation data in 47 sub-Saharan 
ACP countries to be delivered in the period 2015-2016. 

BIOPAMA project 

is  supporting 

the  establishment  of 

The  European  Commission,  with  support  of  JRC  and  IUCN  (International  Union  for 
four  Regional 
Conservation  of  Nature) 
Observatories  on  Protected  Areas  (two  in  Africa,  one  each  in  the  Caribbean  and 
Pacific) that aim to support decision makers and managers of protected areas in the 
planning  and  management  of  biodiversity.  The  observatories  were  designed  on  the 
lines of the Digital Observatory for Protected Areas (DOPA)65 developed by JRC and 
bring together all available information to promote oriented information collection and 
structured  information  to  develop  support  tools  for  decision  making.  In  this  context, 
the JRC developed contextual evaluation forms and processes in support of National 
Agencies and Parks managers. Unlike existing tools,  the new tools allow BIOPAMA 
agencies and field staff to improve their planning and to guide management activities. 
These tools were tested successfully in DRC and Gabon with the National Agencies 
(ICCN  and  ANPN)  and  have  been  adopted  as  internal  monitoring  tools.  The  first 
management  measures  have  already  been  adopted  on  the  basis  of  the  results 
obtained. ICCN and ANPN asked the BIOPAMA project  for support to complete the 
evaluation  of  all  national  networks  of  protected  areas  with  the  new  tools.  Finally,  in 
2014 the JRC carried out a comprehensive analysis of land cover changes incurred 
in the last 20 years in the 1 200 African Protected Areas larger than 100 km2. 

2.3.  Latin America & the Caribbean 

2.3.1.  Latin America 

Introduction  

EU-Central America relations were substantially reinforced with the entry into force of 
the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (May), the adoption by the Council 
of the EU Citizen Security Strategy for Central America and the Caribbean (July), and 
the holding of the first EU-Central America Association Council meeting (June).  

Negotiations  for  an  EU-Mercosur  Association  Agreement  continued  towards  an 
exchange  of  offers  on  goods,  services  and 
investment,  and  government 
procurement.  

In  February,  the  EU-Brazil  Summit  allowed  for  a  good  exchange  of  views  on  the 
overall state of play in the strategic partnership including trade and investment, SME 
cooperation, and science and technology. 

Discussions  on  the  options  for  modernising  the  EU-Mexico  Global  Agreement  and 
the EU-Chile Association Agreement, including new forms of cooperation, continued 
in 2014. 

Negotiations  for  Ecuador  to  join  the  Multi-Party  Trade Agreement  with  the  EU were 
concluded; the agreement was initialled in December. At the II High Level Dialogue 
meeting  in  Quito  (October),  the  EU  and  Ecuador  agreed  to  complement  this 

65 http://dopa.jrc.ec.europa.eu/  

80 

 
 
 
                                                 
agreement  with  a  Memorandum  of  Understanding  on  political  dialogue  and 
cooperation.  

Joint  Committees  with  Uruguay,  Central  America  and  Paraguay  took  place 
respectively 
in  Brussels 
in  Montevideo  (June),  Tegucigalpa  (October)  and 
(November).  

Multi-Annual Indicative Programmes (MIPs) for bilateral and regional cooperation for 
Latin  America  under  the  DCI  2014-2020  were  adopted  in  August  with  a  total 
indicative  allocation  of  EUR  2.4  billion.  This  includes  nine  bilateral  programmes66 
(worth approximately EUR 1.42 billion) and a regional programme (EUR 925 million 
in  total)67  encompassing  activities  at  continental  level  and  a  sub-component  for 
Central America. The EU assistance aims to address the evolving nature of the main 
challenges  faced  by  Latin  America  in  areas  such  as  social  cohesion,  sustainable 
management  of  natural  resources,  citizen  security,  as  well  as  private  sector 
development.  

Bilateral  and  regional  projects  and  programmes  totalling  EUR  255  million  were 
committed for Latin America in 2014. In terms of bilateral cooperation, 2014 saw the 
approval of the first eight programmes financed from the new MIPs in the context of 
Annual  Action  Programmes  2014  with  actions  at  the  Continental  level  and 
programmes in Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras.  

Commissioner  Piebalgs  visited  the  region  in  July  2014  with  visits  to  Ecuador  and 
Peru.  In  Ecuador  the  high  level  visit  included  meetings  with  the  Minister  of  Foreign 
Affairs, as well as Ministers of Education, Finance and Planning. The Commissioner 
also met with local authorities and civil society groups, and visited EU projects in the 
north of the country. In Peru the Commissioner met with high  level authorities such 
as  the  Prime  Minister,  the  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  and  the  Minister  of  Economy 
and  Finance.  He  also  visited  a  number  of  EU  projects  in  the  country,  including  one 
aimed  at  combating  chronic  child  malnutrition  and  providing  better  access  to  health 
and social services 

In  October  President  Juan  Orlando  Hernandez  of  Honduras  visited  Brussels  and 
signed  the  country's  Multi-Annual  Indicative  Programme  2014-2020  together  with 
President  Barroso  and  Commissioner  Piebalgs.  The  programme  has  an  overall 
allocation  of  EUR  223  million  and  will  focus  on  increasing  food  security  in  the 
country,  support  decent  employment  opportunities  and  citizen  participation  and 
accountability.  

Preparations started for the II Summit between the  EU and the Community of Latin 
American  and  Caribbean  States  (CELAC),  scheduled  for  Brussels  on  10-11  June 
2015, with the general theme  ‘Shaping our  common future: working for prosperous, 
cohesive  and  sustainable  societies  for  our  citizens’.  Work  to  implement  the  bi-
regional  Action  Plan  continued  in  fields  such  as  science  and  technology,  the  world 
drug problem, corporate social responsibility and migration. Significant progress was 
made  in  the  negotiations  for  giving  the  EU-LAC  Foundation  the  status  of  an 
International Organisation. 

66 Bolivia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Guatemala, El Salvador, Paraguay, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador. 
67 Includes a contribution to the Erasmus+ Programme 

81 

 
 
                                                 
In the area of Research and Innovation, under the seventh Framework Programme 
(FP7)  694  contracts  have  been  signed  with  Latin-America  and  over  26  with  the 
Caribbean  in the period 2007 to 2014 for an EU contribution of respectively around 
EUR 95million and EUR three million. 

Under  the  EU-CELAC  Joint  Initiative  for  research  and  innovation,  JIRI,  a  regular 
science,  technology  and  innovation  dialogue  has  been  established.  Progress  has 
been  made  as  regards  the  roadmap  and  five  thematic  working  groups  for 
implementing the initiative. 

From 2014, Erasmus+ is the main programme of cooperation with partner countries 
on higher education and youth. Erasmus+ provides financing to enable periods of 
study abroad and joint projects for capacity building in universities. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

The  Joint  Programming  process  continued  and  gained  pace  in  2014.  Guatemala 
pioneered with the adoption of the first joint strategy in the region. In this context, and 
thanks  to  an  intense  work  on  coordination  with  national  authorities  and  the  EU 
Member  States  and  Switzerland,  a  ‘European  Co-ordinated  Response’  was  jointly 
drafted in Bolivia and will serve as a basis for the joint EU Country Strategy. There is 
now  a formal commitment  by all  parties involved  to  move  to  full  Joint  Programming 
as from 2017, aligning EU programming cycles with Bolivian ones. It is expected that 
by  2017  all  countries  with  a  2014-2020  allocation  will  be  working  under  a  unified 
programming environment. 

In  2014  the  EU  has  been  working  towards  a  more  structured  dialogue  with  civil 
society  in  Latin  America,  particularly  along  the  lines  of  the  September  2012 
Commission Communication 'The roots of democracy and sustainable development: 
Europe's engagement with Civil Society in external relations'. In the framework of this 
Communication  the  majority  of  countries  in  the  region  developed  roadmaps  for  the 
strategic  engagement  of  EU  Delegations  and  Member  States  with  civil  society  at 
country level with the objective of improved impact, predictability and visibility of EU 
actions.  

It is important to highlight the relevance of thematic programmes for enhanced policy 
dialogue.  In  Honduras  for  example  the  active  participation  of  civil  society  in  the 
FLEGT  VPA  process  has  allowed  for  solid  consultation  and  has  given  impetus  and 
consistency to the process. Civil society turned out to be the most active participant 
in 
indigenous  peoples  have  been  granted  a 
representation of their own in the context of these negotiations.   

the  ongoing  negotiation  and 

In  this  respect  complementarity  between  thematic  and  bilateral  programmes  is 
progressively improving. The country evaluation report for cooperation with Bolivia in 
the  2007-2013  period  points  out  the  excellent  complementarity  that  has  been 
achieved  between  bilateral  programmes,  food  security  thematic  programme  and 
ECHO actions in the ground. It will be of high importance in the coming years to work 
further  on  enhancing  the  link  between  bilateral,  regional  and  thematic  programmes 
while maintaining sector concentration.   

82 

 
 
 
 
During 2014 the  EU  continued  the process of  dialogue  with  graduated countries  on 
new forms of international cooperation, particularly with Chile, Mexico and Uruguay, 
who show a keen interest in further engagement in this area. 

Working towards the MDGs 

According to the 2014 UN MDG report, the Latin America region has made notable 
progress towards achieving the nine MDGs. A number of them, for example MDG 1 
on  eradicating  extreme  poverty  or  MDG  2  on  universal  access  to  education,  are 
already virtually met. Nevertheless, like other regions, Latin America still lags behind 
in the MDGs associated with maternal health and access to sanitation. For example, 
adolescent  birth  rate  also  stayed  very  high  in  Latin  America,  at  86  births  per  1  000 
girls in 2011, the highest rate after Sub-Saharan Africa. 

Latin America has made significant progress towards meeting the targets included in 
the  MDGs,  but  the  recent  global  crisis  has  cast  doubts  about  the  possibility  of 
achieving them all by 2015. 

A  significant  part  of  the  progress  made  by  the  region  as  a  whole  in  advancing 
towards the MDGs, particularly with regard to reducing extreme poverty, took place in 
the six years prior to the global crisis (2002-2008). 

During  that  time,  Latin  America  had  relatively  high  growth  rates,  with  several 
countries  improving  income  distribution,  raising  per  capita  social  public  expenditure 
and applying macroeconomic policies that avoided a harsher impact of the crisis. 

However,  although  some  countries  have  attained  several  of  the  targets  and  others 
are  en  route  to  doing  so,  several  countries  will  have  difficulties  in  achieving  full 
compliance if they continue at the same rate of progress observed so far to 2015. 

With regard to the new Millennium target of achieving full and productive employment 
and  decent  work  for  all,  from  1990  to  2008,  the  indicators  have  evolved  relatively 
well,  although  the  low  productivity  growth  and  structural  heterogeneity  in  the  region 
have impeded real wages and income distribution from improving sustainably. 

Policy  recommendations  for  the  achievement  of  the  Millennium  Goals:  South-South 
cooperation,  including  the  principles  of  sustainable  development  in  the  national 
programmes,  closing  welfare  gaps,  implementing  productive  and  technological 
policies to encourage job-creation and improve income, and paying urgent attention 
to the most extreme situations of poverty and hunger, all essential to gaining equality 
in the region. 

The  region  has  progressed  85  %  in  reaching  the  goal  of  halving  extreme  poverty 
(MDG  1).  If  it  continues  at  this  rate,  Latin  America  could  achieve  this  objective  by 
2015.  In  education  (MDG  2),  Latin  America  progressed  significantly  in  terms  of 
coverage and access. Most countries have registration rates close to or over 90 %, 
similar  to  developed  countries.  However,  there  is  still  much  to  do  in  coverage  and 
quality of high school education. 

As for gender equality (MDG 3), the gaps with regard to men have diminished over 
the past 15 years, but the rate of progress has been slow. Three necessary pillars for 
attaining  gender  equality  have  been  identified:  economic  independence,  physical 
autonomy  and  participation  in  decision-making.  In  relation  to  the  right  to  health, 
expressed in MDGs 4,5 and 6, the health conditions of the population have no doubt 
improved, but progress is very unequal and heterogeneous and with regard to some 

83 

 
 
 
indicators, insufficient. For example, only one-third of countries may be able to meet 
the  goal  of  reducing  infant  mortality  by  50  %,  given  that  regional  progress  in  2009 
was 79 %. 

With  regard  to  MDG  7  referring  to  environmental  sustainability,  the  consumption  of 
ozone-depleting substances has diminished, the surface area of protected zones has 
increased  over  the  past  decade  and  coverage  of  potable  water  and  sanitation 
services has improved. In Latin America, the protected area coverage rose from 8.7 
%  to  20.3  %  between  1990  and  2012  with  the  EU  accompanying  the  process  in 
Nicaragua, Bolivia and Honduras.  

However, Latin America continues to have some of the highest deforestation rates in 
the world and carbon dioxide emissions have grown steadily. Regarding MDG 8 on 
fomenting a global partnership for development, the region made significant progress 
in its international insertion between 2005 and 2009, although the international crisis 
caused its exports to drop drastically. 

Implementation & results:  

Bilateral cooperation including budget support 

During  2014,  bilateral  development  cooperation  projects  were  carried  out  in  all  18 
countries  of  the  Latin  American  region  covered  by  the  Development  Cooperation 
Instrument  (DCI).  Commitments  amounted  to  EUR  185  million.  The  increase  in  the 
degree  of  social  cohesion  continued  to  be  one  of  the  main  concerns  of  EU 
interventions.  Particular  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  promotion  of  dialogue,  joint 
actions  and  partnerships  with  international  institutions  active  on  the  continent,  such 
as the Inter-American Development Bank, the Central American Bank for Economic 
Integration, and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean as 
well as the Organisation of American States. 

In  Brazil  during  2013,  cooperation  has  continued  to  be  implemented  successfully. 
Over 30 dialogues have been established so far between Brazil and the EU through 
the  implementation  of  the  ‘sector  dialogue  support  programme’.  This  process  has 
given a solid basis to the EU-Brazil Strategic Partnership. Brazil is also participating 
actively in EuropeAid funded Regional Programmes for Latin America and in the EU 
–  Mercosur  projects.  Moreover,  Innovation,  Science  and  Technology  including 
Information  Society  is  an  important  aspect  of  EU  –  Brazil  relations  and  many 
activities  are  being  financed  under  the  Research  Technology  and  Development 
(RTD)  Framework  Programme.  Brazil  has  also  benefited  from  the  Latin  American 
Investment Facility (LAIF). 

In  February,  the  EU-Brazil  Summit  allowed  for  a  good  exchange  of  views  on  the 
overall  state  of  play  in  the  strategic  partnership  i.e.  trade  and  investment,  SME 
cooperation, science and technology. 

In  Colombia,  the  support  programme  for  the  rural  development  sector  policy 
(EUR  39.2  million)  started  to  show  its  first  positive  results  in  terms  of  increased 
access  to  land  and  income  generation  for  the  rural  population,  access  to  housing, 
social protection and formalisation. 

In  Ecuador,  the  support  programme  to  the  Ecuadorian  Decennial  Education 
Plan  (Programa  de  Apoyo  al  Plan  Decenal  de  Educación  -  PAPDE),  was 

84 

 
 
successfully finalised with striking progress having been made, particularly in relation 
to the quality and access to education. 

Negotiations  for  Ecuador  to  join  the  Multi-Party  Trade Agreement  with  the  EU were 
concluded; the agreement was initialled in December. At the II High Level Dialogue 
meeting  in  Quito  (October),  the  EU  and  Ecuador  agreed  to  complement  this 
agreement  with  a  Memorandum  of  Understanding  on  political  dialogue  and 
cooperation.  

In  Bolivia,  the  EU  continued  the  positive  implementation  trend  with  two  new 
programmes in  the  area of  water  management for  a  total of  EUR 27 million.  These 
programmes  build  upon  the  very  successful  budget  support  programmes  in  the 
framework of which drinking water connections have been provided to more than 270 
000 people and basic sanitation to more than 100 000; also watershed management 
plans have been established for the main  five river basins in Bolivia covering some 
15  %  of  the  national  territory  and  60  %  of  the  Bolivian  population.  A  major 
programme of EUR 60 million was approved in support of the implementation of the 
Bolivian  ‘National  Strategy  against  Illicit  Drug  Trafficking  and  Reduction  of  Surplus 
Coca  Cultivation  2011-2015’  in  an  environment  of  social  peace  and  respect  for 
human  rights.  This  programme  also  builds  upon  the  successful  experience  with 
alternative development programmes in Bolivia: a 26 % net reduction in four years of 
coca cultivated surface area in the country and in the absence of conflict and 7 % of 
people in coca growing areas moved above the poverty line. 

In Peru, the programme supporting the implementation of the National Anti-Drug 
Strategy  2012-2016  (EUR  32.3  million)  was  officially  signed  and 
first 
disbursement was made during Commissioner Piebalgs’ visit to the country in July. 

the 

In  Costa  Rica,  a  range  of  projects  were  successfully  implemented  to  support  the 
integration  of  the  country  into  regional  and  global  markets  as  well  as  to  take 
advantage  of  the  opportunities  offered  by  the  EU  –  Central  America  Association 
Agreement.  

In  Guatemala,  the  EU  confirmed  its  support  to  the  country  by  allocating  EUR  25 
million  to  enhance  the  competitiveness  and  trade  capacity  of  MSMEs  and 
Cooperatives. This project will contribute to reducing poverty by promoting inclusive 
and  sustainable  economic  growth  and  enhance  MSMEs  and  cooperative's 
competitiveness  for  compliance  with  market  requirements.  Furthermore,  the  EU 
continued  its  support  to  Rural  Development  Policy  contributing  to  reduce  poverty  in 
selected  rural  areas  by  promoting  smallholders’  agriculture  and  sustainable 
agricultural  practices.  Some  100  000  rural  people  or  16  500  families  in  22 
municipalities are expected to benefit from the programme.  

In Honduras, with the new ‘EuroSAN’ programme with an EU contribution of EUR 30 
million  will  support  15  000  families  in  the  Dry  Corridor  to  improve  their  agricultural 
practices and increase their food security by increasing their strategic grain reserves. 
A special emphasis  will  be  put  on improving  the  nutritional  status  of  the  families,  in 
particular reducing children malnutrition by means of establishing nutrition and health 
extension  systems  in  each  municipality.  Further  to  this,  the  EU  is  launching  a  EUR 
11.6  million  'Euro  +  Labour'  project  with  the  aim  to  increase  the  capacity  of  the 
Honduran  government  to  systematically  promote  decent  employment,  reducing 
underemployment  and  unemployment.  One  of  the  components  of  the  project  will 

85 

 
 
specifically target returning young migrants by providing targeted vocational training 
to enable their prompt reintegration into society and provide them with an alternative 
to the youth gangs.  

In Mexico the second phase of the EU-Mexico Social Cohesion Laboratory began its 
implementation. The project worth EUR 22 million is developing activities on human 
rights, security, access to justice and the prevention of social exclusion, especially in 
the  states  of  Oaxaca  and  San  Luis  Potosi.  The  EU  and  Mexico  started  to  work  to 
upgrade  their  relations  during  2013,  in  particular  by  modernising  the  Global 
Agreement signed in 2000 which covers political, trade and cooperation areas. 

In  Nicaragua,  two  projects  were  formulated  during  2014  under  the  new  MIP  2014-
2020.  One  project  contributes  to  building  capacity  for  a  more  effective  and  efficient 
implementation  of  public  policies  in  the  sectors  of  concentration  of  EU  cooperation. 
The other project contributes to the development of more productive cattle breeds.  

In  Paraguay,  cooperation  continued  with  smooth  implementation.    According  to  the 
statistics published in 2014, extreme poverty nearly halved between 2011 and 2013 
(from 18 % to 10 % of the population). Confirming that social policies initiated by the 
government  and  supported  by  the  EU,  combining  social  services,  employment 
creation and conditional cash transfers have had a major impact on the reduction of 
poverty.  In  October  2014,  the  EU  organised  the  first  EU  Forum  of  Investments  in 
Paraguay. The Forum was a big success with 560 people attending, of which more 
than 150 were from the EU private sector and nearly 300 Paraguay business people. 

Negotiations  for  an  EU-Mercosur  Association  Agreement  continued  towards  an 
investment,  and  government 
exchange  of  offers  on  goods,  services  and 
procurement.  

Discussions  on  the  options  for  modernising  the  EU-Mexico  Global  Agreement  and 
the EU-Chile Association Agreement, including new forms of cooperation, continued 
in 2014. 

Joint  Committees  with  Uruguay,  Central  America  and  Paraguay  took  place 
respectively 
in  Brussels 
in  Montevideo  (June),  Tegucigalpa  (October)  and 
(November).  

In  Central  America,  cooperation  focused  on  supporting  the  implementation  of  the 
EU-Central  American  Association  Agreement.  During  2014  the  identification  of  an 
ambitious  operation  supporting  the  fight  against  the  coffee  rust  plague  currently 
affecting  the  region  began.  It  is  expected  that  this  action  will  be  approved  during 
2015. 

EU-Central America relations were substantially reinforced with the entry into force of 
the Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (May), the adoption by the Council 
of the EU Citizen Security Strategy for Central America and the Caribbean (July), and 
the holding of the first EU-Central America Association Council meeting (June).  

In the area of regional programmes, three initiatives were approved in 2014 for an 
amount  approaching  EUR  70  million:  Al-Invest  5.0  will  continue  to  support  SME 
development  in  the  region  with  its  proven  track  record.  COPOLAD  II  promoting 
coordination on drugs policies between Latin America and the European Union and 
now  including  a  sub  programme  for  work  on  drug  precursors,  and  an  allocation  for 
the Latin America Investment Facility, LAIF.  

86 

 
 
Ongoing  Latin  American  programmes  include:  Erasmus  Mundus  Action  II,  which 
contributes to the promotion of partnerships and institutional cooperation exchanges 
between  higher  education  institutions  from  Europe  and  Latin  America  as  well  as 
supporting  students  and  academics  mobility,  and  EUROCLIMA  which  is  an  EU  - 
Latin  America  climate  change  programme  aiming  at  knowledge  sharing,  fostering 
structured and regular dialogue at all levels, and ensuring synergies and coordination 
of current and future actions. 

The  Latin  America Investment  Facility  (LAIF)  and  the  Caribbean  Investment  Facility 
(CIF)  continued  in  2014  to  be  efficient  tools  to  foster  inclusive  socioeconomic 
development and grew in volume by supporting the implementation of key projects in 
the strategic areas of water and sanitation, energy, transport and SMEs.  Their mixed 
nature, blending grants and loans, allowed LAIF and to a certain extent the younger 
CIF  instrument,  to  create  a  leverage  effect  channelling  additional  funds  into 
investments which could not otherwise be financed. The EU contribution to the LAIF 
amounts so far is EUR 196.6 million, which mobilized more than EUR 5 billion in 25 
projects  in  Latin  America.  For  CIF,  four  projects  have  been  approved  so  far,  for  a 
total  amount  of  EUR  35  million.  The  initial  budget  for  CIF  of  EUR  40  million  was 
increased with the allocation of an extra EUR 30 million from the National Indicative 
Programme of Guyana.  

Several programmes in the region entered their last year of implementation. Among 
these is the EU-FLEGT action plan implemented in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador and 
Peru to reduce illegal logging and to improve forest governance 

Budget  support  programmes  represent  almost  20  %  of  bilateral  cooperation  in 
Latin  America  committed  in  2014  with  actions  approved  in  Bolivia.  The  majority  of 
budget  support  operations  in  the  region  are  in  the  form  of  sector  reform  contracts. 
The main areas supported include rural and territorial development, food security and 
security. Budget Support programmes have made a substantial contribution towards 
the achievement of the development goals for Latin American countries 

Case studies 

Alternative Development in Bolivia 

The  Chapare  region had become  one  of  the  main sources of  cocaine production in 
the world during the 1990s. The pressure of the international community, mainly from 
the  US,  for  compulsory  eradication  of  coca  plants  generated  social  instability. 
Eradication usually meant leaving peasant families without any source of income or 
alternative  opportunities  given  their  high  illiteracy  rates  and  precarious  livelihoods. 
Eventually,  this  situation  had  driven  them  to  move  their  crops  deeper  into  the 
Amazonian lowland. The European Commission, through its Alternative Development 
Programme  in  the  region,  has  worked  to  modify  production  patterns  based  on  illicit 
coca  crops,  strengthening  State  presence  in  the  region  and  improving  people’s 
opportunities.  The  Commission  has  highlighted  the  importance  of  alternative 
productive  activities,  basic  social  infrastructure  building,  local  institutional  capacity 
building,  land  recognition  (by  giving  legal  property  titles  to  the  owners)  and 
environmental awareness raising. 

30 000 Quetchua and Aymara peasant families benefited from the programme and 3 
783 people received national identity cards. 108 schools, hospitals, roads and other 
basic service infrastructures were built and school enrolment rose 13 %. 1 550 ha of 

87 

 
 
land  was  reforested  and  11  607  families  received  land  titles.  There  was  a  marked 
increase  in  the  employment  rate  and  the  volume  of  exports  with  892  soft  loans 
granted to families. Eco-tourism has become a new source of income: the number of 
visitors has risen by 10.3 % since the beginning of the programme in 1998. 

Ecuador –PAPDE  

In  2008,  the  European  Union  launched  its  support  programme  to  the  Ecuadorian 
Decennial  Education  Plan  (Programa  de  Apoyo  al  Plan  Decenal  de  Educación  - 
PAPDE),  which  had  two  phases  and  a  total  budget  of  EUR  75  million.  The  last 
disbursement  was  made  in  December  2014.  Over  the  years,  striking  progress  has 
been made, particularly in relation to the quality of and access to education. 

The illiteracy rate in Ecuador has been constantly decreasing thanks to a large-scale 
literacy campaign in Spanish and Quichua (illiteracy rate in 2013: 6.71 % vs. 7.76 % 
in 2009). Today more Ecuadorian children than ever have access to basic education; 
in 2013, 96.14 % of all children of the corresponding age were at school with an ever 
reducing gap between urban and rural enrolments.   

Peru-European 

The  EU  development  cooperation  has  produced  very  positive  results  in  Peru  in 
improving  public  governance.  In  particular  the  budget  support  to  the  policy  against 
child  malnutrition  EUROPAN  (EUR  60.8  million)  has  not  only  been  effective  (the 
prevalence  of  malnutrition  among  young  children  dropped  from  23.3  %  in  2010  to 
14.1  % 
the 
in  mid-2014),  but  has  also  generated  direct  added  value 
implementation  of  the  national  social  inclusion  policies  and  improvement  of  public 
finance management (PFM) by targeting of public spending on the poorest,  through 
'Incentive  by  results'  methodology 
the  efficiency  of  public  policy 
implementation,  and  adding  value  for  the  improvement  of  PFM  at  national  and 
regional  levels  in  order  to  bring  more  transparency  and  accountability.  This  EU 
to  establish  a  national 
innovative  budget  support  helped 
Performance  Incentive  Fund  (Fondo  de  Estimulo  al  Desempeño)  to  foster  more 
efficient and result oriented social inclusion programmes at sub-national level, giving 
financial  and  operational  sustainability  to  the  EU  funding.  During  2014  the 
Performance Incentive Fund was further strengthened with additional resources and 
enlarged to 19 regions. 

the  government 

improving 

in 

EUROsociAL 

More  than  32  000  children,  mostly  from  poor,  vulnerable  families  in  high-risk 
situations are cared for by the National Network for Child Care and Development in 
Costa  Rica,  which  provides  food  services  and  educational  stimulation.  With  this 
initiative,  the  government  of  Costa  Rica,  in  addition  to  facilitating  the  inclusion  of 
women  in  the  labour  market  and  preventing  school  dropouts,  recognises  child  care 
as a right of children, and therefore as a public service that the State should offer.  

88 

 
 
 
 
 
 
This  is  just  one  of  more  than  100  examples  where  EUROsociAL,  the  EU's 
programme  for  social  cohesion  in  Latin  America,  has  provided  key  inputs  for  the 
implementation of this public policy. During the drafting of the law that enshrines this 
initiative,  EUROsociAL  facilitated  visits  and  information  so  that  Costa  Rican 
institutions  knew  first-hand  how  various  models  of  public  action  work  in  different 
European countries.  

EUROsociAL mobilises the knowledge of key European institutions and practitioners 
from public administrations by making use of innovative and modern methodologies 
like  peer 
institutional 
partnerships between public institutions.  

learning,  South-South  and 

triangular  cooperation  or 

Improvement of urban public transport  

This programme, financed under LAIF and executed in Ecuador, Peru, Panama and 
Mexico,  aims  at  improving  urban  public  transport  systems  (transport  infrastructure 
and technologies).  

The programme will contribute to address the issue of increasing mass urbanisation 
in  Latin  America.  Positive  outcomes  are:  availability  of  better  urban  transportation 
within  the  selected  cities,  reduced  level  of  air  and  noise  pollution  and  traffic 
congestion, reduced travel time for citizens, tangible reduction of CO2 emissions, and 
easier  access  to  essential  services.  It  is  estimated  that  the  programme  will  impact 
favourably upon a population of some 35 million people.  

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

EUROCLIMA phase 2 

The Joint Research Centre, with the support of Directorate-General for Development 
and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid,  is  carrying  out  the  EUROCLIMA  second  phase 
project in Latin America from 2014-2016. The food security issue in a broader sense 
is being tackled from the technical and scientific point of view in order to contribute to 
climate change mitigation and adaptation measures. This is being done through three 
principal  lines  of  action:  reinforcing  agriculture’s  capacity  to  mitigate  the  effects  of 
and  adapt 
to  climate  change;  disseminating  and  deepening  knowledge  on 
desertification, land degradation and drought; and refining and applying bio-physical 
models for crop growth simulation, yield estimation and agricultural systems analysis 
under  climate  change. The  general  objective  of  the  project  is  to  facilitate  the 
integration of climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and measures into 
Latin American public development policies and plans at national and (sub) regional 
levels. The better understanding obtained regarding the current and future trends of 
desertification and drought as well as of crop yield estimation will allow the different 

89 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Latin American stakeholders to have a solid basis for drafting proposals for mitigation 
and  adaptation  actions  that  will  reduce  the  effect  of  climate  change  in  land 
degradation in general, and specifically in food security. The project is developing a 
number of models and tools that are relevant for the monitoring and understanding of 
the  biophysical  aspects  of  desertification,  land  degradation  and  drought,  and 
estimating  crop  yield  changes  in  a  changing  climate.  In  this,  the  relevance  of  the 
models  and  tools  for  food  security  will  be  an  important  criterion.  The  products 
developed in the first phase of EUROCLIMA will be maintained through the DLDD68 
information  system  that  is  in  place  and  new  tools  and  continental  products  will  be 
added  to  the  system.  A  number  of  workshops  and  training  courses  are  also  being 
organised  by  the  JRC  together  with  local  partners  in  order  to  contribute  to  capacity 
building and South-South cooperation. 

2.3.2.  Caribbean  

Introduction  
2014  was  a  crucial  year  for  the  programming  of  the  11th  EDF.  In  the  spirit  of  the 
‘Agenda  for  Change’,  the  National  Indicative  Programmes  for  all  countries  in  the 
region, except the Bahamas, were drafted and signed. Only the Bahamas no longer 
receive  EU  bilateral  development  cooperation.  The  bulk  of  the  partner  countries  in 
the  region  that  have  reached  the  status  of  middle  income  country  have  received 
reduced  allocations.  Only  Haiti,  Belize  and  Suriname  saw  their  bilateral  funding 
envelopes increased.  

Despite these changes, the overall allocation to the Caribbean remain stable around 
EUR one billion, largely thanks to a significant increase of the regional envelope that 
will  also  include  a  sizeable  allocation  to  the  Caribbean  Investment  Facility  (CIF). 
There  was  great  progress  made  on  the  preparation  of  the  Caribbean  Regional 
Indicative Programme. Its finalisation along three priority sectors is expected for the 
first half of 2015. 

The  EU  also  approved  the  programming  document  for  Cuba,  which  is  mainly 
supported by the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI). 

Three projects under the Caribbean Investment Facility were provisionally approved 
in  2014,  with  a  CIF  contribution  of  EUR  14.25  million,  for  interventions  in  Belize, 
Suriname and the East Caribbean. 

Haiti has overcome the most urgent humanitarian and reconstruction needs after the 
earthquake  that  hit  the  country  in  January  2010  thanks  to  international  aid. 
Nevertheless,  it  remains  the  poorest  country  in  the  region  and  a  priority  country  for 
the EU. The budget support programme of EUR 112 million under the State Building 
Contract,  adopted  in  late  2013,  was  signed  in  March  2014.  A  first  disbursement  of 
EUR  30  million  was  made  in  June  2014.  The  programme  aims  at  achieving  better 
public  financial  management  and  public  administration  reforms,  with  a  particular 
focus on the education sector. The European Court of Auditors published its Special 
Report  on  EU  support  for  rehabilitation  following  the  earthquake  in  Haiti  (of  12 

68 http://edo.jrc.ec.europa.eu/scado 

90 

 
 
 
                                                 
January 2010). The Court concluded that EU support was well designed and that the 
Commission addressed priority rehabilitation needs.  

Regarding Cuba, in April 2014, the Council approved the negotiation mandate to the 
Commission  towards  a  Political  Dialogue  and  Cooperation  Agreement  with  Cuba. 
Negotiations  started  at  the  end  of  April  2014  in  Havana  and  a  second  round  of 
negotiation  took  place  in  October  2014  in  Brussels.  The  Political  Dialogue  and 
Cooperation  Agreement  will  encompass  the  full  scope  of  relations  between  the  EU 
and Cuba: political dialogue, cooperation, economic relations and trade. 

The  President  of  the  European  Council  Herman  Van  Rompuy  visited  Haiti  and  the 
Dominican Republic in July 2014 and signed the two National Indicative Programmes 
2014-2020. During his visit a trilateral meeting sponsored by the EU was held where 
the Dominican President and his Haitian counterpart agreed to tighten relations and 
work ‘shoulder to shoulder’ for the strengthening of the two countries. President Van 
Rompuy also inaugurated the new EU Delegation in Port-au-Prince. 

The EU strategy on citizen security in Central America and the Caribbean, based on 
a joint proposal from the High Representative for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy 
and  the  European  Commission  was  adopted  on  30  July  2014.  The  strategy  offers 
support  by  combining  political  dialogue,  coordinated  capacity  building  and  closer 
cooperation  with  international  partners.  Commissioner  Piebalgs  commented  that 
insecurity  threatened  EU  development  policies  and  was  as  a  major  obstacle  to 
development. 

From  1-4  September  2014  the  third  International  Conference  on  Small  Island 
Developing States (SIDS) took place in Apia, Samoa, under the overarching theme: 
‘The  sustainable  development  of  Small  Island  States  through  genuine  and  durable 
partnerships.’ The Conference brought together Heads of State and Government and 
high-level  representatives  of  civil  society  and  relevant  stakeholders.  Commissioner 
Piebalgs delivered among others a statement at the Plenary Session on behalf of the 
EU  and  Member  States.  All  Caribbean  countries  are  SIDS  and  have  undertaken  to 
have their status recognised by the international community in order to better design 
cooperation and raise awareness of the negative impact of Climate Change. 

In  September  2014  Commissioner  Piebalgs  signed  a  joint  declaration  on  reinforced 
cooperation  with  the  Inter-American  Development  Bank  (IDB)  and  the  Kingdom  of 
Spain in the field of renewable energy and energy efficiency in the Caribbean region. 
The  joint  EU,  Spanish  and  IDB  declaration  was  signed  at  the  margins  of  the  UN 
Climate Summit in New York. The interest of the parties is to increase coordination 
and  scale-up  investments  in  the  field  of  renewable  energy  and  energy  efficiency  in 
view  of  supporting  Caribbean  countries  to  achieve  their  energy  and  sustainable 
development goals.  
On 18-19 November 2014, the 4th Trade and Development Committee (TDC) under 
the  EU-CARIFORUM  EPA  agreement  was  convened  in  Brussels.  The  4th  TDC 
meeting marked an important milestone due to the fact that the first five yearly review 
report commissioned by DG Trade was presented and highlighted the achievements 
and challenges encountered in the first five years of EPA implementation. In addition, 
the  Meeting  was  immediately  preceded  by  the  First  Meeting  of  CARIFORUM-EU 
Consultative Committee which was the last of the main institutions of the EPA to be 
convened. 

91 

 
 
Some years after the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) has come into effect, 
many  of  the  CARIFORUM  commitments  in  terms  of  institutional  and  administrative 
arrangements  have  started  to  be implemented.  The  EU  has fulfilled its  commitment 
to  enable  virtually  all  exports  from  the  CARIFORUM  countries  to  access  the  EU 
market duty-free and quota-free. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

The  level  of  EU  coordination  on  development  cooperation  in  the  Caribbean  region 
varies  from  country  to  country.  The  CARICOM  (Caribbean  Community)  Secretariat 
remains  delegated  by  the  Caribbean  Member  States  to  coordinate  international, 
regional  and  national  institutions  to  achieve  the  objectives  of  the  CARICOM 
Community on Aid Effectiveness, and to ensure the participation of civil society and 
the private sector.  

Moreover, there is increased coordination and dialogue through senior level meetings 
to set priorities and ensure effective coordination of EU cooperation activities in the 
field. The preparation process of the 11th EDF programming documents in 2014, via 
the  National  Indicative  Programmes  (NIPs),  has  represented  a  good  opportunity  to 
strengthen donors’ coordination in the region through consultation with the key actors 
involved  including  governments,  civil  society,  the  private  sector,  and  financial 
institutions. In Haiti, the EU coordinated closely in order to ensure complementarities. 

Working towards the MDGs 

The Caribbean has made very positive progress and achieved several MDG targets. 
According to the UN's Millennium Development Goals Report 2014, among the MDG 
targets  reached  by  the  Latin  America  and  Caribbean  region  (few  separate  data  for 
the Caribbean are available) are halving extreme poverty and halving the proportion 
of undernourished children, with the proportion of underweight children under the age 
of five declining from 7 % to 3 % from 1990 to 2012.  

The region also reached the drinking water target five years ahead of schedule, with 
the proportion of the population using an improved water source increasing from 85 
%  to  94  %  between  1990  and  2012.  The  region  is  also  very  close  to  achieving  the 
target  of  halving  the  proportion  of  the  population  without  basic  sanitation.  Latin 
America and the Caribbean has achieved parity in primary education between boys 
and girls, and is the only developing region in which gender disparity favours girls in 
both secondary and tertiary education. 

Latin America and the Caribbean also has the highest share of women in parliament 
among  developing  regions.  In  2014,  women  occupied  26  %  of  seats  in  national 
parliaments,  up  from  15  %  in  2000.  This  is  also  higher  than  the  average  share  in 
developed countries, which is 25 %.  

Of  all  developing  regions,  the  Caribbean  has  seen  the  sharpest  decline  in  the 
number  of  people  newly  infected  with  HIV.  Latin  America  and  the  Caribbean  have 
also reduced their under-five mortality rate by 65 % between 1990 and 2012, bringing 
them  closer  to  achieving  their  target.  The  mortality  rate  for  children  under  five 
dropped from 54 deaths per 1 000 live births in 1990 to 19 in 2012.  

Coverage  of  pre-natal  care  in  the  Caribbean  is  one  of  the  highest  among  all 
developing regions: in 2012, as many as 80 % of pregnant women received at least 

92 

 
 
 
four  antenatal  care  visits  during  their  latest  pregnancy.  The  adolescent  birth  rate  in 
the Caribbean declined from 80 births per 1 000 girls in 1990 to 69 in 2011. 

Still,  Haiti  continues  to  be  the  country  in  this  region  that  is  well  behind  the  average 
level in achieving the MDGs. 

Implementation & results 

Bilateral cooperation 
Because 2013 was the last year for committing 10th EDF funds and 11th EDF funds 
will only become available in early 2015, no new commitments were made in 2014.  

Payments for 2014, however, increased significantly reaching EUR 232 million. This 
represented a 42 % increase with respect to 2013 (EUR 163 million paid).  In 2013, a 
significant  number  of  projects  were  adopted.  Many  of  the  respective  Financing 
Agreements  were  subsequently  signed  in  2014.  The  EDF  funded  interventions 
covering a large number of sectors from securing sea and river defences in Guyana, 
Public  Finances  Reform  programme  in  Jamaica  and  a  EUR  112  million  budget 
support operation (State Building Contract) in Haiti focusing on key state reforms and 
the delivery of basic services and education. Besides ensuring the implementation of 
these new and ongoing actions, the emphasis was also on preparing future 11th EDF 
actions. 

Funding  under  the  Sugar  and  Banana  accompanying  measures  came  to  an  end  in 
2013. In 2014, the measures for the implementation of the projects and programmes 
under  these  facilities  were  taken.  Payments  under  the  Accompanying  Measures  for 
Sugar Protocol countries (AMSP) were  EUR 50.5 million in  2014, decreasing by 36 
% compared to EUR 79 million in 2013. The beneficiary countries included Barbados, 
Belize, Guyana, Jamaica and St Kitts and Nevis and Trinidad and Tobago. 

As for the Banana Accompanying Measures (BAM) undertaken from 2012-2013 and 
its  predecessors,  the  Special  System  of  Assistance  (SSA  from  1994-1999)  and  the 
Special  Framework  of  Assistance  (SFA  from  1998-2008),  payments  in  2014  were 
EUR  8.5  million  decreasing  by  15  %  in  comparison  with  2013.  Belize,  Dominica, 
Dominican  Republic,  Jamaica,  St.  Lucia,  St.  Vincent  and  the  Grenadines,  and 
Suriname benefited from BAM payments. 

Budget Support 

No new  budget support programmes (commitments) were made in 2014 due to the 
reasons explained above. 

Budget  Support  programmes  represent  almost  59  %  of  bilateral  cooperation  with 
Caribbean  ACP  states  under  EDF  funds  and  80  %  of  budget  (sugar  and  banana 
related) in 2014, with budget support programmes approved mainly in Haiti, Guyana, 
Jamaica,  Dominican  Republic,  Barbados  and  Trinidad  and  Tobago.  Sectors 
supported  through  budget  support  included  modernisation  of  the  state,  education, 
modernisation of the sugar sector, human resource development and environment. 

In 2014, a total of EUR 136 million was disbursed in Budget Support programmes to 
the Caribbean. EUR 100 million was EDF funds and EUR 36 million from the sugar 
budget line. 50 % of the programmes disbursed were budget programmes supporting 
specific  sectors  such  as  education,  the  sugar  sector,  civil  society  and  local 
authorities. 25 % of the programmes supported general development and economic 

93 

 
 
transformation  policies.  The  remaining  25  %  was  destined  to  a  State  Building 
Contract  with  Haiti  aiming  to  continue  the  reconstruction  and  development  of  Haiti 
after  the  2010  earthquake.  This  State  building  contract  supports  the  public 
administration  and  decentralisation  of  Haiti,  education  and  more  efficient  and 
transparent public finances management.  

to  EITI 

EU support to the region has showed progress in more transparent and accountable 
management  of  public  finances.  For  instance,  the  European  Union  has  been 
assisting  Trinidad  and  Tobago  to  implement  the  EITI  Standard  and  to  achieve  full 
compliance 
International  membership. EITI  promotes  openness  and 
accountable management of natural resources internationally.  As a global standard, 
it  seeks  to  strengthen  governments  and  companies,  inform  debate  and  engender 
public  trust  in  the  management  of  a  country's  natural  resources.  The  EU  has  also 
been collaborating with Trinidad and Tobago on how the EITI standard can be used 
to mitigate the impact on Climate Change.    

With  EU-funded  Budget  Support,  the  Government  of  Jamaica  has  made  significant 
progress in the implementation of the Jamaica Country Strategy for the adaptation of 
the  sugar  industry  in  all  three  objectives,  in  particular  regarding  improvements  in 
productivity  of 
industry,  social  mitigation  of  staff  reduction,  economic 
diversification of young farmers, revision of the institutional and regulatory framework 
to promote renewable energy and progress towards environmental goals. 

the 

Regional Cooperation 
The  last  three  Financing  Agreements  under  the  10th  EDF  Caribbean  regional 
indicative  programme  were  signed  in  2014,  following  the  respective  decisions  and 
commitments  in  2013.  This  meant  that  the  total  allocation  of  EUR  165  million  was 
committed.  These  projects  concerned  the  ‘Wider  Caribbean  Programme’  aimed  at 
promoting cooperation between the Caribbean region and other neighbouring regions 
including  the  French  Outermost  Regions;  the  ‘CARIFORUM  Crime  and  Security 
Cooperation  Programme’  promoting  a  holistic  approach  to  the  overall  safety  of 
citizens  and  the  improvement  of  the  security  environment  in  the  region;  and  the 
programme on ‘Support to facilitate participation of CARIFORUM Civil Society in the 
Regional Development and Integration process’ partially linked to the implementation 
of the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA). 
In 2014, the region and the EU have focused on the implementation of the 10th EDF 
and also the preparation of the 11th EDF Caribbean Regional Indicative Programme 
(CRIP).  The  indicative  allocation  for  the  regional  programme  is  EUR  346  million, 
including  a  substantial  amount  for  the  Caribbean  Investment  Facility.  During  2014, 
complex  negotiations  with  CARIFORUM  have  been  undertaken  which  will  allow  the 
successful conclusion and signature of the CRIP by mid-2015  

Case study (bilateral programmes) 

In Jamaica, the Security Sector Reform Programme (EUR 33 million) focused on the 
reform of the Jamaica Constabulary Force (JCF) with accompanying measures in the 
justice  sector.  One  major  direct  outcome  was  the  transformation  of  the  police  force 
with  the  implementation  of  the  JCF  anti-corruption  strategy.  The  police  force  has 
been  able  to  retire  or  dismiss  a  number  of  police  personnel  who  were  involved  in 
corrupt behaviour and the police force now has a zero tolerance policy. 

The  refurbishment  activities  at  the  Police  Training  College  have  resulted  in  a  40  % 

94 

 
 
increase  in  the  intake  of  students.  Another  direct  positive  outcome  is  the 
establishment of the Independent Commission of Investigations (INDECOM) which is 
tasked  with  the  investigation  of  extra-judicial  killings  by  members  of  the  security 
forces. The EU and Jamaica agreed on the importance of pursuing their commitment 
towards  a  solid  security  and  justice  system  in  the  country  as  a  condition  for  social 
and  economic  prosperity.  The  Justice,  Security,  Accountability  and  Transparency 
Programme (EUR 12.6 million) started in 2014. Under the 11th EDF EUR 23 million is 
allocated to the justice and security sectors. 

Case study (regional programmes) 

ENHANCED COMPETIVENESS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH 
One of the key regional initiatives under the 10th EDF has been the continued funding 
of the Caribbean Export Development Agency (CEDA). Through the EUR 28 million 
private  sector  development  project,  CEDA  is  supporting  Caribbean  companies  to 
take  advantage  of  the  EPA  by  strengthening  their  competitiveness  and  supporting 
their  export  capacity  both  to  the  EU  and  within  the  region.  The  EU's  long-term 
commitment to CEDA, building on work done under the 7th, 8th and 9th EDF over the 
past 15 years has resulted in a number of achievements. Most notably, CEDA works 
towards  enhancing  competiveness  and  innovation  among  CARIFORUM's  private 
sector  while  also  promoting  trade  and  export  development  among  CARIFORUM 
States.  CEDA  offers  technical  assistance,  workshops,  training  courses  and  study 
tours,  as  well  as  spearheading  high  level  policy  meetings.  The  agency  also  assists 
business support organisations and enterprises with individual grant applications and 
promotes Caribbean exports through fielding and accommodating of investment and 
trade  missions.  During  the  initial  stages  of  implementation  of  the  10th  EDF 
Programme (2011-2013) CEDA assisted more than four thousand beneficiaries from 
2 027 CARIFORUM firms.  

CEDA  is  also  managing  a  range  of  related  programmes  covering  trade  in  services, 
Haiti/ DR relations, investment promotion and entrepreneurship. 

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

Perspectives 

The specific needs of Small Island Developing States (SIDS), for example challenges 
related  to  climate  change  and  energy  security,  were  also  identified  as  a  priority  for 
the  Caribbean  region.  The  Caribbean  islands  are  heavily  dependent  on  imported 
energy  resulting  in  high  electricity  costs.  Several  islands  are  developing  renewable 
energy  and/  or  energy  efficiency  programmes  to  address  this  problem.  The 
Caribbean  Investment  Facility  (CIF)  can  play  a  major  role  in  facilitating  and 

95 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
leveraging investment in this context. Climate change and energy are taken up in the 
priorities of the Regional Indicative Programme. 

As  regards  EU-Caribbean  cooperation,  it  is  expected  that  the  Regional  Indicative 
Programme  with  CARIFORUM  can  be  finalized  quickly  and  signed  by  mid-2015, 
which  would  complete  the  11th  EDF  programming  process  for  the  Caribbean  ACP 
States.  The  three  priority  sectors  foreseen  will  be  regional  economic  integration; 
environment,  climate  change  and  energy;  and  crime  and  security.  The  foreseen 
allocation  is  EUR  346  million.  In  2015  the  first  actions  under  the  11th  EDF  bilateral 
programmes will be ready to be approved.  

Negotiations towards a Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement with Cuba are 
set to continue. 

Identification  of  priority  actions  under  the  Haiti  National  Indicative  Programme  for 
2014-2020 will start in 2015. Building resilience will be a common thread. In view of a 
gradual  reduction  of  humanitarian  aid,  Directorate-General  for  Development  and 
Cooperation — EuropeAid and ECHO are developing a joint framework of integrating 
resilience in all activities to ensure a smooth eventual phase-out of humanitarian aid 
(the Joint Humanitarian Development Framework).  
The  11th  EDF  programming  process  for  the  Overseas  Countries  and  Territories 
(OCTs)  has  also  entered  a  new  stage.  Considerable  progress  should  be  achieved 
throughout  2015,  with  the  aim  of  arriving  at  Financing  Decisions  in  2016.  The 
technical  assistance  made  available  by  end  2014  to  several  OCTs  should  be 
instrumental in this sense. 

