COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2013 Annual Report on the Instrument for Stability
Date: 2014-12-02
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: common foreign and security policy, conflict prevention, foreign aid, international security, peacekeeping, the EU's international role, third country













EUR-Lex - 52014SC0344 - EN











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52014SC0344

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions 2013 Annual Report on the Instrument for Stability /* SWD/2014/0344 final */









Contents
Instrument
for Stability Crisis Response Global Reach – Overview Map  5
Instrument
for Stability Crisis Response Measures adopted and ongoing in 2013  6
Progress
Reports by Country/Region/Location  (cut-off date 31/12/2013) 6
Afghanistan. 7
Bahrain.......................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................... 11
Bolivia... 13
Bosnia
and Herzegovina. 15
Burkina
Faso. 17
Burundi. 19
Central
African Republic. 21
Chad... 23
Colombia. 25
Côte
d'Ivoire. 28
Dominican
Republic. 31
Instrument
for Stability, 2007-2013 Crisis
Response Measures - Overview by Location 
Instrument
for Stability Crisis Response Global Reach – Overview Map
        Instrument for Stability
Crisis Response Measures adopted and ongoing in 2013

Progress Reports by
Country/Region/Location 
(cut-off date 31/12/2013)
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Afghanistan
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to the Afghan Independent Electoral Commission to develop and Consolidate capacity for future elections. 2) Civilian Police Capacity Building in Afghanistan. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Elections, Security Sector Reform. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 1) 25/11/2011. 2) 06/05/2011 (amended 05/09/2011). 
 Amount(s) || 1) Contracted EUR 10,000,000 Paid: EUR 9,834,586. 2) Contracted: EUR 15,000,000 Paid: EUR 13,871,357.00.   
 Start Date of Project || 1) 19/03/2012. 2) 19/10/2011. 
 End Date || 1) 01/12/2015. 2) 18/10/2013. 
 Context of Instability After 12 years of the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan is still a fragile state and insurgency continues to create widespread insecurity. The Afghan government is struggling to provide internal stability, deliver basic public services and implement the rule of law. During the current so-called decade of transformation, Afghanistan faces critical challenges to deepen the democratic culture in the country and to increase legitimacy towards the Afghan people by strengthening formal and informal accountability and oversight mechanisms. The 2014 Presidential and Provincial Council elections and the 2015 Parliamentary elections in Afghanistan are a key element of stability. They are seen as a litmus test for democratic progress in Afghanistan and the consolidation of the established governance system. A legitimate electoral process marks the country’s first real democratic transfer of power.   In order for Afghanistan to move towards post-conflict stability, progress in security sector reform and the consolidation of a civilian police force is crucial to ensure law and order, uphold the rule of law, protect the constitutional rights of Afghanistan's citizens and secure the conditions for socio-economic development. The Afghan National Police (ANP) needs to further improve its capacity in crime investigation, intelligence-led policing and coordination with the other law enforcement institutions in order to better protect the public against crime and lawlessness. Thereby, it builds trust between the police and local communities. This in turn is essential to consolidate the ANP as an important factor of the Afghan National Security Forces in view of the transition of responsibility for security from international forces to Afghan forces which is expected to be finalised by the end of 2014.   The EU has been deeply involved in politically and financially supporting both Afghan elections and the civilian police, and the Instrument for Stability (IfS) has been an effective crisis response tool.      Short Description 1) The UNDP project “Enhancing Legal and Electoral Capacity for Tomorrow phase II” (ELECT II) runs from January 2012 until December 2015 as the primary mechanism for international technical support to the national electoral institutions to plan and administer Afghan-led credible elections. UNDP ELECT-II has undertaken two-pronged support to the Independent Election Commission (IEC) and the Independent Election Complaints Commission (IECC). Long-term assistance was provided, focusing on institutional capacity-building in order for the IEC to prepare and conduct all phases of the 2014 Presidential and Provincial Council elections and the 2015 Parliamentary elections..   2) The Civilian Police Capacity Building project, implemented in 2012 and 2013 was to contribute to the stabilisation of Afghanistan by strengthening the law enforcement capacity of the Afghan National Police. A civilian police force capable of upholding the rule of law is at the core of a functioning state and necessary for it to address the root causes of alienation that drive the insurgency. The EU's consistent and continuous backing of a more civilian-focused police has gained broad recognition among relevant actors, not least the recently appointed new Minister of Interior. The project was not only facilitated by the technical expertise of the European Police Mission in Afghanistan (EUPOL), it also broadly complemented and enhanced this mission's activities.   In addition to the construction and refurbishment of the Kabul Police Staff College and the Crime Management College, the project included three small-scale capacity-building components aimed at enhancing law enforcement and supporting the wider rule of law through mentoring and training, workshops and awareness campaigns. Under the Police-e Mardume component, community policing units were established in Kabul and several provinces and related training conducted. The remaining two components aimed at improving the linkage between the police and the justice system. The Elimination of Violence Against Women (EVAW) component focused on combating violence against women through capacity building for the EVAW units within the Attorney General’s Office, as well as through workshops and an awareness campaign in Kabul, Herat, Kunduz and Balkh provinces. The Legal Aid component aimed at strengthening the interaction between the ANP on the one hand and defence lawyers or legal aid providers on the other hand, and thus at increasing access to justice.   Activities and State of Play 1) In preparation for the 2014 elections, ELECT II already began to support the IEC in 2013 for the development of an electoral operational and procurement plan, and related security and fraud mitigation measures. Furthermore, the IEC's electoral regulations and policies, electoral procedures, guidelines and code of conducts were reviewed against the legal framework enacted by the Afghan parliament in 2013. This has enabled the progressive implementation of a large number of the recommendations issued by the 2009 and 2010 EU Election Observation Missions. The ongoing institutional capacity building of the IEC has also enabled the almost 2,000 IEC staff members, of whom 20 percent are women, to benefit from capacity-building through training and day-to-day technical advice focusing on human rights, international standards and best practices for democratic elections. This capacity-building was provided to the IEC Commissioners and also staff from the CEO’s office, the Legal Department and the Training Department.    The most important direct electoral support included the conduct of a nationwide voter registration ‘top-up’ campaign. Of the over 3.6 million mostly newly registered Afghans, 35% are women. The IEC recruited and trained some 5,619 officials - of whom almost 34% are women - for the voter registration process. More than 16.7 million radio listeners and 2.7 million television viewers received information in Dari and Pashto on the registration process, the candidates' nomination and the importance of women's participation in the elections.   ELECT II also provides assistance to the IEC’s Gender Unit in order to promote gender mainstreaming in the electoral process, as well as throughout IEC institutional practices. Consideration of gender perspectives are progressively incorporated in IEC regulations and procedures for the conduct of elections, as well as personnel policy and public outreach initiatives. A Gender and Election Coordination Group has been established to engage with women’s rights advocates, relevant government structures, and international organisations on issues on the interface of gender and elections. About 25,000 community and religious leaders, government officials, women, young voters, political actors and journalists participated in more than 170 provincial and regional consultations conducted in 2013 by the IEC to increase awareness on voter registration, the candidates' nomination process, legal reform, and women’s and youth participation. The support also secured the establishment of the Independent Electoral Complaints Commission (IECC) and the IEC Media Commission.   The 2014 electoral race has 11 so-called presidential and vice-presidential tickets or teams that are broadly ethnically inclusive and present the electorate with a range of choices. At the provincial level, 2,713 candidates, of whom 308 are women, are competing for 458 seats across the nation’s 34 provinces.   2) The Afghan National Police Staff College and the Crime Management College were officially handed over to the Afghan Ministry of Interior at the beginning of 2014. The two colleges are flagship projects for support to the civilian policing in Afghanistan.   With an investment of EUR 9.5 million, the establishment of the Afghan Natio­nal Police Staff College marks a milestone in the development of a comprehensive professional educa­tion system for the ANP, and enables senior Afghan police officers to receive training in leadership skills and policing techniques. At the previous temporary training facility, EUPOL has held specialist training of trainers which allowed testing the capability and theory of the concept. Over 6,000 ANP officers have graduated from the temporary training facility (as of January 2014). This has also enabled the EUPOL training staff to move from a classroom delivery role into a more advisory and technical role.   The refurbishment of the Crime Management College is a contribution to Afghanistan's capacities in fighting organized crime. It provides a modern learning environment for ANP of all ranks in crime investigation techniques. It constitutes a considerable improvement from the temporary training facility at the Central Training Centre (CTC) provided by the MoI. To date over 3,500 students have been trained at the temporary training facility, while the new college allows the combined effort of the European Union, EUPOL, the ANP Training General Command and the MoI in the area of Criminal Investigation to advance further.   In addition to the construction and refurbishment of the two colleges, the project included three small-scale components facilitated by EUPOL Afghanistan. Under the Police-e Mardume (PeM) Project, community policing units were established in 7 provinces providing adequate vehicles as mobile police stations, carrying out police-community liaison activities and an awareness raising campaign. The Elimination of Violence against Women (EVAW) aimed at combating violence against women through capacity building, which was done through training, mentoring and material assistance to the EVAW units within the Attorney General’s Office. The results have been mixed as the objectives were set very high, and cooperation between the police and prosecution has not yet reached a level where cases of violence against women are handled efficiently based on a gender and victim sensitive model. Despite training and workshops, the knowledge and skill levels remain fairly low. The Legal Aid component created an effective incident reporting system together with an improved system of collecting and analysing intelligence. A community outreach and public awareness raising campaign of the role of the ANP were launched, and EUPOL conducted activities to strengthen the relationship between police and prosecutors in Kabul and some provinces. The specific training programs were intended for legal aid providers, including the Legal Aid Department (LAD) at the Ministry of Justice (MoJ), and the defence lawyers of the Afghan Independent Bar Association (AIBA), as well as for relevant members of the police force. Through this project, EUPOL increased the understanding of the 29 referral mechanisms between the Police, LAD, AIBA and MoI lawyers on legal aid, fair trial standards and defence rights.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response 1) The 2014 presidential and provincial elections are considered a critical milestone of the decade of transformation. Elections are one of the five key areas under the Tokyo Mutual Agreement Framework (TMAF) signed by the Government of Afghanistan and the international community, and remain central to the international political dialogue with the Government of Afghanistan. The UNDP's ELECT II program has a de facto monopoly as a pooled funding mechanism. It therefore relies on the participation of most of the main donors, including EU Member States. The electoral process is being complemented by international observation missions and support to domestic elections observers, which are fully covered by existing international contributions.   2) As the full transition of security to Afghan responsibility draws closer, the security sector is increasingly looking at the Afghan National Police as both a counter-insurgency force and a law enforcement institution. EUPOL and its training capacities are at the forefront of the effort to build a strong rule of law based police force that answers the needs of the communities that it serves. By supporting EUPOL with the necessary infrastructure, the Civilian Police Capacity Building project is fully aligned with the EU's broader strategy to support improvements in Afghan governance. The tendency is for LOTFA and EUPOL to work ever closer together. Work in police reform is also complemented by support to the formal justice system, public administration and non-state actors, to strengthen the Government of Afghanistan's delivery of justice and other services, in full respect of human rights, as well as to bolster the civil society organisations that must hold it to account. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Bahrain
 Title of IfS Decision || Assistance for the implementation of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI) recommendations.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Security Sector Reform/Rule of Law/Human Rights. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 24/03/2014. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 216,571 and Paid EUR 173,256. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/10/2012. 
 End Date || 31/03/2014. 
 Context of Instability Almost three years after the resurgence of unrest in Bahrain in February 2011, the situation remains fragile and marked by a degree of sectarian strife. Although the authorities have presented many reform proposals and undertaken a National Consensus Dialogue, large segments of society remain disaffected. Protests in villages outside Manama continue to occur frequently often resulting in violence and, on some occasions, result in casualties among civilians and the security forces, worsening current political tensions.   Short Description As part of the broader efforts to encourage confidence building measures and to improve the Human Rights situation, the EU has awarded a grant contract to the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute (IBAHRI) to reinforce the implementation of the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry's recommendations (2011), especially those concerning the investigation of torture and ill treatment within the judicial and security sectors, by: a) Designing and delivering comprehensive training curriculum for: - Staff of the Ministry of Interior's Ombudsman office and the National Institution for Human Rights (NIHR) on the prohibition of torture and other forms of ill-treatment with specific reference to the Istanbul Protocol. - the Members of the Council of Representatives (elected lower chamber of parliament), particularly for its Human Rights Committee, and possibly also for the Members of the Shura Council (appointed upper chamber of parliament), on the role of parliaments in upholding and scrutinising national and international human rights obligations, focusing on the BICI recommendations; and - defenders of victims of torture, especially defence lawyers. b) Disseminating inter alia the Arabic translation of the United Nations/International Bar Association training manual on human rights and the administration of justice for judges, prosecutors and lawyers.   Activities and State of Play IBAHRI conducted three scoping missions (in October 2012, March and June 2013) to identify areas of the BICI report in which the EU could bring added value. In September 2013, almost the entire staff of the NIHR (i.e. the legal team, the research unit, communications, administrative and office staff) received training. In October, members of the Police Ombudsman's Office, Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Justice and Attorney General's Office (20 participants) received training, including from experts knowledgeable of the experience in the Northern-Ireland conflict. Preparations for the training of parliamentarians and of lawyers are moving forward. The Human Rights Committee of the upper chamber has approved the curriculum and the parliamentarians' training was planned for the first quarter of 2014. The lawyers' training shall take place immediately after.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The work of this project is closely linked to the implementation of the BICI recommendations and by extension to broader efforts to improve the Human Rights situation in Bahrain and contribute to a peaceful and lasting resolution of the ongoing sectarian strife and of the current political stalemate. This IfS Action has been designed and implemented taking into account complementary efforts made by other international partners present in Bahrain. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Bolivia
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to addressing socio-political conflict in Bolivia. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Institutional capacity building, conflict mediation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 02/08/2012. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 3,800,000 and Paid EUR 2,451,112.00. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/11/2012; (2) 12/11/2012; (3) 13/11/2012; (4) 20/11/2012; (5) 05/12/2012; (6) 29/11/2012; (7) 17/12/2012. 
 End Date || (1) 30/04/2014;  (2) 12/05/2014;  (3) 31/08/2014; (4) 20/07/2014; (5) 04/12/2014; (6) 28/09/2014; (7) 04/11/2014. 
 Context of Instability Despite the favourable conditions produced by recent years of sustained economic growth in Bolivia, socio-political instability and high levels of conflict remain central challenges to Bolivian democracy and ongoing reforms. The number of conflicts has grown fast in recent years, from 282 in 2009 to 1406 in 2011 and 1454 in 2013[1] - the highest number of conflicts since 1970. Although conflict in 2013 was at an all-time high, conflicts may not have been as destabilising or emblematic as in previous years. Conflicts were mainly socio-economic in nature. Throughout the year, government pressure on civil society continued, culminating in December in the expulsion of a prominent Danish NGO for alleged political interference.   Short Description “Support to addressing socio-political conflict in Bolivia”, launched in 2012, aims to help Bolivian society find effective, non-violent means to resolve conflicts that may otherwise pose a threat to the stability of the country. It focuses on three work-streams: 1) Support to the setting up of the new legislative framework for the right to prior consultation of indigenous peoples in their territories and the strengthening of indigenous organisations’ capacities to ensure effective implementation of this right; 2) Strengthening of State and civil society capacities and structures in conflict management and crisis prevention, as well as reinforcement of dialogue between social and State actors; 3) Strengthening of the effectiveness and independence of the judicial system.   Activities and State of Play 1. Prior Consultation. Seven UN agencies supported a process of training, socialization and consultation to revise a draft law on indigenous peoples' right to Prior Consultation, involving representatives from indigenous peoples’ organisations and public institutions. A draft law was agreed between government and all major indigenous organisations, which will be submitted to the Legislative Assembly early in 2014. 2. Strengthening of Civil Society's and State institutions' capacities for crisis prevention and constructive conflict management and of dialogue. The “Deutsche Gesellschaft für international Zusammenarbeit” (GiZ) developed a successful dialogue with key Ministries to define priorities, and started training on conflict management with a range of public institutions. Together they developed a digital instrument for conflict monitoring, analysis and early warning, and set up a baseline for public policy on conflict management. The Bolivian UNIR Foundacion started dialogues with nine regional Civil Society organisations and organised capacity building workshops for conflict management. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) also created regional institutional dialogue structures on conflict management. The main themes are public transport, health, hydroelectric projects, environment and development. The project shows that it is possible to involve high level decision makers and their teams in conflict resolution initiatives. Moreover, government and opposition are working together on the project. 3. Strengthening of the judicial system. The Spanish cooperation Agency (AECID), the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and Red Participación y Justicia (RPJ) organised a wide variety of training courses for judges and their teams on human rights and other issues related to the 2009 Constitution. They have facilitated a number of exchanges with international specialists through seminars and visits to judicial institutions. They have enhanced coordination between the judicial institutions, universities and the School of Judges (including the creation of a 'mixed commission' to promote the development of a judicial career). We are starting to see increasingly confident actors within the system, although complete independence remains some way off. RPJ consolidated its Civil Society platforms throughout the country and reached agreements with judicial bodies on monitoring practices, which started being implemented in the second half of 2013.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response IfS Actions are in line with the EU strategy in Bolivia – a Pilot Country for EU Democracy Support – and our Human Rights Strategy. They contributed to three priority areas of EU development cooperation: reducing political conflict; reinforcing democratic institutions, and strengthening legislation implementing the new Constitution. IfS Actions and new EIDHR projects are closely linked. The intervention in justice helped to strengthen coordinated European intervention in the sector through the EU Justice Working Group, and supported a coordinated programming process for the next period (2014-2020) where several Member States are seeking to work jointly with the EU in this sector. The IfS has also reinforced interaction with other important actors, such as UN agencies and Switzerland. 
 Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Title of IfS Decision || Explosive Ordnance and Remnants of War Destruction in Bosnia and Herzegovina.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post Conflict Recovery/ Disarmament. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 22/03/2013. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 3,837,830 and Paid EUR 1,865,894.52. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/04/2013. 
 End Date || 31/07/2015. 
 Context of Instability Bosnia and Herzegovina has over 24,000 tonnes of military ammunition stockpiles, of which over 17,000 tonnes are chemically unstable and represent a high risk of uncontrolled explosion which could possibly lead to human casualties and may have negative impacts for the region as well. The Bosnia and Herzegovina Ministry of Defence (MoD) does not possess sufficient capacities, capabilities or financial resources, to ensure appropriate standards are in place at the storage facilities.   Short Description The overall objective of this IfS funded project is to continue to improve the security, safety and development perspectives for the individuals and the local communities that would be affected by accidental explosions at ammunition storage sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The project is implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in partnership with the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) and the Ministry of Defence and focuses on the destruction of unstable ammunition, the improvement of safety standards of the ammunitions storages and the ammunition control capacity development. This project builds on and continues the work and progress already made within the Explosive Remnants of Warn (ERW) project that was supported and funded under the IfS in two phases during 2008-2011 to an amount of approximately EUR 4.5 million.   Activities and State of Play The project activities have been agreed with the project’s key stakeholder, the Ministry of Defence, taking into account the Ministry’s policies and plans for the mid-term period as well as other initiatives aimed at supporting the Ministry and the Armed Forces. Furthermore, the unstable ammunition quantities set for destruction have been approved by the BiH Presidency. Already at this stage, the project has brought significant progress to the rate of destruction of unstable ammunition. The intervention initially focused on the military ammunition destruction site of TROM, Doboj, where 13 ammunition pyrotechnics and specialists were deployed in order to overhaul and operate newly installed ammunition disposal machinery. The results already surpassed the plans in two activities namely industrial demilitarisation of unstable artillery ammunition (36,000 pieces planned, 70,000 pieces achieved) and destruction of unstable small calibre ammunition (2,000,000 pieces planned, 2,500,000 pieces achieved). A methodology for the disposal of white phosphorus was developed and a partnership with other international partners for the disposal of highly hazardous munitions and complex weapon systems, including air bombs and rocket systems, was established. Under the Improvement of Safety Standards of the Ammunition Storages component, the priorities have been defined and approved and the actual works will commence in May 2014. As concerns ammunition control capacity development component, training on contemporary trends in safe weapons and ammunition stockpile management was organised, running from 24 November until 13 December 2013, with the participation of 47 senior officers and officials of the Ministry of Defence and the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response This IfS action is fully compliant with the broader EU and the international response. It represents an important segment of the wider EU-led mandate in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Ministry of Defence, with EUFOR support, is working on establishing a governance mechanism for the overall weapons and ammunition stockpile management. In this context, the EU project closely cooperates with other activities conducted by the Ministry of Defence, such as EUFOR supported audit and inspection of munitions. The ongoing project is complementary to assistance provided under other instruments, such as the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA). While the project does not pursue a CFSP (Common Foreign Security Policy) objective, it indirectly complements the assistance provided in the past in the framework of Council Decision 2010/179/CFSP as well as the support currently foreseen through the ongoing Council Decision 2013/730/CFSP, which is implemented by SEESAC (South-eastern and Eastern Europe Clearinghouse for the Control of Small Arms and Light Weapons) and the Mobile Training Teams (MTT) of EUFOR, thus helping to ensure overall consistency of EU external policies. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programme in
 Burkina Faso 
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to the legislative  & local elections of November 2012. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Electoral support. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 20/09/2012. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 3,000,000;  Paid EUR 2,400,000. 
 Start Date || 01/07/2012 (retroactive starting date). 
 End Date || 31/07/2013. 
 Context At the end of 2012, as most of government funds had to be diverted to tackle a complex food security crisis, the EU consequently decided to support the electoral process in Burkina Faso as the authorities were committed to organising simultaneous elections at local (“municipalities”- mayors) and national (“legislatives”- Parliament) levels. During the preparation of the process, an agreement between the authorities and the political opposition was reached on the use of a biometric system for voter registration. As the adoption of this system substantially increased the cost of the exercise, the government requested donor support. The EU (with some of its Member States and the United Nations Development Programme – UNDP) responded by setting up a basket fund managed by UNDP in support of the elections.   Short Description The project consisted in funding, jointly with other donors, the dual electoral process outlined above. The total cost of the process was approximately EUR 7,500,000. With a EUR 3,000,000 donation, the EU was the largest contributor to the UNDP basket fund. The overall objective of this measure was to help strengthen good governance in Burkina Faso by providing support for the organisation of free and fair elections. More specifically, this action has assisted the institutions in charge of electoral administration, in particular the National Independent Election Commission, in the preparation of the ground for the conduct of credible parliamentary and municipal elections, whit an enhanced democratic participation and in line with international standards. Support has aimed at: (i) reinforcing the organisational, technical, financial and operational capabilities of the various players involved in the process; (ii) promoting civil society participation; (iii) organising voter education and sensitisation campaigns; (iv) training polling staff.   Activities and State of Play Parliamentary and municipal elections took place on 2 December 2012 without any major incident, although, due to technical problems, municipal elections had to be repeated in February in a few polling stations. National and international observers who monitored the elections almost unanimously assessed them as reasonably free and fair. The new National Assembly and the municipal councils elected following these elections were all installed and started working between February and May. The voter turnout was positive and the process was perceived as broadly credible both by the population and by political forces, with no appreciable popular stir and only limited complaints of inaccuracy in some specific local situations. From this point of view, it can thus be stated that the IfS measure contributed to the achievement of its goal. In the aftermath of the elections, the priority has now become to ensure the sustainability of the action and the capitalisation of the progress achieved for the next presidential elections scheduled for 2015. All activities were completed on schedule by mid-2013. As no EDF funds were available at the time, the IfS contribution proved extremely useful, as the EU's capability to engage rapidly was crucial, both politically and operationally.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response TheIfS contribution complemented the bilateral support from a number of EU Member States (Sweden, Denmark, and Luxemburg) and other international donors (Switzerland, UNDP) to this action.  All these contributions were channelled through a basket fund managed by UNDP, with a steering committee composed of all the donors.   Moreover, the project complemented other EU activities in support of the authorities of Burkina Faso in the governance sector which is likely to remain a priority sector under the EDF. In this respect, it is worth mentioning that follow-up EU support to sustain the democratic electoral reform process is envisaged under the EDF. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Burundi
 Title of IfS Decision || Politically yours…from Burundi–Technical Assistance for political parties in Burundi. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Political Stability. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 10/12/2012. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted: EUR 467,301; Paid EUR 373,841. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/01/2013. 
 End Date || 31/03/2014. 
 Context of Instability The Great Lakes region has demonstrated instability in recent years: crisis and conflicts in individual countries of the region have often produced spillover effect in the neighbouring countries. Burundi's stability is influenced by the situation in the Kivu provinces (DRC) characterized by chronic insecurity due to the presence of armed groups, inter-ethnic tensions, illegal mining and trans-border smuggling of minerals. Also, Burundi itself is still in the process of consolidating peace along the lines defined in the 2000 Arusha Agreement. The next elections in 2015 will be a test for the stability of the country. Political violence is still rampant and freedom of information and speech is threatened by new restrictive legislation (media) and intimidation against opponents. Land ownership is also a source of conflict due to the strong demographic pressure and the return of exiled Burundians; poverty is still widespread with chronic malnutrition affecting 58% of the population; unemployment, particularly of the youth, is high. The 2010 elections were boycotted by most of the opposition, leaving the ruling party in a dominating position. Actions to support political participation and inclusive dialogue have been undertaken by the international community and have led to some progress: the government has adopted a "roadmap" towards the 2015 elections, with recommendations agreed by all parties. However, more efforts are needed to implement it. The current constitutional revision and adoption of recent laws (Commission Terres et Biens) are also worrying signals and tendencies to break with the equilibrium reached with Arusha. In this context, the Burundian government has asked for the mandate of the UN Bureau in Burundi (BNUB) not to be extended over 2015. BNUB has played a major role in supporting the country's stabilisation and roadmap towards democratization.   Short Description The overall objective of the action of the Netherlands Institute for Multiparty Democracy (NIMD) "Politically yours…from Burundi–Technical Assistance for political parties in Burundi", is to contribute to unblock the political stalemate in Burundi, avoiding the regression into a political and humanitarian crisis, and contributing to trust building between the main political parties. More specifically, this action aims at improving the political climate in Burundi by strengthening the main political parties' thematic knowledge and internal party discussion, and by facilitating a change in political strategies towards other parties. Expected results: (i) the 13 main political parties’ cadres knowledge, skills and attitudes (built on development constraints and policies, constructive political debate, political programme elaboration and consultation of the constituencies) are enhanced; (ii) the 13 main political parties' cadres communicate and act in an atmosphere of cooperation and mutual respect; (iii) the 13 main political parties all have a distinct, realistic and relevant political program, covering the main political and development issues, that are well anchored within their parties, reflect their political project and take on the interests of their constituencies.    Activities and State of Play The first phase of the project consisted of introductory training on the importance of political programmes for political parties and training on eight thematic subjects: good governance; food security & agriculture; education; land tenure issues; economic development; regional integration; justice & transitional justice; and security. In addition, multiparty trainings of party representatives on internal party democracy and decision-making, as well as outreaching activities, were carried out. The second phase focuses on providing support to political parties to identify the themes and the priorities of their future political programme. The training of party members and leaders has led to their improved capacity  to base inter-party dialogue on political programs rather than on personal arguments. Training significantly fostered the party members’ trust and, as a result, the parties’ focal points have formed an association to discuss inter-parties problems such as violence between youth wings. Party leaders accepted the principle that the inclusion of party members at the local level is needed in order to get a broadly supported political program in view of the upcoming 2015 election. The IfS project has been able to adapt well to the unstable political environment (new political party alliances, the revision of the Constitution etc.) in the pre-election context, and has been able to implement the scheduled activities as foreseen.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response While the EU political and diplomatic actions are crucial to support international efforts to stabilise the Great Lakes region, such as the Framework Agreement for Peace, Security and Cooperation for the DRC and the region, the IfS enables the EU to respond to short term and long term crises by providing assistance to key sectors for the consolidation of peace and stability in Burundi, such as multiparty democracy. This IfS action is one of the few ongoing activities in support to political parties in Burundi and is therefore important. The broader EU and international response in the realm of support to the elections is under preparation (basket fund managed by the UNDP) and the EU Delegation has recently launched a call for proposal under the European Instrument for Democracy & Human Rights (EIDHR) budget line with the objective to support peaceful elections in Burundi in 2015, by promoting non-violent communication and peaceful resolution of conflicts targeting political leaders and the youth wings of political parties. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Central African Republic
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Stabilisation programme in response to the crisis following the coup in the Central African Republic. (2) Support for finalisation of the DDR programme in the north-east of the Central African Republic. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Stabilisation and Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 29/8/2013; (2) 26/10/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 7,097,496; Paid EUR 2,091,195. (2) Contracted EUR 3,572,592; Paid EUR 1,974,666. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 08/11/2013; (2) 14/11/2012. 
 End Date || (1) 07/5/2015; (2) Suspended 17/1/2013. 
 Context of Instability Following the coup in the Central African Republic (CAR) carried out by the Seleka coalition of rebel groups in March 2013, President François Bozizé was removed from office after ten years in power, and a new self-proclaimed Head of State, Michel Djotodia, took power. Agreements negotiated by the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) have set an agenda for an 18-month transition period, which should lead to the re-establishment of constitutional order. With the emergence of armed groups such as Anti-Balaka (“Anti-Machete”) in the wake of the Seleka-committed gross human rights violations, counter- and revenge-attacks ensued leading to an escalation of continuous inter-community violence. Despite the political change following the Ndjamena talks of early 2014, which resulted in the decommissioning of Djotodia and the election of Catherine Samba-Panza as Transitional President of CAR, violence between different armed groups and against civilians continues and the transition process remains extremely fragile and could still be jeopardised.   Short Description (1) This Exceptional Assistance Measure is designed to help: (a) support the progressive restoration of civil security forces by putting in place pilot units of police and gendarmerie; (b) restore the capacities of independent media; (c) prevent new human rights violations; (d) prevent exacerbation of violent conflicts between religious communities; and (e) complement the efforts of the transitional authorities and international peace-keeping missions to reduce the presence of armed groups and weaponry in Bangui. (2) One of the main features of the previous peace process, which was based on the Libreville Comprehensive Peace Agreement of 2008 before the coup in March 2013, was the implementation of a Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) programme, which targeted around 5,200 members of the main political and military signatory groups. Although the DDR process is currently suspended, it is still relevant and the programme could be re-launched.   Activities and State of Play (1) The general objective of the stabilisation measure is to contribute to the stability of the country following the serious crisis provoked by the coup. It is based on five components: - The aim of the first component is to deploy police and gendarmerie units rapidly in the capital Bangui so that there is once again a civil security force in the country that will make its presence felt and help to reassure the public. CIVIPOL Conseil France started implementation in November 2013. - The second component aims to restore independent radio stations that were looted or destroyed and thus give the public access to independent and objective information appropriate to this period of conflict. The Swiss NGO Fondation Hirondelle started implementation in December, building on several years of experience in the country and a strong partnership with Rado Ndeke Luka. - The aim of the third component is to deploy human rights observers in order to prevent human rights violations and to help gather witness accounts, evidence and facts on the most serious violations committed in the months gone by, so that the perpetrators may be prosecuted. Negotiation with the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights were still ongoing by the end of 2013 - The aim of the fourth component is to prevent a further escalation of tensions between communities by initiating inter-community and inter-religious dialogue. The UK based NGO Conciliation Resources started the component in December 2014. - The fifth component, which has yet to be finalised, is designed to complement the efforts of the transitional authorities and international peace-keeping missions to reduce the presence of armed groups and weaponry in Bangui so as to improve security in the capital. (2) The general objective of the DDR programme is to contribute to peace-building and to stabilising the CAR. One copmponent implemented under joint management with the UNDP will carry out demobilisation operations with former combatants. The second project, managed by Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) will assist the national authorities in preparing a reintegration programme and monitoring the DDR process through the provision of technical assistance. There has been no progress in the planned activities due to the deterioration of the political and security context; they have been suspended since January 2013.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The two exceptional assistance measures form part of the EU’s comprehensive approach in response to the CAR crisis and are complementary to assistance provided under other instruments for stabilisation and recovery, in particular the RESEJEP programme (Rehabilitation of the justice and police sectors) under the 10th EDF to strengthen the administration of justice, contribute to development of a prison system and re-establish the criminal justice system; the EU support to the African-led international support mission (MISCA) through the EU African Peace Facility (APF); and last but not least the large scale humanitarian aid through ECHO. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Chad
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to demining and clearance in Northern and Eastern Chad. (2) Support to the reintegration of demobilized militaries from the Chadian national army forces. || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Rule of Law/Post Conflict Recovery/Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 30/07/2012. (2) 17/12/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 2,500,000: Contracted EUR 2,500,000; Paid EUR 2,000,000. (2) EUR 5,000,000: Contracted EUR 5,000,000; Paid EUR 3.300.000. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/10/2012. (2) 01/07/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 28/02/2014. (2) 31/12/2014. 
 Context of Instability Large areas of Chad remain affected by mines and unexploded ordnance (UXOs), following the war between Chad and Libya (1978-1987) in the north, and the successive rebellions (2003-2009) in the east of the country. Recent surveys and the increase of mine-related accidents show that the north, in particular Tibesti, is the region most affected by mines. Its proximity to Libya and its mine contamination make Tibesti a safe haven for illegal trafficking. In the east, the mined zones result from internal rebellions and the Darfur conflict (2003-2010). The increasing terrorist and rebel movements in the region (Libya, Niger, Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Republic of Central Africa and Sudan) justifies that the mine contaminated areas be rapidly depolluted so as to allow effective access to the authorities. In the east, demining is a precondition to provide assistance aiming at the resettlement and/or safe return of internally displaced persons and/or refugees.   The large number of demobilized militaries is also a threat to the stability of the country especially considering the general instability in countries neighbouring Chad (rebellions, terrorism, ethnic based conflicts, human/goods/drugs/arms and ammunitions trafficking).   Short Description (1) The first intervention provides mobile clearance capacity to reduce the number of landmine and UXO-related accidents in northern and eastern Chad. The IfS intervention aims at i) deploying two Multiple Task Teams (MTT) in Northern Chad to open the main route between Bourkou and Tibesti regions and ii) deploying one MTT in eastern Chad (Abeche). MTTs carry out all mine/UXO clearance related tasks in line with the International Mine Standards (IMAS).   (2) The second intervention facilitates the social and economic reintegration of 5,000 militaries demobilised in 2011. It provides professional orientation, training (such as agriculture, small business) and provision of equipment according to the professional background and/or professional reintegration plan of the beneficiary. Campaigns to raise awareness on human rights, civic education, health and other topics will also be organised.   Activities and State of Play (1) The action is implemented by the Mines Advisory Group (MAG) and is ending early 2014. Since the beginning of the project, 579 persons benefited from mine risk education activities, 423 000 m² were cleared. All activities were carried out in close collaboration with the National Centre for Demining.   (2) The project started in July 2013 and is implemented by the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). The manual for reintegration and the communication strategy of the project are ready for dissemination. The contracts with the local institutions in charge of accompanying the demobilised militaries were only signed in 2014, allowing formal launch of the reorientation and training activities and balancing the frustration amongst the beneficiaries who expected the project to be implemented faster. The project is liaising daily with the National Coordination of Demobilisation and Reintegration of Militaries created in 2009 under the responsibility of the Ministry of Economy, Planning and International Cooperation.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS contributions came as an important addition to international efforts in the field of demining and support to reintegration of demobilised soldiers. The demining IfS action is supporting the National Mine Action plan which foresees continuous efforts against mines and UXOs and seeks to alleviate sufferings of mine/UXO's victims. It complements efforts made by other donors in this sector (Japan, Canada and the International Organisation for Migrations), and will be followed by a broader action in support to the National Mine Action Plan to be financed by the 10th European Development Fund (demining, support to victims and support to the National Demining Centre) in the first semester 2014.   The programme on reintegration of demobilised militaries is based on the Chadian government plan for disarmament and demobilisation. The joint identification mission (EU, France, World Bank and African Development Bank) assessed how partners could support the government's effort. The IfS action is taking over initial efforts carried out by the World Bank. Close collaboration exists with France on this project. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Colombia
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to the 'Working Group on Historical Memory' contributing to a truth process on forced disappearances and kidnappings in Colombia. (2) Support to the effective implementation of Law 1448 on Victims' Rights and Land Restitution. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Rule of Law, Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR), Reconciliation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 17/06/2010; (2) 14/12/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 1,080,000 and Paid EUR 1,080,000. (2.1) Contracted EUR 1,500,000 and Paid EUR 1,200,000. (2.2) Contracted EUR 3,000,000 and Paid EUR 1899,800. (2.3) Contracted EUR 700,000 and Paid EUR 357,057. (2.4) Contracted EUR 1,200,000 and Paid EUR 821,155.53. (2.5) Contracted EUR 1,000,000 and Paid EUR 770,261. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 19/10/2011. (2.1) 23/04/2013; (2.2) 24/04/2013; (2.3) 27/06/2013; (2.4) 01/10/2013; (2.5) 20/03/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 19/04/2013. (2.1) 22/04/2014; (2.2) 23/09/2014; (2.3) 26/12/2014; (2.4) 31/03/2015; (2.5) 19/07/2014. 
  Context of Instability After decades of armed conflict, the present Colombian government initiated a number of policy and institutional changes aiming to overcome the protracted armed conflict the country has experienced and its root causes. Forced disappearances of tens of thousands of individuals belong to the serious violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) that were perpetrated in Colombia. The effort made by President Santos is taking place against the background of a conflict that continues to produce displacement of tens of thousands of persons, International Humanitarian Law and human rights violations, assassinations of land claimants and other social leaders and serious obstacles for the exercise of political rights. After two years of implementation of the Law on Victims and Land Restitution - the main purpose of which is to bring both land restitution and reparation to victims - results are promising but with delays, mainly due to the magnitude of the problem. Difficulties notwithstanding, a vast majority of the victims and land restitution claimants are seeking those rights and benefits through institutional channels. Tangible progress in the implementation of Law 1448 is an urgent concern that is deemed to significantly enhance the chance of a peace agreement, thereby contributing to on-going conflict resolution efforts.   Short Description 1) The project "The Dynamics of Forced Disappearances and Kidnappings in Colombia (1979-2010) – A Contribution to Truth and Historical Memory" is aimed to support a truth process on forced disappearances and kidnappings in Colombia. It includes support to the Centre for Historical Memory (CHM), which has produced reports on massacres and other severe violations of human rights and IHL, committed by guerrilla and paramilitary groups – sometimes with direct state responsibility. The comprehensive report produced by the CHM is helping to establish the true dimension of the crimes perpetrated. This should enable the Colombian State to acknowledge its responsibilities and honour the memory of the victims and their families, thus initiating a credible truth, justice and reconciliation process. 2) The programme 'Support to the effective implementation of Law 1448 on Victims' Rights and Land Restitution' consists of a set of five short-term measures which aim primarily at strengthening the government's capacity to produce concrete implementation results and to tackle obstacles to effective implementation such as: (a) non-technical studies for land release in areas suspected of landmine contamination; (b) administrative support for piloting collective reparations; (c) independent monitoring of and expert advice on the implementation process and inter-institutional coordination; and (d) measures aimed at improving the protection mechanisms for claimants of rights under threat.   Activities and State of Play 1) The project contributed to the publication, in June 2013, of the database on kidnappings. This report was presented officially during the ‘Week on Historical Memory and Truth’ held in November which fostered the opening of a space for a truth, justice and reconciliation process in Colombia. The second, more delicate report on forced disappearances has not yet been officially presented due to its high level of sensitivity and the pre-electoral context. Both reports facilitate a truth, justice and reconciliation process in Colombia by publicly stating the truth on two sensitive issues of the Colombian conflict namely kidnappings and forced disappearances. Project activities ended in September. 2) The programme began implementation in April and is contributing significantly to enhance the implementation of the Law. Support is being provided for: (a) inter-institutional coordination at local level between key institutions such as the Victims and Land Restitution Units, the National Protection Unit, the Attorney General's and Ombudsman's Office; (b) victims’ organisations and vulnerable groups (Afro-Colombians, indigenous communities, women and children) in remote areas to have access to individual and collective reparations; (c) community reintegration and reconciliation in highly conflict-affected areas (Barranquilla, Popayán, Turbo, Buenaventura amongst others); (d) monitoring of security conditions and risks associated with the restitution process in five high risk communities (Valencia, Cáceres, Timbiquí, Vista Hermosa and Valle del Guamuéz); and (e) effective participation of victims in local and departmental roundtables on transitional justice as well as contributing to improvements in the implementation by the State of protection measures through improved advocacy and negotiation skills (Departments of La Guajira and Bolívar). Strategic monitoring of the implementation of the law has provided critical information for the key state institutions to be able to adapt quickly to the complex conditions for implementation at local level in the midst of the on-going conflict. Support is being provided to re-enforce the national system of guarantees for human rights defenders and the institutional capacity of the institutions in charge. Through the support provided to the United Nations Mine Action Service in coordination with Colombia's Presidential Programme against Mines and the Land Restitution Unit, non-technical studies are being conducted in the areas prioritised for restitution to rapidly determine the extent of contamination and whether the land can be freed for restitution. This exceptional assistance measure is being implemented by the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, by the Organisation of American States' Mission in Support of the Peace Process (MAPP-OEA), by the United Nations Development Programme's Transitional Justice Fund and by Intermón Oxfam in alliance with 10 national platforms specialized in the protection of human rights defenders, land restitution claimants and other social leaders – including those relevant from a gender equality perspective - as well as by the United Nations Mine Action Service.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Other activities, funded by bilateral development cooperation aiming at strengthening the State's capacities in dealing with victims and their access to reparations and support are linked to this project. Through the European Instrument for Democracy & Human Rights (EIDHR) the EU is funding Country Based Support Scheme activities aiming at strengthening victims' organisations. Overall, these actions provide a comprehensive response to the needs of the victims of the Colombian conflict. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Côte d'Ivoire
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to legislative elections and national reconciliation (2012). (2) Support to the implementation of the Disarmament, Demobilisation, Reintegration programme in Côte d'Ivoire.     || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || (1) Election support; reconciliation and mediation. (2) Support to DDR. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 12/10/2011. (2) 27/09/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 11,000,000; Contracted: EUR 10,215,918; Paid: EUR 9,295,445.54. (2) EUR 10 000 000; Contracted: EUR 0. 
 Start Date of Project || (1)12/10/2011; (2)27/01/2014. 
 End Date || (1) June 2014; (2) July 2015. 
 Context of Instability For over ten years, Côte d'Ivoire suffered from internal conflict and instability, which escalated into a countrywide crisis after the presidential elections in November 2010 – the first ones since 2000. The then incumbent President Laurent Gbagbo refused to cede power to the internationally recognised winner of the elections, Alassane Ouattara. The post-election crisis lasted nearly five months and ended in April 2011 with the arrest of Laurent Gbagbo. It resulted in more than 3,000 deaths, paralysing the country's economy and causing a humanitarian crisis in the sub-region with more than 150,000 refugees in Liberia and one million internally displaced people. This last crisis annihilated the efforts made for the reinsertion of ex fighters who had been largely remobilised by both sides. The December 2011 legislative elections and April 2013 local elections were essential steps in re-establishing the constitutional order in Côte d'Ivoire and achieving a key goal of the peace process laid out by the Political Accord of Ouagadougou. However, the boycott of the 2013 local elections by the Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI) of former President Gbagbo and the sporadic violence which occurred during the vote, showed the fragility of the peace process. Even though considerable progress has been made, the security situation remains volatile, with random attacks on security forces and other strategic points all over the country, as well as some human rights violations. It is estimated that around 70,000 ex-fighters, mostly young, armed and unemployed (but often used to complement regular security forces) are still awaiting a DDR process, thus representing a threat to stability and security. Dialogue between government and opposition, mainly with the FPI, is difficult but has however resulted in the release of some imprisoned FPI political leaders and the return of some political exiles. The disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) process is on track, despite delays and challenges, and the Authority for DDR (ADDR) has already enrolled 18,000 ex fighters in the DDR process (out of a list of 74,000). Progress on a national SSR policy and implementation are key elements for 2014, as it was in 2013. The mandate of the Truth, Dialogue and Reconciliation Commission (CDVR) ended in September 2013 and has not been extended. Most observers agree that the CDVR did not reach its goals and that reconciliation is still a key factor to be achieved for the long term stability of the country. Land issues and those related to citizenship, which are structural causes of the Ivorian crisis, have been partly tackled in 2013, with the revision of the nationality code and the extension of the rural land law. Concrete implementation of those laws now needs to materialise. National cohesion will depend largely on the ability and willingness of Ivoirians to forge a political consensus on all sensitive issues. The 2015 presidential election will be an important step in the normalisation process. It is therefore crucial that the DDR process is completed before 2015.   Short Description (1) The first programme aims to contribute to the stabilization of Côte d'Ivoire through (i) support to the preparation and organisation of the legislative elections; and (ii) support to the national reconciliation process. (2) The second programme aims to consolidate peace and stabilization of Côte d'Ivoire. More specifically, through its 3 components (1- support to ADDR; 2- support to the economic and social reinsertion of 5,000 ex fighters; 3- monitoring of the programme) this programme aims at supporting the authority in charge of DDR (ADDR) in implementing its mandate. In addition, a short term technical assistance had been mobilised on IfS funds to support the Delegation during the identification and formulation phase of the programme.   Activities and State of Play (1) Activities under the support to legislative elections component were completed in 2012, whereas activities under the reconciliation component continued in 2013. This latter component aims at supporting transitional justice initiatives, enhanced media awareness and conflict-sensitive reporting, conflict resolution related to land disputes as well as strengthening the role of women in the peace process. The project on media awareness and professional journalism as means of conflict prevention terminated its activities in October 2013. These activities were implemented by Electoral Reform International Services (ERIS) and an Ivorian branch of a West African NGO dealing with peace and security of women in the region (RESPFECO). 120 journalists have been trained, 25 local radios have been supported in the development of their communication strategy, 6 radio programmes have been produced and broadcast by 25 radios, and around 200 community events all over the country have been organised. In its sensitization component, the project targeted women and youth in particular and focused on peace, reconciliation and democracy. The project dealing with land disputes implemented by the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) was completed in August 2013. It supported the reinforcement of capacities in prevention and resolution of land disputes in 30 villages, trained 300 customaries and public authorities and provided sensitization activities to 3,000 citizens (50% women). Special attention was paid to obstacles to women's access to land and participation in the resolution of land disputes, especially through advocacy activities. This project complemented ECHO interventions which themselves replicated and provided durability to past IfS actions. It will be continued and amplified by a new project under EDF Funds. Land management has been identified as focal sector for the 11th EDF.  The transitional justice project ended in February 2014. Despite some delays, various activities have been implemented to support the effective and credible truth and reconciliation process, support the development of transitional justice initiatives and enhance the participation of civil society in the transitional justice processes. It included monitoring and training of the Commission Dialogue, Vérité et Réconciliation (CDVR) members, technical consultations with the Cellule Spéciale d'enquête (CSE) regarding investigation and prosecution of serious international crimes, and civil society organisations on transitional justice and legal procedures. It included gender as a theme in its trainings and raised the issue of gender-based violence. ICTJ will assess the CDVR activities on its own budget. The pilot project aiming at reconciliation between the population and the national police was completed in October 2013 and proved valuable. According to the ongoing evaluation, around 600 police officers received training, 7 police stations have been renovated and equipped; criminality is decreasing in the targeted zones. It will be continued and complemented by a new project under EDF Funds. (2)The financing decision for the DDR project was adopted in September 2013 and the project will be implemented by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) over 18 months, starting in the first quarter of 2014.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Given the magnitude of the challenges the country is facing and the expectations of the population towards the new regime, IfS support has been crucial in assisting the most urgent priorities to help stabilise the country. In order to prevent another cycle of violence, it is critical to strengthen the capacity of communities to manage and resolve land disputes, to strengthen the capacity of the local media and to reinforce people's safety and trust in authorities, thus creating favourable conditions for national reconciliation and reintegration. The priorities of the transitional period are also addressed by other available means on a longer term basis, i.e. the EIDHR and ANE&AL (les Acteurs Non Etatiques et les Autorités Locales) instruments as well as the European Development Fund (including the budget support programme "State-building contract"), and new projects are capitalising upon the results of IfS actions. EU support comes within a larger international mobilisation from the UN, African development bank or bilateral cooperation (France, Germany, Belgium, Japan, the US) to strengthen national reconciliation and support Security Sector Reform including DDR. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Dominican Republic
