COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Roadmaps for international cooperation Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Report on the implementation of the strategy for international cooperation in research and innovation
Date: 2014-09-11
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: Brazil, Canada, China, Eastern Bloc countries, India, Japan, Mediterranean third countries, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, United States, innovation, international cooperation, international organisation, research and development













EUR-Lex - 52014SC0276 - EN











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52014SC0276

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Roadmaps for international cooperation Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS Report on the implementation of the strategy for international cooperation in research and innovation /* SWD/2014/0276 final */









roadmaps for international cooperation
1.   Introduction.............................................................................................................. 3
2.   Roadmap for cooperation between Brazil 
and the European Union........................................................................................ 5
3.   Roadmap for cooperation between Canada 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 13
4.   Roadmap for cooperation between China 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 21
5.   Roadmap for cooperation between India 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 28
6.   Roadmap for cooperation between Japan 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 34
7.   Roadmap for cooperation between the Republic of Korea 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 41
8.   Roadmap for cooperation between Russia 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 47
9.   Roadmap for cooperation between South Africa 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 52
10................................................... Roadmap for cooperation between the USA 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 62
11......................................... Roadmap for cooperation between the Eastern 
Partnership Countries and the European Union................................... 73
12........................... Roadmap for cooperation in research and innovation 
between the Southern Mediterranean 
and the European Union..................................................................................... 79

1.                      
Introduction[1]

The
Commission Communication 'Enhancing and focusing EU international cooperation
in research and innovation: a strategic approach' called for a systematic and
coherent identification of priorities for international cooperation with the
EU's partner countries and regions, with a view to subsequently implementing
these through activities with the necessary scale and scope, in particular in
the context of Horizon 2020.
The
Communication equally stressed that this strategic priority setting exercise
should fully reflect the state of play in the policy dialogues between the EU
and its partner countries. To ensure that international cooperation activities
are developed on the basis of common interest and mutual benefit and create
win-win situations, the Communication offered four criteria for guiding the
identification process. International cooperation adds value when:
−     
Synergies
and complementarities can be created as regards research and innovation
capacity;
−     
There
are opportunities for access to new or emerging markets;
−     
The
activities contribute to meeting the EU's international commitments, as
reflected e.g. in the Millennium Development Goals;
−     
There
are adequate legal and administrative frameworks in place to engage in
cooperation, also including lessons learnt from previous cooperation.
The
Communication also called on this priority setting process to be reflected in
multi-annual roadmaps for international cooperation with its key partner
countries and regions. 
On
the basis of the approach outlined above, the Commission has, since the
adoption of the Communication in September 2012 and, in particular, with a view
to preparing for the launch of Horizon 2020, engaged in a systematic planning
of priorities for cooperation in research and innovation. 
The
roadmaps for international cooperation which are included in this Staff Working
Document provide examples of the outcome of this priority setting exercise. For
each of the partner countries and regions, they provide a full overview of the
framework governing the cooperation and the current state of play as regards
the cooperation, including information on the way this has been addressed in
the first Horizon 2020 work programmes. Most importantly, they provide an
overview of what are considered to be the priorities for future cooperation
(using a medium term perspective) with the partner in question, reflecting the
current state of agreement in the policy dialogue.
The
outcome of this priority setting exercise, as it is reflected in the Report and
this accompanying Commission Staff Working Document, has led to the inclusion
of the international cooperation activities in the first Horizon 2020 work
programmes 2014-15, as listed in the annexes to each of the roadmaps. It will
subsequently feed into the next Strategic Programming cycles for Horizon 2020
and will allow for an earlier identification of areas where there is potential
to launch ambitious international cooperation initiatives with appropriate
scale and scope and for the inclusion of suitable modes of implementation in
the next work programmes, thus resulting in a closer and more strategic
integration of international cooperation in Horizon 2020.

2.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between Brazil and the European Union

1.      Brazil as a partner of the EU 
The relationship between Brazil and the EU is governed by the EU-Brazil framework co-operation agreement (1992). Brazil is a founding member of Mercosur with which the EU signed a Framework Co-operation
Agreement in 1995. The Trade Agreement between the
European Union and Mercosur was reinforced in Madrid (EU-LAC) in 2010. The EU and Brazil established a Strategic Partnership on the
occasion of the first ever EU-Brazil Summit held in July 2007 in Lisbon, Portugal. Central topics of the partnership include effective multilateralism,
cooperation on human rights, climate change, sustainable energy, the fight
against poverty, Mercosur’s integration process and Latin America’s stability
and prosperity. 