The  importance  of  fostering  cooperation  between  OCTs,  Outermost  Regions  and 
ACP  countries  is  acknowledged  by  these  parties  and  Directorates  General 
EuropeAid  and  REGIO.  The  ‘Wider  Caribbean’  programme,  whose  implementation 
will start in 2015, is a first promising step in the right direction. 

96 

 
 
 
 
2.4.  Asia, Central Asia & the Pacific 

2.4.1.  Asia 

Introduction  

The year 2014 proved to be one of intensification of the EU’s engagement with Asia, 
in  particular  with  our  four  strategic  partners  India,  China,  Japan  and  South  Korea. 
The year was marked by the first ever visit of a Chinese President to the EU institutions 
in  March.  The  Tenth  ASEM  Summit  was  held  in  Milan  in  October.  Topics  of  global 
importance,  including  climate  change,  sustainable  development,  economic  and 
financial challenges, as well as regional and international issues were discussed. 

The  EU  continued to  play  its  role in  terms of  support to  the  stability  and  security  of 
the region. High level dialogues, regular political consultations, economic and sector 
policy  dialogues  and  the  assistance  provided  to  Asia  remained  at  their  highest 
intensity.  There  is  a  continued  good  pace  in  the  negotiation  of  Framework 
Agreements, Cooperation Agreements and Free Trade Agreements. The Framework 
Agreement with South Korea entered into force on 1 June.  

Cooperation  between  EU  and  ASEAN  was  further  strengthened,  through  the 
implementation  of  the  Brunei  Plan  of  Action  2013-17.  Working  towards  a  more 
ambitious  EU-ASEAN  political  partnership,  several  high-level  visits  and  meetings 
took  place  that  confirmed  the  positive  momentum  including the  20th  EU-ASEAN 
Ministerial Meeting which took place in Brussels in July. 

Despite economic constraints, the financial envelope allocated to Asia under the new 
financial  framework  for  2014-2020  has  significantly  increased.  Twelve  countries  in 
Asia  are  eligible  for  bilateral  development  aid.  Another  six  countries  (China,  India, 
Indonesia, Thailand, Maldives and Malaysia) have graduated but preserved eligibility 
for programmes with a regional or thematic focus. The first action programmes under 
the new financial envelope have been launched. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

The  EU  is  among  the  most  active  donors  in  Afghanistan  in  the  key  sectors  of  its 
development  such  as  agriculture  and  rural  development,  governance  (including 
elections),  health,  security,  and  regional cooperation.  The  EU channels a large part 
of  its  funds  through  the  major  multi-donor  trust  funds  for  Afghanistan.  At  the  same 
time,  the  EU  is  a  major  partner  in  policy  dialogue;  it  has  a  leading  role  in  steering 
policy  discussions  on  human  rights,  with  a  focus  on  women's  rights,  subnational 
governance, agriculture and rural development, and health and nutrition. The EU is a 
strong advocate for programmes that strengthen governance also in terms of service 
delivery and local development.  

The  government  and  donors  coordinate  their  interventions  closely  in  Bangladesh 
through  the  local  coordination  groups  and  in  2010  elaborated  a  Joint  Cooperation 
Strategy covering the period 2010-2015 which provides a division of labour and lays 
out  guidelines  on  effective  EU  collaboration  to  achieve  key  development  outcomes. 
The  EU  chairs  the  Governance  and  the  Aid  effectiveness  working  groups.  A  joint 
evaluation of development cooperation from Sweden, Denmark and the EU started at 
the end of 2014. The EU+ group (including Norway and Switzerland) initiated a joint 
analysis  exercise  in  2013  with  a  view  to  having  a  coordinated  response  to  the 

97 

 
 
 
 
 
Bangladesh  7th  Five  Year  Plan  starting  in  2016  as  a  first  step  towards  joint 
programming. 

In  Cambodia,  all  the  EU  partners  represented  locally,  as  well  as  Switzerland, 
finalised  and  launched  in  2014  a  first  joint  European  Development  Cooperation 
Strategy  2014-2018.  The  Strategy,  which  is  fully  aligned  to  the  Government's  own 
national strategic development plans for this period was a result of a year and a half 
the 
long  coordination 
government,  civil  society,  the  private  sector  and  the  wider  donor  community  in  the 
country.  

the  European  partners, 

in  consultation  with 

involving 

In  Myanmar,  the  EU  remains  fully  engaged  to  improve  the  effectiveness  of 
development  coordination.  On  24  November  2014,  the  EU  and  its  Member  States, 
together  with  the  Government  of  Myanmar  presented  the  Joint  EU  Development 
Partners’  Transitional  Strategy  for  Myanmar  2014-2016.  This  strategy  will  maximise 
cooperation and efficiency between the EU and its Member States in their support of 
Myanmar by utilising a single, joint framework in the implementation of development 
initiatives.  In  total,  European  Development  Partners  have  committed  to  provide 
annually over EUR 270 million. 

In Pakistan, the EU plays a prominent role in donor coordination at both federal and 
provincial level, including through active engagement in several sector donor groups 
on  education,  environment,  human  rights,  and  trade  policy.  The  EU  Delegation  has 
helped  a  Local  Education  Group  to  be  established  in  Sindh,  which  is  now  fully 
functional. A strategic country level evaluation was launched at the end of 2014 with 
the objective of providing an overall assessment of the EU's cooperation strategy and 
delivery with Pakistan between 2007 and 2014. It is expected that this evaluation will 
feed into a possible joint programming exercise. Large scale consultations with civil 
society  were  carried  out  through  questionnaires  that  generated  more  than  500 
responses for input into a Pakistan Civil Society Roadmap to be finalised in the first 
semester of 2015.  

Working towards the MDGs 

According to the 2013 Bangladesh MDG Progress Report the country is on track or 
has already achieved five of the eight MDG goals. The country has made remarkable 
progress  in  the  areas  of  poverty  alleviation  (absolute  poverty  lowered  from  50  %  in 
2000  to  just  over  30  %),  primary  school  enrolment,  gender  parity  in  primary  and 
secondary  level  education,  lowering  the  infant  and  under-five  mortality  rate  and 
maternal  mortality  ratio,  where  a  30  %  reduction  in  deaths  during  child  birth  over  a 
four to five year interval was secured.  However, Bangladesh is still lagging behind in 
key  target  areas  of  environmental  sustainability,  sanitation,  nutrition  and  certain 
aspects of gender equity and hunger. 

Cambodia  has  achieved  outstanding  socioeconomic  progress  from  2004-2014,  not 
only  with  impressive  economic  growth  rates  but  also  ranking  as  the  4th  best 
performing country on MDG targets globally and the 2nd best among all the LDCs. It 
has  already  achieved  or  surpassed  most  of  the  MDGs  ahead  of  time.  While  its 
Human  Development  Index  still  ranks  very  low  in  both  global  and  regional 
comparisons, the rate of its improvement has been unprecedented in the Asia-Pacific 
region. The country's growth was pro-poor, with a sharp decline in poverty incidence 
(from 52 % in 2004 to 19.5 % in 2014) as well as reduced inequality.  However, the 

98 

 
 
 
majority of those lifted out of poverty remain highly vulnerable, just above the poverty 
line.  Therefore,  much  remains  to  be  done  to  consolidate  and  further  advance  the 
progress towards achieving inclusive and resilient growth. 

Implementation & results:  

During  2014  the  EU  committed  EUR  182.5  million  to  support  Afghanistan  in  the 
areas  of  agriculture  and  rural  development,  health  and  nutrition,  local  governance, 
the  election  process,  and  strengthening  parliament.  This  pledge  is  in  line  with  the 
International  Community's  commitment  to  aligning  80  %  of  aid  with  Afghanistan's 
National  Priority  Programmes  and  channelling  at  least  50  %  of  international 
development assistance through the country's national budget. 

In  Bangladesh,  the  Multiannual  Indicative  Programme  was  adopted  for  a  total  of 
EUR  690  million  with  three  focal  sectors:  democratic  governance,  education  and 
skills development, and food and nutrition security. Environment and climate change 
will  be  integrated  in  all  sectors.  The  first  programme  under  the  new  programming 
cycle was approved in 2014 in the form of a EUR 25 million programme of support for 
the Village Courts enlarging an earlier programme that was supported under the CSP 
2007-2013.  The  specific  objective  is  to  improve  access  to  justice  at  local  level  in  a 
number  of  rural  areas.  The  Government  of  Bangladesh  is  strongly  committed  to 
accelerate  inclusive  growth  and  reduce  poverty  with  the  aspiration  of  accessing 
middle income country status by 2021. In 2013, GNI per capita reached USD 1 044. 
However,  structural  causes  of  chronic  poverty  are  not  properly  addressed  by  most 
poverty reduction programmes, and the risk of falling under extreme poverty due to 
recurrent  natural  disasters  and  shocks  remains  acute.  In  the  aftermath  of  the  Rana 
Plaza  factory  collapse  in  2013,  the  European  Union,  the  United  States  and  the 
International Labour Organization (ILO) joined with Bangladesh to undertake a series 
of significant commitments to foster respect for fundamental labour rights and ensure 
worker safety and health in the garment sector. Since then, a number of steps have 
been  taken  such  as  amendments  of  the  labour  law,  factory  inspections  and 
improvements, and registration of new trade unions. 

In 2014, the EU continued its support to Bhutan in the sector of Renewable Natural 
Resources assisting Bhutan with the sustainable development of these resources by 
creating  an  enabling  environment  including  further  development  of  its  institutional 
regulatory  frameworks  and  developing  the  value  chain  of  Renewable  Natural 
Resources.  Under  the  Global  Climate  Change  Alliance  (GCCA)  Facility,  the  EU  is 
assisting  Bhutan  to  mainstream  climate  change  into  the  Renewable  Natural 
Resources  Sector.  In  August,  a  Multi  Annual  Indicative  Programme  2014-2020  for 
Bhutan was adopted by the Commission, with an allocation tripled (EUR 42 million) in 
comparison  to  the  previous  programming  period.  The  EU  will  support  local 
governments and civil society, as well as sustainable agriculture and forestry, in full 
alignment with the Royal Government of Bhutan’s 11th Five Year Plan. 

In 2014, Cambodia has made visible progress in all main EU areas of support most 
notably  in  Education,  Agriculture  and  Public  Financial  Management  reforms.  EU 
support is increasing threefold to EUR 410 million for the period 2014-20 compared 
to 2007-13. This funding will further advance the EU's successful programmes in the 
focal sectors of Education, Good Governance (including Public Finance Management 

99 

 
 
 
reform,  and  decentralisation)  and  Agriculture  &  Natural  resources  management. 
Based upon positive results witnessed in its Education sector budget support and its 
aid  effectiveness  commitments  to  increase  Government  ownership,  the  EU  will 
explore options to further expand aid implementation modalities that support country 
systems into other sector areas.  

In  the  Maldives, an  additional  allocation  of  EUR  four  million  was  decided  by  the 
Commission to ensure a seamless continuation of EU support to Climate Change in 
the  Maldives  until  2018.  The  new  funds  will  enlarge  and  replicate  existing  activities 
on  renewable  energy,  water  management  and  coral  reef  monitoring  in  the  atolls  of 
Addu and Fuvahmullah. 

In Myanmar, the EU co-funded Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT) has 
supported  576  000  rural  households  up  to  mid-2014.  Among  these,  290  000 
households  increased  their  food  security,  50  000  households  have  increased  their 
number  of  assets,  171  000  households  were  involved  in  Cash-for-Work,  250  000 
people  took  part  in  capacity  development  training  and  7  300  households  with 
disabled  persons  were  supported.  In  2014,  the  EU  took  the  decision  to  provide 
additional funding of EUR 60 million to LIFT bringing the total EU funding to EUR 115 
million. 

Nepal  remains  a  ‘post-conflict’  and  ‘fragile’  country  and  ranks  as  the  third  poorest 
country in South Asia. Despite the political impasse, it has reduced extreme poverty 
incidence from 42 % in 1996 to 25 %. In 2014, the EU continued its assistance in the 
Education sector, through Sector Budget Support (School Sector Reform Programme 
with EUR 31.6 million committed in 2012), in order  to increase access and improve 
the quality of school education. The assistance to ‘Stability, Peace consolidation and 
Governance’  was  continued  also  to  support  the  capacity  of  the  Nepali  State  to 
implement  sustainable  peace  building  activities  pursuant  to  the  Comprehensive 
Peace Agreement,  but  also  through  the  support  to the  electoral  process.  Moreover, 
the  EU  has  launched  a  EUR  10  million  programme  to  enhance  Public  Finance 
Management  at  central  level,  through  a  multi-donor  Trust  Fund  managed  by  the 
World  Bank,  and  at  local  level,  through  a  project  implemented  by  the  Asian 
Development  Bank.  In  August,  the  European  Commission  adopted  the  Multiannual 
Indicative  Programme  2014-2020  with  an  allocation  of  EUR  360  million  tripled 
compared  to  the  previous  programming  period.  The  EU  will  support  sectors  of 
Education, Sustainable Rural Development, Democracy and Decentralisation. 

January  2014  witnessed  the  granting  of  GSP+  status  to  Pakistan  to  promote 
sustainable  development  on  condition  that  Pakistan  ratifies  and  implements  27 
international conventions related to human rights and labour rights, the environment 
and  good  governance.  The  implementation  of  GSP+  is  subject  to  monitoring  and 
assessment by the Commission. 

EU bilateral assistance to Pakistan increased to EUR 653 million for the period 2014-
2020,  providing  support  to  three  focal  sectors:  rural  development;  education;  good 
governance,  human  rights  and  rule  of  law.  The  first  programmes  under  the  new 
programming  cycle  were  adopted  in  2014,  including  a  EUR  20  million  support 
programme for primary education in Balochistan and a EUR 77.5 million programme 
local 
to  support 
development initiatives to reduce poverty, paying particular attention to empowering 
women.  

in  stimulating  community-driven 

the  Government  of  Sindh 

100 

 
 
Following  on  from  the  2013  elections,  local  elections  were  held  in  Balochistan 
province  in  2014,  but  the  other  provinces  are  yet  to  hold  local  elections  and  the 
overall  political  situation  remained  tense  with  the  opposition  party  contesting  the 
2013  election  results.  Support  to  electoral  reform  and  parliamentary  strengthening, 
therefore,  continued  to  be  a  cornerstone  of  the  EU's  support  to  strengthening 
democratisation in Pakistan.  

In  the  Philippines,  the  new  multiannual  indicative  programme  2014-2020  will  more 
than double EU assistance. The increase will bring EUR 325 million and focus on two 
sectors:  rule  of  law  and  inclusive  growth,  through  sustainable  energy  and  job 
creation.  Key  programmes for the implementation  of  the  new  MIP were  adopted on 
‘Access to Sustainable Energy’ (EUR 60 million) and for ‘Governance in the Justice 
Sector’ (EUR 16 million). 

A first project blending EU grants with loans from an EU member state was approved 
for  the  Philippines  with  a  grant  of  EUR  4.8  million  for  disaster  risk  preparation 
accompanying a EUR 110 million loan of AfD (France). The EU budget support to the 
health  sector  supported  the  Government's  efforts  to  achieve  universal  health  care, 
targeted at poor and vulnerable families demonstrated by the significant increase in 
the national health budget of 25 % in 2013, followed by a more than 50 % increase in 
2014.  The  fast  growing  enrolment  rate  of  84  %  in  the  national  health  insurance 
scheme is a strong success indicator. The Department of Health deployed almost 25 
000  health  professionals to  improve health  services for  the  poor across  the  country 
contributing to better child health. 

In  2014  main  achievements  in  Sri  Lanka  were  evidenced  by  the  ‘European  Union 
Socioeconomic  Measures’  which  came  to  an  end.  The  programme  provided 
assistance on integrated planning at village level and integrated approaches ranging 
from infrastructure benefitting rural and fishing communities to support at household 
management level as well as support to SME development.   

In 2014, the EU has prepared a programme to promote access to justice to the most 
vulnerable citizens of Vietnam (children, women, ethnic minorities). During the year, 
support  to  the  health  sector  through  sector  budget  support  has  resulted  in  the 
expansion of health insurance benefits, particularly for the poor: 69 % of Vietnamese 
are  already  insured  compared  to  66  %  in  the  previous  year.  The  number  of  births 
attended  by  skilled  birth  attendants  has  also  increased,  specifically  at  the  local 
commune  level,  which  is  likely  to  result  in  future  progress  on  maternal  health  and 
maternal mortality. The EU effort was also instrumental in fostering an increase of the 
Government's expenditures for the health sector both at the national level and in the 
nine poorest provinces.  

A total envelope of EUR 1260 million has been allocated for regional actions in Asia 
for  the  period  2014-2020.   Of  this,  EUR  889.5  million  will  be  used  via  the  Regional 
Asia Multiannual Indicative Programme, and a further EUR 370.5 million will be used 
to support Higher Education via Erasmus+. The Regional Asia Multiannual Indicative 
Programme has three focal areas; these are Regional Integration (including Trade), 
Aid  to  Uprooted  People,  and  Promotion  of  a  Green  Economy. The  Regional  Asia 
Annual Action Programme for 2014 already includes programmes to support Disaster 
Preparedness  in  South  Asia,  an  EU-ASEAN  Dialogue  Instrument,  support  to 
Uprooted  People  in  Afghanistan,  Bangladesh  and  Sri  Lanka,  a  continuation  of  the 
successful  SWITCH-Asia  programme  on  Sustainable  Consumption  and  Production, 

101 

 
 
and  an  increased  envelope  for  the  Asia  Investment  Facility,  which  blends  EU  grant 
funding with loan investments led by EU International Financial Institutions. 

Case Studies 

The  EU  played  a  central  role  in  supporting  the  2014  Presidential  and  Provincial 
Council elections, which marked the first-ever peaceful transfer of executive power in 
Afghanistan.  Rendering  assistance  to  the  electoral  institutions  for  the  first  Afghan-
led elections and promoting a high turnout of women in the elections were among the 
EU's  key  objectives  (women  cast  37  %  of  the  votes).  The  EU  Election  Assessment 
Team  (EAT)  was  the  largest  international  observation  mission  with  410  observers 
deployed for an unprecedented audit of the election results, which paved the way for 
the formation of a Government of National Unity. 

500  Bangladesh  Union  (Courts)  provided  with  access  to  justice.  Since  2007,  the 
Commission has helped to establish Village Parishads (Courts) in 500 selected union 
councils  (the  lowest  tier  of  local  government)  which  help  to  reduce  the  pressure 
created by a backlog of cases in the courts, and permit easy access to justice at local 
level. This is done by enhancing capacities of officials, staff and village policemen to 
perform  their  respective  functions  in  the  Village  Courts,  and  through  an  improved 
legal framework through amendments to law and implementation procedures. 

In  Cambodia,  about  25  %  of  poor  households  in  Siem  Reap  urban  and  peri-urban 
area of Siem Reap are at severe risk of suffering lack of food up to six months every 
year.  Improving  food  security  therefore  is  important  with  a  focus  on  increasing 
income  generation  and  supplementary  food  production  for  improved  nutrition 
wherever possible. Through the project 700 households now access home vegetable 
gardens  applying  improved  farming  practices.  In  addition  1  275  poor  have  gained 
vocational  and  technical  skills  and  improved  jobs  or  micro-businesses:  the  profit  of 
micro-businesses  multiplied  by  three  times  on  average  and  average  income  of 
workers  after  vocational  trainings  multiplied  by  five  times.   As  a  result,  350  poor 
entrepreneurs and craftsmen entered or improved their place in the horticultural and 
handicraft value-chains and 89 % of the VET trainees found a job. 

The  contamination  of  unexploded  ordnance  (UXO)  continues  to  pose  constant 
threats and major challenges to the development opportunities of rural populations in 
Laos,  which  is  estimated  to  be,  per  capita,  the  most  heavily  bombed  country 
following the Indochina war. One out of four villages is still contaminated, and around 
80  million  cluster  munitions  are  still  littered  throughout  the  country.  Together  with 
other donors, the European Commission has contributed to clear 15 931 ha and as a 
result,  the  number  of  UXO  victims,  has  reduced  from  302  casualties  in  2008,  to 
around 40 in 2014. 

The  EU  is  supporting  a  four  year  programme  (2013-2016)  in  Pakistan  to  improve 
nutrition for malnourished children and mothers in rural parts of Sindh province. The 
EUR  30  million  support  package  of  the  Women  and  Infant  Improved  Nutrition  in 
Sindh  programme  will  benefit  an  estimated  280  000  children  under  the  age  of  five, 
500  000  pregnant  and  lactating  women  and  150  000  carers  of  children.  The 
programme is part of a worldwide campaign by the EU to fight malnutrition in all its 
forms  and  close  synergies  will  be  developed  with  the  newly  approved  EUR  77.5 
million assistance for community driven rural development initiatives in Sindh. 

102 

 
 
 
Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

The  report  on  the  2013  monitoring  exercise  covered  a  total  of  191  projects  in  Asia 
and 46 in central Asia, for a total of 237 projects with a value amounting to EUR 878 
Million.  Security  concerns  in  some  Asian  countries,  such  as  Pakistan,  Afghanistan 
and  North  Korea,  did  not  prevent  Result  Oriented  Monitoring  (ROM)  missions  to 
these countries. 

In  late  February  2014,  the  Asia  ROM  consultants  (ECORYS)  reported  on  the  ROM 
implementation.  It  was  concluded  that  most  programmes  performed  well  and, 
typically, ROM missions over the years have identified problems in EU development 
assistance programmes targeting Asia and Central Asian in the areas of: 

Project staffing and delayed financial transfers, that are  generally prevalent in 

 
the earlier stages of the projects, 

 

Project Management with inappropriate organisational set up, 

Low  level  of  financial  sustainability  and  viability,  in  particular  in  the  case  of 

 
NGO programmes,  

Poor  programme  designs  that  were  overly  ambitious;  choice  of  inappropriate 
 
partners;  lack  of  clarity  roles  and  responsibilities  and  lack  of  involvement  of  key 
stakeholders. 

Amongst  lessons  learned  to  mitigate  risks,  monitors  suggest  a  mandatory  inception 
phase to fine tune programme design and get operational structures up and running 
before  the  projects  start.  Also,  the  value  of  an  effective  results-based  management 
information system is highlighted with reliable baseline data, if used as an integrated 
tool by project management to keep track of progress. Such a system can facilitate 
early intervention when problems appear. 

According  to  the  most  recent  ROMs  national  programmes  received  good  scores 
across  the  board  with  70  %  of  the  programmes  indicating  good  and  very  good 
performance  and  only  4  %  reporting  major  difficulties.  However,  the  overall 
performance  of  regional  programmes  recorded  lower  scores  in  terms  of  efficiency 
and  effectiveness  due  to  problems  encountered  in  implementation  of  activities.  By 
their  very  nature  regional  programs  have  to  cater  for  the  varying  contexts  within 
which they operate and the differing capacities of the participating countries.  

Perspectives 

In  Afghanistan,  2014  was  a  particularly  challenging  year  due  to  protracted 
controversies  around  the  Presidential  elections  and  the  long  time  needed  to  reach 
agreement  on  a  national  unity  government,  which  also  impacted  negatively  on 

103 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
security  and  economic  development.  Nevertheless,  at  an  international  conference 
held  in  London  in  December  2014,  the  new  government  presented  an  ambitious 
programme  of  economic  and  governance  reforms.  In  line  with  the  EU's  high  level 
political  commitments,  the  2014-2020  multi-annual  programme  maintains  funding 
levels  comparable  to  those  of  the  preceding  period  (2007-2013).  20  %  of  the  EUR 
1.4 billion budget for the period is set aside as an incentive to government reforms in 
line with the principles of the Tokyo Mutual Accountability Framework. 

An  EU  Joint  Programming  is  scheduled  from  2016  in  Nepal.  This  should  provide 
space for the EU partners to continue the present pragmatic and programme-focused 
approach to division of labour in the context of broader donor coordination. Such an 
approach has already resulted in a number of good practice examples between EU 
partners  in  the  form  of  delegated  and  transfer  agreements,  joint  appraisals,  pooled 
funds, or within-sector agreements on division of labour.  

In  Sri  Lanka  the  EU  launched  its  new  multiannual programme  for  the  period  2014-
2020  which  features  an  increase  of  the  aid  portfolio  from  EUR  112  million  to  EUR 
210 million for rural development, subject to the developments in the country, notably 
as regards human rights and the implementation of development cooperation. 

In  Vietnam,  the  EU  launched  its  new  multiannual  programme  for  the  period  2014-
2020  which  features  an  increase  of  the  aid  portfolio  from  EUR  300  million  to  EUR 
400 million. During the next seven years, the EU will support the country in greening 
its  energy  mix  while  ensuring  access  to  electricity  to  the  poorest  sections  of  the 
population.  At  the  same  time,  it  will  continue  to  promote  the  creation  of  a  society 
based  on  the  rule  of  law,  where  citizens  have  access  to  basic  services,  including 
justice and health. It will do so by accompanying government's reforms and working 
with  a  number  of  actors,  including  EU  member  states  agencies  and  civil  society 
organisations. 

Throughout  the  region,  Erasmus+  will  be  the  focus  for  modernisation  and 
internationalisation  efforts  in  higher  education,  through  mobility  and  cooperation 
projects. 

2.4.2.  Central Asia 

Introduction  

During 2014 the EU expanded its engagement with the countries of Central Asia and 
embarked on a review of the EU Central Asia Strategy. The EU-Central Asia policy 
dialogue  intensified  at  various  levels  including  ministerial  conferences,  regional 
technical  groups  and  national  level  dialogue  (notably  under  the  Flagship  Initiatives 
established  for  the  priority  areas  of  Rule  of  Law,  Education  and  Water  and 
Environment)  enhancing 
the  effective 
implementation of projects at regional and bilateral level. 

further  cooperation  and  promoting 

2014  was  marked  by  planning  process  and  preparation  of  the  new  framework  for 
development  cooperation  2014-2020.  The  global  allocation  to  Central  Asia  (EUR  1 
028  million)  increased  by  56  %  compared  to  the  previous  period.  'Security  for 
Development'  has  become  a  new  priority  focal  sector  of  the  regional  programme 
alongside 'Sustainable regional Development'. 

Focus on reducing poverty  

104 

 
 
 
Central  Asia  met  the  MDG  target  of  halving  the  percentage  of  under-nourished 
people. In the region, the proportion of hungry people fell from 14 % in 1992 to 7 % in 
2013.The percentage of people living in extreme poverty, or living on less than USD 
1.25  a  day,  dropped  from  10  %  to  4  %  between  1990  and  2010,  which  means  the 
region met its poverty target ahead of 2015. Nevertheless, wide disparities in human 
development continue to exist, income inequalities and poverty are widespread and 
gender  inequalities  remain.  Central  Asia  continues  to  be  vulnerable  to  external 
instability  stemming 
from  water  scarcity,  cross-border  water  disputes  and 
unsustainable  energy  use.  EU  cooperation  through  the  DCI  focuses  on  agriculture 
and  rural  development,  support  to  social  and  private  sector,  sustainable  energy 
development  and  environmental  protection,  including  the  management  of  water 
resources. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

Donor  coordination  is  improving  across  the  region,  thanks in  part  to  the  EU-Central 
Asia  Strategy  and  its  implementation  mechanisms,  and  as  a  result  of  country-level 
efforts.  The  EU  has  also  increased  its  cooperation  with  international  financing 
institutions,  enhancing  overall  coordination  and  enabling  a  sharper  focus  on  priority 
areas to improve the impact of assistance. 

During 2014, the Commission continued to foster donor coordination and implement 
the  EU  Code  of  Conduct  on  the  division  of  labour  in  Central  Asia.  Notable  results 
have been achieved in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, where joint cooperation strategies 
with  other  donors  have  been  in  place  since  2008-09.  Coordination  with  the  World 
Bank  was  reinforced  in  the  region  regarding  water  and  energy  issues,  notably 
through  EU  participation  to  the  World  Bank  led  Central  Asia  Energy  and  Water 
Development Programme. 

In  Uzbekistan,  the  Delegation  and  EU  Member  States  held  regular  coordination 
meetings. 

In  Kyrgyzstan,  the  EU  became  co-chair  of  the  broader  donor  group  –  the 
Development Partners Coordination Council – which meets monthly. The cooperation 
is  specifically  advanced  in  the  Health  sector,  where  a  Sector  Wide  Approach  is 
applied. A similar arrangement is being prepared for the Education sector, under EU 
and UNICEF leadership. Cooperation on PFM is also relatively advanced, thanks to 
the multi-donor Trust Fund arrangement that is in place. 

In  Tajikistan,  work  on  the  division  of  labour  in  the  country  continued  through  the 
Development  Coordination  Council.  Within  this  framework,  donors  are  looking  for 
greater  transparency  on  current  and  planned  activities  with  the  aim  of  avoiding 
double  funding  and  increased  synergies  between  activities.  The  cooperation 
continued  using  the  country  system  wherever  specific  conditions  are  met.  In  2014, 
around  one-third  of  EU  support  was  channelled  through  sector  budget  support 
programmes.  

Although  Turkmenistan  is  not  yet  a  signatory  of  the  Paris  Declaration,  recently 
regular  coordination  meetings  have  been  held  in  Ashgabat  where  EU  and  non-EU 
actors  discuss  their  activities  in  key  sectors  for  development.  The  Commission 
cooperates  closely  with  European  Development  Finance  Institutions  (EDFIs)  to 
identify areas for common action, in particular in infrastructure development (energy 
efficiency  and  renewable  energy,  water,  clean  technology)  which  can  combine 

105 

 
 
 
European  Banks  loans  with  EU  grants  for  technical  assistance  to  ensure  the 
sustainability and impact of the investments. 

Working towards the MDGs 

Having  already  met  the  poverty  target,  countries  in  Central  Asia  appear  close  to 
meeting  others  on  education  and  gender  equality  by  2015,  but  the  region's 
environmental targets will be missed unless greater efforts are made. As a whole, the 
region has  been close to  achieving universal primary  education,  but  has  made  little 
progress  since  2000.  Child  mortality  and  maternal  health  remain  major  challenges 
although the region has reduced the under-five mortality rate by more than half and 
the maternal mortality ratio by half. Little progress was made on access to water and 
safeguarding natural resources though protecting terrestrial and marine areas.   

Kazakhstan has achieved the MDGs 1, 2 and 3 and has set more ambitious ‘MDG+’ 
goals:  to  halve  poverty  among  the  rural  population;  achieve  universal  secondary 
education; ensure gender mainstreaming in national planning and budgeting; prevent 
violence  against  women;  and  increase  women’s  representation  in  legislative  and 
executive  bodies.  It  has  also  achieved  the  indicators  for  skilled  birth  attendance 
(MDG 5)  and  TB  incidence  and  prevalence  (MDG  6).  However,  there  are  some 
troubling trends for the underweight children indicator (MDG 1).  

The  Kyrgyz  Republic  has  made  considerable  progress  in  the  achievement  of  the 
MDGs.  The  target  benchmarks  for  a  number  of  indicators  for  MDGs  1,  2,  3  and  8 
have  been  already  reached.  The  country  was  on  track  to  reach  MDG  4  and  has 
attained the MDG 6 targets on TB incidence and prevalence. Nevertheless, a number 
of  goals  need  increased  attention,  including  those  related  to  maternal  health  and 
combating  HIV/AIDS.  The  first  negative  effects  of  climate  change  on  progress 
towards  MDGs,  economic  and  social  sectors  require  that  appropriate  adjustment 
measures be made. 

Tajikistan  saw  no  major  changes  compared  to  2013.  The  country  attained  MDG  1 
and has reduced the TB prevalence and incidence (MDG 6). However, progress was 
slow with some of the gender equality indicators. The country has met the targets on 
CO2  emissions.  The  latest  progress  towards  achieving  some  MDGs  in  Tajikistan 
shows  new  challenges,  such  as  the  lowered  level  of  education  of  young  people, 
increased  unemployment,  a  worsening  in  drinking  water  quality,  deterioration  of 
sanitation,  difficulties  with  energy  supply,  onset  and  the  rapid  spread  of  infectious 
diseases, malnutrition prevalence and food crisis, amongst others. 

The lack of transparent data continues to be also a major constraint in the analysis of 
economic and social developments in Turkmenistan and has not allowed the proper 
monitoring  of  progress  towards  MDGs.  However,  donors  have  reported  moderate 
progress towards the achievement of some MDGs such as the gender equality, child 
mortality, maternal health, combatting HIV/AIDS and environmental sustainability. 

Uzbekistan has attained the MDG 6 target on tuberculosis incidence, but is the only 
country  in  Central  Asia  still  to  achieve  MDG  2  primary  enrolment  and  completion 
target. While the country is coming close to reaching its MDG of reducing the rate of 
population  living below  the  poverty  line to  14  %  in  2015,  poverty  remains  a  serious 
problem in rural areas. 

106 

 
 
 
 
Implementation & results:  

In  2014,  EU  development  cooperation  commitments  to  Central  Asia  totalled  EUR 
119.3 million.  

In Kazakhstan, the bilateral cooperation continued with programmes on public sector 
reform,  economic  diversification  and  foreign  investments,  and  support  to  judicial 
reform. 

In Kyrgyzstan, the Social Protection support programme has contributed to progress 
in  public  financial  management  reform  (notably  the  realisation  of  an  internal  audit) 
and  to  the  adoption  of  several  government  programmes  aiming  to  improve  care  of 
children living in institutions. A new support programme has been adopted at the end 
of 2014 aiming to consolidate achievements and to phase out the EU support in the 
sector.  

In 2014, good progress was registered in the implementation of education and public 
financial management reforms. New actions with EU Member States' institutions on 
Judicial Reform and NGOs on civil society and media were prepared within the Rule 
of Law programme. 

In Tajikistan,  support to health and social protection reforms has continued, through 
budget support and complementary technical assistance,  leading to further scale up 
of  basic  benefits  packages  and  introduction  of  a  health  management  information 
system  and expansion of community based social service delivery mechanisms and 
of targeted social assistance. 

More specifically the Targeted Social Assistance scheme has been expanded by end 
of 2014 to eight additional rayons (local administrative units). In 2014, more than 60 
100 families applied for the benefit and more than 49 000 families were enrolled and 
got the benefit. In 2014 the Ministry of Health and Social Protection (MHSP) signed 
11  new  contracts  with  NGOs  for  provision  of  specialised  social  services  for  the 
population in non-institutionalised environment and these contracts covered full costs 
of the services. 

Additionally  progress  has  continued 
finance 
management where Tajikistan has been set as example for CIS countries in terms of 
public internal audit reforms. 

improving  public 

in  relation 

to 

In Turkmenistan two new EU bilateral projects started in 2014 aiming to improve the 
development  of  the  legislative  framework  with  a  view  to  foster  private  sector 
development and renewable energy policies.  

In Uzbekistan, two main programmes were finalised. The EU programme in support 
to  the  Reform  of  the  Criminal  Justice  Sector,  implemented  by  the  specialised 
agencies  of  EU  Member  States,  has  provided  capacity  building  at  strategic  and 
operational  levels  within  the  Uzbekistan  Supreme  Court  Research  Centre,  the 
General Prosecutor's office, the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. 
The Improvement of Mother and Child Health Services contributes to ongoing health 
reforms  by  implementing  an  integrated  package  of  new-born  and  child  survival 
interventions. 

107 

 
 
 
 
The  Investment  Facility  for  Central  Asia  (IFCA)  continued  to  provide  targeted 
assistance  by  blending  EU  grants  with  loans  from  EFIs  to  gain  financial  and 
qualitative  leverage  and  thereby  increase  the  impact  of  EU  cooperation.  IFCA 
contributes  to  the  funding  of  activities  in  the  sectors  of  environment  (renewable 
energies and energy efficiency), energy (renewable energies and energy efficiency), 
municipal infrastructures (waste, water) and SMEs. In 2014, four new projects have 
been  prepared  for  a  total  amount  in  IFCA  grant  contributions  of  EUR  14  million 
contributing  to  investment  projects  amounting  to  a  total  value  of  roughly  EUR  28 
million. The new projects target SME and municipal infrastructure development, and 
include a first IFCA activity in Uzbekistan. 

Building  on  phase  I,  the  EUR  two  million  EU-Central  Asia  Rule  of  Law  Platform 
project  phase  II  continues  to  be  the  implementing  mechanism  for  the  ‘Rule  of  Law 
Initiative  for  Central  Asia’.  The  Fourth  Ministerial  Conference  of  December  2014 
reconfirmed  the  priority  areas  of  cooperation  and  welcomed  the  progress  achieved 
since  the  inauguration  of  the  European  Rule  of  Law  Initiative  for  Central  Asia: 
constitutional  law,  administrative  law,  criminal  justice  and  strengthening  judicial 
capacity,  including  training  activities  for  legal  professionals.  Phase  II  started  in 
February 2015 and will run until February 2018. 

The  implementation  of  the  Regional  Environmental  Programme  (EURECA) 
continued  as  well  as  the  activities  of  the  EU-CA  Platform  for  Environment  and 
Water cooperation. Regional EU-Central Asia seminar was organised in Brussels in 
April 2014 on environmental governance and climate change.  

The Central Asia Sustainable Energy Programme (CASEP) continued its activities 
in  2014  to  develop  National  Energy  Plans  targeting  in  particular  Energy  Efficiency 
and  Renewable  Energy  in  Central  Asia.  Regular  seminars  and  progress  were 
achieved particularly in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan where the government's response 
and participation was quite high.   

The  Central  Asia  Education  Platform  (CAEP)  responds  to  the  need  for  a  more 
structured dialogue on education modernisation in the region and for coordination of 
EU  and  Member  States  cooperation  initiatives  in  this  sector.  In  2014,  two  main 
conferences  were  organised  on  ‘Teacher  Policies  and  Quality  Approaches’  and 
‘Labour Market Needs and Best Practices’. A second phase of the project begins in 
2015,  with  an  important  EU  -  Central  Asia  Ministerial  Education  conference  on 
‘Higher Education and Vocational Education and Training’ to be organised under the 
auspices of the Latvian Presidency in Riga on 25-26 June 2015. 

In operation since July 2009, the Central Asian Research and Education Network 
(CAREN)  provides  a  dedicated  high-capacity 
Internet  network,  connecting 
academics  and  students  at  over  300  institutions  across  Kazakhstan,  Kyrgyzstan, 
Tajikistan  and  Turkmenistan.  In  September  2014,  the  first  CAREN  Regional 
Conference  on  ‘Innovative  Internet  for  Researchers  and  Higher  Education’  was 
successfully organised in Almaty, Kazakhstan. 

The sixth phase of Central Asia Drug Action Programme (CADAP) was developed 
throughout 2014 to start activities in 2015 and will support drug prevention/reduction 
measures  preventing  and  reducing  drug  use  and  drug-related  harm  to  health  and 
society.  

108 

 
 
The new phase of Border Management Programme in Central Asia (BOMCA 9), 
planned to start in April 2015, will provide capacity building to strengthen Integrated 
Border  Management  and  will  also  address  socio-economic  factors  of  instability 
(notably  in  Fergana  Valley)  and  support  facilitation  measures  to  increase  legal 
movement of persons and goods. 

The  future  phases  of  BOMCA  and  CADAP  will  complement  a  number  of  other 
instruments  such  as  the  Rule  of  Law  programme,  MIEUX  project  on  migration, 
Heroin Routes programme and others.  

Within the Central Asia Invest programme which promotes the development of the 
private  sector  in  Central  Asia,  all  the  granted  projects  started  their  activities  in  the 
region.  A  networking  meeting  was  held  in  Dushanbe  in  September  for  all  the 
beneficiaries of the programme so they could express their views on the programme, 
share  their  experiences  and  find  synergies  in  the  ongoing  project  implementations. 
As for the policy component, the results of the OECD public private working groups 
on  SMEs  competitiveness  held  during  the  year  in  Tajikistan  were  peer-reviewed  at 
the OECD Competitiveness roundtable in Paris in November. 

Improving lives by advancing energy efficiency - Kyrgyzstan 

The Kyrgyz Sustainable Energy Financing Facility (KyrSEFF) offers loans and grants 
for  the  improvement  of  energy  efficiency  of  residential  buildings  and  industrial 
enterprises.    This  EBRD  funded  investment  project  of  EUR  15.4  million  is 
complemented  by  an  IFCA  contribution  of  EUR  6.8  million,  permitting  an  attractive 
bonus  scheme  where  individual  projects  can  receive  grants  of  10  –  35%  on  the 
KyrSEFF eligible loan.  

Abdimavlyan  Kurbanov,  the  owner  of  a  small  café  in  Karakol,  one  of  Kyrgyzstan's 
major  tourist  destinations,  is  one  of  the  beneficiaries  of  KyrSEFF.    Due  to  bad 
insulation,  Mr  Kurbanov  spent  a  lot  of  money  on  heating  bills  and  sometimes  even 
had to close his café on cold winter days. 

He  applied  for  a  loan  of  USD  50  000  from  KyrSEFF  offering  more  attractive 
conditions  than  regular  loans,  and,  thus,  being  affordable  for  him.  The  IFCA  grant 
component  played  a  very  important  role  in  the  affordability  of  the  loan.    The  loan 
helped  him  to  improve  the  café's  insulation.    Energy  savings  resulting  from  this 
project  were  estimated  at  49  %,  corresponding  to  CO2  emission  savings  of  22.9 
tonnes/year.  

 Empowering communities to rehabilitate people with disabilities in Tajikistan 

Persons  with  disabilities  remain  one  of  the  most  vulnerable  groups  in  Tajikistan.  A 
common  coping  strategy  in  rural  parts  of  the  country  is  to  isolate  and  passivate 
persons  with  disabilities.  This  approach  has  negative  effects  especially  for  children 
preventing  their  mental,  mobility  and  social  development.  Due  to  the  poor  state  of 
Tajikistan's  health  care  system,  medical  personnel  often  lack  the  know-how  to 
successfully  provide  rehabilitation  for  children  with  disabilities.  As  a  result,  many 

109 

 
 
 
   
 
 
children  are  either  deemed  as  helpless  or  given  inappropriate  or  unnecessary 
medical attention. 

With  support  from  the  EU,  Caritas  Germany,  together  with  local  NGOs,  has 
introduced a system of Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) targeting 400 families 
of people with disabilities in the city of Ghonchi and in two surrounding communities. 
Twenty  local,  home-based  rehabilitation  workers  have  been  recruited  and  provided 
with CBR training and manuals from WHO in order for them to practice and promote 
the  concepts  behind  the  CBR:  to  empower  people  with  disabilities  to  get  access  to 
and benefit from education, health, social services and employment by involving their 
families, local communities and the people with disabilities themselves. 

Supporting the introduction of sustainable energy policies in Turkmenistan 

With  around  EUR  3  million  bilateral  programme  on  ‘Support  to  the  introduction  of 
sustainable  development  policies’  over  a  period  of  three  years,  this  project  aims  to 
support  the  Turkmen  authorities  in  the  revision  of  their  legislative  framework  with  a 
view to foster the transition to a more green economy. Specific seminars and training 
courses with key Turkmen institutions were organised in 2014 for the elaboration of a 
joint strategy to ‘switch to green’ and additional activities are being designed for the 
current year. The project has also a demonstration component which will result in the 
installation  of  photovoltaic  panels  for  solar  energy  in  remote  and  less-populated 
areas of the country. 

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

Perspectives 

2014  was  marked  by  the  programming  of  EU  aid  for  the  period  2014-2020. 
Multiannual Indicative Programmes for the region were adopted. The EU assistance is 
set to rise to EUR 1 028 million for 2014-2020. The future EU bilateral cooperation will 
have a stronger focus on education (Turkmenistan, Kyrgyz Republic and Tajikistan) 
and  rural  development  (Kyrgyz  Republic,  Tajikistan  and  Uzbekistan).  Building  on 
previous  programmes,  the  EU  will  enhance  cooperation  on  rule  of  law  (Kyrgyz 
Republic) and in the health sector (Tajikistan). In these latter countries, sector budget 
support  will  be  used  to  the  extent  possible  reinforcing  policy  dialogue  on  reforms, 
public finance management and promoting a balanced macroeconomic framework. 

In  terms  of  regional  programmes  for  Central  Asia,  the  emphasis  will  be  on 
socioeconomic 
sustainable  development 

(energy,  environment/water  and 

110 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
development)  and  security  for  development.  Erasmus+  will  be  the  focus  for 
modernisation  and  internationalisation  efforts  in  higher  education,  through  mobility 
and cooperation projects. 

2.4.3.  Pacific 

Introduction  

In July 2014, the Pacific Islands Forum, the region's key political body held its annual 
summit in Palau. High Representative Ashton represented the EU. The talks focused 
on enhancing development cooperation, fighting climate change, enhancing dialogue 
on  global  security  and  foreign  policy  issues.  In  September  2014  Commissioner 
Piebalgs  attended  the  UN  Third  Conference  on  Small  Island  Developing  States 
(SIDS) in Samoa where 21 SIDS states signed the National Indicative Programmes 
2014-2020 (EUR 340 million) under the Cotonou Agreement. 

Commissioner  Piebalgs  and  New  Zealand's  Foreign  Minister  jointly  visited  energy 
projects in Samoa, Tuvalu, Kiribati and Cook Islands to enhance the coordination of 
development aid on renewable and energy efficiency investments.  

In  the  trade  area,  following  Papua  New  Guinea's  withdrawal  from  the  regional 
Economic  Partnership  Agreement  negotiations,  the  Pacific-EU  Senior  Officials 
meeting did not take place in 2014. Discussions continue at a technical level. 

Fiji  returned  to  democracy  on  17  September  holding  successful  parliamentary 
elections: the first since the 2006 military coup. The EU provided technical assistance 
to  the  electoral  process  and  fielded  an  Election  Expert  Mission  to  assess  the 
elections. The EU also sent a mission to assess the situation related to the Cotonou 
article 96 requirements.  Based on the  findings of  these missions,  the  EU  agreed  to 
discontinue measures restricting development cooperation with Fiji and resume it in 
full. Meanwhile the EU has continued to support the rural population affected by the 
reforms in the sugar sector. 

Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

the  2009  Cairns  Compact  which  seeks  to  enhance  aid 
The  EU  supports 
effectiveness  in  the  Pacific  by  encouraging  development  partners  -  states  and 
regional  organisations  -  to  lead  donor  coordination.  As  of  2011,  delegated 
cooperation  and  transfer  agreements  had  become  possible  with  Australia,  allowing 
the EU and Australia to use one another's experience and implement programmes on 
each other's behalf.  

After the success of the New Zealand-EU Pacific Energy Summit in Auckland in April 
2013 coordination of development assistance between the European Union and New 
Zealand  advanced  contributing  to  fast  track  renewable  and  energy  efficiency 
investments  in  the  Pacific.  In  April  2014,  Commissioner  Piebalgs  and  the  New 
Zealand  Foreign  Minister  visited  several  Pacific  island  states,  confirming  the  joint 
interest  to  coordinate  support  to  the  region  in  promoting  sustainable  energy.  The 
EU’s  close  cooperation  with  the  Asian  Development  Bank,  the  World  Bank,  the 
European Investment Bank and Japan continued.  

Working towards the MDGs 

111 

 
 
 
 
 
2014 progress to achieve the MDGs remains encouraging for Cook Islands and Niue 
which are on track to achieve all the MDGs, while Palau, Fiji and Tonga are on track 
to  achieve  at  least  four  or  more  of  the  MDGs.  Samoa  and  Tuvalu  are  on  track  to 
achieve  three  of  the  MDGs,  with  the  Republic  of  Marshall  Islands,  Nauru  and 
Vanuatu  on  track  to  achieve  two  of  the  MDGs.  Progress  remains  less  encouraging 
for  the  Federated  States  of  Micronesia  which  is  likely  to  achieve  only  one  of  the 
MDGs69. 

Hunger and under-nutrition are relatively rare in the Pacific region, but Timor Leste is 
an exception with relatively high levels of malnutrition. The EU seeks to improve this 
situation  via  a  nutrition  programme  implemented  in  partnership  with  UNICEF.  The 
Pacific delay on MDG 1 mainly refers to poverty in terms of people lacking access to 
basic services and opportunities to participate in socioeconomic life and meet basic 
needs. While tracking poverty in the Pacific is problematic because of poor statistics, 
Cook  Islands,  Fiji,  Niue,  Palau,  Marshall  Islands  and  Tuvalu  are  now  High  Middle 
Income  Countries70,  with  New  Caledonia  and  French  Polynesia  being  classified  as 
high  income.  In  the  region  all  countries  belong  to  at  least  the  lower  middle  income 
category71 and also Kiribati was proposed for graduation. 

Progress  has  been  made  towards  achieving  universal  primary  education  (MDG  2), 
where  only  Kiribati  and  PNG  are  off  track.  Similarly,  for  MDG  3,  progress  in 
empowering  women  is  off  track  only  for  PNG  and  Solomon  Islands,  but  with  mixed 
results  for  most  other  countries.  However,  problems  regarding  domestic  violence 
remain in many Pacific countries. PNG is currently the only Pacific country off track 
as  to  reducing  child  mortality  (MDG  4)  and  many  are  also  on  track  to  achieve 
maternal health goals.    

With  the  exception  of  PNG,  Kiribati  and  the  Marshall  Islands,  most  Pacific  island 
countries  are  likely  to  achieve  the  MDG  targets  on  HIV/AIDS,  malaria  and  other 
diseases by 2015 (MDG 6).  

Concerning  environmental  sustainability  (MDG  7)  measuring  progress  on  this  goal 
faces statistical constraints, but energy security remains a key challenge in the region 
as  most  countries  are  highly  dependent  on  imported  fossil  fuels.  Access  to  safe 
supplies  of  drinking  water  and  basic  sanitation  remains  a  concern  in  many  Pacific 
states,  particularly  in  remote  islands  and  communities.  Overall  global  warming  and 
climate  change  pose  significant  threats  to  most  Pacific  island  nations  that  remain 
highly  vulnerable  to  rising  sea  levels.  Moreover,  many  Pacific  states  also  showed 
dramatic  demographic  changes  with  depopulation  of  some  areas  and  growing 
squatter/informal  settlements  in  other  areas.  Progression  toward  environmental 
sustainability  is  slow  in  Papua  New  Guinea,  the  Solomon  Islands,  Vanuatu,  Kiribati 
and  Nauru,  but  for  instance  Kiribati  vastly  expanded  the  marine  protected  areas  in 
2014.  In  Timor  Leste  a  programme  of  the  Global  Climate  Change  Alliance  of  EUR 
four million started in 2014 in partnership with the EU member state aid organisations 
GIZ (Germany) and CICL (Portugal).  

