COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Country Factsheet Slovakia Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK State of the Energy Union
Date: 2015-11-18
Institutions: European Commission, Secretariat-General
Subjects: Slovakia, competitiveness, economic and social cohesion, electrical energy, energy policy, gas, innovation, reduction of gas emissions, regional cooperation, single market

EN 

   EN 

   EUROPEAN COMMISSION  Brussels, 18.11.2015  SWD(2015) 237 final   COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Country Factsheet Slovakia Accompanying the document COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE, THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS AND THE EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK State of the Energy Union  {COM(2015) 572} {SWD(2015) 208 à 209} {SWD(2015) 217 à 236} {SWD(2015) 238 à 243}  
 
 
Towards an Energy Union  
           Slovakia

Macroeconomic relevance of energy 

IMPORTANCE OF THE ENERGY SECTOR 

The energy sector plays an important role in the Slovak economy. Its share of gross value added is 
much  higher  than  the  European  average,  even  though  in  the  recent  period  the  figure  for  Slovakia 
decreased while the European average increased. The share of employment in the energy sector in 
Slovakia  is  also  higher  than  the  EU  average,  although  it  considerably  dropped  between  2005  and 
2012, whereas the EU average remained stable. 

Source: EUROSTAT – National Accounts 

According to EurObserv'ER, in 2013, the share 
of  direct  and 
indirect  renewable  energy 
related  employment  in  total  employment  of 
the  economy  in  the  Slovakia  was  at  about 
0.19%, below the EU average of 0.53%. 

Source:  European  Commission,  based  on  EurObserv'ER  and 
EUROSTAT 

TRADE BALANCE OF ENERGY PRODUCTS 

Slovakia is a net importer of energy products. The country has been running a substantial energy trade 
deficit in the past decade even if it decreased from 5.9% in 2008 to 4.3% in 2014. The deficit is mainly 
attributable to gas and oil, even though coal also plays an important role. Meanwhile, the 6.5% deficit 
of the current account balance of Slovakia in 2008 has turned into a surplus of 1.2% in 2014. 

01234520052012SKEU27Value added of energy sector% of grossvalue added (total economy)0.00.40.81.21.620052012SKEU27Employment in energy sector% of total employment 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

Source: EUROSTAT 
Note: Current account balance for EU28 from European Commission (AMECO) 

1. Energy Security, solidarity and trust 

ENERGY MIX 

The energy mix of Slovakia is broadly similar with the one of the EU-28, with the notable difference of 
higher use of nuclear and lower share of petroleum and products and gases. 

Gross inland energy consumption in 2013  

Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT  

IMPORT DEPENDENCY 

Slovakia has an import dependency above the EU average for all fossil fuels as well as separately for gas 
and  petroleum  and  products.  In  particular,  Slovakia  imports  almost  all  its  gas  from  Russia. 1 
Consequently, Slovakia experiences a significant energy trade deficit, expressed in percentage of GDP, 
well above EU average.  

1  

Top non-EU gas suppliers table is based on EUROSTAT data. The share of imports from non-EU countries is calculated 
as the ratio between volumes of imports from that specific non-EU supplier and total imports  (from EU and non-EU 
countries). 

2 

-8-6-4-202SKEU28% of GDPCoalOilElectricityGasC. A. BalanceTrade balance of energy product and currentaccount balance, 2008 -8-6-4-202SKEU28% of GDPCoalOilElectricityGasC. A. BalanceTrade balance of energy product and currentaccount balance, 2014  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT  

2. A fully-integrated internal energy market 

INTERCONNECTIONS 

The  interconnection  capacity  for  electricity  was  61%  in  2014  for 
Slovakia,  which  is  well  above  the  2020  and  2030  objectives. 
However,  the  country  is  impacted  by  electricity  loop  flows  from 
Germany, via Poland and the Czech Republic. Significant congestions 
also  occur  on  the  Slovak-Hungarian  border  where  the  electricity 
interconnection  should  be  improved  (i.e.  to  be  financed  under 
Connecting  Europe 
the 
modernisation  and  upgrading  of  its  national  electricity  grid  as  well 
interconnections  with  Hungary  should  be 
as  building  power 
priorities. 