 Title of IfS Decision || Support for displaced Haitian population and host communities in the Dominican Republic.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post Disaster Recovery. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 27/06/2011. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 5,316,880; Paid EUR 4,184,907.05. 
 Start Date of Project || 22/07/2011. 
 End Date || 31/03/2013. 
 Context of Instability Relations between the Dominican Republic (DR) and Haiti have historically been tense and ambiguous. In the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Dominican solidarity was exemplary, but the situation was further complicated because emigration from Haiti to the DR increased in addition to an already large number of mostly irregular migrant workers. Recent trade disputes and the September 2013 ruling of the new Dominican Constitutional Court that could deprive retroactively Dominicans of Haitian descent from their Dominican citizenship have worsened relationship between the two countries, with negative impact on the solution of issues linked to Haitian illegal migration to the DR. However, the two sides are engaged in a high-level dialogue on bi-national issues, including migration, to which the EU has been asked to participate as observer and facilitator.   Short Description This IfS intervention consisted of three complementary and innovative components. The largest, implemented by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), provided comprehensive support to documentation for irregular migrants, migrants' rights, ran a dynamic campaign to promote tolerance, built social infrastructure, trained poor host communities and worked with Dominican institutions involved with Haitians. The second component, implemented by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), supported the National Statistics Office within the Ministry of Economy Planning and Development, to carry out a national survey in order to gauge the size, structure, role and contribution of (mostly Haitian) immigrant workers to the economic and social life of the Dominican Republic. This survey changed the parameters of national debate on migration and enabled more effective planning and a more objective policy debate. The third component, implemented by the 'Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra' (PUCMM) deepened and improved media coverage of the sensitive bi-national relations. It also involved work with Haitian journalists facilitating professional contacts and improved information about Haitian and Dominican societies.   Activities and State of Play By the end of 2013, all three project components were completed and had made important contributions to stability, human rights and bi-national relations. Some 4,000 illegal Haitian migrants living in the Dominican Republic have acquired Haitian ID documents, allowing them to apply for a Dominican working visa and regularize their status. Dominican asylum procedures were successfully re-established and the respective authorities (police, migration officers and armed forces) received training in how to deal with migrants. The official recognition of the status of refugees, long denied in the past, and an effective tolerance campaign are other significant achievements. The national survey of migrant labour has been successfully carried out in difficult conditions and the data generated information on gender, families, age, educational levels, economic sectors, housing, languages, religious beliefs, remittances and social security contributions. Thanks to this basic study and five subsequent follow-up research studies as well as vigorous diffusion of the results to relevant actors in the government, political parties, media and the general public, the new information has penetrated official and media treatment of the size and nature of migrant populations, thus improving the debate. The last component, the programme “New looks at Dominican-Haitian reality, More and Better Journalism” brought Haitian and Dominican media owners and directors together, raised journalists' awareness  on immigration and intercultural issues, and trained them  in techniques of investigative journalism. About half of the participants stemming from the two neighbouring countries of the island were women and the professional relationships between Dominican and Haitian journalists built in the framework of this project, may well prove to have the longest lasting impact.   Role of the IfS  Action within the Broader EU and International Response This IfS action complemented other development interventions and provided a bridge between the EU's humanitarian disaster relief work and longer-term development support. The wider EU cooperation programme addresses sustainable development through support to public administration reform, education and economic competitiveness, fostering bi-national cooperation with Haiti, and projects to promote human rights, in particular of Haitian immigrants of origin. Political dialogue accompanies programme work on these sensitive issues. The EU contribution represents more than half of public development assistance for the country. 
[1] www.unirbolivia.org
Table
of Contents
Democratic Republic of Congo. 3
Egypt  5
Ethiopia. . 8
El Salvador 11
Fiji  13
Georgia. . 15
Guatemala. 18
Guinea. . 20
Guinea-Bissau. 22
Haiti  24
Jordan. . 26
Kenya. . 28
Kyrgyz Republic. 30
Lebanon. 33
Libya. . 36
Madagascar 39
Mali  41
Islamic Republic of Mauritania. 44
Mauritius. 46
Myanmar/Burma. 48
Nagorno-Karabakh Region. 48
Niger  48
Nigeria. . 48
Pakistan. 48
Palestine. 48
Philippines. 48
Senegal  48
Somalia. . 48
Sudan and South Sudan. 48
Syria. . 48
Tajikistan. 48
Tanzania. 48
Thailand. 48
Togo. . 48
Tunisia. . 48
Yemen............................................................................................................ ............................................................................................................ 48
Zimbabwe. 48
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Democratic Republic of Congo
 Title of IfS Decision/Project || Appui à la stabilisation en République démocratique du Congo (RDC) par des mesures prioritaires et urgentes dans le secteur de la sécurité.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Regional peacebuilding capacity & Security Sector Reform. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 09/12/2011.   
 Amount(s) || EUR 12,600,000; Contracted: EUR 12,400,000; Paid: EUR 8,844,136. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 27/02/2012; (2) 24/02/2012; (3) 31/12/2012; (4) 31/12/2012; (5) 26/12/2012; (6) 24/12/2012. 
 End Date || (1) 27/02/2014; (2) 31/08/2013; (3) 30/06/2014; (4) 31/07/2014; (5) 30/09/2014; (6) 31/07/2014. 
 Context of Instability The beginning of 2013 has brought about positive improvements in the national and international security of DRC. A Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework agreement for DRC and the region was signed in Addis Ababa, on the 24 February 2013. Furthermore, following the strengthening of the MONUSCO’s mandate, a United Nations Force Intervention Brigade has been created, a force with a mandate unlike any other already existing U.N. peacekeeping mission. Following the peace talks held in Kampala on the 12 December 2013 the M23 movement has laid down its arms and agreed to demobilization. However, long-term peace remains distant on the horizon. Recent events in December 2013 and in the beginning of 2014 have been marked with serious clashes between the Congolese army backed by the MONUSCO and local armed groups. The somewhat positive atmosphere from the December 2013 peace talks has vanished, and the downward spiral continues as fighting in the Kivus with rebel groups such as FDLR, ADF-NALU, Mai-Mai has now spread to Katanga. The attempted coup, referring to a series of attacks against the regime of President Joseph Kabila on December 30 in Kinshasa and Lumumbashi shows worrisome inclinations and further destabilizes an already-fragmented nation. As far as the general political setting is concerned, the national consultations have brought expectations, although substantial acts are still missing. The President has not yet reshuffled the government, some 5 months after announcing his intention to put in place a more inclusive team. Moreover, the RDC has yet to present a credible election plan as well as a comprehensive DDR strategy. The context remains extremely fragile; the region is going through renewed turbulence. However, the momentum that was generated by the signing of the Peace, Security and Cooperation Framework agreement can still be sustained as the international and regional engagement remain strong (illustrated by continuous political dialogue through regional summits).   Short Description The main objective of this project approved in December 2011, is to support the ongoing Security Sector Reform and contribute to limiting the risk for resurgence of conflict in DRC through the effective strengthening of the rule of law. This programme is composed of five complementary components: 1)   Improved living- and social conditions of soldiers' families and dependants; 2)   Strengthening of capacities in the Military Justice system, through supporting the Prosecution Support Cells; 3)   Local Research and Community Actions to mitigate local conflicts in Eastern Congo; 4)   Improved relations between the armed forces and the general population in order to improve the security situation of civilians; and 5)   Distribution of ID cards to the National Police (Police National Congolaise, PNC) as a follow up to the EDF financed data collection/census.   Activities and State of Play While implementation of the third and fourth components started in March 2012, the remaining three components started in 2013 only, due to the fragile political and security situation in the country particularly in the East. The production and distribution of new ID Cards among the National Police has been realised in all provinces of the DRC. This activity significantly decreased the level of discontent in the police corps by confirming the official status of active policemen. The overall result of the above-mentioned projects is positive, despite their limited impact due to the slow progress of SSR overall. In fact, the DRC government has not shown the political will necessary to realise structural security sector reforms. Thus, international donors' efforts have been significantly limited. More positive results have been achieved, however, with regard to the enhancement of community dialogue (component 3). The second component can also serve as a means to maintain momentum with the DRC government to address the issue of impunity and has had a proven influence on the number of cases addressed.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response These IfS actions are complementary to EU-supported SSR activities under the European Development Fund – police and justice - (EDF) and implemented in close coordination with the two CSDP missions in the DRC, EUSEC and EUPOL.  The EU also works in close cooperation with the MONUSCO Stabilization Support Unit. In addition, the EU has provided significant humanitarian aid as well as supporting wide-ranging recovery, reconstruction and development support in Eastern DRC (under EDF). 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Egypt
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to Democratic Transition in Egypt.[1] (2) Policy Advice for Democratic Transition.[2] || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || (1) Capacity building of civic actors. (2) Policy advice and capacity building of political and civil society actors. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 24/03/2011  (2) 01/06/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 2,009,319.10 and paid EUR 1,788,059.90. (2) Contracted EUR 500,000. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 12/04/2011; (2) 15/01/2014. 
 End Date || (1) 11/04/2013; (2) 14/01/2015. 
 Context of Instability Within the last year Egypt has experienced dramatic political changes. The first half of 2013 was tainted by the negative atmosphere created by the rushed constitutional process and adoption of a contested constitution by popular referendum at the end of 2012. The process led by the Freedom and Justice Party/Muslim Brotherhood was controversial and heavily criticised by the opposition. This led to a deeply divisive political crisis culminating by the end of June in massive popular demonstrations throughout the country. Following an ultimatum imposed by the armed forces, Mohamed Morsi was arrested on 3 July 2013, the 2012 constitution was suspended and the legislature dissolved. During the following months, the Muslim Brotherhood was excluded from power and gradually, if thoroughly, marginalised: crackdowns on demonstrations and sit-ins in support for Morsi have resulted in over a thousand deaths; key leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood/Freedom and Justice Party and allied parties have been arrested, together with thousands of their followers, and the Muslim Brotherhood itself was banned in September 2013 and declared a terrorist organisation in December. The State of Emergency was in force from August to November 2013, when legislation limiting rights to demonstrate was passed, resulting in arrests of not only Islamic but also liberal activists. A new draft constitution was submitted to referendum on 14/15 January 2014. It was backed with 98.1% in favour, but with a voter turnout of 38.6%. In comparison, the Constitutional referendum of 2012 secured 63.83% approval, with a turnout of 32.86%.   Short Description (1) Support to democratic transition: Implemented by Democracy Reporting International (DRI), the action aimed to: support civil society organisations (CSOs) in responding quickly to analysis needs during the political milestones of the transition from military to civilian rule from 2011-2013 (such as lobbying policy makers on political reforms and reporting on them); to help create and foster linkages between civil society and civic interest groups that formed during the protests that led to the fall of the Mubarak Regime in 2010; and to work with Egyptian actors to support them in providing the Egyptian public with analysis on the political reforms that were undertaken during the period of implementation.   (2) Policy advice for democratic transition: Implemented by the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), the objective of this action is to promote an open and consultative process of law-making and political reform, where State institutions effectively accommodate and are receptive to public dialogue. Specifically, it will aim to provide quality inputs to this dialogue for the benefit of political and non-political stakeholders, including civil society thereby contributing to a culture of informed policy advocacy. This will be done through the production and dissemination of legislative and technical analyses.   Activities and State of Play (1) Support to democratic transition: The action built the capacity of local CSOs to participate in the different political milestones that took place following the January 25 revolution, including the presidential and parliamentary elections, the constitutional referendum of 2012, as well as the key legislative events that took place during this period. It operated through a network of 12 established CSOs, while also reaching out to nearly 500 key beneficiaries belonging to the wider CSO community, as well as political parties, parliamentarians, the judiciary, academics and the media. The project successfully implemented the planned activities, namely in support to civil society organisations (Component 1) and in providing analysis and reporting to domestic stakeholders and the public (Component 2): including 37 training workshops, roundtable discussions and other events, as well as regular outreach discussions. In addition, it produced a total of 59 papers, reports and other publications, including 20 translations and 12 DRI Briefing Papers, which were made available to up to 5,000 stakeholders. The project achieved notable impact in terms of enhancing CSO capacities as well as advocacy of policymakers on electoral and constitutional reforms. The 2012 Constitution included improvements which could be traced back to the project such as requiring that electoral districting needs to respect the equality of the vote and reducing the negative aspects of the worker/farmer quota, among others.   (2) Policy Advice for Democratic Transition As the project will start only on 15 January 2014, no activities have yet been implemented. However, it is hoped that it will create opportunities for consultative decision-making on political and electoral reforms and in time, contribute to outline a comprehensive and inclusive reform agenda.   Role of the IfS  Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS has provided the EU with the necessary leverage to focus political attention within Egypt on strategic issues such as electoral and constitutional reforms. Furthermore, IfS actions allowed the EU to create partnerships and pilot projects in the post-revolution context that complement ongoing projects under different EU external instruments while also exploring new areas of intervention. This has taken place in a context that has seen deep changes during the year. The Muslim Brotherhood experienced a complete reversal in fortune, and the military has re-emerged as a central power broker in the political scene. This fall from grace of political Islam in Egypt sent ripples through the entire Muslim/Arabic-speaking world. The return to centre stage of the military (and other "pillars of the state") was - and still is - largely supported by a majority of the population, and by many sectors of civil society, including many non-government organizations focusing on Human Rights and Democracy. This makes the need for impartial analysis of legislative processes all the more strategic, both for the EU and for political and civil society stakeholders. The production of fact-based and appropriately targeted analyses will hopefully assist in centring Egypt’s debate on the political transition within a democratic framework, eliciting contributions from institutional, political and civil society actors as well the wider public, thereby also contributing to de-escalating the political crisis. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability (IfS) Programmes in
Ethiopia
 Title of IfS Decision || 1) Support to recovery of essential rural productive capacities as affected by Horn of Africa drought crisis. 2) Support for Ethiopian Government-led efforts for the reception and reintegration of former combatants from the Benshangul-Gumuz People Liberation Movement. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || 1) Recovery. 2) Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 1) 25/11/2011;         2) 26/06/2013. 
 Amount(s) || 1) EUR 13,750,000;     2) EUR 1,561,792. 
 Start Date of Project || 1) 24/04/2012;        2) 01/05/2013. 
 End Date || 1) 20/06/2014;         2) 31/05/2014. 
 Context of Instability (1) The Horn of Africa is particularly exposed to climate change hazards and recurrent drought events. In 2010-11, exceptionally severe drought conditions prevailed in the eastern part of the Horn of Africa, resulting in the worst crisis situation. The impact of the drought has been aggravated by the insecurity situation in Somalia and other parts of the region, which has increased the number of refugees and further constrained the livelihoods of millions of people. In response to the 2011 emergency situation in the Horn of Africa, the EU reacted quickly and provided humanitarian assistance to those affected people in Somalia, Kenya and Ethiopia. The IfS programme was adopted to further provide an effective and timely recovery support to those vulnerable people. (2) The Benishangul-Gumuz Peoples Liberation Movement (BPLM) was established in Sudan in the late 1980s by Benishangul elites in opposition to the centralisation of power in Addis Ababa and the lack of representation that resulted from it. After the enactment of the constitution of 1995, Benishangul-Gumuz people once more felt excluded, leading BPLM to take on armed rebellion against the Ethiopian Government. Since then, negotiations have been taking place to ensure peace in the region. A Joint Peace Agreement was eventually signed between the Government of Ethiopia and the BPLM rebels on 19 August 2012. Through this Agreement, the Government committed to responding to the immediate requirement for the return, reception, reinsertion, reintegration and post-reintegration assistance for the former combatants of BPLM.       Short Description (1)The IfS recovery programme is made of six different projects awarded to the selected NGOs providing an effective and timely support to rural households affected by the 2010/2011 drought in the Southern and Eastern parts of Ethiopia. The projects contribute to enhancing the social and economic stability in the drought affected areas by supporting the recovery of livelihoods of the affected poor farmers and pastoral and agro-pastoral communities (around 600,000 people). The IfS actions are being implemented in 45 Woredas/Districts of Ethiopia. (2) In partnership with the Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) and in close coordination with the Benishangul-Gumuz Regional State Government, the IfS project was designed to improve the readiness and responsiveness of Ethiopia to fulfil its mandate for the implementation of the Joint Peace Agreement. The project contributes to ensuring the timely, safe, orderly and voluntary return from Sudan and re-integration in Ethiopia of approximately 1,800 BPLM former combatants and their dependants, including sympathisers of BPLM who are detained in various prisons in Ethiopia. The implementing partner is the International Organisation for Migration (IOM).   Activities and State of Play (1) The major results achieved so far under the IfS recovery programme are as follows: Improved access to agricultural inputs and services for poor farming households: The programme enhanced the productive capacity of poor farming households mainly through facilitating access to credit with arrangements made for channelling of loan capital by the local micro financing institutions, farmer's cooperatives and Unions. As a result, the productivity of beneficiary farmers increased by almost 100% (e.g. for wheat from 16 to 30qt/ha and maize from 25 to 48 qt/ha). The IfS funded projects are also providing support for around 495 farmers in improved seeds multiplication activities. A total of 4,047 quintals of improved basic and pre-basic seeds were distributed to these farmers for seed multiplication, and 80% of the 84,287 quintals produced were redistributed to the surrounding farmers through the regional state seed enterprises. The promotion of improved seed multiplication at farmer's field level reduced the existing significant gaps in improved seeds supply services. The projects have also provided support for the development of 16 small scale irrigation schemes covering an area of 2,374 hectares. A total of 2,564 farms are benefiting from the production of high value crops. Increased income of poor rural households, enabling them to sustainably secure food for their families: The main target groups under this component are poor women households and landless youths. Around 17,000 households were organised in 884 different economic groups and received the required capital or material inputs and training, including business plan development and entrepreneurship. In addition, a total of 30,236 small ruminants and 6,600 improved poultry were distributed to 13,873 poor households. Overall 32,125 households have benefited from the programme. Moreover, the programme is also targeting pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to enable them to increase their productive, income generating capacity and reduce the vulnerability to various external shocks. The programme has also provided support for increased availability of viable water supply sources through construction or rehabilitation of 49 water points and also for increasing access to higher quality rangeland for grazing, through the rehabilitation of 7,834 hectares. 184 community animal health workers have received training on animal disease detection, prevention and simple treatments to provide outreach animal health services. Capacity building of local authorities and civil groups to deliver sustainable services to farmers and the wider community: The IfS programme is providing integrated capacity building support to improve the performance and effectiveness of the service delivery of local government and community based institutions. The programme is also providing training in areas such as early warning and disaster risk reduction to promote peace building and sustainable development. A total of about 40,000 people have received training on various fields, including 857 local government officials/experts.   (2) The IfS reintegration action comprises two phases. The first phase includes assistance to the FDRE during the rehabilitation training for initial reinsertion and to address immediate needs. The second phase comprises support to the return and reintegration of the former combatants based on need-assessment findings. As part of the first phase, a 45-day training session for reinsertion was provided to former combatants at the transitional centre in Bambasi. Systematic health assessment was carried out upon arrival at the transit centre. Special attention was given to women and children. As part of the second reintegration phase of the project, the registration and profiling of over 360 former combatants was carried out through IOM’s Information Counselling and Referral Services (ICRS) tool to identify individual needs and qualifications. Findings from the assessment indicated that mining and agricultural sectors are the most viable for reintegration of former combatants. On this basis, a reintegration strategy was elaborated by IOM that also includes reintegration livelihood packages. Among others, cash grants, assistance with starting income-generating activities and job placement in the civil service are proposed to the former BPLM combatants. The project implementation depends on the cooperation between the Regional State Government and the target group of the project.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response (1) In line with the EU communication on resilience building and the DEVCO and ECHO – SHARE strategic frameworks, a resilience building strategy which aims to tackle structural vulnerability to recurrent crisis has been developed for Ethiopia. The EU Delegation and the ECHO Office in Ethiopia are working very closely to obtain maximum integration and complementarities in their respective resilience initiatives. The IfS programme is also providing support for the advancement of the existing coordination mechanisms and the organisation of an Experience Sharing and Dialogue forum for all stakeholders in the area of food security/resilience building. (2) Peaceful resolution of conflict in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa is crucial to the EU strategy in the region and the effectiveness of its development cooperation. If successful, the IfS project could be used as a model for reinsertion and reintegration for future settlement with other Ethiopian insurgent groups. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
El
Salvador
 Title of IfS Decision || Project to support violence reduction in El Salvador. [3] || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Conflict prevention, peace building and mediation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 01/06/2012 
 Amount || Contracted EUR 300,000; Paid EUR 180,246. 
 Start Date of Project || 30/04/2013. 
 End Date || 29/10/2014. 
 Context of Instability The presence of gangs in El Salvador has grown exponentially over the last two decades, capturing a large part of urban youth with limited economic and social opportunities. On 10th March 2012, the two main gangs (called Maras) in El Salvador (Mara 13 or Salvatrucha and Barrio 18) reached a truce, suspending the assassinations which were to a large extent linked to inter–gang rivalry. Since then, the number of assassinations in El Salvador has decreased from an average of 14 per day to a current average of 5 per day. These pre–truce statistics had made El Salvador one of the countries with the highest homicide rates in the world. As a result, 2012 registered approximately 40% less homicides than the previous year. Smaller decreases have been registered in other crimes like racketeering and robberies (around 18% according to the National Police). Attacks against women and children as well as against police and military personnel have significantly diminished, according to governmental sources. The dialogue process with the gangs is facilitated by two mediators, a member of the Catholic Church and a representative of civil society. These two facilitators collect requests from the imprisoned gang leaders and relay them to the Government, which considers whether they can be granted within the scope of the existing legislation. Although unorthodox, this process has led to certain improvements in prison conditions that generally fall short of acceptable standards in terms of overcrowding (above 300%), health conditions and infrastructure. Conflicts in prisons have also been reduced. All this illustrates the extent to which the imprisoned gang leaders maintain control over their members outside.   Short Description Despite the encouraging numbers and the initial progress in the mediation process, it was clear from the beginning that the facilitators were operating in precarious conditions, without any logistical or technical support. Furthermore, to resolve the nature of the gang phenomena, a more structural approach will have to be implemented. In order to contribute to these elements, IfS support is being given to strengthen the dialogue process at national and local level, involving all sectors of society. The second aim of the project is to structurally involve the private sector through the so called Humanitarian Foundation. Interpeace is the implementing partner who provides both logistical and technical support to the facilitators and to the Humanitarian Foundation. Spaces for violence prevention, dialogue and social peace must be expanded and strengthened in El Salvador. The dialogue in favour of a culture of peace must be extended to all sectors and territories; the various efforts made in the areas of violence prevention, social integration of youth at risk and rehabilitation of prisoners must achieve greater synergies and coordination; immediate efforts to keep running dialogue with gangs must be sustained; and clear leadership in all these processes must be assumed. To achieve these objectives the project supports the Humanitarian Foundation, set up by the truce facilitators to give sustainability to the dialogue process with the gangs.   Activities and State of Play Throughout 2013 the project focussed on three aspects: (1) setting up the Humanitarian Foundation as a legal entity and supporting the wide range of meetings and activities; (2) providing expertise, knowledge and logistical support to the truce mediation dynamics at national level; (3) strengthening local capacities in the 11 self-declared violence free municipalities. The latter became more prominent with the national agenda being slowed down due to the campaigning for the 2014 presidential elections. These circumstances made it difficult to advance at national level and priority was given to reach the local level. A seminar to debate best practices in the fight against gang violence and the strengthening of the truce process was organised by the project and the Organization of American States (OAS) to bring together majors from the municipalities at the forefront of the truce process, some gang members, business leaders, civil society, government officials from Honduras and Guatemala, and mediation specialists from the USA involved in peace processes in neighbourhoods affected by gang violence. As a result of the best practices workshop, the Salvadorian majors issued a common statement and started a platform to coordinate conflict prevention initiatives.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response This IfS action falls well within the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy lines of action on conflict prevention, peace building and mediation, working in particular on strengthening the national capacities for mediation and dialogue. In January 2013, the Council of the European Union endorsed a report by the EU Ambassadors in El Salvador with a number of recommendations to strengthen the already existing violence prevention initiatives by the EU and its Member States – mainly work with youth and on social cohesion. Amongst the endorsed recommendations was supporting the Humanitarian Foundation in its efforts to widen the involvement of the Salvadorian society in the process of reduction of violence in the country. It furthermore connects directly with the development cooperation portfolio the EU has been implementing over the last years, with a strong focus on youth.   Amongst other international actors, the OAS has been at the forefront of the support to the truce process. In mid-July 2013, OAS' Secretary General, José Miguel Insulza, visited El Salvador, met with gang leaders in prison, and publicly declared the OAS as a guarantor of the truce process. Since then, the OAS representative for the truce process has visited El Salvador several times and an OAS supervisor participates regularly in truce dialogue meetings. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Fiji
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to the constitutional process.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Return to democracy, rule of law. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 06/12/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 565,649; Paid EUR 247,405.99. (2) Contracted EUR 564,085.46; Paid EUR 150,000. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/11/2012. (2) 01/08/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 31/10/2013. (2) 30/04/2014. 
 Context of Instability Since its independence in 1970, Fiji has recorded four coups d'état: two in 1987, one in 2000 and the latest on 5 December 2006. The roots of the instability lie in ethnic conflict and related issues. The elections in 2009 (in preparation of which the EU provided technical assistance through the Instrument for Stability) were cancelled after the abrogation of the Constitution by Fiji's President. From then till January 2012, the country has been governed by Decrees, some of them severely restricting basic human rights. On 9 March 2012 Fiji's interim Prime Minister Commodore Bainimarama announced the timeline for the preparation of a new Constitution (the fourth since independence) and subsequent parliamentary elections scheduled for no later than September 2014.   Short Description The IfS action assists Fiji in returning to democratic government by contributing to the implementation of the constitutional review process. The project includes two components: (1) Support to the elaboration of a draft constitution by providing financial assistance to the Constitution Commission to finalise its process of consultation, review, drafting and presentation of the draft; and (2) Support to civil society organisations active in awareness-raising on constitutional matters, with a view to stimulate debate on the new Constitution and to promote engagement of informed citizens, in particular women and youth.   Activities and State of Play The first phase of the IfS assistance effectively supported the work of the Constitution Commission through a grant contract with the UK-based NGO Conciliation Resources, which has been contracted by the Constitution Commission to assist it in its work – the Constitutional Commission being a temporary new entity tasked to carry out an extensive public consultation and to draft a new constitution on that basis. The Constitution Commission was composed of two international and three local experts, chaired by the renowned Kenyan Professor Yash Ghai. They carried out widespread public consultations across the country, receiving more than 7,000 submissions, and submitted the draft Constitution to the President on 21 December 2012. IfS funding supported the functioning of the Constitution Commission by paying for operational costs and salaries of staff employed by the Secretariat, including the Executive Secretary, finance, communications, analytical and administrative staff. The project also covered technical assistance supporting the Secretariat in implementing peer reviews, financial management, donor reporting, studies and research. Furthermore, the IfS also funded three international experts working in the Secretariat of the Constitution Commission, including their fees. IfS funds covered the printing of 600 copies of the draft constitution, the closure of the Constitutional Commission office as well as the archiving upon completion of the Commission's work. In the course of the process the Government of Fiji made several major changes to its initial plan. Instead of establishing a Constituent Assembly, which was to deliberate on the draft by the Constitutional Commission, it prepared a new draft Constitution and submitted it to a public consultation. After extensive discussions with other main donors in the country, the IfS funding for the second component initially earmarked for the Constituent Assembly was redirected to support the same constitutional review process through a different mechanism. This part of the IfS support is channelled through the civil society at large so as to stimulate its engagement with constitutional debates and for enabling it to exercise a vital scrutiny role of the public consultation process launched by the government. A second grant has therefore been signed in 2013 with the current NGO implementer, Conciliation Resources, to promote open society debates and dialogues on constitutional issues. The key activities during 2013 focused mostly on planning and preparing seminars, training and terms of reference for constitutional monitoring activities. The activities carried out in 2013 also included the organisation of peace building training and a forum of young women leaders to discuss the meaningful participation of women in the transition to democracy process. The majority of the activities under this second component are to be carried out during 2014.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The project forms part of a comprehensive EU assistance strategy to Fiji's democratisation process. This also includes support to civic education, assistance to the election and to the forthcoming Parliament funded by the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) and the 10th European Development Fund (EDF) reserve. The action is also complementary to the long-standing support from the EIDHR's country-based support scheme to civil society organisations working in the field of human rights and the rule of law. The IfS action provides part of the international support to the return to democracy in Fiji, alongside other donors such as Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the United States and the United Kingdom. The IfS action also corresponds to the objectives set out in Council Decision 2012/523/EU under Article 96 of the Cotonou Partnership Agreement aiming at assisting Fiji's return to the respect for human rights, democratic principles and the rule of law. 
Instrument for Stability (IfS) Programmes
in
Georgia
 Title of IfS Decision || Support for stabilisation in conflict affected areas. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post-conflict assistance, confidence building measures, technical assistance, elections, gender equality, civil society support. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 22/06/2012. 
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 8,575,000.00; Paid: EUR 6.000.000. 
 Start Date of Project || 02/06/2012. 
 End Date || 13/05/2015. 
 Context of Instability Since the break-up of the Soviet Union, two unresolved conflicts over the territories of South Ossetia and Abkhazia have undermined stability in Georgia. Both territories seek independence from Georgia, while the EU and the vast majority of the international community firmly support the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Georgia.  A period of growing tensions escalated in August 2008, when a conflict broke out involving Georgia, Russia and armed forces from South Ossetia and Abkhazia.  Russia recognised the two breakaway entities. Mediated by the EU, the parties reached a six-point ceasefire agreement on 12 August 2008 and negotiated the so-called Implementing Measures. An EU Monitoring Mission (EUMM) was established in September 2008 to monitor the parties’ actions and compliance with the six-point agreement, and is still ongoing. The agreement  also established  the Geneva International Discussions chaired by the EU, UN, and OSCE and with participants from Georgia, the Russian Federation, the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia as well as the United States. There have been 26 rounds of discussions as at the end of 2013. The overall situation along the Administrative Boundary Lines (ABL) during 2013 was relatively calm but incidents and detentions for "illegal crossings" continued to occur and the situation remains volatile. Throughout 2013 the installation of fences and physical barriers along the ABL intensified and thus further hindered freedom of movement. Short Description This IfS-funded programme supports the peaceful settlement of conflicts in Georgia and the prevention of further violent confrontations by promoting people-to-people contacts that facilitate peaceful interactions among communities from both sides of the divide. Activities and State of Play The programme comprises several interventions: (i) Confidence Building Early Response Mechanism (COBERM-II); (ii) Dialogue-Coordination Mechanism; (iii) Professional media for elections; (iv) Innovative Action for Gender Equality in Georgia (IAGE); and (v) Support to confidence-building through rehabilitation of water-related infrastructure. The programme is also promoting initiatives facilitating the mediation among the parties in conflict, as suggested by the Geneva International Discussions. COBERM provides a much-needed opportunity to connect people from within and across the conflict divides, restoring confidence and dialogue between divided communities while addressing real needs, such as livelihoods and capacity building on a community level. For over 4 years COBERM has been able to continue and even intensify its activities despite the volatile political environment and reluctances. COBERM has been articulated in two phases: the first lasted 2 years (2010-2012) and supported over 60 projects. Today COBERM continues to generate a very high level of interest and attention on the ground - in its second phase civil society has put forward more than 400 project ideas to the first three calls for proposals. 55 projects have been contracted to date. The projects cover all those areas that may help building confidence among communities: youth and education, promotion of civic activism and tolerance, people diplomacy, provision of healthcare for Abkhaz and Ossetian patients in Georgia proper, enhancing the role of women in peacebuilding and promoting peace journalism. In addition the programme is providing for free, training and capacity building to local NGOs. The project component on strengthening media monitoring of elections, improving professionalism of the Public Broadcaster and enhancing the legislative framework for media has been extended to allow media monitoring for the next municipal elections, to be conducted 15 June 2014. The IAGE project is assessing the situation and needs of 4 categories of women: ethnic minorities, imprisoned women, women residing in isolated mountainous settings and single, elderly and disabled women among IDP and conflict affected communities. IAGE is also establishing partnerships with authorities and governmental structures in order to promote gender mainstreaming in policy-making. The safety of the Zonkari dam has been reinforced and water infrastructure in Znauri and Nikosi has been repaired or provided: as a result of it several hundred households living in areas adjacent to the Administrative Boundary Line have gained access to potable and irrigation water. The component on ancillary support to mediation activities (in the context of the Geneva International Discussions and/or other ad hoc and horizontal negotiation/peace-building actions) facilitated high level EU-Georgia dialogue in summer 2013, the provision of legal expertise to the State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civil Equality, and will also allow for the creation of a public forum for free and open discussions and the rehabilitation of small scale social infrastructure for mixed communities in Abkhazia. In addition to the above-mentioned initiatives the EU, through the IfS, has decided to provide a timely and ad-hoc response to the increased borderisation process: almost 1200 Georgian families receive assistance to live through the 2013/2014 winter, 200 households will have safe access to potable water and 40 children will benefit from kindergarten services. These actions palliate the impact that the installation of fences and physical barriers has over the population living in the affected areas and help prevent new waves of displacement, all in all contributing to the long term stability of Georgia. Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS has proved to be effective and appreciated by the conflict affected population. In many cases, it made the difference in peoples’ daily life. In Georgia, since 2008 the EU focus has progressively moved from strict post-conflict relief (strong focus on provision of shelter to Internally Displaced Persons and returnees) to more long-term, sustainable measures (strengthening of media, confidence building through civil society initiatives, capacity building to the State Ministry for Reconciliation and Civil Equality, empowerment of women as vectors of change). IfS actions in Georgia were developed in cooperation with and complementary to the EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus and the crisis in Georgia and the EUMM. IfS flexibility has been key in allowing the EU play the peace-facilitator role in the area. It paved the way for other stakeholders (local and international NGOs, and other donors) to start/boost their activities in Abkhazia. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Guatemala
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to the peaceful resolution of the long-standing territorial dispute.[4] || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Conflict prevention. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 24/03/2011. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 1,986,518.00; Paid EUR 1,468,105.55.  
 Start Date of Project || (1) 03/12/2012. 
 End Date || (1) 02/06/2014. 
 Context of Instability Guatemala’s territorial dispute with Belize dates back to 1821 when Guatemala gained independence from Spain and Great Britain was occupying what is today Belize. A differendum arose from territorial claims to the areas between the Hondo River (on the boundary with Mexico) and the Sibun River in the area allocated to British Honduras (now Belize) in the 1859 treaty between Great Britain and Guatemala. Though Belize gained independence in 1981, it was recognized by Guatemala only in 1992, which however did not abandon its claims to an extension of its access to the Caribbean Sea. Guatemala continued to press its claim to some 12,700 square kilometres (4,900 square miles) of Belizean soil, which amounts to more than half of the former British colony's territory and represents a logging concession granted to the UK by the Spanish Crown in the 17th century. The General Assembly of the United Nations urged Guatemala and Belize to find a peaceful solution to their territorial differendum in Resolution 35/20 of 1980. After protracted negotiations under the auspices of the Organization of American States (OAS), a first "Agreement on a Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures" (CBM) was signed in Washington in September 2005. This included a buffer zone managed by the OAS and provided for regular rounds of negotiations to reach a settlement. On December 8, 2008, the Foreign Ministers of Belize and Guatemala signed the "Special Agreement between Guatemala and Belize to submit the territorial, insular and maritime claim of Guatemala to the International Court of Justice." On 27 April 2012 Guatemala and Belize confirmed the intention to settle their territorial, insular and maritime dispute before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). A simultaneous referendum was set to be organised on October 6, 2013 to consult the population if they accept that the ICJ will review the case and pronounce a final decision.   Short Description The action funded by the EU through a Contribution Agreement with the OAS, aims to support two elements: (1) facilitating the implementation of the OAS-backed confidence-building measures between Guatemala and Belize so that conflicts do not escalate and tensions decrease; (2) support to the public information campaigns to inform the population on the purpose and possible effect of the referenda, originally scheduled for 6 October, 2013.    Activities and State of Play The project started in early January 2013. The substantial part of the action was supposed to be dedicated to the support of the information campaigns for the simultaneous referenda to be held on 6 October 2013. Due to the political decision by both parties to suspend the holding of the referenda sine die, the EU Delegation, in coordination with relevant EEAS and FPI services, decided to temporarily "freeze" the funds allocated to these campaigns. This decision was duly communicated to the beneficiary organization (OAS) and does not apply to the operating costs of the OAS Office in the Adjacency zone and the implementation of confidence-building measures. Both the EU Delegations to Guatemala and Belize (through Jamaica) as well as EEAS HQ have increased political dialogue after the referenda were called off. Moreover, the issue was addressed by president Barroso in bilateral meetings he had last December in Panama with the president of Guatemala and the PM of Belize. A series of confidence building measures have been agreed in late December 2013 that include the creation of a bi-national commission presided by OAS, the establishment of a road map for dialogue facilitation and the holding of two meetings between the two Ministries of Foreign Affairs.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The EU support through IfS is implemented in the framework of contributions of other members of the so called "Group of Friends". Canada supported the resettlement of the last four remaining Guatemalan families living in the Adjacency Zone administered by Belize with a contribution of CAN$1 million but ceased to support the activities of the OAS/AZ Office; Spain has contributed US$100,000 towards the verification efforts of the OAS/AZ Office and Mexico has contributed US$5,000 to the Belize-Guatemala process. The UK also has indicated to support the information campaigns in both countries with a contribution of ₤37,000 channelled via the OAS. Germany has provided US$50,000 to promote a culture of peace. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Guinea
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to the strengthening of the capacity of the National Police and to its reconciliation with the population in the Republic of Guinea. (2) Support to stabilization and resilience in Guinea's forest region. (3) Support for the urgent destruction of stockpiles of old ammunition in the Republic of Guinea. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || (1) SSR, Rule of law; (2) mediation, dialogue and reconciliation, reintegration of former combatants, socio economic measures in a situation of emerging crisis, civil society and media; (3) SSR, stockpile destruction. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 25/04/2013;  (2) 05/09/2013; (3) 13/12/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 4,800,000 million; Paid EUR 3,111,973.72. (2) Contracted EUR 6,500,000; Paid EUR 1,400,000. (3) Contracted EUR 0; Paid EUR 0. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 23/05/2013; (2) 16/09/2013; (3) 13/12/2013, 
 End Date || (1) 22/11/2014; (2) 15/03/2015; (3) 12/12/2014, 
 Context of Instability (1) Guinea is a fragile country, affected by a long political instability. The lack of financial resources and proper training of its security forces, the absence of civilian control and a dysfunctional judicial system are among the factors that contributed to make these forces the main sources of insecurity. The national police in particular is perceived as inefficient, unprofessional and incapable of providing security to the population and in full respect of human rights and the rule of law. President Condé has made the Security Sector Reform (SSR) his top priority. (2) Located in the south east of the country, the forestière region is an area particularly prone to conflict on ethnic, religious, socio-cultural, economic or political grounds. The pressure on land tenure caused by the migration of internally displaced people, as well as the presence of ex-combatants from the earlier wars in the neighbouring countries (Sierra Leone and Liberia in particular) contribute to instability, along with youth unemployment, geographical isolation, lack of access to information, poor governance, impunity, corruption, and a weak administration. The region has been subject to several periods of severe crises, the most recent being in July 2013, when communal clashes of extreme violence caused more than a hundred deaths and over 16.000 internally displaced persons. (3) Three sites located close to Kindia, Guinea's second largest city, have been identified as containing an estimated 100 tons of old ammunition. In 2013 (and before that in 2008) there have been accidental explosions of old ammunition in Kindia, resulting in the death of two men. Further and potentially large scale accidental explosions can happen at any time, thus presenting an imminent threat to the civilian population living nearby.   Short Description (1) The project aims at: (i) restoring the link between the population and the police in order to improve their security; (ii) improving the police's operational capacity, while at the same time, creating links with other security actors (gendarmerie, justice, civil society, neighbourhood chiefs); (iii) restoring the principles of rule of law, human rights and good governance at the heart of the functioning of the police. In this regard, rapid access to security services through a "neighbourhood police" approach are combined with some key institutional reforms aimed at improving control and accountability of the police. (2) The project aims at (i) promoting efficient land and resource management through support for sustainable conflict resolution mechanisms; (ii) reducing conflict potentials through youth employment via income-generating activities, training and reintegration of ex-combatants; (iii) providing access to neutral and objective information, while reinforcing media capacities and professionalism. (3) Through this project, old and dangerous ammunition stockpiles in Kindia, and obsolete stocks of ammunitions in other storage sites in Guinea, will be identified and destroyed. In parallel and complementary to this action, Guinean minesweepers will be trained.   Activities and State of Play (1) Experts were deployed in June 2013. 240 judicial police officers were trained, rehabilitation plans for three pilot commissariats were finalised and adopted. Outreach and sensitization activities for the population were also carried out. Management training was delivered to commissioners and senior and middle management in the commissariats concerned. Audits on the security situation and survey activities on security perception were also launched in the pilot zones; the presentation of the results is expected early 2014. (2) Contracts were signed for three out of the six projects foreseen to implement the three components: one with France Expertise Internationale (FEI) for the media, and two with Danish Refugee Council (DRC) for mediation and reconciliation, and for training and reintegration of ex-combatants. On the media, simultaneous broadcasting at national level of public and private radios was supported to ensure full coverage of the September legislative elections. Activities under the other components are due to start in the first quarter of 2014. (3) The decision was adopted end of December, contract and activities are due to start in early 2014.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response (1) This project builds on the national authorities' will to effectively address SSR, and is complementary with other projects funded under the 10th EDF. This IfS action responds to urgent needs and constitutes a pilot for measures envisaged over the medium to longer term. In close cooperation with the national authorities and other EU Member States represented in Guinea, project implementation is ensured by CIVIPOL, a consulting agency of the French Ministry of Interior, with the support of COGINTA and the Spanish Cooperation agency (FIIAP). (2) The actions envisaged are complementary to the activities planned by the EU under the 10th EDF. Some of these activities have in fact a geographical focus on the forestière area, but are only going to start on the ground by end 2014. Sustainability of the programme will be ensured under the 11th EDF. Project implementation is ensured in partnership with key international actors with the necessary expertise and resources on the ground including Danish Refugee Council, France Expertise Internationale (FEI), United Nations specialized agencies and the World Bank. (3) This action is part of the overall EU approach to support SSR in Guinea and complements the other activities (more specifically linked to civil protection), thus reinforcing the holistic and pragmatic approach to its global intervention in this field. It is envisaged that the management of this programme be carried out by CIVIPOL through a grant contract. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Guinea-Bissau
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to presidential elections in Guinea-Bissau in 2012. (2) Support to presidential and legislative elections in Guinea-Bissau in 2013/2014. ||  Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Rule of Law/Elections/Security. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 23/02/2012. (2) 29/07/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 950,000. (2) EUR 2,000,000. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 10/02/2012. (2) 22/10/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 09/02/2013. (2) 22/10/2014. 
 Context of Instability Guinea-Bissau is a fragile state, subject to recurring military coups and a persistent influence of military over political matters. Further to the demise of President Sanha in January 2012, anticipated presidential elections were called for in March 2012. The inconclusive results of the first round would have required the holding of a second round, yet on 12 April 2012 a military coup interrupted the electoral process. Since then the country is ruled by a de facto government (not recognized by the EU) expected to lead the country through legislative and presidential elections. After a first postponement, the holding of elections with a view to returning to the constitutional order was initially announced for 24 November 2013. Due to the lack of political will of the transitional authorities, the military and political parties, the elections did not eventually take place as foreseen. Under strong pressure from the international community, notably from the UN, ECOWAS, AU, EU and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, the elections were re-scheduled for 16 March 2014. However, delays in the voter registration process led to another postponement until 13 April 2014. The political and security situation in the country remains very volatile. There is widespread violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms, persistent intimidation by the military, a serious deterioration of the economic and financial situation and worrying illicit trafficking, notably on drugs. The transitional authorities are weak and remain strongly under the control of the military.   Short Description For the 2012 elections, the IfS's contribution focused on supporting the electoral process by enabling the organization of an early presidential poll in an effective, transparent and inclusive way. The overall goal of the IfS's support to the 2014 general elections is to contribute to a successful political transition by enabling the holding of democratic elections in accordance with international standards.   Activities and State of Play Following the coup d'état of 12 April 2012, the EU Delegation suspended its contribution to the 2012 presidential elections. At the closure of the contract, the EU contribution had financed awareness campaigns, the transport of electoral kits, the management of electoral results, as well as the salaries of polling staff. In the aftermath of the 2012 military coup, political negotiations resulted in the designation of a transition government which committed itself on the holding of general elections before the end of 2013 and officially requested external support for this purpose. The EU's response, given the extreme deterioration of the economic, security and human rights situation, was to provide new funding to contribute, together with other donors, to the holding of presidential and legislative elections, in order to facilitate return to constitutional order as soon as possible. Activities targeted by the EU include support to logistics, the supply and transport of electoral equipment and materials, and information and communication campaigns. Meanwhile, the election date has been successively postponed to 16 March and to 13 April 2014 due to delays in the electors' registration process.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The support from the IfS played an essential role, as it enabled a quick and effective response from the EU to fund the respective electoral processes re-confirmed the EU's political commitment to support the consolidation of democracy in Guinea-Bissau. This contribution usefully complemented those of other actors, amongst which ECOWAS, Nigeria, Timor Leste and the United Kingdom. In complement to the IfS contribution, the European Development Fund also supported the electoral process with funding from the 10th EDF for the "PALOP-Timor Leste support to electoral cycles" regional project, as well as technical assistance to the Electoral National Commission, funded through the 10th EDF Technical Cooperation Facility. An EU electoral observation mission will also be deployed to the 2014 elections. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Haiti
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to capacity building of Haitian state institutions (Interim Response Programme). (2) Support to dialogue and improved articulation between the executive, legislative and judicial authorities.[5] || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post Disaster Recovery, Political and inter-institutional Dialogue. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 30/10/2012. (2) 01/06/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 12,000.000; Paid EUR 0. (2) Contracted EUR 1,800,000; Paid EUR 0. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/10/2013; (2) 01/01/2014. 
 End Date || (1) 30/10/2016; (2) 30/06/2015. 
 Context of Instability Haiti's progress towards becoming a more democratic and prosperous country has been historically unsteady. Instability and economic deterioration under a series of military and civilian governments, exacerbated by episodic coup d'états, have characterised the country's recent history. The periods of relative stability have been cut short by external factors such as soaring world prices of food and fuel or by recurring hurricanes.   On 12 January 2010 Haiti was hit by a devastating earthquake that resulted in over 230,000 dead and 300,000 injured people according to government estimates. The earthquake also considerably weakened the capacity of the authorities to administer the country. Four years have passed and the main humanitarian needs have been addressed but the country is still characterised by massive recovery and reconstruction challenges.   A long and contentious electoral process in the second half of 2010 resulted in a functioning government in October 2011 only. Since then, the political situation is characterised by tense relations between the Executive and the opposition-dominated Parliament, delaying the advancement of electoral reform. Local and partial Senate elections due respectively for 2012 and 2013 have not yet taken place. The resulting fragmentation of the political system prevents the setting up and implementation of a substantive and realistic legislative agenda at a time when the country urgently requires far-reaching economic and political reform.     Issues such as poor living standards of a majority of the population, weak governance, planned drawdown of MINUSTAH (the United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti) and vulnerability to natural disasters illustrate Haiti's social, security and political potential instability.     Short Description 1) Support to capacity building of Haitian state institution: this Interim Response Programme aims at completing the actions launched under various IfS post-seismic programmes. It consists of two projects: a EUR 7 M support to the National System for Risks and Disasters Management (mainly to support the decentralised system of the civil protection), and a EUR 5 M support to the local and partial senate electoral process.  2) Support to dialogue and improved articulation between the executive, legislative and judicial authorities: this programme aims at supporting Haitian state institutions and facilitating inter-institutional dialogue with a view to help unlock the political and institutional crisis and contribute to stabilisation efforts. It consists of 3 projects:  1) High level counselling and mediation for Haitian leaders implemented with the 'Club de Madrid' and the Haitian 'Institut Universitaire de Recherche et de Développement'; 2) Support to the Parliament to improve both dialogue between the political parties and the management of the legislative agenda. This component will be implemented with the 'Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance' (IDEA); and 3) Strengthening of the technical and administrative capacities of the 'Conseil Supérieur du Pouvoir Judiciaire', implemented by the UNDP.   Activities and State of Play 1) Support to capacity building of Haitian state institution: both projects started in late 2013 and only a few activities of the support to the National System for Risks and Disasters Management have begun yet. The main activities of the electoral system support depend on the launching of the process.  2) Support to dialogue and improved articulation between the executive, legislative and judicial authorities: the 3 projects were contracted late 2013 and activities are scheduled to start early 2014.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response   IfS Interventions in Haiti are in line with EU strategy. They complement EU-funded humanitarian response and disaster risk reduction interventions and interventions under the European Development Fund (EDF) and Member States’ interventions. Since 2006, Haiti has been identified as a fragile-state and the Instrument for Stability has complemented development cooperation actions (under EDF and other instruments) by responding to political crises. Since the January 2010 earthquake the IfS has also supported non-humanitarian aspects of the reconstruction effort. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Jordan