Implementation & results:  

69 Pacific Islands Forum Secretariat, 2013, 'Pacific Regional MDGs Tracking Report’' 
70 http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/Regional/oceania.htm  
71 Worldbank, 2014 

112 

 
 
                                                 
Programming priorities for the 11th EDF (2014-2020) began in 2013 with a dialogue 
between  the  Pacific  EU  delegations  and  the  Pacific  island  states.  Initial  proposals 
were  discussed  and  jointly  reviewed  by  Commission  and  European  External  Action 
Service (EEAS) services in 2013 and were elaborated as the new Commission and 
Parliament took office in 2014.  

2014  was  marked  by  the  elaboration  of  National  Indicative  Plans  (NIPs)  under  the 
11th EDF for the 15 Pacific countries, their  Regional Programme, the four Overseas 
Countries and Territories (OCT) and the regional OCT  programme. In total EUR 751 
million were allocated, compared to EUR 673 million for the 10th EDF: an increase of 
12 %. EU-Pacific relations and the programming exercise for the 11th EDF are guided 
by  the  2012  Joint  Communication  ‘Towards  a  Renewed  EU-Pacific  Development 
Partnership’72. 

In order to enhance impact and facilitate donor coordination, the EU has agreed with 
the majority of partner countries to concentrate on a single focal sector in addition to 
continuing  our  support  to  civil  society.  For  six  countries  the  selected  focal  sector  is 
Sustainable Energy and for five Water and Sanitation. Kiribati is a special case where 
the  NIP  focuses  on  the  socioeconomic  development  of  the  remote  and  previously 
uninhabited Christmas Island (Kiritimati). The following partner countries have more 
than one focal area with rural development being one of them:  Papua New Guinea 
(3), Solomon Islands (2), Timor Leste (2) and Fiji (2).  
In  2014  the  last  of  the  10th  EDF  programmes  were  approved  and  signed,  thus  fully 
mobilising  the  available  funds.  Based  on  data  from  programme  monitoring  and 
evaluations,  implementation  of  assistance  shows  good  progress  in  most  countries 
and  for  most  projects,  particularly  in  countries  where  budget  support  is  in  place    in 
support  of  sectors  such  as  water  and  sanitation,  energy  and  public  finance 
management  (Samoa,  the  Solomon  Islands,  Timor  Leste,  Tonga,  Vanuatu  and  the 
Cook Islands). The Global Climate Change Alliance covers the entire region and the 
EU  is  now  funding  climate  change  and  environment  programmes  in  every  Pacific 
region country subject to its development aid.  

For  the  Cook  Islands,  the  Commission  commenced  the  implementation  of  the 
Sanitation Sector Reform Contract for an amount of EUR 2 550 million. 

A military coup in  Fiji in December 2006 led to the suspension of most of the EU's 
cooperation (article 96 of the EDF treaty) with the country. Since 2007, assistance is 
channelled through NGO’s or regional organisations. The main source of EU funding 
to  Fiji  is  therefore  Accompanying  Measures  for  Former  Sugar  Protocol  Countries, 
aimed at providing social mitigation measures to alleviate poverty by promoting farm 
income  and  agriculture.  Programmes  have  started  to  yield  results  as  a  significant 
number  of  farmers  and  those  who  have  lost  their  livelihoods  have  benefitted  from 
new income earning opportunities through vocational training and access to credit for 
farmers.  In  2014,  the EU  continued to  support  the  democratisation  process through 
civic  education  and  support  to  elections  and  the  Parliament.  Democratic  elections 
took  place  in  September  2014  opening  the  door  for  resuming  development 
cooperation through EDF.  

72 JOIN (2012) 6 final, 21.3.2012. 

113 

 
 
                                                 
In Kiribati, two successful EU programmes were signed in 2014, the EUR 3.4 million 
Kiribati  Water  and  Sanitation  programme,  phase  II  and  an  extension  of  the 
Environmentally safe  aggregates in Tarawa that brought the funding up to EUR 5.2 
million. 

Marshall  Islands,  Micronesia,  Nauru,  Niue,  Tuvalu  and  Palau  received  funds  to 
enhance  their  Technical  Cooperation  Facilities  and  support  their  administrative 
implementation of programmes and in 2014 the last Financing agreements for these 
were signed.  

In  2013  the  EU  has  continued  to  provide  important  assistance  to  support  the 
implementation of the Samoan’s water and sanitation sector policy.  

In Timor-Leste, the EU approved budget support for EUR four million that will enable 
scaling  up  future  budget  support.  Meanwhile  a  mid-term  review  of  an  ongoing  10th 
EDF rural development programme (EUR 23 million) commented very positively on a 
labour-based  rural  road  component  implemented  by  ILO,  whereas  a  Health  Sector 
programme (EUR 10 million) performed less satisfactory. Tenders for a District Road 
project (EUR 20.5 million started in 2013 and will be launched  in 2014. Other major 
ongoing programmes concern Support to democratic governance (EUR 10.5 million) 
and support to NSAs (EUR 4 million). 
In 2013 three projects completing the 10th EDF in favour of Papua New Guinea were 
approved:  the  EUR  26  million  Human  Resources  Development  Programme  II,  the 
EUR  6  million  Trade  Related  Assistance  II,  and  the  EUR  32.28  million  Rural 
Economic Development II.  

2013 also paved the way for a significant support for Tonga’s Energy Sector Reform. 

Case Studies  

Cervical cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths in Fiji. The EU-funded 
Viseisei  Sai  Health  Centre  provides  free  community  health  services  to  rural 
communities in Fiji with a special focus on women's sexual and  reproductive health 
and  disease  prevention.  This  is  done  by  mobilising  resources  and  health  staff  into 
communities.  Until  this  charitable  organisation  was  established  in  2011,  many  of 
those residing in these communities had to travel many miles to access public health 
facilities  and  many  others  had  never  had  professional  medical  check-ups.  The 
Viseisei Sai Health Centre is now collaborating with the Fijian Government and Non-
Governmental Organisations to strengthen its community outreach programme.  

A  shortage  of  primary  school  teachers  and  facilities  continue  to  be  a  problem  in 
Papua  New  Guinea's  education  system.  Many  schools  lack  qualified  teachers, 
especially in remote communities. The education system also lacks the capacity and 
resources  to  address  all  the  issues  it  is  currently  facing.  The  EU  has  supported 
Papua  New  Guinea  to  develop  its  human  resources  for  over  20  years.  The  Human 
Resources  Development  Project  1  project  (EUR  16.8  million)  continues  this 
partnership  with  the  Government  of  PNG  to  address  some  of  these  problems. 
Scholarships  will  be  provided  to  900  trainee  primary  school  teachers  from  remote 

114 

 
 
 
 
 
rural areas of which at least 50 % are female. 220 teachers have already graduated 
under the scholarship programme and another 700 will be sponsored in 2015. 

Two  regional  fisheries  projects  already  in  place  since  2012  continued  to  yield  good 
results  and  contributed  to  tracking  and  surveillance  systems  for  sustainable 
management  of  migrating  fish  such  as  tuna  and  in  the  prevention  of  illegal  fishing. 
Another  project,  aimed  at  strengthening  Pacific  economic  integration  through  trade, 
led  to  trade  legislation  reviews  in  Palau,  the  Federated  States  of  Micronesia  and 
Tuvalu, and to technical support for WTO engagement and trade negotiations. 

Monitoring 

The  year  2014  was  a  year  of  transition  with  respect  to  the  systems  used  by  the 
Commission  to  monitor  EU  funded  operations.  It  was  decided  to  introduce  several 
changes  to  the  systems  in  use,  both  for  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and 
the  Commission’s  Headquarter  services  and  to  the  external  support  used  in  the 
Results Oriented Monitoring (ROM) system. (See also Chapter 4.1 for more details). 

Perspectives  

The European Commission is increasingly seeking to enhance donor coordination in 
the Pacific region along with use of country systems. Given the public governance in 
many  Pacific  countries,  the  Commission  will  continue  to  emphasise  funding  via 
multilateral  institutions  and  regional  programmes  that  have  proven  effective.  2013 
saw the start of implementation of the EU Pacific Investment Facility, which will blend 
grants and loans and facilitate donor coordination and this tool is developed further, 
bearing in mind however the need to avoid increasing debt rates. As far as possible 
budget  support  will  be  the  preferred  implementation  modality,  with  several  new 
countries being considered in the fourth coming years. All programmes will focus on 
so called SMART objectives and performance indicators. 

115 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2.5.  Overseas Countries and Territories (OCTs) 

Introduction 

Twenty  five  OCTs  are  closely  associated  with  the  European  Union,  in  accordance 
with  part  four  of  the  Treaty  on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union  (TFEU).  The 
purpose  of  this  association  is  "to  promote  the  economic  and  social  development  of 
the countries and territories and to establish close economic relations between them 
and the Union as a whole". 

2014, the first year of implementation of a new legal framework for the OCTs  

On 25 November 2013, the Council adopted the new Overseas Association Decision 
(OAD)73.  The  OAD  is  the  legal  basis  that  lays  down  the  rules  and  procedures 
governing  the  political,  trade  and  financial  relations  between  the  Union  and  the 
OCTs.  The  OAD  reflects  a  paradigm  shift  from  poverty  reduction  to  cooperation  on 
issues of mutual interest and an amount of EUR 364.5 million is foreseen for funding 
under the 11th European Development Fund for OCTs. 

With regard to Greenland (also an OCT), in view of preserving the close and lasting 
links  between  the  Union  and  this  country  and  acknowledging  the  geostrategic 
position  of  Greenland  in  the  Arctic  Region,  a  specific  Council  Decision74  on  an  EU-
Greenland Partnership for the period 2014 – 2020 was approved on 14 March 2014 
with a financial reference amount of EUR 217.8 million. 

For the Commission and for the OCTs, one of the 2014 priorities was to initiate the 
programming process in view of having an agreement for each OCT on what should 
be  the  relevant  focal  sector  of  cooperation  where  the  Union  would  better  assist  the 
OCTs  in  their  sustainable  development  efforts.  The  agreement  on  the  sector  for 
cooperation  is  subsequently  followed  by  identification  and  formulation  phases  to 
detail the exact implementing modalities and next steps of the Union’s support to the 
territorial policies of the OCTs. 

Policy dialogue and a new format for the OCT-EU Forum 

During  2014,  the  Commission  organised  and  chaired  four  tripartite  and  several  ad 
hoc  meetings  with  OCTs  and  Member  States  representatives.  The  Commission 
organised  a Partnership Working Party  on Financial  Services in  January  2014,  with 
the  participation  of  representatives  from  OCTs,  Commission  services  and  Member 
States  to  which  the  OCTs  are  linked.  The  event  focused  on  the  Commission’s 
proposal  for  the  Fourth  Anti-Money  Laundering  Directive  and  a  new  EU  Savings 
Taxation Directive as well as the EU Action Plan to Strengthen the Fight against Tax 
Fraud and Tax Evasion. The meeting was instrumental in answering OCT questions 
and  reiterating  the  Commission’s  position  that  the  transparency,  efficiency  and 
sustainability  of  the  financial  services  sector  is  of  mutual  interest  to  both  the 
European Union and the OCTs.  

73COUNCIL DECISION 2013/755/EU of 25 November 2013 on the association of the overseas countries and 
territories with the European Union (‘Overseas Association Decision’), Official Journal of the European Union 
L344 of 19 December 2013. 
74 COUNCIL DECISION 2014/137/EU of 14 March 2014 on relations between the European Union on the one 
hand, and Greenland and the Kingdom of Denmark on the other, Official Journal of the European Union L76 of 
15 March 2014. 

116 

 
 
                                                 
According  to  the  provisions  of  the  OAD  (article  14),  the  OCT-EU  Forum  meets 
annually to bring together OCT authorities, representatives of the Member States and 
the Commission. The 13th OCT-EU Forum, initially planned to take place in late 2014, 
was  postponed  to  February  2015  in  order  to  ensure  the  presence  of  the  new 
Commissioner  in  charge  of  International  Cooperation  and  Development.  Based  on 
the consensus to render the Forum more efficient and interactive, several meetings 
took  place  in  2014  between  the  parties  to  reshape  the  format  and  content  of  the 
Forum to obtain a greater interaction and involvement of participants. The 13th edition 
of  the  Forum  (British  Virgin  Islands,  February  2015)  constitutes  an  attempt  to 
reshape  the  working  of  the  Forum:  the  format  as  well  as  the  duration  of  the  event 
itself  have  diminished  and  more  space  is  now  given  to  discussion  and  interaction 
among  participants  in  the  form  of  roundtables  on  two  topics  ‘Cooperation  beyond 
borders:  unlocking  the  potential  of  OCTs’  and  ‘Sustainable  Use  of  Natural 
Resources: political priorities for the thematic component of the regional allocation in 
the context of the 11th EDF for OCTs’. 
Programming Instructions for the 11th EDF for OCTs finalised 

The Commission elaborated programming instructions for OCTs in the context of the 
11th EDF, following consultation with OCTs and the Member States to which they are 
linked.  The  draft  instructions  were  presented  at  the  12th  OCT-EU  Forum.  Following 
the Forum, these instructions were finalised and the EU Delegations, Territorial and 
Regional  Authorising  Officers  were  informed  of  the  final  content  of  the  document  in 
March 2014. 

Regional Financial Allocations for OCTs in the context of the 11th EDF 
The 11th EDF Internal Agreement was concluded on 14 May 2013 and established a 
total of EUR 364.5 million for OCTs, of which EUR 359.5 million  will be allocated to 
finance territorial and regional programmes, and EUR five million will be in the form 
of  an  allocation  to  the  European  Investment  Bank  (EIB)  to  finance  interest-rate 
subsidies and technical assistance.  

The  OAD  foresees  EUR  100  million  for  the  regional  allocation.  Following  the  views 
expressed  by  OCTs  and  Member  States  in  the  context  of  12th  OCT-EU  Forum,  the 
following indicative breakdown was agreed in March 2014: 

Table  4.  11th  EDF-OCTs  -  indicative  regional  allocation  (in  million 
EUR) 

Caribbean 

Pacific Ocean 

Indian Ocean 

Thematic  

Support Measures (Technical Assistance)  

Total Regional Allocation 

40 

36 

4 

16-18 

2-4 

100 

117 

 
 
 
 
Pave  the  way  for  further  cooperation  between  OCTs,  ACP  countries  and 
Outermost regions 

Acknowledging  the  importance  of  fostering  cooperation  between  OCTs,  Outermost 
regions and members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) group of countries, 
Directorates-general  for  International  Cooperation  and  Development  and  Regional 
and  Urban  Policies  signed  a  Memorandum  of  Understanding  (MoU)  in  September 
2013  with  a  view  to  facilitating  the  pooling  of  resources  from  the  European 
Development  Fund  (EDF)  and  the  European  Regional  Development  Fund  (ERDF). 
The  two  Directorates-General  commit  to  the  establishment  of  a  mechanism  that 
allows for matching of funding from the EDF and the general budget of the Union to 
finance  cooperation  projects  between  the  OCTs,  the  ACP  Countries,  the  outermost 
regions as well as other third countries, in particular simplified mechanisms for joint 
management of such projects. A guidance note was agreed upon in the last quarter 
of  2014.  It  contains  information  concerning  the  procedures  for  putting  together 
projects co-financed by EDF and ERDF resources. 
11th EDF-OCT Territorial programming 

Dutch  OCTs:  In  2014,  the  Commission  received  draft  Summary  Sheets  (proposals 
on  the  focal  sector  for  cooperation,  timeline  and  type  of  Technical  Assistance 
needed) from the six Dutch territories (Aruba, Bonaire, Curacao, Saba, St Eustatius 
and  St.  Maarten).  The  agreement  to  the  proposals  was  given  by  the  Commission 
during  the  first  quarter  of  2015  and  experts  have  also  been  deployed  to  assist  the 
territories in the preparation of the respective Programming Documents. 

Turks and Caicos: A draft Summary Sheet was submitted by the EU to Jamaica in 
late  2014.  After  additional  information  provided  by  the  Government  of  the  Territory, 
an agreement was reached to keep education and vocational training as the relevant 
sector for EU support under the 11th EDF. 

Regarding  Anguilla  and  Montserrat,  contacts  were  established  with  these  two 
United  Kingdom  territories  in  view  of  identifying  the  focus  sector.  With  respect  to 
Anguilla,  negotiations  are  still  ongoing.  In  the  case  of  Montserrat,  the  programming 
exercise has suffered some delays due to the elections that took place in last quarter 
2014. 

As regards the Pacific OCTs, French Polynesia, New Caledonia and Pitcairn have 
submitted their respective proposals in November 2014. These proposals have been 
subsequently  endorsed  and  technical  assistance  will  be  deployed  in  the  coming 
months  to  assist  the  three  territories  in  elaborating  their  respective  programming 
documents. 
As to  Wallis  and  Futuna,  the  dialogue  regarding the  programming  of  the  11th  EDF 
funds  has  already  started  but  is  still  at  a  preliminary  stage.  During  2015  further 
progress  should  be  made  regarding  the  focal  sector  for  cooperation  under  the  11th 
EDF. 

Falkland Islands: Following a request from the Territorial Authorising Officer (TAO), 
Technical Assistance was made available to the territory to assist the Islands during 
the programming process. A final agreement as to the focal sector for cooperation is 
expected during the first semester of 2015. 

118 

 
 
Saint  Helena,  Tristan  da  Cunha  and  Ascension  Island:  There  is  a  preliminary 
agreement about the focal sector for EU support. However, technical assistance will 
be made available by the Commission to the Government to confirm the relevance of 
the  focal  sector  and  further  progress  in  the  preparation  of  the  respective 
programming document. 

Technical Assistance was made available to Saint Pierre and Miquelon in order to 
update  the  Development  Strategy  (‘Schéma  de  développement  stratégique’)  of  the 
territory.  A  Public  Expenditure  and  Financial  Accountability  (PEFA)  study  has  been 
undertaken,  taking  into  account  that  it  is  expected  that  budget  support  will  be  the 
implementation modality of the EU support.  

The  table  below  provides  an  overview  of  the  sectors  of  concentration  in  principle 
agreed upon or still under confirmation: 

Table  5.  Territorial 
allocation 

Aruba 

Bonaire 

Curaçao 

Allocation  

(in 
million) 

13.05 

3.95 

16.95 

EUR 

Proposal of concentration sector  Aid Modality * 

Education 

Budget Support  

Social development - Youth 

Budget Support 

Renewable energy 

Budget Support  

Falkland Islands 

5.90 

Connectivity and accessibility 

Budget Support 

French Polynesia 

29.95 

Tourism 

Budget Support  

New Caledonia 

29.80 

Employment  and  professional 
inclusion 

Budget Support 

Pitcairn 

Saba 

2.40 

3.50 

Tourism  

Renewable energy 

Budget Support 

Budget Support 

Saint  Helena  and 
Dependencies 

21.50 

Saint-Pierre-et-
Miquelon 

Sint Eustatius 

Sint Maarten 

26.35 

2.40 

7,00 

Turks  and  Caicos 
Islands 

14.60 

Total  

177.35 

Connectivity and Accessibility 

Budget Support 

Sustainable tourism and maritime 
service 

Budget Support 

Energy 

Water and sanitation 

Budget Support 

Budget Support 

Education and vocational training  Budget support 

* Budget support to be confirmed following the conclusion of the assessment for each 
OCT of the four eligibility criteria for budget support. 

Regional programming 11th EDF 

Pacific OCTs Regional Conference 

119 

 
 
  
  
 
The  European  Commission  has  organised,  with  the  support  of  French  Polynesia, 
Deputy Regional Authorizing Officer of the 10th EDF – OCT of the Pacific, a regional 
conference for the Overseas Countries and Territories (OCT) of the Pacific on 25 and 
26  November  2014 
forty 
representatives  from  the  four  Pacific  OCTs  and  eight  ACP  countries,  four  Pacific 
regional  organisations,  two  European  institutions  and  the  French  government 
participated in this event 

(French  Polynesia).  Around 

in  Papeete,  Tahiti 

The objectives of the conference were: 

Take a decision on the cooperation sector within the 11th regional EDF for the 
 
OCTs  of  the  Pacific  (2014-2020),  consistent  with  the  priorities  of  the  11th  regional 
EDF  of  the  Pacific  ACP  group  member  states  and  refine  priorities  inside  the 
designated sector; 
 
 
convergences of interests between both groups; and  
 
for the implementation of the 11th regional EDF. 

Identify the subsequent programming steps for the Pacific OCTs; 
Start  discussions  with  the  Pacific  ACP  group  countries  to  determine 

Try to define a framework to ensure adequate coordination and/or consultation 

The  exchanges  and  proceedings  carried  out  during  this  conference  allowed 
participants  to  agree  on  concrete  conclusions.  The  sector  chosen  for  regional 
cooperation amongst the Pacific OCTs is ‘environment and sustainable management 
of  natural  resources’.  Within  this  concentration  sector,  sub-themes  should  be 
identified  by  finding  the  point  of  equilibrium  between  the  most  relevant  sub-themes 
and  a  necessary  concentration  in  order  to  maximize  the  impact  of  the  programme. 
Identified  sub-themes  include  ‘Adaptation  to,  and  mitigation  of,  Climate  Change 
(including disaster risk reduction)’ and ‘Management, conservation and preservation 
of biodiversity’. 

Caribbean OCTs Regional Conference 

A regional conference along the same lines of the Pacific event has been scheduled 
to take place at the margins of the 13th OCT-EU Forum in British Virgin Islands (last 
week  of  February  2015).  Representatives  from  the  Outermost  Regions,  Caribbean 
ACP  countries,  regional  organisations,  the  EIB  along  with  local  development 
financing institutions have been invited. 
11th EDF Regional programme Indian Ocean 

A  first  draft  Summary  Sheet  was  submitted  by  EU  Delegation  of  Mauritius  in 
December  2014.  A  service  contract  was  awarded  to  assist  the  Southern  Antarctic 
the 
(SAFT)  as  Regional  authorising  officer 
French  Territories 
programming  document  and  other  associated  documents  (identification  and 
formulation phases) for the Indian Ocean regional programme. 
11th EDF Thematic component of the regional envelope 

to  prepare 

Following  discussions  on  the  sector  of  concentration  for  cooperation  covering  all 
OCTs,  the  theme  of  sustainable  use  of  natural  resources  was  agreed  upon  among 
OCTs  and  endorsed  by  the  Commission  services  in  November  2014.  The  main 
political priorities to be covered by this topic will constitute the subject of discussion in 
the context of a Partnership Working Party due to take place in January 2015, while a 

120 

 
 
dedicated  roundtable  is  foreseen  in  the  context  of  the  13th  OCT-EU  Forum  (27 
February 2015) in order to further discuss this matter. 

A new Technical Cooperation Facility for 2015-2016 

A Technical Cooperation Facility (TCF) was approved in 2014 for an amount of EUR 
three million. This will allow a positive response to requests for technical assistance 
to  prepare  programming  documents  from  both  territories  and  from  Regional 
Authorising  Officers.  The  new  TCF  will  also  allow  response  to  any  requests  for 
studies or expertise on OCTs related issues during 2015-2016. 

Greenland – Programming Document 2014-2020 agreed upon and signed 

Following  three  rounds  of  trilateral  consultations,  which  took  place  in  Brussels  and 
Nuuk  during  2013  and  2014,  the  Programming  Document  for  the  Sustainable 
Development  of  Greenland  was  adopted  by  the  Commission  in  September  2014. 
Education  has  been  chosen  as  the  main  sector  for  the  cooperation  and  will  benefit 
from  an  EU  financial  support  of  EUR  217.8  million.  Besides  the  continuation  of  the 
support  for  the  education  sector,  particular  emphasis  will  be  put  on  vocational 
education  and  training,  the  post-elementary  school  system  and  the  pre-school  and 
elementary school system. The signature of the Programming Document took place 
in Brussels on 28 October 2014. 

Approval of a joint declaration on the relations between the EU and Greenland 

In 2014, the Commission concluded the discussions with Greenland and Denmark for 
the  signature  (by  the  Commission  on  behalf  of  the  Union)  of  a  ‘joint  declaration  on 
relations  between  EU  and  Greenland’.  The  Commission  decision  was  adopted  in 
June 2014 and the Declaration was signed in early 2015. The Council was informed 
of the Commission's intentions and also duly informed of the final content of the Joint 
declaration. 

The inclusion of Greenland in the Kimberly process 

On  20  February  2014  the  Council  of  the  European  Union  agreed  on  the  rules  and 
procedures  for  the  inclusion  of  Greenland  in  the  Kimberley  Process  Certification 
scheme75.  Both  Denmark  and  Greenland  had  requested  the  participation  of 
Greenland  in  the  certification  scheme  on  rough  diamonds  through  its  cooperation 
with  the  Union.  The  cooperation  is  expected  to  strengthen  economic  relations 
between  the  Union  and  Greenland  in  the  diamond  industry,  and  in  particular  it  will 
enable Greenland to export rough diamonds accompanied by an EU Certificate, with 
a view to promoting the sustainable economic development of Greenland. 
Conclusion of payments in the framework of the 10th EDF 
In  2014,  payments  in  the  framework  of  the  10th  EDF  were  made  regarding  Union’s 
support to Anguilla (EUR 11.7 million), Mayotte (EUR 28.9 million), Monserrat (EUR 
15.7 million), and New Caledonia (EUR 19.8 million). 

75 Council Decision No 136/2014/EU of 20/02/2014 and Regulation (EU) No 257/2014 of 26/02/2014 

121 

 
 
 
  
 
 
                                                 
3. 

CHAPTER 3 - IMPLEMENTATION: THEMATIC OVERVIEW 

3.1.  The thematic programmes 

3.1.1.  Investing in people 

Health and Education 

The Commission continued its strategic support to global initiatives in education and 
health.  The  financial  support  to  the  Global  Partnership  of  Education  (GPE,  EUR  20 
million) was instrumental in efforts to improve MDG targets on education. EU support 
focused  on  ‘Education  for  All’  goals:  reinforcing  access,  quality  and  equity  of 
education for all children and youth. Special attention is given to girls who account for 
54  %  of  the  total  out-of-school  population.  The  EU  supports  accelerated  progress 
while addressing inequities particularly in reaching the most disadvantaged children. 
Attention  has  also  been  given  to  enhancing  education  opportunities  in  fragile  and 
conflict  affected  countries  and  contexts  where  half  of  the  world’s  out-of-school 
children live.  

The  Global  Alliance  on  Vaccines  and  Immunisation  (GAVI)  received  a  new 
commitment of EUR 10 million to make pneumococcal vaccines more available and 
accessible  in  least  developed  ACP  countries.  An  annual  contribution  (EUR  102 
million) was committed for the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria 
(GFATM) to support efforts to reduce mortality and morbidity rates and mitigate the 
impact  of  AIDS,  tuberculosis  and  malaria.  European  Commission  support  to  these 
global health initiatives  has allowed the  EU to  play  a  key role  in shaping the global 
health policy agendas to better align with aid effectiveness principles, more efficient 
policy  setting  and  use  of  resources  at  country  level  and  to  enhanced  country 
ownership. The significant funding to these initiatives has contributed to progress on 
the  MDGs  at  country  level,  in  particular  in  reducing  under-fives  mortality  due  to 
increased  availability  of  childhood  vaccination  programmes  and  prevention  of 
malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. 

Several  projects  were  signed,  originating  from  the  previous  financing  cycle  and 
covered by the ‘Investing in People’ programme, with civil society to increase access 
to  sexual  and  reproductive  health  (EUR  28  million)  and  with  public  health  institutes 
for improved national policy advice and research (EUR 21 million). Support was also 
given  to  the  Global  Polio  Eradication  Initiative  for  additional  efforts  to  control  polio 
eruptions in the horn of Africa (EUR 10 million). 

In the cooperation in culture area, a study released in 2014 providing 30 good case 
studies demonstrated the potential impact of culture and cultural activities as a vector 
for  democracy,  human  rights  and  good  governance,  as  well  as  for  contributing  to 
inclusive  growth  and  social  development.  A  scoping  study  was  launched  to  identify 
possible scenarios for a new programme on Culture. 

Under  the  programme  ‘Investing  in  People’  EUR  45  million  was  awarded  to  17 
projects  in  different  regions  of  the  world  selected  from  the  call  for  proposals 
EuropeAid/135-181/C/ACT/Multi ‘Empowerment for better livelihoods, including skills 

122 

 
 
 
 
 
development and vocational education and training, for marginalised and vulnerable 
persons and people dependent on the informal economy’76.  

Implementation started on a project for Youth Inclusion, funded under the  ‘Investing 
in People’ thematic programme, and implemented by the OECD Development Centre 
for EUR 2.5 million. It aims to contribute to inclusive growth by supporting 10 partner 
countries  situated  in  the  main  developing  regions  to  better  respond  to  youth 
expectations and to reinforce their participation in the national development policies.  

Investing  in  people  also  supported  two  thematic  projects  that  contribute  to  the 
implementation of the 2012 Communication on Social Protection in EU Development 
Cooperation77.   SOCIEUX,  is  a  technical  assistance  facility  which  seeks  to  support 
the  efforts  of  partner  countries  to  better  design  and  manage  their  social  protection 
systems.  The  project,  which  launched  its  activities  in  2014,  deploys  mainly  experts 
from EU Member States for short-term interventions aimed at supporting exchange of 
expertise between peers in any area of social protection. By the end of the year, the 
project had received 25 requests from partner countries in Africa, Latin America and 
Asia.  

The  EU-Social  Protection  Systems  Programme  (EU-SPS),  co-financed  by  the 
Commission, OECD and Finland, was signed in July 2014. It seeks to support 10 low 
and  lower  middle  income  countries  in  building  sustainable  and  inclusive  social 
protection  (SP)  systems.  It  will  support  country  driven  analyses,  tools  development 
and  capacity  development  for  national  SP  policy  and  implementation  planners, 
service  and  care  providers,  and  their  national  and  international  partners.  It  will  also 
generate evidence for ODA programming on SP, as an effective way for the EU and 
partners  to  reduce  poverty,  inequality  and  vulnerability,  and  to  promote  social 
mobility, cohesion and inclusive growth.  

Gender equality  

The  gender  commitments  of  EU  development  policy  continue.  To  empower  women 
and protect women and girls’ full enjoyment of human rights, the focus has been put 
on  socioeconomic  empowerment,  access  to  and  control  over  resources  (healthcare 
services,  justice,  education,  information,  etc.),  and  participation  in  political  and 
decision making processes specially related to security and fragile situations. In the 
newly  adopted  programme,  DCI-  Global  Public  Goods  and  Challenges,  more  than 
EUR  100  million  will  be  earmarked  in  the  period  2015-20  to  women  and  children’s 
female  genital 
wellbeing  (with  a  special  attention 
mutilation/cutting, and child, early and forced marriage). A specific project has been 
funded in Central Africa Republic to support women victims of violence following the 
humanitarian  crisis.  At  global  level,  the  EU  called  strongly  for  gender  equality  and 
women's empowerment and the  promotion of human rights and opportunities for all 
women and girl to be considered as a universal priority in the elaboration of the post-
2015  framework  and  for  the  integration  of  a  gender  perspective  into  this  new 
framework. 

to  harmful  practices 

like 

76https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/europeaid/online-
services/index.cfm?do=publi.welcome&nbPubliList=15&orderby=upd&orderbyad=Desc&searchtype=RS&aofr
=135181  
77 COM(2012)446 final, 20.8.2012 

123 

 
 
 
                                                 
Child wellbeing 

The  EU  pursued  its  efforts  for  the  comprehensive  protection  and  promotion  of  the 
rights  of  the  child.  The  major  achievement  for  2014  was  the  release  and 
dissemination  of  the  joint  EU-UNICEF  child  rights  toolkit  ‘Integrating  child  rights  in 
development cooperation’78. It is a practical guide for development actors on how to 
mainstream  child  rights  across  all  programmes  of  bilateral  and  multilateral 
development  assistance.  In  many  countries,  EU  Delegations  and  UNICEF  offices 
have partnered to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the United Nations Convention on 
the  Rights  of  the  Child  on  20  November,  and  promote  the  toolkit,  with  specific 
success  stories  in  Nicaragua,  Kosovo  and  Tanzania.  On  top  of  EU  support  to 
projects  in  key  sector  areas  benefiting  children  (education,  nutrition,  health,  water 
and  sanitation),  specific  attention  has  been  paid  to  infanticide  (especially  of  baby 
girls). A comprehensive external evaluation of the implementation by the Commission 
of the 2008 Council Conclusions on the protection and promotion of the Rights of the 
Child  started  in  January.  Its  results,  expected  in  2015,  will  pave  the  way  for  a 
possible revision of the EU Guidelines.  

Spending  on  human  development  represents  25  %  of  the  allocated  funds  of  the 
Global  Public  Goods  and  Challenges  thematic  programme  in  line  with  the 
commitments made to the European Parliament. 

Trade Facilitation 

To support the timely implementation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Trade 
Facilitation  Agreement,  which  will  help  developing  countries  by  simplifying, 
harmonising  and  modernising  international  border  procedures,  Commissioners 
Andris  Piebalgs  and  Karel  De  Gucht  committed  to  cover  a  significant  share  of  the 
funding  needs  of  developing  countries  to  implement  the  Agreement  during  the  9th 
WTO Ministerial Conference in Bali in November 2013. 

The  EU  will  aim  to  maintain  at  least  its  current  level  of  support  to  trade  facilitation 
over  a  five-year  period;  starting  from  the  signature  of  the  Trade  Facilitation 
Agreement.  This  amounts  to  EUR  400  million  over  five  years  or  over  one-third  of 
developing  countries’  estimated  needs.  The  support  will  be  provided  primarily 
through regular EU aid channels.  This amount also includes a potential contribution 
of up to EUR 30 million to a dedicated international trade facilitation facility for the 
most urgent actions for aligning legislation and procedures in developing countries to 
the  new  agreement.  Initially,  the  Commission  will  contribute  EUR  10  million  to  the 
World  Bank  Trade  Facilitation  Trust  Fund  with  other  donors  including  the  US, 
Switzerland, UK, and Norway. 
In order to meet these commitments made at 9th WTO Ministerial Conference, the EU 
will sign an Administration Agreement with the World Bank worth EUR 9.6 million. 

Horizon  2020,  the  new Research and  Innovation  Programme (2014-2020),  includes 
research  and  innovation  topics  directly  relevant  for  the  themes  prioritised  in  the 
Annual Report. In particular, Horizon 2020 includes a Societal Challenge on 'Climate 
Action, Environment, Resource Efficiency and Raw Materials', one on 'Food Security, 
Sustainable  Agriculture  and  Forestry,  Marine,  Maritime  and  Inland  Water  Research 
and the Bioeconomy' and one on 'Europe in a changing world - Inclusive, innovative 

78 http://www.unicef.org/eu/crtoolkit/  

124 

 
 
                                                 
and  reflective  societies'  that  addresses  migration  issues  as  well  as  democracy  and  
human rights. 

Research  and  Innovation  calls  launched  in  the  first  Work  Programme  2014-2015  of 
Horizon  2020  included  topics  on  sustainable  management  of  resources,  climate 
change  impacts,  food  security,  vaccine  development  for  poverty  related  and 
neglected infectious diseases, policy coherence for development, involving countries 
in the Neighbourhood and/or developing countries. 

3.1.2.  Non-state actors and local authorities in development  

Building  on  EU  political  commitments  to  support  civil  society  organisations  (CSO) 
and local authorities (LA)79, the CSO-LA Thematic Programme adopted in July 2014 
aims to strengthen these actors in partner countries and, when their actions relate to 
Development Education and Awareness-Raising (DEAR) of European citizens, in the 
Union and other beneficiaries eligible under the Instrument for Pre-Accession.  

The  thematic  strategy  is  valid  for  2014-2020  and  composed  of  two  phases:  2014-
2017  and  2018-2020.  The  total allocation  for  the  programme  covers  up to  EUR  1.9 
billion over the period 2014-2020. An envelope of around EUR 970 million has been 
earmarked  for  2014-2017  to  support  three  priorities:  a  focus  on  country  level 
to  governance  and  development 
activities  enhancing  CSO-LA  contributions 
processes;  reinforcing  regional  and  global  CSO  networks  and  associations  of  LA 
(ALA); and developing and supporting DEAR initiatives. 

Annual  Action  Programmes  (AAP)  detail  the  implementing  provisions  for  each 
specific  budgetary  year.  The  AAP  2014  was  approved  on  28  October  2014  and  is 
available online80.  

Activities  conceived  and  implemented  by  partner  countries  CSOs  and  LAs  were 
given  priority,  in  order  to  empower  them,  build  capacity  and  facilitate  access  to 
funding.  These  initiatives  are  managed  primarily  by  EU  Delegations  and,  when 
appropriate, by European Commission Headquarters.  

Civil Society Organisations 

In  2014,  56  countries  benefitted  from  a  country  allocation  for  a  total  of  EUR  152 
million.  Country-level  initiatives  support  CSO  contributions  towards  reinforced 
governance,  accountability  and  inclusive  policy-making.  CSOs  are  supported  as: 
actors  in  governance  and  accountability;  partners  in  promoting  social  development; 
and stakeholders in promoting inclusive and sustainable growth. 

When it comes to supporting regional and global networks of CSOs, EUR 24 million 
was  reserved  in  the  2014  budget  to  strengthen  representative,  membership-based 
and  actor-based  regional,  EU  and  global  non-thematic  Civil  Society  umbrella 
organisations,  in  order  to  maximize  the  effectiveness  of  their  work  as  development 

79  COM(2012)  492  final  on  Civil  Society,  SWD(2012)  457  final  on  DEAR,  COM(2013)  final  on  Local 
Authorities 
80http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/commission-decision-aap-2014-2015-civil-society-organisations-and-local-
authorities-part-1_en  

125 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
actors  in  their  own  right  and  contributors  to  policy-making  on  development-related 
topics at global and regional levels. 

Local Authorities 

In  2014,  29  countries  benefitted  from  a  country  allocation  for  a  total  of  EUR  14.5 
their 
million.  Country-level 
contributions  towards  reinforced  local  governance,  accountability  of  sub-national 
governments  and  inclusive  policy-making  at  the  local  level,  in  accordance  with  the 
principle of subsidiarity. 

initiatives  support  LA  and  national  ALA  valuing 

In  addition,  the  Programme  focused  on  the  empowerment  of  ALA  at  regional 
(including  the  EU)  and  global  levels  to  strengthen  their  structure  and  capacities,  in 
order to reach a legitimate and effective coordination role, to provide their members 
with  adequate  services  as  well  as  to  effectively  represent  the  needs  of  local 
communities in institutional dialogues. Five ALA benefitted from the Programme for a 
total amount of EUR 17.5 million. 

Development Education and Awareness-Raising (DEAR) 

Twenty two new DEAR projects were contracted in 2014 for a total of EUR 67 million. 
These  large-scale  projects  were  selected  through  a  call  for  proposals  and  are 
implemented by CSO and LA throughout the EU. All will contribute to the European 
Year  for  Development  2015  (EYD2015)  and  endeavour  to  involve  citizens  in 
addressing issues of global development and interdependencies between developing 
countries and Europe.  

The  Greek  and  Italian  national  platforms  of  non-governmental  organisations  were 
also  supported  in  2014  through  the  ‘Presidency  projects’  scheme.  Both  received  a 
grant  allowing  them  to  capitalize  on  the  momentum  created  by  their  country’s 
presidency of the Council of the EU to raise the profile of development issues on their 
territories. 

3.1.3.  Migration and asylum 

In 2014 migration remained firmly on the top of the political agenda of the EU. In this 
context, the Commission continued its efforts to maximise the development impact of 
migration as one of its primary objectives. 

In  December  2014  EU  development  ministers  adopted  Council  conclusions  on 
‘Migration  in  EU  Development  Cooperation’81  acknowledging  that  more  should  be 
done  to  address  migration  from  a  development  angle.  A  broad  set  of  priorities  are 
formulated for follow up by the Commission which is asked to provide further policy 
guidance by end of 2015. This will, among others, be reflected in the new European 
Agenda for Migration, foreseen to be adopted in 2015. 

The European Commission has continuously advocated for the inclusion of migration 
in the post-2015 development framework, and efforts continued in 2014 to ensure the 
importance  of  well-managed  migration  as  a  development  driver  is  adequately 

81 16854/14, 12.12.2014 

126 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
reflected  in  the  post-2015  agenda.  The  Commission  Communication  'A  Decent  Life 
for all: from vision to collective action' of June 201482, includes strong references to 
migration  under  a  number  of  headings.  The  Commission  will  continue  to  actively 
promote the translation of these proposals into the final text during 2015. 

for  refugee  and 

Internally  Displaced  Persons  (IDP) 

During  2014  the  Commission  has  been  strongly  advocating  for  strengthened 
attention 
from 
development  actors,  in  close  coordination  with  humanitarian  assistance.  In  this 
context, 
further  reflection  on 
strengthening  a  developmental  approach  to  IDP  and  refugee  displacement.  In  line 
with the EU Council conclusions on 'Migration in EU Development' (December 2014), 
the ultimate objective is "to define a specific strategy to step up commitments in this 
area." Work on this will continue in 2015. 

the  Commission  has 

initiated  a  process 

issues 

for 

Linked to above, a EUR 26 million Regional Development and Protection Programme 
related to the refugee crisis in and around Syria started its implementation in 2014. In 
line with the development approach towards forced displacement, the action focuses 
on  capacity  building  and  assistance  for  both  refugees  and  host  communities  in 
Lebanon,  Jordan  and  Iraq  to  address  the  challenge  of  the  significant  influx  of 
refugees from Syria. 

The Commission recognises the importance of capacity building initiatives to support 
our  partner  countries  in  dealing  with  the  challenges  and  opportunities  of  migration, 
including  in  fighting  against  migrant  smuggling  and  trafficking  in  human  beings.  In 
line  with  this,  a  EUR  11  million  action  was  launched  in  2014  with  the  aim  of 
preventing and addressing trafficking in human beings and the smuggling of migrants 
implementing  comprehensive  national  counter-trafficking  and  smuggling 
by 
responses while strengthening the partner countries' capacities to efficiently address 
these issues. 

A new area of intervention concerns migrants who are caught up in crisis situations.  
A  new  EUR  five  million  Action  on  'Migrants  in  Countries  in  Crisis'  was  launched  in 
2014,  feeding  into  a  global  government-led  initiative  on  the  same  topic  that  was 
launched  following  the  2013  UN  High-level  Dialogue  on  International  Migration  and 
Development.  The  overarching  aim  of  this  initiative  is  to  improve  the  ability  of 
governments  and  other  relevant  stakeholders  to  prepare  for  and  respond  to  crises, 
alleviate  suffering,  and  protect  the  dignity  and  rights  of  migrants  in  countries  in 
situations of acute crisis. 

In  2014,  the  FP7  funded  SSH  research  project  (Temper)  was  launched  to  examine 
transnational migration and the transformative characteristics of temporary mobility of 
people  with  a  geographical  focus  on  China,  Finland,  Germany,  Hungary,  India,  the 
Netherlands, the Philippines, Thailand, Turkey and Ukraine83. The EU contribution to 
this project amounts to approximately EUR 2.5 million. 

82 COM(2014)335, 2.06.2014 
83 http://www.temperproject.eu/ 

127 

 
 
 
                                                 
3.1.4.  Environment,  climate  change  and  sustainable  management  of  natural 
resources  

In  2014,  the  EU  launched  the  EU  Biodiversity  for  Life  (B4Life)  flagship  initiative 
designed to help the poorest countries protect ecosystems, combat wildlife crime and 
develop green economies. B4Life will be financed from the Global Public Goods and 
Challenges thematic programme as well as from regional and national development 
cooperation envelopes with an estimated budget of up to EUR 800 million for 2014-
2020.  Biodiversity  and  development  are  closely  linked  and  mutually  reinforcing: 
healthy  ecosystems  sustain  development  while  development  impacts  on  habitats. 
Seeing  ecosystem  conservation  and  restoration  as  an  opportunity  to  generate 
growth, create jobs and reduce poverty through a green economy contributes to the 
EU's development agenda. 

Also in 2014, the Commission launched the new phase of the Global Climate Change 
Alliance  (GCCA).  The  GCCA+  aims  to  boost  efficiency  and  effectiveness  of  its 
response  to  the  needs  of  vulnerable  countries  and  groups.  Its  main  focus  is  to 
strengthen  dialogue  and  cooperation  with  developing  countries,  particularly  least 
developed countries and small island developing states.  

GCCA Reverdir Mopti project  

"Very quickly, I saw the benefits. In the past, I would cut down and burn trees in order 
to clear parcels of land to grow millet," said Ousmane Guindo, an agricultural worker 
in the village of Sokoura in Mali's central Mopti region. "But I saw that this didn't help 
at  all  as  now  there  was  nothing  to  stop  the  wind.  My  crops  got  buried  in  sand  and 
yields were very poor. 

"So  I  started  using  the  Assisted  Natural  Regeneration  technique.  I  left  tree  stumps 
intact and started to nurture the new shoots that grew up around them. Very quickly, I 
saw the  benefits: the leaves that  fall from the trees decompose and act as fertiliser 
for my crops; selective pruning ensures a regular supply of wood fuel for cooking; my 
millet yields are better as the trees prevent the wind burying the seedlings; and the 
trees provide welcome shade for our rest breaks when working in the fields." 

Guindo's efforts are supported by the Reverdir Mopti project, which aims to improve 
tree cover and reverse soil degradation and creeping desertification in this arid region 
just south of the Sahara. 

Worsening  soil  degradation  in  recent  decades  –  a  result  of  population  growth, 
inappropriate  farming  methods,  and  increasingly  arid  weather  patterns  linked  to 
climate change - has undermined Mali's capacity to produce food.  

In  response,  the  Malian  government  has  prioritised  reforestation  as  a  means  to 
combat both the degradation of natural resources and poverty. 

The Reverdir Mopti project supported by the GCCA is implemented by Sahel Eco, an 
NGO  that  for  the  past  10  years  has  worked  with  rural  communities  in  the  region  to 
apply agroforestry, in particular by using Assisted Natural Regeneration (ANR). The 
results,  15  months  after  this  project  started,  speak  for  themselves:  141  000  trees 
have been planted and 435 000 trees protected thanks to good management and the 
application  of  ANR;  30  people  have  been  trained  in  water  and  soil  conservation 
techniques; and 16 agreements have been signed with local communities regarding 

128 

 
 
the management of tree resources in order to promote the active involvement of local 
farmers, collectives and village leaders.  

(FLEGT)  Voluntary 
The  Forest  Law  Enforcement,  Governance  and  Trade 
Partnership  Agreements  (VPAs)  were  implemented  in  six  countries  in  2014  and 
negotiations  on  agreements  continued  in  nine  countries.  Towards  end  the  year,  a 
major evaluation of ten years of the FLEGT programme began and the Commission 
looks forward to the results in order to build the future in this key area. 

The  European  Commission  also  renewed  its  Programme  Cooperation  Agreement 
with  the  United  Nations  Environment  Programme  (UNEP),  aiming  at  strengthening 
through 
international  environmental  governance 
targeted support to UN-led global and regional processes in the areas of ecosystem 
management,  chemicals  and  waste,  resource  efficiency,  and  the  more  effective 
implementation of multilateral environmental agreements. 

for  sustainable  development, 

At  the  end  of  the  year,  the  European  Commission  adopted  the  Annual  Action 
Programme  2014  which  details  EUR  163  million  worth  of  projects  tackling 
environmental and climate challenges and promoting the transition towards a green 
economy and better governance issues. 

Also on the protection of forests, through the CEOFAC project (Strengthening of the 
Observatory for the Forests of Central Africa), the Commission is providing decision-
makers of the Congo Basin with reliable information on monitoring indicators (forest 
cover  change, 
forest  management  practices,  biodiversity  conservation  and 
management), climate change issues (adaptation, REDD+ progress and challenges), 
forested  areas  other  than  dense  humid  forests  (dry  forests,  agroforestry,  forest 
plantations) and land use issues (trends in allocation, multiple land use practices) as 
input  for  international  negotiations  on  climate  and  eco-systems.  ‘The  State  of  the 
Forests,  2013’  was  produced  by  the  Observatory  with  108  authors  and  69 
contributors. 

Water 

In  line  with  the  Agenda  for  Change,  the  programming  2014-2020  and  the  Rio+20 
Conference,  the  water  sector  has  shifted  focus  taking  into  account  the  economic 
aspects of water. During 2014 actions were identified to support the Nexus process 
(Water, Energy, and Food), the NEPAD (Centres of Excellence) and the cooperative 
management  of  trans-boundary  waters  in  Africa  (contribution  to  the  CIWA  Trust 
Fund).  

A project in Latin America (Páramo: biodiversity and water resources in the Northern 
Andes) was launched. Water Sector continued its support to EU development issues 
via two regional seminars (Asthana and Fiji).  

The  EU  Water  Initiative  has  held  its  annual  multi-stakeholder  forum  during  World 
Water  Week  in  Stockholm,  with  a  focus  on  nexus  opportunities  in  the  different 
regional  components  (Africa,  Eastern  Europe,  Caucasus  &  Central  Asia,  and 
Mediterranean). 

3.1.5.  Food and Nutrition Security and Sustainable Agriculture 

For  the  2014-20  period,  the  EU’s  support  for  the  improvement  of  food  and  nutrition 
security  will  be  financed  by  several  types  of  instrument  notably  the  European 
Development  Fund,  the  Development  Cooperation  Instrument  and  the  European 

129 

 
 
Neighbourhood  Instrument  at  national  and  regional  level  and  by  the  thematic 
programme  Global  Public  Goods  and  challenges  under  the  area Food  and  nutrition 
security and sustainable agriculture and fisheries to fight hunger and under-nutrition 
(GPGC-FSSA) at the global and multi-country level.  