In  addition, 

continuing 

Facility). 

regional 

facilitate  greater 

Slovakia  should 
integration  and 
strengthen  interconnections  with  neighbouring  countries  in  gas 
networks. Important infrastructure projects to help diversify import 
sources of gas include the new gas interconnector between Poland 
and  Slovakia,  one  of  the  priority  projects  of  the  European  Energy 
Security Strategy (EESS), or the recently proposed Eastring.  

Source: European Commission based on 
ENTSO-E scenario outlook and adequacy 
forecast 2014 
Note: Reference to 2030 target is based 
on  October  2014  European  Council 
"the 
stating 
conclusions 
Commission will also report regularly to 
the European Council with the objective 
of arriving at a 15% target by 2030" 

that 

ELECTRICITY AND GAS MARKETS 

Market concentration index for power generation 
(left) and gas supply (right) (2013) (Herfindahl index – 
10000 means monopoly) 

Sources: European Commission based on ESTAT, CEER and 
Platts Power Vision 

Sources:ESTAT and European Commission Calculations 

3 

Top non-EU gas suppliers in 2013 (% in total imports)Slovak RepublicEuropean Union country[%]country[%]Russia98.7Russia39.0Norway29.5Algeria9.7Qatar6.765%60%88%89%97%96%52%53%82%87%57%65%200520132005201320052013All fuelsPetroleum andproductsNatural gasSKEU28Import dependency 2013 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

Concentration  on  gas  and  electricity  generation  markets  is  high.  The  largest  gas  supplier  still  holds  a 
market share of almost 61% of gas supply to all final customers in Slovakia and it imports gas based on 
mainly a long-term contract with Gazprom. Slovakia could continue its efforts to diversify gas imports in 
order  to  foster  security  of  supply  and  to  address  the  concentration  on  the  wholesale  market.  New 
interconnectors will help to diversify gas supply across the Visegrad group countries. 
Wholesale  electricity  and  gas  prices  in  Slovakia  are  below  the  EU  average,  although  the  prices  for 
medium-sized  businesses  are  comparatively  high.  In  September  2012,  the  market  coupling  of  the 
Czech, Slovak and Hungarian day-ahead electricity markets was successfully launched (Romania joined 
in 2014).  
The  switching  rates  for  electricity  and  especially  for  gas  consumers  (the  latter  slightly  above  the  EU 
average) indicate a potential for a dynamic and competitive market in Slovakia. Overall assessment of 
the  retail  electricity  and  gas  markets  is  above  the  EU  average2.  Retail  prices  in  Slovakia  are  still 
regulated  through  "price  caps"  for  all  households  and  small  industrial  users.  The  regulatory  cycle  in 
Slovakia is 5 years, the elaboration phase of which includes a consultation process including all market 
participants which represents an additional step to enhance the transparency and predictability of the 
regulatory  framework.  The  regulatory  framework  should  include  measures  to  further  increase  the 
competitiveness of the Slovak energy sector. Retail prices are below the EU average for electricity (all 
consumers) and for household gas consumers.  
Smart  meters  will  be  rolled-out  on  a  selective  basis  for  the  largest  supply  points  of  low  voltage 
electricity (23% of all forecast Low Voltage supply points by 2020). 

CONTRIBUTION OF ENERGY TO CONSUMER PRICE EVOLUTION 

Energy prices have contributed to consumer price inflation up until recently.  However, energy prices 
started to decelerate in 2012, hence contributing to the overall decreasing consumer price inflation, a 
situation which was even more pronounced in 2013. This trend is observed in both Slovakia and the 
rest of the Euro area even though the levels are higher in Slovakia than for the aggregated region.  