 Title of IfS Decision || Second regional support programme for those affected by the crisis in Syria. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Regional Stabilisation and conflict prevention. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 08/11/2013. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 20,000,000; Paid EUR 0. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/07/2013; (2) 01/08/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 30/06/2015; (2) 31/07/2015. 
 Context of Instability The humanitarian situation in Syria continues to deteriorate as violence intensifies and fighting continues throughout the country. According to the UN, the number of Syrians in need of humanitarian assistance has risen dramatically to 9.3 million people. Similarly, the UN estimates that the number of internally displaced persons (IDP) is now more than 6.5 million. There are now over 2.3 million refugees in Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Egypt and North Africa. In Jordan, over 576,000 refugees have been registered or are awaiting registration as of last update on 31 December 2013, of which around 130,000 are registered in camps, and around 446,000 refugees are dispersed in host communities throughout Jordan.   Short Description The growth of refugee camps in Jordan was rapid and created an urgent need for a more systematic presence of the Jordanian authorities to help prevent security incidents in and around the refugee camps. The Government of Jordan has appointed the Syrian Refugee Camp Directorate (SRCD) as the body responsible for camp management and security. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) entered into a partnership agreement with SRCD and provides support to the police, gendarmerie and civil defence personnel working in the refugee camps, also by providing adequate infrastructure for that purpose. This project is supported through the IfS with a financial envelope of EUR 12 million, building on the achievements of an earlier intervention of EUR 2.9 million. Before getting to the camps or their final destination in a Jordanian community, many refugees are facing a long ordeal, arriving exhausted, ill and/or traumatised. The Jordanian border guards have deployed significant own resources to ensure that refugees receive initial assistance and safe passage to onward destinations. IOM and the Jordanian authorities, with support from the IfS  (EUR 8 million), are providing vital reception and transport services benefitting vulnerable Syrian refugees fleeing the armed conflict in their country and crossing into Jordan. IOM also provides training to competent Jordanian border officials to increase their reception capacities in line with humanitarian standards.   Activities and State of Play The contracts with IOM and UNHCR have been signed at the end of December 2013. Up until recently, the number of daily arrivals was in the thousands and thus all efforts were concentrated on catering to immediate humanitarian needs. With up to 120,000 refugees now living in the biggest camp, Zataari, an administrative structure to ensure their peaceful co-existence is being put in place. To this end, the project, managed by UNHCR, will support the implementation of the recently elaborated governance plan for Zataari camp which foresees a restructuring of the camp into twelve administrative units or neighbourhoods each of which will have a dedicated team located in the area bringing together government officials, representatives of humanitarian organisations as well as refugee representatives. Support will include the provision of technical assistance, office space, equipment, salaries and transport facilities. The programming is done in close cooperation with other donors active in the sector. UNHCR has helped elaborate the above-mentioned governance plan with previous IfS funding and is now assisting the Jordanian authorities in its implementation (see also the country fiche for Syria). The second objective is to ensure that the arrival and onward transport of refugees arriving at the Syrian/Jordanian border continues to take place in a dignified way. So far, for lack of alternatives, military vehicles were being used but, apart from the insufficient number of adequate vehicles, many refugees are also not comfortable entering a military vehicle due to their recent, often traumatic experiences with armed forces in Syria. While the Jordanian Border Guards will continue to run this essential service (no civilian authority can access some of the border locations where refugees arrive) provisions will be strengthened so that new arrivals from Syria are reassured about their own safety and security. The arrival process will be closely monitored by the implementing partner, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM), who will also remain responsible for the equipment.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The EU recognizes Jordan's vital role in providing support to the Syrian refugees who now consist 10% of the Kingdom's population and remains committed to assisting the Jordanian Government in its response to the refugee crisis. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Kenya
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to increasing security at the Kenya Dadaab Complex for Somali Refugees. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Security system management and election assistance. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 05/04/2013. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 2,095,71; Paid EUR 1,665,000. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/02/2013. 
 End Date || 31/07/2014. 
 Context of Instability The Dadaab Refugee Complex in north-east Kenya is the world's biggest refugee presence with about 450,000 refugees, making it the third-largest population centre in Kenya after Nairobi and Mombasa. North-east Kenya has a long history of security concerns due to the presence of armed bandits and Islamist militias such as al-Shabab, as well as periodic outbreaks of clan feuding. Following the Kenyan military intervention into Somalia and the take-over in October 2012 of the port of Kismayo from the al-Shabab, the terrorist attacks and other security incidents have multiplied, significantly worsening the security situation in north-east Kenya in general and in Dadaab Complex in particular. Dadaab Complex represents an easy target because of its density and the presence of a sizable number of international personnel. The reportedly high level of infiltration by al-Shabab elements following the war in South Somalia increases the risk of violent incidents. The deteriorating security situation in Dadaab therefore had to be addressed urgently, as it continuously poses a threat to law and order, the protection of human rights and the security and safety of individuals.   Short Description With the overall objective of improving security at the Refugee Complex, the IfS action is engaged in: providing accommodation to an enlarged presence of police officers; improving existing utilities and general infrastructure: ensuring specialised training in international refugee law; enhancing security expertise and management of the complex; conducting community policing activities with key stakeholders; and in advocating with the Government of Kenya the appropriate management of the Complex. The project is implemented by the UNHCR in the framework of its wider Security Partnership Project (SPP) with the Government of Kenya.   Activities and State of Play The IfS action in Dadaab already led to a marked improvement in the security situation with a sharp decrease of security incidents in Dadaab. This was achieved through: - The construction of 96 accommodation units for police officers and improvement of utilities and general infrastructure, including fencing, lighting, latrines and bathrooms, gate and sentry sheds; - Training for 109 police officers on international refugee law, Kenya Refugees Act, international refugee protection, child protection and sexual and gender-based violence; - Enhancement of security expertise and management of the SPP through the hiring of a series of highly specialised experts who provided technical oversight of all construction activities, established an effective fuel control system, improved fleet management and expanded the community policing activities to all refugee camps in Dadaab; - Community policing with key stakeholders through the establishment of a network of committees made of representatives from the refugee community, host community and police forces that meet monthly and discuss community problems and suggest solutions. In addition, at a higher level, a District Steering Committee was established, tasked with coordinating the camp level committees; - Advocacy with the Government of Kenya and other stakeholders to review the SPP achievements and agree on key priorities to be tackled during the months to come. Overall, the IfS action led to a marked improvement in the security situation in Dadaab; during 2013 security incidents in Dadaab remarkably decreased. However, insecurity and constrained access continue to be a major challenge in Dadaab. Camp visits by humanitarian workers are under escort from security personnel as the threats of kidnapping, improvised explosive device (IED) attacks, crime and terrorism persist.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS project in Dadaab complements the activities under the EDF Regional Protection Programme (RPP phase II) in the Horn of Africa, also implemented by UNHCR. The project also complements ECHO activities in Dadaab supporting basic life-saving and emergencies related to shelter, health, nutrition, water, sanitation and hygiene and community-based protection mainstreaming. Finally, the IfS action is complementary to the EDF Support to Education for Refugees in Dadaab (SERD) project. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Kyrgyz
Republic
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Regional conflict prevention programme in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia: Support to early warning, conflict prevention and stabilisation and Fergana Valley Border Delimitation.   (2) Support to the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic.[6]   (3) Support to the OSCE Community Security Initiative. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Conflict mitigation, human rights, political stability, peace-building, police security provision. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 23/09/2011; (2) 01/06/2012; (3) 19/07/2013. 
 Amount(s) for ongoing projects || (1)   Contracted EUR 6,368,172.02; Paid EUR 5,068,292.14 (without project on Fergana Valley border delimitation) (2)   EUR 1,700,000; Paid EUR 0. (3)   To be contracted. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/11/2011; (2) 01/11/2013; (3) to be contracted. 
 End Date || (1) 26/06/2014; (2) 14/05/2015; (3) planned: 31/12/2015 
 Context of Instability Since the April 2010 revolution and June 2010 violent inter-ethnic clashes in the south of the country, the Kyrgyz Republic has made significant progress towards stabilisation. A new constitution that gives more powers to the Parliament was adopted through a referendum in June 2010. Parliamentary and presidential elections have been conducted and the government has been formed according to the new constitution. On the other hand, all three institutions (Parliament, Government and the President) have continued efforts to try and extend their respective ranges of power, leading to inter-institutional tensions. Regarding inter-ethnic relations, progress was made at the national policy level. In April 2013, the President signed a decree by which the "Concept of strengthening the unity of the people and inter-ethnic relations" was adopted and the State Agency for Local Self-Government and Inter-ethnic Relations was created by a Government decree. However, it needs to be seen how these new policies are implemented. Trust between the various ethnic communities is not high and the reconciliation / restoration process is still to be fully implemented. For example, minorities are still heavily under-represented in elected bodies, law enforcement agencies, public administration and the judiciary. The non-demarcation of long stretches of the borders in the Fergana valley represents a continued problem. The number of incidents and the level of intensity have increased throughout 2013.   Short Description While the IfS programmes, urgently set up as immediate EU support following the crises in 2010, are completed, several projects assisting authorities in pursuing the human rights agenda, the justice system reform and addressing underlying causes for conflict are ongoing. In 2013 two new projects were elaborated to support further political stabilisation in the Kyrgyz Republic. In July 2013, after more than three years of absence of constitutional justice, the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court started to function. Given the case load and the type of the cases already submitted, the judges in the Chamber will have to apply high professional standards and preserve full independence in order to attain general acceptance of their decisions and build trust among the general public.   Activities and State of Play (1) Regional conflict prevention programme in Kyrgyzstan and Central Asia: Support to early warning, conflict prevention and stabilisation: The project "Conflict mitigation and Peace Building in Kyrgyzstan", operating in Osh, Jalal-Abad and Batken regions, was implemented by a consortium of 16 NGOs with Danish Church Aid as the lead agency and aimed at strengthening community capacity for conflict prevention, mitigation and resolution and promoting shared interests and economic and social development. Following a bottom-up approach, the actions implemented were identified by community members them­selves. . Coming to an end in April 2013, the last months of the project were primarily used for sustaining the achievements of the project, for example through training of community groups in how to put together an action plan, training business associations in business plan development and bringing together lessons learned under the project into a mediation handbook. Another project "Human Rights protection for stability in Central Asia", implemented by OHCHR, has for example assisted the Kyrgyz Government in establishing an interagency body the "Human Rights Coordination Council under the Government of the Kyrgyz Republic" (coordinating reporting to the UN on human rights obligations and follow-up on recommendations from the UN human rights mechanisms). In the context of the revision of the Criminal Code and the Criminal Procedural Code, the project has also provided extensive advice/input to the drafting process so as to ensure that the new Codes are in line with international human rights standards and it has suggested input to the Office of the President when drafting policy papers relevant to the protection of minority rights. In addition, findings from studies/research on different aspects of minority rights in three countries in the region (Kyrgyzstan/Tajikistan/Kazakhstan) were presented at a regional event in October 2013. A third component, "Fergana Valley Border Delimitation" was implemented by the EU Joint Research Centre. Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Uzbekistan opted out) took part in this effort supporting the State border demarcation process in the Fergana Valley through delivery of satellite imagery, satellite data, equipment and training. (2) Support to the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court of the Kyrgyz Republic: This programme, adopted in October 2013, works both with the Venice Commission of the Council of Europe and the UNDP to enhance the efficiency and independence of the Constitutional Chamber through institution and individual capacity building and assist the Constitutional Chamber with establishing communication channels with the general public. (3) Support to the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Community Security Initiative (CSI): The EU plans to continue its funding of the OSCE Community Security Initiative, supporting the Kyrgyzstan police in addressing the security situation that arose from the June 2010 events and contribute to the professionalism of the Kyrgyzstan police in providing human security for all members and communities of the Kyrgyzstan population, irrespective of ethnicity.     Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The actions funded by the IfS are fully in line with the EU Strategy for Central Asia. They have synergies with on-going projects funded from the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights, and with long-term Programmes funded under the Development Cooperation Instrument. The IfS action in support to the Constitutional Chamber provides urgently needed assistance to get the Chamber up and running. Sustainability will be ensured through the EU's development funded wider Rule of Law Programme. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Lebanon
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Prevent the outbreak of a new conflict in the camps in Lebanon (UNRWA). (2) Support Civil peace and Reconciliation in Lebanon. (3) Continued EU support to the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL). || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post-conflict Recovery, Support to Displaced Populations, Political stabilisation, Peace-building & Reconciliation, International Justice and Rule of Law. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 07/08/2011; (2) 17/06/2010; (3) 26/10/2012. 
 Total Amount(s) || (1) EUR 12,000,000.00; Paid EUR 11,532,012.48. (2.1) EUR 1,000,000.00; Paid EUR 937,770.00. (2.2) EUR 499,360.97; Paid EUR 449,424.87. (3) EUR 14,990,699.00; Paid EUR 10,397,725. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/07/2011. (2.1) 15/07/2011; (2.2) 16/09/2011. (3) 01/08/2012. 
 End Date || (1) 28/02/2014. (2.1) 14/07/2013; (2.2) 15/09/2013.  (3) 28/02/2015. 
 Context of Instability Lebanon's fragility results both from its own long-standing internal tensions and the more recent crisis in neighbouring Syria. The Mikati government resigned in March 2013 and no agreement was reached on a new Cabinet until the end of 2013. Key reforms that could have addressed pressing problems of inequality, extreme poverty, marked sub-regional disparities and youth unemployment were stalled. The security situation has deteriorated steadily in the past two years, and markedly so in the last five months of 2013. With the Syrian conflict, tensions between supporters and opponents of the Syrian regime also escalated in Lebanon. In 2013 they reached Beirut and the country has witnessed a return to both indiscriminate and targeted terrorist attacks. This contributes to a further polarisation of politics and society, deepening the divide along confessional lines. The spill-over from the conflict in Syria remains at present the most pervasive danger. To date, it is estimated that more than 1,000,000 Syrians are seeking refuge in Lebanon. Events in Syria will undoubtedly have an impact on Lebanon for years to come in terms of security and stability as well as political, economic and social development. It also undermines Lebanon's capacity to address previously existing issues, such as the situation of Palestine refugees in Lebanon which could also re-emerge as a source of instability, given the unresolved issues in terms of their legal rights and living conditions. The arrival of an increasing number of Palestine refugees from Syria (approximately 50,000 to date) places an additional strain on existing structures and relations with host communities.   Short Description and Objectives In response to the consecutive crises Lebanon has experienced, twenty-four actions have been funded in Lebanon since 2007 via the IfS. Three new decisions were taken in 2013 for a total of EUR 37,000,000 euro. Although they were contracted by the end of the year, their implementation will effectively start in 2014 and they are therefore not included in this annual report. Regional programmes in response to the Syrian crisis are reported in the Syria fiche. 1) "Prevent the outbreak of a new conflict in Palestine refugee camps in Lebanon" (UNRWA). This project aims at defusing growing tensions and discontent in the Palestinian refugee camps through the provision of adequate shelter to the most vulnerable refugee families living in Lebanon, including those displaced from the Nahr el-Bared Camp (NBC). Accommodation infrastructure was identified as the main source of frustration of Palestine refugees living in the camps, and for NBC-displaced families in particular. 2.1) "Supporting Civil Peace and Reconciliation in Lebanon" (UNDP). The overall objective of this EU-UNDP joint initiative was to reduce the risks of conflict relapse and consolidate domestic peace in Lebanon, by strengthening existing dialogue capacities and efforts aimed at defusing and transforming conflicts and building trust at both the local and national level, and at reducing sectarian and communal divides that represent permanent triggers for internal conflicts. 2.2) "Addressing the Legacy of Conflict in a Divided Society" (ICTJ). The overall objective of this project is to reduce the risks of recurrence of violence by addressing the legacy of Lebanon’s recent history. The action is expected to better equip decision makers and civil society (academia, human rights defenders, the media) with adequate information and tools to understand the scope of violations that have taken place in Lebanon since 1975, of the way they impact upon conflict risks today, and of society's expectations in dealing with them. This will be the basis for a policy-oriented discussion on ways to address the past in a way that is meaningful to a sustainable reconciliation process. 3) "Continued EU support to the Special Tribunal for Lebanon" (STL). The overall objective of the programme is to promote rule of law and the fight against impunity, and contribute to reconciliation, peace and stability in Lebanon by ensuring that the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) is able to continue its work uninterruptedly. For this purpose, the action supports the staffing costs of the core budget of the STL as well as outreach activities to allow the Tribunal to communicate its work to the public in Lebanon and elsewhere.   Activities and State of Play 1) "Prevent the outbreak of a new conflict in Palestine refugee camps in Lebanon" (UNRWA). As at December 2013, up to 3,629 families (approximately 16,317 individuals) displaced from NBC have received the means to secure temporary accommodation as they await the reconstruction of their homes in NBC. The provision of rental subsidies through consecutive cash distributions has been essential to alleviating the economic hardship of those most affected by the Nahr el-Bared crisis and has helped the NBC displaced families to meet their basic housing needs. The IfS contribution made it possible to provide six cycles of distribution of rental subsidies. With reference to the shelter rehabilitation component, works have been completed in Mar Elias camp in Beirut, Mieh Mieh, El Buss, Rashidiyeh and Burj Shemali. Works are still being finalised in Shatila, Beddawi, Burj el Barajneh and Ein El Hilweh camps. More shelters than initially foreseen are going to be rehabilitated (a total of 717). To date, 631 shelters have been completed, and 86 are nearing completion. The funding of the action has allowed defusing of tensions that were mounting, also against UNRWA, as a result of widespread frustration with cramped living conditions. The situation deteriorated further due to the arrival of both Palestine and Syrian refugees seeking refuge from the conflict in Syria. 2.1) "Supporting Civil Peace and Reconciliation in Lebanon" (UNDP). Local level conflict analysis exercises have been conducted in selected localities and have proved to be a useful basis for conflict mitigation and longer-term conflict-sensitive development work. A platform of national NGOs has been formed and currently defines an agenda for action in the medium-term. Its capacity to undertake effective advocacy work in Lebanon has been built. Work to promote collective memory has started and includes the integration of peace building into formal and non-formal educational channels.  Activities in partnership with UMAM Documentation & Research Centre and with the Ministry of Education have fostered a dialogue on the need for collective memory and peace education in communities and schools throughout the country. Finally, efforts were undertaken to promote conflict-sensitive reporting in both the mainstream and alternative media. 2.2) "Addressing the Legacy of Conflict in a Divided Society" (ICTJ). The project has produced a sample mapping of the violations that occurred since 1975 ("Lebanon's legacy of political violence"), a study on the impact of impunity on Lebanon's internal stability ("Failing to deal with the past: what cost to Lebanon?"), and a perception study on the expectations Lebanese society harbours for dealing with the past. All publications are publicly available and serve to stimulate debate on how to constructively address existing divisions. 3) "Continued EU support to the Special Tribunal for Lebanon" (STL). Trial preparations continued throughout 2013 and proceedings in the Ayyash et al. case started in January 2014. The project maintained its support to the core cost of the STL so as to allow, amongst others, for the required disclosure of documents to the defence of the accused and of victims. Incomplete disclosure had previously incurred delays in the start of the trial. Under the outreach programme an inter-university programme involving eight Lebanese Universities allowed Lebanese students and scholars to familiarise themselves with international law procedures. Strategies for further outreach activities, including through social media, were developed in preparation of the start of the trial in 2014.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response In line with the overall EU and international efforts to pre-empt the escalation of the crisis, in 2013 the IfS support has maintained its focus on interventions in support of Lebanon's stabilization process and resilience to spill-over effects of crisis in neighbouring Syria. Also the new actions approved in 2013 continue to promote dialogue and social cohesion, including both refugees and host-communities. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Libya
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) All inclusive Libyan Dialogue & initial capacity building programme for emerging institutions and civil society. [7]   (2) All Inclusive Dialogue Process on the Future of Libya. (3) Support in the areas of capacity building for crisis response, criminal investigation, Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) clearance and the protection of vulnerable groups. (4) Support to Conflict Mediation in Libya.[8] || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post-conflict recovery/Conflict mediation and prevention/Risks assessment and criminal investigation/Vulnerable groups protection/Battle area clearance 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 24/03/2011  (2) 01/01/2012 (3) 31/08/2012 (4) 29/05/2012 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 1,959,542.76; Paid 1,910,471.16 (2) Contracted EUR 1,700,000; Paid EUR 1,530,000 (3) Contracted EUR 13,323,120; Paid EUR 8,442,839 (4) Contracted EUR 1,699,793.31; Paid EUR 1,111,157.22 
 Start Date of Project || (1) a) 23/06/2011, b) 01/05/2012 (2) 01/01/2012 (3) a) 01/09/2012, b) 01/09/2012, c) 01/07/2012, d) 30/10/2012  (4) 01/07/2013 
 End Date || (1) a) 23/02/2013, b) 01/03/2013 (2) 30/06/2013 (3) a) 31/05/2014, b) 31/08/2014, c) 31/03/2014, d) 29/11/2013 (4) 31/12/2014 
 Context of Instability Contrary to expectations at the time of the Declaration of Liberation (23 October 2011), the overall situation of Libya has not yet stabilized. The political and security vacuum is being exploited by various actors as well as by criminal groups. State institutions and capacities need further strengthening. The context is characterized by power struggles at all levels (local regional and central) for the redistribution of political power and resources. These conflicts are paralyzing governance and are negatively affecting social and economic development with consequences for human security as well as Libya's future financial and political stability. The governance crisis is compounded by a legitimacy crisis. The public is rapidly losing faith and trust in institutions and political parties. Security in Libya remains fragile. State authorities and Government armed forces exercise little control over the actions of some armed factions in Libya, especially in the East of the country, which is fuelling additional discontent.   Short Description In 2013, IfS funded interventions in Libya aimed mainly to contribute to the following objectives: To build up the management and leadership capacities of leaders within the emerging interim institutions and civil society in Libya, through management courses, workshops, training, coaching and technical support; To reduce the probability of future conflicts by supporting an independent Libyan led, locally owned and inclusive dialogue process among relevant stakeholders in Libya; To reinforce Libyan criminal investigation and threat assessment capacities; To develop effective protection systems for at-risk groups including minorities, refugees and other migrants and strengthen the capacity of national authorities and local non-state actors to meet their particular needs; and To create a safe and secure environment, by clearing Explosive Remnants of War (EOD) and Unexploded Ordnances (UXO) thereby reducing security risks for conflict-affected populations. Selected projects were implemented by different Implementing partners (Common Purpose, Humanitarian Dialogue Centre, INTERPOL, Danish Church Aid and Danish Refugee Council, Mines Advisory Group, Mercy Corps).   Activities and State of Play Capacity Building for emerging institutions and civil society - With the EU financial support, Common Purpose implemented a programme aiming to build leadership, particularly among youth and civil society organisations, in Benghazi, Dernah and Al Bayda. At the end of the project, 35 courses and workshops were delivered; 1,433 participants attended the activities, 42% of the beneficiaries were women. Participants replicated the training within their own organisations and gradually in other public contexts, thus helping to increase timely and pertinent decision taking and promoting dialogue. To increase sustainability of the intervention a proposal for a National Leadership Development Programme for the Public Sector was also developed. Conflict mediation and prevention - Conflict Mediation Support was provided through interventions implemented by the Humanitarian Dialogue Centre. The EU support has facilitated increased understanding and cooperation between Libyan stakeholders and decision-makers on several contentious issues, including the drafting of the Constitution. Particularly attention was given to support conflict mediation in Kufra and Sabha (in the south of Libya). Efforts were made to ensure an inclusive and national owned process by promoting the participation of the Prime Minister’s Office, General National Congress representatives, the Office of the Chief of Staff, key Libyan mediators, the Ministry of Social Affairs, as well as proxy representatives of the main conflicting parties. In Sebha, recognised tribal elders have become more supportive of women’s inclusion, and a local Women’s Reconciliation Committee was established. Furthermore a peace agreement was mediated and signed on the 20th of April 2013. However the instability level in Sebha remains very high. Support has been provided to the Libyan Prime Minister’s Office to develop a mediation process to find a long-term sustainable and equitable solution to the conflict between the towns of Misrata and Tawerga, which has resulted in the displacement of the entire population of Tawerga (approximately 40,000 persons) for almost two years.  Criminal investigation and threat assessment - Support to Libyan criminal investigation and threat assessment capacities has been provided through a project implemented by INTERPOL. Up to now a pilot system for document verification at Tripoli airport has been successfully installed and is being assessed by Libyan authorities. A Crime Analysis Unit has been created, training has been delivered, and a Threat Assessment of Transnational Criminal and Terrorist Threats to Libya was finalised. Access to INTERPOL data and specialised police resources for several Ministry of Interior Directorates is currently being put in place and a proposal for the installation of a criminal database at the Central Criminal Investigation Department is under discussion with Libyan counterparts. Battle area clearance - Danish Church Aid in collaboration with the Danish Refugee Council has been contributing to the clearance of mines and unexploded ordnances, capacity building of national authorities in mine clearance, the protection of vulnerable groups, and the prevention and reduction of armed violence. Activities to date include psychosocial support in 28 schools in the Misrata area, mine clearance of 96,800 m² in the Tripoli area, and the organisation of 11 training courses for the Ministries of Interior and Defence. In the southern Sabha area, an agreement was signed to train explosive ordnance disposal searchers and mine risk education was delivered to 2,452 people from migrant communities, fire services and schools. Mines Advisory Group contributed to the clearing of four damaged Ammunition Storage Points, including the removal of 57 missiles, 27x 250kg bombs and 12x 500kg bombs, and more than 2000 projectiles and mortars in the Zintan area. Vulnerable groups protection - Additionally, specific needs of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and other high risk, vulnerable groups were addressed through an intervention implemented by Mercy Corps. The action, targeting IDPs distributed across 64 communities, has established a database of IDPs and conducted a mapping of local NGOs and government stakeholders involved in the delivery of services to IDPs. The project rolled out community engagement activities in IDP camps and established referral mechanisms and case management support so as to service IDPs needs with regards to access to shelter, employment, child protection, education, health, water and sanitation, protection and documentation. Under a separate contract 762 children and 200 adults that were particularly vulnerable were supported through psychosocial activities.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response IfS intervention is coherent with the overall EU response provided in Libya. Particular synergies are realized with the upcoming EUR 5m EU Protection Programme aiming to address the protection needs of vulnerable, marginalised and at-risk groups through improvements in prison conditions and increased access to mental health care and psychosocial rehabilitation in Libya. Furthermore the IfS intervention complements an EU project under the Common Foreign and Security Policy on "Support of physical security and stockpile management activities to reduce the risk of the illicit trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) and their ammunition in Libya and its region" as well as the currently deployed EU border assistance mission EUBAM Libya. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Madagascar
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to transition process with a view to restore constitutional order through transparent, free and credible elections in Madagascar. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Rule of Law 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 10/08/2012 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 2 000 000; Paid EUR 1 810 000 
 Start Date of Project || IFS-RRM/2012/306-067 (EC): 12/11/2012 
 End Date || IFS-RRM/2012/306-067 (EC): 12/11/2013 
 Context of Instability Further to the signature of the Roadmap for ending the political crisis in Madagascar in September 2011, the Transition Government approved the electoral calendar in August 2012. But in February 2013, due to operational issues and irregularities in the appointment of presidential candidates, the elections foreseen for July were postponed. Thanks to the mediation of African Union / Southern African Development Community (SADC) with the support of the main international stakeholders (International Organization of the Francophonie, Indian Ocean Commission and EU), a "Seven Point Plan" was developed, which led to a change of the Special Electoral Commission and the adoption of a new electoral calendar. The first round of presidential elections was held on 25 October 2013, followed by the second round of presidential elections and parliamentary elections on 20 December 2013. Both rounds of elections were deemed peaceful and credible by international electoral observation missions, among which the EU Electoral Observation Mission. Some operational and legal issues were observed but these were not deemed to have an effect on the electoral outcome. The second round of elections (with an official turnout of only 50.8%) saw the two contenders, Mr Hery Rajaonarimapianina and Mr Jean Louis Robinson, directly associated with the two major protagonists of the crisis: Transition President Mr Rajoelina and former President Ravalomanana respectively. On 17 January 2014, the Electoral Commission announced the final results confirming Mr Rajaonarimapianina as the new President-elect.     Short Description The IfS project supported the transition process and the restoration of constitutional order through free and fair elections in Madagascar. The IfS support contributed to strengthening the election administration capacity of the Independent National Electoral Committee of the Transition (CENIT), through a Contribution Agreement with UNDP, and to support voter's and civic education and raise electoral awareness, through two grant contracts with NGOs.   Activities and State of Play Despite experiencing some delays related to unforeseen developments on the political arena in Madagascar, the project successfully achieved its goals of supporting voter registration process and enhancing voters’ education and public awareness on the electoral process. The timeline was changed during the project in line with the modification of the electoral calendar in February and May 2013, but the electoral list was developed according to the election legislation and was finalised on time. Voters' cards were printed and delivered to all the 22 Malagasy regions and the finalisation of the voters' list was achieved between the two rounds of elections. The second component on voter education's activities ended on 19 June 2013. Contractors' activities were implemented as scheduled and in accordance with the project description. The project component targeting public awareness on the electoral process was extended to cover a longer period due to the postponement of the elections, and ended in September 2013. Joint work between the UNDP and CENIT was challenged by methodology differences and difficulties in launching the first phase. The second component also experienced some delays.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS funding enabled the provision of a consistent and timely EU support to the electoral process, in line with the Council Decision of 5 December 2011 and the political statements of HR/VP Catherine Ashton. Moreover, the IfS support formed the basis of other funding through the 10th EDF in support of the electoral process in the country. In fact, IfS support was complemented by a EUR 15 million decision under EDF. The main action was implemented by UNDP through a dedicated multi-donor basket fund for the electoral process implementation. A series of grant contracts also targeted issues such as sensitisation, voter's education, media monitoring, training and domestic observation and training on legal litigation. A few service contracts allowing direct technical assistance to the CENIT's management and communication come in addition to the above. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Mali
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Stabilisation support package in response to the crisis in Mali.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Stabilisation processes, reconciliation process, election support. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 15/02/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 20 million;  Paid EUR 16,287,895. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 22/03/2013; (2) 19/04/2013; (3) 18/04/2013; (4) 17/05/2013; (5) 23/05/2013.   
 End Date || (1) 21/09/2014; (2) 19/03/2014; (3) 05/05/2014; (4) 17/11/2014; (5) 22/11/2014.   
 Context of Instability After almost 20 years of democratic governance, Mali has been facing the worst crisis of its recent history. Following the military coup of 21 March 2012 that overthrew Mali's legitimately elected government, but also caused the collapse of the military chain of command, the north of Mali was taken over by radical Islamist groups. The armed conflict resulted in major movements of population within Mali and towards neighbouring countries. Following a formal request put forward by the interim government, put in place shortly after the military coup in April 2012, the French troops intervened in January 2013 and recaptured the north of the country. Six months later, the interim government signed an interim peace agreement (Accord d'Ouagadougou) with Touareg armed factions that paved the way for an electoral cycle. Presidential elections took place in July, followed by a second round in August. Participation rate was significantly high and Ibrahim Boubacar Keita was elected. Parliamentary elections followed in November and December 2013.   Short Description The overall objective of this IfS intervention is to assist the Malian authorities in their efforts to bring about stabilisation in the post-conflict zones, thus helping re-establish the necessary conditions for recovery and development to take place. Specifically, the five actions implemented under this programme aim to: i) enhance the capacity of the Malian authorities, in particular of the civilian law enforcement and justice services, to restore security/justice and ensure the protection of civilians, while upholding international law and human rights standards; ii) enable the re-establishment  of the presence of the State by providing immediate support to local authorities and population affected by the crisis; iii) promote initiatives of dialogue and reconciliation, as well mitigation of the risk of radicalisation; iv) support the electoral process in Mali; and  v) to provide technical expertise, services and training to the Malian authorities and other relevant players engaged in efforts towards the stabilisation of the country.   Activities and State of Play At the end of 2013 all projects mentioned above were operational and some of them had delivered most of the expected results, as follows: Component 1: 170 vehicles, camels for the meharist units and communication equipment were delivered to various beneficiary institutions (tribunals and internal security forces) to facilitate the restoration of security and justice, especially in the north. Corresponding training sessions were also conducted. Deliveries of security equipment and provision of training were expected to be completed in 2014. Component 2: the programme provides support to territorial and local authorities with the aim to enable the re-establishment of the presence of the State in post-conflict regions of the North of Mali (120 municipalities are targeted in the regions of Timbuktu, Gao, Kidal and part of Ségou and Mopti). The focus is on the resumption of basic administrative and social services. Results achieved as of December 2013 were encouraging, in particular in view of the difficulties the project has faced due to security conditions prevailing in the region of Kidal. By way of example, 7,000 schools desk units had been delivered in 25 schools in the region of Gao and Timbuktu. It is worth noting that this operation mobilises local artisans and local providers, thus contributing to the re-launch of the local economy. Component 3: activities aim to promote community dialogue and reconciliation. At regional level, a NGO, IMRAP (Institut Malien de Recherche d'Action et de Paix), was set up to collect grievances, provide a platform for dialogue and build up a common ground for reconciliation in cooperation with other partners. This allowed for activities to start at end of 2013. In addition, the production studio called Studio Tamani started broadcasting in August 2013 through a network of 24 local partners' radio stations set up by the Fondation Hirondelle. Out of 24 stations, 23 were currently operational at the end of 2013, whereas the relay station of Kidal was not functional due to the security situation. Programmes promoting dialogue, tolerance and freedom of speech were being broadcast 2 hours per day (17h-19h GMT) partly in French and partly in local languages. Programmes can be accessed via following internet site: http://www.studiotamani.org. Component 4: under this component the programme supported the electoral process in Mali, thus facilitating the return of constitutional order via democratic elections. The project provided a contribution to the PAPEM (Programme d'Appui au Processus Electoral) managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and in particular supported a campaign of sensitisation of the population towards active participation in the electoral process. Component 5: this component is a technical assistance facility to support the Malian authorities and relevant partners engaged in the region in their efforts to stabilise Mali, through the provision of technical expertise, services and training in areas such as security, justice, reconciliation, etc.  Only few actions and/or experts had been funded from this facility as at the end of 2013, notably because at national level some relevant decisions and actions were on hold due to the setting up of new Ministries and the reorganization of offices. Greater use of this facility is expected for 2014 in connection with the actual implementation of reforms that were still under preparation.   Role of the IfS  Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS provided an important contribution to the overall stabilisation process in Mali. At the peak of the crisis, IfS assistance was quickly and efficiently delivered in the conflict affected areas, despite the security conditions prevailing at that time rendering access to the northern regions of Mali particularly complex. Providing equipment and logistical facilities to civilian law enforcement and justice services to restore security and justice in post-conflict zones was a pre requisite for other actions to take place. This action will be complemented by another EU programme under the European Development Fund that will operate under a more strategic approach focusing on the Security Sector Reform and complementing actions to be initiated by the MINUSMA (the United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali).  Support to Malian local authorities and communities proved to be fundamental in the stabilisation process in north Mali. Creating the conditions for the re-establishment of the presence of the State throughout the post conflict areas allowed for the gradual resumption of the provision of basic social services. In line with this, Malian authorities allocated 11 billion FCFA (EUR 16.7M) to facilitate the redeployment of civil servants, while UNDP was also planning to implement similar actions in the north of the country.  Due to the absence of a national strategy on Dialogue and Reconciliation, complemented by an action plan, difficulties exist to engage in coordinated and effective actions. Initiatives on Dialogue and Reconciliation were launched by several actors in the field and there is a need to capitalise on these actions. In this regard, IfS support to the reconciliation process will be complemented in 2014 by the EDF through the project ARCOMA (Appui à la Réconciliation et à la Résolution de Conflit au Mali).  
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Islamic
Republic of Mauritania
 Title of IfS Decision || Support for Border Management in Mauritania.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Security Sector Reform. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 14/12/2010.   
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 1,220,000.  Contracted EUR 1,220,000; Paid EUR 708,352.   
 Start Date of Project || 09/03/2011. 
 End Date || 11/03/2013. 
 Context of Instability In recent years, there has been rising insecurity in Mauritania. Its territory has been used by Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) as a theatre of operations and, since 2005, Mauritania has faced terrorist threats, kidnapping, attacks and killings. The last actions of this kind took place in November 2012 with the kidnapping of a French-Portuguese national close to the Malian border with Mauritania and the kidnapping of a Mauritanian border official. Alongside the terrorist threat and context of regional instability, due to its geographical position as well as the immensity of its territory (North, North East) the country is also exposed to illegal activities and traffic from cigarettes, illegal migration/human trafficking of drugs and small weapons. It is not clear if there is collusion between AQIM and these activities, it is presumed that both benefit from each other. In the meantime, the Mauritanian authorities have taken actions to secure the country’s borders, improve the security of identity documents and redeploy the security forces inside the country and alongside its border. These actions have been increased in response to regional unrest, notably in Mali since the beginning of 2012.  A national strategy to fight against terrorism and transnational crime was adopted in April 2012. Following several fact findings missions on the Sahel Development and Security Initiatives, the issue of border management has been highlighted by the Mauritanian authorities as a priority to tackle illegal migration, human and drug trafficking and to ensure minimum security control. Of 47 existing legal entry points to the country, 17 border posts, located mainly in the south of the country, were considered as first priority for support from donors.   Short Description The objective of this programme was to support the Mauritanian authorities to combat growing insecurity linked to criminal and terrorist activities, supporting reinforcement of their territorial surveillance capacities. The aim was to strengthen the operability of priority land border posts and airports managed by the Mauritanian border police. Activities included new construction and renovation works, the provision of equipment as well as expertise and training on border management. The project also included upgrading of the border management information system and the interconnection of the border posts through a centralised data management system.   Activities and State of Play Activities started in March 2011 covering the following: -  Border post construction (7 posts) and renovation (1 post) -  Installation of computers and related material (21 locations) -  Installation of passport reading machines (12 border posts) -  Installation of solar panels for energy supply (9 border posts) -  Provision of furniture (7 border posts)   In addition to this, a trainer training programme was organised around four modules: - Migration, fraud, security and trafficking - Legal migration and its operational framework - Border management operations - Administration and reporting   These actions were completed by the end of the first quarter of 2013, when the project ended. The objective was to build capacity of selected trainees to be able to train their peers. Additional support will be needed (infrastructure, material, curricula) to roll out this approach within the national training programme.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Additional actions under European Union's Sahel Strategy for Security and Development have been prepared to cover the remaining border posts, with contributions from local authorities as well as the European Development Fund (EDF) and EU Member States. Existing projects under the EDF will allow the European Union to continue working with the authorities on the implementation of the national strategy for managing migration, which includes several components on border management and new EDF projects will start in 2014 in the fields of Security, Justice and Prevention of radicalization. The Sahel Counter-Terrorism programme financed under the longer-term component of the Instrument for Stability (IfS) adds a further regional component to the EU's response in the Sahel, as this programme also cover Mali and Niger. This project has been seen as an example of good practice for a regional border management approach.  Action supporting common border posts and stronger cooperation and exchange of information between Mauritania and Senegal, and also Mali, will continue into 2014 and beyond. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Mauritius
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to the trial and related treatment of piracy suspects in Mauritius. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Support to prosecution, police, judicial and prison services. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 17 June 2010. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted: EUR 1,080,000; Paid: EUR 864,000. 
 Start Date of Project || 20.8.2011. 
 End Date || 19.8.2013. 
 Context of Instability Combating maritime piracy along some of the world’s major shipping routes off the Horn of Africa is a high priority for the countries of the region as well as the wider international community. Apart from its impact on overall security, the disruption of trade and tourism caused by the piracy crisis has contributed to damaging the already fragile economies of the countries in the region. The EU is actively engaged in the fight against piracy through the conduct of the CSDP (Common Security and Defence Policy) naval operation EU-NAVFOR Atalanta, contributing to the protection of vulnerable sea vessels and the deterrence, prevention and repression of acts of piracy and armed robbery off the Somali coast. The EU is also involved through the EUCAP NESTOR operation, contributing to enhance maritime capacity of selected countries in the Indian Ocean Region. Other EU funded actions, suh as the MASE (Maritime Security) Programme and the CMR (Critical Maritime Routes) Programme, complete the wider spectrum of EU support to the fight against piracy in this region. The Government of Mauritius has indicated its willingness to prosecute pirates, while acknowledging the limited human and other resources available in the country. In October 2010, Mauritius hosted the Second Regional Ministerial Conference on Piracy, in which the regional strategy and action plan were adopted. On 14 July 2011, the Government of Mauritius and the EU signed an agreement defining the conditions and the modalities for the transfer of suspected pirates for investigation, prosecution, trial and detention in Mauritius, transfer of associated property seized and the treatment of such suspects. It entered into force on 1 June 2012. This is the third such transfer agreement that the EU has signed with a third country, after Kenya and the Seychelles. In January 2013 Mauritius accepted its first transfer of suspected pirates from EU-NAVFOR to be trialed in the country.   Short Description The IfS project provided targeted support to Mauritius’s prosecution, police, judicial and prison services, with a particular focus on helping to overcome capacity and logistical constraints associated with trying and detaining piracy suspects.   Activities and State of Play The UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), EU's implementing partner for antipiracy projects in Kenya and the Seychelles, has also implemented the project in Mauritius. This project has effectively implemented the following activities: (i) Legislative review and assistance with amendments to legislation; (ii) Support to Police/Coast Guard; (iii) Support to Prosecutors and the Attorney General’s Office; (iv) Support to Courts; (v) Support to Prison Service; (vi) Support to regional learning exchanges. On 18 January 2013 Mauritius officially accepted the first transfer of suspected pirates (12) apprehended by EUNAVFOR in the Indian Ocean. Their trial is currently on-going. In the course of 2013 concrete activities were carried out as follows: training was provided on criminal intelligence analysis and on analyst notebook to police, prison and coastguard staff; one Mauritian police officer travelled to Djibouti to take custody evidence and escort 12 suspected pirates to Mauritius; different equipment was supplied, such as handheld metal detectors, legal text books, desktop and laptop computers, handheld GPS and a sniffer dog to the police; one Somali-English interpreter based in Mauritius provided interpretation services to prison staff and provided English and maths classes to suspected pirates; video link equipment was supplied to the Mauritius judiciary and CCTV security system was installed in the Intermediate court; support was provided for the implementation of the Strategic Plan for the Mauritian Prison Service; suspected pirates were provided with welfare items, legal support was provided to the Attorney General's Office to draft Codes of Practices. This project assisted the Government of Mauritius to be fully ready to receive the piracy suspects for prosecution as from 1 June 2012. At  the end of 2011 Mauritius’s National Assembly passed the Piracy and Maritime Violence Act and in June 2012 the refurbishment of the prison cells to accommodate piracy suspects was completed. Furthermore, Mauritius signed the Agreement for the re-transfer of the sentenced pirates from Mauritius to Somalia with the Transitional Federal Government of the Republic of Somalia and with Puntland State of Somalia on 25 May 2012 as well as signing a Memorandum of Understanding on the conditions of transfer of suspected pirates and seized property to Mauritius with the United Kingdom on 8 June 2012. However, due to the sharp decline of piracy activities in 2012, EU-NAVFOR has not, during 2012, not approached Maurtius to propose any transfer. 2013 has also witnessed a sharp decline of pirate activities at the sea.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response This IfS action complements: (i) the EU’s CSDP anti-piracy EUNAVFOR operation Atalanta; (ii) a civilian CSDP mission EUCAP Nestor, a regional strengthening mission aimed at enhancing the maritime capacities of (initially) five countries in the Horn of Africa and the Western Indian Ocean; (iii) the regional EDF funded start-up project to Promote Regional Maritime Security implemented by the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC) anti-piracy cell composed of IOC country experts, including a Mauritian expert; (iv) the regional EDF funded project to Promote Regional Maritime Security (MASE) implemented in the Eastern and Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean region by several regional organisations such as IGAD, EAC, IOC, COMESA; (v) the regional Critical Maritime Routes (CMR) Programme enhancing information sharing and training on maritime safety and security; and (vi) the wider efforts of the EU and the international community to tackle the piracy problem in the Gulf of Aden. Mauritius’s contribution to the joint fight against piracy remains restricted by its limited capacities. It is important that EU Member States, the UNODC and other international actors continue and build on the initial measures addressing some of Mauritius’ short-term needs. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Myanmar/Burma 
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Promoting Reform in Myanmar/Burma. (2) Promoting peace processes in ethnic areas through mine action. (3) Comprehensive support to the peace process in Myanmar/Burma. (4) Support to reform of the Myanmar Police Force in the areas of crowd management and community policing. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Assessments, Capacity Building, Training, Policy Advice, financial and material support, landmine surveys. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 23/04/2012;  (2) 27/11/2012; (3) 19/03/2013;  (4) 22/08/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 2,100,000.00; Paid EUR 1,411,240.00. (2) Contracted EUR 3,500,000.00; Paid EUR 2,522,338.86. (3) Contracted EUR 8,394,664.39; Paid EUR 6,010,406.82. (4) Contracted EUR 9,500,000.00; Paid EUR 5,468,684.00. 
 Start Date of Projects under each Decision || (1) 10/06/2012; (2) 01/06/2013; (3) 01/04/2013; (4) 16/09/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 25/06/2014; (2) 30/11/2014; (3) 30/06/2015; (4) 15/03/2015. 
 Context of Instability Myanmar/Burma, emerging from decades of authoritarian rule and ethnic conflict, has embarked on unprecedented political and economic reforms. President U Thein Sein has pledged to make peace a priority and has initiated an unprecedented effort aimed at achieving lasting peace with the ethnic armed groups. However, numerous challenges remain in terms of democratisation, economic development, the situation of human rights, and peace and national reconciliation, including inter-communal relations. Myanmar/Burma has been ravaged by sixty years of armed conflicts between the government and various ethnic armed groups, which has led to the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people inside and outside the country, notably to Thailand. A peace process has started and cease-fire agreements have been concluded with most ethnic armed groups. However, a nationwide cease-fire agreement remains to be signed, and a comprehensive political settlement needs to be hammered out to ensure sustainable peace. After decades of isolation, Myanmar/Burma needs the international community to assist the Government to transform, modernise and democratise its society. This includes urgent reform of key institutions, such as the police force. One of the aspects of the peace process is the problem of landmines, which have been laid through decades without proper documentation by both government forces and various ethnic armed groups. Mapping and eventually clearing those mines would lead to immediate improvements of the security of the local population, providing better access for long-term development assistance and laying the groundwork for the voluntary return of internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees.   Short Description The EU has responded quickly to Myanmar/Burma's democratisation process by mobilising funding through the Instrument for Stability (IfS). This support has provided urgently needed expertise in a wide range of topics, from electoral reform to macro-economics. Support for the Myanmar Human Rights Commission (MHRC) was also included in this early programme with the aim of developing it into an institution in compliance with the Paris Principles on national human rights institutions. The EU was also instrumental in the establishment of the Myanmar Peace Centre (MPC), an institution created by the government to foster national reconciliation and advance the ethnic peace process. The MPC was inaugurated by European Commission President Barroso in November 2012. The IfS provides comprehensive support to the peace process in Myanmar/Burma. The overall aim is to contribute to the promotion, implementation and monitoring of ceasefires, political settlements and other peace-building strategies by strengthening and enabling institutional and civil society structures and peace-building actors. More specifically, this measure foresees a multifaceted support to the MPC, supplemented by activities addressing key concerns as expressed by non-governmental actors, including NGOs, civil society and grassroots groups. These activities include: Improved and conflict sensitive media coverage of the peace process through training of journalists; support to civilian ceasefire monitoring mechanisms; strengthening the capacities of ethnic political parties to meaningfully contribute to the peace process; and providing restorative justice with regard to forced- labour cases. A separate IfS programme in support of the peace process is a civilian mine action programme,  fostering both the establishment/capacity building of a national mine action centre that oversees and coordinates all mine action activities in Myanmar/Burma and the conducting of systematic non-technical surveys in selected areas. If the political situation permits, the programme might in the future also carry out actual mine-clearing. Recognising the need for a fundamental reform of the Myanmar Police Force (MPF) and following requests from the Government that were also supported by Daw Aung San Suu Kyi as Chair of the Rule of Law Committee of the Lower House of the Parliament, the EU launched a training and capacity-building programme for the police in the areas of community policing and crowd management. In addition, the project will provide assistance to modernise the police vision, update doctrines/manuals and the relevant legal framework as well as improve accountability of the police to Parliament and its liaison with civil society and the media, all in the context of community policing and crowd management.   Activities and State of Play The programme for promoting reform in Myanmar/Burma identified bottlenecks and provided urgently needed policy advice, capacity-building and skills development for Myanmar institutions, for example in fields such as electoral reform, trade and economic development, human rights and land reform. As well as contributing towards further developing a national institutional human rights protection framework, the activities in support of the Myanmar Human Rights Commission also provided an opportunity to advocate for broader policy and legislative human rights reforms. This assistance project also laid the foundation for long-term capacity building programmes funded by the EU Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI). The peace process advances steadily, although many challenges still lie ahead. With EU support, the MPC has conducted numerous negotiations with ethnic armed groups, including the ongoing preparations for a nationwide ceasefire agreement. An inclusive political dialogue is expected to roll out in mid-2014. As the MPC should also play a central role in coordinating peace building actions in conflict affected areas, a database to track such activities is being set up. The MPC played an important role in bringing together government and political dissidents, such as representatives of the 88 Generation, in order to further enhance national reconciliation. The mine action programme has completed the preparatory phase for the Myanmar Mine Action Centre, while the institution is still being established. The programme has also assisted in drafting a national mine action strategy and mine action standards. In addition, a pilot non-technical survey has been initiated. The EU has been the first donor to provide substantial support for reforming the Myanmar Police Force (MPF) in the areas of community policing and crowd management. This initiative, highly appreciated by local counterparts, has made tangible progress: A suitable pilot area with ethnically mixed population in Yangon was selected jointly with the MPF for the introduction of a community policing model and capacity building of local police officers has started. In the area of crowd management more than 400 police officers have been trained on how to protect the legitimate right of people to protest while preventing and stopping violence in full respect for human rights and following best international practice. In addition, work has started with the authorities to bring the legal and doctrinal framework of the police in line with international standards. First consultations with media and civil society took place in order to improve their capacity to liaise with the police and hold them accountable to democratic standards.     Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS programmes, supporting the wide-reaching reforms in Myanmar/Burma have allowed the country to initiate a number of processes which (if necessary) can be continued by other EU programmes or organisations. These pilot actions have demonstrated the EU's strong commitment to Myanmar/Burma's transition process. In addition to the IfS projects, the EU funds actions to support democratisation through thematic programmes, such as the European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR). Furthermore, an important package of funding has been allocated through the Aid to Uprooted People programme and Non State Actors/Local authorities’ thematic programme. After the end of the IfS programme, the EU will continue to provide support to the peace process through development programmes, engaging with all relevant stakeholders including government, non-state actors and local communities. These follow-up actions will build on the results and lessons learned of the IfS support. The EU plays an important role in the Peace Donor Support Group, which was set up for donor coordination in peace building. Concerning mine action, the EU is closely coordinating with all other actors as well as donors (including DG ECHO) to achieve complementarities and avoid overlap. The EU is also closely coordinating with other donors and actors working on or planning to work on police reform, inter alia through a coordinating mechanism called Foreign Law Enforcement Community, where it plays a leading role. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Nagorno-Karabakh