With  an  overall  budget  for  2014  of  EUR  197  million,  the  GPGC-FSSA  aims  to 
improve food security for the poorest and most vulnerable, to help eradicate poverty 
and hunger for current and future generations, and to better address under-nutrition 
thereby  reducing  child  mortality.  As  food  security  is  a  global  challenge,  the  GPGC 
programme focus on  activities  and approaches that provide strong multiplier effects 
to  the  agricultural,  livestock  and  fisheries  sector,  to  the  food  and  nutrition  security 
situation of households, to the rural economy and food systems, and the resilience of 
the  most  vulnerable  households  to  shocks  and  stresses.  The  GPGC-FSSA  area  is 
focused on three components  

First,  generating  and  exchanging  knowledge  and  fostering  innovation,  and  applying 
new knowledge to the challenges of food and nutrition security mainly at international 
and  continental  levels.  In  2014  the  focus  is  placed  in  particular  on  reinforcing  the 
dissemination  to  and  application  of  research  results  by  smallholder  farmers, 
communities and families in view of increasing their food security and livelihood. For 
example,  the  action  ‘Putting  Research  into  Use  for  Nutrition,  Sustainability  And 
Resilience’ aims to develop and test innovative approaches that impact positively on 
the  livelihoods,  nutrition  or  resilience  of  pilot  rural  communities  and  smallholder 
farmers and to generate lessons for scaling up and it will provide support to selected 
research  programmes  of  the  Consultative  Group  on  International  Agricultural 
Research (CGIAR).  

The  action  ‘Capacity  Development  for  Agricultural  Innovation  Systems’  is  ensuring 
that agricultural innovation systems are efficient and sustainable in meeting demands 
of smallholder farmers, agri-business and consumers. It is establishing a sustainable 
global  partnership  on  capacity  development  in  agricultural  innovation  systems  with 
needs  assessed  and  approaches  validated  in  eight  pilot  countries  in  Asia,  Latin 
America and Africa.  

Secondly,  strengthening  and  promoting  governance  and  capacity  at  the  global, 
continental, regional and national level for all relevant stakeholders. This component 
supports international initiatives addressing food and nutrition security and improves 
the effectiveness of dialogue on food and nutrition security issues. In 2014 the focus 
is  on  increasing  governments'  ability  to  design  and  implement  effective  policies  for 
food security. This is done by making available evidence based scientific advice and 
technical assistance services, by disseminating and reinforcing information systems, 
and  by  working  along  the  agricultural  value  chains.  For  example,  the  International 
Commission  for  the  Conservation  of  Atlantic  Tunas  (ICCAT)  is  providing  evidence 
based  scientific  advice 
to  ensure  sustainable 
to  developing  costal  states 
management of tropical tuna resources in the Atlantic Ocean and in turn contributing 
to their food security and economic growth.  

The  action  ‘Information  for  Nutrition,  Food  Security,  Resilience  Decision  Making’ 
(INFORMED)  aims  at  strengthening  widely  used  food  and  nutrition  security 
assessment  tools  and  at  creating  a  reliable  resilience  measurement  index.  These 
tools will assist governments and technical and financial partners to take appropriate 
and timely decisions.  

130 

 
 
The  goal  of  the  action  ‘ASEAN  Farmers'  Organisations'  Support  Programme’ 
(AFOSP) is to improve the livelihoods and food security of smallholder farmers and 
rural  producers  in  ASEAN  countries  through  strengthened  capacity  of  farmers  and 
their  organisations  to  influence  national  government  and  ASEAN  policies  impacting 
on the livelihoods of poor producers, and to provide effective services to members.  

Thirdly  to  support  the  poor  and  food  and  nutrition  insecure  to  react  to  crises  and 
strengthen  resilience.  This  component  allows  for  support  to  food  insecure  countries 
without  bilateral  programmes  under  geographical  instruments,  and  countries  which 
suffer  from  the  consequences  of  major  unforeseen  crises  and/or  shocks,  including 
natural  and  man-made  disasters,  epidemics  and  major  economic  shocks.  The  ‘Pro-
Resilience Action’ (PRO-ACT) 2014 covers interventions in nine countries and aims 
at building resilience of vulnerable communities by better targeting the root causes of 
food insecurity while ensuring complementarity between instruments for high-impact 
aid. The Action is being implemented using a variety of modalities and with partners 
such  as  civil  society  organisations,  local  authorities,  International  Organisations, 
partner countries and EU Member States.  

the  conference 

In  the  year  of  the  10-year  anniversary  of  the  Comprehensive  Africa  Agriculture 
Development Programme (CAADP), the JRC and the African Union Commission co-
organised 
for  Meeting  Africa's  Agricultural 
Transformation  and  Food  Security  Goals’  from  1-3  October  2014.  The  conference 
gathered  more  than  180  participants  and  addressed  issues  of  information  for  early 
identification  of  risks  and  severity  of  emergencies,  better  trade  and  agricultural 
planning and improved food security and sustainable agriculture.  

‘Information 

Together  with  the  Food  and  Agriculture  Organization  of  the  United  Nations  (FAO), 
the JRC released an e-learning course entitled ‘Remotely sensed information for crop 
monitoring  and  food  security’  to  allow  food  security  analysts  worldwide  to  better 
understand  and  use  satellite  data  in  their  daily  food  security  work.  Along  the  same 
lines,  an  improved  version  of  the  African  Postharvest  Losses  Information  System 
(APHLIS) was issued to allow for the estimation of post-harvest losses in data-scarce 
environments. 

The  Joint  Research  Centre  contributed  to  the  damage  assessment  for  Syria  led  by 
Directorate-General for Development and Cooperation — EuropeAid, by highlighting 
the  impact  of  the  conflict  on  the  production  of  summer  crops  using  high-resolution 
satellite  data.  At  the  global  level,  the  JRC  has  been  a  main  contributor  to  crop 
production  assessments  under  the  Global  Agricultural  Monitoring  (GEOGLAM)  and 
Agricultural Market Information System (AMIS) G20 initiatives.  
The IPC84 Chronic Food Insecurity Classification, launched in July 2014, is a unique 
tool  for  measuring  the  extent,  severity  and  underlying  factors  of  persistent  food 
insecurity. The classification was finalised after a series of pilots carried out in 2012 
and  2013  in  Nepal,  Zimbabwe,  Malawi,  Lesotho,  the  Philippines,  Honduras,  Kenya, 
Bangladesh,  Guatemala  and  Southern  Africa.  The  process  was  led  by  the  IPC 
Chronic Working Group, with the active contribution of the JRC. The classification will 
be key to informing medium- and long-term food security programming. 

84  The  Integrated  food  security  Phase  Classification  (IPC)  is  a  multi-donor  (including  Directorate-General  for 
Development and Cooperation — EuropeAid and ECHO), multi-agency (incl. JRC) initiative that develops a set 
of  standardised  tools  to  provide  a  "common  currency"  for  classifying  the  severity  and  magnitude  of  food 
insecurity. 

131 

 
 
                                                 
3.1.6. 

Sustainable Energy 

Around  the  world  some  1.4  billion  people  have  no  access  to  electricity  and  almost 
three  billion  people  rely  on  solid  fuels,  such  as  traditional  biomass  and  coal,  for 
cooking and heating. Energy is linked to eradicating poverty, access to clean water, 
economic growth, health, education, women’s empowerment and food security. Thus 
sustainable energy is a key enabler for sustainable growth as demonstrated in EU’s 
commitments through Agenda for Change and its contribution to the objectives of the 
UN  Secretary General’s  Sustainable  Energy for All initiative (SE4ALL). Commission 
ex-President  Barroso  proposed  the  target  of  enabling  access  to  sustainable  energy 
for 500 million people by 2030. 

Long-term partnerships with developing countries are based on mutual accountability 
and  political  dialogue  at  regional,  national  and  local  level  to  help  them  develop 
efficient, sustainable energy reform programmes. 

In  September  2014  in  the  margins  of  the  UN  Climate  Summit  in  New  York  the  EU 
signed five Joint Declarations with African countries on enhanced energy cooperation 
aimed  at 
ties  between  partner  countries’  political 
commitments  in  the  field  of  energy  and  the  supporting  actions  financed  by  the  EU 
and relevant donors.  

the  political 

reinforcing 

The EU uses its funding instruments to help developing countries to access modern, 
affordable  and  reliable  energy  services  to  meet  the  basic  needs  of  daily  life, 
accelerate economic growth and improve the livelihoods of their people. This funding 
is  provided  through  appropriate  financing  modalities  (thematic  and  geographic)  and 
mechanisms (blending facilities) to address the different objectives.  

Global  and  regional  political  dialogues  initiated  by  the  EU  are  part  of  this 
comprehensive  strategy  for  bringing access  to  modern energy  services to  the poor. 
These  include  the  Africa-EU  Energy  Partnership  and  the  European  Union  Energy 
Initiative established in 2002 as a joint undertaking by the EU Member States and the 
European  Commission  that  during  2014  continued  to  deliver  important  support 
towards sustainable energy solutions. 

The  EU's  Technical  Assistance  Facility  of  EUR  47  million  assisted  developing 
countries in refining policies and reforms that allow for greater investment in energy.  

In addition over 25 countries have chosen energy as a focal sector for their bilateral 
cooperation with the EU within the next multi annual framework (2014-2020). 

In 2014, in addition to the EUR 153 million of EU support for electrification projects in 
poor rural areas via the Energy Facility that benefitted more than three million people 
directly, funds were allocated for the coordination, dissemination and tracking of the 
SE4ALL global effort over a three-year period. 

EUR  75  million  was  allocated  to  catalyse  private  sector  investments  in  energy 
access, under the existing EU blending framework. Moreover, a proposal for a new 
rural Electrification Financing Initiative (ElectriFI) was put forward to reinforce further 
the feasibility, sustainability and the leverage of the EU resources allocated to energy 
cooperation and in particular to rural electrification.  

132 

 
 
 
The Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) provides co-
funding  opportunities  for  commercial  and  public  investors  that  helps  other  funds 
leverage investments.  The EU-EDFI’s (European Development Finance Institutions) 
Private  Sector  Development  Facilities  works  with  private  project  developers  and 
private financiers in energy related projects.  

The  Africa-EU  Renewable  Energy  Cooperation  Programme  aims  to  stimulate 
sustainable  economic  and  social  development  in  Africa  through  clearly  defined 
targets  to  increase the use  of  the continent's  vast  renewable  energy  sources  has  a 
budget of EUR 6.6 million that was renewed in 2014. 

Considering  the  credits  earmarked  for  energy  cooperation  in  the  context  of  the 
multiannual  financial  framework  2014-2020  and  the  leverage  to  be  achieved,  in 
particular through innovative Commission initiatives such as ElectriFI and under the 
EU  blending  framework,  it  is  expected  that  more  than  EUR  3.3  billion  will  be  made 
available to support sustainable energy projects all over the world. Around EUR two 
billion will be dedicated to African countries. 
In  2014  as  a  follow  up  of  the  2009-13  AFRETEP  project85  JRC  has  consolidated 
reports on supporting sustainable energy planning in Africa. 

The supporting reports ranged from electrification planning tools in Sub-Saharan 
Africa86  through  Energy  Action  Plans  in  South  Mediterranean  Cities87  to  JRC-
IRENA-AREA joint webinar88 (with 280 experts) on PV planning and testing.  

The  online  AFRETEP  platform  created  and  expanded  by  the  JRC  with  its  800+ 
African  and  global  members  is  now  being  migrated  to  the  capacity4dev  website 
increasing the energy expertise community of the EuropeAid website. 

Partnership Instrument 

3.1.7. 
The  Partnership  Instrument  (PI)89  is  one  of  the  key  innovations  in  Heading  4  of  the 
Multiannual  Financial  Framework  2014-2020  package  of  instruments  for  financing 
external  action.  The  new instrument  reflects  both the  changes  we  have  seen  in  the 
world in recent times and the changes we have made in the way we respond to the 
world challenges.  

The  PI  will  help  underpin  relations  with  partners  with  whom  the  EU  has  a  strategic 
interest  in  promoting  links,  especially,  but  not  exclusively,  EU's  strategic  partners 
which play an increasingly important role in world affairs (Canada, Japan, the United 
States  and  the  Republic  of  Korea)  including  those  that  are  no  longer  eligible  for 
bilateral  development  aid  (Brazil,  China,  India  and  Mexico).  The  instrument  will  be 
deployed  mainly  in  the  Asia-Pacific,  the  Americas,  the  Gulf  as  well  as  Russia  and 
Central Asia. 

85 http://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/remea/tags/afretep  
86  JRC89480  Lessons  learnt  from  the  AFRETEP  for  the  African  PV  sector  development;  JRC89662  RE2nAF: 
exploring  scenarios  for  off  grid  electricity  production  options  in  Africa;  JRC88355  Mapping  the  cost  of 
electricity from grid-connected and off-grid PV systems in Africa; JRC89692 Installing Solar Systems On The 
Face  Of  Existing  African  Dams  For  Additional  Energy  Production;  and  JRC93927  Supporting  Rural 
Electrification Plans In Sub-Saharan Africa: Mapping The Least-Cost Option For Off-Grid Communities  
87  JRC93697  Guidebook  How  to  develop  a  Sustainable  Energy  Action  Plan  (SEAP)  in  South  Mediterranean 
Cities 
88 JRC93908 AREA-JRC-IRENA Webinar: Planning and testing for solar photovoltaic installation in Africa 
89 Regulation (EU) No 234/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2014 

133 

 
 
                                                 
The PI encompasses a number of areas of key interest to the Union. It will support 
the  external  dimension  of  EU  internal  policies  ranging  from  competiveness  and 
migration  to  research  and  innovation,  the  external  projection  of  the  Europe  2020 
Strategy, and it will address major global challenges such as energy security, climate 
change  and  environmental  protection  as  well  as  specific  aspects  of  the  EU’s 
economic diplomacy. The instrument also covers public diplomacy (including cultural 
diplomacy) and outreach activities to promote the Union’s values and interests.  

With the PI, the EU will, for the first time, have an instrument specifically designed to 
promote its strategic interests worldwide. The EU, through the external projection of 
its  policies,  has  unprecedented  opportunities  to  offer  its  know-how,  expertise  and 
best practices in ways that underpin its policy agenda and overall relations with key 
partner countries in support of the EU priorities. 

Following  the  strategic  dialogue  that  was  held  on  the  10  March  2014  and  the 
adoption of the (PI) 2014-2017 Multi-annual Indicative Programme (MIP) on 3 July 
201490, the Commission adopted the 2014 Annual Action Programme (AAP) on 16 
October 201491 (subsequently amended twice after the cut-off date of this report on 
10 March 2015 and on 18 June 2015). 
The AAP 2014 includes 21 actions92 (24 if account is taken of the above mentioned 
amendments)  with  a  budget  of  EUR  107  million  (note  that  an  amendment  to  the 
2014 AAP is under discussion to include one additional programme ‘Support to EU-
China  aviation  cooperation’).  The  actions  adopted  with  the  AAP  2014  are  wide 
ranging and tackle various important issues at the core of the Partnership Instrument 
from  climate  change  to  public  procurement,  from  migration  to  market  access,  from 
underpinning policy dialogues to enhancing clean and sustainable energy. 

90 C(2014) 4453 final 
91 C(2014) 7423 final 
92 This figure includes specific projects under the Public Diplomacy action fiche 

134 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Figure 1. Situation AAP 2014 

Addressing  challenges  of  global  concern  such  as  climate  change,  energy  security 
and  the  protection  of  the  environment  is  at  the  core  of  objective  1  of  the  PI 
Regulation93. Therefore, the AAP 2014 includes a number of programmes to support 
the development of low carbon markets and the shift towards a green economy 
by sharing expertise and good practice and by promoting the implementation of state 
of the art climate policy tools with partner such as Brazil, Mexico and South Korea. It 
also  contains  programmes  aimed  at  strengthening  dialogue  and  cooperation  with 
large  energy  consuming  countries  such  as  India  and  to  stimulate  cooperation  on 
energy efficiency with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC).  

The implementation of the international dimension of the 'Europe 2020' and of the 
EU's internal policies is addressed through the objective 2 of the Regulation. In this 
regard,  the  AAP  2014  focuses  on  migration  with  an  action  to  deepen  the  recently 
established High Level Dialogue on Migration mobility (HLD) with China, a strategic 
partner but also a country which has significant migratory flows to and from Europe. 
The  action  will  address  issues  related  to  skilled  migrants,  foreign  businessmen 
coming to China as well as Chinese talent going abroad.  

The  PI  Regulation  also  foresees  support  for  economic  and  trade  relations  with  key 
partner countries, thus contributing to create a secure climate for increased trading 
and  investment  opportunities  for  companies  from  the  EU,  not  the  least  SMEs. 
Underpinned in objective 3 of the Regulation, the PI aims to promote opportunities in 
areas  where  the  Union  has  a  competitive  advantage,  such  as  environmental,  low 
carbon  and  clean  tech  industries.  Actions  in  the  AAP  2014  will  contribute  to 
stimulating greener and sustainable growth in South Korea and the South East Asia 
(SEA)  region,  with  high  growth  potential.  By  concentrating  on  sectors  such  as 

93 Objectives of the Partnership Instrument are detailed in the Annex to the Partnership Instrument 

135 

 
 
 
                                                 
renewables  energy  and  clean  technologies  the  proposed  actions  can  contribute  to 
the  internationalisation  of  European  businesses  and  to  enhancing  access  to 
emerging markets. 

Furthermore, a comprehensive approach to public diplomacy that encompasses 
four pillars: working with academia, engaging in policy research and debate with think 
tank,  engaging  with  civil  society  actors  on  issues  of  common  concern  and  using 
culture as a vector for public diplomacy is in line with objective 4 of the Regulation. 
The  AAP  2014,  includes,  for  example,  support  to  the  EU-US  Transatlantic  Civil 
Society Dialogue against the background of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment 
Partnership  negotiations  and  to  the  EU-Russia  Civil  Society  Forum,  supported  by 
the  European  Parliament,  to  facilitate  people-to-people  links  and  enhance  inter-
cultural understanding among civil society actors on both sides. 

Based  on  a  Preparatory  Action  of  the  European  Parliament,  the  PI  2014  AAP  also 
includes  an  initiative  to  promote  broader  transatlantic  cooperation,  including 
the African and South American rims of the Atlantic basin. This initiative aims at 
deepening  cooperation  between  think-tanks,  researchers  and  influential  decision 
makers  from  all  the  countries  of  the  Atlantic  Basin  on  cross-regional  issues,  thus 
fostering the idea of a wider Atlantic community.  

Figure 2. Situation per objective – AAP 2014 

136 

 
 
 
In addition to the EUR 107 million envelope, the PI has contributed just over EUR 8.2 
million  to  the  ‘Erasmus  +’  Programme  to  support  cooperation  in  higher  education 
enhancing  student  and  staff  mobility  with  partner  countries  covered  by  the  former 
Instrument for Cooperation with Industrialised countries94 as well as Russia.  

Republic  of  Korea:  facilitating  the  Implementation  of  an  Emissions  Trading 
System  

Europe has gained wide expertise in the development of carbon markets with the EU 
emissions  trading  system  (EU  ETS),  the  largest  multi-national,  emissions  trading 
system  in  the  world  and  a  major  pillar  of  EU  climate  policy.  The  EU  is  in  a  unique 
position to support the development of carbon markets in other countries around the 
world through sharing expertise and good practice. 

The  overall  aim  of  this  action  is  to  promote  the  implementation  of  state  of  the  art 
climate policy tools by South Korea. Actions of this type may be pursued with other 
strategic partner countries in the future. 

Brazil and Mexico: fostering the development of low carbon industries  

The  EU  has  a  strategic  interest  in  stimulating  plausible  efforts  from  middle  income 
countries  to  adequately  tackle  the  global  challenge  of  climate  change.  Assisting 
these countries in a shift towards a low carbon, green economy will be crucial to stay 
within  the  internationally  agreed  2°C  objective.  At  the  same  time,  the  EU  has  a 
leading role in  low carbon technologies.  The  overall  aim  of  these programmes is to 
support  the  exchange  and  uptake  of  low  carbon  technology  through  industrial 
cooperation  between  companies  in  Brazil  and  Mexico.  The  action  offers  the 
opportunity to combine these two strong policy objectives within one action 

Assessing public procurement  

Addressing key aspects of the EU Trade policy is an important objective of the PI. In 
particular  fostering  market  openness  and  evidence  based  trade  policy  is  vital  with 
regard to issues such as transparency and public procurement. 

Public  Procurement  is  gaining  importance  on  the  trade  negotiation  agenda,  both 
under the aegis of the WTO and at the bilateral level. In addition, public procurement 
markets  in  third  countries  offer  significant  potential  for  European  companies. 
However, often the size of these markets is not fully known due to the lack of reliable 
data. Finding ways to increase data availability about key markets will enable the EU 
to  assess  the  status-quo  and  potential  gains  and  to  ensure  better  access  to  these 
markets.  

The purpose of the action is to provide the analytical tools to assess in the context of 
trade  negotiations  on  procurement:  the  size  of  procurement  markets;  the  positive 

94  USA,  Japan,  Canada,  the  Republic  of  Korea,  Australia  and  New  Zealand;  certain  Asian  industrialised 
countries  and  territories  (Singapore,  Hong  Kong,  Macao,  Taiwan  and  Brunei)  as  well  as  the  Gulf 
Cooperation Council (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates). 

137 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
effects  of  improved  market  access;  the  degree  of  contestability  of  a  procurement 
market  for  European  companies.  The  methodology  will  be  tested  in  three  pilot 
countries in both the Americas and Asia/ Pacific. 

Further  to  the  programmes  outlined  above,  the  EU  committed  EUR  7.7  million  to 
support  the  implementation  of  Partnership  and  Cooperation  Agreements,  action 
plans  and  similar  bilateral  instruments  and  underpin  policy  dialogues  through  the 
‘Policy Support Facility’ that has been designed to promote the implementation of 
the external dimension of the Union's internal policies to respond in a timely fashion 
to the dynamic and fast-changing global environment in our relations with the partner 
countries.  The  Policy  Support  Facility  also  includes  a  trade  strand  to  tackle  needs 
arising  during  the  preparation  and  negotiation  phase  of  trade  and  investment 
agreements as well as to support and ensure the proper implementation, monitoring, 
enforcement  and  take-up  of  such  agreements  once  signed  and  entered  into  force.  
Complementary  to  this  facility,  the  PI  has  also  contributed  in  2014  funds  to  provide 
through the Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument (TAIEX) 
EU expertise and best-practices to the EU strategic partners and other countries. 

3.2.  Democracy and human rights 

The  European  Instrument  for  Democracy  and  Human  Rights  (EIDHR)  is  the 
European  Union's  main  financing  instrument  for  the  promotion  of  democracy  and 
human rights  in  its  external relations.  It represents  the  clear  expression of  the  EU's 
promotion and support for democracy and human rights in all of its external policies. 
It is the world largest pro-democracy and Human Rights donor programme. 

European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) 

Complementing  all  other  EU  instruments  that  also  mainstream  Human  Rights  and 
Democracy in their activities, the EIDHR is designed to help civil society to become 
an effective force for political reform and defence of human rights worldwide. 

The review of the EIDHR in 2014 enshrined in its new legal basis for 2014-2020, and 
its new multiannual strategy for 2014-2017, further reinforced the key strength of the 
instrument,  which  is  the  ability  to  operate  without  the  need  for  host  government 
consent. The EIDHR is able to focus on sensitive issues and innovative approaches 
and  to  cooperate  directly  with  local,  scattered  or  disenfranchised  Civil  Society 
Organisations (CSOs) which need to preserve independence from public authorities. 

Endowed  with  greater  flexibility  and  an  increased  capacity  to  respond  to  changing 
circumstances,  the  EIDHR  is  a  specialised  part  of  the  EU  response  to  crisis  and 
contributes  to  EU  initiatives  in  2014  in  countries  such  as  Ukraine,  Central  African 
Republic,  or  Syria  and  Iraq.  In  2014,  more  than  500  new  key  initiatives  were 
launched  with  the  EIDHR  support  endowed  with  a  budget  of  more  than  EUR  150 
million covering more than 135 countries. This adds to the more than 1 500 ongoing 
EIDHR projects deployed in the field. 

In particular, in 2014, the Commission has launched 15 new key initiatives supporting 
human  rights  and  their  defenders  in  the  most  urgent  and  difficult  situations  worth 
EUR  15  million.  These  new  additional  actions  add  to  the  ongoing  130  specific 
projects  defending  Human  Rights  and  their  Defenders  worth  EUR  100  million. 

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Moreover,  the  EIDHR  small  grant  scheme  was  activated  on  more  than  75  cases 
allowing support for hundreds of Human Rights Defenders at risk. 

In  addition,  a  global  call  ‘Fighting  Discrimination’  led  to  28  new  key  initiatives 
dedicated  to  fight  discriminations  in  the  four  areas  of  the  rights  of  indigenous 
peoples,  the  rights  of  Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender  and  Intersex  persons,  the 
rights of persons belonging to religious minorities and the freedom of belief, and the 
rights  of  girl  children  –  in  total  worth  EUR  20  million.  Moreover,  local  calls  for 
proposals  were  implemented  by  EU  Delegations  in  101  countries  worth  EUR  82.3 
million. They allowed reinforcing the role of grassroots civil society on the ground in 
promoting  human  rights  and  democratic  reforms,  in  facilitating  the  peaceful 
reconciliation  of  group  interests  and  in  consolidating  political  participation  and 
representation all over the world. 

The  EIDHR  has  also  supported  key  actors  and  processes  in  2014,  in  particular  the 
Civil Society input to more than 20 EU Human Rights Dialogues with third partners, 
the  UN  Office  of  the  High  Commissioner  for  Human  Rights  (OHCHR),  the 
International  Criminal  Court  (ICC),  Human  Rights  Bodies  of  the  African  Union  and 
initiating  a  comprehensive  global  programme  to  support  National  Human  Rights 
Institutes. 

Finally, the EIDHR supported education on Human Rights through a global network 
of  universities,  regrouping  of  the  European  Inter-University  Centre  (EIUC)  including 
the  European  Master's  Degree  in  Human  Rights  and  Democratisation  (E.MA),  and 
five  other  regional  Masters  in  Human  Rights  and  Democratisation  in  Africa, 
Asia/Pacific, Balkans, Caucasus and Latin America. 

But  EU  support  to  Human  Rights  and  Democracy  goes  beyond  the  EIDHR  and 
several key initiatives focussed in 2014 in extending their mainstreaming and support 
within other parts of EU assistance. 

Strengthening Human Rights within external assistance 

In  2012  the  EU  adopted  an  ambitious  programme  –  the  Strategic  Framework  on 
Human  Rights  and  Democracy  –  which  set  out  how  we  intended  to  honour  our 
constitutional obligation, spelled out in Article 21 of the Treaty of the European Union 
(TEU), to advance in the wider world democracy, the rule of law, the universality and 
indivisibility  of  human  rights  and  fundamental  freedoms,  respect  for  human  dignity, 
the  principles  of  equality  and  solidarity,  and  respect  for  the  principles  of  the  United 
Nations Charter and international law.  

The third essential element of the Human Rights package adopted in 2012 was the 
Action Plan. Without this, the commitments made in the Strategic Framework would 
have remained only declaratory.   

The EU Action Plan on Human Rights and Democracy adopted for 2012 come to an 
end  in  2014.  The  Commission  delivered  on  each  of  the  97  actions  falling  under  its 
responsibility  covering  a  broad  range  of  human  rights  and  democracy  issues  with 
clear objectives within well-defined timeframes. It allowed a solid qualitative jump in 
the  implementation  of  Universal  Human  Rights  Standards  and  the  EU  Charter  on 
Fundamental Rights within external actions. It launched a comprehensive set of new 
dynamics and steps forward. 

139 

 
 
Indeed,  in  2014,  the  EU  finalised  its  set  of  bilateral  programmes  with  partner 
countries for 2014-2017 where human rights, democracy and other key elements of 
good  governance  have  been  introduced  as  key  focal  sectors  in  various  areas  of 
cooperation.  In  particular,  the  EU  continued  strengthening  its  assessment  of 
fundamental  values  and  governance  related  risk  prior  to  its  budget  support 
operations.  

Moreover, the EU committed in 2014 to move towards a rights-based approach for its 
development  policy  on  the  basis  of  the  Commission  Staff  Working  Document 
designing  a  toolbox  for  this  purpose  (‘A  right  based  approach,    encompassing  all 
human rights for EU development cooperation’) endorsed by the Council Conclusions 
of  May  2014.  This  provided  political  impetus  and  concrete  guidance  on  how  to 
integrate a rights-based approach into any development programme or project along 
five  working  principles:  applying  all  rights,  participation  and  access  to  the  decision 
making  process,  non-discrimination  and  equal  access,  transparency  and  access  to 
information. 

The implementation of a rights-based approach into all EU development programmes 
and  projects  has  started.  It  will  strengthen  the  positive  and  pro-active  impact  of 
development  activities  to  promote  and  protect  Human  Rights  as  a  key  element  of 
inclusive  and  stable  development.  It  also  represents  a  major  EU  input  to  the  post-
MDGs debate and a concrete step forward to further improve delivery and results. 

Supporting Democracy worldwide 

In 2014, the EU continued to support democracy all around the globe, from the EU's 
neighbourhood to Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. Making full use of all 
of  its  geographic  and  thematic  instruments,  the  Commission  committed  more  than 
EUR  93  million  in  around  190  projects  in  2014.  The  projects  cover  support  to 
elections,  strengthening  of  parliaments  and  political  parties  as  well  as  media 
development. Interventions serve different purposes, ranging from responses to crisis 
situations and to engagement in long-term capacity building.  

Covering EUR 35 million, support to elections represents the biggest part of the EU's 
democracy  support.  It  includes  democratic  support  to  fragile  countries  such  as 
Somalia, mitigation actions for electoral violence in Africa and support to accompany 
civil society organisation activities in countries undergoing democratic transition. 

Case study - Specific focus on Freedom of Expression 

Building on the ‘No Disconnect’ Strategy, 2014 saw a boost to the policy framework 
with  the  adoption  of  the  EU  Human  Rights  Guidelines  on  Freedom  of  Expression 
Online  and  Offline.  These  guidelines  reiterate  the  basic  principles  of,  and  set  out 
priorities,  for  EU  engagement  in  this  domain.  The  European  Commission  has 
launched  the  EU  Cyber  security  strategy,  the  Internet  Governance  Communication 
and the Business and Human Rights Guidelines for the ICT sector, contributing to the 
fight for a free and open internet. 

In this context, the annual EU-NGO Forum (December 2014) was fully dedicated to 
finding ways forward to the protection and promotion of freedom of expression. 

Moreover, especially in the EU's southern neighbourhood, there has been a specific 
focus  on  the  support  to  media  to  enhance  freedom  of  expression  as  a  vector  of 
democratic development. As an example, programmes for the inclusive development 

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of  the  media  landscape  and  of  the  legal  framework  of  the  media  were  launched  in 
Tunisia and Algeria with a total budget of EUR 17.3 million. 

Election observation 

The  overall  objectives  of  EU  Election  Observation  Missions  (EOMs)  in  2014  have 
remained  the  building  of  confidence,  the  enhancement  of  the  reliability  and 
transparency  of  democratic  electoral  processes,  and 
the  discouragement  of 
irregularities, abuse and electoral violence. The legal basis for election observation is 
the  Regulation  on  the  European  Instrument  for  Democracy  and  Human  Rights 
(EIDHR).  With  an  annual  budget  of  around  EUR  40  million  election  observation 
activities absorb up to 25 % of EIDHR’s overall total budget of EUR 1.2 billion for the 
period 2014-20). The EU continued to support electoral processes around the globe 
by  deploying  Election  Observation  Missions  (EOMs)  and  Election  Assessment 
Teams (EATs) in challenging security environments. These two types of missions are 
led  by  a  Chief  Observer,  who  is  a  Member  of  the  European  Parliament,  and  are 
composed  of  a  core  team  of  experts  as  well  as  Long  and  Short  Term  Observers. 
These  missions  produce  a  public  statement  as  well  as  a  public  report  that  includes 
recommendations  to  improve  future  electoral  processes.  The  EU  also  deploys 
Electoral Expert Missions (EEMs) that are usually composed of two or three experts 
that make a technical assessment which is usually not made public. Finally, Election 
Follow-up  Missions  (EfMs)  assess  the  implementation  of  previous  EU  EOM 
recommendations.  

In  2014,  seven  fully-fledged  EU  Election  Observation  Missions  were  deployed  to 
Egypt, Guinea Bissau, Kosovo, Malawi, the Maldives, Mozambique and Tunisia. An 
Election  Assessment  Team  mission  was  deployed  to  Afghanistan.  Nine  Election 
Expert Missions were deployed to Algeria, Bolivia, El Salvador, the Fijis, Iraq, Libya, 
Mauritania, Nigeria and Thailand. Two Election Follow-up Missions were deployed in 
Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC).  

Election  observation  continued  to  operate  under  often  quite  volatile  political 
developments  in  the  selected  countries  and  subsequent  tight  implementation 
deadlines.  This  has  been  the  case  for  the  two  missions  to  Kosovo  under  unstable 
political  and  security  conditions,  in  Egypt,  where  operational  delays  posed  a 
challenge to the credibility of the observation, and in Afghanistan where the security 
situation  was  extremely  challenging.  Yet,  the  highly  visible  annual  programme  of 
election  observation  was  successfully  implemented  and  continuous  efforts  were 
made to increase the cost-effectiveness of EOMs. 

Finally, a total of 101 trainees from 27 EU Member States participated in the courses 
provided  by  the  training  programme  Election  Observation  and  Democracy  Support 
(EODS).  EODS  deepened  its  cooperation  with  the  African  Union  (AU)  in  2014, 
helping develop a curriculum and tools for Long Term Observer (LTO) training and a 
core team methodology. EODS helped the AU train 57 LTOs, and 26 Election/Legal 
analysts for either French or English speaking missions.  

3.3.  Stability 

141 

 
 
 
 
 
3.3.1.  Crisis response and preparedness 

Addressing the challenges of fragile and conflict-affected countries 

Building  peaceful  societies  and  eradicating  poverty  in  fragile  and  conflict-affected 
countries  is  a  top  priority  for  the  European  Union  as  outlined  in  the  Agenda  for 
Change and other policy documents.  

In  2014,  the  EU  continued  supporting  the  New  Deal  process  through  the  design  of 
joint  operational  guidance 
that  EU 
interventions have a positive impact on poverty reduction and conflict prevention.   

for  conflict  sensitivity  aiming 

to  ensure 

As regards country level New Deal implementation, the EU has taken the role as lead 
international partner in Somalia. In September 2013, the first New Deal Compact was 
endorsed in Brussels, as a joint engagement of the Federal Government of Somalia 
and of the donor community on a set of priorities aligned with the five Peace-building 
and  State-building  Goals,  accompanied  by  a  mechanism  for  aid  architecture  and  a 
mutual  accountability  framework.  The  Government  2014  work-plan  has  internalised 
the New Deal Compact in their daily work by aligning to the ‘Compact’ priorities and 
cooperation framework. 

Policy dialogue on fragility and conflict has been strengthened with key international 
and strategic bilateral partners, as the EU has continued to play an active and role in 
the  International  Network  on  Conflict  and  Fragility  and  in  the  International  Dialogue 
on Peace-building and State-building. 

In  Ebola  affected  countries,  the  EU  has  engaged  with  the  Ebola  Recovery 
Assessment  contributing  to  shared  analysis  which  takes  stock  of  the  underlying 
causes  of  fragility  that  need  to  be  address  in  order  to  build  back  more  effective 
institutions  and  resilient  societies.  Special  attention  to  fragile  contexts  was  further 
demonstrated through the design of State-building Contracts for a number of fragile 
countries  including  Guinea,  Sierra  Leone,  and  Liberia  which  will  provide  support  in 
particular  to  health  services,  maintain  macroeconomic  stability  and  create  fiscal 
space  for  measures  related  to  the  epidemic.  The  EU  has  continued  to  use  flexible 
procedures in crisis situations.   

Advancing the EU’s comprehensive approach to external conflicts and crises  

Following the May 2014 Council conclusions on the EU’s comprehensive approach, 
the European Commission services and the European External Action Service have 
worked  in  close  cooperation  with  EU  Member  States  to  present  an  action  plan, 
before end of first quarter of 2015 setting out priorities for the current year. 

In  May  2014,  the  first  Political  Framework  for  Crisis  Approach  was  completed  for 
Ukraine, and in October 2014, for Libya and CAR, demonstrating progress on shared 
analysis.  In  2014,  the  global  rollout  of  the  Conflict  Early  Warning  System,  jointly 
operated  by  European  External  Action  Service  (EEAS)  and  Directorate-General  for 
Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid,  and  the  conflict  analysis  workshops 
carried  out  jointly  in  10  partner  countries  (Sudan,  Nigeria,  Colombia,  Iraq,  Libya, 
Chad, Ukraine, Liberia, Somalia, CAR) pooling together the analytical resources from 
EU  services,  Member  States  and  in  a  number  of  cases  from  partner  organisations, 
also contributed to this progress.    

Joint  programming  with  Member  States  has  advanced  in  almost  40  countries, 
reinforcing the implementation of the comprehensive approach. The transition of the 

142 

 
 
two  Common  Security  and  Defence  Policy  (CSDP)  missions  to  the  Democratic 
Republic of Congo (DRC) has been successfully conducted through the setting-up of 
a  dedicated  inter-service  task  force.  The  extension  of  the  EU  Operation  Centre  for 
the Horn of Africa with the secondment of a liaison officer to EuropeAid HQ was also 
instrumental in advancing the comprehensive approach in this region.  

The deployment of EUFOR RCA in Central African Republic and the establishment of 
the  First  EU  trust  fund,  the  Bêkou  Trust  Fund,  to  pool  resources  and  analytical 
capabilities for the identification and implementation of projects is an example of the 
EU’s collective capacity to respond to challenging transitions. 

Resilience: tackling the root causes of the crises 

Building  resilient  societies  in  countries  that  face  recurrent  crises  is  high  on  the 
for  EU  external  assistance95.  This  policy  and  operational  package 
agenda 
emphasises  the  joint  humanitarian  and  development  work  and  priorities  in  a 
comprehensive,  coherent  and  effective  approach,  in  order  to  achieve  better  results 
on the ground, reduce future humanitarian needs and preserve development gains. 

In April 2014, the first EU Resilience Forum was held, confirming Member States and 
International  partners'  commitment  to  set  resilience  as  a  central  aim  of  their 
engagement in fragile and crisis-prone contexts.  
Resilience has been integrated into 11th EDF and DCI programming as well as into 
Humanitarian  Implementation  Plans  focussing  on  the  most  vulnerable,  addressing 
fragility,  natural  hazards  and  the  increasing  impact  of  climate  change,  often  in  the 
context of rapid population growth and increased vulnerability.  

Collaborative  strategic  assessments  to  determine  resilience  objectives  have  been 
carried out in a number of risk prone countries (Nepal, Bangladesh, Mali and CAR) or 
are  under  way  (Haiti,  Yemen)  with  ECHO,  EuropeAid,  Member  States  and  other 
contributors.    Synergies  between  joint  programming  exercises  and  Resilience 
approaches are being developed. 

From  a  broader  policy  perspective  a  key  priority  is  to  ensure  coherence  throughout 
the  post-2015  debates  –  notably  the  post-2015  Millennium  Development  Goals, 
Sustainable Development and post-Hyogo framework. 

Addressing the challenges in fragile and conflict-affected countries 

Addressing the challenges of fragile and conflict-affected countries is a top priority for 
the European Union as outlined in the Agenda for Change and other policy initiatives. 
In  December  2013,  the Joint  Communication from the High Representative  and  the 
European Commission on the EU's comprehensive approach to external conflict and 
crises presented proposals on how to strengthen the coherence, comprehensiveness 
and effectiveness of EU external action, with a particular focus on conflict and crisis 
situations. In October 2013 two internal joint guidance notes on ‘Addressing conflict 
issues  under  external  cooperation 
prevention,  peace-building  and  security 

95  The  EU’s  approach  to  resilience  is  set  in  the  Joint  Communication  of  October  2012  ‘The  EU  Approach  to 
Resilience:  Learning  from  Food  Security  Crises’,  the  related  Council  Conclusions  (April  2013)  while  its 
operationalization designed through the Commission's Resilience Action Plan (June 2013). 

143 

 
 
 
                                                 
instruments’, and ‘Conflict Analysis in support of EU external action’ were also issued 
and are contributing to a more conflict sensitive programming approach. 

Special attention to fragile contexts was further demonstrated by the adoption of the 
new  budget  support  guidelines,  which  offer  the  possibility  to  use  State-building 
Contracts  in  transition  countries,  the  possibility  of  using  flexible  procedures  in  crisis 
situations,  the  attention  to  fragility  and  crisis  affected  countries  across  the  various 
policy  documents  issued,  and  training  more  than  180  people  on  engagement  in 
fragile and crisis situations during 2013. 

Since 2011 November, and the Launch of the ‘New Deal for Engagement in Fragile 
States’96,  substantial  progress  has  been  made  in  implementing  the  New  Deal 
provisions  at  country  level  and  through  reforms.  Policy  dialogue  on  fragility  and 
conflict has been strengthened with key international and strategic bilateral partners, 
as the EU is playing an active and role in the International Network on Conflict and 
Fragility and in the International Dialogue on Peace-building and State-building.  

As  regards  country  level  implementation,  the  EU  has  taken  the  lead  international 
partner  role  in  Somalia,  in  the  Central  African  Republic  (together  with  France)  and 
has also offered its help to Timor Leste in support of Australia. 

In September 2013, the first New Deal Compact was endorsed in Brussels as a joint 
engagement of the Federal Government of Somalia and of the donor community on a 
set  of  priorities  aligned  with  the  five  Peace-building  and  State-building  Goals, 
accompanied  by  a  mechanism  for  aid  architecture  and  a  mutual  accountability 
framework. In Central African Republic the EU is supporting the stabilisation process 
and  is  preparing  to  co-sponsor  the  New  Deal  implementation  once  the  situation 
allows. In Timor Leste EU interventions have strong state-building elements. The EU 
is also a strong supporter of the New Deal in countries where others have taken up 
the role of lead donor, such as in Liberia, Sierra Leone and, eventually, South Sudan. 
For more details please refer to the relevant countries in Chapter two. 

The New Deal and its approach, which can also be used as a framework in non-G7+ 
countries and adapted to the local context, will continue to stay high on the agenda. 
In  the  ongoing  programming  exercise  the  EU  is  striving  to  ensure  consistent  and 
congruent  links  between  the  focal  sectors  of  EU  support  and  Peace-  and  State-
building goals in the eighteen G7+ countries and beyond as well as aligning with the 
overall principles of the New Deal framework. 

The  work  to  take  forward  the  principles  and  priorities  of  the  EU's  comprehensive 
approach  will  further  strengthen  the  security-development  nexus  and  contribute  to 
state-building and peace-building. 

Stability and peace 

The Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace (ICSP) is a key external relations 
instrument,  placed  under  the  authority  of  the  High  Representative/Vice  President, 
primarily  enabling  the  EU  to  react  quickly  with  targeted  actions  in  situations  of 
existing  or  emerging  crises.  Under  this  instrument,  the  Commission's  Service  for 
Foreign Policy Instruments (FPI) committed a total of EUR 185 458 387; divided into 

96 http://www.newdeal4peace.org/  

144 

 
 
                                                 
EUR  166  404  033  under  the  short-term  crisis  response  component  (Article  3)  and 
EUR 19 million under the Peace-building Partnership (PbP) (Article 4).  

Article 4 is an ICSP component assisting with longer-term crisis preparedness based 
on  a  2014-2020  Strategy  Paper  and  the  2014-2017  Multi-Annual  Indicative 
Programme97.  In  addition,  actions  under  article  5  of  the  ICSP  regulation,  looking  at 
countering Global Threats, are programmed and implemented by DEVCO B5 and are 
described in a separate section of this report.   

During  2014  the  crisis  response  part  of  the  ICSP  programme  has  primarily  allowed 
the EU to provide urgent support in a timely manner in relation to high-priority crises 
on top of the EU's political agenda (like Ukraine, Syria/Iraq, Central African Republic 
and  the  Ebola  outbreak  in  West  Africa).  It  has  also  enabled  timely  interventions  in 
connection  with  disasters  (for  example  support  to  address  the  problems  related  to 
displaced  mines in  connection  with  the  Bosnia floods  in  May)  as well  as  allowed  to 
seize opportunities when addressing protracted crises (Central Asia Water Mediation, 
Guatemala-Belize conflict, DRC).    

When defining and mobilising ICSP crisis response actions (of 18 months maximum 
duration),  the  Commission's  Service  for  Foreign  Policy  Instruments  (FPI)  works  in 
very  close  collaboration  with  the  European  External  Action  Service  (EEAS)98,  DG 
DEVCO,  DG  ECHO,  DG  NEAR  and  other  relevant  EU  services.  In  addition  to  the 
crisis response measure's objectives related to the immediate stabilisation of volatile 
crisis countries and regions, many of these projects also pave the way for follow-on 
longer-term  EU  programmes  under  other  EU  Instruments.  Thus,  many  of  the 
measures  adopted  under 
instrument  are  part  of  an  overarching  EU 
comprehensive  approach  to  conflict  and  crisis  response  based  on  commonly 
developed  strategic  frameworks  and  designed  following  joint  missions  where  all 
concerned services take part.  

this 

Under  the  short-term  crisis  response  component,  30  actions  were  launched  in 
2014. The following are examples of these timely EU responses to crises on the EU's 
political agenda: 

  Central African Republic (CAR): The still ongoing crisis in CAR has resulted in 
tens  of  thousands  of  deaths,  widespread  violations  of  human  rights,  complete 
disruption  of  governance,  a  breakdown  of  the  social  fabric  and  large  scale 
displacements of people. Following the Brazzaville agreement for the cessation of 
hostilities  at  the  end  of  July  2014,  the  transition  authorities  formed  a  new 
government  facing  tremendous  challenges.  The  EU  mobilisation  of  support  to 
coherently  address  these  challenges  has  demanded  that  the  ICSP  operates 
within a truly comprehensive approach.  

After  ethnic/religious  based  violence  led  to  a  seriously  deteriorating  situation  in 
CAR in late 2013/early 2014, an EU Military mission was deployed, patrolling the 
streets in trouble spots, mainly in Bangui. Establishing such a mission entailed a 

97  Commission  Implementing  Decision  C(2014)  5607  of  11.8.2014,  adopting  the  Thematic  Strategy  Paper 
2014-2020 and accompanying Multiannual indicative Programme 2014-2017 of the Instrument contributing 
to Stability and Peace. 

98  Pursuant  to  Council  Decision  of  26  July  2010  establishing  the  organisation  and functioning  of  the  European  External 

Action Service (2010/427/EU), OJ L201 

145 

 
 
                                                 
instruments,  mainly  EDF  and 

review  of  how  available  EU 
ICSP,  could 
support/pave the way for the Mission's efforts to contribute to a safe and secure 
environment.  An  ICSP  programme  was  designed  to  provide  employment 
opportunities  through  restoring  community  infrastructure  in  the  neighbourhoods 
patrolled by the EUFOR mission and an ongoing ICSP action, providing support 
towards establishing new national police entities in trouble spots was expanded. 
In addition, the ICSP supported a joint EU/UN conflict analysis and the embryo of 
a national political dialogue, involving all constituencies in the CAR society. Later 
in  2014,  the  first  ever  EU-trust  fund  for  crisis  response  was  set  up  to  pool 
resources  and  better  coordinate  all  actions  undertaken.  (New  ICSP  actions  in 
2014 totals EUR 20.6 million). 

  Ukraine:  Strong  anti-government  protests  followed  the  decision  to  suspend 
preparations for an Association Agreement with the EU in November 2013.  The 
tensions heightened in the ensuing months, escalating towards the violent events 
in Kiev in February 2014 in which more than 100 people were killed in a few days. 
After  a  change  in  leadership  in  March  2014,  the  European  Commission 
announced  a  substantial  EU  support  package  of  short  and  medium  term 
measures  to  stabilise  the  country's  economy,  assist  with  the  political  transition 
and encourage reforms.  

In line with the European Council Conclusions on Ukraine and the Foreign Affairs 
Council  conclusions  on  Ukraine,  the  ICSP  was  initially  mobilised  towards 
increasing public confidence in the preparation and organisation of the May 2014 
Presidential  elections  coupled  with  a  support  to  the  OSCE  Special  Monitoring 
Mission (SMM) in Ukraine.  

Later in the year, following the escalation of clashes between armed groups and 
government  forces,  the  Instrument  also  provided  assistance  towards  the  needs 
resulting from significant population displacements. This support includes a wide 
spectra  of  activities  from  capacity  building  enabling  the  Ukrainian  authorities  to 
implement  a  national  IDP  (Internally  Displaced  Persons)  registration  system  to 
self-employment  grants  and  income-generating  provisions  linked  to  small-scale 
community  development  projects  (such  as  schooling  and  health  facilities)  all 
implemented in a balanced way seeking to alleviate tensions between IDPs and 
host populations (new ICSP actions in 2014 totalled EUR 16.5 million). 

  Syria:  After almost four years of fighting, a large proportion of Syria is devastated 
and  the  situation  has  developed  into  the  largest  humanitarian  crisis  in  recent 
history,  displacing  half  of  the  Syrian  population,  thus  seriously  affecting  the 
neighbouring countries. While all overarching political processes seem to be in a 
complete  stalemate  with  no  immediate  prospects  for  negotiated  solutions,  there 
are ongoing local initiatives to reduce the level of violence and broker agreements 
on that level between armed parties. 