Source: DG ECFIN based on Eurostat 

2 
http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_evidence/consumer_scoreboards/10_edition/index_en.htm  

10th Consumer Markets Scoreboard (June 2014),   

4 

-101234520052007200920112013% increase on a year earlierNon EnergyEnergyAll itemsSlovakia : Price evolution & the contribution of energy prices-101234520052007200920112013% increase on a year earlierNon EnergyEnergyAll itemsEA : Price evolution & the contribution of energy prices 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

VULNERABLE CONSUMERS 

According  to  the  EUROSTAT  survey  on  social  and 
living conditions, the three proxy indicators related 
to  fuel  poverty  indicate  that  the  problem  is  not  so 
stringent  in  Slovakia,  being  in  a  better  situation 
than  the  EU  average.    The  definition  of  vulnerable 
consumers protected by regulated prices is covering 
all  households  as  well  as  small  industrial  users. 
Slovakia  elaborated  a  strategy  for  dealing  with 
energy  poverty  and  is  currently  in  the  process  of 
transposing this strategy into the Slovak legislation. 

Source: European Commission, based on on EUROSTAT SILC survey 

3. Energy Efficiency and moderation of energy demand 

ENERGY EFFICIENCY TARGET 2020  
(16.4 Mtoe primary energy and 9 Mtoe final energy) 

consumption 

Slovakia's  2020  energy  efficiency  target 
in  primary 
is  16.38  Mtoe  expressed 
energy 
(9.02  Mtoe 
expressed in  final energy consumption).  
In  Slovakia,  primary  and  final  energy 
consumption  have  been  decreasing  in 
2005-2013  at  a  rate  which  is  very  close 
to  the  EU  average.  However,  this  trend 
reversed  in  2013,  and  improvements  in 
Slovakia have slowed down. The country 
should  continue 
its  efforts  regarding 
energy  efficiency  to  ensure  the  2020 
target  can  be  reached  even 
if  the 
economy continues to grow.  

 Source:  European  Commission,  based  on  EUROSTAT  and  on  national  energy 

efficiency targets as declared by the MS under the Energy Efficiency Directive 

ENERGY INTENSITY 

Primary energy intensity in Slovakia has decreased at a fast pace (by 31.3% between 2005 and 2013), 
although in absolute terms it remains almost twice the EU average. A high energy intensity reduction is 
also recorded in the industrial sector, i.e. by 35% between 2005 and 2013 and significantly more than 
the average energy intensity reduction in the EU28. 
Primary energy intensity of the economy  

Final energy intensity in industry 

Source: European Commission based on  EUROSTAT and European 

Commission/AMECO 

Source: European Commission based on  EUROSTAT and European 
Commission/AMECO 

5 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

Specific energy consumption by households (per m2 of floor area, climate corrected) decrease by about 
12%  in  Slovakia  between  2005  and  2013,  more  than  the  EU  average  (i.e.  11.1%).  The  specific  energy 
intensity of car transport of passengers increased by about 10% between 2005 and 2010 (while at the 
EU  average  decreased  by  3.6%),  which  reflects  a  less  efficient  usage  of  cars,  i.e.  higher  stock,  fewer 
passengers  per  car  or  similar.  Moreover,  the  specific  energy  intensity  for  freight  transport  increased 
consistently between 2005 and 2010 by about 33%, more than the EU average of 1.7% (i.e. from the 
same unit of energy fewer tons of goods are transported and/or on shorter distances). 

Final  energy  consumption  per  m2 
residential sector, climate corrected 

in 

Specific energy intensity for passenger cars and freight transport3  

Source:  European  Commission  based  on    Odyssee 

database 

Source:  PRIMES  model  background  data  and  estimations  based  on  EU 
Commission and EU MS inputs   

EU legislation sets mandatory CO2 emission reduction targets for new cars and vans. By 2021, the fleet 
average to be achieved by all new cars is 95 grams of CO2 per kilometre. For new vans, the fleet average 
is set at 147 g/km by 2020. 

Source: European Environmental Agency. 2014 values are provisional. 2013 EU average refers to EU-27. 