The
cooperation between the EU and Brazil on research and innovation is governed by
the Agreement for Scientific and Technological
Cooperation[2]
(2004, entered into force in 2007 and renewed in 2012 for 5 more years). A
Cooperation Arrangement under the existing bilateral Agreement was signed on 24
January 2013 in Brasilia between the Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the
Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (MCTI). In the area of
Fusion Energy Research, an agreement (under the Euratom
Treaty), was concluded in 2009 and entered into force in January 2013. Brazil is one of the first non-ITER parties with which Euratom has signed a bilateral
cooperation agreement. 
During the last decade Brazil progressed on several indicators related to scientific and technological
performance. This is reflected in the increasing number of researchers, in the
growth of R&D expenditure, and in the number of postgraduate scholarships,
as well as in indicators of scientific publications and, more modestly,
patents. 
In 2010 R&D intensity was
estimated at 1.16% GDP (up from 1.01 % in 2006), the share of private sector
R&D (of GERD) was 47.3% (down from 50.1% in 2006) and the share of public
sector R&D (of GERD) increased to 52.7% (up from 49.9% in 2006). The total
number of scientists and researchers was about 234 000 in 2010, of which over
80% in higher education institutions. In 2009, Brazil published 2.69% of the
world's scientific papers[3].
Launched by Brazil in December 2011,
Science without Borders (CsF)[4]
is a Brazilian programme that aims at internationalising the Brazilian Science
& Technology system through a scholarship system for over 100 000 international
fellowships for graduate and undergraduate students. After 1 year of operation,
about 22 000 scholarships, with an approximate investment of EUR 407 million
had been awarded for students going to the United States, Canada, United
Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Portugal,
Australia and South Korea. 
2.      Cooperation between Brazil and the EU on research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, Brazilian entities
participated 211 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 31.3 million. The distribution of the Brazilian
participation (by total cost of Brazilian participants) over the different FP7
subprogrammes is shown below.
With regard to fusion, there are presently about 15 on-going collaborative activities,
involving 18 European research institutions and 14 Brazilian entities, and in
particular, two specific JET (Joint European Torus, in Culham, UK) related projects. It has been also agreed that Brazilian scientists and PhD researchers can participate
in JET activities. 
1881 Brazilian researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Brazilian institutions have
participated in 187 projects.
There
is an on-going FP7 project (BBICE+) which supports the policy dialogue and
durable partnerships between the EU and Brazil. 
Brazil has been
targeted as an important partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work
programme (2014-15), encouraging cooperation with Brazilian researchers
included in areas such as biofuels, ICT and marine research. A full list of
topics included in the work programme 2014-2015 is provided in Annex.
The
scope of direct scientific interactions carried out by the European
Commission's Joint Research Centre with partners in Brazil include the areas of
disaster prevention and crisis management; sustainable management of natural
resources, in particular forests and water; energy with a focus on smart grids;
food security; bio-economy; ICT, including geo-information and space
applications; nanotechnologies.
Work
is on-going to strengthen the synergies between the EU's cooperation with Brazil and the activities of the Member States (MS), including through the Strategic Forum
for International Cooperation (SFIC). The collection of
information carried out through SFIC indicates that the research topics
addressed in cooperation with Brazil vary widely. It is noteworthy that a large
number of agreements between individual Member States and Brazil do not have a specific thematic field and follow a bottom-up approach. They are
often centred on researchers' mobility and, to some extent, access to European
research infrastructures.
Finally, cooperation on research and
innovation is a core area of the EU Brazil bilateral cooperation and it contributes
significantly to the achievement of the EU's external policies. The importance
of cooperation on research and innovation in addressing the shared economic,
environmental and societal challenges within the context of the overall
EU-Brazil relations has been reiterated at the XVth Joint Committee of November
2013 and at the EU-Brazil Summit of February 2014. Research and Innovation
features prominently in the EU-Brazil Joint Action Plan on Competitiveness and
Investment, which has been welcomed by leaders at the last Summit as a building
block for future EU-Brazil cooperation on these themes. Moreover, remarkable
synergies are been created between research policy and external action
instruments. In some of the areas targeted for research and innovation
cooperation, synergies are being built up with the Sector Dialogue Facility for
 Brazil, a DCI programme that aims at strengthening Sector Dialogues between Brazil and the EU in 33 different areas, among which research and innovation is an important
priority.