During  recent  years,  the  ICSP  programme  has  mounted  a  number  of  support 
projects  in  relation  to  the  Syria  conflict.  In  2014,  new  ICSP  support  projects 
amounted  to  EUR  21.6  million  directly  targeting  Syria  plus  an  additional  set  of 
actions  (EUR  17  million)  assisting  Turkey  to  handle  the  considerable  influx  of 
refugees.  The  activities  include  strengthening  of  local  cooperation  leading  to 
improvement  in  basic  services  delivery  as  well  as  efforts  to  support  the 
involvement  of  Syrian  local  actors  (including  parties  to  the  armed  conflict,  civil 

146 

 
 
society,  political  and  religious  actors,  as  well  as  international  stakeholders)  in  a 
dialogue on the reduction of violence and perspectives for a peaceful settlement 
of the conflict.  

The  expanding  role  of  Dae’sh  adds  a  new  dimension  to  the  conflict.  In 
cooperation with other EU member states, an ICSP support measure was agreed 
to strengthen the resilience of communities inside Syria and other countries in the 
region (in particular countries of origin of foreign fighters) to counter the appeal of 
extremist  groups  and  reinforce  social  cohesion.  Activities  under  this  project  also 
include 
the  design  and  dissemination  of  communication  campaigns  and 
interactive  mass  media  programmes  as  well  as  direct  assistance  to  Syrian  civil 
society groups engaged in countering violent extremism. 

Reflecting the October 2014 Foreign Affairs Council's conclusions on the Dae’sh 
crisis  in  Syria  and  Iraq99,  another  ICSP  component  supports  efforts  towards 
preparing  a  future  transitional  justice  process  in  Syria,  through  continued 
assistance to investigations into potential war crimes committed by parties to the 
conflict.  

These  measures  run  concurrent  to  ongoing  support  both  inside  Syria  and  in 
neighbouring  countries.  In  Turkey,  Iraq,  Jordan  and  Lebanon,  these  include 
support to authorities in their reception and hosting of the ever-growing number of 
Syrian  refugees.  Direct  assistance  is  provided  to  refugees,  for  example  through 
improvement of living conditions and the governance structures of the camps as 
well as psycho-social support. In Lebanon, there has also been significant support 
provided to the local healthcare sector, which is under tremendous strain. Within 
Syria,  the  conditions  for  providing  non-humanitarian  support  are  clearly  more 
challenging.  Nevertheless,  the  Instrument  was  still  able  to  provide  direct 
assistance  in  the  form  of  primary  healthcare,  increased  food  security  and  basic 
education.  

  West  Africa:  The  initial  response  to  the  Ebola  epidemic  from  the  authorities  of 
the  three  most  affected  countries  (Liberia,  Sierra  Leone  and  Guinea)  included 
severe  restrictions  on  movement,  closing  of  borders  as  well  as  curfews  and 
lockdowns.  In  several  cases,  these  measures  led  to  clashes  and  hostility, 
including against health workers, security forces and government officials. Since 
these restrictions on movement often were needed to contain the epidemic, it was 
important  to  try  and  ease  the  tensions.  Activities  funded  by  the  ICSP  include: 
identification  of  communities  and  villages  with  a  high  potential  for  increased 
tensions linked to public health restrictions and restrictions on movement imposed 
in the Ebola context (in particular in border areas); capacity-building on peaceful 
ways  to  prevent  and  resolve  tensions  arising  in  the  border  areas;  training  and 
mentoring of civilian border security forces; reinforcement of Ebola surveillance in 
border areas and support to cross-border dialogue at official and local community 
levels. 

99 "The EU welcomes efforts by actors working on the ground to ensure that human rights abuses and violations 

are being documented and evidence preserved." 

147 

 
 
                                                 
As  part  of  the  EU's  comprehensive  approach  to  the  Ebola  outbreak,  the 
immediate  ICSP  support  was  also  provided  towards  preparedness  efforts  in 
neighbouring countries which due to proximity faced a heightened Ebola risk. 

Following  the  recognition  of  Ebola  as  a  threat  to  peace  and  stability  in  UN 
Security  Council  Resolution  2177,  a  tri-partite  Needs  Assessment  (UN-WB-EU), 
supported  by  the  ICSP,  was  launched  in  late  2014  in  the  three  most  affected 
countries  in  order  to  identify  actions  (short-term  and  longer-term)  addressing 
shortcomings  in  the  countries'  health  systems  but  also  countering  the  impact  of 
the Ebola crisis on society as a whole.  

In addition to the crisis response actions, the EU committed in 2014 EUR 19 million 
of  ICSP  funds  for  activities  supporting  conflict  prevention,  peace  building  and 
crisis  preparedness  within 
the  so-called  Peace-building 
Partnership. Focus was put on actions in the areas of civil society capacity building; 
gender  and  transitional  justice,  building  local  and  international  mediation  capacity 
and  strengthening  the  role  of  civil  society  within  the  Kimberley  Process  (Conflict 
Diamonds). As partners, the EU  worked with a wide range of stakeholders in these 
projects,  such  as  the  United  Nations  (UN)  and  civil  society  actors,  developing  local 
infrastructures for peace. The main achievements in 2014 were: 

framework  of 

the 

  A  new  phase  of  the  Civil  Society  Dialogue  Network  (CSDN),  a  forum  for 
dialogue on peace-building issues between the EU and civil society actors, 
was  launched  in  2014.  A  total  of  16  dialogue  meetings  were  organised  in 
order to enhance civil society input to the EU’s policy making processes in 
relation to crisis prevention activities. 

  The  final  phase  of  the  ‘EU-UN  Partnership  on  land,  natural  resources 
and conflict prevention’ (NRC) was completed in December 2014. Based on 
the methodologies developed during the earlier phases, this project helped 
to  strengthen  the  capacity  of  local  civil  society  in  the  African  Great  Lakes 
Region (Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and DRC) to better understand conflict 
dynamics  and  employ  conflict-sensitive  development  solutions 
to 
contentious issues, such as competition/conflict around access to land and 
natural resources.  

  The  first  phase  of  the  European  Union's  Police  Services  Training 
Programme  (EUPST)  to  build  capacity  of  police  officers  from  the  EU  and 
non-EU countries contributing to CSDP missions, as well as African Union 
countries  taking  part  in  international  crisis  management  missions  was 
successfully  completed  in  November  2014.  Over  a  three  year  period, 
EUPST has built the capacity of over 2 400 police officers from 68 countries 
to 
international  crisis 
management missions of the EU, UN and AU.  

jointly  perform  civilian  policing 

functions 

in 

  ERMES,  the  European  Resources  for  Mediation  Support  facility,  was 
launched  in  January  2014.  This  facility  enables  the  EU  to  support  global 
peace mediation efforts by third parties. For example, ERMES was in 2014 
mobilised  in:  a)  South  Sudan  (to  help  with  the  formation  of  a  national 
dialogue and reconciliation process in South Sudan, in support of the talks 
in  Addis  Ababa  and  in  view  of  a  potential  peace  agreement),  b)  CAR, 
upon request  of  CAR  President  Samba-Panza,  for  the  organisation  of  a 

148 

 
 
workshop  gathering  representatives 
to 
exchange  views  on  the  country's  crisis;  c)  the  Philippines,  to  organise  an 
inter-faith  conference  on  the  peace  and  reconciliation  in  Mindanao;  d) 
Ukraine,  to  support  the  authorities'  efforts  to  develop  a  nation-wide, 
inclusive dialogue process on decentralisation. 

from  all  CAR  constituencies 

  The  ICSP  support  to  tri-partite  (UN  and  World  Bank)  Post-Disaster  and 
Post-Conflict  Needs  Assessments  (PDNA-PCNA)  enabled  the  EU  to  take 
an active part in the following assessments: participation by senior experts 
in  the  PDNA  missions  in  Bosnia-Herzegovina  and  Serbia,  following  the 
floods of May 2014, enabled the EU to take the lead in the assessment and 
deliver  a  complete  and  politically  endorsed  Recovery  Plan  to  the  EU- 
organised  Brussels  Donors  Conference  in  July  2014.  ICSP  support, 
mobilising several senior experts, also allowed the EU to take on a central 
and active role in two Conflict-related assessment missions initiated in 2014 
(Ukraine  and  Gaza).  The  final  results,  including  recovery  plans,  from  both 
these assessments are awaited in the first months of 2015. 

3.3.2.  Global and regional trans-border challenges 

The  primary  aim  of  European  Union  thematic  assistance  under  the  Instrument 
contributing to Stability and Peace ICSP (article 5), is to address terrorism, organised 
crime,  illicit  trafficking,  threats  to  critical  infrastructure,  climate  change,  pandemics 
and chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risks.  

A total of EUR 82.2 million was committed in 2014 including allocations for the Fight 
against organised crime (EUR 24.2 million), Countering terrorism (EUR 28.0 million), 
Protection of critical infrastructure (EUR 2.0 million), Chemical Biological Radiological 
Nuclear (CBRN) risk mitigation (EUR 25.0 million), and Expert Support Facility (EUR 
3.0 million). 

Projects  in  2014  focused  on  new  needs  in  the  countries  belonging  to  the  EU 
neighbourhood, such as Syria (destruction, of chemical weapon precursors), Ukraine 
and Moldova (border control reinforcement), and the Middle East (increase capacity 
of  first  responders),  as  well  as  in  other  priority  regions  like  Horn  of  Africa,  North, 
Central and Eastern Africa, or the Middle East, Central Asia and South East Asia.  

Activities are being implemented through projects contracted and managed centrally, 
with  only  a  limited  number  of  actions  being  out-sourced  due  to  their  regional  and 
trans-regional nature.  

As  regards  article  5.1  of  the  ICSP  (Fight  against  organised  crime;  Countering 
Terrorism; Protection of critical infrastructure, Security threats emanating from 
Climate  Change),  the  ICSP  contributes  to  the  founded  EU  principles:  democracy 
and respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms and rule of law.  

instrumental 

The  mid-term  review  of  the  Counter  Terrorism  (CT)  Sahel  project  showed  that  this 
project  played  an 
the  aspirations  and 
operationalising the objectives of the EU Strategy for the Sahel and the EU Counter-
Terrorism Strategy. The EU as a whole has grown in credibility as a security actor in 
the  Sahel  region  thanks  to  this  project.  Four  new  actions    were  developed  in  2014 
focusing on combatting terrorist radicalisation, supporting CT (in particular the rule of 

in  substantiating 

role 

149 

 
 
 
law), aviation security, and CT monitoring: ‘Strengthening Resilience to Violence and 
Extremism’  (STRIVE)  Global;  ‘Counter-Terrorism  Law  Enforcement  in  the  Horn  of 
Africa’  (CT  LE  HoA),  ‘Civil  Aviation  Security  (CASE)’;  and  ‘Counter-Terrorism 
Monitoring, Reporting and Support Mechanism (CT MORSE)’.  

New  actions  on  countering  the  financing  of  terrorism  in  the  Horn  of  Africa  and 
Yemen, countering violent extremism in Pakistan, and countering falsified medicines 
were also launched in 2014. 

Support  was  also  provided  to  the  Malta-based  Institute  of  Justice  and  the  Rule  of 
Law.  

Finally, as an important element of the EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy, a number of 
actions  under  the  PREVENT  strand  were  prepared,  including  in  the  Horn  of  Africa 
and Pakistan, as well as a global training activity on Countering Violent Extremism for 
EU staff in Delegations and EU embassies. 

In the area of organised crime, work continued in ten countries on the Heroin Route 
(including Iran, Pakistan and Afghanistan), as well as a project to fight against human 
trafficking.  

Under  the  Cocaine  Route  Programme,  joint  airport  interdiction  task  forces  are  now 
operational  in  several  countries  to  support  the  fight  against  organised  crime  on  the 
cocaine route. A project to set up a regional police information system is ongoing in 
West  Africa  with  Interpol  and  there  was  a  commitment  to  prevent  the  diversion  of 
drug precursors in Latin America. 

Maritime security is a priority under ICSP. The aim is to strengthen capacities to fight 
piracy  and  armed  robbery.  In  2014,  a  new  project  started  to  improve  maritime 
security and safety with the focus to combating piracy and armed robbery at sea in 
selected Indian Ocean region coastal countries.  

As  regards  the  CBRN  risk  mitigation  activities  under  article  5.2,  the  EU  CBRN 
regional  centres  of  excellence  initiative  (CoE)  reached  a  significant  degree  of 
maturation and consolidation in 2014, as stated by the Court of auditors in its special 
report n°17 (Dec 2014) and acknowledged by the 48 partner countries. In 2014, one 
new  secretariat  was  opened  in  Abu  Dhabi  (Gulf  Cooperation  Countries).  The 
secretariats  facilitate  information  sharing,  assess  CBRN  needs  and  implement  as 
well as monitor projects in the regions. As of December 2014, there are 45 projects 
ongoing  in  48  partner  countries.  Regional  coordination  and  information-sharing 
functions are supported to foster regional and trans-regional cooperation, primarily by 
making use of existing structures whenever possible. An important specific action on 
strengthening  existing  capabilities  against  biological  threats  was  launched  in  the 
African  countries  affected  by  Ebola  where  three  mobile  laboratories  were  deployed 
and training provided.  

New  major  regional  projects  were  launched  based  on  a  bottom  up  approach  with 
partner  countries:  Management  of  Chemical  risk  in  CBRN  facilities  in  the  African 
Atlantic  façade;  Chemical  safety  and  security  in  the  Central  and  Eastern  African 
region;  Reinforcement  of  a  Mobile  Laboratory  for  in  situ  interventions  on  VHF 
outbreak  sites  in  combination  with  CBRN  Capacity  Building  in  Western  Africa 
(EUWAM-Lab)  in  West  Africa;  Strengthening  CBRN  first  response  capabilities  and 
regional cooperation and Enhancing regional CBRN detection capacity for the Border 
Guards in South East Europe, Southern Caucasus, Moldova; CBRN Bio security and 

150 

 
 
safety in Pakistan; and an EU outreach programme for dual use items in South East 
Europe, Central Asia and Middle East.  

Actions to contain dual use knowledge have continued through dedicated support to 
the  Science  and  Technology  Centre  (STCU)  and  the  International  Science  and 
Technology  Centre  (ISTC).  The  restructuring  of  these  two  International  Institutes 
continued  in  2014:  the  structures  were  streamlined  and  administrative  budget 
successfully  reduced.  Significant  progress  was  made  towards  the  signature  of  the 
Agreement  continuing  the  ISTC.  The  headquarters  of  ISTC  will  be  moved  from 
Moscow to Astana in 2015. STCU's activities will continue in 2015. More than 1 000 
former weapons scientists were part of the programme in 2014.  

In late 2013 and early 2014, an important landmark decision made available EUR 12 
million for the destruction of chemical stockpiles in Syria. By doing so, the European 
Commission  contributed  to  the  implementation  of  UNSCR  2118  and  to  the 
unprecedented and historical joint international effort to remove chemical weapons. 

The ICSP is a key EU instrument in providing uniquely swift and targeted response to 
unstable  countries  and  regions  in  their  efforts  to  overcome  obstacles  to  the 
consolidation  of  peace  and  stability.  Given  the  current  instability  and  increasing 
number  of  natural  disasters,  ICSP  will  continue  working  towards  the  efficient  and 
effective deployment  of the available EU instruments. The strategic approach taken 
in  the  programming  of  long-term  ICSP  actions  has  yielded  results  as  stronger  links 
with  key  actors  in  various  regions  and  stronger  platforms  to  launch  preventive  and 
crisis response actions. 

in 

to 

that  aims 

implement  a  coordinated  strategy 

for  Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid 

The  Joint  Research  Centre  supports  the  European  External  Action  Service  and 
Directorate-General 
the 
implementation  of  the  CBRN  (chemical,  biological,  radiological  and  nuclear)  CoE 
initiative 
for  mitigation  and 
preparedness  against  risks  related  to  CBRN  material  at  the  international,  regional 
and  national  levels  and  to  boost  cooperation.  This  is  a  capacity  building  initiative 
which relies on a solid basis of trust to be created between the partner countries. It is 
based  on  a  bottom-up  identification  of  priorities,  which  contributes  to  developing  a 
sense  of  ownership  by  our  partners  towards  the  activities  which  are  funded  by  the 
EU; the discussion of the needs and priorities for each country is performed by JRC 
using a Commission developed integrated CBRN Needs Assessment Questionnaire. 
The  results  are  the  basis  for  the  development  of  a  tailored  CBRN  National  Action 
Plan.  In  addition,  the  added  value  of  JRC  technical  experts  in  the  regional  round 
table meetings, which take place twice a year, allow for the development of targeted 
project proposals which are implemented by EU Member State expertise.  

The Joint Research Centre provides support to Directorate-General for Development 
and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid  for  the  projects  under  implementation  in  the  EU 
CBRN  CoE  (a  total  of  49  projects  since  the  launch  of  the  Initiative  in  2010),  and 
others,  funded  by  the  ICSP,  in  the  areas  of  combating  illicit  trafficking,  control  and 
accountancy  of  nuclear  material,  and  border  monitoring  in  partner  and  associated 
countries  (including  Russia,  Ukraine,  Moldova,  Georgia,  Uzbekistan,  Tajikistan, 
countries of South East Asia, Algeria, Morocco, Democratic Republic of Congo, and 
Afghanistan). 

151 

 
 
The  JRC  provided  technical  support  and  implemented  technical  projects  in  several 
regions in the field of combating illicit trafficking of radioactive and nuclear material. 
These projects aim at improving the capabilities of partner countries in the detection 
of and response to nuclear and radioactive material that is out of regulatory control. 
The  projects  cover  a  large  portfolio  activities,  ranging  from  providing  adequate 
equipment  (fixed  or  mobile,  to  identified  border  crossing  points  or  regional 
deployment),  support  to  the  development  or  enhancement  of  standard  operating 
procedures,  development  of  national  response  plans,  improving  the  technical 
capabilities  of  the  authorities,  providing  training  to  front  line  officers,  ensuring  the 
sustainability  of  the  knowledge  transferred  via  the  development  of  national  or 
regional training centre and the provision of ‘train the trainer’ courses, assisting in the 
development  of  capabilities  in  nuclear  forensics  and  supporting  the  development  of 
human resources programmes. These projects are currently under implementation in 
some of the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, North Africa and 
Sub Saharan Africa, Central Asia and South East Asia, and are closely coordinated 
with the major international players such as the International Atomic Energy Agency 
and the US Department of Energy under the Border Monitoring Working Group. 

Technical,  analytical  and  legal  support  is  also  provided  by  the  JRC  in  the  field  of 
export  control  of  dual-use  items.  The  EU  therefore  controls  the  export,  transit  and 
brokering  of  dual-use  items  as  a  key  instrument  contributing  to  international  peace 
and security. In 2014, the JRC was  tasked by Directorate-General for Development 
and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid  to  review,  monitor  and  suggest  proposals  for 
adjustment of the EU Long Term programme (LTP) based on evaluation of the LTP II 
and LTPIII activities in partner and ad hoc countries. JRC developed a strategy and 
methodology  for  export  control  outreach  to  support  EuropeAid  in  guiding  the  next 
steps  of  the  programme.  This  technical  support  also  encompasses  support  for  the 
export control working group with US Department of State and new activities such as 
the world trade atlas on dual-use related commodities which involves the design and 
development  of  a  support  tool  to  complement  the  identification  of  strategic  EU 
outreach priority countries from a trade-relevant perspective. 

The JRC implements a safeguard project to support the Brazilian-Argentine Agency 
for  Accounting  and  Control  of  Nuclear  Materials  (ABACC),  a  regional  safeguards 
organization  created  by  the  Bilateral  Agreement  signed  between  Argentina  and 
Brazil.  This  project  aims  at  transferring  to  ABACC  technologies  for  safeguards 
applications  (via  equipment  provision  and  capacity  building)  namely,  3D  Laser 
Verification  and  Ultrasonic  Seals  (developed  by  JRC)  and  approved  for  Safeguards 
use  by  both  the  International  Atomic  Energy  Agency  and  by  the  European 
Commission’s DG-Energy.  

The EU has been supporting the IAEA ECAS (Enhancing Capabilities of Safeguards 
Analytical Services) project from the Instrument for Stability (IfS) with funding totalling 
EUR  10  million  for  the  construction  and  outfitting  of  specific  laboratory  areas.  The 
project  comprises  the  IAEA  clean  laboratory  extension  (CLE),  the  new  nuclear 
material  laboratory  construction  (NML)  and  the  Seibersdorf  site  infrastructure  and 
security  upgrading.  Directorate-General  for  Development  and  Cooperation  — 
EuropeAid,  the  External  European  Action  Service  and  Joint  Research  Centre  have 
been  closely  and  successfully  cooperating  since  2010  in  the  frame  of  the  ECAS 
project.  The  project  concluded  in  2014,  and  JRC  submitted  the  corresponding 
technical  report  to  EuropeAid.    During  the  visit  of  the  JRC  Director  General,  V. 

152 

 
 
Sucha,  to  the  new  IAEA-NML  on  11  June  2014,  a  commemorative  plate  was 
mounted acknowledging the EU sponsored laboratory area. 

3.4.  Nuclear safety 

The Instrument for Nuclear Safety cooperation promotes the highest level of nuclear 
safety worldwide. Under the first Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation running 
from 2007 to 2013, European expertise has been transferred to beneficiary countries 
throughout  support 
their  Technical  Support 
Organisations,  Nuclear  Power  Plant  operators  and  organisations  dealing  with 
radioactive waste management. 

to  Regulatory  Authorities  and 

first 

Instrument  was  evaluated  by  an  external  consultant100  and 

The 
the 
recommendations  were  taken  into  account  in  the  new  Instrument  that  will  be 
implemented from 2014 to 2020101. 

The  new  programme,  with  an  overall  budget  of  EUR  225  million,  is  a  very  specific, 
technical  instrument  dealing  with  nuclear  safety,  nuclear  waste  management  and 
nuclear  safeguards.  All  projects  implemented  in  these  three  areas  contribute 
respectively  to  a  safer  world  by  promoting  a  nuclear  safety  culture  worldwide,  a 
cleaner  environment  in  particular  considering  remediation  activities  and  to  the  non-
proliferation  regime  by  establishing  a  sound  nuclear  material  accountancy  and 
control system. 
In  2014,  the  two  programming  documents,  the  Strategy102  and  the  Multiannual 
Indicative  Programme103  have  been  adopted  by  the  Commission.  They  define  the 
thematic and geographical priorities as follows: 

1. 

Thematic priorities: 

Thematic area 

Safety culture 

Radioactive wastes 

Safeguards 

% of the budget 

50 

35 

10 

2. 

 

 

Geographical priorities: 

Neighbourhood (East and South) 

Africa 

100 Accompanying document to the report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on 
the  evaluation  of  the  implementation  of  the  Council  Regulation  (EURATOM)  No  300/2007  (Instrument  for 
Nuclear Safety Cooperation in the period 2007 – 2013) 
101 Council Regulation (EURATOM) N°237/2014 of 13 December 2014 establishing an Instrument for Nuclear 
Safety Cooperation 
102  Commission  Implementing  Decision  COM(2014)3763  of  13.06.2014  on  a  Strategy  for  a  Community 
Cooperation Programme on Nuclear Safety (2014 – 2020). 
103  Commission  Implementing  Decision  COM(2014)3764  of  13.06.2014  on  the  Instrument  for  Nuclear  Safety 
Cooperation Multiannual Indicative Programme (2014 – 2017) 

153 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
A  number  of  main  achievements  of  the  Instrument  for  Nuclear  Safety  Cooperation 
programme in 2014 are noted below. 

Belarus has started the construction of its first nuclear power plant which is located 
very  close  to  EU  borders  (Lithuania  and  Poland).  The  European  Commission  has 
successfully engaged with the Regulatory  Authority of Belarus in close coordination 
with  the  other  support  programmes  in  particular  through  the  International  Atomic 
Energy Agency. Projects to enhance and strengthen the national regulatory capacity 
benefit from similar experiences with the Ukrainian Regulator. 

The  programme  has  put  a  lot  of  effort  in  to  address  the  environmental  issues  in 
Central  Asia  originating  from  the  legacy  of  former  uranium  mining  activities  in  the 
region.  The  resulting  contamination,  both  radioactive  and  chemical,  has  a  direct 
impact  on  the  population  and  the  environment.  A  series  of  feasibility  studies  and 
environmental  impact  assessments  previously  financed  by  the  Instrument  are  now 
ready to be implemented. 

The  European  Commission  has  also  successfully  engaged  with 
the  main 
organisations  in  China  where  the  nuclear  fuel  cycle  is  fast  developing.  A  newly 
created independent Regulatory Authority is currently supported by the China Atomic 
Energy Authority that oversees the whole Chinese nuclear industry. For the first time, 
China agreed to cooperate in the area of safeguards of nuclear materials which is a 
major non-proliferation issue. 

The  European  Commission  has  for  the  first  time  engaged  with  the  sub-Saharan 
Africa  following  a  cooperation  request  from  Tanzania.  Support  to  the  regulatory 
authority  on  uranium  mining  and  transport  issues  will  start  and  be  extended  at 
regional  level.  A  more  integrated  approach  has  been  developed  and  is  being 
implemented  based  on  the  synergy  with  the  Instrument  contributing  to  Stability  and 
Peace. The complementarity in the nuclear area allows the situation to be addressed 
in  the  beneficiary  countries  following  the  international  recognised  “3S”  method: 
nuclear  safety,  safeguards  and  security.  A  pilot  project  is  currently  proposed  for 
Southern African countries (Malawi, Namibia, Tanzania and Zambia). 

Joint  Research  Centre  experts  have  provided  support  to  Directorate-General  for 
Development and Cooperation — EuropeAid for the implementation of the Instrument 
for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC) and DG ELARG for the nuclear safety part of 
the  Instrument  for  Pre-accession  Assistance  (IPA),  which  focuses  on  the  following 
priority areas: support to Nuclear Regulatory Authorities (RA) and Technical Support 
Organisations  (TSO)  of  partner  countries;  support  to  nuclear  power  plants  (NPP) 
operating organisations aiming at safety improvements of the design, operation and 
maintenance  of  NPPs;  support  to  the  organisations  responsible  for  the  safe 
remediation  and 
decommissioning  of  nuclear 
management  of  radioactive  waste;  and  support  to  the  application  of  efficient  and 
effective safeguards of nuclear material in third countries. 

facilities,  contaminated 

land 

Technical input was provided to the selection and definition of projects, the technical 
evaluation of tenders, contract negotiation, project implementation management and 
follow-up, evaluation and dissemination of project results. 

Through the implementation of these actions, the EU is able to promote and directly 
contribute to higher levels of nuclear safety in countries outside the EU by assisting 
in the resolution of real, identified nuclear safety deficiencies in Beneficiary countries, 

154 

 
 
while ensuring sustainability by increasing the strength, technical capacity and safety 
culture of the entities involved in nuclear activities in those countries.  

For INSC, the 2014 trend has been a further reduction in the activities of support to 
the operators of NPP, particularly in Ukraine where this has been a significant activity 
in the past, but no new projects have been programmed since 2012. However, JRC 
has  continued  to  support  the  implementation  of  projects  already  programmed  in 
previous  years.  The  support  to  RAs  and  their  TSOs  continues to expand  in several 
countries.  In  addition,  JRC  has  supported  the  development  of  new  projects 
programmed  in  the  INSC  in  2014  for  support  to  the  RAs  in  Iraq,  Tanzania  and 
Ukraine  as  well  as  the  latest  in  a  series  of  projects  aimed  at  offering  a  range  of 
training courses for the staff of RAs of all INSC partner countries. Radioactive Waste 
Management activities continue to be strongly supported in Central Asia, particularly 
related to the remediation of contaminated former nuclear sites, and in Ukraine. For 
these  countries/regions  JRC  has  supported  EuropeAid  for  the  programming  of  new 
projects  for  the  2014  INSC  programme  as  well  as  supporting  the  tendering, 
contracting and implementation of projects of the programmes of previous years. 

South  East  Asia  is  a  region  where  many  countries  are  seriously  considering  the 
nuclear option in their Energy mix. Following the Fukushima accident, the region also 
recognised the need to address Emergency Preparedness and Response to nuclear 
accidents  on  a  regional  basis.  The  EU  is  funding  a  feasibility  study  with  the 
participating  countries  that  will  review  the  current  procedures  in  place,  assess  the 
gaps  and  corresponding  needs  and  propose  an  Action  Plan.  This  project  benefits 
from the creation of an ASEANTOM organisation that recognises the added value of 
the EURATOM (European Atomic Energy Community) model. 

IPA  target  countries  are  those  in  the  process  of  accession  to  the  EU.  The  projects 
encompass again broad range of activities in many different fields such as capacity 
building  of  nuclear  regulatory  bodies,  operational  safety  of  nuclear  facilities, 
radioactive  waste  management,  decommissioning  and  remediation  of  contaminated 
sites.  One  specific  project,  dedicated  to  the  remediation  of  the  site  of  the  Vinca 
Institute of Nuclear Sciences near Belgrade in Serbia has covered the removal of the 
fuel from the RA research reactor located at the site, its repatriation to Russia and its 
reprocessing  and  disposal  there,  as  well  as  the  construction  of  radioactive  waste 
processing  and  storage  facilities  at  the  Vinca  site,  treatment  of  radioactive  wastes, 
including disused sealed radioactive sources, and decommissioning of facilities at the 
site. 

3.5.  Humanitarian assistance and Civil Protection 

Introduction 

through 

its  Directorate  General 

The  European  Commission,  principally 
for 
Humanitarian  Aid  and  Civil  Protection  (ECHO),  takes  the  lead  in  formulating  EU 
humanitarian aid policy and for managing humanitarian aid to the victims of conflicts 
or disasters, both natural and man-made, in non-EU countries. The European Union - 
Member  States  and  the  Commission  together  -  is  the  world  leading  humanitarian 
donor.  The  mandate  of  the  European  Commission  in  this  area  is  to  save  and 
preserve life, to reduce or prevent suffering and to safeguard the integrity and dignity 
of  people  affected  by  humanitarian  crises  by  providing  relief  and  protection.  The 
Commission also helps to facilitate coordination with and among EU Member States 

155 

 
 
on humanitarian  assistance.  The  overall  priority  is to  ensure  that  aid  is managed  in 
the  most  effective  and  efficient  way  possible  so  that  the  help  Europe  delivers  to 
people  in  need  has  the  maximum  effect,  whilst  respecting  the  principles  of 
international  law  and  those  of  impartiality,  neutrality,  humanity,  non-discrimination 
and independence. 

Response  to  natural  and  man-made  disasters  is  also  provided  through  the  Civil 
Protection  Mechanism,  which  is  similarly  under  the  remit  of  DG  ECHO  and  the 
responsibility  of  the  Commissioner  for  International  Cooperation,  Humanitarian  Aid 
and Crisis Response. This instrument covers interventions in Member States, as well 
as in non-EU countries.  

Humanitarian aid 

EU Humanitarian Aid continued to focus on supporting those most in need following 
sudden onset, protracted and forgotten crises. The Syrian conflict entered its fourth 
year  and  remains  the  biggest  humanitarian  and  security  crisis in  the world.  Tens  of 
thousands  of  people  have  lost  their  lives;  half  of  the  Syrian  population  has  been 
forced  away  from  their  homes,  with  over  3.8  million  seeking  refuge  in  neighbouring 
countries. The humanitarian response to this complex crisis continued to put a heavy 
strain on aid budgets. In order to reach out to those most affected, the EU has made 
available over EUR 3.1 billion in assistance104, making Europe the largest aid donor 
worldwide. This comes in addition to the in-kind assistance provided through the EU 
Civil  Protection  Mechanism.  Aid  has  been  provided  in  support  of  the  12.2  million 
people  in  need  of  humanitarian  assistance  inside  Syria as  well  as  to  the  millions of 
Syrian  refugees  and  their  host-communities  in  the  region  in  the  form  of  medical 
emergency  relief,  protection,  food-nutritional  assistance,  water,  sanitation  and 
hygiene, shelter and logistics services.   

The  people  of  Iraq  have  been  suffering  the  harsh  consequences  of  the  country's 
worsening security situation. The dramatic escalation of violence in 2014 has had a 
large scale humanitarian impact, with over  two million more people displaced in the 
course  of  the  year.  There  are  grave  concerns  over  the  affected  local  population, 
which is either displaced or trapped by the conflict and cannot be reached with aid. In 
addition,  Iraq  hosts  almost  a  quarter  of  a  million  refugees  from  the  fighting  in 
neighbouring  Syria.  The  European  Union  has  been  scaling  up  its  operations, 
increasing  its  humanitarian  aid  budget  to  EUR  20 million  to  meet  the  needs  of  the 
most vulnerable. The EU helped provide life-saving healthcare services, food, basic 
shelter,  water  and  sanitation,  as  well  as  protection.    Furthermore,  through  the  EU 
Civil  Protection  Mechanism,  the  EU  has  delivered  humanitarian  in-kind  assistance, 
such as food and other urgent supplies. 

The conflict in Eastern Ukraine resulted in the displacement of more than 600 000 
people  by  the  end  of  2014  with  growing  humanitarian  needs.  ECHO  has  been 
multiplying  its  efforts  to  actively  respond  to  this  crisis  and  has  scaled  up  its 
assistance twice to complement the initial EUR 2.5 million of the emergency decision 
adopted  in  early  August  to  a  total  of  EUR  11.05  million  in  the  year.  Priority  needs 
were  winter-proof  shelters  and  access  to  basic  needs  and  services  –  in  particular 
health  services  including  psycho-social  support,  WASH,  NFI,  Food,  livelihoods  and 

104 EU Budget and Member States contribution 

156 

 
 
                                                 
protection through cash and vouchers or in-kind assistance modalities. In addition the 
EU  Civil  Protection  Mechanism  was  activated  at  several  occasions  to  ship  in-kind 
assistance from Member States in a coordinated manner.  

The outbreak of Ebola in West Africa is the largest ever recorded having killed over 
eleven thousand people. The affected countries and the humanitarian organisations 
have  fought  to  control  the  spread  of  the  disease.  However,  they  have  faced 
challenging complications including infection and death of medical workers, a lack of 
medical equipment, growing food insecurity, and limited access to safe drinking water 
and sanitation. As one of the first international donors to react to the evolving crises 
in  March,  the  European  Commission  through  various  instruments  contributed  more 
than EUR 414 million105 in direct aid to the countries and medical research, bringing 
the total EU contribution to over EUR 1.2 billion. These funds support the life-saving 
work  of  its  humanitarian  partners,  as  well  as  providing  budgetary  support  and 
strengthening  the  healthcare  systems  of  the  affected  countries,  deploying  medical 
staff and mobile laboratories. The EU is also providing critical logistics to ensure the 
rapid transport of equipment and experts to the region by air and sea. 

Plagued  by  unrest,  insecurity  and  political  instability,  the  Central  African  Republic 
(CAR)  is  another  of  the  world's  humanitarian  hotspots.  The  lethal  combination  of 
inter-community  violence, frequent  natural  disasters  and  the  overall  weakness  of 
state institutions have resulted in over half of the 4.6 million population being in need 
of  humanitarian  assistance.  The  EU  has  worked  tirelessly  to  draw  international 
attention to the crisis in the CAR and its effects on neighbouring countries and has, 
as the largest donor of life-saving assistance to the country, provided over EUR 128 
million  in  aid  for  Humanitarian  interventions  in  2014  (of  which  EUR  55  million  was 
provided  by  the European  Commission  since  December  2013,  including  EUR  14 
million  for  CAR  refugees  in  neighbouring  countries).  In  addition,  the  European 
Commission  has  organised  repeated  airlifts  of  aid  workers  and  relief  material  to 
support the Commission's humanitarian partner organisations. 

South  Sudan,  the  youngest  and  one  of  the  poorest  countries  in  the  world,  has 
witnessed a surge in internal tension and fighting. At least 10 000 people have been 
killed  since  the  political  conflict  in  the  country  turned  violent  at  the  end  of  2013. 
Nearly  two  million  men,  women  and  children  have  fled  their  homes  since  then, 
including  some  470  000  who  sought  refuge  in  neighbouring  countries.  The  conflict 
multiplied humanitarian needs in South Sudan. By the end of 2014, 3.8 million people 
in South Sudan have received humanitarian assistance, including more than 245 000 
refugees in the country. In 2014, the European Commission has provided over EUR 
110 million in humanitarian aid in response to the crisis. In total, the European Union, 
its  Member  States  and  the  European  Commission  have  responded  to  the  ongoing 
crisis  with  humanitarian  assistance  worth  over  EUR  267  million  in  2014.  EU 
humanitarian experts are permanently based in the region, working closely with relief 
organisations  and  monitoring  the  efficient  use  of  EU  funds  in  accordance  with  the 
current humanitarian needs. 

As  one  of  the  worst  natural  disasters  in  recent  years,  the  Haiyan  typhoon,  which 
struck  the  Philippines  in  November  2013,  is  still  affecting  the  population  of  one  of 
the  most  disaster-prone  countries.  Months  after  the  storm  hit  the  island  country, 

105 Out of which EUR 66 million from the EU humanitarian budget. 

157 

 
 
                                                 
killing more than 6 200 and displacing over four million, people still struggle to rebuild 
their  homes  and  livelihoods.  With  over  EUR  180  million  worth  of  humanitarian  aid, 
the EU has helped more than 1.2 million people by contributing to providing shelter, 
food, clean water, sanitation and in support of the local population's rebuilding efforts 
and efforts to prepare for future natural disasters. 

As  a  global  donor,  the  Commission  seeks  means  to  redefine  and  boost  the  global 
humanitarian  response  through  new  and  innovative  approaches  to  sectors  such  as 
food,  sanitation,  shelter,  education,  communication,  to  name  a  few.  But  the 
Commission  is  also  developing  innovative  solutions  for  disaster  monitoring  and 
preparedness106.  
The  first  EU  Resilience  Forum107,  jointly  organised  by  the  Commission's  services 
(ECHO  and  EuropeAid)  on  28  April  attracted  over  160  participants  representing  a 
international 
diversity  of  organisations  and  contexts. 
commitment  to  resilience,  and  has  re-affirmed  the  validity  of  the  thematic  policy 
approach108, as well as providing useful guidance on how it can be further optimised.  

It  demonstrated  strong 

Furthermore, the challenge of how to allocate limited funding to competing priorities 
and  needs  in  emergencies  remained  an  imperative.  Despite  children  being  among 
the  most  vulnerable  in  humanitarian  crises,  child  protection  and  education  in 
emergencies  are  among  the  least  funded  humanitarian  sectors.  Education  needs  a 
longer-term perspective, which humanitarian aid alone is not able to give. Therefore 
in  2014  close  cooperation  continued  between  European  Commission's  services 
(notably  ECHO  and  EuropeAid)  on  education  in  emergencies109  at  policy  level. 
Coordination at the EU level already takes place and complementarity and synergies 
of the EU Children of Peace Initiative with other EU funding instruments, in particular 
for  development  and  crisis  management,  are  actively  encouraged  including  the 
funding provided by the Global Partnership for Education. Through the EU Children 
of  Peace  Initiative,  EUR  6.7  million  was  provided  in  2014,  benefitting  155  000 
children.  

Civil protection 
The new Union Civil Protection Mechanism110 (CPM) legislation was adopted at the 
end of 2014 as a result of intensive work in particular during the first half of the year. 
Member  States  have  agreed  on  all  the  necessary  implementing  provisions,  which 
include  the  rules  for  the  functioning  of  the  new  voluntary  pool  of  disaster  response 
assets  for  which  a  first  start-up  configuration  with  more  than  50  civil  protection 
modules and teams, as well as other response capacities, has been agreed and will 
be implemented in 2015. Among these assets are urban search and rescue teams, 
as well as certain camp and shelter facilities, advanced medical posts, field hospitals 
and other capacities. 

Prevention  and  preparedness  advisory  missions  are  a  new  tool  the  EU  can  use  to 
help countries requesting civil protection assistance. The new prevention aspects of 
the CPM legislation were also elaborated, including discussions with Member States 

106 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/humanitarian-aid/risk-reduction/innovations_en  
107 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/field-blogs/photos/eu-resilience-forum-reducing-vulnerabilities-worldwide_en  
108 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/humanitarian-aid/resilience_en  
109 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/what/humanitarian-aid/children-in-emergency-crises_en  
110 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/thematic/civil_protection_legislation_en.pdf  

158 

 
 
                                                 
on the new Commission guidelines on risk management capability assessments and 
the new European peer review programme.  

The Commission, through ECHO, has also started a more consistent global outreach 
to  strategic  partners,  including  China,  Japan  and  ASEAN111.  The  Commission  and 
Japan  are  engaging  in  closer  cooperation  on  the  revision  of  Hyogo  Framework  for 
Action  (post  2015  HFA)  on  Disaster  Risk  Reduction.  Cooperation  and  policy 
exchange is ongoing with the ASEAN Secretariat and operational contacts are being 
strengthened  with  the  ASEAN  Coordinating  Centre  for  Humanitarian  Assistance  on 
disaster management (AHA Centre). All assistance under the Mechanism,  including 
assistance from the voluntary pool, can be requested by affected countries as well as 
via UNOCHA and a few other international organisations, such as the IOM112. 

The  Commission,  through  ECHO,  is  testing  out  new  synergies  between  civil 
protection and humanitarian aid, which was a priority issue for the Italian Presidency 
of the EU. We intend to actively promote this issue, not the least based on our unique 
position  as  highlighted  in  the  activation  of  the  Union  CPM  for  the  delivery  of 
humanitarian assistance to Iraq113. 

Evidence based decision making 

In  2014,  the  Commission  has  made  progress in  improving  the  transparency  of  its 
internal  decision  making  processes  through  the  development  of  a  common, 
transparent  science-based  humanitarian  risk  index  'INFORM'  based  on  open  data. 
Launched  in  2014,  'INFORM'  is  aimed  at  harmonising  disaster  risk  management 
across  humanitarian  actors.  It  is  a  joint  initiative  of  the  UN  Inter-Agency  Standing 
Committee  and  the  European  Commission  as  well  as  donors,  NGOs  and  Member 
States.  

EU Aid Volunteers 

As envisaged by the Treaty of Lisbon, the EU has established a European voluntary 
humanitarian aid corps to give citizens the opportunity to be involved in humanitarian 
action. The EU Aid Volunteers Regulation114 was adopted on 3 April 2014, and aims 
to strengthen the Union’s capacity to provide needs-based humanitarian aid and train 
the  humanitarian  leaders  of  tomorrow  while  giving  young  Europeans  an  opportunity 
to  show  solidarity  with  people  in  need.  The  volunteer  programme  is  open  to  young 
people  who  plan  to  take  up  a  career  in  emergency  aid  work  and  humanitarian  aid 
experts who already have experience. The EU will ensure that participants are sent 
where their skills are most needed and ensure that they contribute to strengthening 
local  capacities  and  local  volunteering.  The  programme  will  create  opportunities  for 
18 000 people to volunteer in humanitarian operations worldwide by 2020.  

Budget 

Following  its  needs-based  approach,  humanitarian  and  civil  protection  assistance 
was provided to the following regions (in EUR millions): 

111 Association of South East Asian Nations 
112 International Organisation for Migration 
113 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/news/humanitarian-aid-reaches-iraq-eu-civil-protection-mechanism_en  
114 Regulation (EU) No 375/2014, 3.4.2014 

159 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
Amount 

% 

ECHO 2014 BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION 

Region/country 

Africa 

Sudan & South Sudan 

Central Africa 

Great Lakes 

Horn of Africa 

Southern Africa, Indian Ocean 

West Africa 

Middle  East,  Mediterranean  and  European  neighbouring 
countries 

Middle East 

Mediterranean 

European neighbouring countries  

Asia, Pacific 

Central Asia 

South West Asia 

South East Asia and Pacific 

Central & Latin America, Caribbean 

Central & Latin America 

Caribbean 

Worldwide disasters 

Civil protection 

Inside EU 

Outside EU 

EU Aid Volunteers 

Complementary operations 

572 

143 

77 

56 

116 

7 

174 

340 

315 

12 

14 

133 

8 

94 

31 

48 

24 

24 

38 

48 

29 

19 

12 

82 

TOTAL 

1.273 

160 

45% 

27% 

10% 

4% 

3% 

4% 

1% 

6% 

100
% 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3.6. 

Macro-Financial Assistance 

( in EUR 
million) 

the  European  neighbourhood,  while  encouraging 

The objective of macro-financial assistance, or MFA, is to strengthen macroeconomic 
and financial stability in candidate and potential candidate countries and in countries 
in 
implementation  of 
appropriate structural reforms. It complements an adjustment and reform programme 
agreed with the IMF. MFA is a balance of payments support instruments, which take 
the form of either loans or grants. 

the 

2014  was  characterised  by  progress  towards  the  implementation  of  several  MFA 
operations  that  had  suffered  from  delays  (Georgia,  Jordan,  Tunisia,  Kyrgyz 
Republic),  and  the  rapid  deterioration  of  the  political  and  economic  situation  in 
Ukraine, which triggered MFA operations of an unprecedented size. 

Ukraine: In 2014 EUR 1.36 billion was disbursed under two MFA programmes. The 
Commission  plans  to  disburse  the  remaining  EUR  250  million  under  the  first  MFA 
programme  by  early  2015,  subject  to  successful  implementation  of  the  economic 
policy  and  financial  conditions  agreed  with  Ukraine,  and  a  continuous  satisfactory 
track  record  of  implementing  the  IMF  programme.  Furthermore,  the  Commission 
proposed on 8 January 2015 a third MFA programme for upto EUR 1.8 billion. 

Georgia: Following a decision in 2013, this MFA operation consists of EUR 23 million 
in  loans  and  EUR 23  million  in  grants.  Implementation  could  only  start  when  a  new 
IMF programme was agreed in 2014 and disbursements are planned for 2015. 

Kyrgyz  Republic:  The  Commission’s  2011  proposal  to  extend  MFA  to  the  Kyrgyz 
Republic  for  EUR 15  million  in  loans  and  EUR 15  million  in  grants  was  adopted  in 
October  2013.  Disbursements  of  both  the  first  and  second  tranches  are  planned  in 
2015, subject to a new IMF programme being in place. 

Jordan: The Commission proposal to extend EUR 180 million in loans to Jordan was 
adopted  in  December  2013.  The  first  tranche  (EUR  100  milllion)  was  disbursed  in 
February 2015. The disbursement of the second tranche is also planned for 2015. 

Tunisia: The decision to extend MFA of EUR 300 million in loans was adopted in May 
2014 and disbursements are planned for 2015. 

161 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4.  CHAPTER 4 - MANAGING AID FOR RESULTS 

4.1. 

Monitoring and evaluation 

4.1.1.  Enhanced focus on results  

Over  2014  several  actions  took  place  to  enhance  the  results  focus  of  the  EU's 
external assistance programmes. 

The 2014-2020 country, regional and thematic multi-annual programming documents 
have been systematically reviewed in order to ensure expected results and indicators 
are of appropriate (measurable) quality and a manageable number. 

For the preparation of new individual actions, a new Action Document template was 
adopted  by  end  of  year  to  be  in  force  as  of  1  January  2015,  which  puts  a  stronger 
focus on results to ensure that expected results and indicators are properly included 
in Action Documents (see also section 4.3.1). 

Substantial preparatory work has been accomplished with regard to the International 
Cooperation  and  Development  Results  framework  which  should  enhance  the  EU’s 
reporting on results as a donor at the corporate level. In that context, the Commission 
is also looking at synergies that can be created to facilitate  reporting on overall key 
results of EU funded actions at the level of individual countries. The first reporting on 
the basis of the new results framework is scheduled for the last quarter 2015.  

Furthermore, the Commission’s services have continued to work on the preparation 
and  implementation  of  reforms  of  project  monitoring  and  reporting  which  aim  to 
improve quality and accountability during and at end of project implementation. This 
relates  both  to  monitoring  and  reporting  by  the  Commission  services  and  EU 
Delegations and external technical assistance used by them. 

A  first  set  of  reforms,  which  relate  to  external  technical  assistance,  has  been 
prepared and is in the process of being implemented and will be fully rolled out over 
first  half  of  2015.  The  assistance  is  provided  through  the  new  Results  Oriented 
Monitoring (ROM) system. The new system will be characterised by the selection of 
projects based on risk and those in need of support through the system. It also apply 
greater  attention  to  project  results  during  ROM  reviews  of  ongoing  projects  and 
programmes  and  will  moreover  provide  specific  support  to  end  of  project  results 
reporting linked to the reporting on the basis of the Results framework. 

Specific  provisions  on  results  oriented  reporting  by  EU  implementing  partners  have 
been  added  in  the  course  of  2014  in  the  new  templates  for  the  Administration 
Agreement (with the World Bank) and of the PAGODA Agreement (covering all pillar 
assessed  organisations  –  including  UN  agencies  -  see  the  DEVCO  Companion 
Chapter  3115).  This  should  help  to  ensure  greater  availability  of  results  data  in 
progress and final reports transmitted by EU implementing partners. 

115http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/companion/  

162 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
in  projects  and  programmes 

Finally,  further  internal  guidance  will  be  developed  on  how  to  improve  the  results 
focus 
training  courses  and 
methodological  documents  including  through  an  update  of  the  Sector  Indicator 
Guidance document issued by EuropeAid in 2013 to EU Delegations and European 
Commission HQ services. 

through  updated 

4.1.2.  Evaluation: review of the work programme 

4.1.2.1.  Overview 

The  Evaluation  Unit  manages  strategic  evaluations,  covering  geographic,  thematic 
and sector programmes, and aid delivery mechanisms (project-level evaluations are 
dealt  with  in  section  4.1.1).  Evaluations  are  carried  out  by  independent  external 
consultants  who  follow  a  standardised  methodology.  All  evaluation  reports  and  the 
responses to their recommendations are public116.  