Regarding transport performance,  in EU-28  the inland freight modal  shares  are  71%  by  road,  17%  by 
rail,  7%  by  inland  waterways  and  5%  by  pipelines.  The  respective  inland  passenger  modal  shares  are 
82% by private car, 9% by buses and coaches, 7% by railways and 2% by tram and metro. Compared to 
the  European  average,  in  Slovakia  there  is  a  higher  use  of  bus  passenger  transport  and  rail  freight 
transport. 

3  

Statistics  on  energy  demand  for  passengers  and  freight  transport  are  not  available  and  model  estimates  have  been 
used instead. These issues should be borne in mind when comparing energy intensity in freight or passenger transport 
between Member States, which should be regarded as merely indicative. 

6 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

Modal share Slovakia 

Source: Eurostat and EU transport in figures 2015. Data refers to 2013. Modal shares based on tonne-kilometres for freight sector and 
passenger-kilometres for passenger sector, freight data based on activity within country territory. Estimates are made when data is missing. 

4. Decarbonisation of the economy 

NON-ETS GHG EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET 2020  
(+13% by 2020 as compared to 2005 in the non-ETS sector) 

Source:  European  Commission 
preliminary inventory data. 

  based  on  EEA.  Based  on 

ESD  (Effort  Sharing  Decision)  emissions  are  the  emissions  from 

sectors not covered by the EU ETS 

Slovakia has decreased its emissions by around  9% 
between 2005 and 2014 approximated data. 
According  to  its  2015  projections,  Slovakia  is  on 
track  to  overachieve  its  2020  target,  with  a  17% 
margin  between  the  projected  emission  and  its 
target, as compared to 2005.  

Non-ETS Emissions 
(vs. 2005) 

MS Projections  
with existing 
measures 2020 

Proxy 2014 

. 

Projections/proxy 

target 

-4% 

-9% 

+13% 

+4% 

The  car  tax  system  and  the  level  of  fuel  taxation, 
which is close to the EU average, contribute to limit 
the  increase  of  greenhouse  gas  emissions  in  the 
transport sector.  

RENEWABLE ENERGY SHARE TARGET 2020 (14%) 

its 

indicative  target 

With  a  9.8%  share  of  renewable  energy  in  gross  final 
consumption  in  2013,  Slovakia  is  above  its  2013/2014 
indicative  trajectory  of  9%  towards  its  2020  target. 
However, progress has stalled over the past few years. 
In  2013,  Slovakia  met 
for 
renewable  transport  and  nearly  met  its  indicative 
target  for  renewable  electricity.  Nevertheless  Slovakia 
did  not  meet  the  indicative  target  for  renewable 
heating and cooling, which should be addressed by its 
new  Energy  policy,  agreed 
in  November  2014, 
focussing especially on the heating sector. 
In  order  to  reach  the  2020  renewable  energy  target, 
additional  effort  and  a  more  stable  regulatory 
framework for renewables support seem needed. 

7 

Source: European Commission based on  EUROSTAT 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION  INDICATORS 

  Slovakia is a very carbon-intensive economy.  
 

 

In  Slovakia  the  share  of  emissions  from  the  industrial  sector  was  higher  than  the  EU  average  in 
2012, in particular due to the lower share in the power sector (higher use of nuclear).  
In 2013, the revenues from the auctioning of ETS allowances amounted to EUR 61.7 million. In 2014 
these revenues amounted to EUR 57.6 million.  The  funds will be reinvested in projects  aiming to 
reduce  the  greenhouse  gas  emissions  and  to  increase  energy  efficiency,  and  also  used  for 
compensating the sectors exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage. 

Largest Sectors of GHG 
Emissions in 2012 (*) 

Energy/power industry  

Transport 

Industry  

Agriculture (incl. forestry & 
fishery) 

Residential & Commercial 

Waste & others 

Slovakia 

EU 
Average 

25% 

15% 

36% 

8% 

9% 

7% 

33% 

20% 

19% 

12% 

13% 

3% 

GHG Emissions 

Slovakia 

EU 

EU ETS auctioning  
revenues in 2014 (EUR 
millions) 

Share of EU ETS emissions 
in 2013 

GHG emissions/capita in 
2013 (tCO2equivalent) 
Carbon intensity of 
economy in 2013 
(tCO2equivalent/EUR 
millions ) 

57.6 

3205 

50% 

42% 

8.1 

8.9 

617 

346 

Source: European Commission  based on EEA 
(*)Sectoral breakdown for 2013 data not available. 