Region
 Title of IfS Decision || Support for the Peaceful Settlement of the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh. || Copyright: JRC 
 Type of measure || Peace-building, civil society, confidence building, people-to-people, dialogue, conflict transformation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 07/06/2012.   
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 6,000,00; Paid: EUR 2,450,000. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/03/2012. 
 End Date || 28/02/2015. 
 Context of Instability The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict during 1992-1994 led to massive population displacement with more than 600,000 persons still considered Internally Displaced Persons or refugees in Azerbaijan and Armenia, according to UNHCR estimates from 2012, and resulted in the occupation of sizeable Azerbaijani territory. The negotiations on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, under facilitation by the OSCE Minsk Group, have been near deadlocked during the last two years therefore demonstrating the need for further efforts by the parties to the conflict to achieve substantial progress, including accepting the assistance and input of third parties. There are rare contacts between people across the divide and violent incidents on the line of contact occur regularly. The political context was complicated further by the "Safarov case" in 2012 and again in 2013 by the presidential elections in Armenia and Azerbaijan, which brought along an escalation of belligerent rhetoric. However, in November 2013 the Presidents of Armenia and Azerbaijan and their Foreign Ministers met for the first time since January 2012, as part of the OSCE Minsk Group facilitated process, and agreed to meet again in the future. The adoption in May 2013 of the new “Law on Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities for Men and Women” was followed by a smear campaign against Armenian human rights defenders and women activists. Some of the EU local implementing partners have been forced to cancel or postpone several of their activities, mostly those involving young women in Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.       Short Description The overall objective of this large programme - The European Partnership for the Peaceful Settlement of the Conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh (EPNK), (www.epnk.org; Twitter @EPNK_EU) - is to increase the credibility and popular legitimacy of peace-building efforts around the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. This is achieved by fostering the participation of traditionally sidelined groups and facilitating dialogue between civil society and policy makers at national and international levels. The project is making every effort to involve new partners at local level. The programme is designed to respond to emerging needs and identified gaps, complementing the work of the EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus and the crisis in Georgia. To this end a new project, Confidence in Recovery, has been recently signed with the aim to: (i) build social capital in communities that are marginalised from mainstream society in Armenia and Azerbaijan by providing them with learning opportunities; (ii) create linkages between these communities and professionals who can provide them with more opportunities for self-realisation; and (iii) create areas of common understanding between individuals on either side of the divide countering official rhetoric and paving the way for future peace initiatives.   Activities and State of Play The EPNK activities focus on: (i) Attracting new actors into peacebuilding initiatives, particularly from marginalised groups; (ii) Building confidence between all sides of the conflict by increasing people-to-people contacts; (iii) Promoting fresh analysis and new ideas that challenge existing discourses on the conflict and offer peace-oriented visions of the future; and (iv) Actively engaging civil society in dialogue with policy makers at national and international levels on the transformation of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Under the programme more than 200 young women have been trained so far as peace-builders and many of them have become trainers themselves. Armenian and Azerbaijani women initiated their own peacebuilding projects and advocated for women’s activism, peacebuilding, conflict resolution and adherence to international frameworks for women’s participation (UN Security Resolution 1325). The project supports the monthly publication of Analyticon not only does it represents an alternative source of information to official media, Analyticon is also the single publication in Nagorno-Karabakh where Azerbaijani points of view are published (http://theanalyticon.com). Young artists in Azerbaijan went through a two-day training on peace and tolerance. As a result, the young artists delivered their message of peace (‘We are for tolerance’) through their art work, which was shown in a final exhibition in Baku in November 2013. This project was one in a series of joint confidence-building measures put in place by young peace-builders from all sides of the conflict. The new Dialogue through Film project (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sDTCgvaWZh4) called “Parts of a Circle” is a joint Armenian-Azerbaijani documentary (in three parts) telling the story about the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. The documentary was completed during 2013 and will be screened in the first part of 2014. The project also allows for the maintenance and daily update of the www.commonspace.eu website, which offers news, blogs, opinions and an online library related to the NK conflict, as well as the publication of Commonspace Extra, a quarterly analytical magazine of news, analysis, comments and resources on the South Caucasus region:   (http://commonspace.eu/user_upload/Commonspace_extra_document14_08_13_web_final.pdf).   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Access to Nagorno-Karabakh remains affected by the persistent unsafe environment but more often by pre-conditions and restrictions imposed by the sides. Consequently very few isolated initiatives are in place to support and strengthen civil society and to provide support to conflict-affected persons and other vulnerable sectors of the communities. Joint Analysis Workshops bringing in different organisations and think tanks working on the region are being organised within the framework of the ongoing IfS funded project in order to ensure coordination, exchange views and share approaches to the conflict. With the exception of a few regional projects, which incorporate participants from Nagorno-Karabakh, as well as from Armenia and Azerbaijan, the EPNK programme is the only specific EU-funded initiative on Nagorno-Karabakh. Given the strategic interest of the EU in supporting peace and stability in the South Caucasus region this IfS action remains crucial. The project is designed to complement the role of the EU Special Representative for the South Caucasus and the crisis in Georgia. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Niger
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support for security and stabilisation in northern Niger and Mali. (2) Support to reduce risks in terms of security and instability in the N-O and S-E of Niger. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post conflict recovery, capacity building, socio/economic reinsertion and reintegration, demining, peace building, dialogue and counter-radicalisation, security-municipal police, security-border management. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 07/02/2012. (2) 21/06/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 10,920,000; Contracted EUR 10,760,556; Paid EUR 10,322,377. (2) EUR 18,700,000; Contracted EUR 9,901,045; Paid EUR 149,328. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/04/2012. (2) 12/11/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 31/04/2014. (2) 31/12/2016. 
 Context of Instability Despite past armed rebellions and political turmoil in Niger, it is clearly at the country’s borders that instability has been growing in the last few years, not only threatening but also impacting the country with spill-over effects. At the northern border, the 2011 revolution in Libya resulted in the demobilisation of numerous former Tuareg rebels (Nigeriens and Malians alike) who had served Colonel Gaddafi’s regime and who have eventually returned after its collapse. The uncontrolled circulation of weapons, drugs and human trafficking in the aftermath of the Libyan conflict is threatening stability across the Sahel region. At the north-western border, Niger's direct involvement in the military operation in Mali, initiated by France in January 2013, resulted in spill-over effects (i.e. synchronised suicide attacks to military barracks in Agadez and Areva compound in Arlit in May 2013). The involvement of Nigerien individuals has not been officially confirmed, although complicity of local population seems to have been essential to carry out the attacks. The arrival of tens of thousands of returnees and refugees escaping from abuses perpetrated by extremist groups in Mali, and later from the military operations, has added elements of confusion due to the likely presence of terrorists among them. Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) and the Movement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJWA) have been responsible for actions in Niger since 2008, including attacks against the Nigerien army, kidnappings and killings of several Westerners. These groups are also involved in various kinds of cross-border illegal trafficking. Also the presence of Mokhtar Balmokhtar’s group (“les signataires par le sang”) was confirmed as they claimed responsibility for the attack on Niamey's prison that led to the escape of Boko Haram members, thus bringing the terrorist threat at the very heart of the capital. The merger of Mokhtar Balmokhtar’s group with MUJWA adds a new element of threat to the Nigerien context. Instability is also increasing at the southern border due to Boko Haram terrorist attacks in Nigeria and the severe response of the Nigerian army resulting in the loss of more than 3,600 lives (according to Human Rights Watch reports).  Both sides of the border are populated by the same ethnic group, the Hausa, with an intrinsic risk of contagion due to ethnic solidarity and border porosity. These risks are being exacerbated by the arrival of more than 6,000 returnees and refugees escaping from military operations in Nigeria. The presence of Boko Haram activists among these refugees cannot be excluded.   Short Description Both IfS programmes are/will be implemented by international organisations and by international and local NGOs under the overall responsibility of the High Authority for the Consolidation of Peace (HACP). These programmes seek to improve the security of people and property at community level through several types of interventions, such as support to the creation of municipal police bodies, demining actions in the Aïr area - including assistance to the victims of mines and for the update of national regulations on demining operations - and securitization of the border with Nigeria. Rapid measures are also implemented to promote the social and economic reintegration of young people, including former rebel fighters, mercenaries and returnees from Libya. In this regard, both programmes include training activities as well as the provision of services, such as health services in remote areas, with a view to help youth find employment. Capacity building initiatives for national and local institutions involved in peace consolidation process are also part of these IfS interventions. Finally, the new programme includes an innovative component on religious dialogue to promote tolerance.   Activities and State of Play Through the IfS support for security and stabilisation in northern Niger and Mali, a municipal police service was successfully put in place in 15 municipalities. These new actors are appreciated by communities and local authorities because of their contribution to conflict prevention, security at local level and enhanced collection of municipal taxes. As a result of the demining operations in the Aïr area, the main and secondary axes of communication are now considered to be safe. Other activities in this area include the update of the national regulations for demining operations, the provision of equipment for demining purposes and the assistance to victims of mines (medical equipment and employment for almost 200 identified victims). Communities in remote areas, especially women and children, benefited from improved health services, notably thanks to the availability of medications at local level and the creation of a medical evacuation system. About 2,000 migrants also received medical assistance during their stay in the transit centre of Agadez. Vocational training and career development needs have been addressed through better information, orientation and assistance to self-employment projects. Activities under this component have included the creation of two additional "platforms" for integrating youth into the labour market and the construction of two vocational training centres, where 205 young women and men have already been trained. It is also worth mentioning that 121 elected municipal counsellors and mayors received training on local governance issues, financial management, tendering, etc. High-intensity labour initiatives and small infrastructures works at local level have had an extremely positive impact at social and economic level, as well as from an environmental point of view. Social cohesion, local governance and access to public services were reinforced through these projects, which have encouraged dialogue between communities and local authorities. With regard to peace-building, the community works programme funded 368,000 working hours (the equivalent of 1,400 jobs over one year), thus offering employment opportunities to many young people. Additionally, the programme supported the implementation of income generating activities resulting in the creation of approximately 2,000 jobs.  The new programme, adopted in 2013, intends to continue, strengthen and geographically extend (to also include south-east of Niger) the current actions, ending in early 2014. First contracts with implementers were signed at the end of 2013. For the period 2014-2016, the project aims to mitigate security risks and support activities of social and economic recovery in the regions of Niger that may be more affected by the consequences of the conflict in Northern Mali and by the increased threats and infiltrations of extremist groups from Nigeria (Boko Haram/Ansaru). As regards additional activities, this new programme will include actions aiming to prevent and counter violent extremism and radicalisation, and will support strengthening of border management capacities at the Niger-Nigeria borders.   Role of the IfS  Action within the Broader EU and International Response This programme is in line with the EU Strategy for Security and Development in the Sahel ("Sahel Strategy"), defining a comprehensive and coherent approach to the complex crisis situation in the region. The programme complements other EU funded initiatives, such as the IfS long term CT-Sahel programme and EDF funded projects (PAJED). It also ensures synergies with the CSDP EUCAP Sahel mission in Niger. It is worth noting that Denmark accompanied the first IfS intervention with a EUR 1.3 million contribution, while an addition EUR 2.7 million Danish contribution (20 million DK) is expected for the second phase. With regard to non-EU actors, the United States is currently reviewing its own Strategy for Sahel and maintains a good coordination with the European Union in Niger. They are currently the main non-EU Partner in the justice and security sector. Their activities, essentially related to the delivery of equipment and training as well as aerial border surveillance, including temporary deployment of personnel, are mainly conducted in the northern part of the country. The UN has also developed a Sahel strategy for the period 2014-2016 based on three pillars: Good Governance, Security and Resilience. The actual implementation of operations is still being discussed. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Nigeria
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to community level conflict resolution and reintegration of ex-militants in the Niger Delta. (2) Support to community level conflict resolution and reintegration of ex-militants in the Niger Delta (Interim Response Programme). (3) Support for peace-building and conflict prevention in Plateau State. (4) Support to enhance Nigeria's resilience to evolving security challenges. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || (1) & (2) Peacebuilding, reconciliation and reintegration. (3) Reconciliation and mediation. (4) Rule of Law, counter terrorism, countering violent extremism. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 11/08/2011      (3) 11/12/2012; (2) 26/10/2013      (4) 31/07/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 5,347,101; Paid EUR 4,802,372. (2) To be contracted in 2014. (3) Contracted EUR 4,480,932; Paid EUR 3,495,160. (4) Contracted EUR 1,725,755; Paid EUR 995,658. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 13/12/2011. (2) early 2014. (3) 03/07/2013 and 01/08/2013. (4) 01/11/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 12/11/2013     (3) 02/01/2015 and 31/07/2014 (2) early 2016      (4) 30/04/2015 
 Context of Instability During 2013, the European Union expanded its actions under the Instrument for Stability in Nigeria from the Niger Delta to Plateau State and to Federal Government level. The up-coming local (in Plateau) and general elections, scheduled for 2014 and beginning of 2015, are seen as an additional potential source of instability, especially in the areas already marked by conflict. Plateau State: Historically “Home of Peace and Tourism”, Nigeria’s Plateau State has seen cyclical violence since 1994. Competition over access to a number of rights between predominantly Christian “indigenes” and predominantly Muslim “settlers” has lent a religious tone to intergroup tensions that have claimed more than 5,000 lives in the state capital, Jos alone. The context of increasing religious tensions across Nigeria, linked to the emergence of Boko Haram, has further amplified the significance of conflict in Plateau State. Youth without skills and employment represent a major destabilising factor, as they are particularly prone to recruitment from the different conflict parties. Niger Delta: Since 1975, the oil produced in the Niger Delta has accounted for a large part of Nigeria’s export earnings, yet this region remains one of the most under-developed in Nigeria (with 70% of the population still living below the poverty line). It is generally understood that the crisis in the Niger Delta, which is home to an estimated 20 million people, results from a deep-seated sense of neglect and marginalization of the region’s residents by the government, the population not having a perceived benefit from the high earnings of oil production, and suffering from the destruction of traditional livelihoods through environmental pollution. The Government Amnesty Programme (GAP), launched in 2009 for a period of five years, includes 30,000 ex-militants. It has, however, several weaknesses, including the lack of a clear exit strategy, creating a risk of a return to violence. Security threats: Over the last few years terrorist activities in Nigeria have significantly increased. The militant Islamist insurgency by Boko Haram had been evolving in its tactics, enlarging its geographic scope from local (North East of Nigeria) to regional (wider North and even South of Abuja) and new splinter networks are emerging and developing. In May 2013, the Nigerian President declared a "State of Emergency" in three States in the North-East of Nigeria – which was then renewed in October 2013 for another six months. It was accompanied by a massive military deployment. From this point the insurgency has been contained within the North-East. Links of Boko Haram with other militant Islamist movements in Africa prove that this is not only a security challenge for Nigeria. Additional factors, such as transnational organised crime, illicit movement of people, weapons and narcotics contribute to insecurity at regional level.   Short Description The Plateau programme aims at (i) strengthening the architecture for peace and mechanisms for conflict resolution through consolidating support for confidence building, mediation and reconciliation, efforts between communities involved in the conflict; and (ii) fighting youth unemployment in order to reduce ethnic and religious polarisation, focusing on support for job creation and income generating measures in favour of the large population of unemployed youth who represent easy targets for recruitment by different conflict profiteers.   The IfS support to the long-term stability and results of the Amnesty and Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration processes in the Niger Delta, focuses on three specific objectives: (i) to support community conflict resolution and reconciliation in seven ‘trend-setting’ areas in the three core Niger Delta States; (ii) to leverage changes in these ‘trend setting’ communities to influence conflict dynamics across the Niger Delta region; and (iii) to facilitate access to information and dialogue inclusive of marginalised and alternative voices in the Niger Delta. Target groups were ex-militants, community residents including women, youth, leaders and elders, as well as security forces.   Finally, with reference to EU's support on counter terrorism related matters, the decision adopted in 2013 foresees under its main component the provision of technical assistance to Nigeria's law enforcement agencies, and in particular the Office of the National Security Advisor (ONSA). Under the second component the programme has been providing support to strengthen Nigeria's criminal justice response to terrorism, notably the capacity of national criminal justice officials (investigators, prosecutors, judges) to implement counter-terrorism measures in accordance with rule of law, with due respect for human rights, and with relevant international legal instruments.     Activities and State of Play Activities under the programme of peace-building and conflict prevention in Plateau State started in summer 2013 and its implementation is progressing. The programme focuses on small-scale activities involving local communities. The activities implemented so far include: training on peace education for 190 school administrators, 190 teachers and 130 members of Parent and Teacher Associations in five Local Government Areas (LGAs); organization of five peace carnivals (1 in each LGA); the setting up of a Trauma Healing Centre structure in Jos; the setting up of a monthly stakeholder meeting as a conflict prevention mechanism; the setting up of Business Development Committees in two LGAs; and potato farmer group formation in 5 LGAs.   The IfS project in the Niger Delta ended in December 2013. Although it is difficult to quantify the overall number of ex-militants who have participated in the project and actually re-integrated, there is clear evidence that the project has contributed to a significant positive change in attitude of the communities towards the Amnesty process and re-integration. Successful conflict transformation training as well as information and awareness raising about conflicts and wider development challenges were conducted effectively through radio programmes for a wider population within the Niger Delta region. Trust and relationship within and between communities, including ex-militants and security forces has been increased. A good level of ownership in solving conflicts has been achieved which ensures more cohesive, peaceful and stable communities.   The involvement of Government authorities and the increase of the spill-over effect to the wider region are considered in the follow-on Interim Response Programme, which is expected to start in 2014.   With reference to the EU project on counter-terrorism, while the main component on technical assistance to the ONSA and other law enforcement agencies is expected to start in early 2014, activities on criminal justice response started in November 2013 with the successful adoption of a work plan for training to be rolled out for the next 18 months together with the relevant Nigerian Authorities.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The main international actors in Nigeria involved in the most volatile regions are in regular contact through various coordination mechanisms, including the Country Assistance Framework with the participation of the Nigerian government representatives. The IfS actions are complementary to the EU's Micro project programme and the Niger Delta Support Programme as well as the Justice reform support programme, funded under 9th and 10th European Development Fund (EDF). Follow-up to the on-going intervention in Plateau State will be considered under the 11th EDF. Member States are also particularly active in Plateau which attracts a high degree of intervention and close coordination of actions. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Pakistan
 Title of IfS Decision || Consolidation of democracy in Pakistan through support for elections.   || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Strengthening of democracy.   
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 19/01/2012.   
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 10,000,000; Contracted: EUR 9,924,163.68; Paid: EUR 6,507,897.41.   
 Start Date of Project || (1a) 23/03/2012; (1b) 28/07/2012; (1c) 18/08/2012; (1d) 21/12/2012.   
 End Date ||  (1a) 22/09/2013; (1b) 27/01/2014; (1c) 16/02/2014; (1d) 20/06/2014.   
  Context of Instability Two opposite trends have defined Pakistan in 2013. On the one hand, the conduct of the second consecutive elections since 2008 was a very positive sign of consolidation of the democratic process. On the other hand, after decreasing for two years, terrorist violence re-escalated and is jeopardising stabilisation efforts along the western border areas of Pakistan, particularly Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), and threatening the stability of the state.   Severe and frequent terrorist attacks have targeted civilian and military institutions, civil society (particularly minorities and advocates of justice, human rights and education) and also individual citizens. Tehreek e Taleban Pakistan (TTP) remains the main actor of instability. The re-appearance of the 2009 Malakand insurgency leader Mullah Fazlullah and his appointment as the new leader of TTP, following the killing of Hakimullah Mehsud, signals that aggression towards Pakistan is likely to intensify at a time of increased regional volatility due to elections in and the impending withdrawal of ISAF forces from Afghanistan.   Since 2012, KP, Baluchistan and Karachi have borne the brunt of terrorist attacks, while instability remains very high in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Cooperation between the TTP and sectarian groups such as Lashkar-e-Jhangvi is thought to have created a convergence of anti-state and sectarian agendas and to have generated a 54% increase in sectarian attacks as well as in attacks on state targets in Punjab.   Since December 2012, Pakistan's response to heightened threats has included military operations in parts of FATA, Baluchistan, KP and Karachi, and the development of legislation aimed at strengthening criminal justice institutions. However, national legal experts have raised human rights concerns about some of the new legal provisions. Moreover, by end of 2013 the government was yet to present the long-awaited national security strategy (also addressing terrorism), while renewed TTP violence and the killing of a TTP leader had resulted in a temporary stall of peace talks that were then resumed at the beginning of 2014.   The difficulties in pursuing a cohesive approach to counter-terrorism weaken citizens' trust in government institutions. Although the elections were a significant step forward in the democratic process, elected bodies like the Parliament are not yet capable to fully use their mandate.   In addition, low economic growth, a vastly under-employed youth population and an under-performing public administration also challenge the government. On the economic front, the most critical issues remain the dwindling foreign reserves as well as the energy crisis, the effects of which are multi-facetted and put the resilience of the industry and people of Pakistan under severe stress.   Short Description 1.  Consolidation of democracy in Pakistan through support for elections   1a) Supporting advocacy for electoral reforms - implemented by Democracy Reporting International (DRI). This project promotes understanding of Pakistan’s international obligations regarding elections and advocates for meeting these obligations. The 2013 elections were the first held since Pakistan ratified the International Covenant for Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in 2010. 1b) Support for Electoral Reform in Pakistan (SERP) - implemented by International Foundation for Electoral Systems (IFES), supports the conduct of credible and inclusive elections through work on the electoral legal framework, the management capacity of the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) and voter education. The project is part of a multi-donor effort involving the EU, UK and Canada. 1c) Electoral cycle support to the Election Commission of Pakistan - implemented through a UNDP/UNWOMEN basket fund (2012-2014), this project aims to strengthen the ECP capacity to hold fair, free and credible elections. Contributing partners besides the EU are Australia, Norway, Japan, US, Switzerland and the UN. 1d) Long Term Election Observation and Oversight – implemented by Trust for Democratic Education and Accountability/Free and Fair Elections Network (FAFEN). The project contributes to strengthened democratic institutions and practices through fostering greater public trust in a transparent and accountable electoral process. The project focuses on election observation and advocacy for corrective measures.   Activities and State of Play 1.  Consolidation of democracy in Pakistan through support for elections 1a) Supporting advocacy for electoral reforms – the project strengthened the electoral legal framework and processes on the basis of ICCPR/CEDAW. The high profile 2013 EU Election Observation Mission (EOM) and very regular visits of its Chief observer, MEP Michael Gahler, increased the entry points for advocacy substantially. The project presented the findings of the 2013 EU EOM across the country to increase the ownership of the recommendations and inform priorities for reforms. The project also worked on the electoral provisions of local government laws through assessments of the legal basis and briefings. An assessment of the local government elections in Balochistan was conducted. 1b) Support for electoral reform in Pakistan (SERP) and 1c) Electoral cycle support to the Election Commission of Pakistan – in a coordinated effort, the two projects supported the ECP during the preparation for and conduct of the May 2013 elections. Activities mainly focused on training of over 500,000 election officials, development of election materials and codes of conduct, and roll-out of a large voter campaign. The project helped the ECP introduce and use a results management system to increase the transparency on voter turnout and collect gender disaggregated data. The ECP was also assisted in a review of the 2013 elections to inform its strategic priorities. 1d) Long Term Election Observation and Oversight – around 40,000 citizen observers were deployed on election day (as compared to 20,000 deployed in 2008). This was preceded by observation of the pre-election processes and reporting on election related incidents. FAFEN is preparing a Pre-election observation report, Election Day Report and post-election legal framework and consolidation of recommendations, including analysis of the 2013 EU EOM and NDI reports.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Since 2010, IfS funded interventions in Pakistan have increased the EU's capacity to respond to arising crises in a timely and flexible manner and to establish the foundations for longer term interventions that are being implemented through other EU and international support channels. IfS interventions have focused on three main areas: (i) stabilization and peacebuilding; (ii) counter terrorism and countering violent extremism; (iii) consolidation of democratic process:   Four IfS Peace-building actions provided knowledge and experience on the feasibility and, to some extent, impact of civil society work on mediation, negotiation, dialogue and counter extremism among communities in areas of recurrent instability and conflict, such as KP and FATA. This has contributed to the design of a comprehensive and strategic intervention on "Strengthening Resilience to Violent Extremism" (STRIVE) that is funded by the long term component of the Instrument for Stability and whose activities are expected to start in 2014.. The experience of the IfS funded project Civilian Capacity Building for Law Enforcement (CCBLE) has provided the basis for a comprehensive rule of law and counter terrorism programme for KP, which addresses systemic reforms of the criminal justice system (in an action funded under the long-term Development Cooperation Instrument) and supports the strengthening of counter terrorism processes and capacities through an IfS action in preparation. The support to the democratic transition through the conduct of elections demonstrates the EU's consistent support for and engagement in Pakistan's democratic process. It provided solid grounds for the high profile 2013 EU EOM and for the necessary follow up work on its recommendations including on local government elections. It also enables the EU to partner with Pakistani institutions for strengthening of the legislative, oversight and representation role of the parliament through a programme co-funded by the EU's Development Cooperation Instrument and Denmark. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Palestine 
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Middle East Peace Process II[9].   (2) Socio-economic stabilisation support package for the Gaza Strip.   (3) Support for the upgrading of the Kerem Shalom crossing point. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Reconciliation and Mediation / Post-Conflict Recovery. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 17/6/2010, amended 17/12/2010. (2) 12/9/2011. (3) 20/12/2011. 
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 720,000: Contracted EUR 720,000; Paid: EUR 715,185. (2) EUR 25,000,000: Contracted EUR 24,363,672; Paid: EUR 9,962,759. (3) EUR 13,000,000: Contracted: EUR 887,450; Paid: EUR 392,435. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 15/12/2010. (2) October/November 2012. (3) August 2012. 
 End Date || (1) 14/12/2012. (2) March/November 2015. (3) 12 March 2014. 
 Context of Instability In 2013, the EU continued its engagement in the Middle East peace process and fully supported the efforts of the parties and of the US towards a just and lasting settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, underlining the need for a negotiated two-state solution. The EU also reiterated its concerns regarding actions that undermine the negotiation process such as Israel's continuous expansion of settlements, which are illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace. The year was also marked by further incidents of violence in the occupied territory, demolition of houses and a deterioration of the humanitarian situation in Gaza. IfS actions in Gaza were put under considerable strain as a result of increasing tensions between the de-facto Authority, the new authorities in Egypt, and a lack of constructive engagement by the Israeli authorities.   Short Description (1) The action implemented by Search for Common Ground (SFCG) aimed at reinvigorating dialogue and mediation through advocacy activities. SFCG produced a docu-drama "Under the same sun", highlighting the benefits a peace agreement could bring to the daily life of all citizens. The docu-drama tells the story of two businessmen, one Palestinian and one Israeli, who set up a solar energy business to serve Palestinian villages. They come up against a host of bureaucratic hurdles and obstacles in their personal lives as a result of their ambition to work together and transcend the divisions the conflict imposes.   (2) Socio-economic stabilisation support package for the Gaza Strip - The aim of this programme is to support stabilisation in the Gaza Strip by improving the living conditions of the population by providing short-term job opportunities to the refugee population and restoring private sector capacity in key industries through the UNRWA Job creation programme and by improving the availibility of the water supply through UNICEF.    (3) Support for the upgrading of Karem Abu Salem/Kerem Shalom crossing point. The objective was to support the upgrading of the crossing point facilities and increase its capacity in order to facilitate the flow of goods to and from the Gaza Strip and to help re-establish the conditions essential for the reconstruction of the area.   Activities and State of Play (1) The project has now ended following a large number of screenings to a diverse range of Israeli and Palestinian audiences in different locations. Particular efforts were made to reach both mainstream audiences and those who hold extremist views to avoid a narrow focus on those already convinced. A long delay was incurred when the Israeli TV Channel which had originally agreed to the broadcast did not honour its commitment. Finally, the film was broadcast simultaneously on Israel’s Channel 2 and the Palestinian Ma`an television stations on 2 October 2013. Several further screenings, including one for the media, helped increase public interest in the film and, hopefully, its message.   (2) Two actions with UNRWA and UNICEF are on-going. In difficult circumstances, UNRWA has been able to provide short-term employment to a total of 4,577 individuals. To them and their families obtaining work, even if it is only for a short period of time, translates into a reprieve from poverty. Monitoring data has shown that most of the income generated is used to cover basic needs, such as food items. The project has also subsidised 247 small and medium size businesses in the Gaza Strip so as to reduce production costs and improve their chances of remaining in business in spite of the difficult economic environment. Additional support is given by UNICEF for improving capacity for water supply by constructing a medium-sized desalination plant in Gaza. The design phase was completed in 2013 and the construction wll begin during the first trimester of 2014.    (3) The funding for the upgrading of the Kerem Shalom Border Crossing has not succeeded in attaining the foreseen objectives. It was meant to strengthen the Palestinian Authority's efforts to refurbish, expand and equip the Border Crossing so as to improve the flow of goods and people. Unfortunately, the tense relations between the Palestinian Authority, the Israeli authorities and the de-facto Authority, as well as the internal challenges the PA needed to overcome, resulted in an accumulation of obstacles that, despite numerous attempts from various sides, could not be overcome.     Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The direct assistance provided to Palestinian refugees through the UN agencies (UNRWA and UNICEF) is allowing Palestinians in Gaza to retain acces to activities and services that continue to be severly affected by the closure. The contribution the EU and other donors are making constitute an important lifeline for the population in Gaza and contributes to preventing a further deterioration of their situation and of the conflict. The IfS support to the promotion of dialogue remains an important signal of the EU's commitment to a peaceful solution of this long-standing conflict. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Philippines
 Title of IfS Decisions || EU participation in and support to the international organs established to assist the peace process and other confidence-building measures in the south of the Philippines. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Civilian protection; peace-building capacity, mediation, and reconciliation.  
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decisions || 29/06/2012. 
 Amount(s) || EUR 9,000,000: Contracted: EUR 8,999,987.3; Paid: EUR 3,593,965.50. 
 Start Date of Projects || September 2012. 
 End Date || June 2015. 
 Context of Instability The struggle of minority Muslim groups in the Southern Philippines has deep historical roots. Violent conflict was first ignited in the late 1960s' when “Moro” groups launched armed struggle for ancestral homelands in the region, developing into a quest for autonomy. The conflict has claimed more than 120,000 lives over the last three decades and has furthermore resulted in the displacement of over 2 million people. When in 2008, a Supreme Court Decision indicated that a hard-won agreement on Ancestral Domain was unconstitutional, violence erupted again and the peace process broke down. Peace Negotiations between the Government of the Philippines (GPH) and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resumed in December 2009 notably with the support from NGOs funded through the Instrument for Stability (IfS). Under the administration of President Aquino, the peace process almost derailed again in October 2011 when serious violent clashes occurred.  However, it was ultimately saved, due to the genuine commitment and willingness of both the Parties (GPH and MILF) not to derail the process and the sensible and continuous assistance of the EU and its partners within the International Monitoring Team (IMT) and the International Contact Group (ICG). In April 2012, the Parties (Government and MILF) took a first concrete step towards a comprehensive peace agreement when signing a Framework Agreement on October 15 2012, after 15 years of on and off negotiations. During 2013 the Parties have been negotiating the four Annexes that will be part of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement amid much harassment initiated by the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters against military outposts and personnel in Central Mindanao and Basilan. Bombs were set off in different parts of Mindanao and serious attacks were launched, some of them involving forces loyal to a faction of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). However, by the end of the year all Annexes except one have been agreed. Once the Annexes are completed, a Comprehensive Peace Agreement will be signed (agreement reached in January, signature planned for end of March 2014). The signature should lead to the approval of a Bangsamoro Basic Law and later to a future autonomous political entity for the Bangsamoros by the end of the current administration in 2016.   Short Description Building on experiences from previous IfS support, the current programme contributes to the maintenance of a peaceful situation on the ground and to the improvement of the humanitarian and socio-economic situation of the conflict-affected population, thereby contributing towards an environment conducive to successful negotiations of a Peace Agreement. During 2013, the EU supported: Peace keeping and monitoring work of the International Monitoring Team (IMT) and of the members of its Civilian Protection Component: both Parties were kept fully informed of this monitoring work done by EU experts, local NGOs and other International personnel on incidents particularly related to humanitarian and human rights law which are regularly addressed by the parties themselves. Peace negotiations facilitated by the International Contact group (ICG): the EU supported the work of an International NGO which, as a member of the Group, provided advice to the Parties during their negotiations. Confidence and peace-building action: the EU supported the parties in jointly addressing issues such as joint clearance of unexploded ordnances. In addition, both Parties benefitted from the services of Eminent People and technical advisors who provided critical advice and assistance. Finally, the EU funded workshops and dialogue meetings to raise awareness of the significance of the peace process to the various sectors of the population and communities and to ensure people are aware of the importance of their involvement and contribution to the public consultation. With implementation spread over 36 months, the programme is divided into two phases with flexibility to allow for adjustments in an evolving context. During the first phase (2012-13) the action focussed on promoting the conclusion of the Annexes and the Comprehensive Peace Agreement which can be seen as a major achievement of the EU supporting action. In a second phase, starting in 2014, the IfS programme will contribute to the implementation and monitoring of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Targeted support will be provided to the new peace process architecture aimed at ensuring a smooth and seamless transition period until the creation of a genuine autonomous Bangsamoro region and the elections of a Bangsamoro Government (foreseen for 2016).   Activities and State of Play As acknowledged by MILF and the Government, this programme has continued to prove instrumental in improving the security and humanitarian situation on the ground (with no ceasefire-related incidents recorded in 2013 and a noticeable reduction of humanitarian law and human rights violations) and in facilitating political negotiations towards the historical signing of the framework agreement. In particular, the programmes results in support to the peace process include: • The successful continuation of peace negotiations through support to the organisation of official talks and unofficial dialogue between the Parties and the provision of expertise to the Panels from 7 eminent international peace specialists, sharing lessons from peace processes around the world and providing technical advice. • The mobilisation of funds and the provision of expertise for the Transition Commission to start its preparatory work for the drafting of the future Bangsamoro Basic Law. • Increased inclusiveness, transparency and confidence through the organisation of about 50 community consultations and more than 50 media outreach activities to share updates on the peace process. • Increased consideration of gender-related issues and participation of women in the peace process through the organisation of about 20 training sessions and more than 20 workshops and advocacy activities with concrete recommendations to the Parties. • Enhanced security in conflict affected areas thanks to the EU humanitarian and human rights specialists and about 185 accredited civilian protection monitors and 650 civilian monitors undertaking daily monitoring missions. • Improved protection thanks to the conduct of over 400 verification missions on alleged violations of humanitarian law and human rights leading to the formulation of recommendations to the Parties for their swift actions. • Ensured protection and promotion of the rights of indigenous peoples especially in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) in ancestral domain delineation, development planning and representation in local government.   Role of the IfS Action Within the Broader EU and International Response Complementary actions which reinforce the successive IfS funded peace process programmes include ongoing support by the EU and other donors to address the root causes as well as the symptoms and consequences of the conflict (in addition to humanitarian assistance). This encompasses EU support through the multi-donor Mindanao Trust Fund (MTF) for community-based development projects (the EU being the largest donor, contributing more than 50% of its EUR 21 Million budget) as well as EU development  assistance to displaced populations to rebuild and strengthen their livelihoods (with a 2013 contribution of EUR 8 million). Furthermore, the EU funds traditional development activities in Mindanao, including national budget support in the health sector, as well as a specific programme for indigenous communities in Mindanao. Such support is complemented with grants under the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR) and Non state Actors (NSA) to civil society organisations for the promotion of human rights, including of indigenous peoples in Mindanao. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Senegal
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Appui à l'organisation du procès Hissène Habré au Sénégal.[10] (2) "Programme de soutien aux efforts de normalisation en Casamance". || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Rule of Law/Dialogue & Reconciliation/Livelihood/Reinsertion & Reintegration/Humanitarian Demining. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 01/06/2012. (2) 18/11/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 1,999,149.62; Paid EUR 1,279,975.81. (2) Contracted EUR 2,998,044.68; Paid EUR 0,00. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 03/06/2013; (2) 01/07/2013 & 24/12/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 02/06/2015; (2) 31/12/2014 & 23/06/2015. 
 Context of Instability The change of power in Senegal following the presidential elections of 2012 was a turning point in the approach of the State towards two crisis/conflict-related questions of interest to the country. On the one hand, after years of negotiations (and a decision by the International Court of Justice in 2009) on the organisation of a trial to judge former Chadian dictator Hissène Habré in Senegal (where he went into exile in 1990) for the war crimes, crimes against humanity and acts of torture supposedly perpetrated under his authority from 1982-1990, an agreement was finally signed between the African Union and the Republic of Senegal to create the "African Extraordinary Chambers" under the Senegalese jurisdiction for that purpose. On the other hand, after decades of low-intensity conflict between the State of Senegal and the separatist "Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de Casamance" (MFDC), during which the political leaders have followed one another without finding a sustainable solution to the crisis, positive signals have been addressed by both sides following the 2012 elections, notably with regard to the launch of a dialogue process and/or facilitation initiatives. It is too early to evoke a formal peace process, and recent serious incidents (such as the kidnapping of 12 mine clearance experts in mid-2013) reminded all actors of the fragile character of such progress in overcoming this long-lasting crisis. In this context, the EU was offered a real window of opportunity for timely and meaningful support to related crisis response and peace-building initiatives. Short Description "Appui à l'organisation du procès Hissène Habré au Sénégal": This project aims at providing support to the fight against impunity and to the promotion of rule of law in Africa. More specifically, it seeks to contribute to the organisation of the trial of Hissène Habré in Senegal in accordance with the Statutes of the African Extraordinary Chambers. "Programme de soutien aux efforts de normalisation en Casamance": The general objective of this programme is to respond in a useful, efficient and timely manner to the challenges posed by the situation in Casamance in view of contributing to the stabilisation of the region. More specifically, this programme is articulated around three main components: (i) support to the ongoing dialogue & reconciliation processes, (ii) support to populations directly affected by the conflict, living in precarious conditions, and (iii) humanitarian demining activities.    Activities and State of Play "Appui à l'organisation du procès Hissène Habré au Sénégal": the EU's support is focusing on some of the operational costs of the African Extraordinary Chambers during the first phase of the trial (office rental, salaries, mission costs) to ensure proper access to the case file initially prepared by the Belgian judicial authorities, and to create the necessary conditions for the launch of the investigative phase of the trial. It also includes a contribution to related communication and sensitisation activities. Since their official launch on 8 February 2013, the Chambers have recruited most of the personnel essential to their functioning and have entered their offices. Following the arrest (on 30 June 2013) and formal accusation (on 2 July 2013) of Hissène Habré, the investigative phase of the procedure was formally opened, thus enabling the prosecutor and the investigative judges to start working (two rogatory commissions to Chad and a study visit to The Hague have already taken place, alongside the review of the case initially built in Belgium). Finally, the preparatory work in view of the sensitisation campaign has been concluded before the end of the year. "Programme de soutien aux efforts de normalisation en Casamance": The EU's contribution is articulated around the above-mentioned priorities and seeks to: (i) provide logistical, organisational & technical support to the relevant stakeholders of the dialogue & reconciliation processes, and contribute to reinsertion/reintegration opportunities; (ii) help internally displaced people, returnees and local populations limited in their movements due to the presence of armed groups and mines adapt their livelihood activities to the conditions currently prevailing in the region and improve their living conditions; (iii) reduce the security risks in the region (especially those relating to the presence of mines) by providing institutional support to the relevant actors and by contributing to technical and non-technical surveys and depollution activities. Since the corresponding IfS Decision was only adopted by the end of the year, the above-mentioned projects have just started (or are about to) – with the exception of the direct support to local livelihood, as the EU is contributing to activities that were already ongoing and, to date, have allowed the award of grants, support to livestock campaign and crop production, emergency food assistance, construction and maintenance of water points and support to health facilities.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response With the IfS contribution, the EU is able to provide meaningful support to two political priorities of the Senegalese Authorities. More generally, the IfS contribution to the first trial of an African ex-Dictator by African Institutions confirms the EU's strong engagement – along with the other donors and/or contributors to this unprecedented procedure – in fighting impunity, promoting the protection of human rights and the rule of law, and supporting ownership of such procedures by continental institutions. The measures provided for by the IfS support to normalisation efforts in Casamance are consistent with the EU policy framework for Senegal and are thus complementary with the other EU activities implemented in the region. They also take into consideration the projects implemented in Casamance by a large variety of bilateral and/or multilateral organisations. In this regard, close coordination has been initiated with the other donors contributing to the same efforts. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Somalia
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Stabilising Somalia: Negating the explosive threat to Somalis and creating conditions for access and recovery. (2) Support to the Somali Federal Government. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Post Conflict Recovery. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 15/12/11 (2) 01/06/12. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 13,000,000; Paid EUR 11,700,000. (2) Contracted EUR 1,299,859; Paid EUR 148,368. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 2/05/2012 (2) 28/03/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 01/01/2014 (2) 27/09/2014. 
 Context of Instability With the successful completion of the transition and the appointment of the new leadership of the Federal Institutions, Somalia is now on a path to emerge from fragility. It has embarked on a political reconstruction process, guided by the New Deal principles for fragile states agreed in Busan in 2011. The endorsement of The Somali Compact, jointly by Somalia and the international community in Brussels on 16 September 2013, provides the new political, security and developmental architecture that will frame the future relations between Somalia, its people and the international community. And yet, the proliferation of explosive remnants of war, improvised explosive devices and landmines continues to threaten the lives of all in Somalia and limits access to basic services and economic opportunities for much of the population. As a result, explosive contamination represents a serious impediment to stability, security and ultimately recovery and development. Additionally, despite the establishment of the Federal Institutions and current gains in South-Central Somalia presenting significant scope for the Federal Government to further stabilize the country and create a platform for longer term recovery, the nascent Federal Government of Somalia still lacks capacity to provide adequate security, good governance, and the basic service delivery requirements for the Somali people.     Short Description (1) In late 2011, a positive shift in the protracted humanitarian emergency in Somalia opened a window of opportunity for stability, necessitating an immediate and holistic response in order to enable the Government, humanitarian actors and the international community to deliver security and help create much needed opportunities for the Somali population. A six-component project was developed to address specific explosive hazards including: Reconstruction and rehabilitation of Mogadishu; Emergency mine awareness; Mogadishu port security; Support for the Somali Police Force in the field of mine and explosives disposal capacity; Integrated demining; and Communications and advocacy. (2) The overall objective of the Support to the Somali Federal Government consists of advising on reconciliation, trust-building, local development and good governance, by assisting central and local authorities to further develop the Somali stabilisation strategy as well as to design, implement and coordinate tangible activities allowing fair delivery of basic services to the population and, ultimately, peace, in the so-called Newly Accessible Areas of South Central Somalia.   Activities and State of Play (1) With IfS support, all 13 central districts of Mogadishu have been surveyed and cleared of over 3,000 Explosive Remnants of War by UNMAS stabilisation teams. As the stabilisation teams surveyed the capital, setting a baseline level of clearance, a national capacity was developed within the Somali Police Force (SPF). The SPF teams now act as “first responder” for all explosive management callouts which unfortunately remain a common occurrence in the city. This project not only developed a national Explosive Ordnance Disposal capacity within the SPF but it also built an Explosive Detection Dog unit which mitigates the threat posed by explosive devices at sites of strategic importance such as the parliament, airport, seaport and along major routes in Mogadishu. Moreover, the IfS programme activities were not confined to Mogadishu only; the project was the first to include full-time international staff based in “newly recovered areas”, such as Gedo and Hiran, having removed some 2,000 explosive devices, including mines, while increasing awareness of the threat posed to communities along the Ethiopian border, both in person and via radio messaging. This programme has been the forerunner of the international community improving access and security in the regions for humanitarian and development colleagues to further promote stability in the area, having a clear multiplier effect. (2) The IfS programme recruited an expert, based in Mogadishu since May 2013, to assist the Somali Federal Government with its stabilisation and outreach efforts in South Central Somalia. The expert contributed to the set-up of the Stabilization Support Unity (SSU), the commencement of the assessment of priorities for newly accessible areas, and the initiation of the design of rapidly implementable projects; was an advisory on the role of stabilisation in the New Deal compact; and provided support to the coordination of international efforts on stabilisation. The expert also helped in identifying pilot projects. A number of possible interventions were assessed and the final selection decided upon includes the support to the SSU jointly with the Somali Stability Fund and the USA, the rehabilitation of the Baidoa water system and a solar power project providing street lighting in Kismayo town, in close synergy with the UK.   Role of the IfS  Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS contributes to the wider comprehensive approach of the EU's partnership with Somalia. This covers both active diplomacy and support to the political process[11], security support[12], substantial development assistance and humanitarian aid. Through this set of instruments, the EU is one of the main donors to Somalia with more than 1 billion euros over several years and will continue to play a leading role in international coordination on Somalia, notably in different political and development fora including the New Deal structures. The EU’s increasingly multi-faceted engagement is rooted in an acknowledgement of the interconnected nature of the Somali conflict. It also arises from the fact that the EU structures increasingly acquire the unique ability to act jointly on multiple platforms and align for a common purpose, while retaining the necessary distinctiveness of the various engagement strands within a complex environment. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Sudan
and South Sudan
 Title of IfS Decision || Support to peace-building and stabilisation in Sudan and South Sudan, in particular in their Common Border Zone.     
 Type of measure || Post Conflict Recovery and Regional Peacebuilding. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 11/08/2011. 
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 18,000,000; Contracted EUR 17,437,417; Paid: EUR 15,819,801. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/09/2011. 
 End Date || 27/06/2014. 