4.1.2.2.  The 2014 work programme 

In  2014,  the  Evaluation  Unit  finalised  and  published  a  regional  evaluation  on  EU 
support  to  Asia,  two  Budget  Support  evaluations  (for  Morocco  and  Mozambique), 
six  country  evaluations  for  Cameroon,  Kenya,  Palestine,  Haiti,  Democratic 
Republic  of  Congo  and  Togo  and  a  joint  evaluation  of  the  cooperation  with 
Burundi. 

The  Evaluation  Unit  also  published  a  Study  on  uptake  and  a  Synthesis  of  the 
seven  evaluations  of  General  and  Sector  Budget  Support  undertaken  in  seven 
countries (Tunisia, Mali, Zambia, Tanzania, South Africa, Mozambique and Morocco) 
over 2010 – 2014.  

At  the  end  of  2014,  the  following  evaluations  were  ongoing:  Gender,  Environment 
and  Climate  Change,  Research  and  Innovation,  Transport,  Georgia,  Timor-Leste, 
Bolivia,  Madagascar,  Yemen,  Jordan,  regional  evaluations  on  Central  America  and 
Pacific and a Budget Support evaluation for Burundi. 

In addition, the following evaluations were  launched during 2014: Budget Support 
Evaluations for Uganda and Paraguay, country evaluations for Chad, Bangladesh 
(joint),  Pakistan,  Lesotho,  regional  evaluation 
thematic 
evaluations  for  Democracy,  Higher  Education,  Delegated  cooperation  and  one  aid 
modality on Blending. 

for  Central  Asia, 

Cross-cutting and methodological work  

Evaluation Policy: 

Directorate-General for Development and  Cooperation — EuropeAid  is taking steps 
to upgrade the role and practice of evaluation in its activities with a view to improving 
the  evidence  base  of  its  actions  and  encouraging  a  learning  culture.  We  have 
therefore  adopted  an  Evaluation  Policy  that  represents  a  commitment  to  evaluation 
as a core part of EU development practice. 

Evaluation Correspondents’ Network (ECN): 

116 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/evaluation_reports/index_en.htm  

163 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
The  ECN  was  launched  in  2014  to  enhance  the  evaluation  culture  and  expertise 
across  the  organisation.  All  Delegations  and  HQ  Directorates  have  appointed  an 
Evaluation  Correspondent  in  charge  of  coordinating  the  evaluation  work  and 
developing capacities of its service. A dedicated Capacity4Dev Group has been set 
up that is moderated by the Evaluation Unit.  

Study on Uptake of learning from strategic evaluations: 

The  Study  was  commissioned  in  the  context  of  EU  efforts  to  achieve  greater 
development impact and to make knowledge a corporate priority. It found that despite 
the  fact  that  several  strategic  evaluations  have,  in  a  variety  of  ways,  influenced  EU 
policies and practices, there is still room for improvement especially in management 
involvement  and  support,  better  response  to  users’  needs  and  sharper  focus 
on outcomes.  

4.1.2.3.  Summary of evaluations 

EU regional cooperation with Asia 2007-2012 

The  EU  regional  cooperation  with  Asia  has  been  highly  relevant  to  the  needs  of 
Asian  partner  countries  despite  the  lack  of  an  overall  coherent  regional  approach. 
Development cooperation and interregional policy dialogues have mutually reinforced 
each  other  and  increased  the  EU’s  leverage  on  key  agendas,  achieving  different 
degrees  of  performance:  environment  (high),  health  (medium),  higher  education 
(low). Most interventions under the Regional Strategy Paper (RSP) are characterised 
by  a  high  level  of  national  and  regional  ownership  and  this  has  contributed  to  the 
effectiveness of implementation.  

EU cooperation with Palestine 2008-2013 

EU  has  contributed  to  sustaining  welfare  for  Palestinians  by  preventing  fiscal  and 
economic  collapse,  fostering  stability  and  building  the  institutions  of  the  Palestinian 
Authority  in  preparation  for  the  two  state  solution.  Nevertheless,  the  EU  lacked 
coherent and effective actions aimed at removing obstacles to Palestinian statehood 
and  development.  The  EU  has  not  successfully  exercised  leadership  for  strategic 
triangulation of a results-based dialogue with Israel and the Palestinians. The current 
cooperation  design  and  its  implementation  modalities  have  reached  their  probable 
limits in terms of the EU’s political objectives.  

Evaluation of the European Union’s Cooperation with Kenya 2006-2012  

The  EU  strategy  has  been  relevant  in  focusing  on  transport  and  rural  development 
and  responsive  to  the  changing  context.  Nevertheless,  the  overall  effectiveness  of 
the EU aid has been relatively modest due to limited ownership by the Government 
of  Kenya,  difficult  policy  dialogue  and  slow  progress  in  reforms.  Some  results  have 
been achieved in improving agricultural practices and access to social infrastructure, 
but the EU was too narrowly focused on financial issues and outputs. The EU should 
pay more attention to the political and policy dialogue with the Government of Kenya 
and develop comprehensive, results-oriented sector strategies.   

Evaluation of the European Union’s Cooperation with Cameroon 2007-2012  

EU  support  to  Cameroon  has  been  aligned  with  Country’s  priorities  but  lacked  a 
thorough  ex-ante  political  economic  analysis  and  changes  in  strategic  orientations 
are  required.    The  results  are  rather  modest  despite  the  EU  leadership  in  the 

164 

 
 
government-partners  dialogue.  In  every  sector,  the  EU  has  successfully  taken  into 
account  absorption  capacity,  but  its  approach  has  not  been  always  conducive  to 
broad  inclusive  consultation  with  all  the  key  actors.  Activities  have  remained 
substitution activities in some sectors; others have focused on capacity building but 
not been sufficiently assimilated to ensure sustainable results.   

Joint  evaluation  of  the  cooperation  with  Burundi  of  Belgium,  the  European 
Commission,  France,  Germany,  the  Netherlands,  Sweden  and  the  United 
Kingdom 2005-2011 

Aid  has  generally  been  well  delivered  with  some  important  direct  results.  However 
insufficient consideration of the available analyses of the situation in the country and 
interventions  has  prevented  the  achievement  of  the  societal  changes  expected  in 
term  of  stability,  institutional  building  and  growth.  The  assumption  of  shared 
objectives between donors and Burundian Government which underlies the process 
of  cooperation  is  not  realistic,  especially  in  governance,  media  and  civil  society 
issues.  The  evaluation  recommends  having  continuous  strong  political  and  policies 
analysis shared among donors and to adjust the assistance to the reality. 

Evaluation of the European Union’s cooperation with Haiti 2008-2012 

EU  cooperation  with  Haiti  was  sufficiently  flexible  to  cope  with  a  series  of  external 
shocks including the 2010 earthquake. Results and sustainability of EU cooperation 
have  been  suffering  from  a  weak  institutional  context.  For  the  future  the  EU  should 
have at the core of its strategy the strengthening of the State and the improvement of 
sector  strategies;  it  should  seek  a  comprehensive  approach  to  central  and 
decentralised levels and seek effective articulation of available instruments. The use 
of  budget  support  was  courageous  and  innovative  with  relevant  macroeconomic 
effects.  

Evaluation  of  the  EU’s  cooperation  with  the  Democratic  Republic  of  Congo 
2008-2013 

In  a  context  of  fragility,  EU-DRC  cooperation  brought  some  valuable  results  which 
need to be consolidated. Although the strategy was in line with the orientations of the 
Congolese  development  policies,  the  sustainability  and  impact  of  EU  funded 
interventions were impeded by structural shortcomings and dysfunctions. EU support 
for rehabilitation of infrastructures and the public healthcare system produced direct 
positive effects for Congolese inhabitants and played an appreciable role in poverty 
reduction. For the future, the EU should define more realistic cooperation objectives, 
better  taking  into  account  the  risks  as  well  as  the  resources  available  for  the 
implementation of interventions. 

Evaluation of the European Union’s Cooperation with Togo 2007-2013  

The resumption of full EU cooperation in 2007 was a strong political signal. Despite 
some  shortcomings,  the  EU  adopted  an  approach  that  was  sensitive  to  matters 
relating  to  fragility  and  contributed  to  progress  in  the  country  notably  through  its 
active  political  role.  The  EU  effectively  supported  the  electoral  and  national 
reconciliation  processes  and  enabled  Togo  to  make  some  progress  in  terms  of 
justice.  The  EU  also  contributed  to  the  overall  effort  to  restore  and  consolidate 
macroeconomic  balance  and  to  the  construction  and  rehabilitation  of  economic 
infrastructures.  

165 

 
 
Joint evaluation of budget support in Mozambique 2005-2012 

Overall, Budget Support has been successful in Mozambique. It has made possible a 
major  expansion  in  education  provision,  whilst  supporting  economic  growth  and 
macroeconomic  stability  and  facilitating  steady  improvements  in  public  financial 
management  and,  to  a  lesser  extent,  in  governance.    Despite  the  fast  growth 
achieved,  no  progress  in  income  poverty  reduction  has  been  observed  mostly 
because  of  the  failure  of  the  agriculture  sector  policy  to  significantly  improve 
agriculture  productivity  of  small  farmers.  The  evaluation  recommends  a  set  of  joint 
actions aimed to reduce this major issue. 

Joint evaluation of budget support in Morocco 2005-2012 

Budget support has accompanied an important reforms process and has contributed 
to  the  achievement  of  positive  results  in  the  social  sectors  (health  and  education). 
However these results are uneven. The quality of education remains an issue and, in 
the  two  sectors,  Morocco  is  still  facing  important  disparities:  between  gender  and 
regions  and  between  urban  and  rural  areas.  To  fully  use  the  potential  of  the 
instrument, the evaluation recommends strengthening the dialogue on the budget as 
a key tool for steering and managing public policies and to pay more attention to the 
results of the implementation of public policies for the whole population. 

4.1.2.4.  Outlook for 2015 

The following evaluations are scheduled to be launched before the end of 2015: 

Geographic  level:  Afghanistan,  Ethiopia,  Ivory  Coast,    Regional  Eastern  and 

 
Southern Africa;  

Thematic  level:  EU  approach  to  Food  Security,  Joint  Programming,  Policy 

 
Coherence for Development; 

 

Budget Support: Burkina Faso, Ghana, Peru, Sierra Leone. 

4.1.3.  Lessons learned 

4.1.3.1.  The ‘fiches contradictoires’ 

The  ‘fiches  contradictoires’  are  a  key  tool  to  ensure  the  follow-up  of  evaluation 
recommendations  and  present  in  tabular  form:  the  main  recommendations  of  an 
evaluation; the response of the services and actions to be taken; and the follow-up of 
these  actions  one  year  later.  Every  "fiche  contradictoire"  is  available  on  the 
Evaluation Unit website117. 

4.1.3.2.  Synthesis of key lessons learned 

Synthesis  of  the  main  findings  and  lessons  learned  from  Budget  Support 
evaluations 

The  synthesis  of  the  seven  evaluations  of  General  and  Sector  Budget  Support 
undertaken  in  seven  countries  (Tunisia,  Mali,  Zambia,  Tanzania,  South  Africa, 

117 http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/evaluation_reports/index_en.htm  

166 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
Mozambique  and  Morocco)  shows  the  main  contributions  of  Budget  Support  are: 
Increased  provision  of  Public  Goods  and  Services  in  agreed  priority  sectors  (in 
particular  health,  education  and  roads);  Improved  non-income  poverty  reduction; 
Strengthened  PFM  systems;  and  Improved  Policy  Dialogue  on  Sector  Reforms  and 
Systems. 

Main conclusions for Budget Support 

As  Aid  Modality  Budget  Support  is  best  aligned  with  criteria  laid  down  in  the  Paris 
Declaration, Accra Agenda and Busan 

Budget  support  is  no  panacea  and  not  applicable  in  all  circumstances  (for  example 
with an absence of sector strategies; direct improvements of service delivery at local 
level; or local government development) 

Budget  support  is  most  effective  in  situations  of  partnership  based  on  trust  and 
confidence 

Budget  support  allows  for  wider  and  deeper  policy  dialogue  and  eliminates  a 
'piecemeal approach' 

Lessons learnt from evaluations in fragile countries 

Overall,  there  have  been  good  results  at  sector  level,  but  the  impact  and 
sustainability  of  EU  interventions  are  at  risk  and  do  not  allow  for  deep  societal 
changes. For the future, the EU should undertake more rigorous in depth contextual 
analysis  including  institutional  constraints  and  risk  assessment  and  focus  more  on 
strengthening political and policy dialogue. It should adopt a comprehensive and 
flexible  approach  in  order  to  respond  to  emerging  needs  and  it  should  be  more 
realistic on the objectives to be achieved. Its interventions should focus on capacity 
building and state strengthening in line with the New Deal principles. 

4.2.  Aid delivery modalities 

4.2.1.  Developments in aid delivery modalities and channels 

Cooperation  programmes  and  projects  are  managed  under  two  distinctive  modes: 
either under direct management where the European Commission is the signatory of 
the  contract  or  under  indirect  management  where  the  signatory  is  the  beneficiary 
country/region and the European Commission assumes the funding by endorsing the 
contract.  For  the  sake  of  effectiveness  and  impact,  the  aid  may  be  channelled 
through another body, be it an international organisation, a Member State agency, a 
civil society organisation or the authorities of the beneficiaries' countries, thus forming 
a wide range of implementing modalities. 

This  mix  of  modalities  is  the  result  of  regional,  national  and  sectorial  constraints, 
opportunities  and  specificities.  Such  a  variety  is  needed  to  suit  the  wide  range  of 
needs  we  face  on  the  ground.  Be  it  at  regional  or  national  level,  the  European 
Commission  always  looks  for  the  best  modality  to  channel  the  funds.  Each  of  the 
modalities possesses particularities and offer the preferred option in given conditions. 
Criteria  such  as  effectiveness,  efficiency,  availability,  visibility,  cost,  control, 
ownership,  impact,  and  reporting  are  assessed  when  deciding  the  design  of  each 
project. 

167 

 
 
 
The  budget  support  modality  to  be  used  with  partner  countries  follow  a  severe 
selection process and can be granted at national budget or at sector level should the 
European Commission wish to support the general budget or a dedicated policy of a 
partner  country.  It  is  the  aid  modality  that  corresponds  best  to  the  objectives  and 
principles of aid effectiveness, notably ownership, the alignment and use of country 
systems. 

throughout 

Grants,  be  they  under  direct  or  indirect  management  mode,  help  us  to  support 
numerous  projects  and  initiatives  of  different  scales.  Most  of  them  are  selected 
through  sectorial  calls  for  proposals,  with  national,  regional  or  global  scope.  The 
sectors  on  which  we  offer  grants  are  extremely  wide  (energy,  human  rights, 
employment,  education,  environment,  culture  just  to  name  a  few).  We  accompany 
recipients 
their 
implementation. 
Procurement modality encompass service, furniture and works contracts signed with 
companies, either directly or through the management of the partner countries. The 
funds  spent  through  this  channel  are  extremely  varied:  infrastructure  works, 
equipment  and  supplies,  technical  and  consulting  services  etc.  In  line  with  the 
applicable  financial  regulations,  different  contracting  modalities  are  used  depending 
on the kind of contract and amount of the tender118. 

following  closely 

the  projects, 

lifetime  of 

the 

Programme estimates enable  us to conduct projects hand in  hand with the national 
ministries of our partner countries. Projects are not only designed together but their 
daily  implementation  make  our  staff  work  in  close  collaboration  with  the  national 
authorities. It is a work-intensive modality but it is one of the best when it comes to 
ensuring ownership, control and visibility of the projects, and helps us to deepen the 
knowledge about our partner countries' functioning. 

Cooperation with Member States expanded from 2008 with the launch of delegated 
cooperation  and  the  development  of  blending  facilities.  Joint  programming  with 
Member States, which aims to make our aid more efficient, constitutes a driver of the 
current programming exercise; the European Commission and Member States strive 
to  collaborate  as  much  as  possible  on  the  ground  as  well  as  from  a  global  point  of 
view exchanging good practice and experiences. 

Part  of  our  aid  is  also  channelled  through  international  organisations.  In  line  with 
international  commitments,  the  European  Commission  funds  many  programmes 
implemented by different international organisations which operate in a wide field of 
expertise.  By  doing  so,  we  look  for  the  highest  impact  of  our  funds,  reaching 
experience and know-how in some sectors where they lie.  

4.2.2.  Budget support  

The  new  budget  support  policy  is  fully  and  successfully  applied.  We  have 
substantially improved consistency and reporting as well as the management of the 
risks  and  policy  dialogue  with  the  risk  management  framework.  The  internal 

118  Information  about  ongoing  calls  for  proposals  and  calls  for  tenders  is  available  on  the  European 
Commission's web page. 

168 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
governance  has  been  strengthened  with  the  Budget  Support  Steering  Committee 
(BSSC). Those efforts have been translated into more efficient and effective budget 
support  operations  which  also  show  their  quality  through  a  sustained  decrease  in 
errors found by the Court of Auditors. In 2014 State-building Contracts have shown 
their  usefulness  for  stabilising  fragile  situations.  The  guidance  processes  of  the 
BSSC  have  been  simplified  to  better  target  relevant  cases.  Domestic  revenue 
mobilisation  (DRM)  is  receiving  growing  attention  and  the  Commission  continued  a 
number  of  sustained  efforts  on  international,  regional  and  national  level  to  support 
partner  countries  in  their  tax  reforms  to  significantly  improve  DRM  and  the  fight 
against  illicit  financial  flows.  In  addition,  the  EU  supports  the  Extractive  Industries 
Transparency Initiative (EITI) which aims  to improve transparency of revenues from 
natural resources and the Tripartite Initiative with the World Bank and the OECD to 
strengthen Transfer Pricing efforts. 

A New EU Budget Support Landscape Taking Shape 

In  2014  the  positive  results  of  the  2011  policy  on  Budget  Support  and  its  new 
operational  approach  have  been  consolidated.  State-building  Contracts  (SBC)  have 
helped  to  stabilise  fragile  situations  in  eleven  countries  including  Madagascar, 
Central  African  Republic,  Liberia  and  Guinea  Bissau.    SBCs  aim  at  helping  partner 
countries  to  ensure  vital  state  functions  and  deliver  basic  services  to  populations, 
notably in health and education.  

By  the  end  of  2014,  233  BS  programmes  were  being  implemented  in  84  countries 
and  OCTs  for  a  total  amount  of  EUR  11.175  billion.  Sub-Saharan  Africa  and  the 
Neighbourhood  region  are  the  largest  recipients.  81  %  of  BS  contracts  are  sector 
programmes (SBS/SRC), most often in the education sector. Good Governance and 
Development  Contracts  (GGDCs)  represent  4  %  and  State  Building  Contracts 
(SBCs) represent 6 %, most of which are being implemented in Sub-Saharan Africa. 
The remainder are general budget support programmes that pre-date the new policy.  

In 2014, BS disbursements amounted to over EUR 1.6 billion, representing 15.9 % of 
total ODA disbursements (EUR 10.171 billion) of both the budget and the EDF. New 
commitments in 2014 were exceptionally low at just over EUR 1.3 billion. This is due 
to  the  end  of  the  preceding  programming  cycle.  It  is  expected  that  Budget  Support 
will remain an important aid modality in the new programming cycle 2014-2020. 

The  use  of  comprehensive  country-level  risk  profiles,  tested  in  2013,  has  been 
extended in 2014. 87 Risk Management Frameworks (RMFs) have been completed 
and  have  been  used  as  an  essential  tool  in  programming,  designing  and 
implementing operations and to inform policy dialogue.  

The  BSSC  has  been  providing  strategic  guidance  on  all  new  programmes  and 
disbursements.  In  2014,  twenty  meetings  and  nine  written  procedures  were 
organised,  where  the  BSSC  provided  strategic  guidance  on  205  decisions.  BSSC 
processes have been adjusted to target more strategic cases.  

Budget  support  produced  significant  results,  particularly  by  supporting  nationally 
'owned'  reform  processes.  A  2014  summary  of  budget  support  evaluations  noted  a 
significant  strengthening  of  PFM  systems  and  some  gains  in  transparency  and 
oversight, as well as in the legal and institutional framework for fighting corruption. 

169 

 
 
An  internal  analysis  of  Budget  Support  operations  compared  EU  budget  support 
recipients with recipients of other EU aid. BS recipients score consistently better on a 
number of indicators – for example concerning poverty reduction (see Table below). 

Poverty headcount ratio at 1.25 $ 
a day trends 
(% population, period averages), 
BS/non-BS comparison for all 
selected EU aid recipients (exc. … 

50%

30%

10%

00-06

07-13

All EU aid
recipients

All BS
Countries

Figure 3. Poverty Headcount ratio 

BS  is  the  aid  modality  that  corresponds  best  to  the  objectives  and  principles  of  aid 
effectiveness. It will play its role in the post-2015 agenda and the implementation of 
fiscal 
the  Sustainable  Developments  Goals.  Domestic  revenue  mobilisation, 
transparency  and  good  public  financial  management  are  closely  interlinked  and 
strongly supported by each budget support operation. 

The Ebola Crisis and the Role of Budget Support  

The human impact of Ebola is enormous and the economic impact of the epidemic is 
also significant. A decline in employment, especially in rural areas, increases poverty 
and  food  insecurity.  The  European  Union  has  mobilised  resources  to  help  defeat 
Ebola immediately and directly.   

Budget  support  provides  flexibly  and  rapid  financial  resources  totalling  EUR  52.6 
million in 2014 and a further EUR 70 million in early 2015 to reinforce the capacity of 
the  three  most  affected  governments  to  deliver  vital  public  services,  notably 
healthcare, and to maintain stability. This support helps affected people directly and 
enables governments to ensure long-term economic recovery. 

Domestic  Resource  Mobilisation,  Transparency  and  Public  Finance 
Management 

Domestic revenue mobilisation (DRM) is receiving growing attention in development 
cooperation as the importance of domestic revenues for the provision of public goods 
and  services  and  state  building  is  recognised.  DRM  is  currently  very  low  in  many 
developing countries. In 2014 the Commission continued sustained efforts to support 
partner countries to strengthen DRM and to fight against illicit financial flows.  

The Commission supports capacity building in Public Financial Management through 
budget  support,  technical  assistance  associated  with  BS  operations,  projects  and 
financial  governance 
international  cooperation. 
programme'  was  adopted  with  a  total  of  EUR  10  million  (EU  contribution  EUR  five 

In  particular 

'Pan-African 

the 

170 

 
 
 
 
 
million)  to  assist  on  African  states  in  strengthening  and  improving  good  financial 
governance. 

The  EU  supports  the Extractive Industries  Transparency  Initiative  (EITI) which aims 
at  improving  transparency  and  accountability  in  the  management  of  revenues  from 
natural  resources.  Disclosure  of  taxes  and  other  payments  made  by  oil,  gas  and 
mining companies to governments helps to ensure that these resources can benefit 
all  citizens.  There  are  now  forty-eight  EITI  implementing  countries  (up  from  39  in 
2013).  Most  resource-rich  countries  in  which  the  EU  finances  BS  operations  are 
implementing  the  EITI  Standard  (ten  are  compliant,  two  are  candidate,  and  the 
remaining are in the pre-candidate phase). 

The Commission has continued the Tripartite Initiative  with the World Bank and the 
OECD  to  strengthen  efforts  against  abusive  transfer  pricing.  The  reinforcement  of 
partner countries' capacities is helping to reduce tax avoidance and evasion, improve 
business certainty, and reduce corruption and other malpractices.  

In  the  frame  of  the  Public  Expenditure  and  Financial  Accountability  (PEFA) 
programme  the  Commission  participates  in  the  revision  of  the  PFM  Performance 
Measurement  Framework  leading  the  task  team  on  indicators  for  control,  audit  and 
procurement.  The revised framework continues being tested in 2015 and should be 
finalised later this year. 

The  Commission  has  being  the  lead  donor  in  about  one-third  (135)  of  all  PEFAs 
undertaken since 2005 and participated in another 97 PEFAs.  

4.2.3.  Using EU grants strategically via blending 

Blending, which combines EU grants with loans or with equity from other public and 
private financiers can leverage additional resources to enable an increased impact of 
EU  aid.  Since  first  introduced  at  the  beginning  of  the  MFF  2007-2013,  blending 
gradually  evolved  into  an  important  tool  of  EU  external  cooperation  complementing 
other implementation modalities. EU regional blending facilities have been set up in 
all  regions  and  other  blending  instruments  such  as  the  Global  Energy  Efficiency 
Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) have been established. 

Until the end of 2014 more than EUR 1.99 billion grants from the EU budget, the EDF 
and  Member  States  financed  233  projects.  The  grant  contributions  have  leveraged 
approximately  EUR  19  billion  of  loans  by  European  finance  institutions  (EFIs)  and 
regional  development  banks.  By  strategically  combining  EU  grants  with  market 
financing, blending has helped to leverage investments of more than EUR 44 billion 
in  EU  partner  countries.  The  EU  grants  are  crucial  to  allow  some  of  the  projects  to 
get  off  the  ground,  some  others  to  be  implemented  at  an  earlier  date  or  at  a  more 
sustainable  cost  for  the  partner  country  or  simply  to  allow  some  projects  to  reach 
more and poorer beneficiaries than it would have been possible without grant. 

In  2014  a  total  of  EUR  419  million  EU  grants  supported  projects  with  an  expected 
investment  volume  of  almost  EUR  7.7  billion.  The  largest  contributions  went  to  the 
Southern  neighbourhood  (45  %),  Eastern  neighbourhood  (25  %)  and  to  projects  in 
Sub-Saharan Africa (14 %). Smaller contributions went to Asia (6 %), Central Asia (4 
%),  Latin  America  (4  %)  and  the  Pacific  (2  %).  In  terms  of  sectorial  coverage  the 
majority went to energy projects (41 %) followed by transport projects (24 %). 17 % 
of  grant  contributions  went  to  water  and  sanitation  projects,  11  %  support  private 

171 

 
 
sector  development  and  7  %  of  the  contributions  were  spread  over  sectors  like 
environment, social sector and urban development. 

In  2012,  the  EU  Platform  for  Blending  in  External  Cooperation  was  launched  to 
further increase the effectiveness of blending. The Platform is led by a Policy Group 
which  makes  recommendations  based  on  work  carried  out  in  technical  groups.  It  is 
chaired  by  the  Commission  and  involves  representatives  from  Member  States,  the 
European  Parliament  and  the  European  External  Action  Service  (EEAS).  In  the 
technical groups the Commission works together with experts from EFIs and Member 
States.  

In 2014 the Platform continued the work on reviewing the governance of the existing 
blending mechanisms in order to improve the effectiveness of blending operations in 
meeting their policy objectives of poverty reduction and socioeconomic development 
as well as the efficiency of their management. To do so, the Platform agreed to the 
organisation  of  four  blending  ‘frameworks’  according  to  the  various  financing 
instruments (EDF – ENI – DCI – IPA). Inside each framework, geographically defined 
‘facilities’  will  allow  the  EU  to  address  the  different  regional  strategic  priorities,  to 
increase  policy  leverage  and  to  effectively  use  blending  operations  for  policy 
dialogue. 

The Platform also carried on its work on further development of financial instruments, 
harmonisation of contracting, monitoring and reporting, mobilisation of private sector 
resources as well as mainstreaming Climate Change financing through blending. The 
results  of  the  technical  groups  were  presented  to  the  Policy  Group  in  July  and 
December 2014. A report on the activities of the EUBEC Platform was submitted to 
the Council and the European Parliament at the end of 2014. 

Innovative  financial  instruments,  such  as  risk-sharing  mechanisms  play  a  key  role. 
Indeed, risk capital (equity, quasi-equity and guarantees) is one of the forms that the 
EU  grant  contribution  could  take  to  support  investment  projects.  The  idea  is  to 
increase  the  use  of  EU  funds  in  risk-sharing  operations  in  the  future  in  order  to 
attract, in particular, additional private financing.  

4.3.  Progress in aid management  

4.3.1.  Progress on qualitative issues in aid management  

Quality of design: a single Action Document template for both aid delivery modalities 
during full identification and formulation process 

A  new  single  Action  Document  template  and  related  instructions  for  its  completion 
were  adopted  in  November  2014  with  its  use becoming mandatory  as of  1 January 
2015. 

The  new  Action  Document  template  covers  both  aid  modalities  (budget  support 
and  project  modality)  and  has  to  be  progressively  completed  during  both  project 
preparation  phases  (identification  and  formulation).  This  avoids  choices  on  aid 
modalities being made too early and unnecessary repetitive drafting work, problems 
that  were  often  encountered  in  the  past  with  the  different  separate  template 
documents.  It  has  the  advantage  of  maintaining  all  elements  of  the  action  in  one 
easily  consultable  document.  The  template  and  related  instructions  also  facilitate 
much  better  understanding  of  what  should  be  the  focus  of  the  identification  phase 

172 

 
 
 
(including context analysis and presenting any options that need to be discussed as 
a  result  of  the  analysis  that  include  the  preliminary  proposals  for  implementation 
modality and partners), and what should be left to the formulation phase.  

Particular emphasis was given in the new template to a stronger results focus in the 
new template with a logical framework matrix for project modality and a list of result 
indicators for budget support as new mandatory appendices of the Action Document. 
In the same vein, a new section on the logic of intervention requires more substance 
on the chain of results and the implementing arrangements of the envisaged action to 
explain  how  the  different  levels  of  results  to  be  achieved  will  ultimately  enable  real 
change.  The  narrative  that  is  asked  at  this  point  in  the  Action  Document  aims  at 
checking  and  making  the  best  use  of  the  context  and  risk  analysis,  of  the  lessons 
learned from evaluations and monitoring, the complementarity and any cross cutting 
issues. 

Quality of Design: the internal peer quality review process 

thematic  and  geographic  experts 

In  order  to  ensure  the  quality  of  design  of  development  actions,  an  internal  peer 
review  process  is  in  place  through  Quality  Support  Groups  (QSGs)  that  are 
for 
composed  of 
Development  and  Cooperation  —  EuropeAid,  European  External  Action  Service 
(EEAS)  and  other  relevant  Commission  DGs.  During  2014  221  actions  were 
screened for identification, and 311 actions were screened for formulation. The lower 
number of actions assessed in 2014 at end of formulation has been mainly due to the 
transition to the new programming period (2014 - 2020). 

from  Directorate-General 

Thematic and methodological guidance, training and knowledge sharing 

Key  elements  in  ensuring  quality  standards  and  sustainable  results  are  knowledge 
sharing,  methodological  support  and  learning  uptake  by  development  stakeholders. 
In 2014 training courses, workshops and other learning events have been promoted 
to  improve  the  quality  of  aid  management  and  the  dialogue  between  partners  for 
improved  and  long-lasting  results.  Methodological  support  and  learning  activities 
were focused on areas such as: programme and project cycle management, budget 
support,  capacity  development,  policy  dialogue,  fragility  and  crisis  management, 
decentralisation  and  local  governance,  support  to  civil  society,  and  blending 
mechanisms  amongst  other  topics.  In  2014,  1  920  individuals  benefited  from  98 
methodological courses, of which 19 were organised in partner countries. 

In  addition,  exchange  of  knowledge  and  experiences  between  development 
practitioners  has  been  facilitated  through  the  EU’s  knowledge  sharing  platform  on 
development  and  cooperation:  capacity4dev119.  In  2014  the  platform  continued  to 
grow  both  in  terms  of  contents  and  members’  activity:  88  new  knowledge  networks 
were created, over 6 500 items (documents, blog posts and web pages) were posted, 
640  events  were  shared,  and  52  new  articles  featured  video  interviews  and 
contributions  by  EU  staff,  partners  and  development  stakeholders.  Finally,  a  new 
section dedicated to learning has been opened in 2014. It features training materials 
and e-learning shared on the platform.  

119http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/  

173 

 
 
                                                 
4.3.2.  Simplification of procedures 

In 2014 the new Management Modes introduced by the Financial Regulation entered 
into force. In order to cope with the new concepts and the multiplication of templates, 
EuropeAid  R3  led  a  simplification  exercise  merging  in  one  single  template  all  the 
different  options.  In  this  way  a  new  template  (PAGODA,  Pillar  Assessed  Grant  or 
Delegation  Agreement)  was  created  that  is  applicable  for  Direct  and  Indirect 
Management, both for internal and external policies.  

for  Economic  Cooperation  and  Development, 

In  parallel  to  the  conclusion  of  this  template  EuropeAid  launched  negotiations  on 
framework  agreements  with  six  international  organisations  (the  European  Bank  for 
Reconstruction  and  Development,  the  Inter-American  Development  Bank,  the 
Organisation 
International 
Monetary  Fund,  the  International  Organisation  for  Migration  and  the  Council  of 
Europe).  These  framework  agreements  apply  to  the  whole  Commission.  A  new 
Framework  Agreement  with  the  World  Bank  and  an  amendment  to  the  Framework 
Administrative and Financial Agreement with the United Nations have been signed to 
align our agreements with these International Organisations with the requirements of 
the Financial Regulation. 

the 

In  2014  a  simplified  version  of  the  derogations  and  prior  approval  system  was 
designed and put in place. It introduced a new category of transactions – ‘events to 
be reported’ - which entail less administrative work. They are based on the approval 
by  the  relevant  authorising  officer  of  a  report  containing  explicitly  the  case  under 
consideration. In addition to this new category, a few cases of derogations and prior 
approvals  were  downgraded  in  terms  of  the  competent  authority  approving  the 
transaction. Some cases were also deleted from the list. 

In  2014  a  set  of  recommendations  to  simplify  programme  estimates  under  indirect 
management  with  partner  countries  were  identified.  They  will  be  enforced  in  2015 
through  a  revised  version  of  the  practical  guide  on  programme  estimates.  The 
recommendations  aim  at  making  the  management  of  programme  estimates  simpler 
and  enable  finding  alternatives  to  this  tool  when  required.  The  abolishment  of  the 
current  annual  review,  the  possibility  for  the  use  of  country  systems,  the  rise  in  the 
threshold for ex-ante controls and the use of grants instead of programme estimates 
are the main simplification measures. 

In addition to the above, simplification files were adopted on the simplification of calls 
for proposals. The recommendations are being introduced in PRAG 2015. They are 
meant to decrease the workload that the management of calls for proposals impose 
on  EuropeAid  staff,  mainly  by  grouping  them  whenever  possible,  testing  the 
possibility  of  multiannual  work  plans,  the  introduction  of  Framework  Partnership 
Agreements and fostering existing options as financial support to third parties. 

4.4.  Communication & transparency 

4.4.1.  Communication and visibility  

As  this  full  report  shows,  EU  development  cooperation  continues  to  make  a  real 
difference to the lives of millions of people in our many partner countries around the 
world. Communicating the results and achievements of our programmes and projects 

174 

 
 
 
is  a  critical  part  of  this  work:  it  strengthens  our  accountability  towards  citizens  and 
contributes to maintaining a high level of support for the EU's policies and funding.  

Eurobarometer  surveys  carried  out  in  2014  (for  publication  in  January  2015)  show 
that  Europeans  remain  staunch  supporters  of  development  aid,  and  support  for 
development has actually increased: 85 % of Europeans think it is important to help 
people  in  developing  countries,  and  67  %  of  respondents  across  Europe  think  that 
development aid should be increased, despite Europe’s economic problems. 

In  addition  to  press  releases  on  major  policy  initiatives,  responses  to  global  events 
and  regular  journalist  seminars,  in  2014,  press  trips  and  journalist  seminars  were 
organised  to  accompany  Commissioner  Piebalgs'  visits  to  Senegal  and  Mali,  and 
Commissioner Mimica's visit to Guinea Conakry. Meanwhile, a journalist seminar was 
organised in Ukraine (around the YALTA European Strategy Annual Meeting), and in 
Haiti. 

Together  with  the  UNDP,  seven  high  level  academic  lectures  (the  Kapuscinski 
Development lectures) were organised in EU Member States' universities and one in 
Cape Town (South Africa). The lectures, featuring eminent speakers such as Aromar 
Revi,  Duncan  Green  or  Henri  Shue,  offered  students  a  unique  opportunity  to  learn 
and discuss about development issues. 

European Year for Development 2015 (EYD2015) 

In  2014,  the  Commission  oversaw  all  the  legal  and  preparatory  actions  needed  to 
establish  and  implement  2015  as  the  European  Year  for  Development  2015  along 
with the motto ‘Our world, our dignity, our future’.  

2015 is a crucial year for development with the deadline for achieving the Millennium 
Development  Goals  and  adopting  a  new  framework  for  poverty  eradication  and 
sustainable development, known as the ‘post-2015 agenda’.  

A large event was held ahead of the European Year for Development (in June 2014) 
to bring together stakeholders and partners to share ideas and best practices ahead 
of the European Year for Development. 

The  main  objective  of  the  year  is  to  inform  and  raise  awareness  of  EU  citizens, 
especially young people (15-24 year olds) on the results achieved by the EU and its 
Member  States  in  development  aid  as  the  world's  biggest  aid  donor,  the  Policy 
Coherence for Development dimension given the global and interrelated challenges 
remaining and the win-win dimension of our actions. 

The  European  Year  for  Development  2015  adopts  a  co-ownership  approach  that 
sees  key  partners  such  as  the  Member  States  and  NGOs  in  development  run  their 
own programmes at their levels to best reach citizens. The year is organised around 
12  thematic  months  which  is  reflected  in  the  online  and  digital  campaign  materials 
offered  throughout  the  year.  In  line  with  the  cooperative  spirit  of  the  year,  partners 
are invited to publish their own content on the collaborative campaign website and to 
co-curate the EYD2015 Twitter and Facebook accounts. 

2015 is also the first ever European Year dealing with external action policies of the 
EU and the main 2015 Commission communication priority under the ‘EU as a global 
actor’. Strong coordination and collaboration from all related Directorate-Generals of 
the European Commission, Representations, Delegations, EU institutions and bodies 
throughout the year is being assured. 

175 

 
 
Regularly  capturing  all  these  internal  EU  and  external  partners'  decentralised 
activities  is  important  for  the  year's  reporting,  monitoring  and  evaluation  given  the 
legal basis to report on the year's implementation, results and overall assessment of 
the measures by 31 December 2016.  

In  2014,  EuropeAid  launched  its  thoroughly  revamped  website  with  updated 
and  refreshed  content.  The  website  update  is  a  part  of  the  Commission's 
efforts to streamline and modernise its digital communication.  

A  new  collaborative  campaign  website  was  developed  in  22  EU  languages  which 
allows  the  European  Commission  and  its  communication  partners  (EU  bodies, 
Member States, civil society organisations, international organisations etc.) to publish 
and  manage  their  own  content  related  to  the  year.  The  monthly  themes  are  driving 
the  narrative.  Partners  are  invited  to  post  any  EYD2015  related  events,  as  well  as 
stories  or  actions  linked  to  the  monthly  themes  from  their  development  cooperation 
on the website and to co-curate the EYD2015 Twitter and Facebook accounts120. 

4.4.2.  Transparency 

Improving transparency is a priority for EuropeAid. In 2014, it continued its financial 
support to the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI), and is represented on 
its steering committee. EuropeAid continued to progressively implement the common 
standard (based on OECD and IATI processes) and it publishes regularly to IATI. In 
the last edition of the Aid Transparency Index, EuropeAid improved its score, ranking 
now in the ‘good’ category as 13th out of 67 donors.  Continuous support is provided 
to the EU Aid Explorer which was formally launched at the High Level Meeting of the 
Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation in Mexico in April 2014.   
The  EU  Aid  Explorer  is  a  unique  new  web  tool  that  provides  easy  access  to  clear, 
complete and accurate data on development and humanitarian aid. The tool covers 
the activities of different donors and offers quick answers to questions such as how 
much aid the EU gave or in which sectors EU Member States worked in a given year. 
By  making  data  easily  accessible,  countries,  beneficiaries,  EU  citizens  and 
implementing partners can examine the use of donor funds - and donors themselves 
can improve coordination and effectiveness.  

Together  with  EU  Member  States  the  Commission  has  agreed  on  the  EU 
Transparency Guarantee to provide more and better aid information. EU Aid Explorer 
fulfils this need by making historic data available as infographics from the OECD and 
more recent data from the IATI registry, in addition to humanitarian data from OCHA 
FTS  (United  Nations  Financial  Tracking  Service)  and  EDRIS  (ECHO’s  European 
Emergency Disaster Response Information System). 

120 https://euaidexplorer.ec.europa.eu/  

176 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
5.  CHAPTER 5 - FINANCIAL ANNEX 

5.1. 

Introduction to financial tables 

This Annual Report provides an overview of policies, objectives and achievements in 
2014. The tables and graphs which follow present the main data on EU development 
assistance in 2014 by country, region, or sector and per source of funding, such as 
the different instruments of EU external assistance.  

The  geographic  cooperation  with  the  ACP  countries,  is  based  on  the  Partnership 
Agreement  with  the  ACP  signatory  states  and  is  mainly  financed,  South  Africa 
excepted,  from  the  European  Development  Fund  (EDF)  which  is  separate  from  the 
EU  budget.  External  assistance  for  other  geographic  areas  and  the  thematic 
programmes with worldwide coverage are financed from the general EU budget.  

Figure 5.1 shows the importance of external assistance in the overall expenditure of 
the European Commission. Defined as the resources used to foster programmes and 
projects outside the EU, external assistance accounted for 7 % of the total allocation 
in 2014 (general EU budget and EDF taken together).  

A  global  overview  of  the  sources  of  external  assistance  is  given  in  Figure  5.2.  A 
detailed breakdown of the budget by policy areas can be found in Table 5.3. A similar 
breakdown for the EDF is presented in Table 5.4.  

The  concept  of  Official  Development  Assistance  (ODA)  used  throughout  the  tables 
and  figures  is  that  defined  by  the  OECD’s  Development  Assistance  Committee 
(DAC). Not all EU external assistance can be reported as ODA. Whether an action, 
programme  or  project  is  classified  as  ODA  or  not  depends  on  the  recipient  country 
and  the  purpose  and  content  of  the  aid.  Figure  5.5  shows  the  share  of  the  EU's 
external assistance classified as ODA. In all, almost 90.3 % of EU aid committed in 
2014  was  considered  reportable  as  ODA,  indicating  a  continuing  focus  on 
development in external financial allocations.  

Figures 5.6 and 5.7 show the evolution from 2006 to 2014 of external assistance and 
ODA.  Figure  5.6  shows  the  commitments  evolution  of  the  main  sources  of  funding: 
external assistance from the EU Budget and EDF, indicating the share managed by 
EuropeAid.  Figure  5.7  shows  the  evolution  of  disbursements  of  ODA  on  a  sectorial 
basis.  

Figure 5.8 and Table 5.9 present the breakdown per region. For this breakdown, it is 
necessary  to  differentiate  between  bilateral  and  multilateral  aid.  Bilateral  aid,  as 
defined  by  the  DAC,  is  direct  cooperation  by  the  Commission  with  a  country  (or 
region)  where  the  Commission  controls  the  activities  and  knows  how,  when  and 
where  the  resources  are  being  spent.  Multilateral  aid  comprises  direct  contributions 
to the core funding of multilateral agencies, who report back to the Commission at a 
later stage on how the money was spent.  

Figure 5.8 provides a breakdown of EU ODA per region.  Asia tops the list (29 % of 
ODA) with, Sub-Saharan Africa the largest sub-regional recipients with 17% of total 
ODA  in  2014.  A  more  detailed  breakdown,  per  country  and  region,  in  line  with  the 
OECD/DAC recipient list, is presented in Table 5.10 (Commitments) and Table 5.11 
(Disbursements). 

177 

 
 
 
Figure  5.12  focuses  on  ODA  recipients  classified  under  the  four  UN/OECD 
categories  based  on  GNI.  The  table  monitors  disbursements  in  2014  by  DAC 
recipient  and  by  main  OECD  sectors.  One  indicator  shows  ODA  disbursement  per 
capita.  

It is also important to identify the main sectors of activities that receive support. Table 
5.13 shows this breakdown of EU ODA per main sector as defined by the DAC.  

A more detailed sector breakdown of ODA is provided in Table 5.14 for commitments 
and in Table 5.15 for payments.  

Tables  5.16  and  5.17  give  an  overview  of  the  ODA  managed  by  EuropeAid,  with  a 
breakdown per sector and region. In these tables, the definition of region reflects the 
country groupings used in the EU instruments and corresponding budget structure.  

Tables 5.18 and 5.19 show the sector breakdown of ODA per EU external assistance 
instrument  and  sub-component  within  the  instruments,  with  the  associated  Figure 
5.20 providing a closer look. 

Table 5.21 focuses on budget support commitments in 2014 by EU instruments. 

Finally, Tables 5.22 and 5.23 provides an overview of the breakdown by country and 
instrument in terms of payments and disbursements respectively. 

Please  note  that  where  references  are  made  in  the  following  tables  to  'EU  budget', 
this refers to the budget managed by the European Commission and does not cover 
EU Member States' national budgets for development assistance. 

178 

 
 
 
 
 
5.2.   Financial tables 

179 

Commitments in € millionCommission Budget without External Aid¹133,504 M€External Aid (Budget + EDF)9,906 M€Commission Budget + EDF143,410 M€¹ EstimateTable 5.1 Percentage of EU budget committed on external assistance in 2014Commission Budget without External Aid¹, 133,504 M€, 93%External Aid (Budget + EDF), 9,906 M€, 7% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
180 

Table 5.2 Sources of external assistance in 2014Commitments ( € Million )EuropeAid Budget5,059 M€EuropeAid EDF1,223 M€non EuropeAid Budget3,623 M€External Aid (Budget + EDF)9,906 M€EuropeAid Budget, 5,059 M€, 51%EuropeAid EDF, 1,223 M€, 12%non EuropeAid Budget, 3,623 M€, 37% 
 
 
 
 
 
181 

TotalDescriptionCommit.Disbursements (1)Commit.Disbursements (1)Commit.Disbursements (1)Commit.Disbursements (1)401 - ECFINInternational economic and financial affairs96.6158.6196.6158.6138.00404 - EMPLInstrument for Pre-Accession Assistance — Employment, Social Policies and Human Resources Development62.5362.5362.53405 - AGRIInstrument for Pre-Accession Assistance — Agriculture and Rural Development1.81160.531.81160.53141.56407 - ENVContribution to multilateral and international environment agreements3.053.843.053.840.200.20413 - REGIOInstrument for Pre-Accession Assistance — Regional development and regional and territorial cooperation256.81256.81210.99414 - TAXUDCustoms cooperation and international assistance1.191.071.191.071.191.07415 - EACEuropean Training Foundation (ETF)20.1420.1420.1420.14417 - SANCOInternational agreements and membership of international organisations0.330.330.330.33419 - FPIInstrument contributing to Stability and Peace — Crisis response, conflict prevention, peace-building and crisis preparedness188.06200.94188.06200.94185.48196.334Common foreign and security policy (CFSP)304.69263.45304.69263.45294.03254.424Election Observation Missions (EIDHR)43.4631.0243.4631.0241.4130.204Cooperation with third countries under the Partnership Instrument (PI)115.9321.62115.9321.624Information outreach on the European Union external relations11.3112.7311.3112.731.471.66420 - TRADETrade policy13.7011.9713.7011.974.363.49421- DEVDevelopment cooperation instrument (DCI)2,273.111,699.332,172.781,698.84100.340.492,206.241,663.454European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI)2,302.401,623.732,195.641,622.09106.771.642,238.701,587.314European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights132.78128.16132.78127.990.17132.78119.664Instrument for Stability (IfS) — Global and trans-regional threats82.2648.1682.2648.160.0146.594Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC)29.3546.8529.3546.8529.3544.254The European Union-Greenland partnership24.5717.0424.5717.044Development and cooperation worldwide37.1524.8037.1524.8037.1524.304Completion of actions implemented under Industrialised Countries Instrument (ICI+) Programme0.0011.660.0011.660.004.08422 - ELARGEnlargement process and strategy1,317.49787.541,317.49787.541,291.37751.734Aid Regulation32.9621.0232.9621.02423 - ECHOHumanitarian aid, food assistance and disaster preparedness1,093.841,358.431,093.841,358.431,075.501,342.484The Union Civil Protection Mechanism15.394.1915.394.1915.083.994Union Aid Volunteers12.150.7212.150.7212.150.72434 - CLIMAContribution to multilateral and international climate agreements0.780.780.780.784+5Administrative expenditure of External assistance (2)528.42522.70384.96382.18143.46140.52505.20499.97TOTAL8,682.947,400.695,059.483,979.623,623.453,421.078,109.656,990.96(1) Before recoveries(2) Includes administrative cost of EDF management charged to heading 5.      Total ODA (Budget + EDF) administrative cost (from headings 4 & 5 and EDF adm. envelope) shown in tables 5.14 & 5.15(3)Breakdown by budget line of external aid financed on the general Commission budget in 2013. (Amount in € million) Heading / Policy AreaTable 5.3 General EU budget for external assistance in 2014Managed by EuropeAidManaged by other DG'sof which ODA 
 
 
 
 
 
 
182 

Of Which ODAInstruments (1)Commitments (2)Disbursements (3)Commitments (2)Disbursements (3)LoméNIP / RIP Grants-            12             -            12           Aid for Refugees-            -            -            -          Stabex1               3               1               3             Risk Capital-            0               -            0             SYSMIN-            -            -            -          Heavily indebted poor countries-            -            -            -          Use of interest (Lomé)-            -            -            -          Transfer  6th EDF-            -            -            -          Transfer  7th EDF-            0               -            0             Total Lomé1               15             1               15           CotonouA Envelope - Programmable Aid458           2,062        458           2,032       Envelope B - unforeseen83             325           83             315          Regional projects103           407           103           406          Intra ACP413           630           88             302          Co financing A Envelope62             30             -            -          Other-            -            -            -          Implementation expenditure + Congo Rep. Dem.104           112           104           111          Total Cotonou1,222        3,566        835           3,164       Grand total EDF1,223        3,581        836           3,180       (1) Except The Investment Facility (10th EDF) managed by the EIB(2) Commitments 2014 have been calculated following DAC procedures : Total commitments made in 2014 reduced by decommitments made on projects committed in 2014Table 5.4 European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014Breakdown by instrument of development assistance financed on the European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014 (amount in € million). 
 