For the future, in an effort to make
research cooperation an integral part of a comprehensive package of external
actions, and given the strategic role of Brazil in tackling the global
challenges addressed by cooperation in research and innovation, more synergies
will be sought with other external instruments, in particular with the
Partnership Instrument. 
Framework conditions for research
cooperation in Brazil have been improving over the last decade. The government
adopted two consecutive National Science, Technology and Innovation (STI)
Strategies (most recent 2012-2015) to create a proper Science Technology and
Innovation System. An improved innovation regulatory framework, a larger and
more accessible funding structure and international cooperation are key
elements of this strategy. Increasingly, the federal government and the regions
(state governments) identify joint priorities and set the share of resources
that each will contribute in the field of innovation. In practice, this implies
more opportunities for cooperation (including with the EU) at grass-roots
level, while inevitably it increases the complexity of the decision-making and
implementation mechanism for research and innovation. Since 2004-2005, the
legal framework allows for direct funding of business-led innovation through
competitive grants and a wide range of fiscal incentives, particularly in green
economy, housing technology and social housing.  In the field of
intellectual property rights (IPR), progress has been
noted in Brazil over the last years regarding protection of IPR, particularly
in terms of intensification of public-private cooperation in the fight against
IPR infringements. There is, though, still room for improvement as regards the
capacity of the registration authorities and the judiciary.  Since 2008 an
EU-Brazil IPR dialogue provides a forum for discussion of IPR issues of
interest to either or both parties[5].
In the areas of standardisation, Brazil has shown
interest in strengthening the capacity of its companies, especially of SMEs, as
well as laboratories in the area of standardisation and
technical rules through increased dialogue and EU-Brazil bilateral initiatives,
so as to improve market accessibility from both sides for products and
services. As regards the funding of research and innovation and innovation
cooperation, the federal government is the main source of funding for
universities and other research organisations. Over the past decade, state level research foundations have increased
their funding of research. Petrobras (oil sector) is becoming a major source for funding innovation
research in universities. 
3.      Cooperation between Brazil and the EU on research and innovation:
priorities for the future 
In the framework of the policy dialogue
between the EU and Brazil the following priority areas have been agreed for
future cooperation with Brazil:
−     
Marine Research and bio-economy, food
security, sustainable agriculture
EU-Brazil cooperation on marine
research can greatly contribute to the EU's Blue Growth strategy. It would
build on a number of existing bi-lateral and multilateral cooperation
frameworks involving Brazil. Likewise, cooperation on bio-economy research and
innovation is vital to address global challenges such as food security and
sustainable agriculture and Brazil is a leading country in bio-economy
research. 
Further cooperation with Brazil will be based on the continuation of the EU-Brazil dialogue on marine research
including a wide range of areas, such as sustainable Atlantic ecosystem approach,
innovative use and conservation of Atlantic/marine biodiversity, seabed
critical raw materials and ocean literacy. Interest has also been expressed
concerning the sustainable development of aquaculture to support the production
of safe seafood products, complying with international standards for trade, in
particular through the establishment of a sound scientific basis for the
elaboration and implementation of relevant policies (i.e. environmental
protection, food safety, animal health and welfare).
In the area of bio-economy, food
security and sustainable agriculture, the following topics of mutual interest
have been identified through the ongoing dialogues between the EU and Brazil:
improvement of agricultural production systems and adaptation to climate
change; nutritional aspects of food products; agro-economic areas, ecological
intensification, low carbon agriculture, traceability, certification and
standards with a view to improve quality and trade conditions.
−     
Energy
While the EU has a leading position
on many advanced biofuel technologies, Brazil has the capacity to turn advanced
bio-fuels into commercial reality. Thus the EU and Brazil have a common
interest in cooperating in this area.
Decarbonising the transport sector is a major challenge in
the global fight against climate change. As such, it is a crucial element in
the EU Energy Roadmap 2050 and in the Brazilian
National Policy for Climate Change. In the short to
medium-term, biofuels are expected to be the main contributors to this de-carbonisation.