 Context of Instability Following South Sudan independence on 9 July 2011, the world's newest state of South Sudan is yet to complete effective state-building, while Sudan's internal conflicts are now coupling with worsening economic conditions. In South Sudan, political power struggle kept so far within the ruling Sudan People Liberation Movement (SPLM) party erupted in a full scale armed crisis in December 2013, causing deaths and the displacement of people across the country. Despite the signing of a cessation of hostilities on 23 January 2014 and ongoing political talks under the auspices of IGAD, it remains unclear whether the country will be able to avoid further spiralling in longer term insecurity and effectively stop fighting. South Sudan state-building main challenges stem from various causes, such as the existing limited opportunities outside the government system to benefit from the oil resources, the strong dependency on northern facilities and exports of the country's most valuable natural resource, and the still lacking Security Sector Reform, including the transformation of the Sudan People Liberation Army (SPLA) from a patchwork of tribal militias into a national army. Further challenges to long term security stem from the lack of progress in delimiting the common border between South Sudan and Sudan and the legacy of ethnic strife and cattle rustling, aggravated by the abundance of light weapons. On its part, instability in Sudan is neither new nor caused by the secession of South Sudan. However, the economic and political tensions already existing within the country beforehand have been sharpened by the independence of South Sudan with the emergence of new dynamics to old problems, the most important being Sudan's significant loss of oil revenues. Pressures on both the economy and on state security are unprecedented in modern Sudan and they have translated into heightened political tensions in Khartoum. Three separate layers of conflict persist in the country: (a) Low-level clashes between the two countries over disputed areas along the shared border; (b) Open and fierce armed insurgencies in the west and south of the country; and (c) Community conflicts, largely over access to and ownership of land and other scarce natural resources. Along and across the border with South Sudan, the issue of seasonal migration remains a key destabilization issue for a significant and vulnerable section of the population. Resource scarcity and the pressures from transhumance-based livestock-oriented livelihoods requiring large-scale movements of cattle affect both northern and southern communities, adding further tensions across the new international border, currently blocked by the fighting ongoing in South Sudan.     Short Description The IfS measure continued to support during 2013 peace-building and stabilisation, in particular in the Common Border Zone of Sudan and South Sudan, through the following components: (1) Enhancing National Capacities for Conflict Mapping, Analysis and Transformation in South Sudan (CRMA South Sudan): The project strengthened local capacities (in particular the National Bureau of Statistics) in information management, analysis and mapping of socio-economic risks, with particular attention to gender concerns. (2) South Sudan Cross-Border Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding: The project supported negotiations between pastoralist nomads and sedentary communities at the border, involving several levels of society and of the authorities. (3) Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) in South Sudan: The programme supported arms control, recovery and capacity building of local authorities and the rule of law institutions. The Government Community Security and Small Arms Control Bureau was strengthened by the project, with a component now ensuring that gender dimensions are integrated in policy development. (4) Peace and Stability Quick Impact Fund for the South-North Border Areas of South Sudan: The programme provided quick, flexible and visible peace building and stabilising interventions for the peaceful coexistence of communities. It supported several Community Based Organisations and provided communities with dividends of peace in the form of basic services and small infrastructures in the sectors of water & sanitation, media & information, agriculture, cattle breeding and markets. (5) Working Towards Preventing and Reducing Violence in Jonglei State (South Sudan): The programme (i) created space for dialogue among communities where proliferation of arms is high; (ii) shared peace dividends in the form of improved water and sanitation services; (iii) trained Armed Forces on human rights and international humanitarian law before they deploy for disarmament and counterinsurgency operations. (6) Strengthening mechanisms for prevention and response to statelessness in Sudan. The project carried out a broad range of actions to ensure comprehensive, fair, transparent and workable arrangements on nationality and prevention of statelessness for populations at risk (i.e. mainly citizens of South Sudan) in Sudan following the secession of South Sudan. (7) Support to democratization processes in Sudan through capacity building of the National Elections Commission and contribution to an inclusive political process?. This project supported deepening and consolidation of Sudan’s democratisation process through capacity-building and strengthening of the National Elections Commission and through contribution to inclusive political participation (what does this mean?). (8) Sudan Cross-border Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding. The project contributed to facilitate confidence and security in Sudan’s North/South border areas enabling the effective and peaceful management of cross-border conflicts and the prevention of associated violence. (9) Enhancing National Capacities for Conflict Mapping, Analysis and Transformation in Sudan – CRMA Phase II. The intervention strengthened data collection and mapping (security threats and socio-economic risks) at state level, and updated and harmonized conflict flashpoint information among key stakeholders as well as disseminated information related to conflict interventions. (10) Joint Conflict Reduction Programme in Sudan. The project addressed immediate conflict risks and contributed to long-term conflict resolution and peace building in the Protocol Areas of the Sudan.   Activities and State of Play The above-listed projects have mostly ended in 2013 and achieved the following results for each of them: (1) Socio-economic risk mapping under CRMA South Sudan enhanced the coordination mechanism of local administration actors and the information sharing among them. The project strengthened the capacities of the government, through the National Bureau of Statistics, in identifying and mapping threats to stability that need to be taken into account for proper development planning. The development strategies of several States can now feed their decision making processes with the information provided by the project. The project ended in February 2013. (2) The South Sudan Cross-Border Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding programme facilitated agreements between pastoralist nomads and sedentary communities at the border, thus allowing peaceful transhumance in areas of significant insecurity. The effectiveness of the intervention led to new funding from other donors after the EU completed its financing in February 2013. A valuable report on cross-border transhumance was issued. The project invested considerable efforts in increasing the participation of women in negotiations. (3) Conflict and gender sensitive community consultations were undertaken to identify local projects to address the insecurity of communities and control the use of arms. Through the community consultations, the communities could voice their concerns and set their priorities that feed into state planning. The consultations also looked into how insecurity affects women and youth. The action also contributed to the adoption of upcoming legislation on small arms control. While the EU support ended in June 2013, other donors continue financing the action. (4) The Peace and Stability Quick Impact Fund helped in creating an enabling environment for peaceful coexistence among various communities. The construction of basic infrastructures contributed to reaching agreements between communities previously competing over shared resources. The project ended in July 2013. (5) A series of trainings contributed to increase awareness of armed forces of the need to protect civilians were undertaken under the project 'Working Towards Preventing and Reducing Violence in Jonglei State'. The recent violence in the area confirms the need for this type of efforts and further reconciliation activities. The project has been extended till June 2014. (6) From mid-2012 until end-2013, under the 'Strengthening mechanisms for prevention and response to statelessness in Sudan' project, UNHCR carefully monitored and actively supported the process for verification of nationality and access to nationality procedures and documentation for Sudanese and South Sudanese nationals in Sudan, including in collaboration with the newly established South Sudan Consulate in Khartoum. Identification of statelessness was improved. (7) Throughout 2013, under the 'Support to democratization processes in Sudan' project, IOM continued to provide support initiated in 2011 to: (i) contribute to capacity-building and strengthening of the Sudanese National Electoral Commission (NEC), and (ii) to sustain efforts for the achievement of a more inclusive electoral participation process, in particular through increased engagement of pastoralist population. This project terminated at the end of 2013. (8) The so-called Cross-border Conflict Prevention and Peacebuilding project in Sudan was implemented by NGO Concordis and supported negotiations between pastoralist nomads and sedentary communities at the border, involving several levels of society and of the authorities. The project terminated in April 2013. (9) The Sudan component of the CRMA project (see point 1 above) engaged with a broad range of partners, including state governments and civil society organizations to complete a Risk and Needs Mapping process over cross-border areas of Sudan. This process contributed to enhance the capacities of state and non-state actors in Sudan to collect and share information and to analyze and plan in a conflict sensitive and evidence based manner. This project ended in January 2013. (10) Under the 'Joint Conflict Reduction Programme in Sudan' programme, conflict prevention and peace building activities were carried out in South Kordofan, Abyei and Blue Nile regions in order to facilitate confidence and effective mitigation/management of cross-border conflicts at the local level. Targeted concrete peace dividends (local infrastructures) were also delivered to communities in accordance to priorities identified during local peace processes.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Neither Sudan nor South Sudan ratified the Cotonou Agreement and therefore cannot access funds of the European Development Fund (EDF), thus limiting the range of manoeuvre of the EU. All the above interventions in South Sudan are part of joint programming with the EU Member States and are in line with the South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2013. South Sudan is also one of the pilot countries for the New Deal Compact for fragile states. In December 2013, conflict disrupted the development activities, shifting the focus on humanitarian aid Close collaboration with DG ECHO and the EU Special Representative (EUSR) for Sudan and South Sudan and the EUSR for the Horn of Africa was achieved during 2013 through constant coordination and information sharing, both on the planning and implementation of activities. The EU is providing support to the African Union's High-Level Implementation Panel (AUHIP), the body mandated to mediate outstanding Sudan-South Sudan issues and promote democratic governance in both countries, through the African Peace Facility's Early Response Mechanism. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Syria 
 Title of IfS Decision || 1 Support to help bring about a peaceful solution to the crisis. 2 Regional support programme for populations affected by the crisis in Syria. 3 Assistance to conflict affected communities in Syria. 4 Logistical support to the implementation of UN Security Council Resolution 2118. || Copyright: UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Crisis response. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 08/05/2012 (2) 27/11/2012 (3) 02/05/2013 (4) 10/10/2013. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 9,839,853; Paid EUR 7,836,798. (2) Contracted EUR 19,998,299; Paid EUR 14,500,128. (3) Contracted EUR 9,525,032 Paid EUR 7,279,388. (4) Contracted EUR 2,219,546; Paid EUR 2,219,546. 
 Start Date of Project || 1 (a) 08/05/2012 (b) 12/06/2012 (c) 25/05/2012 (d) 01/02/2013 (e) 02/06/2013 (f) 01/06/2013 2 (a) 01/10/2012 (b) 01/10/2012 (c) 21/03/2013 3 (a) 01/04/2013 (b) 15/07/2013 (c) 15/02/2014 4 (a) 11/10/2013 
 End Date || 1 (a) 07/05/2013 (b) 30/09/2012 (c) 25/11/2013 (d) 28/02/2014 (e) 15/08/2014 (f) 31/10/2014 2 (a) 31/12/2013 (b) 30/09/2014 (c) 20/09/2014 3 (a) 30/09/2014 (b) 14/01/2015 (c) 14/08/2015 4 (a) 10/10/2014 
 Context of Instability Since the outbreak of the fighting in 2011, almost 3 million people have fled Syria (UNHCR registration figures). The ongoing civil unrest affects the population inside Syria, those fleeing from the crisis, and the communities and authorities hosting refugees, most importantly in Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq and Turkey. The current displacements from Syria into the neighbouring countries further complicate the many pre-existing conflict settings in this volatile region, including those related to previous refugee crises, making the continuing solidarity displayed by many all the more remarkable. According to the UN, more than 9 million people are in need of help inside Syria, but assistance providers face severe constraints to reach them, partly due to on-going fighting and partly due to restrictions imposed by those who are party to the conflict. In areas currently not controlled from Damascus, local self-governance structures, including local councils and committees, have been and are being established but their capacity to deliver services and meet the needs of the population varies significantly. While the EU maintains its position that only a negotiated, political solution can end the conflict, the fighting on the ground has continued in 2013.     Short Description 1) Inside Syria: The EU is continuing its efforts to support Syrians in pursuing a peaceful solution to the conflict and has worked with a broad range of Syrian and international stakeholders engaged in dialogue initiatives. The efforts of the UN-League of Arab States Special Envoy in Damascus have been supported through security provisions in Damascus and specific support was also provided to the UN missions implementing UN Security Council Resolutions 2042 and 2118. Additional measures adopted in 2013 seek to provide direct assistance to the civilian population in areas that are hard to reach. To improve the efficiency and transparency of the assistance and prepare for recovery efforts, the IfS also provided support to local governance structures and assistance coordination efforts. The EU also collaborates with UNRWA to allow micro-finance activities continue in spite of the crisis-related economic down-turn. In addition, 66,000 children are being assisted to continue their school education either in Syria or through alternative education modalities. 2) Regional (please also refer to country fiches of Lebanon and Jordan for non-regional assistance projects funded by the IfS) Three projects have been supported to meet the needs of (a) Syrian refugees and host authorities in Jordan, Turkey and Iraq (UNHCR); (b) Palestinian refugees in Syria and displaced from Syria to Lebanon (UNRWA) and (c) Syrian refugee children and adolescents in Turkey (UNICEF). (a) In Turkey, Jordan and Iraq, UNHCR offers support to local and national authorities to build their capacities in receiving and hosting refugees. In addition, host communities and refugees are assisted to adapt to their new circumstances, for example through Quick Impact Projects, rental subsidies, or measures to address additional education or psychosocial needs. (b) Under the regional component of its programme, UNRWA provides cash rental assistance to Palestinian refugees from Syria now residing in Lebanon. (c) In Turkey, UNICEF helps to increase resilience of vulnerable school-aged Syrian children and youth living in camps. The project allows Syrian children and youths to continue their education while also enjoying access to recreation activities, allowing them to regain a sense of normalcy.   Activities and State of Play 1) Inside Syria: From May 2013, funding from the IfS was used to deliver in-kind assistance to help stabilize the living conditions of communities in Northern Syria. In spite of on-going fighting and resulting population movements, it was possible to deliver medical supplies and consumables, heating equipment and potato seeds to communities in need. Preparations have started to build eight primary health care centres and rehabilitate and equip bakeries to increase food security. Aid coordination structures and local governance initiatives have received support through targeted training sessions. The escalation of violence in Syria had a direct impact on those activities which UNRWA implements inside the country. The microfinance component opened three new branch offices in safer locations and developed a new loan product tailored to the needs of the increasing number of street-traders that has emerged as a result of the conflict. During the first 12 months of project implementation, the microfinance programme financed over 2,000 loans with a steady increase over the second half of 2013. UNRWA also increased the number of psychosocial counsellors so as to help children cope with the traumatic experiences of violent conflict in Syria. Increasing violence also required improved security provisions for staff. The joint UN/OPCW mission deployed to Syria to monitor the implementation of UNSCR 2118 has been provided with 10 additional armoured vehicles to improve the safety of mission staff.   2) Regional (a) 15 months after the start of implementation and as planned, UNHCR completed implementation in December 2013. In Iraq, UNHCR organised workshops for government officials to improve reception conditions and implemented community outreach activities and vocational training. In Jordan, UNHCR provided capacity building through the organisation of coordination workshops and training sessions for governmental staff involved in managing the response to the Syrian refugee crisis, including the Syrian Refugee Camps Department. About 1,200 individuals (army officers, NGO staff members, lawyers and volunteers working at Border Crossing Points and inside refugee camps) have received training on protection principles, refugee rights and camp management. To enhance reception conditions for Syrian refugees, UNHCR has supported the Jordanian Armed Forces through the provision of twelve office prefabs and six latrine units for six different reception centres at the borders. The Jordanian Family Protection Department has been supported through training, incentive payments and the provision of equipment to expand its outreach capacities and address the needs of victims of gender based violence in Zaatri and Mafraq refugee camps. Five quick impact projects in municipalities hosting refugees have been implemented to enhance service delivery to Jordanian communities. In Turkey, UNHCR provided technical expertise and advisory support on protection, aid delivery and camp management to authorities at central and local level. (b) UNRWA developed self-learning materials and disseminated those to children in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan. 144 TV-based lessons covering Mathematics, Arabic, Science and English were produced and are broadcast on UNRWA satellite TV (accessible throughout the Middle East) and via internet. The provision of cash-assistance to allow newly-arrived Palestinian refugees in Lebanon pay their rent ended in July 2013 with 16,602 families receiving support. (c) In Turkey, UNICEF has established Child-Friendly Spaces (CFS) in 17 refugee camps. More than 2,000 teachers and 28 youth workers have been trained and the promotion of inclusive education opportunities to all children and youth continues through the setting up of libraries in camps and the provision of material support to teachers. The scope of the project was broadened and now includes all refugee camps in Turkey. In total 2004 teachers have received training. UNICEF is also working with the Turkish Ministry of Education on the curriculum as well as accreditation and certification issues. In addition, A number of consultation meetings on the perspectives for a political solution to the Syrian crisis were organised in Lebanon, Turkey and Jordan and outside of the region. Members of the Syrian diaspora, women's groups and civil society organisations have exchanged views on a future transition process, including on topics such as transitional justice and accountability.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response IfS actions allowed for a quick scaling-up of the EU response as the situation in Syria deteriorated significantly and the regional dimension of the crisis began to unfold. The initial measures quickly needed to be followed up and all financing instruments the EU has at its disposition in the region have been mobilised. For further details on IfS support to Lebanon and Jordan see the separate country fiches. Measures providing direct assistance to the needy population inside Syria are closely coordinated with the humanitarian response of the EU and synergies with medium to longer-term EU funding is being developed. IfS support was crucial in providing timely assistance in response to a rapidly evolving conflict. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Tajikistan
 Title of IfS Decision || Post conflict rehabilitation and stabilization in Khorog.[13] || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Support to stabilisation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 01/06/2012 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 200,000; Paid EUR 144,317. 
 Start Date of Project || 01/07/2013. 
 End Date || 31/12/2014. 
 Context of Instability Tajikistan remains the poorest country of the former Soviet Union, with 46.7% of the population living below the poverty line. Currently, Tajikistan is not in a situation of open conflict. However, it faces  a number of challenges that should be resolved through constructive dialogue in order to minimize tensions in society, notably in the remote Gorno-Badakshan Autonomous Oblast (GBAO) In July 2012, the murder of the Head of the Local Intelligence Service, led to deadly clashes between the government and local armed groups in Khorog, the capital of GBAO. According to official sources, 42 of the fighting parties were killed. Independent observers reported 23 civilians killed. The clashes have left quite extensive physical and psychological damage in the local community and the local population has lost trust in government structures. The local community selected a group of 20 representatives to establish a dialogue with the government and law enforcement agencies. They also acted as intermediary between informal commanders and government officials. It greatly contributed to stabilization in the short term, but in the long run, a structured, sustainable mechanism is required to prevent future escalations and similar crises in the future.   Short Description The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) and the EU Delegation in Tajikistan initiated the Post-Conflict Rehabilitation and Stabilization in Khorog – strengthening community resilience against negative influences and building peoples’ confidence in government projects to contribute to building sustainable local self-governance institutions in the form of Mahalla Councils (MCs) in Khorog town, with strong capacity. The prime objective when establishing these councils (public institutions), is to reach out to the population of Khorog town, and strengthen and facilitate a dialogue between society and local government. The dialogue between Mahalla Councils and local authorities will have a socio-economic impact and will contribute to conflict mitigation and prevention in the region. The purpose of the project is to normalize living conditions in Khorog and surrounding areas after the July-August 2012 conflicts. The project aims to reach three key results: a) enhance the capacity of local Civil Society Organisations, local government and community leaders, thus enabling them to play an active role in conflict mitigation and trust building among stakeholders; b) Foster dialogue and cooperation between civil society, government and the population; and c) enhance participation and engagement of youth in constructive activities to improve their sense of responsibility, social skills, integration and self-control.   Activities and State of Play The main implementing agency is the Mountain Societies Development Support Programme (MSDSP), a programme of the Aga Khan Foundation. The action has three components: (1) Enhance capacity of local civil society organisations, local government and community leaders in conflict mitigation and trust building: A total of 18 Mahalla Councils (lowest sub-division in the town of Khorog) have been established and registered. Mahalla Development Plans are developed, in a participatory manner (local community and government), including particular priorities targeting the youth. In order to address the capacity gaps of the interlocutors, including Mahalla Councils, Local Government and leaders of youth groups, training courses were developed and delivered by local partners. These training courses cover a wide range of topics, including conflict prevention, peace-building, communication and negotiation. (2) Foster dialogue and cooperation between civil society and the government: A cooperation agreement has been signed between the project and the Khorog Mayor’s Office, facilitating  the implementation of the project, in particular the establishment, registration and institutional development of the Mahalla Councils in Khorog (3) Enhance participation and engagement of youth: 10 groups/clubs were identified and included in the project during the reporting period, including musicians, sportsmen, handicrafts, etc.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The IfS intervention is in line with the EU strategy in Tajikistan and reinforced the EU’s support to democracy, human rights and the rule of law in the country. The action was particularly relevant in the context of the social tensions that started in July 2012, after confrontations between the Government and local military groups in Khorog, GBAO. It also complements actions by other donors (i.e. DfID conflict pool financing for the southern border with Afghanistan). 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Tanzania
 Title of IfS Decisions || EU assistance to conflict transformation and reconciliation in support of the Government of National Unity in Zanzibar.[14]   || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Conflict transformation and reconciliation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decisions || 24/03/2011. 
 Amount(s) || Contracted EUR 300,000; Paid EUR 161,453. 
 Start Date of Projects || 01/03/2012. 
 End Date || 31/08/2013. 
 Context of Instability Violence has marred Zanzibari politics since independence in 1964, and, since 1992, on-going conflict between the politically dominant Chama cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party and the Civic United Front (CUF) has been characterized by cyclical electoral violence. Fatigued by decades of violence and bloodshed, CCM and CUF leaders unveiled a proposal in November 2009 for a permanent power-sharing arrangement. Following this historic event, in January 2010 the House of Representatives called for a referendum to create a Government of National Unity (GNU). The Zanzibari voted yes on the referendum and the House of Representatives amended the constitution to sanction an official power-sharing government. The project, implemented by Search for Common Ground International NGO (SFCG), was designed to strengthen the political leadership in overcoming the political differences that have divided Zanzibar for decades, and to contribute to bridging the divides among the population.   Short Description The strategy of the project involved: a) offering high-level leadership development, coaching and training to members of the government and political party leadership, drawing on experiences from around Africa and the world, and b) working with Zanzibari media to seize the opportunity presented by the creation of the GNU to promote social cohesion on a large scale, encourage a frank discussion of differences aimed at finding concrete solutions, and foster a spirit of tolerance. This general process began in late 2010, supported by other development partners, and included consultations, trust building, leadership coaching, joint media productions and media training. A range of Zanzibari leaders and media actors, as well as the international community, have since encouraged a more sustained engagement in supporting the GNU in Zanzibar.   Activities and State of Play The main activities of the project included: 1) Installation of project coordinator in Zanzibar, project design and work plan; 2) Four leadership support missions to Zanzibar, which included: ongoing one-on-one coaching, enrolment of additional key actors, skill-building seminars within the civil service, and facilitating other learning experiences; 3) Three in-situ training sessions with Zanzibari media outlets on both Unguja and Pemba Islands; 4) Micro-Grants to radio stations aimed at building national momentum and consensus around the national unity process, by covering sensitive issues using innovative radio formats; and 5) Reinforcing the technical capacity of radio stations by supplying needed technical equipment, including recording equipment. At the beginning of the year, the project organised a task force meeting with its partners, to build trust amongst them and to discuss options to support civil society to further the GNU concept. Two senior level leadership coaching and mentoring missions took place during the reporting period. These were a cornerstone of the project. SFCG has continued training sessions for women leaders. These trainings reinforced capacity of these women leaders at the political level. The same was confirmed through a mid-term assessment of this component. A fourth capacity building training for staff of the Ministry of Good Governance was organised in Pemba. This sparked a request for leadership training in Pemba. Several media activities have taken place during the reporting period. These are perhaps the most tangible aspects of the project. Media sector mapping was undertaken and a mid-term review was conducted, concluding that journalists were better equipped to produce radio programmes in support of peace and reconciliation and it contributed to the growth in number of radio programmes. SFCG also offered radio packages on peace and coexistence and radio evaluation and coaching sessions were organised. The project also provided radio and television talk show production training and procured materials and offered technical support to radio stations. Overall, these contributed to professionalising the media in Zanzibar, which was considerably lagging behind.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response The EU support in Zanzibar currently includes actions to support the legal sector reform process in Zanzibar, including enhancing the child justice system in the islands, and initiatives against child labour and gender-based violence. In addition, the EU is supporting two cultural heritage projects in Zanzibar, focusing on increased capacities by local builders and craftsmen to restore historical sites. On the infrastructure side, the EU is exploring the potential to develop renewable energies and energy efficiency projects. The EU also plans to strengthen local CSOs capacity, support their dialogue with central and local authorities on issues of governance and poverty reduction and of improving the legislative and regulatory environment for CSOs. The EU Delegation is further looking into options to assist Zanzibari stakeholders to counter the threat of radicalisation and to consolidate stability. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Thailand
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Peace-Building In Southern Thailand: Community Confidence and Trust-Building.[15] (2) Conflict Resolution in Southern Thailand: Harnessing Lessons Learned. [16] || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Reconciliation and dialogue, support to civil society, gender equality. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 24/03/2011 (2) 01/06/2012 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted: EUR 500,000.00; Paid: EUR 233,599.42. (2) Contracted: EUR 160,000.00; Paid: EUR 128,000.00. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/08/2012. (2) 01/07/2013. 
 End Date || (1) 31/01/2014. (2) 30/06/2014. 
 Context of Instability The context of instability addressed by IfS projects in 2013 relates to the ethno-nationalist insurgency which re-emerged in early 2004, mostly in the three Southern Border Provinces (SBPs) of Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat. The SBPs were annexed to Thailand in 1906, and their population is predominantly Muslim and ethnic-Malay. Since 2004 daily shootings and bomb attacks have resulted in over 6,000 deaths and 10,000 injured in more than 12,000 attacks - mostly against civilians - making it the most violent conflict in South East Asia. Ten years on, the violence continues unabated. The attacks usually take place within the SBPs and target foreigners only sporadically. However it is feared that, left unchecked, the unrest may spill over the SBPs, target foreigners or even link up with regional terrorist organisations, which to date have not played any significant role in the violence. Various factors contribute to the continued violence. These include: an unmet demand for recognition of the local identity and decentralisation, human rights abuses by the security forces and insurgents, and impunity and lack of effective rule of law. Addressing these legitimate concerns is essential to achieve long-lasting peace. On February 2013 the Thai Government announced a direct peace dialogue process, facilitated by Malaysia, with one of the insurgent groups.   Short Description Since 2008 the IfS has been involved in Southern Thailand with 9 projects for a total of over EUR 4 Million. There are currently two projects under implementation: (1) "Peace-building in Southern Thailand: Community Confidence and Trust Building" - This peace-building project brings together respected leaders of both Buddhist and Muslim local communities as well as, where feasible, local government authorities and security services personnel in order to reduce tensions and foment inter-ethnic and inter-faith dialogue. (2) "Conflict Resolution in Southern Thailand: Harnessing Lessons Learned" - This project supports those involved in the current dialogue process between the Government of Thailand and representatives of the insurgency by providing insights gained from the resolution of other conflicts, such as Aceh (Indonesia) and Northern Ireland, through direct exchanges with people that were/are directly involved in these peace processes.   Activities and State of Play (1) During 2013, the project has largely implemented all the activities expected and reached its objectives. Activities took profit of the new peace dialogue process when organising several forums, attended by up to 6,000 people, on the conflict and peace-building in order to disseminate a message of peace and engagement in community-based solutions to the conflict. (2) During 2013 the project has prepared the ground for its main deliverables, namely, the organisation of two delegations of political key figures from Northern Ireland and Aceh, and one delegation of senior Asian and European military figures. These are expected to take place starting in March/April 2014. The country-wide conflict between different political parties and groups often overshadows the conflict in Southern Thailand and complicates the implementation of projects addressing the insurgency.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response In order to ensure coherence with other EU instruments available for Thailand, the activities funded under the IfS were complemented by actions supported under the Thai-EC Cooperation Facility, under the Development Cooperation Instrument, and other related thematic programmes such as the "Non State Actors and Local Authorities" and the "European Instrument for Human Rights and Democracy". The EU Delegation also keeps a close co-ordination with EU Member States in the designing and running of IfS projects. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Togo
 Title of IfS Decisions || (1) Mission d'observation électorale domestique de Gorée Institute pour des élections législatives et municipales crédibles et apaisées en 2012 au Togo.[17] (2) Appui technique au processus électoral au Togo.[18]   || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Elections. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 24/03/2011. (2) 01/06/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 1,000,000; Paid EUR 800,000. (2) Contracted EUR 103,480; Paid EUR 62,088. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 07/12/2012. (2) 27/01/2014. 
 End Date || (1) 06/12/2013. (2) 07/07/2014. 
 Context of Instability Legislative elections in Togo, initially due to take place in October-November 2012, and local elections that were to be held in 2013 after the vote for the legislative, were postponed due to delay in the organisation of the polls and political tensions between the government and the opposition. Legislative elections were finally organised on 25 July 2013, after an agreement was reached with opposition parties. The date for local elections remains uncertain. Despite relatively peaceful legislative elections in 2007 and presidential elections in 2010, Togo still finds itself in a situation of distrust between the government and opposition forces. The situation worsened in 2010 after the exclusion of nine members of the opposition from the National Assembly and after the release of two different versions of the 2012 National Commission on Human Rights’ report on allegations of torture. In 2013, at every step of the electoral process (voters’ biometric registration, candidates' registration, electoral campaign) for the legislative elections, opposition forces threatened to boycott the electoral process. They requested the implementation of the 2006 Global Political Agreement (GPA), in particular targeted institutional and constitutional reforms. After numerous attempts of dialogue between the opposition and the government supported by the diplomatic community, including the European Union (EU), a last-minute compromise was finally reached on 9 July 2013. The elections took place on 25 July with a turnout of 66%. No significant security incidents were recorded. The complementing efforts of the diplomatic community and Togo’s civil society setting up safe-guards to the process helped in achieving a peaceful result.    Short Description The overall aim of the proposed IfS actions were the reinforcement of good governance and democracy in Togo through the provision of support for the legislative and local elections in line with international standards. This included: i) strengthening the capacity of civil society to conduct electoral observation, and ii) supporting to the Electoral Management Bodies (EMB) for the preparation of elections. The first component of these actions aimed at supporting the Togolese civil society in electoral watchdog actions and therefore setting up safe-guards against violence. This action was implemented by a pan African organisation (Goree Institute) in partnership with a platform of Togolese Civil Society Organisations involved in electoral matters (SYCED - Synergie Citoyenne pour des Elections Démocratiques) and a German foundation (Hanns Seidel). It aimed at reinforcing the capacities of the Togolese platform in electoral observation, in line with the recommendations of the 2010 EU Elections Observation Mission, and conducting a monitoring of the elections. Due to the lack of consensus on the electoral process among political stakeholders, the second component of these actions was submitted to political pre-conditions. They aimed at ensuring a more inclusive, rigorous and peaceful environment for the elections. The last-minute agreement between the government and the opposition did not enable the EU to deliver this support. However, local elections are still pending. Support for the modernisation of the Electoral Law and the electoral procedures, as well as training to the electoral staff, is foreseen.   Activities and State of Play For the first component, the following activities were implemented in 2013: §  A common methodology on electoral observation was adopted and guidelines for electoral observation, including biometric registration of voters, media monitoring and Observer Code of Conduct, were published and widely distributed to ensure harmonisation and sustainability of the strategies of the Togolese civil society platform (SYCED) in electoral processes; §  A total of 935 national observers have been trained – that includes long-term observers, monitors of electoral violence, media monitors and short-term observers – to reinforce the capacities of SYCED's members in electoral observation; §  A comprehensive electoral observation exercise was conducted, from voters' registration to the publication of final results, in order to assess Togolese elections in light of international standards and reinforce the confidence of the population towards democratic processes. A final observation report was released in December 2013. Regarding the second component, activities are due to start in early 2014, in view of the local elections.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response These IfS actions are fully in line with the EU's development policy, which includes as main objectives promotion of and support to democracy, as displayed in the 2006 European Consensus for Development and 2011 Agenda for Change. In addition, these IfS actions contribute to the implementation of recommendations issued by past EU Elections Observation Missions financed under the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), and complement other EU election-related interventions in Togo financed under the European Development Fund. Last but not least, these IfS actions complement EU endeavours in the political dialogue engaged with the government in close collaboration with EU member states accredited in Togo. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Tunisia
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to Democratic Transition in Tunisia. (2) Support to Internal Political Dialogue.[19] || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || (1) Assistance to transition (capacity building of civic actors; support to civil society actors). (2) Internal political dialogue. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision ||  (1) 24/03/2011.  (2) 01/06/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) EUR 2,000,000: (1a) Contracted EUR 300.000; Paid EUR 270.000: (1b) Contracted EUR 200.000; Paid EUR 199.166.   (2) EUR 305,000: Contracted EUR 217.102; Paid EUR 109.392. 
 Start Date of Project || (1a) 07/04/2011. (1b) 21/05/2011. (2) 07/01/2013. 
 End Date || (1a) 30/04/2013. (1b) 20/05/2013. (2) 06/07/2014. 
 Context of Instability After several decades of authoritarian rule, the Tunisian popular revolt toppled former President Ben Ali on 14 January 2011. In the aftermath of the Revolution, Tunisia engaged in an ambitious political and institutional transition. The first democratic elections took place on 23 October 2011, electing a National Constituent Assembly and setting up interim executive structures. The moderate Islamist party Al Nahda won most seats and leads a ruling Troïka coalition with two secular parties, CPR and Ettakatol. Ettakatol holds the presidency of the Constituent Assembly, CPR the Presidency while Al Nahda leads as Head of Government. 2013 was marked by increased insecurity and political violence. The murder of the opposition leader Mr Chokry Belaid on 6 February caused major public outrage, increasing political tensions alongside growing mistrust of the Islamist-led government, ultimately forcing the transitional Government of Jebali to step down. A new Government was formed in March, headed by Ali Laârayedh. However, the assassination of another member of the opposition, Mohammed Brahami in July, followed by several security incidents in the Châmbi area leading to the killing of Army officers provoked another wave of mass protests calling for the resignation of the Laârayedh Government. Following several months of prolonged negotiations among political parties in the framework of the so called “National Dialogue”, a roadmap was finally agreed, setting pre-conditions for the resignation of the Laârayedh Government, including the establishment of a national electoral board and the adoption of the Constitution. The situation was very volatile by year-end while awaiting progress on implementation of the two pre-conditions for the establishment of a new Government. The unstable political set-up is compounded by an extremely frail economic situation, with no sign of improvement in terms of employment or economic growth in the short term.     Short Description Only two projects under the original decision (see 1 above) implemented activities  in 2013: (1a) The project aims to support the Ligue Tunisienne des Droits de l'Homme (LTDH) as a civil society actor in developing political and democratic education in Tunisia’s regions. Specifically, it aims to support the creation of specialised legal and psychosocial services for victims of human rights abuses, through the re-opening LTDH regional sections and enhancing the capacity of its Tunis headquarters. (1b) The project aims to support and re-build the institutional capacity of the Syndicat National des Journalistes Tunisiens (SNJT) to better face the challenges of democratic transition and media reform through inter alia developing protection and defence mechanisms for members, improving advocacy capacity, administrative re-organisation and personalised training and coaching of its executive board.  (2) The project aims to support inclusive engagement and dialogue on key issues and challenges of political transition, thereby reducing socio-political tensions and preventing conflict. It specifically sets out to establish a forum for a process of national dialogue in order to create and sustain consensus on key issues of transition and to instil confidence between political parties and civil actors within the national dialogue process.    Activities and State of Play (1a) During the last months of 2013, LTDH finalised the regional campaigns for new members at regional level, held a general electoral assembly for regional sections to appoint new members and consolidated the sections’ human and financial resources. Enhanced capacity now allows regional sections to play a more active role. This now allows the sections to play an active role in contributing to the definition of the orientations for the national dialogue and advocacy line at central level. In addition, LTDH improved its functions on monitoring, advising and advocacy. It is now leading the first coalition of human rights associations in Tunisia, contributing to national and international discussions and mobilising public opinion in response to human rights abuses and visiting detention centres. The coalition takes up emblematic unresolved cases such as the disappearance of irregular migrants at sea and the plight of the families of the martyrs of the Revolution. (1b) During 2013, the administration and executive board of SNJT were strengthened, through definition of clearer objectives and mission statements respectively. The union’s administrative and communication structures were also re-built at national and regional levels, increasing contacts between journalists and the executive board, allowing for the development of stronger union activism supporting journalist protests against restrictive editorial lines within their own media.  The SNJT president was also assisted in developing institutional links with other media trade unions such as the Federation of Newspapers Owners. These new partnerships contributed to developing lobbying actions in the framework of the dialogue with the Government on the application of decree law number 115 particularly, the establishment of a commission for the issuance of press cards and to discuss legal proceedings against journalists. SNJT has now a greater representative capacity to defend journalist interests and rights in the context of media reform and the set- up of an independently supervised media sector.  (2) A forum for a process of national dialogue was established in January 2013 by the implementing partner Forward Thinking, which includes peaceful Salafist groups, Ennhada, Nida Tounes, political parties of the left and UGTT (national workers union). Regular monthly or bi-monthly bi-lateral meetings and panels were held with stakeholders covering issues such as corruption, transitional justice and independence of the media. By year-end, 20 dialogue workshops were convened involving both senior political figures and youth political activists. In addition, 4 formal rounds of bilateral meetings were held to evaluate the process and incorporate new participants as well as 5 intensive workshops across two-days on the media, preceded by meetings with practitioners from the media, legal professionals and the Independent High Commission for Audio-Visual Communications (HAICA). Informal bi-lateral meetings were held with different participants in advance of each dialogue event to explore potential topics for discussion and to hear assessments of the political context. In addition, in March 2013 a dialogue workshop with participants across North Africa was held in London with the support of the EBRD and the African Development bank to discuss challenges facing North African economies.    Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response Timely IfS investment in democratic transition since 2011 has enabled the EU to support key and emerging political actors, helping them in their development from advocates for change to credible actors of democratic transition and in line with the evolution of the political and social context in Tunisia. The decision to support internal political dialogue proved to be a wise strategic choice at a moment of growing polarisation between the political actors and society, as participants from across the political spectrum continued their engagement in dialogue, finding value within it as means to increase political confidence and trust.  This action complements other ongoing projects funded under the EIDHR and CSF-NS which focus more on promoting dialogue between civil society and state institutions on democratic transition. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Yemen
 Title of IfS Decision || 1. Support to the Transition Process 2. Restoring of a stable environment in Yemen in order to enable development and democratic consolidation to take place. 3. Provision of Technical Assistance to Restructuring Committee of Ministry of Interior.[20] || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || 1. Support to National Dialogue, Reconciliation and Transitional Justice. 2. Support to conflict transformation and countering violent extremism. 3. Reform and Restructuring process within the Ministry of Interior. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || 1. 06/05/2013 (2). 13/07/2010 (3). 24/03/2011. 
 Amount(s) || 1. Committed EUR 3,000,000: Contracted EUR 2,932,182.36; Paid EUR 2,281,874.78. 2. Committed EUR 15,000,000: Contracted EUR 7,610,558; Paid EUR 6,705,566.51. 3. Contracted EUR 482,950; Paid EUR 193,180. 
 Start Date of Project || 1. 1(a) 01/02/13; 1(b) 01/02/13; 1(c) 01/07/13. 2. 2(a) 01/08/11; 2(b) 01/01/11; 2(c) 12/03/12; 2(d) 02/11/10; 2(e) 28/10/10; 2(f) 15/10/10. 3. 20/07/12. 
 End Date || 1. 1(a) 31/01/14; 1(b) 31/07/14; 1(c) 31/12/14. 2. 2(a) 31/07/13; 2(b) 31/12/12; 2(c) 11/03/14; 2(d) 01/11/12; 2(e) 28/04/12; 2(f) 15/04/2012. 3. 19/07/14. 
 Context of Instability Yemen entered into its first peaceful transition of power in the country’s modern history in 2011, with the signing of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Initiative on 23 November 2011, following eleven months of popular protest. The GCC Initiative and its 'implementation mechanism' set out a number of steps for the transition process, including the formation of a unity government, the election of a new president, security sector reform, a national dialogue conference, and a constitutional referendum followed by elections. The transition process advances slower than originally scheduled, but the National Dialogue Conference was concluded on 25 January 2014, allowing for the remaining tasks to be addressed before the scheduled General Elections take place. The transition process under a National Unity Government and the National Dialogue Conference (NDC) has created space for political dialogue across parties, together with Yemen's many disparate factions and an emerging civil society. It continues to raise hope for the strengthening of the Rule of Law and human rights, including transitional justice. Yemenis across the board expect to improve their participation in decision-making and political institutions, now that the NDC has set a visible example for a new kind of dialogue, bringing in – beyond the traditional parties and constituencies – new groups such as women, youth and civil society. The process of national reconciliation is, however, only in its early stages, facing important challenges, including Yemen's humanitarian crisis and food insecurity affecting almost half of the population, coupled with an exceptionally high demographic growth rate and chronically weak institutions. Since the popular uprising in 2011, the government has struggled to re-establish its reach across the country and Yemen's multiple sectarian and tribal fault lines remain widely in evidence.  Important reforms, for example, of the security sector have not advanced as quickly and decisively as the situation would require. A consequence has been a deteriorating security situation progressively restricting movements of expatriates.   Short Description The overall objective of the IfS programme in Yemen in 2013 has been to assist Yemeni authorities and society to successfully complete the transition phase. More specifically, the aim has been (a) to support Yemeni efforts to organise and manage an effective, inclusive, participatory and transparent National Dialogue Conference (NDC); and b) to foster reconciliation by helping to start a transitional justice process that will address specific grievances of individuals and communities and establish guarantees of non-recurrence. Under the first component, the EU has supported the organisation of the NDC, helping to set up a secretariat, and providing logistical support and technical advice. The assistance is channelled through the Yemen National Dialogue and Constitutional Reform Trust Fund (EUR 1.5 million). In addition EU support allowed for inclusive and participatory local dialogues and outreach activities across Yemen, organised by the Yemeni NGO ‘Political Development Forum (PDF)’ in partnership with the Berghof Foundation. Under the second component, EU support is being provided to advance the transitional justice process, responding to a concern that is in principle shared by all political and social actors. The UNDP is collaborating closely with the Ministry of Legal Affairs, civil society and victims’ representatives to assist in the legislative drafting process and to create the institutional framework to implement the legislation.   Activities and State of Play Under component 1, and despite setbacks, Yemen’s political transition is continuing to make progress. The NDC started in March 2013, and brought together 565 delegates across the political spectrum and across geographic regions, including 20% independent youth and 30% women. The EU, as part of the so-called G10 (P5, GCC and EU), and the UN, have played an important role in ensuring the continuity and inclusiveness of the process. Yemen remains the only country in the region where a negotiated transition and a national dialogue are taking place. The NDC Secretariat provided technical and logistical support throughout the conference, through the UN's dedicated and well-tested frameworks for national dialogue processes, including sector working groups, plenary sessions and consensus committee. The Delegates have been able to agree on a catalogue of recommendations which address the crucial 'southern issue' and the future structure and nature of the state. Local dialogues and outreach activities took place across five governorates: Aden, Hodeida, Dhamar, Hadramaut and Taiz. They have been instrumental in (a) engaging a wide spectrum of actors at governorate levels and promoting a culture of democratic debate, and (b) feeding local perspectives and ideas into the NDC, thus enhancing local ownership and participation. In the field of Transitional Justice, implementing partners have started to engage with civil society and victims’ representatives. The establishment, by presidential decree, of the Land Commission and the Forced Dismissals Commission, is considered an important element in building confidence, particularly in the south, where many continue to reject or oppose the central government in Sana'a. Finally, three projects in the field of conflict transformation, moderation, and countering violent extremism have continued in 2013, complementing on-going efforts to assist the Ministry of the Interior in elaborating its perspectives for reforms in the security sector.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response In Yemen, the international community cooperates closely through the group of G10 Ambassadors to which the EU has belonged since its inception as 'guardians of the GCC initiative'. IfS contribution to the NDC Trust Fund (YNDCRTF), together with seven other international donors, including the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Japan, Denmark and Turkey, is an important practical element in this context. IfS actions in Yemen are closely coordinated with efforts under other EU instruments. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS) Programmes in
Zimbabwe
 Title of IfS Decision || (1) Support to sustained democratic reform and peaceful transition. (2) Support to constitutional reform, electoral preparations and security sector transformation. || Copyright UN ReliefWeb 
 Type of measure || Democracy; Security Sector Reform; Rule of Law; Crisis prevention and Crisis response; Peacebuilding, Mediation and Reconciliation. 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decision || (1) 12/09/2012,  (2) 18/10/2012. 
 Amount(s) || (1) Contracted EUR 3,651,235; Paid EUR 2,877,300.47. (2) Contracted EUR 3,100,000; Paid EUR 2,790,000. 
 Start Date of Project || (1) 01/08/2012; (2) 01/10/2012. 
 End Date || (1) 22/12/2014; (2) 30/06/2014. 
 Context of Instability The signature of an inter-party Global Political Agreement (GPA) in September 2008, that paved the way for democratic reform and the subsequent establishment of a tri-partite Government of National Unity (GNU) in February 2009 between the Zimbabwe African Union Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) of Robert Mugabe and two factions of the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC), represented a significant step towards a sustainable solution to the Zimbabwe crisis and an opportunity to re-establish a constructive relationship between the EU and Zimbabwe after years of restrictive and appropriate measures. In 2013, Zimbabwe's governance was at a critical juncture: the constitutional referendum held in March led to the approval of a new Constitution, a cornerstone of the GPA, and the Government of National Unity came to an end after harmonised elections were held peacefully on 31 July 2013. The Instrument for Stability (IfS) continued playing a pivotal role in Zimbabwe and provided support in working with a multitude of actors and approaches to crisis prevention, peace building and community-level mediation in a perspective of involving all relevant stakeholders across the political spectrum.   Short Description In 2013, there was some progress in the implementation of the democratic reform. Despite the public feuds amongst parties, their commitment to the spirit and principle of the GPA and to the Constitution-making process remained, generating space for political convergence. The Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), as the guarantor of the GPA, under the leadership of South Africa 's President Jacob Zuma, stepped up its efforts to support GPA's implementation. Consolidating the democratisation process and sustaining conflict mitigation and mediation mechanisms with a trickle-down effect to the community and grassroots levels was thus critical in order to accompany these efforts. (1) Support to sustained democratic reform and peaceful transition: This exceptional assistance measure was adopted in September 2012 and contracted in 2012 (3 grants) and 2013 (4 grants) with the objective to contribute to the effective implementation of democratic reform through capacity building to the Parliament of Zimbabwe, support to inclusive mechanisms for the prevention and mitigation of conflicts at local, provincial and national levels, as well as enhancing the fraud-deterrence and oversight roles of regional and domestic election observers. (2) Support to constitutional reform, electoral preparations and security sector transformation: This interim response programme was adopted in October 2012 and contracted in 2012 (2 grants) and 2013 (1 grant) with the objective to support the completion of a credible participatory constitutional reform, capacitate the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) in order to improve the conduct of elections and to contribute to an effective and sustainable modernisation and transformation of the security sector in Zimbabwe.   Activities and State of Play (1) Support to mediation at sub-national level through the Joint Monitoring and Implementation Committee (JOMIC) enshrined into the GPA, had a positive impact on inter-party dialogue and led to a reduction of violence. Through the Zimbabwe Institute (ZI) the EU supported the establishment of twenty tri-partite decentralised teams for JOMIC to investigate and mediate on political incidents and complaints brought to their attention and promote national healing, not least during elections. Support to the 7th Parliament of Zimbabwe through the Southern African Parliamentary Support Trust (SAPST) and the Association of European Parliamentarians with Africa (AWEPA) resulted in an improved quality of the legislative work as well as opening up of proceedings to public hearings, allowing the Parliament to nurture a more democratic process of engagement. Technical committees were capacitated, which allowed for an increased oversight role over the Executive. The Mining and Energy Committee proved the most assertive regarding public investigations over issues related to diamond exploitation, leading to greater transparency. The IfS also provided support to election observation missions, instrumental in deterring fraud and providing targeted analysis and recommendations on the electoral process. In particular, the EU supported the deployment of the SADC Parliamentary Forum (SADC PF) observers and the deployment of 7,000 domestic observers under the umbrella of the Zimbabwe Election Support Network (ZESN). Following the sudden proclamation of elections to be held on 31 July 2013 by President Mugabe, political tensions resumed, including over the issue of election financing, especially after the ZANU-PF part of the Government rejected a UN Election Needs Assessment Mission. In this stalled situation, a group of like-minded donors were seeking to add value to the process through supporting the new, open-minded Chairperson of the ZEC, and to upscale existing IfS actions by the Electoral Institute for Democratic Sustainability in Africa (EISA). Unfortunately, some three weeks before election day, EISA reported that their work with ZEC had come to a halt following the non-renewal of their Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Government. The EISA activities were suspended and none of the international partners were able to contribute to electoral operations. The lack of adequate technical assistance and timely funding had a serious impact on the election process. The African Union Election Observation Mission indicated it was of paramount importance that ''there be greater transparency on and adequate provisions of logistics and resources to the ZEC for organising elections as prescribed in the OAU Declaration on the Principles Governing Democratic Elections in Africa (2002)''. (2) Continuing support to democratic reforms and governance institutions, the EU (IfS) contributed, through the UNDP, to the completion of the Constitution-making process, culminating in the successful organisation of a referendum and adoption of a new Constitution. The EU also took a leading role in ensuring that the professionalism of the electoral administration, its transparency and accountability were improved. This helped improve the conduct of elections in line with good practices and regional standards, and even though election observers pointed to lack of funding and capacity-problems within the institution, they acknowledged a noticeable change compared to 2008. During most of 2013, it was difficult for the Zimbabwe Peace and Security Trust (ZPST) to conduct meaningful activities in the area of security sector transformation as most stakeholders were unavailable both during the electoral process and the installation of the new Government. However, the planned activities could resume in December 2013.   Role of the IfS Action within the Broader EU and International Response IfS support was fully integrated into the EU's Short Term Strategy for Zimbabwe, which allowed (on a transitional basis) to contribute to the political stabilisation of the country. The strategy provided critical support to sustain delivery of essential services, promote democratic reforms and cover funding gaps where appropriate. It was designed in co-ordination with other international donors present, through a Governance group. The regular meetings of the EU Heads of Missions (HoMs) and political officers provided additional scope for EU-level discussion and coordination, not least of the most politically sensitive interventions. 
 