ENERGY & TRANSPORT TAXATION 

Transport related taxes as a share of GDP are much higher than energy related taxes, even though the 
latter slightly increased between 2005 and 2012. Compared to the EU average, in Slovakia the share of 
transport  fuel  taxes  is  higher  than  EU  average,  whereas  the  share  on  transport  vehicles  is  lower.  In 
total, the sum of the shares of transport and energy related taxes is similar to the EU average in 2005, 
but it then decreased in 2012 to a level lower than the EU average. This is mainly due to a decrease in 
the share of transport fuel related taxes. 

Source: Eurostat 

8 

0.01.02.03.0SKEU-28Energy & Transport related taxes % of GDP, 2005TransportvehiclesTransport fuelHeat &Electricity0.01.02.03.0SKEU-28Energy & Transport related taxes % of GDP, 2012TransportvehiclesTransport fuelHeat &Electricity 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

5. Research, innovation and competitiveness 

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION 

Slovakia lags behind EU average in terms of public support share allocated to research and innovation 
in the field of energy and environment. Overall, the EU fairs well when compared to the US but does 
not perform as well as Japan and South Korea. In terms of patents intensity of low-carbon technologies, 
Slovakia is much behind the EU average and main worldwide partners. 

Source: European Commission based on  EUROSTAT   

COMPETITIVENESS 

Real unit energy costs (% of value added) 

The  real  unit  energy  costs4 in  Slovakia  decreased 
from  2000  having  an  opposite  evolution  than  the 
EU  average.  However,  it  remains  higher  than  the 
EU average and the US. This is mostly due to high 
energy intensity5 of the manufacturing sector and 
its high share as part of the GDP. 
Slovakia  has  gas  prices  paid  by 
industrial 
customers  at  the  EU  average  while  significantly 
above  US  and  Canadian  prices.  Retail  electricity 
prices  for  industrial  consumers  are  at  the  OECD 
Europe average but the highest in the  region and 
higher  than  US  and  other  non-EU  OECD  trading 
partners except Japan.  

Source: European Commission 

4  
5  

This indicator measures the amount of money spent on energy sources needed to obtain one unit of value added. 
The  energy  intensity  presented  here  is  derived  from  Use  Tables  of  WIOD,  see  "Energy  Economic  Developments  in 
Europe SWD(2014)19". 

9 

21.39.58.220.213.28.820.213.78.00510152025SKEU27US200020092011 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                                 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

Source: European Commission, based on EUROSTAT and IEA 

6. Post-2020 Energy and Climate policy Strategy  

COMPREHENSIVE MEDIUM TO LONG-TERM STRATEGY (post-2020) 
FOR CLIMATE AND ENERGY  

  Slovakia has not yet established a comprehensive medium to long-term strategy for climate 

and energy covering the post-2020 period. 
In November 2014, the government of Slovakia approved a new Energy Policy, which sets the 
objectives and priorities of the energy sector until 2035, with an outlook to 2050. The main 
objective  of  the  Energy  Policy  is  to  ensure  the  reliability  and  stability  of  energy  supply 
through  diversification  of  gas  and  oil  transport  routes  and  further  development  of  nuclear 
capacities,  to  improve  energy  efficiency  and  to  help  Slovakia  meeting  the  2020  energy 
targets. No specific targets for 2030 have been set, but forecasts are included.  
Slovakia is preparing a national Low-carbon Development Strategy. 

 

 

NATIONAL TARGETS, especially for 2030 

Objective, 2030-2050 

GHG reduction  
Renewable energy  

Targets 
No 
No 

Energy efficiency / savings 

No 

Comments 

Share  of  24%  in  final  energy  consumption  under  the 
2030 scenario. 