In order to achieve the EU and Brazil policy targets in this domain, and to
address concerns regarding environmental impacts of biofuels, new biofuels
using sustainable feedstock need to reach the market. Brazil is an essential partner in this sector: it has outstanding expertise, a
well-established and highly competitive first-generation industry, as well as
optimal conditions for the development of a second generation biofuel industry.
A coordinated call on advanced
(second generation) biofuels will be prepared in the perspective of the second Horizon
2020 work programme. In addition, the Commission and the Brazilian party agreed
to explore the potential for cooperation on other renewable areas, such as concentrated solar power, wind and smart grids and to establish a joint working group with this objective.
−     
Nanotechnology
Nanosafety is a global issue,
especially as trade flows involving nano-enabled products are increasingly
global. Nano environmental, health and safety (Nano EHS) is of high importance
to both the EU and Brazil, who have a shared interest in cooperating in research
that supports the development of scientific evidence based regulation in this
area.
The EU has an extensive FP7 project
portfolio covering nano-safety research, while Brazil has several national
research networks involved in nano health and safety research. There is
therefore a potential for enhancing cooperation in this area, including through
Horizon 2020 nanotechnology and nano-materials calls planned for 2014 and 2015.
The focus would be on research for the establishment of
scientifically referenced regulation, internationally recognized and
internationally compatible. The EU promotes government-level cooperation in the
OECD working party on manufactured nano-materials (in particular through the
NanoReg initiative, which is an FP7 project with a budget of EUR50 million (of
which EUR10 million from FP7); followed by further regulatory research
activities in Horizon 2020). Progress is being made to incorporate Brazilian
contributions into NanoReg.
−     
Information and Communication Technologies
(ICT)
EU-Brazil
research cooperation in the area of ICT, including cloud computing, is also
regarded as having a crucial strategic value and high societal impact. It has
been developing since the launch of the first coordinated call in 2011 and
addresses a number of topics dealing with Future Internet, micro-electronics
and micro-systems, cloud computing, technologies and applications for a smarter
society and e-infrastructures. It is supported by an EU-Brazil Dialogue on
Information Society with specific working groups in some areas addressing not
only research and innovation matters but also ICT policy and regulatory
aspects. As an example, cooperation on cloud computing
covers standards, certification mechanisms, safe and fair contracts as well as
legislative frameworks, aiming at facilitating the emergence of mutually
recognized trusted cloud solutions. The third coordinated call focused on Advanced
Cyber Infrastructure and will be launched in 2015. It will address topics on Cloud
Computing, especially cloud-centric applications for big data; High Performance
Computing applications to societal challenges supporting prediction and
simulation of natural disasters, urban development or crisis management, and
Experimental Platforms federating network resources in Brazil and Europe
building on FIRE (Future Internet) developments. Joint
work on the areas above is expected to be continued in the work-programme
2016-17 of Horizon 2020. The
importance of ICT entrepreneurship for growth and jobs is reflected in a
reinforced cooperation between "Startup Europe" and "Startup Brazil", exploring the mutual benefits of "apps" development by young
web-entrepreneurs and SMEs, on top of open and common Future Internet
platforms. On ICT infrastructure, the installation of a
fibre-optic submarine cable linking Brazil and Europe directly will improve
communications between the two continents, facilitate the take-up of broadband,
stimulate ICT investments, reduce the interconnectivity costs for our
businesses and researchers, enhance the protection of communications and
provide better functional characteristics than through the USA or Africa. This cable can be used to implement more effectively public policies such as the
bilateral cooperation on research and innovation.
In the area of nuclear fusion
(Euratom-Fusion), the current bilateral collaborative
activities, and notably those with the Joint European Torus (JET), should be
endorsed under the bilateral work programme (see annex) at the first meeting of
the Coordinated Committee of the enforced fusion Cooperation Agreement, planned
to be held in 2014. This should pave the way for the convergence of programmes
(cooperation on the Brazilian Network for fusion) and the sharing of personnel
and facilities, in particular of JET, with Euratom fusion associations. Brazil is interested to receive advice form Euratom on the future Brazilian fusion device
to be installed at the new National Fusion Laboratory. This may also open
possible routes for Brazil's potential involvement in the future operation and
exploitation of ITER.