 
 
 
183 

Commitments in € millionODAnon ODATotalBudget EuropeAId4,912       147          5,059       EDF836          387          1,223       Budget Non EuropeAId3,197       426          3,623       Total8,946       960          9,906       Table 5.5 Proportion of  external assistance used for Official Development Aid (ODA). - 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000Budget EuropeAIdEDFBudget Non EuropeAIdODAnon ODA 
 
 
 
184 

Commitments in € millionDisbursements in € millionTable 5.6 2006-2014 External assistanceExternal aid financed on the general Commission budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) managed by EuropeAid. Bilateral and multilateral ODA / other flows.01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,00013,00014,00015,000200620072008200920102011201220132014EuropeAid BudgetEuropeAid EDFnon EuropeAid BudgetGrand Total01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,00010,00011,00012,00013,000200620072008200920102011201220132014EuropeAid BudgetEuropeAid EDFnon EuropeAid BudgetGrand Total 
 
 
 
 
185 

Commitments in € millionBilateral and multilateral ODA flows.Table 5.7 Sectoral breakdown of Official Development Assistance (ODA) 2006 - 201402,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,000200620072008200920102011201220132014Other/Unallocated : admin. costs, unspecifiedHumanitarian aid : Emergency response, reconstructionrelief and rehabilitation, disaster prevention andpreparednessAction relating to debtBudget support, food aid, food securityMultisector/Crosscutting : environment, otherProduction : agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry,mining and construction, trade and tourismEconomic infrastructures and services : transport,communications, energy, other servicesSocial infrastructures: education, health, water,government and civil society, other 
 
 
 
 
 
186 

Table 5.8 Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) in 2014Commitments in € million( € Million )Region (1)CommitmentsDisbursementsCommitmentsDisbursementsCommitmentsDisbursementsEurope1,942       1,888       494          594          1,448       1,293      Africa, North of Sahara511          474          469          440          43            34           Africa, South of Sahara1,567       3,968       976          3,239       591          730         Asia : Middle East1,120       946          744          496          376          450         Asia : South & Central,  Far East1,332       1,101       1,019       790          313          311         America318          704          275          630          43            73           Oceania4              73            3              71            2              3             Bilateral unallocated2,129       972          1,752       733          377          238         ODA Multilateral Aid,Total22            45            17            41            5              4             TOTAL ODA8,946       10,171     5,749       7,034       3,197       3,137      (1) Following OECD region. Cfr tables "Country breakdown of EC Development Aid in 2014".Grand total Managed by EuropeAidManaged by Other DG'sEurope, 1,942 M€, 22%Africa, North of Sahara, 511 M€, 6%Africa, South of Sahara, 1,567 M€, 17%Asia : Middle East, 1,120 M€, 12%Asia : South & Central,  Far East, 1,332 M€, 15%America, 318 M€, 4%Oceania, 4 M€, 0%Bilateral unallocated, 2,129 M€, 24%ODA Multilateral Aid,Total, 22 M€, 0% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
187 

Table 5.9 Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) 2009-2014Commitments in € million200920102011201220132014Europe2,030    2,230    2,269    2,354    2,487    1,942    Africa4,577    3,230    3,975    4,807    5,302    2,079    North Of Sahara618       673       678       793       705       511       South Of Sahara3,929    2,500    3,151    3,956    4,523    1,209    Regional30        57        146       58        74        358       America899       934       716       815       899       318       North & Central621       609       445       525       564       125       South260       257       246       184       246       160       Regional19        68        25        106       88        33        Asia2,043    2,063    2,000    2,202    2,522    2,452    Middle East669       652       663       789       1,187    1,120    South & Central1,024    948       1,099    1,194    927       1,108    Far East295       363       158       140       329       173       Regional56        99        79        80        79        51        Oceania89        116       19        103       239       4          Bilateral unallocated2,000    1,761    2,134    2,494    2,149    2,129    ODA Multilateral Aid,Total125       325       210       155       127       22        TOTAL ODA11,764  10,658  11,323  12,930  13,725  8,946    Disbursements in € Million200920102011201220132014Europe1,720    1,507    1,437    1,430    1,526    1,888    Africa4,111    4,161    3,939    4,401    3,896    4,442    North Of Sahara610       537       517       503       331       474       South Of Sahara3,478    3,563    3,170    3,727    3,371    3,728    Regional23        61        252       171       194       240       America809       973       721       731       719       704       North & Central441       666       421       422       384       430       South348       287       270       292       296       238       Regional20        21        30        17        38        36        Asia1,854    1,845    1,868    1,776    1,993    2,047    Middle East617       596       507       594       895       946       South & Central908       935       996       821       823       824       Far East266       267       315       299       218       237       Regional63        47        49        62        57        40        Oceania59        91        85        70        72        73        Bilateral unallocated955       1,084    916       889       878       972       ODA Multilateral Aid,Total292       179       248       238       178       45        TOTAL ODA9,800    9,841    9,213    9,535    9,262    10,171  Bilateral and multilateral ODA flows.(1) Following OECD region. Cfr table "Country breakdown of EC Development Aid in 2014". 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.10 Country breakdown of European Commission development aid in 
2014 

Commitments (EUR Million ) 

Country/Region 

Budget 
EuropeAid 

Budget non 
EuropeAid 

EDF 

Grand Total 

Part I : Developing Countries & Territories (ODA) 

Europe, Total 

   Albania 
   Belarus 
   Bosnia and Herzegovina 
   Kosovo (1) 
fYRoM 

   Republic of Moldova (2) 
   Montenegro 
   Serbia 
Turkey 
   Ukraine 
   States of ex-Yugoslavia unspecif. 
   Europe, Regional 

Africa, Total 
   North Of Sahara, Total 

   Algeria 
   Egypt 
Libya 
   Morocco 

Tunisia 

   North Of Sahara, Regional 

   South Of Sahara, Total 

   Angola 
   Benin 
   Botswana 
   Burkina Faso 
   Burundi 
   Cameroon 
   Cape Verde 
   Central African Rep. 
   Chad 
   Comoros 
   Congo, Dem. Rep. 
   Congo, Rep. 
   Cote d'Ivoire 
   Djibouti 
   Equatorial Guinea 
   Eritrea 
   Ethiopia 
   Gabon 
   Gambia 
   Ghana 
   Guinea 

494,21 

19,00    

1.447,91    
67,63    

131,00    

250,20 

94,01 
756,26 
468,60 
26,50 
32,74 
8,00 
170,00    
169,00    
62,37    

106,68 

87,76    
158,72    
77,62    

36,52    
192,58    
571,76    
43,08    

212,23    
633,97  688,37 

42,75    
10,00    
0,01    
32,73    

476,24  626,37 

0,00 
61,70 

3,00    

3,00 
33,15  129,00 
10,00 
45,50 

1.942,12 
67,63 
19,00 
87,76 
158,72 
77,62 
131,00 
36,52 
192,58 
571,76 
293,28 

306,24 
2.078,60 
511,35 
36,50 
32,75 
40,73 
170,00 
169,00 
62,37 
1.209,30 

0,00 
61,70 
3,00 
3,00 
162,15 
55,50 

0,00 

69,66 

47,00 

116,66 

2,00    
19,95    

2,00 
19,95 

32,32 

10,00 

42,32 

0,02    

0,02 

188 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Guinea-Bissau 
   Kenya 

Lesotho 
Liberia 
   Madagascar 
   Malawi 
   Mali 
   Mauritania 
   Mauritius 
   Mozambique 
   Namibia 
   Niger 
   Nigeria 
   Rwanda 
   St.Helena 
   Sao Tome & Principe 
   Senegal 
   Seychelles 
   Sierra Leone 
   Somalia 
   South Africa 
   Sudan 
   South Sudan 
   Swaziland 
Tanzania 
Togo 
   Uganda 
Zambia 
Zimbabwe 

24,95 

22,22    

0,00    

0,27 

38,50    

82,00 

1,82 

11,00 

4,00    

3,00    

26,00    

4,00    

9,19 
12,58 

2,00 
25,00 

0,00 

20,90 

51,44 

10,00 

69,86    
66,36 

30,00 
2,00 

4,00 
3,00 
64,00 

96,00 
62,00 
5,00 
5,00 

24,95 
22,22 

0,00 
82,00 

38,77 
1,82 

22,19 
37,58 
4,00 

20,90 
3,00 

61,44 
26,00 
69,86 
96,36 
2,00 
4,00 
4,00 
3,00 
64,00 

154,91 
357,96 
317,90 
124,81 

0,01 

25,66 
28,50 
51,60 

8,00 

   South Of Sahara, Regional 

   Africa, Regional 
America, Total 
   North & Central, Total 

58,41 
180,98 
270,32 
90,26 

0,50 
114,98 
42,58 
29,55 

   Antigua & Barbuda 
   Belize 
   Costa Rica 
   Cuba 
   Dominica 
   Dominican Republic 
   El Salvador 
   Grenada 
   Guatemala 
   Haiti 
   Honduras 

Jamaica 

   Mexico 
   Montserrat 
   Nicaragua 
   Panama 
   St.Lucia 
   St.Vincent & Grenadines 

0,01    

18,50 

5,00 

25,66    
5,00 
51,60    

8,00    

189 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   West Indies, Regional 
   N. & C. America, Regional 

   South, Total 

   Argentina 
   Bolivia 
   Brazil 
   Chile 
   Colombia 
   Ecuador 
   Guyana 
   Paraguay 
   Peru 
   Suriname 
   Uruguay 
   Venezuela 
   South America, Regional 

   America, Regional 
Asia, Total 
   Middle East, Total 
Iran 
Iraq 
Jordan 
Lebanon 

   Occupied Palestinian territory 
   Syria 
   Yemen 
   Middle East, Regional 
   South & Centr. Asia, Total 

   Afghanistan 
   Armenia 
   Azerbaijan 
   Bangladesh 
   Bhutan 
   Georgia 
India 

   Kazakhstan 
   Kyrgyz Rep. 
   Maldives 
   Myanmar (Burma) 
   Nepal 
   Pakistan 
   Sri Lanka 
Tajikistan 
Turkmenistan 

   Uzbekistan 
   Central Asia, Regional 
   South Asia, Regional 
   South & Central Asia, Regional 
Far East, Total 
   Cambodia 
   China 

11,04    
13,03    

146,63 

102,63    

11,04 
159,66 

102,63 

1,65 

13,03    

14,68 

1,98    

1,98 

5,00 

688,94 
375,94    
9,45    
53,00    

0,03    
54,42    
223,04    
36,01    

313,00    
90,40    

13,50    

41,31    
6,00    

15,00    
0,75    

1,30    
52,73    

61,00    
31,03    

5,00 

40,37    
33,42    

1.758,31 
743,88 

1,50 
174,50    
143,33 
307,00 
59,05 
51,00 

7,50    

795,32 
207,50 

19,00    
21,00    
31,00 

131,00 

30,00 

120,00    
22,65 
97,50 
14,00    
35,07    

20,00    
21,60 
25,00 

168,20    
50,00    

190 

40,37 
33,42 
2.452,25 
1.119,81 
9,45 
54,50 
174,50 
143,35 
361,42 
282,09 
87,01 
7,50 
1.108,33 
297,90 
19,00 
21,00 
44,50 

172,31 
6,00 

45,00 
0,75 
120,00 
23,95 
150,23 
14,00 
35,07 

20,00 
82,60 
56,03 

173,20 
50,00 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Indonesia 
   Korea, Dem. 

Laos 
   Malaysia 
   Mongolia 
   Philippines 
Thailand 
Timor-Leste 

   Viet Nam 

Far East Asia, Regional 

   Asia, Regional 
Oceania, Total 

   Cook Islands 

Fiji 
   Kiribati 
   Marshall Islands 
   Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 
   Nauru 
   Niue 
   Palau 
   Papua New Guinea 
   Samoa 
   Solomon Islands 

Tokelau 
Tonga 
Tuvalu 

   Vanuatu 
   Wallis & Futuna 
   Oceania, Regional 

Bilateral unallocated 

Part I (ODA) Bilateral, Total 

Public Private Partnerships 
United Nations 

   UNRWA 
   UNDP 
   WFP 
   WHO 
   FAO 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
World Bank Group 
World Trade Organisation 
Regional Development Banks 
Other Multilateral Institutions 

   GFTAM 

Others    

8,20    
76,00    
0,00    

14,00    
20,00    
50,91    
1,90 

5,00 

1,50 

1,00 

8,20 
76,00 
0,00 
5,00 
14,00 
20,00 
50,91 
4,40 

1,50    

0,00 

1,00 

1,50 

0,00 

1,00 

1,90    

1.614,65 
4.895,66 

377,41  136,92 
3.192,31  836,30 

1,90 
2.128,99 
8.924,26 

16,57 

0,50    

17,06 

0,33    

3,35    

1,27    

0,33 

3,35 

1,27 

Part I (ODA) Multilateral Aid,Total 

16,57 

5,12    

21,68 

Part I (ODA), Total 

4.912,22 

3.197,43  836,30 

8.945,95 

Part II: Countries and Territories in Transition (non ODA) 

191 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
More Advanced Developing Countries 

264,75    

264,75 

   Anguilla 
   Aruba 
   Bahamas 
   Bahrain 
   Barbados 
   Bermuda 
   Brunei 
   Cayman Islands 
Falkland Islands 
French Polynesia 

   Gibraltar 
   Hong Kong, China 

Israel 
   Korea 
   Kuwait 
   Macao 
   Mayotte 
   Netherlands Antilles 
   New Caledonia 
   Oman 
   Pitcairn Islands 
   Qatar 
   Saint Pierre and Miquelon 
   Saudi Arabia 
   St.Kitts-Nevis 
   Singapore 
Taiwan 
Trinidad & Tobago 
Turks & Caicos Islands 

   United Arab Emirates 
   Virgin Islands (UK) 
   MADCT Unallocated 

CEEC's/NIS 

24,57 

   Bulgaria 
   Croatia 
   Cyprus 
   Czech Republic 
   Estonia 
   Greenland 
   Hungary 

Iceland 
Latvia 
Lithuania 

   Malta 
   Poland 
   Romania 
   Russia 
   Slovak Republic 
   Slovenia 
   Europe Unallocated 

24,57    

192 

0,72    

0,72 

264,03    
33,27    

0,31    
32,96    

264,03 
57,84 

0,31 
32,96 

24,57 

0,00    

0,00 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   CEECs Unallocated 
Part II (Non-OA) Bilateral Aid, Total 

Part II (non-ODA) Multilateral Aid, Total 

EBRD 

24,57 

298,02    

322,59 

Part II (non-ODA), Total 

24,57 

298,02    

322,59 

Grand Total Part I & Part II 

4.936,79 

3.495,46  836,30 

9.268,54 

Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the general Commission budget and 
the European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014. 
Bilateral and multilateral ODA / non-ODA countries. 
(1) UNSCR 1244/99 
(2) henceforth Moldova 

193 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.11 Country breakdown of European Commission development aid in 
2014   

Disbursements (EUR Million ) 

Country/Region 

Part I : Developing Countries & Territories (ODA) 

Europe, Total 

   Albania 
   Belarus 
   Bosnia and Herzegovina 
   Kosovo (1) 
fYRoM 

   Republic of Moldova (2) 
   Montenegro 
   Serbia 
   Turkey 
   Ukraine 
   States of ex-Yugoslavia unspecif.    
   Europe, Regional 

Africa, Total 

North Of Sahara, Total 
   Algeria 
   Egypt 
   Libya 
   Morocco 
   Tunisia 
   North Of Sahara, Regional 
South Of Sahara, Total 
   Angola 
   Benin 
   Botswana 
   Burkina Faso 
   Burundi 
   Cameroon 
   Cape Verde 
   Central African Rep. 
   Chad 
   Comoros 
   Congo, Dem. Rep. 
   Congo, Rep. 
   Cote d'Ivoire 
   Djibouti 
   Equatorial Guinea 
   Eritrea 
   Ethiopia 
   Gabon 
   Gambia 
   Ghana 

194 

Budget 
EuropeAid 

Budget 
non 
EuropeAid 

EDF 

Grand 
Total 

593,99 
0,69 
19,40 
2,07 
0,77 
0,94 
98,30 
0,65 
1,38 
3,19 
331,61 

134,99 
842,43 
440,14 
34,58 
97,92 
12,61 
80,94    

179,33 

34,75    

350,09 

6,81    
1,00 
0,30    
7,63 
5,45 
10,43 

1,95    
2,48 
3,48 
1,79 
21,08 
6,25 
18,48 
0,08 

1,40    
6,88 
0,95    
1,41 
5,03 

1.293,41 

34,01 
10,31    
4,96    
16,27    

74,21    
1,41    
105,33    
191,69    
65,77    
0,12    
28,53    
143,50    
511,21    
28,12    
0,24    

0,15  1.887,55 
74,91 
20,82 
107,40 
192,46 
66,71 
98,42 
29,19 
144,88 
514,40 
359,72 
0,24 
143,27 
278,40 
0,15 
763,62  2.836,32  4.442,37 
474,17 
0,01 
44,90 
102,88 
28,88 
80,94 
181,81 
34,77 
0,01 
723,89  2.654,10  3.728,07 
45,68 
38,88 
53,46 
52,24 
30,75 
30,45 
150,26 
120,99 
71,72 
62,56 
69,91 
54,83 
16,01 
14,06 
124,23 
92,63 
108,75 
59,35 
8,79 
6,96 
173,00 
76,47 
22,66 
16,01 
101,26 
72,39 
19,46 
5,04 

29,12 
45,92 
0,04 
75,46 
0,40 
10,39 
14,33 

21,65 
3,71 
4,64 

2,48    

0,23 

53,76 

1,69 
0,01 

7,91 
151,52 
3,50 
8,23 
33,89 

9,31 
212,16 
4,44 
11,34 
38,92 

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Guinea 
   Guinea-Bissau 
   Kenya 
   Lesotho 
   Liberia 
   Madagascar 
   Malawi 
   Mali 
   Mauritania 
   Mauritius 
   Mozambique 
   Namibia 
   Niger 
   Nigeria 
   Rwanda 
   St.Helena 
   Sao Tome & Principe 
   Senegal 
   Seychelles 
   Sierra Leone 
   Somalia 
   South Africa 
   Sudan 
   South Sudan 
   Swaziland 
   Tanzania 
   Togo 
   Uganda 
   Zambia 
   Zimbabwe 
   South Of Sahara, Regional 
Africa, Regional 

North & Central, Total 
   Antigua & Barbuda 
   Belize 
   Costa Rica 
   Cuba 
   Dominica 
   Dominican Republic 
   El Salvador 
   Grenada 
   Guatemala 
   Haiti 
   Honduras 
   Jamaica 
   Mexico 
   Montserrat 
   Nicaragua 
   Panama 
   St.Lucia 

195 

1,29 
3,17 
16,97 
0,52 
4,07 
6,29 
5,10 
3,15 
7,24 
0,18    
6,06 
1,85 
6,53 
0,72 
3,07 

0,96    
1,86 
0,77    
6,79 
8,20 
41,28    
12,88 
6,09 
13,80 
2,75 
2,11 
9,78 
4,60 
9,18 
59,96 
52,20 
424,01 
187,82 
0,18 
11,74    
5,94 
6,30 
2,25    
6,01 
10,40 

12,33 
10,03 
20,04 
23,76 
10,17 

21,01 
8,59 
0,18 

10,97 
2,21 
33,51 
1,15 
2,75 
3,09 
2,64 
49,67 
13,84 

2,40 
0,20 
59,74 
18,43 
3,04 

12,90 

0,59 
71,21 

42,46 
118,00 
0,08 
3,87 
0,05 
4,02 
0,21 
4,16 
1,34 
5,72 
73,40 
50,80 
0,07 

0,31    
1,06    

1,64 
3,25    
0,01 
3,53    

28,84 
17,16 
79,81 
11,59 
55,03 
102,27 
45,86 
179,93 
19,18 
6,27 
71,39 
20,13 
130,55 
73,30 
62,25 
5,00 
3,91 
54,26 
0,08 
51,19 
65,67 

21,29 
45,99 
4,74 
51,99 
25,53 
85,23 
20,19 
29,29 
378,28 
182,20 
206,25 
190,89 
0,54 
2,63 

1,44 
32,86 

6,05 

30,23 

82,63 

3,54    
0,01 
0,36    

5,13    
0,31    
0,01 

29,00 

4,28 

2,77 

41,10 
22,54 
130,29 
13,25 
61,85 
111,66 
53,60 
232,75 
40,26 
6,45 
79,85 
22,18 
196,82 
92,45 
68,35 
5,00 
4,88 
69,02 
0,85 
58,58 
145,08 
41,28 
76,64 
170,08 
18,62 
58,61 
27,68 
99,03 
25,01 
42,63 
439,57 
240,12 
703,66 
429,51 
0,79 
14,37 
6,25 
7,36 
3,68 
40,51 
13,65 
6,06 
15,86 
122,90 
23,58 
52,77 
10,53 
4,28 
26,14 
8,90 
2,97 

America, Total 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Asia, Total 

   St.Vincent & Grenadines 
   West Indies, Regional 
   N. & C. America, Regional 
South, Total 
   Argentina 
   Bolivia 
   Brazil 
   Chile 
   Colombia 
   Ecuador 
   Guyana 
   Paraguay 
   Peru 
   Suriname 
   Uruguay 
   Venezuela 
   South America, Regional 
America, Regional 

Middle East, Total 

Iran 
Iraq 
   Jordan 
   Lebanon 
   Occupied Palestinian territory 
   Syria 
   Yemen 
   Middle East, Regional 
South & Centr. Asia, Total 
   Afghanistan 
   Armenia 
   Azerbaijan 
   Bangladesh 
   Bhutan 
   Georgia 
India 

   Kazakhstan 
   Kyrgyz Rep. 
   Maldives 
   Myanmar (Burma) 
   Nepal 
   Pakistan 
   Sri Lanka 
   Tajikistan 
   Turkmenistan 
   Uzbekistan 
   Central Asia, Regional 
   South Asia, Regional 
   South & Central Asia, Regional 
Far East, Total 
   Cambodia 

196 

1,06 
1,46 
36,36 
200,29 
7,17 
25,42 
12,10 
17,35    
33,90 
14,83 
1,33 
10,82 
24,72 
0,00 
6,88    
4,18 
41,56    
35,90    

1.270,30 
495,89 
2,08 
10,65 
65,02 
70,68 
309,05 
5,55 
12,52 
20,33 
563,25 
154,78 
35,30 
8,91 
58,99 
3,45 
45,73 
50,16 
8,39 
22,22 
0,11 
23,34 
24,09 
62,28 
11,48 
13,58 
3,15 
5,17 
22,66 
5,62 
3,82    

170,94 
36,52 

0,16 
0,52 
0,66 
22,59 

0,22    
1,66    
0,64    

15,59    
2,34    
0,01 
0,49    
0,58    
0,01 

1,06    

760,65 
449,76    
1,74    
50,12    
69,89    
90,88    
55,23    
140,62    
41,18    
0,10    
260,96    
115,72    
2,75    
0,20    
15,04    
0,13    
15,40    
9,07    
0,81    
3,56    
0,70    
29,54    
2,40    
58,30    
1,22    
2,37    
0,27    
0,60    
1,13    
1,77    

49,93 

5,02    

0,06 

15,30 

2,04 
25,46 
1,19 
15,36 

3,26 
27,44 
38,21 
238,24 
7,40 
27,08 
12,74 
17,35 
49,49 
17,17 
16,64 
11,31 
25,29 
0,07 
6,88 
5,24 
41,56 
35,90 
15,71  2.046,66 
945,65 
3,82 
60,77 
134,90 
161,56 
364,29 
146,18 
53,71 
20,43 
824,21 
270,50 
38,05 
9,11 
74,03 
3,57 
61,13 
59,23 
9,20 
25,77 
0,81 
52,88 
26,49 
120,58 
12,70 
15,95 
3,42 
5,78 
23,79 
7,39 
3,82 
236,58 
41,54 

15,71 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Oceania, Total 

   China 

Indonesia 
   Korea, Dem. 
   Laos 
   Malaysia 
   Mongolia 
   Philippines 
   Thailand 
   Timor-Leste 
   Viet Nam 
   Far East Asia, Regional 
Asia, Regional 

   Cook Islands 
   Fiji 
   Kiribati 
   Marshall Islands 
   Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 
   Nauru 
   Niue 
   Palau 
   Papua New Guinea 
   Samoa 
   Solomon Islands 
   Tokelau 
   Tonga 
   Tuvalu 
   Vanuatu 
   Wallis & Futuna 
   Oceania, Regional 

25,46 
17,99 
5,22 
10,02 

2,23    
4,35 
27,10 
6,94 
1,33 
26,19 

7,61    
40,21    
13,33 

4,65 

1,27 
0,00 
0,77 

0,08 

0,22 

6,32    

0,06    
0,78 
0,30    
2,47    

0,05    
34,00    
4,41    
0,09 
2,76    

2,63 

0,40 

0,03 

1,46 
0,27 
0,23 

0,06 

0,18 

0,01 

15,70 

57,31 
1,00 
1,94 
5,19 
0,55 
0,39 
0,85 
0,59 
0,01 
8,12 
6,24 
3,78 

3,81 
1,21 
0,58 
0,47 
22,57 

Bilateral 
unallocated 

684,33 

238,40 

49,05 

Part I (ODA) Bilateral, Total 

3.828,40 

3.132,10  3.164,79 

25,51 
18,77 
5,52 
12,49 
2,23 
4,40 
61,10 
11,35 
17,12 
28,95 
7,61 
40,21 
73,27 
1,00 
6,99 
5,19 
0,58 
0,39 
0,85 
0,59 
0,01 
10,85 
6,52 
4,78 

3,95 
1,21 
0,98 
0,47 
28,89 

971,78 
10.125,2
8 

Public Private 
Partnerships 
United Nations 

   UNRWA 
   UNDP 
   WFP 
   WHO 
   FAO 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
World Bank 
Group 
World Trade 
Organisation 
Regional Development Banks 
Other Multilateral Institutions 
   GFTAM 

Others 

11,56 

4,59    

0,98    

12,54 
4,59 

0,33 

0,45    

0,78 

13,54    
0,91 

1,87    

1,60 

1,87 
13,54 
17,51 
15,00 

15,00 
15,00 

197 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Part I (ODA) Multilateral 
Aid,Total 

26,01 

4,45 

15,00 

45,46 

Part I (ODA), Total 

3.854,41 

3.136,55  3.179,79 

10.170,7
5 

Part II: Countries and Territories in Transition (non ODA) 

More Advanced Developing Countries 

55,48 

66,00 

   Anguilla 
   Aruba 
   Bahamas 
   Bahrain 
   Barbados 
   Bermuda 
   Brunei 
   Cayman Islands 
   Falkland Islands 
   French Polynesia 
   Gibraltar 
   Hong Kong, China 

Israel 
   Korea 
   Kuwait 
   Macao 
   Mayotte 
   Netherlands Antilles 
   New Caledonia 
   Oman 
   Pitcairn Islands 
   Qatar 
   Saudi Arabia 
   Saint Pierre and Miquelon 
   Singapore 
   St.Kitts-Nevis 
   Taiwan 
   Trinidad & Tobago 
   Turks & Caicos Islands 
   United Arab Emirates 
   Virgin Islands (UK) 
   MADCT Unallocated 

   Bulgaria 
   Croatia 
   Cyprus 
   Czech Republic 
   Estonia 
   Greenland 
   Hungary 
Iceland 

   Latvia 
   Lithuania 
   Malta 

198 

0,00    
0,54    

0,02    
9,62 

5,30    

0,23 

0,72    

9,54    
0,20    
8,20 

0,01 

59,97 
99,03    
8,43    
28,79    
21,02    

0,00    

0,33    
2,56    

27,12 
32,05 
0,48 
0,19 
0,04 

0,04 
17,04    
0,12 

0,04    
0,05    
0,03    

CEEC's/NIS 

40,21 
3,50 

161,69 
3,50 

8,41 

0,16 
8,21 

8,25 
0,41 
0,06 

0,00 
8,95 

0,16 
8,21 

0,02 
14,92 

8,25 
0,41 
0,06 

0,95 

4,14 

4,14 

0,77 

3,77 
5,60 

0,43 

10,31 
0,20 
11,98 
5,60 

87,52 
131,08 
8,90 
28,98 
21,06 

0,04 
17,04 
0,45 
2,56 
0,04 
0,05 
0,03 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Poland 
   Romania 
   Russia 
   Slovak Republic 
   Slovenia 
   Europe Unallocated 
   CEECs Unallocated 

0,03 

13,93    
0,06 

10,82    
26,82    

0,01    
0,25    

10,85 
26,82 
13,93 
0,07 
0,25 

Part II (Non-OA) Bilateral Aid, Total 

87,53 

165,03 

43,71 

296,27 

EBRD 
Part II (non-ODA) Multilateral Aid, Total 

Part II (non-ODA), Total 

87,53 

165,03 

43,71 

296,27 

Grand Total Part I & Part II 

3.941,94 

3.301,58  3.223,50 

10.467,0
2 

Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the general Commission 
budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014. 
Bilateral and multilateral ODA / non-ODA countries. 
(1) UNSCR 1244/99 
(2) henceforth Moldova 

199 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.12 ODA Recipient by main OECD sector in 2014 

Disbursements in EUR million 

ODA per 
Capita (Euro / 
Capita) (1) 

Total 

Social 
Infrastructures 

Economic 
Infrastructures 
& Services 

Production 

Multisector / 
Crosscutting 

Budget 
Support, 
Food Aid, 
Food 
Security 

Action 
relating 
to debt 

Humanitarian 
Aid 

Other / 
Unallocated 

Least Developed Countries (LDC) 

Afghanistan 
Angola 
Bangladesh 
Benin 
Bhutan 
Burkina Faso 
Burundi 
Cambodia 
Central African Rep. 
Chad 
Comoros 
Congo, Dem. Rep. 
Djibouti 
Equatorial Guinea 
Eritrea 
Ethiopia 
Gambia 
Guinea 
Guinea-Bissau 
Haiti 
Kiribati 
Laos 

270,50 
          9,53     
45,68 
          2,34     
74,03 
          0,49     
53,46 
          5,62     
3,57 
          4,98     
150,26 
          9,67     
71,72 
          7,77     
          2,89     
41,54 
         28,56      124,23 
108,75 
          9,28     
8,79 
         12,87     
173,00 
          2,78     
         23,33     
19,46 
              -         
9,31 
          1,62     
212,16 
          2,44     
11,34 
          6,75     
41,10 
          3,78     
         14,21     
22,54 
         12,42      122,90 
5,19 
         53,07     
12,49 
          1,95     

0,50 
0,04 
10,07 

28,54 
22,40 
0,77 
4,74 
10,03 
4,39 
36,84 

0,81 
31,42 

7,13    

18,32 
1,45 
22,56 

1,24    

27,67 
2,41 
8,30 
2,75 
0,50 
0,09 
11,13 
8,15 
1,44 
0,51 
0,06 
12,25 
0,11 

2,69 
2,25 

0,74 
2,55 
6,45 

3,06 

185,18    
29,53 
28,56 
27,97 

0,06    

37,00 
15,50 
19,74 
13,03 
33,35 
3,98 
53,48 
16,24    

5,40 
81,22 
1,49 
14,77 
7,85 
20,19 
2,31 
4,36    

200 

3,10    

3,75    
12,44    

59,15    
16,46    

30,13    
1,22    

19,78 

7,03    

13,10 
0,00 
2,89    
4,33 
1,17 
7,82    

45,66 
14,28 

0,32    
5,87    
0,04    

0,41    

15,36 

32,70    

1,03    
0,04 
0,59 
10,98 

1,63    
1,82 

0,51    
10,00    
36,17    

34,00 
5,96 
20,26 

0,23    
0,12    
21,16    
4,86 
5,02 
29,23    
48,80 
0,04 
64,30 
2,96 

49,09 

1,69    
6,71    
0,09 
26,29 

0,78 
0,25 
0,02 

0,20 
0,04 

0,56 
0,00 
0,28 
0,11 

0,01 
0,11 

0,00 
0,26 

0,78    

2,47    

 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Lesotho 
Liberia 
Madagascar 
Malawi 
Mali 
Mauritania 
Mozambique 
Myanmar (Burma) 
Nepal 
Niger 
Rwanda 
Samoa 
Sao Tome & Principe 
Senegal 
Sierra Leone 
Solomon Islands 
Somalia 
South Sudan 
Sudan 
Tanzania 
Timor-Leste 
Togo 
Tuvalu 
Uganda 
Vanuatu 
Yemen 
Zambia 
South Of Sahara, Regional - LDC's 
Asia, Regional - LDC's 

13,25 
          6,59     
61,85 
         15,63     
111,66 
          5,30     
53,60 
          3,57     
         16,64      232,75 
40,26 
         11,15     
79,85 
          3,33     
52,88 
          1,02     
          0,99     
26,49 
         12,38      196,82 
68,35 
          6,31     
6,52 
         35,05     
4,88 
         27,36     
69,02 
          5,33     
58,58 
         10,18     
          9,09     
4,78 
         15,06      145,08 
         17,11      170,08 
76,64 
          2,15     
58,61 
          1,30     
17,12 
         15,86     
27,68 
          4,39     
1,21 
       123,48     
99,03 
          2,91     
0,98 
          4,15     
53,71 
          2,36     
25,01 
          1,89     

10,95 
30,48 
19,39 
26,22 
60,72 
10,26 
13,13 
19,14 
18,65 
57,46 
29,31 

5,91    
0,88 
17,25 
21,26 
3,99 
50,93 
25,73 
20,90    
27,53 
9,10 
9,89    
0,15 
19,46 

0,43    

10,00 
13,25 

0,01 
15,60 
9,57 
2,51 
15,03 
7,47 
18,87 
0,50 
0,44 
34,78 
29,78 

3,43 
4,95 
8,56 
0,11 
8,92 
0,13 

17,48 
0,17 

1,07    

41,99 

0,11 
6,85 

0,06 
1,91 
14,40 
7,58 
14,36 
1,48 
2,30 
1,23 
2,28 
2,50 
5,75 

0,56    
2,30 
2,13 
0,00 
9,99 
11,52 
5,80 
5,49 
2,96 
0,53 

10,09 
0,15 
1,39    
4,20 

0,07 
0,70 
0,55 
14,30 
0,46 
3,98 
0,73 
2,68 
2,22 
4,16 
0,53    
0,33    

34,47 
2,09 
0,38    
5,96 
0,08 
5,63 
1,52 
3,90 
17,02    

0,25    
9,80    
65,00    
1,75    
97,99    
3,44    
41,64    
1,13    
0,49    
55,35    

0,10    
23,92    

2,72    
5,32    
6,97    
1,63    
0,79    

1,24 
0,21    

0,43 

21,90    

0,46    
0,02    

1,91    
2,67 
2,55 
1,24    

44,13 
13,63    
2,52 
28,16 
2,37 
42,31 
2,98 
0,27    

9,96    
0,59 
0,23 
66,54 
127,29 
37,30 
4,94 

0,01 

4,02 
0,18 
40,11 
0,21 

0,69 
0,20 

0,05 

0,64 
0,04 
0,05 
0,26 
0,01 

0,02 
0,07 
0,02 
0,01 
0,05 
0,02 
0,19 
0,24 

0,32 
0,02 
1,63 
0,06 

Total Least Developed Countries 

          3,98      3.338,72 

1.133,60 

429,57 

204,07 

257,81 

547,06    

759,40 

7,21 

201 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Other Low Income Countries (OLIC) 

Kenya 
Korea, Dem. 
Kyrgyz Rep. 
Tajikistan 
Zimbabwe 

Total Other Low Income Countries 

Lower Middle Income Countries (LMIC) 

Armenia 
Belize 
Bolivia 
Cameroon 
Cape Verde 
Congo, Rep. 
Cote d'Ivoire 
Egypt 
El Salvador 
Fiji 
Georgia 
Ghana 
Guatemala 
Guyana 
Honduras 
India 
Indonesia 
Iraq 
Kosovo (2) 
Marshall Islands 
Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 
Republic of Moldova 

          3,18     
          0,23     
          4,83     
          2,09     
          3,26     
          2,41     

130,29 
5,52 
25,77 
15,95 
42,63 
220,16 

         12,84     
38,05 
         46,56     
14,37 
          2,67     
27,08 
          3,39     
69,91 
         32,83     
16,01 
          5,51     
22,66 
          5,34     
101,26 
          1,32     
102,88 
          2,20     
13,65 
          8,12     
6,99 
         13,93     
61,13 
          1,60     
38,92 
          1,11     
15,86 
         21,17     
16,64 
          3,09     
23,58 
          0,05     
59,23 
          0,08     
18,77 
60,77 
          1,96     
       105,71      192,46 
0,58 
         11,09     
0,39 
          3,78     
98,42 
         27,54     

9,52 
1,30    

21,05 
11,68 
27,11 
70,67 

18,50 
0,66 
12,35 
10,18 
2,35 
5,60 
31,63 
68,74 

8,30    
4,51 
40,92 
12,05 
6,76 
7,52 
5,90 
44,66 
8,52 
15,83    

39,27 

23,13 

9,75 

2,33 
0,15 
2,39 
44,14 

5,02 
0,49 
0,40 
21,61 
1,52 
11,71 
19,89 
3,07 

0,06 
0,49 
22,39 
0,03 
7,50 
0,05 
2,72 
0,14 

0,14 
0,76 
7,73 
31,77 

0,27 
9,51 
7,54 
22,86 
0,22 
2,01 
26,54 
7,25 
2,12 
2,31    

12,52 
4,00 
2,00 
0,77 
5,57 
1,62 
7,36 
0,00 
6,13 

1,34    
0,80 
2,46 
14,35 

6,36 
3,70    
6,00    
7,92    
0,16 
2,82    
0,12 
23,82    
0,43    

1,15    
0,27 
0,17 
0,79    
0,91 
0,84    
1,94    
0,92    
6,56 

149,96 

15,88 

0,55    
0,10 
62,33 

202 

0,29    

12,94 

21,87 

0,44    

0,07    
3,92    

0,51    
0,09    
4,59    

48,47 

0,30    
0,91    
1,89 
2,81 
54,39 

0,07 

0,16 
0,03 
0,26 

5,22    

2,61 

0,06 

11,72    

18,19    

0,20    
3,38    

7,84    

0,49    

0,78 
7,15 

0,46 
4,88 

2,80    
0,10 
5,60 
0,01 
3,53    
0,01 
3,31    
8,92 
0,78 
43,92 
9,65 
0,03    

0,00 
0,18 
0,03 
0,06 
0,01 
0,01 

0,01 
0,45 
0,01 

0,05 

0,48 
0,04 
0,10 
3,79 

0,84 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Mongolia 
Morocco 
Nicaragua 
Nigeria 
Occupied Palestinian territory 
Pakistan 
Papua New Guinea 
Paraguay 
Philippines 
Sri Lanka 
Swaziland 
Syria 
Tokelau 
Tonga 
Turkmenistan 
Ukraine 
Uzbekistan 
Viet Nam 

Total Lower Middle Income Countries 

Upper Middle Income Countries (UMIC) 

Albania 
Algeria 
Antigua & Barbuda 
Argentina 
Azerbaijan 
Belarus 
Bosnia and Herzegovina 
Botswana 
Brazil 
Chile 

4,40 
          1,62     
80,94 
          2,56     
26,14 
          4,49     
92,45 
          0,58     
         90,78      364,29 
120,58 
          0,70     
10,85 
          1,58     
11,31 
          1,75     
61,10 
          0,65     
12,70 
          0,61     
18,62 
         15,61     
          6,79     
146,18 
              -         
3,95 
         37,98     
3,42 
          0,68     
359,72 
          7,81     
5,78 
          0,21     
          0,33     
28,95 
          0,99      2.350,99 

         23,78     
74,91 
          1,21     
44,90 
          9,09     
0,79 
          0,18     
7,40 
          1,00     
9,11 
20,82 
          2,19     
         27,93      107,40 
30,75 
         15,61     
12,74 
          0,07     
17,35 
          1,01     

1,33 
45,91 
10,06 
63,69 
214,75 

30,54    
3,43 
8,91 
17,61 
2,95 
4,15 
8,10    

0,20 
0,67 
0,59 
7,25 
0,40 

0,05 
0,11 
0,12 
0,25    
6,83 

2,60 
31,25 
7,95 
0,19 
4,01 
2,11 
0,66 
1,80    
0,72 

6,45 
0,04 

0,33 
1,77 
67,26 
4,23 
20,10 
1.023,07 

3,35    
0,50 
18,60 
0,92 
0,63 
166,67 

0,83 
6,07 
0,15    
3,90 
211,20 

0,00    
2,68    
1,82 
9,61    
9,02 
24,97 

5,14    

1,43    
0,02    
0,84 
0,27    

0,00    
9,01 

0,90    

1,04    

3,83    
5,18    

0,36    

250,00    

131,00 

307,44    

19,22    

0,04    

10,05 
1,58 

0,47 
4,00 
6,49 

0,94 
15,30    

3,67 
4,79 

4,41 
0,48 
0,99 
6,28 

2,65 

4,86 
1,43    

0,03 
0,42    
2,90    
3,58    
1,36    
3,07    
0,03    

36,60 
26,08 

0,73    
2,69    
7,70 
10,95 
47,71 
29,30    
5,82 
1,60 

203 

0,25 

4,54 
11,71 
130,85 
56,77 
1,46 
0,49    

41,15 
9,46 

0,01 
0,42 
0,14 
0,01 
1,43 
1,01 
0,11 

0,07 
0,03 

120,57 

17,20 

0,06 
0,27 
7,78 
0,48    
2,76 
483,12 

0,22 
0,05 
0,99 

0,67 
28,49 

10,21 

0,07    
0,22    
0,05    

40,65 

0,12 

0,51 
0,80 

1,98 
2,70 
0,09 
0,13 
0,42 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
China 
Colombia 
Cook Islands 
Costa Rica 
Cuba 
Dominica 
Dominican Republic 
Ecuador 
fYRoM 
Gabon 
Grenada 
Iran 
Jamaica 
Jordan 
Kazakhstan 
Lebanon 
Libya 
Malaysia 
Maldives 
Mauritius 
Mexico 
Montenegro 
Montserrat 
Namibia 
Nauru 
Niue 
Palau 
Panama 
Peru 
Serbia 
Seychelles 

25,51 
          0,02     
49,49 
          1,07     
1,00 
         49,42     
6,25 
          1,34     
7,36 
          0,65     
3,68 
         51,72     
40,51 
          4,04     
17,17 
          1,14     
66,71 
         31,73     
4,44 
          2,85     
6,06 
         57,89     
3,82 
          0,05     
         19,25     
52,77 
         20,90      134,90 
9,20 
          0,58     
         37,22      161,56 
28,88 
          4,78     
2,23 
          0,08     
0,81 
          2,50     
6,45 
          5,24     
10,53 
          0,09     
         47,07     
29,19 
       863,18     
         10,18     
0,85    
         84,91     
0,59    
       400,25     
0,01 
          0,44     
8,90 
          2,42     
          0,86     
25,29 
         15,02      144,88 
0,85 
          9,34     

4,28    

22,18 

6,28 
29,11    
1,00    
4,33    
2,06 
0,53 
31,88 
12,58 
15,52 

1,40    
0,08    
1,98    

26,04 
52,72 

6,39    

62,78 
26,28 
0,02 
0,70    
2,39    
4,87 
11,79 

15,68 

0,01    
8,22 
16,80 
72,47 

0,09    

204 

2,69 

5,58 
1,04 

10,65    
5,94    

1,61    
1,45 
1,89    
5,09 
1,13 
0,46 
1,61 

25,70 
1,21 
0,07 
15,53 

1,12 

0,96 
4,25 
4,51 

1,70    

0,28 
0,54 
8,67 
1,42    

0,91    
2,82    
2,12    
2,99    
0,03    
0,91    
0,11    
0,03 
0,03    
3,72 

1,23    
1,75    
0,45    
0,10    

5,97    

3,07    

0,09    
4,28    

1,09 
0,03 
0,79 
0,01 
41,88 

0,10 
8,41 

1,25 
1,20    
0,18 

1,02 
1,98 

0,31 
0,85    
0,59    

0,30 
13,40    
0,00    
0,31    
1,06    

0,71 
2,41 

0,01    
1,81 
0,01 
69,57 

0,63    

78,88 
0,35 

0,36    
0,08 

0,01 

0,01 
0,05 
0,08 
0,00 

0,03 
0,01 
0,18 

0,13 
1,03 

0,00 

7,01 

0,41 

4,81    

0,20 

0,77 

0,37    
0,22 
15,48 

3,99 
7,34 

3,34 
16,23 
0,06 

0,36    
5,62    
0,70    

0,31    
0,58 
22,96 

0,00 
4,79 

 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
26,30 

0,10 

0,37 

South Africa 
St.Helena 
St.Lucia 
St.Vincent & Grenadines 
Suriname 
Thailand 
Tunisia 
Turkey 
Uruguay 
Venezuela 
Wallis & Futuna 

Total Upper Middle Income Countries 

41,28 

          0,80     
5,00    
    1.178,13     
2,97 
         16,74     
3,26 
         29,81     
0,07 
          0,14     
          0,17     
11,35 
         17,10      181,81 
514,40 
          7,13     
6,88 
          2,04     
5,24 
          0,18     
0,47 
         34,59     
          0,86      1.975,27 

2,71    
2,70 
0,01 
4,09    

54,74 
113,35 

6,19    
3,59    
0,10 
796,94 

0,13 
0,28 

0,51 
3,67 
141,47 

0,26 

0,10 
0,05    

0,92 
96,06 

0,17    

13,67    
5,00    
0,03    
0,02    

2,35    
5,57 
133,41    
0,41    
0,12    
0,05    

116,81    

0,85 

0,13 
0,03 
1,39 
0,29 

0,10    
0,16    
0,01    
4,26 
0,06 
28,72 

1,27    
0,15    

214,68 

254,93 

245,60 

159,69    

279,98 

23,44 

Total LDC + OLIC + LMIC + UMIC 

          1,41      7.885,13 

3.024,28 

855,07 

701,96 

648,76  1.018,77    

1.576,89 

59,41 

By region 

Europe 
Africa 
America 
Asia 
Oceania 
Bilateral unallocated 

Total Region 

         12,38     1.887,55 
          4,31      4.442,37 
703,66 
          1,20     
          0,53      2.046,66 
73,27 
          8,06     
          0,17     
971,78 
          1,81     10.125,28 

691,98 
1.422,09 
317,91 
971,92 
29,32 
224,03 
3.657,26 

238,03 
710,26 
65,73 
33,45 
12,80 
29,42 

206,35 
467,25 
125,50 
130,40 
13,18 
65,48 
1.089,69  1.008,16 

1,00 

252,05 
352,08 
56,29 
137,68 

275,64    
658,29 

66,70    
31,23    

14,92    
38,57 

1,41    

851,59  1.033,29 

1,00 

156,94 
716,75 
66,85 
715,53 
2,54 
51,51 
1.710,11 

66,55 
114,64 
4,68 
26,45 
0,50 
561,36 
774,18 

Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the general Commission budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014. 
Bilateral ODA flows. 
(1) Source : World Population Prospects - United Nations Population Division - 2012 revision 
(2) UNSCR 1244/99 

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Commitments in € MillionDisbursements in € MillionTable 5.13 Sectoral breakdown of ODA managed by the European Commission in 20143,937 M€, 44%529 M€, 6%619 M€, 7%1,135 M€, 13%638 M€, 7%0 M€, 0%1,363 M€, 15%726 M€, 8%3,676 M€, 36%1,103 M€, 11%1,016 M€, 10%856 M€, 8%1,034 M€, 10%1 M€, 0%1,710 M€, 17%774 M€, 8%Social infrastructures: education, health, water, government and civil society, otherEconomic infrastructures and services : transport, communications, energy, other servicesProduction : agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry, mining and construction, trade andtourismMultisector/Crosscutting : environment, otherBudget support, food aid, food securityAction relating to debtHumanitarian aid : Emergency response, reconstruction relief and rehabilitation, disasterprevention and preparednessOther/Unallocated : admin. costs, unspecified 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Commitments in € MillionSector of DestinationTotalManaged by EuropeAidManaged by Other DG'sSOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES3,936.542,524.721,411.82558.44406.63151.81Education, level unspecified185.10181.603.50Basic education195.22178.3316.90Secondary education22.0022.00Post-secondary education156.1124.70131.41402.76385.2417.52Health, general118.00117.001.00Basic health284.76268.2416.5273.1373.13165.05124.0541.002,262.881,125.491,137.39474.27410.1864.09ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES529.18373.38155.80109.8928.8281.0845.5030.0015.50324.08289.5634.521.701.7048.0025.0023.00PRODUCTION SECTORS618.84508.02110.82372.89356.5216.37Agriculture330.66314.8415.82Forestry28.0028.00Fishing14.2313.680.55146.5863.1383.45Industry146.5863.1383.45Mineral resources and mining0.000.00Construction11.000.0010.99Trade policy and regulation99.3788.3710.99TourismMULTISECTOR / CROSSCUTTING1,135.02948.58186.44239.12157.1781.95895.90791.41104.49COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE638.03615.0323.00486.70463.7023.00151.33151.33ACTION RELATING TO DEBTHUMANITARIAN AID1,362.61215.521,147.091,249.24195.001,054.2434.5210.5224.0078.8510.0068.85OTHER / UNALLOCATED / UNSPECIFIED725.73563.27162.47609.72473.77135.95116.0189.5026.52GRAND TOTAL8,945.955,748.523,197.43Bilateral and multilateral ODA flows.Energy generation and supplyTable 5.14 Detailed description of ODA by sector in 2014 - CommitmentsEducationHealthPopulation polices/programs and reproductive healthWater supply and sanitationGovernment and civil societyOther Social Infrastructure and servicesTransport and storageCommunicationsDevelopment food aid/food security assistanceBanking and financial servicesBusiness and other servicesAgriculture, Forestry and FishingIndustry, Mining and ConstructionTrade and TourismGeneral environmental protectionOther multisectorGeneral budget supportRefugees in donor countriesUnallocated/unspecifiedBreakdown by sector of Official Development Assistance (ODA) financed on the general Commission budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014.Other commodity assistanceAction relating to debtEmergency ResponseReconstruction relief and rehabilitationDisaster prevention and preparednessAdministrative costs of donors 
 