7. Regional cooperation  

Regional  cooperation  on  infrastructure  development  is  necessary  to  optimise  the  identification  of 
regional infrastructure priorities and to coordinate cross-border investments. Slovakia is a member of 
3 Regional Groups which have been established under the TEN-E Regulation: North-South electricity 
interconnections in Central Eastern and South Eastern Europe; North-South gas interconnections in 
Central Eastern and South Eastern Europe; and Southern Gas Corridor. 

Slovakia is also a member of the High Level Group on Central East South Europe Connectivity (CESEC) 
together with Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Slovenia. The objective 
of  the  High  Level  Group  is  to  establish  a  regional  priority  infrastructure  roadmap  and  advance  its 
implementation in order to develop missing infrastructure and improve security of gas supplies.   

10 

 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Towards an Energy Union – Slovakia 

The Czech, Slovak and Hungarian day-ahead electricity wholesale markets have been coupled since 
September 2012 (Romania joined in 2014). The price convergence between these countries reached 
76% after the launch of the market coupling. Cross-border capacity allocation for power transmission 
for  German,  Polish  and  Austrian  takes  place  through  Central  Allocation  Office  GmbH.  Capacity 
allocation with the Czech Republic is based on long-term nominations. 

Slovakia is involved in cooperation with Visegrad Group countries (CZ, HU, PL and SK) in the field of 
energy  policy,  including  gas  market  integration  as  well  as  research  activities  in  the  field  of  nuclear 
power (Gen IV reactors). 

8. Cohesion policy contribution  

The EU Cohesion policy provides for important investment possibilities to implement energy policy 
objectives  in  Slovakia  which  will  be  complemented  by  national  public  and  private  co-financing, 
aiming at optimal leverage. It also ensures integrated territorial solutions to challenges by supporting 
capacity  building,  technical  assistance  and  territorial  cooperation,  including  the  Danube  Region 
macro-regional strategy in which Slovakia takes part. 

Energy  efficiency:  Over  2014-2020,  EU  Cohesion  Policy  will  invest  some  EUR  884  million  in  energy 
efficiency  improvements  in  public  and  residential  buildings  and  in  enterprises,  as  well  as  in  high-
efficiency cogeneration and district heating in Slovakia. A further estimated EUR 1 600 million will be 
invested in supporting the move towards an energy-efficient, decarbonised transport sector. These 
investments  are  expected  to  contribute  to  around  38  000  households  with  improved  energy 
consumption  classification  and  a  decrease  of  around  399 000 000  kWh  per  year  of  primary  energy 
consumption of public buildings, as well as to around 110 km of reconstructed or upgraded railway 
lines and 30 km of new or improved tram and metro lines. 

Decarbonisation:  Overall,  the  EU  Cohesion  Policy  investments  in  Slovakia  over  2014-2020  are 
expected to contribute to an estimated annual decrease of GHG of around 770 000 tonnes of CO2eq. 
Over  2014-2020,  EU  Cohesion  Policy  will  invest  some  EUR  169  million  in  renewable  energy  in 
Slovakia. These investments are expected to contribute to around 620 MW of additional capacity of 
renewable energy production. 

Research,  Innovation  and  Competitiveness:  Over  2014-2020,  EU  Cohesion  Policy  will  invest 
significantly  in  R&I  and  in  SME  competitiveness  in  Slovakia.  This  will  be  based  on  the  national 
strategy  for  smart  specialisation.  For  Slovakia,  the  Strategy6 includes  a  focus  on  sustainable  energy 
and  automotive  and  mechanical  engineering.  At  this  stage,  at  least  EUR 8 million  is  foreseen  for 
investments  in  R&I  and  adoption  of  low-carbon  technologies  in  Slovakia,  but  this  might  increase 
further in line with the evolving content of the smart specialisation strategy.  

6  

"Through  Knowledge  towards  Prosperity  –  Research  &  Innovation  Strategy  for  Smart  Specialisation  of  the  Slovak 
Republic", adopted by the SK Government on 13 November 2013. 

11