Cooperation in future years (2016 and 2017)
will most likely continue to focus on these jointly defined priorities as well
as on other areas that will be jointly identified and agreed upon within the
existing institutional mechanisms under the ST & I agreement between the EU
and Brazil. 
At this stage, based on existing
cooperation and talks, in relation to health, it
is envisaged that Brazil and the EU may continue the cooperation in
multilateral initiatives aimed at addressing global health challenges. In
particular, Brazil has expressed interest to the EU on the Global Research
Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R). 
Transport research cooperation may also lead
to more targeted actions in the future:
−     
Aviation Pioneering: direct Brazilian
participation (instead of being subcontractor to DLR) in the Multinational
Civil Hypersonics Flagship initiative FP7 HEXAFLY-INT, led by ESA, kicked-off
in April 2014 and aiming at a flight test in 2019.
−     
Aviation Safety: potential Brazilian involvement
through Embraer Portugal in the large-scale coordinated research action on
Safety (Horizon 2020 2014 call). 
−     
Aviation Environmental-friendly fuels: through Horizon
2020 Energy calls, building upon Brazil-EU flight test joint project FP7 ITAKA
and the support action FP7 COOPAIR-LA.
−     
A coordinated call for 2016+, with a focus on
road transport and urban transport, supported by two FP7 coordination and
support actions SOLUTIONS and VIAIGO PLUS.
Annex:           List
of topics encouraging cooperation with Brazil in Horizon                       2020
work programme 2014-15[6]
       2014 || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 NMP 26 (LEIT-NMP) || Joint EU & MS activity on the next phase of research in support of regulation NANOREG II   || - 
 NMP 27 (LEIT-NMP) || Coordination of EU an international efforts in safety of nanotechnology   || - 
 NMP 28 (LEIT-NMP) || Assessment of environmental fate of nanomaterials   || - 
 NMP 29 (LEIT-NMP) || Increasing the capacity to perform nano-safety assessment   || - 
 BG 14 (Challenge 2) || Supporting international cooperation initiatives: Atlantic Ocean Cooperation Research Alliance || 3.50 
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || European Polar research cooperation || 2.00 
 SC5-5 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation for climate action-Climate change mitigation options   || - 
   2015 || H2020-EUB-2015 (LEIT-ICT) || EU-Brazil Research and Development Cooperation in Advanced Cyber Infrastructure   || 7 
 NMP 30 (LEIT-NMP) || Next generation of tools for risk governance of nanomaterials   || - 
 INT 1 (Challenge 6) || Enhancing and focusing research and innovation cooperation with the Union’s key international partner countries || 1.95 
 ISSI.5.2014.2015 (Science with and for Society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 
Euratom Programme complementing Horizon 2020
 Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2014-2015 || Euratom-Brazil Fusion CA First Coordinating Committee || Convergence of programmes and sharing of personnel and facilities || - 
 Mapping of bilateral collaborative activities || - 
 

3.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between Canada and the European Union

1.         Canada as a partner of the EU 
Canada is one of the
EU's oldest and closest partners. The negotiations of
two ground- breaking agreements with Canada: the Strategic Partnership
agreement (SPA) and the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) are
being finalised. Once implemented, these two agreements will enhance economic
and political relations, and spur cooperation and dialogue across a range of
policy areas. The SPA will strengthen foreign policy and sectorial co-operation
advancing EU-Canada relations beyond the 1976 Framework Agreement and the 2004
Partnership Agenda, while CETA will enable an ambitious liberalisation of our
trade and investment relations. It will generate substantial new trade in goods
and services as well as additional opportunities for investment. Once
implemented, the agreement is expected to increase bilateral trade in goods and
services by 22.9% or €25.7 billion, fostering growth and employment on both
sides of the Atlantic. Overall, the EU-Canada agreement could lead to GDP gains
for the EU of up to €11.6 billion per year. 
The
Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation between Canada and the European Community has been in place since 1996 and is not limited in time.
The responsibility for the S&T cooperation dialogue lies with the EU–Canada
Joint Science and Technology Cooperation Committee (JSTCC). The JSTCC meets on
a regular basis to review progress and provide new directions for cooperation
in the fields of science and technology. 
In 2011 R&D intensity was estimated at
1.74% GDP (down from 2.07% in 2004). The share of private sector R&D (of
GERD) was 46.5% and the share of public sector R&D (of GERD) 36.1%[7].