[1] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[2] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[3] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[4] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[5] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[6] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[7] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[8] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[9] Financed
under the Fourth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[10] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[11]  EU
Special Envoy/EU Mission to Somalia and EU Special Representative for the Horn
of Africa
[12]  The
Military Training Mission (EUTM) to support the Somali security forces, (2) the
EU Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) operation “Atalanta” to fight piracy at sea, (3) the
EUCAP NESTOR to develop regional maritime capacity of states in  the Horn
[13] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[14] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[15] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[16] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[17] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[18] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[19] Financed
under the Sixth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
[20] Financed
under the Fifth Facility for urgent actions involving Policy Advice, Technical
Assistance, Mediation and Reconciliation
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Trans-regional
actions in the areas of organised crime, trafficking, protection of critical
infrastructure, threats to public health and the fight against terrorism
(Article 4.1 IfS Regulation, priority 2). 4
Actions
in the area of risk mitigation and preparedness relating to chemical,
biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) materials and agents (Article 4.2
IfS Regulation)  13
Crisis
Preparedness  (Article 4.3 IfS Regulation). 19
Instrument
for Stability, 2013 Overview of commitments, contracts and payments Articles
4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.. 25
Overview
2013 commitments and payments. 25
IfS
crisis response and preparedness decisions and commitments, status of contracts
and disbursements 2007-2013.. 26
IfS
long-term component: Commitments and payments by country, region and projects,
2007 - 2013.. 35
IfS
crisis preparedness: status and description of individual projects. 42
Instrument
for Stability 
Articles 4.1 & 4.2