 
 
 
 
 
208 

Disbursements in € MillionSector of DestinationTotalManaged by EuropeAidManaged by Other DG'sSOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES3,676.062,860.38815.68562.10519.1742.94Education, level unspecified200.22193.346.88Basic education121.24118.902.35Secondary education53.1450.162.98Post-secondary education187.50156.7730.73400.07382.1517.92Health, general81.5879.372.21Basic health318.49302.7815.7089.6689.490.16392.80301.4091.411,697.161,131.46565.70534.25436.7097.55ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES1,103.23906.99196.24658.42533.97124.4521.7312.679.06355.27314.5340.749.868.381.4857.9537.4420.51PRODUCTION SECTORS1,016.22837.59178.62649.90490.63159.27Agriculture592.75433.65159.10Forestry31.8231.810.01Fishing25.3325.180.15142.34137.195.15Industry129.64126.792.86Mineral resources and mining12.259.982.27Construction0.450.420.03129.20115.0014.20Trade policy and regulation213.94200.8513.09Tourism10.048.931.11MULTISECTOR / CROSSCUTTING856.38651.36205.02230.74221.459.29625.64429.91195.73COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE1,033.571,003.5330.04913.92888.2825.64119.65115.264.39ACTION RELATING TO DEBT1.001.001.001.00HUMANITARIAN AID1,710.11216.881,493.231,451.74125.041,326.70164.7241.02123.7093.6650.8342.83OTHER / UNALLOCATED / UNSPECIFIED774.18556.46217.72613.54479.70133.8421.270.1121.16139.3776.6462.73GRAND TOTAL10,170.757,034.203,136.55Bilateral and multilateral ODA flows.Energy generation and supplyTable 5.15 Detailed description of ODA by sector in 2014. - DisbursementsEducationHealthPopulation polices/programs and reproductive healthWater supply and sanitationGovernment and civil societyOther Social Infrastructure and servicesTransport and storageCommunicationsDevelopment food aid/food security assistanceBanking and financial servicesBusiness and other servicesAgriculture, Forestry and FishingIndustry, Mining and ConstructionTrade and TourismGeneral environmental protectionOther multisectorGeneral budget supportRefugees in donor countriesUnallocated/unspecifiedBreakdown by sector of Official Development Assistance (ODA) financed on the general Commission budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) in 2014.Other commodity assistanceAction relating to debtEmergency ResponseReconstruction relief and rehabilitationDisaster prevention and preparednessAdministrative costs of donors 
 
 
 
 
 
209 

Commitments in € MillionSector of DestinationENI EastENI SouthENIAsiaLatin AmericaACPMulti RegionTotalSOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES173826624081263885422,52533182609142407Education, level unspecified197560262182Basic education835540178Secondary education121122Post-secondary education21310259077107112385Health, general9027117Basic health778011226831427351192034012414027340168111493461,12523048382120410ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES16672252391637354202910203011262199162902525PRODUCTION SECTORS116421255966995086412103325987357Agriculture6412103325648315Forestry32528Fishing141472326763Industry72326763Mineral resources and miningConstruction4530101388Trade policy and regulation4530101388TourismMULTISECTOR / CROSSCUTTING11633235197551031119491028388115710630335197556530791COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE19253976012291615192539712246460091151ACTION RELATING TO DEBTHUMANITARIAN AID691101082168710819564111010OTHER / UNALLOCATED / UNSPECIFIED392215010438356310436947439221501389GRAND TOTAL6581,3292518722661,1311,2425,749Energy generation and supplyTable 5.16 EuropeAid in 2014: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per regionEducationHealthPopulation polices/programs and reproductive healthWater supply and sanitationGovernment and civil societyOther Social Infrastructure and servicesTransport and storageCommunicationsDevelopment food aid/food security assistanceBanking and financial servicesBusiness and other servicesAgriculture, Forestry and FishingIndustry, Mining and ConstructionTrade and TourismGeneral environmental protectionOther multisectorGeneral budget supportBilateral and multilateral ODA flows.Other commodity assistanceAction relating to debtEmergency ResponseReconstruction relief and rehabilitationDisaster prevention and preparednessAdministrative costs of donorsRefugees in donor countriesUnallocated/unspecifiedBreakdown by sector and region of external aid financed on the general Commission budget managed by EuropeAid and the European Development Fund (EDF).Multi region : covering several regions or unspecified location.On budget side, region is identified following geographical budget lines and recipient countries for thematic budget lines.ENI East : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine. (Russia excluded)ENI South : Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, Tunisia. (Israel excluded)Asia : Iran, Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Rep., Maldives, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Dem., Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam.Latin America : Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, VenezuelaACP : South Of Sahara + Oceania + Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St.Kitts-Nevis, St.Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies, Regional, Guyana, Suriname.  (Turks & Caicos Islands excluded) 
 
 
210 

Disbursements in € MillionSector of DestinationENI EastENI SouthENIAsiaLatin AmericaACPMulti RegionTotalSOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES6451944422191,2381232,86018511403612829519Education, level unspecified5030107528193Basic education410582171119Secondary education6117521150Post-secondary education8835191515724073226519382Health, general16024037279Basic health80491227173035332562189511321215130130922181114459471,1317116832431147437ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES911162676669079435175344325136818202116315300587112837PRODUCTION SECTORS14308926450326838660392933323491Agriculture650311829821434Forestry151014232Fishing3022256301719380137Industry6201719290127Mineral resources and mining10810Construction000140836161323210Trade policy and regulation11834151303201Tourism3021209MULTISECTOR / CROSSCUTTING1271107373493065128127161222822199181212282430COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE332440211758631,00433240850888804219783115ACTION RELATING TO DEBT1111HUMANITARIAN AID14832918912171833381251220094107142151OTHER / UNALLOCATED / UNSPECIFIED5214211837955641101083674800048042111177GRAND TOTAL1,404285487113663,6515677,034Population polices/programs and reproductive healthTable 5.17 EuropeAid in 2014: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per regionEducationHealthWater supply and sanitationGovernment and civil societyOther Social Infrastructure and servicesTransport and storageCommunicationsEnergy generation and supplyBanking and financial servicesBusiness and other servicesAgriculture, Forestry and FishingIndustry, Mining and ConstructionAdministrative costs of donorsTrade and TourismGeneral environmental protectionOther multisectorGeneral budget supportDevelopment food aid/food security assistanceOther commodity assistanceAction relating to debtEmergency ResponseReconstruction relief and rehabilitationDisaster prevention and preparednessMulti region : covering several regions or unspecified location.Refugees in donor countriesUnallocated/unspecifiedBreakdown by sector and region of external aid financed on the general Commission budget managed by EuropeAid and the European Development Fund (EDF).Bilateral and multilateral ODA flows.On budget side, region is identified following geographical budget lines and recipient countries for thematic budget lines.ENI East : Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine. (Russia excluded)ENI South : Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, Tunisia. (Israel excluded)Asia : Iran, Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Rep., Maldives, Myanmar (Burma), Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Dem., Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Philippines, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Viet Nam.Latin America : Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, VenezuelaACP : South Of Sahara + Oceania + Anguilla, Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St.Kitts-Nevis, St.Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & Tobago, West Indies, Regional, Guyana, Suriname.  (Turks & Caicos Islands excluded) 
 
 
211 

Commitments in € millionSector of DestinationENIEDFDCI - Geo (2)DCI - Thema (3)EIDHRIFSINSCCFSPIPAEchoOther Total SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES1,106293608483174174292776313,937          2635596953911558            Education, level unspecified948624185            Basic education835540611195            Secondary education2222              Post-secondary education63105330156            909776123171403            Health, general90271118            Basic health707612317285            18847173              70495041165            450122205213174158292631192,263          2342175064474            ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES141181298329156529            912881110            301646              510766832935324            22                252348              PRODUCTION SECTORS15827183133010512619            7620133124164373            Agriculture761713385164331            Forestry32528              Fishing14114              7749083147            Industry774983147            Mineral resources and mining00                Construction-             7501106899              Trade policy and regulation7501106899              Tourism-             MULTISECTOR / CROSSCUTTING47964262119186241,135          3520102820239            444442621710424896            COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE342122609123638            34212223487            60910151            -             ACTION RELATING TO DEBT-             -             HUMANITARIAN AID98108100561,075161,363          8710801,038161,249          112435              100323779              OTHER / UNALLOCATED / UNSPECIFIED98104134111913619287726            581049811811499272610            -             40361121215116            GRAND TOTAL2,2948361,2521,043185194302941,3401,0843938,946          Population polices/programs and reproductive healthTable 5.18 External aid in 2014: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrumentEducationHealthWater supply and sanitationGovernment and civil societyOther Social Infrastructure and servicesTransport and storageCommunicationsEnergy generation and supplyBanking and financial servicesBusiness and other servicesAgriculture, Forestry and FishingIndustry, Mining and ConstructionAdministrative costs of donors (1)Trade and TourismGeneral environmental protectionOther multisectorGeneral budget supportDevelopment food aid/food security assistanceOther commodity assistanceAction relating to debtEmergency ResponseReconstruction relief and rehabilitationDisaster prevention and preparedness(3) DCI - Thema : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmesRefugees in donor countriesUnallocated/unspecified(1) Column "Other" includes expenditure concerning other instruments.Breakdown by sector and region of external aid financed on the general Commission budget and the European Development Fund (EDF).Bilateral and multilateral ODA flows.(2) DCI - Geo : Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Panafrique 
 
 
 
 
 
212 

Disbursements in € MillionSector of DestinationENIEDFDCI - Geo (2)DCI - Thema (3)EIDHRIFSINSCCFSPIPAEchoOtherTotalSOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES7681,043554321149188253385143,6761871031735411404562Education, level unspecified50723932016200Basic education411257902121Secondary education61022130353Post-secondary education90955129418723232665701832400Health, general1534237002182Basic health81984349181231804414300190512063211190139327136720512614816625315661,69723792763102961534ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES557524212014419611,10395101512406583441019022322052211444135535001107282121058PRODUCTION SECTORS151343208132317181,0166619610112811580650Agriculture651788710411580593Forestry031217032Fishing15380256333402230142Industry612439230130Mineral resources and mining18002012Construction000022115672108224Trade policy and regulation1911364198214Tourism3231110MULTISECTOR / CROSSCUTTING123281133111002044856267833850912319720310126001953626COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE372560135842601,0343725088126091405355740120ACTION RELATING TO DEBT1111HUMANITARIAN AID9686277231231,34251,7108335251571,30151,452129207116016504253104294OTHER / UNALLOCATED / UNSPECIFIED77112412810301210810291774571070961081148102766140174212054320525715139GRAND TOTAL1,6423,180981770159250462551,2131,35232310,171Population polices/programs and reproductive healthTable 5.19 External aid in 2014: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrumentEducationHealthWater supply and sanitationGovernment and civil societyOther Social Infrastructure and servicesTransport and storageCommunicationsEnergy generation and supplyBanking and financial servicesBusiness and other servicesAgriculture, Forestry and FishingIndustry, Mining and ConstructionAdministrative costs of donors (1)Trade and TourismGeneral environmental protectionOther multisectorGeneral budget supportDevelopment food aid/food security assistanceOther commodity assistanceAction relating to debtEmergency ResponseReconstruction relief and rehabilitationDisaster prevention and preparedness(3) DCI - Thema : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmesRefugees in donor countriesUnallocated/unspecified(1) Column "Other" includes expenditure concerning other instruments.Breakdown by sector and region of external aid financed on the general Commission budget and the European Development Fund (EDF).Bilateral and multilateral ODA flows.(2) DCI - Geo : Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Panafrique 
 
 
 
 
 
 
213 

Table 5.20 External aid in 2014: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrumentODA Commitments %0%20%40%60%80%100%ENIEDFDCI - GeoDCI -ThemaEIDHRIFSINSCCFSPIPAEchoSocial infrastructures: education, health, water, government and civil society, otherEconomic infrastructures and services : transport, communications, energy, other servicesProduction : agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry, mining and construction, trade and tourismMultisector/Crosscutting : environment, otherBudget support, food aid, food securityAction relating to debtHumanitarian aid : Emergency response, reconstruction relief and rehabilitation, disaster prevention and preparednessOther/Unallocated : admin. costs, unspecified 
 
 
 
 
 
 
214 

Commitments in € MillionGeneral Budget SupportSector Budget SupportTotal Budget SupportTotal ODABudget Support / Total ODAEuropean Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI)342       561       903       2,294    39%Development Cooperation Instrument - Geographic (1)-       185       185       1,252    15%Development Cooperation Instrument -Thematic (2)-       4          4          1,043    0%European Development Fund (EDF)170       21        191       836       23%IPA-       42        42        1,340    3%Grand Total512       813       1,325    6,765    20%(1) DCI - Geographic : Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Africa(3) Budget support commitments which are not eligible for ODA are excluded (ex: Greenland)Table 5.21 Budget Support 2014 : breakdown by instrument(2) DCI - Thematic : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmes 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.22 Breakdown by country and instrument - Commitments 
Commitments in EUR million 

Country/Region 

ENI 

DCI - 
Geo (1) 

DCI - 
Thema 
(2) 

EIDHR  IFS 

INSC  CFSP 

IPA 

Echo 

Other 

Total 
BUDG 

EDF 

Grand 
Total 

Part I : Developing Countries & Territories (ODA) 

Europe, Total 

447,01    

39,00    

34,27  8,20  114,75  1.285,09 

13,80    

   Albania 
   Belarus 
   Bosnia and Herzegovina 
   Kosovo (3) 
   fYRoM 
   Republic of Moldova (4) 
   Montenegro 
   Serbia 
   Turkey 
   Ukraine 
   States of ex-Yugoslavia unspecif. 
   Europe, Regional 

North Of Sahara, Total 
   Algeria 
   Egypt 
   Libya 
   Morocco 
   Tunisia 
   North Of Sahara, Regional 
South Of Sahara, Total 
   Angola 
   Benin 

19,00    

131,00    

242,00    

55,01    

465,86 
465,86    
26,50    
30,00    
8,00    
170,00    
169,00    
62,37    

Africa, Total 

0,77    

5,25 
91,27 

17,00    
16,50  8,20  15,78    

67,63    

80,22 
67,45    
77,62    

36,52    

191,08 
554,76    

1,50    

1,50    

10,80    

39,00    

0,01    

2,42 

209,80    

306,24    

123,58 

157,08 

0,09  90,17  4,00  69,27    
26,20    
0,01 

4,50    

473,93 
12,00 
10,00    

6,25  1.390,23 
2,74 

0,01    

2,74 

4,50    

26,20    

2,00    

32,50 

69,17 

0,08  69,17  4,00  37,22    

369,27 

1,51 

582,92 

215 

1.942,12    
67,63    
19,00    
87,76    
158,72    
77,62    
131,00    
36,52    
192,58    
571,76    
293,28    

1.942,12 
67,63 
19,00 
87,76 
158,72 
77,62 
131,00 
36,52 
192,58 
571,76 
293,28 

511,35    
36,50    
32,75    
40,73    
170,00    
169,00    
62,37    

306,24 
688,37  2.078,60 
511,35 
36,50 
32,75 
40,73 
170,00 
169,00 
62,37 
626,37  1.209,30 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Botswana 
   Burkina Faso 
   Burundi 
   Cameroon 
   Cape Verde 
   Central African Rep. 
   Chad 
   Comoros 
   Congo, Dem. Rep. 
   Congo, Rep. 
   Cote d'Ivoire 
   Djibouti 
   Equatorial Guinea 
   Eritrea 
   Ethiopia 
   Gabon 
   Gambia 
   Ghana 
   Guinea 
   Guinea-Bissau 
   Kenya 
   Lesotho 
   Liberia 
   Madagascar 
   Malawi 
   Mali 
   Mauritania 
   Mauritius 
   Mozambique 
   Namibia 
   Niger 
   Nigeria 
   Rwanda 

10,65    
14,00    

3,00    

3,00    

22,50    
31,50    

33,15 
45,50 

0,00 
61,70 

3,00 
129,00 
10,00 

0,00 
61,70 
3,00 
3,00 
162,15 
55,50 

0,00 

0,00  14,00    

4,60    

51,06    

69,66 

47,00 

116,66 

17,90    

2,00    
2,02    

2,00    
19,95    

2,00 
19,95 

32,32    

32,32 

10,00 

42,32 

0,02    

0,02    

24,95 

22,22    

22,22    

0,00    

5,50    

33,00    

38,77    

82,00 

1,82 

0,02 
24,95 
22,22 

0,00 
82,00 

38,77 
1,82 

9,16    

12,50    

20,19 
12,58 

4,00    

2,00 
25,00 

22,19 
37,58 
4,00 

0,00    

0,27    

11,00    

4,00    

0,08    

216 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   St.Helena 
   Sao Tome & Principe 
   Senegal 
   Seychelles 
   Sierra Leone 
   Somalia 
   South Africa 
   Sudan 
   South Sudan 
   Swaziland 
   Tanzania 
   Togo 
   Uganda 
   Zambia 
   Zimbabwe 
   South Of Sahara, Regional 
Africa, Regional 

North & Central, Total 
   Antigua & Barbuda 
   Belize 
   Costa Rica 
   Cuba 
   Dominica 
   Dominican Republic 
   El Salvador 
   Grenada 
   Guatemala 
   Haiti 
   Honduras 
   Jamaica 
   Mexico 
   Montserrat 

America, Total 

3,00    

26,00    

0,00    

7,00    

13,50    
10,00    

4,00    

44,44    

56,36    
56,36    

51,44 
26,00    
69,86    
66,36 

4,00    

0,00 
3,00    

20,90 

20,90 
3,00 

61,44 
26,00 
69,86 
96,36 
2,00 
4,00 
4,00 
3,00 
64,00 

154,91 
357,96 
317,90 
124,81 

10,00 

30,00 
2,00 

4,00 
3,00 
64,00 

96,00 
62,00 
5,00 
5,00 

6,50 
91,08 
258,82 
85,26 

50,90    
87,90    
10,00 
5,00 

0,01    
0,01    

16,50    

5,80    

92,66 
42,57 
29,54    

1,51 
2,00 
1,50 

58,91 
295,96 
312,90 
119,81 

0,01    

25,66 

51,60    

0,00    
5,00    

217 

18,50    

0,01    

25,66    
23,50 
51,60    

5,00 

0,01 

25,66 
28,50 
51,60 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Nicaragua 
   Panama 
   St.Lucia 
   St.Vincent & Grenadines 
   West Indies, Regional 
   N. & C. America, Regional 
South, Total 
   Argentina 
   Bolivia 
   Brazil 
   Chile 
   Colombia 
   Ecuador 
   Guyana 
   Paraguay 
   Peru 
   Suriname 
   Uruguay 
   Venezuela 
   South America, Regional 
America, Regional 

Middle East, Total 
   Iran 
   Iraq 
   Jordan 
   Lebanon 
   Occupied Palestinian territory 
   Syria 
   Yemen 
   Middle East, Regional 
South & Centr. Asia, Total 
   Afghanistan 

Asia, Total 

8,00    

8,00    

8,00 

140,13 

5,00    

102,63    

0,15    

1,98    

11,04    
13,03 

1,50 

11,04    
159,66    

11,04 
159,66 

102,63    

102,63 

13,03 

1,50 

14,68    

14,68 

1,98    

1,98 

35,36 
33,42    

5,00    

859,88 
688,88 

869,09 

69,50 

53,50    

0,94  42,03  13,10  109,12    
9,92    

42,02  1,50 

174,50    
143,33    
307,00    
59,05    

5,00 
171,00 

51,00    
2,50    

597,68 
207,50    

6,00  1,50    

0,03    
11,00    
21,99    
3,01    

9,92    

68,30 

0,94 
0,19    

0,01  11,60  99,21    
79,14    

218 

40,37    
33,42    

445,59  38,00  2.447,25 
324,00    
9,45    
47,00    

1.119,81    
9,45    
54,50    
174,50    
143,35    
361,42    
282,09    
87,01    
7,50    
121,59  38,00  1.108,33    
297,90    

33,50    
201,05    
33,00    

11,03    

40,37 
33,42 
5,00  2.452,25 
1.119,81 
9,45 
54,50 
174,50 
143,35 
361,42 
282,09 
87,01 
7,50 
1.108,33 
297,90 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
19,00    
21,00    

31,00    

131,00    

0,01    

18,30    

13,50    

19,00    
21,00    
44,50    

23,00 

172,31    
6,00    

6,00    

0,00    

0,75    

15,00 

1,30    
52,73    

11,60    

0,00    

1,73    

7,74    
29,30    

45,00    
0,75    
120,00    
23,95    
150,23    
14,00    
35,07    

20,00    
82,60    
56,03    

   Armenia 
   Azerbaijan 
   Bangladesh 
   Bhutan 
   Georgia 
   India 
   Kazakhstan 
   Kyrgyz Rep. 
   Maldives 
   Myanmar (Burma) 
   Nepal 
   Pakistan 
   Sri Lanka 
   Tajikistan 
   Turkmenistan 
   Uzbekistan 
   Central Asia, Regional 
   South Asia, Regional 
   South & Central Asia, Regional 
Far East, Total 
   Cambodia 
   China 
   Indonesia 
   Korea, Dem. 
   Laos 
   Malaysia 
   Mongolia 
   Philippines 
   Thailand 
   Timor-Leste 
   Viet Nam 
   Far East Asia, Regional 
Asia, Regional 

30,00    

120,00    
22,65    
97,50    
14,00    
35,03 

0,04    

20,00    
10,00 
10,00 

53,26    
15,00    

168,20    
50,00    

8,20    
76,00    

14,00    
20,00    
49,71 

1,20    

219 

19,00 
21,00 
44,50 

172,31 
6,00 

45,00 
0,75 
120,00 
23,95 
150,23 
14,00 
35,07 

20,00 
82,60 
56,03 

173,20 
50,00 

8,20 
76,00 
0,00 
5,00 
14,00 
20,00 
50,91 

0,00 

168,20 

5,00 

50,00    

0,00 

8,20    
76,00    
0,00    

14,00    
20,00    
50,91    

5,00 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Oceania, Total 

1,90    

1,50    

3,40 

1,00 

4,40 

   Cook Islands 
   Fiji 
   Kiribati 
   Marshall Islands 
   Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 
   Nauru 
   Niue 
   Palau 
   Papua New Guinea 
   Samoa 
   Solomon Islands 
   Tokelau 
   Tonga 
   Tuvalu 
   Vanuatu 
   Wallis & Futuna 
   Oceania, Regional 

Bilateral unallocated 

Part I (ODA) Bilateral, Total 

461,01    

2.233,76  1.251,49 

1,50    

1,50    

1,50 

1,90    

1,90    

657,66  173,15  19,00  4,05 
98,10  66,73  1.486,86 
935,14  174,19  185,48  29,35  294,03  1.291,37  1.075,50  112,48  7.582,77 

0,89 

6,27 

0,00 

0,00 

1,00 

1,00 

1,90 
136,92  1.623,79 
836,30  8.419,06 

Public Private Partnerships 
United Nations 

   UNRWA 
   UNDP 
   WFP 
   WHO 
   FAO 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
World Bank Group 
World Trade Organisation 
Regional Development Banks 

2,20 

1,00 

10,00    

3,86 

17,06    

17,06 

0,33 

0,33    

0,33 

3,35 

3,35    

3,35 

220 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Other Multilateral Institutions 

   GFTAM 

Others 

1,27 

1,27    

1,27 

   Part I (ODA) Multilateral Aid,Total 

2,20 

1,00 

10,00    

8,48 

21,68    

21,68 

Part I (ODA), Total 

2.235,96  1.252,49 

945,14  174,19  185,48  29,35  294,03  1.291,37  1.075,50  120,97  7.604,45 

836,30  8.440,75 

Part II: Countries and Territories in Transition (non ODA) 
More Advanced Developing Countries 

54,61    

43,48    

10,67 

17,75    

138,24 

264,75    

264,75 

   Anguilla 
   Aruba 
   Barbados 
   Bahrain 
   Bahamas 
   Bermuda 
   Brunei 
   Cayman Islands 
   Taiwan 
   Falkland Islands 
   French Polynesia 
   Gibraltar 
   Hong Kong, China 
   Israel 
   Korea 
   Kuwait 
   Macao 
   Mayotte 
   Netherlands Antilles 
   New Caledonia 
   Oman 
   Pitcairn Islands 
   Qatar 
   Saint Pierre and Miquelon 

0,72 

0,72    

0,72 

221 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Saudi Arabia 
   Singapore 
   St.Kitts-Nevis 
   Trinidad & Tobago 
   Turks & Caicos Islands 
   United Arab Emirates 
   Virgin Islands (UK) 
   MADCT Unallocated 

CEEC's/NIS 

   Bulgaria 
   Croatia 
   Cyprus 
   Czech Republic 
   Estonia 
   Greenland 
   Hungary 
   Latvia 
   Lithuania 
   Iceland 
   Malta 
   Poland 
   Romania 
   Russia 
   Slovak Republic 
   Slovenia 
   Europe Unallocated 
   CEECs Unallocated 
Part II (Non-OA) Bilateral Aid, Total 

Part II (non-ODA) Multilateral Aid, Total 

EBRD 

54,61    

43,48    

10,67 

17,75    
0,00    

137,52 
57,84 

264,03    
57,84    

0,31 
32,96 

0,31    
32,96    

264,03 
57,84 

0,31 
32,96 

24,57 

24,57    

24,57 

0,00    

0,00    

0,00 

54,61    

43,48    

10,67 

17,76    

196,08 

322,59    

322,59 

Part II (non-ODA), Total 

54,61    

43,48    

10,67 

17,76    

196,08 

322,59    

322,59 

222 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Total Part I & Part II 

2.290,57  1.252,49 

988,62  174,19  185,48  29,35  304,69  1.309,12  1.075,50  317,04  7.927,05 

836,30  8.763,34 

BA Lines 
Other Flows 
Total Flows 

60,03    
9,09 

249,27 
614,42 
2.359,69  1.257,49  1.109,01  187,28  279,48  30,55  305,04  1.368,88  1.103,04  403,33  8.403,79  1.223,24  9.627,03 

4,91 
18,34  81,38 

249,27    
227,47 

102,00  11,04 

2,05  84,84    

51,38 
8,37 

9,17  1,20 

386,95 

18,39 

0,35 

9,20 

5,00 

Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the General Commission Budget in 2014. 
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA / non-ODA flows. 

(1) DCI - Geo : Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Panafrica 
(2) DCI - Thema : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmes 
(3) UNSCR 1244/99 
(4) henceforth Moldova 

223 

 
 
  
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.23 Breakdown by country and instrument - Disbursements 

Disbursements in EUR Million  

Country/Region 

Part I : Developing Countries & Territories 
(ODA) 
Europe, Total 

   Albania 
   Belarus 
   Bosnia and Herzegovina 
   Kosovo (3) 
   fYRoM 
   Republic of Moldova (4) 
   Montenegro 
   Serbia 
   Turkey 
   Ukraine 
   States of ex-Yugoslavia unspecif. 
   Europe, Regional 

Africa, Total 

North Of Sahara, Total 
   Algeria 
   Egypt 
   Libya 
   Morocco 
   Tunisia 
   North Of Sahara, Regional 
South Of Sahara, Total 

ENI 

DCI - 
Geo (1) 

DCI - 
Thema 
(2) 

EIDH
R 

IFS 

INSC  CFSP 

IPA 

Echo  Other 

Total 
BUDG 

EDF 

Grand 
Total 

502,49 

0,37 

43,50  23,26  21,84  16,29  117,61  1.120,34 

14,91    

2,00 

94,68    

2,61 

312,56    

2,96 

1,41  1,93    

4,88 
98,70 

0,69    
0,56 
2,07    
3,89    
0,94    
1,13    
0,65    
1,38    
3,19    
1,66  10,46  14,30  10,00    

74,21    

98,76 
89,87    
65,77    

28,53    

142,33 
488,05 

0,24    
132,56    

0,37 

35,93 

7,08 

9,97  0,06 

2,22 

79,36  287,48  47,81  79,50  0,30  46,00    
9,00    

7,58  0,30 

80,33 
426,03 
423,10    
31,80    
93,99    
11,54    
77,00    
178,04    
30,73    

1,94  0,30    
5,40    

9,00    

0,16    
0,08    
79,36  237,38  33,84  66,13    

31,97    

9,06  11,30 
1,59 
1,40 
0,81 
2,22 
0,26 
2,78 

1,29    
4,15 
0,51 
1,37    
3,30 
0,67 

224 

0,27 

0,16 

1,50 

33,34 

8,36  1.887,40 

0,90 
23,16    
7,78    

74,91    
20,82    
107,40    
192,46    
66,71    
98,42    
29,19    
144,88    
514,40    
359,72    
0,24    

0,15  1.887,55 
74,91 
20,82 
107,40 
192,46 
66,71 
98,42 
29,19 
144,88 
514,40 
359,72 
0,24 
278,40 
628,33  11,24  1.606,05  2.836,32  4.442,37 
474,17 
44,90 
102,88 
28,88 
80,94 
181,81 
0,48 
34,77 
7,58  1.073,97  2.654,10  3.728,07 

44,90    
102,88    
28,88    
80,94    
181,81    
34,75 

10,62 
10,21    

1,93  1.606,05 

278,25 

617,71 

0,35    

0,06    

7,94 

0,15 

0,01 

1,10 

0,35 

0,01 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Angola 
   Benin 
   Botswana 
   Burkina Faso 
   Burundi 
   Cameroon 
   Cape Verde 
   Central African Rep. 
   Chad 
   Comoros 
   Congo, Dem. Rep. 
   Congo, Rep. 
   Cote d'Ivoire 
   Djibouti 
   Equatorial Guinea 
   Eritrea 
   Ethiopia 
   Gabon 
   Gambia 
   Ghana 
   Guinea 
   Guinea-Bissau 
   Kenya 
   Lesotho 
   Liberia 
   Madagascar 
   Malawi 
   Mali 
   Mauritania 
   Mauritius 
   Mozambique 
   Namibia 
   Niger 

6,56 
0,72 
0,03 
7,55    
3,75 
5,09 
1,78    
2,48    
2,38 
0,53 
17,54 
5,75 
3,14 
0,07 

0,80 
6,68 
0,95    
1,41 
3,67 
1,29 
2,84 
12,81 
0,36 
3,40 
4,60 
4,31 
2,97 
6,75 
0,18    
4,27 
1,06 
5,88 

0,08 

5,14 
0,16 

0,49 
14,15 

0,18 

3,53 

1,13 
0,48 

1,05 
0,69 

0,25    
0,27    
0,27    

0,61 
0,21    

1,10 
1,27    
2,12 
0,01    
1,19 
0,01    

0,60    
0,20 

0,01    
1,17    
0,84 
1,88 
0,63    
0,08    
0,66 
1,18 
1,95    
1,46 
0,70    

0,60    
0,23    

2,48    
0,80    

1,09 

0,23    

21,05    
3,48 
4,64    

26,64    
45,12    
0,04    

4,55    

8,23    

62,54 

1,56 

7,70    

11,35    

0,40    
2,68    
2,96    

4,39    

0,28    

49,09    

0,00    

4,66    
0,57    

0,08    
0,06    

2,82    

4,74    

0,45    
0,11    
0,66  10,08    

225 

7,33    

1,69    
0,01    
3,56 
0,09    
33,51    
1,15 
2,67    
2,42    
1,00    
40,82    
13,63    

2,32 
0,20    
42,31    

1,92 

0,07 

0,37 

6,81 
1,22 
0,30 
29,27 
9,16 
15,07 
1,95 
31,60 
49,40 
1,83 
96,54 
6,65 
28,87 
14,42 

1,40 
60,63 
0,95 
3,11 
5,04 
12,26 
5,38 
50,48 
1,66 
6,82 
9,38 
7,74 
52,82 
21,08 
0,18 
8,46 
2,05 
66,27 

38,88 
52,24 
30,45 
120,99 
62,56 
54,83 
14,06 
92,63 
59,35 
6,96 
76,47 
16,01 
72,39 
5,04 

7,91 
151,52 
3,50 
8,23 
33,89 
28,84 
17,16 
79,81 
11,59 
55,03 
102,27 
45,86 
179,93 
19,18 
6,27 
71,39 
20,13 
130,55 

45,68 
53,46 
30,75 
150,26 
71,72 
69,91 
16,01 
124,23 
108,75 
8,79 
173,00 
22,66 
101,26 
19,46 

9,31 
212,16 
4,44 
11,34 
38,92 
41,10 
22,54 
130,29 
13,25 
61,85 
111,66 
53,60 
232,75 
40,26 
6,45 
79,85 
22,18 
196,82 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Nigeria 
   Rwanda 
   St.Helena 
   Sao Tome & Principe 
   Senegal 
   Seychelles 
   Sierra Leone 
   Somalia 
   South Africa 
   Sudan 
   Sudan 
   Swaziland 
   Tanzania 
   Togo 
   Uganda 
   Zambia 
   Zimbabwe 
   South Of Sahara, Regional 
Africa, Regional 

America, Total 

North & Central, Total 
   Antigua & Barbuda 
   Belize 
   Costa Rica 
   Cuba 
   Dominica 
   Dominican Republic 
   El Salvador 
   Grenada 
   Guatemala 
   Haiti 
   Honduras 
   Jamaica 

2,94    

38,03 

13,07 
0,81 

0,37 

309,28 
133,10 

9,87 
5,91    
1,45 
2,25    
3,40 
7,17 

8,95 

18,02 
23,69    

0,57 
2,64 

3,49 
0,48    

3,38    

0,27 

2,94    

4,74    

5,85    
3,51    

0,96    
1,59 
0,77    
6,42 
6,85 
1,66 
11,75 
5,04 
0,58 
1,93 
2,11 
8,98 
4,28 
6,44 
53,21 
41,04 
87,90  19,47  16,79  1,95    
9,59  12,19  1,02    
42,81 

0,37    
1,35 
0,87    
1,13 
1,05 
0,23    
0,01 
0,04    
0,67    
0,32    
2,41 
1,27 
2,67 

1,31    
5,24    
5,79    

0,12    

0,18    
1,86 

4,85    

0,00    
0,03    

1,72 
2,48 

1,91 
8,84 
1,21 

0,89 
0,89 

1,13    
0,32    

8,08    

1,47    
1,15 
1,04    
0,06    

226 

11,71    
2,98    

9,96    

0,59    
66,47    

0,72 

36,61    

114,34 

0,14 

0,13 

1,58 
1,73 
3,95 
0,76 

3,75    
0,01    
4,02 
0,21    
2,81    

58,06 
39,14 

0,07    

0,31    
1,06    

0,51    
2,80    
0,01    
3,53    

22,15 

0,04 

3,31    
0,01    

19,15 
6,11 

0,96 
14,76 
0,77 
7,39 
79,41 
41,28    
55,35 
124,09 
13,88 
6,62 
2,15 
13,80 
4,82 
13,34 
61,29 
57,92 
497,41 
238,62 
0,25 
11,74 

6,25    
7,36    
2,25 
7,65 
13,65    
0,01 
15,86    
40,26 
23,58    
23,77 

73,30 
62,25 
5,00 
3,91 
54,26 
0,08 
51,19 
65,67 

21,29 
45,99 
4,74 
51,99 
25,53 
85,23 
20,19 
29,29 
378,28 
182,20 
206,25 
190,89 
0,54 
2,63 

1,44 
32,86 

6,05 

82,63 

29,00 

92,45 
68,35 
5,00 
4,88 
69,02 
0,85 
58,58 
145,08 
41,28 
76,64 
170,08 
18,62 
58,61 
27,68 
99,03 
25,01 
42,63 
439,57 
240,12 
703,66 
429,51 
0,79 
14,37 
6,25 
7,36 
3,68 
40,51 
13,65 
6,06 
15,86 
122,90 
23,58 
52,77 

3,98    

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
5,20 

2,64 

1,30    

1,02    

0,36    

10,53    

   Mexico 
   Montserrat 
   Nicaragua 
   Panama 
   St.Lucia 
   St.Vincent & Grenadines 
   West Indies, Regional 
   N. & C. America, Regional 
South, Total 
   Argentina 
   Bolivia 
   Brazil 
   Chile 
   Colombia 
   Ecuador 
   Guyana 
   Paraguay 
   Peru 
   Suriname 
   Uruguay 
   Venezuela 
   South America, Regional 
America, Regional 

Asia, Total 

Middle East, Total 
   Iran 
   Iraq 
   Jordan 
   Lebanon 
   Occupied Palestinian territory 
   Syria 
   Yemen 
   Middle East, Regional 

523,55 
444,41 

60,21 
67,08    
297,91    
3,29 

15,92 

11,54 

8,15 

1,30 

0,59    

8,22    
0,18    
1,06    

26,19 
146,51 
6,73 
21,93 
4,13 
15,35 
27,20 
9,03 
0,01 
8,99 
19,10 

5,11 
0,44 
28,50 
29,67 

1,27 
7,70 
41,33 
0,29 
2,89 
6,35 
1,58 
4,42 
5,34 
0,93 
1,42 
5,00 

1,19 
2,90 
9,03 
3,75 

0,19 
1,27 
8,80 
0,16    
0,51 
0,70 
0,43    
2,28 
0,46    
0,39    
0,42    
0,61    
0,00    
0,58    
0,84    
1,42 
1,08    

0,52    
1,54    
4,60  0,93    

0,74    
0,52  0,93    

2,27    

1,08    

578,37  116,96  46,04  92,99  6,74  87,72    
9,27    
16,41  11,32  63,72  0,48 

21,07 
0,49 
8,49    
3,09 

0,27 
7,61 
1,12 

1,30 

0,32 
2,32 
8,38 
0,07 
3,11 
0,90 

6,94    
0,52  0,48    

0,29    
1,42 
0,65 
1,27  26,44    
7,84    
2,54 
2,01  19,96    
1,85    
1,67 
0,18    
1,47 

0,00    

9,17    

0,10    

227 

0,02 
0,37 

4,54 
0,31 
0,01    
0,16    

0,33 
1,78 

0,24 

18,92 

0,22    
0,78 
0,12    

13,32    
2,34    
0,01    
0,49    
0,58    
0,01    

1,06    

573,60 
377,40 

1,74    
43,92    
69,57 
64,04 
38,22 
120,57    
39,34 

4,28 

15,30 

2,77 
2,04 
25,46 
1,19 
15,36 

10,53 
4,28 
26,14 
8,90 
2,97 
3,26 
27,44 
38,21 
238,24 
7,40 
27,08 
12,74 
17,35 
49,49 
17,17 
16,64 
11,31 
25,29 
0,07 
6,88 
5,24 
41,56 
35,90 
15,71  2.046,66 
945,65 
3,82 
60,77 
134,90 
161,56 
364,29 
146,18 
53,71 
20,43 

0,06 

26,14    
8,90    
0,20 
1,22 
1,98 
37,02 
222,88 

7,40    
27,08    
12,74    
17,35    
49,49    
17,17    
1,34 
11,31    
25,29    
0,01 
6,88    
5,24    
41,56    
35,90    

945,65    
3,82    
60,77    
134,90    
161,56    
364,29    
146,18    
53,71    
20,43    

1,55 
1,41 
4,97  2.030,95 
1,57 

0,07 
0,40 
0,22 

0,13 
0,75 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
South & Centr. Asia, Total 
   Afghanistan 
   Armenia 
   Azerbaijan 
   Bangladesh 
   Bhutan 
   Georgia 
   India 
   Kazakhstan 
   Kyrgyz Rep. 
   Maldives 
   Myanmar (Burma) 
   Nepal 
   Pakistan 
   Sri Lanka 
   Tajikistan 
   Turkmenistan 
   Uzbekistan 
   Central Asia, Regional 
   South Asia, Regional 
   South & Central Asia, Regional 
Far East, Total 
   Cambodia 
   China 
   Indonesia 
   Korea, Dem. 
   Laos 
   Malaysia 
   Mongolia 
   Philippines 
   Thailand 
   Timor-Leste 

58,39  25,75  24,84  4,73  78,45    
64,95    

3,74    

2,65  0,26  11,90    
0,15    

78,74 

402,92 
145,09 

28,09    
7,79 

40,88    

0,16 
47,73 
3,30 

43,89 
7,43 
20,42 

7,71 
2,87 
0,60 
9,88 
0,14 
3,18 
5,56 
0,27 
1,04 

1,98 

0,11    

15,45 
19,17 
53,10 
9,25 
10,67 

2,50    
4,54 
18,07 
0,68 
1,35 
132,59 
28,64 
20,76 
14,59 

5,33 
2,21    
3,21 
23,70 
4,16 

5,30 
4,42 
6,83 
1,41 
1,85 

0,13 
1,48 
3,40 
2,30 
29,11 
6,22 
1,43 
2,92 
5,07 
4,05 

0,88 
2,36 
2,74 
1,31 

0,40    

2,54    

0,09    

2,58    
0,01    
2,94    

9,18  10,88    
0,74    
0,51    
1,93 
0,01    
1,46 
0,71 
0,87    
0,86 
0,70    
2,42 
0,93 
1,46 
0,81    
1,13 
0,65    
0,06    
0,24 
0,94 
0,14 
7,09 
1,66    
1,79    
0,48    
0,15    
0,65    
0,02    
0,06    
1,04 
0,18 
0,02 

3,48    
0,00    
0,09    

228 

0,58    

1,16  0,15 
1,41    
0,03    
3,57  1,54    

0,63    
0,95    

0,71    

0,20    

150,06 

0,33 

32,70    
2,61    
0,05    
14,41    
0,12    
0,70 
8,92    
0,63    
0,91    

0,07 

26,95 

0,17 

1,98    
56,23    
1,22    
1,89    
0,27    
0,48    

0,09 

824,21    
270,50    
38,05    
9,11    
74,03    
3,57    
61,13    
59,23    
9,20    
25,77    
0,81    
52,88    
26,49    
120,58    
12,70    
15,95    
3,42    
5,78    
23,79    
7,39    
3,82    

46,14 

0,83 

220,87 

15,71 

0,76 

5,02    
0,06 
0,78    
0,30    
2,47    

0,05    

30,45 

0,07 

4,26    

41,54    
25,51    
18,77 

5,52    
12,49    
2,23    
4,40    
61,10    
11,35    
1,41 

0,01 

15,70 

824,21 
270,50 
38,05 
9,11 
74,03 
3,57 
61,13 
59,23 
9,20 
25,77 
0,81 
52,88 
26,49 
120,58 
12,70 
15,95 
3,42 
5,78 
23,79 
7,39 
3,82 
236,58 
41,54 
25,51 
18,77 
5,52 
12,49 
2,23 
4,40 
61,10 
11,35 
17,12 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
2,23 

2,76    

2,32    

0,10    

0,03    

1,46    
0,27    
0,23    

28,95    
7,61    
40,21    
15,95 

5,05 

0,03 

2,73 
0,28 
1,00 

57,31 
1,00 
1,94 
5,19 
0,55 
0,39 
0,85 
0,59 
0,01 
8,12 
6,24 
3,78 

28,95 
7,61 
40,21 
73,27 
1,00 
6,99 
5,19 
0,58 
0,39 
0,85 
0,59 
0,01 
10,85 
6,52 
4,78 

   Viet Nam 
   Far East Asia, Regional 
Asia, Regional 

Oceania, Total 

0,40 

23,91 
6,09 
21,78 
4,08 

1,11 
1,03 
13,06 
7,42 

0,54    
0,50    
1,88 
1,83 

0,86    
0,30    

0,63    

   Cook Islands 
   Fiji 
   Kiribati 
   Marshall Islands 
   Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 
   Nauru 
   Niue 
   Palau 
   Papua New Guinea 
   Samoa 
   Solomon Islands 
   Tokelau 
   Tonga 
   Tuvalu 
   Vanuatu 
   Wallis & Futuna 
   Oceania, Regional 

Bilateral unallocated 

Part I (ODA) Bilateral, Total 

128,68 
1.580,76 

4,08 

0,12 

0,45 

0,30    

0,48 
0,00    
0,20 

0,79    

0,57    

0,22    

0,08    

3,95 
1,21 
0,98 
0,47 
28,89 
471,81 
45,61 
979,83  674,03  146,05  241,81  30,71  254,42  1.165,95  1.342,48  44,49  6.460,52  3.164,79  9.625,31 

0,01    
7,65  30,38  5,42 

3,81 
1,21 
0,58 
0,47 
22,57 
49,05 

6,31 
8,37  130,77 

6,32 
422,76 

46,82  15,97 

0,06    

0,18    

0,14 

0,40 

3,09 

Public Private Partnerships 
United Nations 

   UNRWA 
   UNDP 
   WFP 
   WHO 
   FAO 

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 
World Bank Group 

4,59    
4,59    

3,80    

4,15 

12,54    
4,59    

12,54 
4,59 

0,78 

0,78    

0,78 

229 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
World Trade Organisation 
Regional Development Banks 
Other Multilateral Institutions 

   GFTAM 

Others 

0,91    

13,54    

1,87 

1,60 

1,87    
13,54    
2,51 

1,87 
13,54 
17,51 
15,00 

15,00 
15,00 

   Part I (ODA) Multilateral Aid,Total 

4,59 

0,91    

3,80    

13,54    

7,62 

30,46 

15,00 

45,46 

Part I (ODA), Total 
Part II: Countries and Territories in Transition (non ODA) 

1.585,35 

980,74  674,03  149,85  241,81  44,25  254,42  1.165,95  1.342,48  52,11  6.490,98  3.179,79  9.670,77 

More Advanced Developing Countries 

30,96 

18,29 

1,76 

2,40 

1,58    

9,03 

7,53 

5,02  44,92 

121,48 

0,54    

6,48    

1,47 

0,00    

0,20    

0,02    
1,66    

   Anguilla 
   Aruba 
   Barbados 
   Bahrain 
   Bahamas 
   Bermuda 
   Brunei 
   Cayman Islands 
   Taiwan 
   Falkland Islands 
   French Polynesia 
   Gibraltar 
   Hong Kong, China 
   Israel 
   Korea 
   Kuwait 
   Macao 
   Mayotte 
   Netherlands Antilles 
   New Caledonia 
   Oman 
   Pitcairn Islands 

40,21 
3,50 

161,69 
3,50 

0,54 
0,00    

8,41 

8,95 
0,00 

0,20    

0,16 
8,21 

0,29 

5,01    

0,02    
14,92    

8,25 
0,41 
0,06 

0,20 
0,16 
8,21 

0,02 
14,92 

8,25 
0,41 
0,06 

0,95 

0,23    

0,72 

0,95    

230 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
     
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
   Qatar 
   Saint Pierre and Miquelon 
   Saudi Arabia 
   Singapore 
   St.Kitts-Nevis 
   Trinidad & Tobago 
   Turks & Caicos Islands 
   United Arab Emirates 
   Virgin Islands (UK) 
   MADCT Unallocated 

CEEC's/NIS 

   Bulgaria 
   Croatia 
   Cyprus 
   Czech Republic 
   Estonia 
   Greenland 
   Hungary 
   Latvia 
   Lithuania 
   Iceland 
   Malta 
   Poland 
   Romania 
   Russia 
   Slovak Republic 
   Slovenia 
   Europe Unallocated 
   CEECs Unallocated 

9,54    
8,20    

0,01    

9,54 
8,21 

24,24    
4,46    
0,48    

0,04    

0,04    

0,12    
0,04    
0,05    

0,03    
0,03    

3,58    
0,06    

0,29 
2,01 

0,51 
5,65    

1,58    

9,03 

2,60    

0,19    

2,01 

5,45    

2,60    

7,24    
77,50    
8,43    
28,61    

0,19    

2,56    

10,65    
26,81    

0,00    
0,25    

44,20 
38,86 

0,18 
21,02 

0,00 
17,04 
0,14 

0,17 
0,00 
0,29 
0,01 

87,09 
131,08    
8,90    
28,98    
21,06    

0,04    
17,04    
0,45    
0,04    
0,05    
2,56    
0,03    
10,85    
26,82    
13,93    
0,07    
0,25    

4,14 

4,14 

0,77 
3,77 
5,60 

0,43 

10,31 
11,98 
5,60 

87,52 
131,08 
8,90 
28,98 
21,06 

0,04 
17,04 
0,45 
0,04 
0,05 
2,56 
0,03 
10,85 
26,82 
13,93 
0,07 
0,25 

Part II (Non-OA) Bilateral Aid, Total 

35,42 

18,29 

3,77 

8,04 

1,58  2,60 

9,03 

85,03 

5,02  83,78 

252,56 

43,71 

296,27 

Part II (non-ODA) Multilateral Aid, Total 

EBRD 

231 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Part II (non-ODA), Total 

35,42 

18,29 

3,77 

8,04 

1,58  2,60 

9,03 

85,03 

5,02  83,78 

252,56 

43,71 

296,27 

Total Part I & Part II 

1.620,77 

999,02  677,80  157,90  243,38  46,85  263,45  1.250,98  1.347,50  135,89  6.743,54  3.223,50  9.967,04 

BA Lines 
Other Flows 
Total Flows 

59,12    
1,00 

2,46 

100,30  10,04 
9,57 

0,82 

8,80  1,37 

0,45 

50,01 

9,61 

4,61 

13,54 

10,93 

3,43 
91,52 

243,12    
134,45 

357,70 

243,12 

492,15 

1.680,89  1.001,48  787,68  168,75  256,79  48,21  263,90  1.314,53  1.368,04  230,84  7.121,11  3.581,20  10.702,31 

Breakdown by country/region of external aid financed on the General Commission Budget in 2014. 
Bilateral and Multilateral ODA / non-ODA flows. 

(1) DCI - Geo : Asia, Latin America, South Africa, Panafrica 
(2) DCI - Thema : Migration, Food security, Non-state actors, Environment, Human & social development, ACP sugar programmes 
(3) UNSCR 1244/99 
(4) henceforth Moldova 

232