The
11th meeting of the EU-Canada JSTCC took place in Brussels on 6
March 2013. It mainly focused on Arctic and Marine related research (Blue
Growth) and Research Infrastructures for Marine and Arctic research.
On
24 May 2013, the Galway Statement on transatlantic marine and arctic
cooperation[8]
was signed by Commissioners Geoghegan-Quinn and Damanaki, on behalf of the EU,
and by high level representatives from Canada and the US. The goal of the statement is to work together in order to better understand the Atlantic Ocean and to promote the sustainable management of its resources. This is the
starting point for a Transatlantic Ocean Research Alliance.
The
Canadian research system is organised around three institutional structures:
governments (federal and provincial), industry, and higher education. Each
level of government is involved in research policy, which means a decentralized
research system with varying degrees of overlap and partnering.
Canada’s science and
technology governance structure is characterised by a high degree of diversity
and is organised around a number of key players, including industry,
governments (both federal and provincial and territorial) and universities and
colleges. Policy design and implementation is a shared competence between the
federal and the provincial and territorial governments. Canada’s provincial and territorial governments seek national and international partnerships
and investment in science, research and technology, in parallel as well as in
partnership with the Canadian federal government. The provinces and territories
provide most of the basic physical infrastructure and operating costs for
education and for research in Canada’s universities. 
2.         Cooperation
between Canada and the EU on research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, Canadian entities
participated 190 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 10.3 million. The distribution of
the Canadian participation (by total cost of Canadian participants) over the
different FP7 subprogrammes is shown below.
Canadian
researchers also have a high success rate in the People Specific Programme
(Marie Curie Actions). As many as 504 Canadian researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Canadian institutions have
participated in 145 projects. 
There
is an on-going FP7 project which supports the policy dialogue on research and
innovation between Canada and the EU. ERA-Can Plus will raise awareness of the
multiple research and innovation programme opportunities for Canadians in
Horizon 2020 and for Europeans in Canada’s research programmes. The ERA-CAN
Plus project objectives and its Canadian and European partnership are in line
with the new international cooperation strategy for research and innovation. It
will support the implementation of our policy dialogue, for example, as follow
up to the Galway Statement signed by Canada and the EU. The consortium brings
together seven leading associations and organisations for research, innovation
and public policy discussions from across Canada and Europe. 
Canada
has also been targeted as an important partner for cooperation in the first
Horizon 2020 work programme (2014-15), with topics encouraging cooperation with
Canadian researchers included in areas such as marine and artic research
(notably to implement the Galway declaration and the Transatlantic Ocean
Research Alliance), health research or ICT. A full list of topics included in
the work programme is provided in Annex.
Work
is also on-going to strengthen the synergies between the EU's cooperation with Canada and the activities of the Member States (MS). The involvement of MS will take place
at various levels, depending on the area of EU-Canada cooperation. The three
most prominent examples are listed below.
−     
Marine
and Arctic research:
ü 
The
  Joint Programming Initiative Ocean[9]
will be a key partner in these activities.
ü 
The
Seas ERA – NET[10]
will be strongly involved in the EU-Canada information sharing exercise and
planned coordination actions.
ü 
The Integrating Activity “INTERACT”[11]
includes Research Stations from all Arctic countries including several from Canada.
ü 
Svalbard
Integrated Earth Observing System (SIOS) is an international infrastructure
project including Canada.
−     
The
Health Research Institute Canada (CIHR) is connected to all relevant Joint
Programming Initiatives and very strong coordination with Member States is
therefore expected. For example CIHR is:
ü 
Member
of the Joint Programming Initiative -Neurodegenerative Diseases (JPND);
ü 
Member
of the Joint Programming Initiative - More Years Better Life (JPIMYBL);
ü 
Member
and co-investor in the Joint Programming Initiative Antimicrobial Resistance
(JPIAMR);
ü 
Negotiating
its Membership with the Joint Programming Initiative A Healthy Diet for A
Healthy Life (JPIHDHL).
A series of EU-Canada Health Research
Roundtables have been organised on jointly identified health priorities. The
most recent one took place in October 2012, having as shared themes: Big Data,
Open Access and Public Health Data; E-Health; Evidence informed Health Care;
Health Research Platforms; and Respiratory, Vascular, Stroke and Imaging. Canada is globally known for its very high quality of health related research and the
EU-Canada cooperation can look back on very successful experiences.