Building capacity to address specific global and trans-regional threats 
 
Progress reports
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS)
Trans-regional actions in the areas of organised crime,
trafficking, protection of critical infrastructure, threats to public health
and the fight against terrorism (Article 4.1 IfS Regulation, priority 2)
 Title of IfS Decisions || Annual Action Programmes for Article 4.1 IfS (priority 2) adopted in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 
 Type of measure || Trans-regional actions in the areas of organised crime, trafficking, protection of critical infrastructure, threats to public health and the fight against terrorism 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decisions || AAP 2007 on 17/12/2007; AAP 2008 on 10/11/2008; AAP 2009 on 25/09/2009; AAP 2010 on 15/12/2010, AAP 2011 on 27/09/2011, AAP 2012 on 18/09/2012, AAP 2013 on 24/07/2013 (IfS Priority 2) 
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 141,593,377; Contracted: EUR 109,595,409; Paid: EUR 58,482,471 
 1. Fighting organised crime on the cocaine route Illicit drug trafficking, one of the major activities of organised crime worldwide, profits from insufficient international cooperation, regulatory inconsistencies, political obstacles and lack of governance over global financial markets. Cocaine trafficking from Latin America via the Caribbean towards West Africa and on to Europe, for example, is also facilitated by the lack of regional and interregional cooperation. Illicit trafficking in drugs is closely connected with other forms of organised crime. Cocaine trafficking across these regions is complemented by high volumes of illicit financial flows which are instrumental to the concealment, laundering and investment of the proceeds of crime. A specific programme has been designed to support the fight against organised crime on the cocaine trafficking routes. The "Supporting the fight against organised crime on the cocaine route" programme addresses all regions along the routes from Latin America to Europe, with a special focus on West Africa, where the threat has appeared more recently and the gap in capacity is high. The Cocaine Route Programme (CRP) was the first of its kind to think strategically about the flow of drug trafficking and to provide support, technical advice, building capacities and encourage coordination between the states situated along the entire route. The CRP sits at the centre of EU external, security and development strategies. By supporting partner countries’ capacities, it is carrying out activities in three main areas, notably the interception of illicit flows of drugs, the fight against money laundering and improvements in information sharing. The programme was launched under the 2009 Annual Action Programme.  All of its components were confirmed and extended in subsequent Annual Action Plans and currently consists of eight components. It therefore comprehensively addresses the multi-faceted challenges posed by organised crime and drug trafficking through a number of complementing projects. Activities in almost 40 countries with a total budget of almost EUR 35 million (as of 2009) are contributing to the following components / objectives: Strengthen the anti-drug capacities at selected airports in West Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean ("Airport Communication Programme" (AIRCOP)) Activities have been ongoing since early 2010 for the Airport Communication Project (AIRCOP I, II and III, total amount of EUR 7.8 million), implemented by UNODC and aiming at setting up Joint Airport Interdiction Task Forces (JAITF) in selected international airports in West Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean and connecting them to international law enforcement databases and communication networks (Interpol I24/7 and the World Customs Organisation’s CENComm). Eight JAITFs are operational to date (Cape Verde, Senegal, Togo, Benin, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Nigeria, Mali). At the end of 2013, a new contract was signed for the third phase of AIRCOP (EUR 3 million), extending the project’s geographical coverage to additional countries in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.   Strengthen cooperation in contrasting maritime trafficking in West Africa ("Seaport Cooperation Project" (SEACOP I and II)) With a total amount of about EUR 3 million, SEACOP, implemented by a Consortium of EU Member States led by Spain, aims at building Joint Maritime Control Units and specialist intelligence and investigative units at selected seaports in West Africa as well as enhancing regional cooperation through the establishment of a regional maritime information system. Countries covered under the first phase of the project were Senegal, Ghana and Cape Verde. In early 2012, the geographical scope was expanded to Sierra Leone, Togo, Benin, Guinea Bissau (currently suspended) and the Gambia. At the end of 2013, training (search rummage techniques)  was delivered  in all beneficiary countries, except for Guinea Bissau where the action has been suspended and the Gambia, where activities have been slightly delayed due to the security situation. SEACOP’s geographical scope will be extended to selected countries in the Caribbean during 2014. Contribute to strengthen cooperation of law enforcement, judicial and prosecuting authorities of Latin America and Caribbean countries in tackling transnational organised crime (AMERIPOL I and II) Under the AMERIPOL project, implemented by a Consortium of EU Member States led by Spain and with a contribution of approximately EUR 3.5 million (decided in 2009 and 2010), activities carried out so far mainly concern the progressive establishment of the National Ameripol Units (NAU) in the beneficiary countries as well as capacity building through training and workshops addressed to law enforcement and judicial authorities. NAUs in Colombia, Ecuador and Brazil are already operational whereas the set-up of those in Peru, Panama and Bolivia will be completed shortly. In addition, transnational cooperation between beneficiary countries and with the AMERIPOL Community has been progressively strengthened thanks to a number of successful joint operations. Contribute to the fight against the drug manufacture and trafficking by assisting the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) region against the diversion of precursors from the licit trade (PRELAC I and II). Building on the positive results of the first phase of PRELAC, the EU confirmed its commitment in area of precursors by financing the second phase of the project, launched in March 2012 and implemented by UNODC (total amount PRELAC I and II is approximately EUR 5 million). Very good progress has been achieved so far in providing support to beneficiary countries to strengthen the capacities of national administrative control authorities to prevent the diversion of precursors and to increase regional cooperation. In addition, cooperation with relevant private sector stakeholders has been fostered. Support the fight against money laundering and financial crime in (1) Latin America and Caribbean countries (GAFISUD I and II) and in (2) West Africa (AML/WA). Good progress has been achieved in the fight against money laundering in Latin America, which the EU supports through a grant to the Financial Action Task Force of South America against Money Laundering (GAFISUD) (total amount for the first and second phase of the GAFISUD project is approximately EUR 1.9 million). As an example, compliance with international legislation has improved in a number of Latin American countries leading to their removal from the black list of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). Technical assistance provided by GAFISUD to its Member States covers, inter alia, asset laundering investigation, strengthening administrative and law enforcement and judicial cooperation. On the other side of the Atlantic, after a long inception phase, implementation of the contract Anti-money laundering activities in West Africa (total amount approximately EUR 1.8 million and awarded to a Consortium of EU Member States led by Spain) started in the second semester of 2013 in four beneficiary countries Cape Verde, Ghana, Nigeria and Senegal. Activities aim at developing AML actions in the non-banking financial and Designated Non-Financial Businesses and Professions (DNFBPs) sectors and at enhancing the effectiveness of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) and (other) law enforcement agencies investigating money laundering, encouraging proactive investigations, parallel financial investigations for organised crime and other serious crime cases and promoting regional liaison with the international community.   Fight organised crime and threats from terrorism through the creation of a regional police information system in West Africa (WAPIS, second phase). Following a 13-month scoping phase, the second phase of the WAPIS project was launched in October 2013 (with a budget of EUR 3 million and implemented by Interpol). Results achieved to date include: a Master Plan for the full implementation of WAPIS in 16 countries over two phases (5 pilot countries then 11 remaining countries after 2015); full buy-in by all stakeholders; definition of the scope and perimeter of the WAPIS system, including data frame, data-model, data flow mechanisms and interoperability with INTERPOL; establishment of WAPIS National Committees in the pilot countries (Benin, Ghana, Niger, Mauritania and Mali); and conception of a solution to register and pre-serve existing data on hard copy before entering into WAPIS through the deployment of an electronic archiving system. Strengthen the trans-regional coordination, coherence and complementary effect among the various projects of the Cocaine Route Programme (CORMS). Monitoring of and coordination between the different components of the Cocaine Route Programme and between the latter and other relevant EU and non-EU funded activities continued  under the CORMS project, implemented by a Consortium of EU Member States led by Italy (budget of EUR 1 million). The second international conference on the Cocaine Route Programme took place in Rome in May 2013 and successfully gathered about 180 participants from the EU institutions, implementing partners, international organizations and beneficiary countries to debate on how to improve responses to fight organised crime and drug trafficking along the Cocaine Route and reflect on the added value of the Cocaine Route Programme. Two Steering Committees also took place in 2013; the first back-to-back with the International Conference and the second in November 2013, bringing together the team leaders of all the projects of the Cocaine Route Programme to discuss progress achieved so far as well as future activities.   2. Fighting organised crime on the heroin route The "Fight against trafficking and organised crime on the heroin route" programme was set up to fight illicit trafficking to and from Afghanistan along the heroin trafficking routes. Traffickers take advantage of the lack of regional cooperation and weak law enforcement capacity. The same organised crime networks are suspected to be involved in the trafficking of human beings to the EU. Dealing with trafficking along the heroin routes therefore goes hand in hand with fighting organised crime networks in countries along the heroin route from Afghanistan and Pakistan going through Central Asia, the Caucasus, the Black Sea Basin and the Western Balkans. A first major project to support the fight against trafficking to and from Afghanistan was launched in 2009 under the 2008 Annual Action Programme. This first phase of the Heroin Route Programme is still ongoing and involved the ten countries of the Economic Cooperation Organisation (ECO), with a particular focus of activities in Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as the Central Asian countries. The second phase of the Heroin Route Programme was launched in 2012 under the 2011 Annual Action Programme, extending cooperation to Armenia, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine with support to the Container Control Programme, implemented by UNODC and the WCO. In addition, two more stand-alone projects were launched in 2013, one focusing on the capacity building of regional law enforcement cooperation entities, particularly in Central Asia, and support to joint operations, and another project tackling the trafficking of human beings in countries along the heroin route, namely Azerbaijan, Republic of Moldova, Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina.  Furthermore, a mid-term review of the Heroin Programme was finalised in 2013 which included recommendations for a future action under the Heroin Route Programme, pointing out that an expansion to inter-related sectors to achieve coherence with EU strategies should be considered, such as drug demand reduction activities. Other suggestions included the increase of support for the development of intelligence-led investigations; the strengthening of mentoring actions in the field; and the enhancement of project focal points on the ground. More specifically, the first phase of the Heroin Route Programme consists of the project "Fight against trafficking from/to Afghanistan" implemented by an international consortium under the lead of GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry of interior (BMI), with a budget of EUR 9.5 million (2009-2014) and structured in four components involving different partner organisations. Each component has further advanced in 2013 with all activities to be completed by the end of 2014:   ·     Component 1: Strengthening the Economic Cooperation Organisation’s (ECO) Drug and Organised Crime Coordination Unit (DOCCU), in order to: increase its capacity as a regional anti-drug coordination platform for the 10 ECO countries; enable it to disseminate information and regional training measures; and to enhance its visibility in the specialist public. ·     Component 2: Reinforcing INTERPOL’s National Central Bureaus (NCBs) in Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan to further roll out the I-24/7 global police communication system - an INTERPOL-owned secure network giving access to various criminal databases with the aim to improve information exchange and cooperation amongst NCBs and INTERPOL headquarters. ·     Component 3: Developing a functioning cooperation network of specialised border control cooperation units at land, air and seaports of entry within the ECO region, particularly strengthening the capacities of port units in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan to stem the flow of drugs, precursors and other illegal trafficking. This component’s activities are embedded in the global Container Control Programme (CCP), jointly implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the World Customs Organisation (WCO). ·     Component 4: Establishing a network of forensic laboratories in the ECO region, notably with regard to drugs, precursors and forged documents, but possibly also other elements of evidence, benefiting Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kazakhstan. This component is implemented by the German Federal Criminal Police Office (BKA). The second phase of the Programme consists of three stand-alone projects, namely: ·     "Heroin Route II - Container Control along the Heroin Route" (EUR 1.8 million) focusing particularly on the establishment of inter-agency Port Control Units (PCUs) in seaports and dry ports in selected countries in the Black Sea, namely Armenia, Georgia, Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. The Container Control Programme (CCP) is a global programme of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and the World Customs Organisations (WCO) promoting an interagency concept to achieve the goal of intercepting drugs and precursor chemicals as well as other types of contraband. ·      "Heroin Route II - Information Networks along the Heroin Route" (EUR 2.7 million) is a project aimed at building capacities to increase regional and trans-regional law enforcement co-operation and coordination in the fight against organised crime and trafficking activities along the heroin route, with a particular focus in enhancing the capacities of existing platforms such as the Central Asian Regional Information and Coordination Centre (CARICC). The project is implemented by a Consortium of EU Member States led by the International Foundation of Administration and Public Policies of Spain (FIIAPP). ·       "Support to the fight against Trafficking in Human Beings in Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Moldova and Turkey" (EUR  1.5 million) is a project tackling the Trafficking in Human Beings (THB) along the Heroin Route, focusing on Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Republic of Moldova and Turkey. Its aim is to: improve systems of data collection, analysis and exchange at the national and transnational level to increase the knowledge on THB; to promote and assist information sharing and regional coordination on THB; and to enhance national, regional and trans-regional law enforcement capacities and cooperation in addressing THB more efficiently. This project is also implemented by a Consortium of EU Member States led by the International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD).  In the context of the second phase of the Heroin Route Programme, progress in 2013 entailed inter alia the undertaking of several country capacity assessment missions, and subsequent capacity building actions such as training and mentoring, and regional thematic workshops involving different actors ranging from law enforcement officers, judges and prosecutors as well as civil society representatives.   3. Fight against the proliferation of small arms and light weapons In 2013, the European Union continued to promote the issue of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) in all multilateral fora and in political dialogue with third countries. The EU has also addressed the destabilising effects of the proliferation and trafficking of SALW, firearms and explosive materials through engaging in continued support to concrete projects with a trans-regional dimension. In Central America, the EU continued its support to the Central American Small and Light Weapons Control Programme (CASAC), implemented by the Security Commission of the Central American Integration System (SICA). The project, which commenced in September 2012, follows previous support to CASAC which was channelled to SICA through the UNDP. The new support is directly provided to SICA to enhance its efforts to fight the illicit trafficking of firearms and explosive materials in Central America and neighbouring countries. The project pursues three goals: 1) development and implementation of national SALW databases; 2) increased awareness, involvement and oversight by parliaments, civil society and other stakeholders of SALW actions; and 3) support to joint actions and exchange of information regionally. The project has a budget of EUR 2.3 million for three years, with its management sub-delegated to the EU Delegation to Nicaragua to allow for better coherence with other EU supported actions under the regional strategy and ensure close monitoring of this action. During 2013, main activities implemented include regional and national public awareness campaigns and conferences, strengthening of national coordination mechanisms and registry systems, and cross-border coordination as well as training workshops. In Africa, the EU continued supporting the Regional Centre on Small Arms (RECSA), located in Nairobi, in the fight against illicit accumulation and trafficking of firearms and explosive materials within the framework of the Africa-EU Strategic Partnership. Already in 2012, the first phase of the support to RECSA was extended by six months to run until mid-2013 (2010-2013, EUR 3.3 million) when the second phase commenced (2013-2016, EUR 2.7 million). The main achievements of the first phase include: the establishment of National Commissions on SALW in the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, Chad and Cameroon; the development of National Action Plans on SALW in the Republic of Congo, DRC and Malawi; and the strengthened legislative capacity in terms of harmonisation with SALW instruments in Zambia, Tanzania and Kenya. Other completed activities in 2013 include regional seminars to enhance trans-regional cooperation and coordination amongst parliamentarians, regional police chiefs and civil society organisations (CSOs). The project has also actively advocated for the creation of an African continental Police Chiefs Coordinating body (AFRIPOL), while in 2013 it continued a series of activities for the effective management of SALW (arms marking, record keeping, stockpile management and destruction) and information generation. In addition, within 2013, a baseline survey was conducted, providing an assessment of regional SALW instruments' implementation in a number of selected countries and the impact of relevant programmes vis-à-vis those countries' capacity gaps. The findings of the baseline survey contributed to support which is to be provided in the second phase and foresees a component of capacity building for RECSA in terms of strengthening their M&E system. Both programmes described above emphasize strengthening coordination at regional and sub-regional levels, in line with the activities of the regional organisations (SICA resp. RECSA). Another project supported in the area of SALW with a larger geographical scope is the EUR 2.3 million initiative implemented by UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) in countries across West Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean (Jamaica) affected by illegal trafficking in firearms and ammunition. The project started in 2011 with the objective to: promote the ratification and implementation of the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Third Protocol on Firearms; raise awareness on SALW issues to enhance civil society participation and oversight in this area; and encourage regional cooperation and knowledge generation. The project encountered some initial delays but after the first year it has gathered pace. Most notably during 2013, a set of comprehensive reports have been finalised on the legislative assessment and gap analysis for 13 out of the 15 project countries, while tailored legislative advice and legal drafting support has been provided to 7 countries for the development of their draft national laws on firearms. A comprehensive training curriculum on firearms developed in cooperation with INTERPOL and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police is at the last stage of finalisation, while the project experts revised the UNODC's Model Law Against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms to reflect the synergies with the newly adopted Arms Trade Treaty. In addition, the project sought engagement with regional civil society bodies and parliamentarians and organized capacity building workshops in order to raise awareness on SALW issues and enhance civil society participation and oversight in the implementation of firearms strategies. IfS support for the development and roll-out of a database for tracking and tracing lost, stolen, trafficked and smuggled firearms (iARMS) via the Interpol I24/7 system continued in 2013. The creation of this system aims at facilitating regional and trans-regional information exchange and investigative cooperation between law enforcement agencies. January 2013 marked the start of the project's second phase following the successful completion of the project's first phase (2011-2012, (EUR 0.7 million) which focused on the creation of the database and the system's pilot testing in selected countries in West Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Togo), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay), the Caribbean (Jamaica), Europe (Czech Republic, Croatia, Portugal, Spain) and Australia. The objective of the second phase (2013-2014, EUR 1.5 million) is to enhance the functionality of the system and make iARMS available to all 190 INTERPOL members. The project also foresees related capacity-building, training and criminal intelligence services on combating firearms-related crime. To date, iARMS contains around 300,000 records provided by the 107 countries which have signed up to the system. In November 2013, the first successful iARMS 'hit' occurred on a stolen firearm linking thereby previously unrelated cases in Costa Rica and Panama. A third phase is in preparation for the beginning of 2015 with the objective of consolidating the achievements of the first to phases, to foster the global usage of iARMS and to exploit synergies with related systems, in the EU and elsewhere.   4. Enhancing maritime security and safety along critical maritime routes Maritime transport faces a number of multi-dimensional security issues. Piracy and armed robbery against ships are a serious and rising threat to maritime trading routes (representing by far the largest proportion of world trade by volume), humanitarian deliveries and regional stability. The "Critical Maritime Routes" (CMR) programme was designed to support the trans-regional fight against this particular form of organised crime by supporting the capacity of coastal states to ensure security and safety along critical maritime routes. It addresses the ‘hot spots’ of risks and threats crossed by major shipping lanes. The programme focused initially on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore, where the safety of navigation is challenged by the archipelago structure of the Straits coupled with high-intensity naval traffic and shipments of hazardous and noxious materials, by armed robbery at sea and, to a lesser extent, by piracy incidents. Taking into account the sharp deterioration of the security situation in the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden, the focus of the programme has shifted to include that area. Recently, the programme extended its reach to the Gulf of Guinea with a focus on piracy and armed robbery. South East Asia will continue to be covered by CMR as part of the future CRIMARIO project. The IfS Critical Maritime Routes Programme complements other EU interventions and broader international efforts (foremost the International Maritime Organization (IMO) on maritime security.  In the Horn of Africa, synergy is sought with programmes funded by the European Development Programme (EDF) and Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) missions, whose mandates complement that of the Critical Maritime Routes programme.  The EU’s comprehensive approach in the region involves the naval protection for vulnerable shipping provided by EUNAVFOR ATALANTA, coastal police and judiciary training in Somalia and in the wider region provided by EUCAP NESTOR and trans-regional maritime training and information sharing capacity provided by the IfS. A major EDF programme – MASE – is supporting closer involvement of African organisations (IGAD, EAC, COMESA, and IOC) in strengthening maritime security governance in the region. The EU action in the region is framed by EU Strategic Framework for the Horn of Africa. In 2013, progress on the programme included ongoing implementation activities for the projects identified in the Annual Action Programmes 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013, as well as formulation studies for the Annual Action Programme 2013. In the Western Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden the programme supports the implementation of the Djibouti Code of Conduct (DCoC), under the aegis of the IMO, through a consortium of EU Member States' Experts. The DCoC provides a framework for cooperation among coastal and user states for the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships. The project for enhancing maritime security and safety through information sharing and capacity building (MARSIC) started in September 2010 for an initial duration of 36 months (extended to August 2015), with a budget of EUR 6 million. The project provides technical assistance for the setting up and operation of a regional training centre in Djibouti as well as the Information Sharing Centres in Yemen (ReMISC), Kenya and Tanzania. The opening of the Djibouti Regional Training Centre (DRTC) remains delayed, with training delivered elsewhere - in the framework of the Djibouti Code of Conduct and in coordination with IMO. In 2013, the project has focused on creating the right conditions for sustainability and proper regional ownership of the centres, in particular ReMISC and DRTC. Another action of the Critical Maritime Routes programme enables the national law enforcement agencies to combat maritime piracy and robbery on the high seas through effective pro-active investigations, by specifically providing them with the necessary training and equipment to conduct investigations and to identify and dismantle piracy networks and their supporters. The project, contracted in December 2010 with a budget of EUR 1.6 million and for a duration of 36 months, continued its implementation during 2013, with a second phase to run till March 2017 with an additional budget of EUR 2 million. The implementing partner is INTERPOL and the focus has been placed initially on Seychelles, Kenya, Tanzania, and, as far as feasible, Somalia (Somaliland and Puntland). In the second phase of the programme, the Comoros and Madagascar will also be covered. As part of this initiative, investigation training was carried out by Interpol on piracy organisers and financiers, and tracking of financial flows in East Africa. In the course of 2013, the Critical Maritime Routes in the Gulf of Guinea project (CRIMGO) has been launched. Emphasis is on support to selected countries in the Gulf of Guinea to develop the capacity for regional cooperation in coast guard and maritime law enforcement functions. In 2013, the project has concentrated on rolling out the training programme and on developing cooperation frameworks. A major action developed under AAP 2013 – CRIMARIO (Critical Maritime Routes in the Indian Ocean ), with a budget of EUR 5.5 million, will focus on increased maritime domain awareness in the Wider Indian Ocean. It will link existing information sharing centres in its Western, Eastern and Southern rims. In addition to the above mentioned projects, during 2013 the pilot project on piracy, maritime awareness and risks, run by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), has seen its final year of implementation. The initial scope, focusing on selected countries in the region around the Horn of Africa (Djibouti, Yemen, Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles), has been extended to the Gulf of Guinea region (Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and São Tomé e Principe). The activities included identification and assessment of technical means and practices that can be used to contribute to maritime domain awareness, chiefly by supporting gathering and sharing of information. This EU-funded pilot project and its activities remain complementary to those under the Critical Maritime Routes programme.   5. Capacity building in regions afflicted by terrorism Fighting terrorism is among the priorities identified in the European Security Strategy and the EU Council Conclusions on Security and Development. The Instrument for Stability Counter-Terrorism (CT) Programme translates the EU’s political engagement on Counter-Terrorism into concrete actions that aim to prevent and pursue acts of terrorism in regions where terrorism is a significant threat.  The Counter-Terrorism programme contributes to the implementation of the United Nations Counter-Terrorism Strategy and relevant UN Security Council resolutions as well as the EU Counter-Terrorism Strategy. The EU’s engagement on Counter-Terrorism is also manifest in its active participation in the Global Counter-Terrorism Forum (GCTF). Particularly on counter-terrorism assistance, synergy with the crisis response component under the Instrument for Stability is also relevant. 2013 saw the continued implementation of on-going CT projects in the Sahel, Nigeria and in South-East Asia.  In the Sahel, the three-year (2011-2014, EUR 6.7 million) Contre Terrorisme Sahel project (CT Sahel) covering Niger, Mali and Mauritania attained cruising speed with the delivery of capacity building support in the form of training and equipment to specialised counter terrorism law enforcement and judiciary authorities.  In Mali, the support was particularly timely in view of the need to consolidate and re-build state authority in the North of the country and support the fight against terrorism following the French military intervention in early 2013.  For the regional dimension, the project piloted the establishment of the Sahel Security College which has begun the process of developing regional training modules according to defined needs. The CT Sahel project will benefit from additional funding to the tune of EUR 2 million to address the continued terrorist challenges in the region. In Nigeria and surrounding countries, a study on Boko Haram was undertaken with a view to finalization in early 2014. In South-East Asia, the joint EU-UNODC implemented CT project (2012-2014, EUR 2 million) supported legislative reform, institutional capacity building and partnership development between CT actors on issues such as radicalisation, terrorist financing and terrorist investigation and prosecution.  Several new CT projects commenced in 2013.  These included support to Pakistan (EUR 1.8 million, 2013-2016) through the FCO (UK) implemented Counter-Terrorism Associated Prosecution Reform Initiative (CAPRI), which seeks to improve the interface between the prosecution service and the police of the Punjab Province, in order to improve the Punjab criminal justice system as a whole in the management of terrorism cases and provision of a more reliable service to its citizens. In addition, a training module on countering violent extremism for development practitioners was developed with a view to rolling-out the training to priority regions. The first training session was conducted in Kenya for the Horn of Africa region and Yemen in December 2013 soon after the Westgate attack.  In addition, three new projects were designed in 2013 with implementation foreseen to start early 2014. For the Horn of Africa region including Yemen, a EUR 2 million project under the Prevent pillar of the EU’s CT strategy will develop best practice on how to strengthen resilience against extremism and violence among community actors (STRIVE Horn of Africa project). Another intervention of EUR 6 million for the Horn of Africa and Yemen sub-region will focus on countering the financing of terrorism through targeted capacity building assistance for Financial Intelligence Units and other industry stakeholders. In Pakistan, a Prevent intervention (STRIVE Pakistan, EUR 5 million) will work with civil society and local authorities to address drivers of extremism.   6. The Expert Support Facility (ESF) Due to the highly sensitive and technical nature of IfS actions in the areas of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risks mitigation and trans-regional threats to security, the identification of priorities and the design and implementation of programmes are most appropriately performed by experts from specialized organizations. Moreover, EU efforts in the areas of the IfS will be complementary to the ongoing and planned activities of Member States. Therefore, close coordination and the participation of Member States' experts in implementing the programmes is important to ensure that synergies are maximised with the expertise available in national administrations. To this end, the Commission has established the Expert Support Facility under the IfS. The overall objective of the ESF is to contribute to the aims of the long-term component of the IfS by guaranteeing the best use of human resources in terms of identified priorities and anticipated responses, while ensuring enhanced coordination with other bilateral or multilateral donors, in particular (but not exclusively) EU Member States. Through the ESF Framework Contract, experts from EU Member States Agencies, Departments, Ministries and specialist public or semi-public organisations make their specific knowledge and expertise available in order to provide more effective technical assistance to beneficiaries and to support the implementation and preparation of trans-regional and multi-purpose projects and programmes. Since 2008, approximately 100 multi-disciplinary experts from 17 different EU Member States covering 60 different organisations and institutions have carried out more than 100 fact-finding visits and missions to IfS relevant regions. The Framework Contract was established in 2009 with 60 organisations in EU Member States with a view to provide for a structured and efficient procedure to mobilise the experts and will be renewed in the course of 2014, following an extensive evaluation of the existing tool in 2012.   7. New areas covered (cyber-crime, cyber security, fight against the illicit trafficking of falsified medicines) The 2012 Annual Action Plan included three new areas of cooperation for the IfS: cyber security and the fight against cyber-crime, as well as the fight against trafficking of falsified medicines. Most forms of illicit trafficking, money laundering and other financial crimes as well as terrorism and violent radicalisation are characterised by an increasingly important ‘cyber’ dimension – to the extent that today it is no longer possible for law enforcement services to effectively combat these threats without addressing their related criminal activities in cyberspace. Cybercrime should therefore not be seen only as a new form of crime, but also as a new environment where organised crime has expanded. In response to this reality, a new intervention has been designed and commenced implementation in late 2013, in collaboration with the Council of Europe (2013-2016, EUR 3 million). The Global Action against Cybercrime (GLACY) aims at promoting accession to the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime and enabling criminal justice authorities to engage in international cooperation on cybercrime and electronic evidence on the basis of this treaty.  As part of an increasingly interconnected world, critical infrastructures depend on the reliable functioning of information and communication networks. The growing interconnection via cyberspace has provided ample opportunities to criminal networks to exploit newly found vulnerabilities. Attacks on the communications infrastructure of states have been used as a political weapon to intimidate and destabilise states. In recognising the need to enhance the capacities to respond to such threats, cyber security has been introduced as another new priority area. A pilot project was formulated in 2013 and foreseen to start at the beginning of 2014 (2014-2016, EUR 1,5 million) with an objective to build the resilience of IT critical infrastructures and foster the harmonisation and development of national legislation in selected countries amongst Azerbaijan, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), Kosovo[1] and Republic of Moldova. The illicit market of falsified medicines represents a major threat to public health and safety as they usually contain ingredients which are of bad quality, in the wrong dose or simply ineffective, and in some cases even toxic. The threat posed to public health is global but developing countries are particularly exposed and vulnerable to the dangers of falsified medicines. A three-year contract (EUR 4.2 million) was signed at the end of 2013 (to start in January 2014) to enable the national judicial, control and law enforcement authorities to efficiently respond to the production of and trafficking in falsified medicines, providing them with the necessary legal framework and capacities to conduct these operations effectively at the applicable national and sub/trans-regional level. The geographical focus of the project will be Ghana, Senegal, Jordan, Morocco and Cameroon due to the political commitment the latter show in addressing challenges posed by falsified medicines. The EU action will aim in particular at strengthening their legal framework, mainly by encouraging ratification of the MEDICRIME Convention and approximation of their national legislation, as well as building their capacity to detect and analyse suspicious medicines and finally, supporting their investigation and criminal justice capacities to address the production and trafficking of falsified medicines by organised criminal networks. The cooperation among these countries, belonging to different (sub-) regions, should serve as a stimulus for enhancing networking, harmonisation of policies at trans-regional level and potentially leading to joint operations in addressing the production of and trafficking in falsified medicines. 
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS)
Actions in the area of risk mitigation and preparedness relating to
chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) materials and agents
(Article 4.2 IfS Regulation)
 Title of IfS Decisions || Annual Action Programmes for Article 4.2 IfS adopted in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 
 Type of measure || Risk mitigation and preparedness relating to chemical, biological radiological and nuclear (CBRN) materials and agents 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decisions || AAP 2007 (17/12/2007) – AAP 2008 (05/12/2008), AAP 2009 (30/11/2009) – AAP 2010 (26/11/2010) ) – AAP 2011 (04/10/2011)- AAP 2012 (31/08/2012); revised AAP 2011 (31/08/2012); AAP 2013 (29/07/2013); revised AAP 2012 (25/09/2013); revised AAP 2013 (23/12/2013) 
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 267,600,000; Contracted: EUR 225869505;Paid: EUR 165,127,388 
 The “Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear (CBRN) risk mitigation (priority 1 of the Instrument for Stability) covers risks related to accidental, natural or malevolent CBRN related risks and aims at improving the safety and security culture by spreading best practices and raising the general level of security and safety awareness and culture. On the basis of the Strategy 2007-2011 and the Strategy 2012-2013, the Indicative Programmes 2009-2011 and 2012-2013 the Seventh and final (2013) Annual Action Programme (EUR 43.8 million) was defined and adopted in July  2013. It provides funding for the CBRN Centres of Excellence and for thematic actions to be implemented in the framework of the "Centres of Excellence" initiative; for the alternative employment of former Soviet weapon scientists and engineers through support to ISTC/STCU (International Science and Technology Centre in Moscow / Science and Technology Centre in Ukraine in Kiev); for the export control of dual-use goods; CBRN risk mitigation in Pakistan; and strengthening of regional capacities to monitor and control CBRN materials in the Belarus region. Several projects in the field of biological security and safety were contracted and are under implementation in the Eastern and Southern EU neighbourhood. In December 2013, an amendment to the AAP 2013 was introduced in order to make funds available for the destruction of the Syrian chemical stockpiles. All activities defined in the previous five Annual Action Programmes (2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012) for priority 1 were entirely contracted and are under implementation. The geographical coverage of the Centres of Excellence has been extended to the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, South East Asia, Central Asia, Southern Caucasus and to Africa, bringing the total number of newly involved countries to above 45.   1. CBRN Centres of Excellence (CoE) The overall scope of the CBRN Centres of Excellence initiative is to strengthen the long-term national and regional capabilities of responsible authorities and administrative infrastructures, and develop a durable cooperation legacy in the fight against the CBRN threat. Effective response to CBRN risk depends on cooperation and coordination between all levels of government, investigation agencies, response organisations and international partners. The CBRN CoE risk mitigation initiative relies on an integrated CBRN approach that incorporates all the different authorities within and among countries into a common strategy. Before 2010, different domains of the CBRN risk mitigation were covered separately e.g. export control of dual-use goods, illicit trafficking, redirection of former weapon scientists, bio-safety and bio-security culture. Since 2010, the "Centres of Excellence" initiative provides a single and integrated cooperation platform for actions in all these domains. The last domain to integrate this common platform is the export control domain. The CoE initiative is implemented by DG DEVCO in cooperation with the EEAS and with the help of the United Nations Justice and Crime Research Institute. The Joint Research Centre of the EC assures a technical and scientific support to the initiative. The first phase of the CoE initiative, which started under the AAP 2009 up to AAP 2010, is fully implemented. The objective was the conceptualization of the Centres of Excellence intended as a network of local, regional and international partners, including the definition of the guidelines and tools required. As part of the of the second phase, AAP 2011 and 2012, the EU established CoE Secretariats in South-East Asia (Philippines), South East Europe/Southern Caucasus/Ukraine (Georgia), North Africa (Algeria), the "Atlantic façade" (Morocco), Eastern and Central Africa (Nairobi) and the Middle East (Jordan). The first four local CoE's Regional Secretariats were inaugurated in 2013, two more are expected to be inaugurated soon and are already active (Algeria, Kenya). Furthermore, contacts have been established with Central Asia and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The secretariats of the Centres of Excellence have been established in 7 regions. National focal points (NFP) have been designated by 45 countries. Each of these NFPs is the coordinator in the country of a National CBRN Team (NA and NAP). This second phase has been finalised in 2013 through the introduction of training activities of the CoE Secretariats and national focal points. The setting up of the EU CBRN Centres of Excellence (CoE) allowed the EU to enhance CBRN risk mitigation policies worldwide by developing tailored assistance packages. National needs assessments (NA) based on questionnaires developed by the Commission services (DEVCO and JRC) have been tested in 3 countries and will be implemented in 15 more countries in 2014. It is expected that all the partner countries of the CoE network not having developed their own NA will be equipped with one by the end of 2015. In parallel, National Action Plans based on the NA will be developed with the partners in order to help them to build a strategy to mitigate the CBRN risks. Training for the NFPs and CoE Secretaries has been set-up. They focused mainly on the understanding of the NAs and NAPs and the organisation of the local Round table discussions (RT). During the RTs the NFPs exchange their views on the CBRN risk mitigation issues, identify common needs and prepare, with the help of National and JRC experts, the terms of reference for their projects. In parallel, with the setup of the Secretariats and the development of the key methodologies (NA, NAP, RT), 19 projects in five regions, for a total EUR 16.3 million have been contracted under UNICRI rules and procedures. Their implementation is scheduled to start in February 2013. Besides the UNICRI  managed projects, the European Commission has selected and awarded 13 contracts under the 3rd batch for proposals for an amount of EUR 8.6 million (AAP 2011), which started in early February 2013. By the end of 2013, all CoE linked projects of AAP 2012 had been contracted. This series of projects is composed of much larger actions lasting for three to four years. One project investigates the CBRN legislation and intends to develop efficient enforcement measures in the involved countries. It concerns 9 countries from the Nairobi and Rabat CoEs (total cost EUR 2.7 million). In the Middle East, the CoE of Amman has prepared a project for training CBRN first intervention staff and emergency medical personnel in case of a CBRN event. The total cost of the project for equipment and training amounts to EUR 4 million. In the African Atlantic Façade, 7 countries of the CoE are working on a bio and chemical dangerous waste project. With a duration of 3 years, the project amounts to EUR 4 million. All these projects will constitute a major tool for capacity building and developing coherent regional policies and for strengthening the cooperation of national and regional capabilities in this domain. In parallel to these CoE devoted projects, the Secretariats of the CoE will also coordinate and act as information provider to a series of biosecurity and biosafety projects (see below).     2. Border Monitoring - fight against illicit trafficking The fight against illicit trafficking of CBRN materials and deceptive financial practices is implemented with actions in Central Asia and South East Asia and North Africa. A coordination mechanism, the Border Monitoring Working Group (BMWG), has been set up between the EU and US with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), to better coordinate activities on border control and improvement of capabilities of the recipient countries for analysis of seized nuclear and radioactive materials. The dedicated BMWG has met twice per year since November 2005 to share information on donors' projects and coordinate border monitoring activities. The actions planned both under the TACIS programme and the previous IfS AAPs are still under implementation in Russia and various countries of Central Asia (e.g. actions to enhance the detection of radioactive and nuclear materials at identified borders crossing and/or nodal points in the Republic of Georgia, and at Southern borders of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan). All the actions under AAP 2011 have been contracted and are under implementation. The protection of the Saint Petersburg–Helsinki high speed train has been abandoned, following its refusal by the Russian intended beneficiary. The first project, almost completed, provided mobile detection equipment and training for CBRN threats, as well as to provide adequate CBRN protection during the UEFA European football championship in Ukraine and Poland (EURO 2012). The last training sessions on bio-detection ended in 2013. Based on the BMWG as well as an extension fact-finding mission in South East Asia (SEA) and Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), two additional activities are under implementation to cover these regions. The first aims to enhance the detection at border crossings and support capacity building in the selected countries in SEA (Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines and Thailand) in regional initiatives to deploy detection and response procedures and proper use of the detection equipment supplied. Together with the international partners (in particular the IAEA and the USA Second line of Defence programme), the establishment of a dedicated network for experience and information sharing will be supported via regional seminars, workshops, advanced training sessions etc. The second provides support to the fight against illicit trafficking in the Democratic Republic of Congo through the provision of detection equipment (fixed at borders and mobile for the retrieval of orphan sources), training (use of the detection equipment, methodology and national response plan) and capacity building (participation in the International Technical Working Group on Nuclear Forensics to integrate the international community in the view of experience sharing and networking).   3. Cooperation in Export Control of dual use goods The EU Strategy against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) articulates a clear commitment to strengthening export control policies and practices within EU borders and beyond, in co-ordination with partners. It identifies the need to set up a programme of assistance to States in need of technical knowledge in the field of export control. Outreach to third countries in the area of export control of dual-use items is one of a number of tools and policies that the EU has developed in order to combat the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and their means of delivery. The German Federal Office of Economics and Export Control (BAFA) has been mandated by the EU Commission to implement an EU project with the aim of enhancing the effectiveness of the export control systems of third countries. While continuing to cooperate with the existing partner countries of the LTP 2008 and its predecessor programmes and starting to work with new beneficiary countries, the new project has also expanded its scope. The assistance and cooperation in export control of dual-use goods activities resulted in successful programme implementations, with more than 28 States around the world, which will be extended and reinforced. Cooperation with the US EXBS (Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance) Export Control system has been reinforced. The projects launched in 2012 aim at strengthening the export control systems of partner countries, with a strong link to the activities of the Regional Centres of Excellence, by aligning them to the standard of the international export control regimes and treaties and therefore meeting the requirements of the UNSCR 1540 (2004). In this frame, the activity of export control has been extended through the Centre of Excellence of the Middle East (Amman) for an additional amount of EUR 2.5 million. For this new project, activities will be extended to the floor level interventions. On-site assistance to customs and other intervention inspectors will be assured by an expert who will be present half-time in the country. The project will also investigate first assistance to Kazakhstan in the export control domain. One particularly important new focal point in the current project is to establish a transition from a country oriented approach towards a more regional approach, among others, through interaction with the Centres of Excellence (CoE).   4. Multilateral Nuclear Assurances To support Multilateral Nuclear Assurances (MNA) initiatives, a contract has been signed with IAEA to contribute to the Low Enriched Uranium Bank for the Utilization of Nuclear Energy (EUR 20 million). The "LEU Bank", owned and managed by the IAEA, will supply countries introducing civil nuclear programmes with secure nuclear fuel, thus limiting the associated proliferation risks. As for the participant States, this scheme will reduce the risks of fuel supply disruption due to political reasons. The concept of Multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle has been envisaged for decades. An IAEA-controlled nuclear fuel bank is essential to reducing global nuclear dangers because the same enrichment technology (e.g. centrifugation) can be used to produce both low enriched uranium for nuclear power reactors and high enriched uranium for nuclear weapons. Thus, multilateral approaches to the nuclear fuel cycle in general, and creation of a nuclear fuel bank in particular, have potential to facilitate peaceful use of nuclear energy, while providing the international community with additional assurance that the sensitive parts of the nuclear fuel cycle are not unduly disseminated and are consequently less vulnerable to misuse for non-peaceful purposes. The specific objective of the IfS contribution to this project is to support, as a first step, the nuclear fuel bank option adopted by the IAEA, while ensuring compliance with basic criteria such as market compatibility, security of supply, consistency with existing international non-proliferation treaties and agreements and the absence of any negative proliferation impact. No additional support has been granted to these activities after AAP 2011. The Commission is closely following the advancement of the setting up of the fuel bank and the negotiations between the IAEA and the Kazakhstan authorities for the selection of the storage facility.   5. Redirection of former weapon scientists Support for retraining and alternative employment of former weapon scientists and engineers with origin in countries of the former Soviet Union has continued through the dedicated Science and Technology Centre of Ukraine in Kiev (STCU) and International Science and Technology Centre (ISTC) in Moscow. In Iraq, actions continued by engaging former weapons scientists in comprehensive activities for the decommissioning, dismantling and decontamination of nuclear facilities. The programmes under the Science Centres in Moscow and Kiev have provided a period of reasonable stability within the former Soviet Union (FSU) countries to allow their governments to manage a significant change in the way WMD scientists and engineers adapted to post-Soviet economic conditions. While in hindsight the proliferation threat from FSU WMD scientists absconding to work for States of concern or assisting terrorists to acquire proliferation sensitive expertise and materials was limited, EU support for the Science Centres was instrumental in encouraging other donors to assist in scientist redirection work and develop good working relations between donors and partner countries. Without such support, former Soviet Union countries’ ability to deal effectively with the challenge would have been far less certain. On the other hand, the 2009 G8 summit indicated that the focus of such work is moving away from “redirection” of scientists to the “engagement” of younger scientists. Therefore, a new strategy for the redirection/engagement activities is under development. It has been agreed that the former weapon scientist redirection needs to be extended to the engagement of scientists that have sensitive knowledge, including younger scientists that have not necessarily been involved in WMD development. This restructuring process was also accelerated by the Decree in August 2010 announcing the withdrawal of the Russian Federation from the ISTC Agreement. During the transition process, the funding of the Centres has been continuously reduced. Both Centres are being drastically restructured while the Parties (US, Canada and Japan for ISTC) are developing the new mission statement and mandate of the Centres. The results of the first evaluation of the programme results were made available in July 2010. They covered three main areas: export control of dual–use goods, combating illicit trafficking of CBRN materials, and redirection of former WMD scientists' and engineers' knowledge to peaceful activities. For reasons of coherence and completeness, this evaluation covers the period 2004-2009 as the activities under the areas evaluated started before the IfS Regulation came into force. The evaluation results were taken into consideration in the definition of the new Strategy and Indicative programme 2012-2013. A further evaluation phase ended in Spring 2013. Following the announcement of the withdrawal from ISTC by the Russian Federation, the Parties to the agreement decided to prepare an alternative to the Moscow-based ISTC. The Republic of Kazakhstan decided to host the new ISTC. A new agreement has been prepared and negotiated by the European Commission under a mandate of the EU Council of October 2013. The Kazakh Government has allocated offices to the ISTC in Astana at the Nazarbaiev University. The move to Astana will start in early 2014.   6. Biosecurity and biosafety A Biosafety and Biosecurity strategy has been started in the EU neighbourhood following preliminary projects and feasibility studies. The EpiSouth project, launched by DG SANCO, covered several domains of investigation in the epidemiological field. The objective of the project was to design a first line of defence for the EU in case of biological outbreaks. It also gives the Mediterranean countries a reliable level of biosafety. Following this feasibility study, it was decided with DG SANCO to implement at large scale the outcome of EpiSouth. The MediPIET 1 funded under AAP 2011 by DG DEVCO, investigated a first series of actions. Four major projects were launched in 2013 under AAP 2012, in association and cooperation with the neighbourhood CoEs. It was also decided to complete the set of actions with additional projects already investigated by the World Health Organisation (WHO). MediPIET 2 (6.5 million Euros) continues the training of biologists from biomedical laboratories. The objective is to be prepared for emerging diseases affecting human populations. The project of 4 years was enlarged from the Mediterranean basin to the Eastern Neighbourhood (Black Sea Basin). A parallel project, under the leadership of the Pasteur Institutes (3.5 million Euros), follows the risks linked to emerging viruses affecting humans and cattle. It is also a result of the first investigations of the EpiSouth studies. A third epidemiology project, under the leadership of the WHO (4.5 million Euros) is investigating emerging bacteriological diseases and aims to train epidemiologists for possible outbreaks. WHO also leads a biosafety and security project to protect the EU Neighbourhood ports of entry (sea, air and land entry points; 1.5 million Euros). All biosecurity and biosafety projects have been contracted in 2013 and work starts in early 2014.   7. Elimination of the Syrian chemical stockpiles In 2013, the elimination of the chemical weapons of Syria was supported financially by the CBRN initiative of the IfS programme. After an amendment of the AAP 2013 programme, the EU allocated 12 million Euros to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) for the neutralisation and incineration of the Syrian chemicals in cooperation with the International Community. Together with several EU member States, the EU is the major donor and actor for the elimination programme of the Syrian chemical weapons. The project is aimed at chemical neutralisation and incineration of the by-products of the destruction of the chemical weapons and the safe and environmentally friendly elimination of the chemical precursors collected in Syria. 
Instrument
for Stability 
Article 4.3