Key
aspects of this cooperation are: 
−     
Cooperation
supports the engagement of the EU to become a permanent observer in the Arctic
Council[12].
−     
Cooperation
supports reaching the Millennium goals, notably on:
o  
Combat
HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases;
o  
Ensure
environmental sustainability e.g. marine/arctic research
−     
Cooperation
supports the Commission's Atlantic Action Plan with a reference to trans-Atlantic
cooperation in research and innovation.
Canada’s innovation
performance is estimated as lower in comparison to the EU and the innovation
gap is further decreasing[13].
The federal government strongly supports innovation and supports emerging
technologies in areas ranging from health to nuclear research. Examples include
funding to Genome Canada, climate and atmospheric work through the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) or the Canada Brain
Research Fund. The Strategic Aerospace and Defence Initiative (SADI) supports
R&D in aerospace, defence, space and security technologies[14].
Canada provides
innovative SMEs access to tax credit related to R&D. Venture Capital
assists and finances firms (especially SMEs) from seed to expansion phases.
Export Development Canada (EDC) provides private equity capital to assist firms
to expand through export guarantee programmes. Canada invests to
develop a stronger digital economy and the government supports the take up of
ICTs by business through the Industrial Research Assistance Program, and
increased student enrolment in digital economy-related disciplines. Canada is spending substantially on higher education. The government has made strategic
investments to strengthen Canada’s knowledge advantage such as the new Canada
Excellence Research Chairs.
The general framework conditions for
EU-Canada cooperation are improving in certain areas and provinces. During the last
few years, some provinces have been quite keen to cooperate with the EU directly
and have put in place matching funds for their researchers (e.g. Quebec) participating in the Framework programme. Others, notably Alberta, are seriously
considering such an option. 
Canadian participation in the 7th
Framework Programme was as high as during all previous programmes together. Canada has established a good network of Canadian National Contact Points in the main areas
for cooperation, so the basic information and conditions for cooperation are
well known and disseminated.
Interestingly
the Canadian Granting Councils are well aware of the European research
landscape and the activities in the European Research Area (ERA). Several
ERA-NET activities in our Joint programming initiatives have Canadian members
and are well connected to the Canadian research institutions.
3.      Cooperation between Canada and the EU on research and innovation:
priorities for the future 
Three
areas have been identified as priority areas for future cooperation during the
last JSTCC meeting on 5 March 2013.
−     
Marine
and Arctic Research

This includes the launching
of the Transatlantic Research Alliance as agreed new framework for this
cooperation. Canada has strong research capabilities and access to important
waters/territories (including arctic) with strong research and innovation
capacity. In 2013 Canada issued an implementation plan for its marine research
approach. Canada's Northern Strategy[15]
will help both sides to engage in this specific dialogue on Arctic cooperation
issues. Such cooperation can build on existing cooperation in the context of
international programs, such as WCRP (World Climate Research Programme), GEO
(Group of Earth Observations), GCOS (Global Climate Observing System), SAON[16]
(Sustained Arctic Observing Network – Arctic council) and others. Canada is also
in the phase of designing the Canadian High Arctic Research Station (CHAR),
which will serve as a hub for science and technology in Canada's North. The
above mentioned activities underline the research capacities Canada has in this
area which allows Europe to support its external policy in particular in
relation to the Arctic Council activities. In the past Arctic research
activities have benefited from good EU-Canada relations. 
−     
Research
infrastructure cooperation

Research infrastructures (in
particular Arctic and Marine) represent one of the most successful areas of
cooperation between EU and Canada, with huge progress since the last JSTCC
meeting. The scope of cooperation has been extended to cover both arctic and
marine infrastructures, which are relevant to major societal challenges and
provide opportunities for collaboration in the development, management and use
of these extremely costly infrastructures. 
A high level symposium on Arctic and Marine Research Infrastructures was organised between Canada-EU-US. The
symposium was held in September 2013 in the Canadian Embassy in Rome to discuss and investigate possible future fields of cooperation on research
infrastructures with focus on Marine and Arctic. 
The Canadian Foundation for
Innovation (CFI) is by far the largest Research Infrastructure funding body and
has been strongly involved in the EU-Canada cooperation in recent years.  