Crisis Preparedness/Peace-building Partnership 

Progress report
Implementation of Instrument for Stability
(IfS)
Crisis Preparedness 
(Article 4.3 IfS Regulation)
   || Annual Action Programmes for Crisis Preparedness 2007-2013 
 Type of measure || Pre- and post-crisis capacity building 
 Date of Adoption of IfS Decisions || AAP 2007 (21/12/2007), AAP 2008 (31/03/2008), AAP 2009 (30/06/2009), AAP 2010 (31/03/2010), AAP 2011 (30/6/2011) and AAP 2012 (20/03/2012) AAP 2013 (22/03/2013) 
 Amount(s) || Committed: EUR 102,000,000; Contracted: EUR 81,238,921 Paid: EUR 51,107,546 
 The crisis preparedness component (Article 4.3) of the Instrument for Stability - also known as the Peace-building Partnership (PbP) - provides support for long-term measures aimed at building and strengthening pre- and post-crisis capacity of the EU and its partners. Between 2007 and 2013, some 140 projects have been launched at national, regional and global level, focusing mainly on: mediation, dialogue and reconciliation; early warning; civilian capacity for crisis management; natural resources and conflict; Women, peace and security and Early recovery, Post Conflict and Post Disaster Needs Assessment. These projects were implemented by civil society actors (53% of funds allocated from 2007 to 2013), international and (sub) regional organizations (28%), and Member State bodies (19%). Under the 2013 Annual Action Programme for the Instrument for Stability - Crisis Preparedness Component, adopted in March 2013, EUR 24 million were committed to support eight actions in line with the strategic priorities identified in the IfS 2012-2013 Strategy Paper. These were: support to in-country actors to prevent and respond to crisis in fragile and conflict-affected situations; continued support to the Civil Society Dialogue Network (CSDN); provision of European Resources for Mediation Support (ERMES); continued support to regional and sub-regional partners in crisis response; support to the implementation of the International Conference for the Great Lakes Regional Initiative on Natural Resources; promoting transparency of the minerals supply chains in conflict-affected and high-risk areas; support to the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States; promoting job creation and private sector involvement in fragile or conflict-affected states. While the contracting of 2013 actions is on-going, implementation will already have already started as of January 2014 for some initiatives, including CSDN and ERMES. All actions identified within the previous Annual Action Programmes have been contracted and are under implementation. An external evaluation of the Instrument for Stability (IfS) Crisis Preparedness component (2007-2013) commissioned by FPI at the end of 2013 and carried out in close co-operation with the EEAS Security Policy and Conflict Prevention Directorate, produced very positive results. This evaluation focused on five main priority areas relating to: i) capacity building of civil society in conflict prevention, crisis preparedness and peacebuilding; ii) mediation and dialogue; iii) natural resources and conflicts; iv) women, peace and security; and v) gender mainstreaming. While noting that funding for the Crisis Preparedness component remains modest, the evaluation highlights its catalytic potential and its flexibility in supporting actions which cannot be addressed by larger geographic/thematic instruments, while providing a wide remit for adapting to new themes, engaging with emerging actors, and responding to new relevant international initiatives. To quote the executive summary[2]: "The evaluation found that the IfS Crisis Preparedness component allows the EU to address conflict issues in the broadest sense, and that individual projects have indeed built or strengthened the capacity of organisations to contribute to peace-building efforts." Moreover, the evaluation concluded that the "component is an indispensable element of the comprehensive EU peace, security and development architecture and should be fully embedded into this structure". More generally, it mentions that "The IfS Crisis Preparedness component is highly relevant to the general objectives of the EU and its international commitments, and projects generally address thematic areas that are complementary to the geographic instruments". In addition, the evaluation underlined that, despite a limited budget, the component "contributes to fulfilment of EU commitments related to women, peace and security and mediation and dialogue" - and that with regard to the creation of strategic partnerships – "it is designed to produce a significant impact on EU relations with several of the UN’s specialised agencies". Finally, the evaluation recommended that "Given the flexible, unique relevance of the IfS Crisis Preparedness component in support of the EU’s ambitions globally, funding should continue and be increased". This latter aspect has already been satisfactorily addressed during the negotiations on the successor instrument to the IfS (the Instrument contributing to Stability and Peace), as the co-legislators decided to more than double the financial allocation for the crisis preparedness component - which now specifically refers to conflict prevention, peace-building and crisis preparedness - for the period 2014-2020. The main achievements and impact of IfS crisis preparedness component actions during 2013 include:   1. Conflict prevention, peacebuilding and fragility After three years of implementation, the Civil Society Dialogue Network project (CSDN) is now well established as a relevant platform for dialogue between EU and Civil Society on peace-building issues, as proven by the continuous and increasing demand for CSDN events from both EU and CS side. A resulting 40 dialogue meetings (mostly policy and geographic meetings) have been held since the launch of the forum. In 2013, 1 training for CSOs and 12 dialogue meetings were organized allowing, for example, EU policy makers to gather Civil Society’s inputs on the EU's Comprehensive Approach to external action and EU implementation of the Comprehensive Approach to UNSCR 1325 and 1820; providing space for EU officials, international and local CSOs to reflect on their role in supporting Myanmar's peace process and the implementation of the DRC Peace Agreement Framework; facilitating exchanges on the UN guidance for effective mediation and dialogue with civil society on programming for 2014. Under the 2013 AAP, an additional EUR 2 million was granted to the European Peacebuilding Liaison Office to allow continuation of the CSDN with an increased focus on local civil society involvement and in-country events, and to investigate possibilities to replicate the CSDN model at regional level. Under the 2013 AAP, EUR 3 million was allocated to support the implementation of the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States and to contribute promoting common approaches to job creation in Fragile States. Contracting of projects with the respective identified implementing partners (OECD and the WB) is on-going. Every year since 2010, funds have been devolved to EU Delegations to organize Calls for Proposals (CfP) for in-country actors to help build the capacity of civil society to address conflict prevention, crisis response and peacebuilding issues. These CfP have been instrumental in ensuring that IfS actions meet identified priorities and needs not only at national level but also locally. In 2013, 19 EU Delegations worldwide requested a total of EUR 27 million (although only EUR 9 million was available under AAP 2013) to implement national and regional actions supporting in-country CSOs.  Examples of support provided through these national and regional Calls for Proposals are illustrated under the relevant thematic areas in the sections below.   2. Mediation, dialogue and reconciliation IfS support to the Mediation Support Unit of the UN Department of Political Affairs has contributed significantly to strengthening the mediation capacities of the United Nations. The EU contribution enabled the DPA Standby Team of Mediation Experts to respond to the urgent needs of UN Envoys and other senior officials, as well as UN partners in the field.  In 2013, the eight experts of the Standby Team were deployed to more than 50 countries providing assistance in high profile crisis situations such as Central African Republic, Mali and Somalia. In this regard, the three experts funded by the EU, covering natural resources, gender and process-design, provided valuable and important contributions. The participation of women in peace processes was enhanced notably by training six women identified as candidates for potential appointments to mediator positions by the UN Secretary-General, and by developing a ‘High-level Seminar on Gender and Inclusive Mediation Processes’. In cooperation with the UNDP, the IfS also contributed to establishing capacities and sustainable national mechanisms for internal mediation and conflict management in nine pilot countries through the project ‘Equipping National and Local Actors in Internal Conflict Management Processes with Skills for Dialogue and Constructive Negotiation’. Stakeholders from governments, political parties and civil society in Bolivia, Chad, Ghana, Guyana, Maldives, Mauritania, Nepal, Togo and Yemen were trained to engage in facilitation and mediation activities as well as to provide cascade training to their national counterparts in these areas. This project created the basis for the establishment of sustainable national mechanisms, forums and capacities for internal mediation and conflict management, the so called “infrastructures for peace”. Moreover, it effectively and efficiently addressed the role of women leaders in countries such as Nepal where select women NGO networks with were equipped to provide and impart leadership and advocacy skills. Anecdotal evidence was found by external evaluators that this activity contributed to bringing women, peace and security related topics onto the political and peace consolidation agenda in Nepal. A new facility, ‘ERMES’ (European Resources for Mediation Support), funded under the 2013 AAP and contracted at the end of the year, was launched in January 2014. Provided with a EUR 2 million budget for a period of 2 years, ERMES was designed to facilitate flexible and rapid provision of technical mediation assistance to third parties engaged in inclusive peace processes at international, regional and/or local levels and to create enabling conditions for women, youth and other vulnerable groups to express their voices in conflict theatres. ‘Mediation, dialogue and reconciliation’ also featured as one of the recurrent priority areas identified in the annual Call for Proposals for in-country actors (see above). Capacity-building of in-country actors in mediation is now supported in 17 countries worldwide. In Zimbabwe, IfS support led to significant progress in enhancing the voice of civil society and strengthening local structures for conflict management, mediation and reconciliation, thereby reducing political violence in the communities, especially during the 2013 elections. Evidence gathered under the 2013 external evaluation (see above) found that the ‘Enabling Capacities Programme II’ worked effectively with civil society and state institutions in building dialogue in a polarized situation with 12 civil society organizations through rural workshops, peace rallies and, consultative meetings with local and traditional leaders. Cumulatively all these activities contributed towards advocacy for and implementation of the Global Political Agreement. In Bolivia, another IfS project, ‘Strengthening of indigenous peoples in the administration of pluri-cultural justice and mechanisms for conflict resolution’, trained community leaders to understand the characteristics of mediation and to develop new skills through practical experiences. As a result, discussions between the State and indigenous actors, who had been traditionally marginalized, are now easier. In Chad, the IfS supported the resolution of local conflicts through use of  radio broadcasts to defend human rights, raise awareness of resource-based conflicts and encourage conflict-sensitive monitoring of oil extraction., Evidence gathered by the 2013 evaluation (see above) showed that the number of conflicts decreased in areas where local mediation committees have been set up. This project approach shows real potential for replication in other countries.   3. Women, Peace and Security (WPS), children and gender mainstreaming The IfS contributed to further advancing the WPS agenda through an on-going partnership with UNWOMEN to support the implementation of UNSCR 1325 in Kosovo, Liberia and Timor-Leste. Availability of micro grants increased women’s economic empowerment in Timor Leste and Liberia,   through training in literacy and entrepreneurship and the promotion of their economic independence, particularly in response to cases of sexual and gender-based violence. In Kosovo, inter-ethnic and cross-border dialogues provided opportunities for over 700 representatives from women’s, men’s and youth groups to formulate concrete recommendations on gender equality laws, women’s empowerment and girls’ education. A multimedia campaign combating sexual and gender-based violence reached thousands while media outlets have now agreed to feature issues related to WPS in their programmes. In addition, WPS and children-related issues are addressed as priority areas for support under CfP for in-country actors in 17 countries and 3 regions (see above). In the Solomon Islands, women were empowered to participate more effectively in civil society and to change attitudes towards violence against women through media and theatre performances and also in schools.  Through the IfS project ‘Repairing the social fabric in two communities with high risk youth in El Salvador’, women  are being trained on mediation and conflict resolution using rights-based community dialogues, enabling them to actively participate in addressing social reconciliation through mediation. In Guinea Bissau, the project ‘Mindjeris i Força di Paz’, supports potential women mediators through a customised training methodology focusing on conflict prevention and resolution and female leadership as well as GBV cases. Gender has also been mainstreamed in the mediation-related project 'Enabling Capacities Programme II'  which increased women’s participation in peacebuilding processes at grassroots level in Zimbabwe and improved the implementation of UNSCR 1325 in the security sector establishing, for example,  a women’s situation room and a network of female observers during the 2013 elections. In Chad, the project ‘Femmes Actives en Médiation’, aims to provide greater security for women and strengthen their participation in decision-making structures, especially on land disputes. A regional calls for proposals carried out in Central America in 2013 recently awarded a grant to Save the Children to strengthen the capacity of regional and national authorities to prevent and raise awareness of trafficking of women and children.   4. Early Warning and situational awareness With regard to early warning systems (EWS), support was provided globally via two new projects funded under the 2012 AAP and contracted in 2013. The first project, run by Saferworld and Conciliation Resources, aims to strengthen the capacity of in-country and regional actors outside the EU, principally civil society, to analyse conflict risks and dynamics and to alert national and EU policy makers to emerging tensions across 32 theatres of potential conflict. After a 4 month inception period which allowed tailoring planned activities to each context, the ‘Capacities for Peace’ project started running as of January 2014. The second project, implemented by International Crisis Group in partnership with EPLO, aims to strengthen in-country and regional actors' capacity to analyse conflict risks across 32 theatres of potential conflict and to provide high-quality conflict analysis to policy makers and civil society with recommendations for early response measures. Since its start in July 2013, the ‘Strengthening early warning and mobilizing early action’ project has provided EU officials with experts analysis on the most pressing crises and challenges worldwide through the distribution of a monthly Watch List covering 9 countries[3] at risk, the organisation of Early Warning roundtables[4] and briefings such as a one-day briefing on Sahel/North Africa, Syria, Afghanistan/Pakistan, the Korean Peninsula and Colombia, organized in October 2013. In addition, IfS supported the strengthening of regional and sub-regional organisations' early-warning and post-disaster recovery capabilities, including enhancing the crisis response capacities of partners such as the League of Arab States in areas such as disaster risk reduction, humanitarian assistance post-conflict needs assessment (PCNA) and mediation. Support was also extended to develop the media monitoring capacity of the OAS Secretariat and to further expand the African Union’s Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) into areas such as early detection of emerging threats, risk analysis and open source media-monitoring. Furthermore, the IfS supported the enhancing of ASEAN and its Member States’ capacity to respond to emergency situations. In this context, a first training for future staff of the IfS funded Myanmar National Crisis Centre took place in November 2013, while the High-level Conference ‘Towards a global network of crisis rooms’ was held in Brussels in December 2013, both in the presence of HR/VP Ashton. Early Warning is also addressed at national and local level through support to in-country actors engaged in conflict prevention, crisis response and peacebuilding. For example, IfS support allowed the Timor-Leste civil society organisation Belun to roll-out and scale up an Early Warning, Early Response system (EWER), which contributed to successfully reducing overall conflict potential and tensions at local level. Community preparedness and responses to emerging conflict and inter- community tensions have been notably reinforced, with a recorded decrease in several areas thanks to EWER interventions. Moreover, EWER data is being actively used by the field teams of two Ministries: the Ministry of Security, National Directorate for Community Conflict Prevention (NDCCP); and the Ministry of Social Solidarity’s Department for Peacebuilding and Social Cohesion (DPBSC), as well as for input to policy briefings and progress reports. The project’s most significant contribution is its potential for replication as a model for conflict prevention in other countries.   5. Civilian capacity for crisis management Under the ENTRi programme (Europe's New Training Initiative for Civilian Crisis Management), the capabilities of 210 personnel (both EU and non-EU nationals), deployed or about to be deployed to  international civilian crisis management missions of the EU, UN, AU and OSCE, were strengthened through customised training. Training sessions during 2013 included both pre-deployment courses as well as specialization courses with topics such as: conflict analysis and conflict sensitivity; human rights; rule of law; mediation and negotiation; and mentoring. This comes on top of the 747 individuals of 67 nationalities that have been trained in 36 ENTRi courses under the first phase of the project which ran from 2011 to January 2013. Nine training courses for participants of 40 nationalities were also held in 2013. Three of these were pre-deployment training for deployments in Libya, Georgia and Kosovo. The others covered specialised topics including hostile environment awareness training; human rights; rule of law; mediation and negotiation; conflict analysis and conflict sensitivity; and mentoring in civilian crisis management. In ENTRi's 2013 courses, 34% of participants were women. While gender-relevant questions are incorporated and addressed in all training modules, two specific gender-focused courses are foreseen for 2014, covering specific training for Gender Advisors as well as gendered dimensions of Conflict Analysis. In addition, the interoperability and harmonised training approaches between the 13 European consortium members of ENTRi were fostered, inter alia, by the creation of thematic working groups on issues such as the development of new training concepts, evaluation and development of on-line learning tools. A practical handbook for civilians deploying to international crisis missions (‘In Control’) was published in September (accessible online at http://www.entriforccm.eu/106) and cooperation with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of the UN was further strengthened. The European Police Services Training (EUPST) project builds the capacity of police services from the EU, non-EU countries contributing to CSDP missions and African Union countries, to take part in stabilisation missions in countries emerging from a situation of crisis. In addition, it aims to improve cohesion and interoperability among the police forces of the participating countries as regards their use of different techniques, tactics and procedures. All activities under this project are oriented towards ensuring the full respect of human and individual rights, consideration of gender issues, and the protection of minorities and other vulnerable groups. In 2013, three main training sessions were conducted, respectively by the Spanish Guardia Civil, the French National Gendarmerie and the Italian Carabinieri (in Kenya) targeting 1019 police officers from 42 countries, including 394 officers from 19 African countries. The capacity of both formed police units as well as individual officers was built. Training covered a wide range of policing functions required for both executive and strengthening interventions, including close cooperation with other international actors and civil society on the ground. Particular attention has been given to improving coordination and cooperation with the relevant actors and institutions of the African Peace and Security Architecture, an effort to be continued in 2014. In addition, the project continues work to harmonize training concepts and formulate best practices, in close cooperation with the responsible EU bodies and the Peace Support Operations Division of the African Union.    6. Natural resources and climate change In 2013, the IfS-funded ‘EU-UN Partnership on Land, Natural Resources and Conflict Prevention’ was piloted in four countries of the African Great Lakes Region (Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo) to strengthen the capacity of local civil society organizations to understand conflict dynamics and employ conflict-sensitive development solutions to contentious national issues – such as land and natural resources competition and conflicts. As an initial step, the project trained 50 representatives of pre-selected civil society organizations from across the region in land and natural resources conflict prevention and resolution. Based on the results of a competitive procedure (four calls for proposals launched respectively in each of the four pilot countries), six land and natural resources related projects were selected in late 2013 and are being implemented by local civil society organizations with the support of the EU-UN Partnership. Through the Environment and Security Initiative (ENVSEC) project on ‘Climate Change and Security in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and the Southern Caucasus’, implemented by the OSCE, IfS support focused on the preparation on the ground for three regional participatory assessments[5] on the security implications of climate change in the region; assessments which will be conducted in 2014, while also working on the development of a strategic framework for Dniester river-basin's adaptation to climate change. Throughout the first year of implementation of the project, the OSCE and ENVSEC partners were able to identify the key-stakeholders and target groups and to draft the first desk studies and background papers in preparation for the national and regional participatory assessments and for the joint analysis and vulnerability assessment reports. A first draft strategic framework for climate change adaptation (Adaptation Strategy) was also prepared for the Dniester river basin as a pilot region, including the identification of possible adaptation measures. In addition, the project facilitated the successful organisation of the 7th and 8th meetings of the working group on flood management and climate change adaptation of the two riparian countries of the pilot basin; Republic of Moldova and Ukraine. It also provided support to the working group through additional thematic workshops and the introduction of tools for risk assessment of the performance of water management in the river basin. The theme of natural resources and conflicts is also addressed through the national and regional Calls for Proposals targeting in-country civil society actors. In Chad, IfS projects primarily focusing on mediation and dialogue have also developed the skills of civil society actors and communities to better address and tackle conflicts related to the extractive industries, while in Bolivia another IfS local project addressed tensions over land reform issues between indigenous organisations and the state.   7. Early recovery, PCNA/PDNA (post-conflict needs assessment/post-disaster needs assessment)  A PCNA training session was organized during the EU/UN Inter-Agency Workshop on Strengthening Cooperation in Fragile and Conflict Affected Countries in September 2013, attended by both EU and UN staff from both headquarters and field-level. Ad hoc expertise was deployed on several occasions throughout 2013 to strengthen the capacity of the EU to participate in PCNAs and PDNAs worldwide, jointly with the UN and the WB. As an example, support was provided to the EU Delegation in Myanmar as part of its contribution to the Joint Peacebuilding Needs Assessment, jointly carried out with the WB and the UN in November 2013.   8. Disarmament Demobilization and Reintegration & Security Sector Reform Under a joint EU – UN project implemented by UNOPS, IfS support contributed to strengthening the African Union (AU) capacities for Security Sector Reform (SSR). Key activities in 2013 included support to reinforcement of the AU SSR Unit capacity to respond to requests for operational assistance from AU Member States. In that context, an SSR Officer from the project was deployed to the AU-led African International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (AFISM-CAR). The prominence of SSR in the early-planning and establishment of this mission illustrates the demands for operational SSR support and the important role the AU SSR Unit can play in facilitating expertise and backstopping to AU peace operations. Furthermore, the project supported the initiation of three SSR Operational Guidance Notes, with the support of the African Security Sector Network (ASSN). These were discussed at a workshop bringing together representatives of the Regional Economic Communities and civil society in Addis Ababa in November. In addition, a regional SSR training workshop for ECCAS was conducted in Libreville (Gabon). Future activities include the deployment of up to five joint AU, UN and EU SSR support missions to AU Member States. Outreach events for disseminating the assessment missions' findings in order to mobilise support for the implementation of SSR programmes are also foreseen. 
Instrument for Stability,
2013
Overview of commitments, contracts and payments
Articles 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3
Overview 2013 commitments and payments
BUDGET HEADINGS 19.06.01.01 and 19.06.07 [Art. 3 and 4.3],
19.06.02.01 [Art. 4.2] and 19.06.03 [Art. 4.1]
IfS crisis response and preparedness decisions and commitments,
status of contracts and disbursements 2007-2013
(BUDGET HEADING 19.06.01,
ARTICLE 3 AND 4.3 OF THE IFS REGULATION)
IfS crisis response and preparedness 2013
decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements
(continued) IfS crisis response and
preparedness 2013 decisions and commitments, status of contracts and
disbursements
IfS crisis response and preparedness 2012
decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements
IfS crisis response and preparedness 2011
decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements

IFS crisis response and preparedness 2010
decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements
 
IfS crisis response and preparedness 2009 decisions and
commitments, status of contracts and disbursements
 
IfS crisis response and preparedness 2008 decisions and
commitments, status of contracts and disbursements
 
IfS crisis response and preparedness 2007
decisions and commitments, status of contracts and disbursements
IfS long-term component: Commitments and payments by country,
region and projects, 2007 - 2013
IfS
long-term component: 2013 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02, 19.06.03 and 19.06.07 ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS
REGULATION)
 Region || Decision || Action || Appropriations || Committed || Contracted || Paid 
 19.06.02.01 – Risk mitigation 
 Initial appropriations || 46.300.000 || 44.300.000 ||   || 24.929.357 
 Transfer ||  -2.000.000 ||   ||   ||   
 Total available appropriations || 44.300.000 || 44.300.000 || 4.000.000 || 24.929.357 
 Global || Annual Action Programme covered by the programming documents 'Strategy Paper 2012-2013' and by the 'Indicative Programme 2012-2013' for the Instrument for Stability for 2013 (Priority 1, Article 4(2)) || IfS – AAP 2013 – Priority 1 "Non-proliferation of WMD" ||   ||   ||   ||   
   ||   || Total execution || 44.300.000 || 44.300.000 ||   || 24.929.357 
 19.06.02.03 Light Arms 
 Initial appropriations ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Transfer ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Total available appropriations ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Global || Supporting the fight against the illicit accumulation and trafficking of firearms in Africa ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   
   ||   || Total execution || - ||   || - || - 
 19.06.03 – Fight against organised crime, trafficking and terrorism 
 Initial appropriations || 28.300.000 || 30.300.000 ||   || 19.341.866 
 Transfer || 2.000.000 ||   ||   ||   
 Total available appropriations || 30.300.000 || 30.300.000 ||   || 19.341.866 
 Global || Annual Action Programme covered by the programming documents 'Strategy Paper 2012-2013' and by the 'Indicative Programme 2012-2013' for the Instrument for Stability for 2011 (Priority 2, Article 4(1)) ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   
   ||   || Total execution || 30.300.000 || 30.300.000 ||   || 19.341.866 
 19.06.07 PP – Support for surveillance and protection of vessels 
 Total available appropriations || - || - ||   || 290.319 
 Global || Pilot project – Support for surveillance and protection measures for Community vessels sailing through areas where piracy is a threat || Pilot Project on Piracy Maritime Awareness and Risks ||   ||   ||   ||   
   ||   || Total execution || - || - || - || 290.319 
IfS
long-term component: 2012 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02, 19.06.03 and 19.06.07 ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS
REGULATION)
IfS
long-term component: 2011 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02, 19.06.03 and 19.06.07 ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS
REGULATION)
IfS
long-term component: 2010 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02 AND 19.06.03, ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS REGULATION)
IfS
long-term component: 2009 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02 AND 19.06.03, ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS REGULATION)
IfS
long-term component: 2008 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02 AND 19.06.03, ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS REGULATION)
IfS
long-term component: 2007 commitments and payments by country, region and
projects
(BUDGET
HEADINGS 19.06.02 AND 19.06.03, ART. 4.2 AND 4.1 OF THE IFS REGULATION)
IfS crisis preparedness: status and description of individual projects
(BUDGET
HEADING 19.06.01, Art. 4.3 OF THE IFS REGULATION, the Peacebuilding Partnership
 
[1] This designation is without prejudice
to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244 and the ICJ Opinion on
the Kosovo Declaration of Independence.
[2] Available
on : http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/fpi/documents/pbp_evaluation_2014_summary_en.pdf
[3] Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, CAR, Egypt, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria.
[4] Early
Warning roundtable on Mali and Niger, 25/11/2013
[5] Eastern
Europe, Central Asia and Southern Caucasus.