−      Health Research  
Health represents one of the most successful areas of cooperation
between the EU and Canada. It has also been a very active area of cooperation
since the last Joint S&T Consultative Committee (JSTCC) meeting in 2011,
with Canada being one of the most active third
countries in the Health theme of FP7. 
The high collaboration is proven by the joint collaboration in all
the multilateral research initiatives that the EU has either started or joined.
Some of them are the International Rare Disease Research Consortium (IRDiRC[17])
or the Global Alliance Alliance for Chronic Diseases (GACD[18]). The
collaboration is excellent and both Canada and the EU are planning to work
together on initiatives that are being established, such as the Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease
Preparedness (GloPID-R). Moreover, both Canada and the EU are members of the Human Frontier Science Programme (HFSP[19]).
Canada has also expressed
interest to join the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials
Partnerships (EDCTP2). 
−     
Bioeconomy
Cooperation with
 Canada has been carried out in Bioeconomy, in the framework of the international
Knowledge Based Bio-Economy (KBBE) Forum, a multilateral platform with Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the EU launched in 2010. Cooperation with
  Canada on bioeconomy related Research and Innovation should be strengthened
in the framework of the International KBBE Forum at programme-level, and by
linking with EU Member States efforts within Joint Programming Initiatives and
ERA-NETS.
−      Transport (including
Aeronautics)
Common policy challenges such as aviation safety, environmental
impact and standardisation can benefit from more EU-Canada cooperation.
A coordinated call in the
field of Aeronautics has been confirmed by both sides for 2015 as follow up to the
Canadian Networking Aeronautics Programme for Europe (project finished in 2013)
which improved and increased engagement between the aeronautics R&D
communities and networks in the EU and in Canada. In addition, Canada has expressed interest in the Clean Sky
(II) Joint Technology Initiative. Potential routes for Canadian contribution
and participation will be explored.
−     
Other
planned/on-going cooperation initiatives 
In the field of energy
research, knowledge-sharing and cooperation with Canada are encouraged by the first Horizon 2020 work programme with Canada in the field of carbon capture and storage and shale gas.
The
cooperation priorities for the years to come may be in line with the existing
ones. Health research and the very close cooperation with the Canadian
Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) will be a key area of engagement as in the
first years of Horizon 2020. The new area of marine and Artic cooperation is
expected to be expanded, in particular on the Arctic Research issues, as it is
only in its start-up phase. The type of activities could be more at the support
of research mobility and programme level cooperation with the relevant Canadian
entities. Nanotechnology, and in particular nano-safety, is an area under
mutual investigation for expansion of the EU-Canada cooperation. The EU promotes government-level cooperation in the OECD working
party on manufactured nano-materials (in particular through the NanoReg
initiative, which is an FP7 project with a budget of EUR50 million (of which EUR10
million from FP7); followed by further regulatory research activities in Horizon
2020).
There
could also be a revitalisation of the activities of the Knowledge Based Bio
Economy (KBBE) platform in the multilateral framework with Canada which could be translated into opportunities in the calls 2016-2017.
Annex:
          List of topics encouraging cooperation with Canada in                                       Horizon 2020 work programme 2014-15[20]
Marine and Arctic research
               2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 BG 8 (Challenge 2) || Developing in-situ Atlantic Ocean Observations for a better management and sustainable exploitation of the maritime resources || 20.00 
 BG 13 (Challenge 2) || Ocean Literacy – Engaging with society – Social innovation || 3.50 
 BG 14 (Challenge 2) || European Research Alliance cooperation || 3.50 
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || European Polar research cooperation || 2.00 
 INFRASUPP 6 (Research Infrastructures) ||  International Cooperation for research infrastructures || 7.00 
 INFRAIA 1 (Research Infrastructures) || Integrating and opening research infrastructures of European interest (area: “Research infrastructures for terrestrial research in the Arctic.”) || 140.00 
 2015 || BG 1 (Challenge 2) || Improving the preservation and sustainable exploitation of Atlantic marine Ecosystems || 20.00 
 BG 7 (Challenge 2) || Response capacities to oil spills and marine pollutions || 6.00 
 SFS 10 (Challenge 2) || Tackling disease related challenges and threats faced by European farmed aquatic animals || - 
Energy research
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2014-2015 ||   LCE 15 (Challenge 3) ||   Enabling decarbonisation of the fossil fuel-based power sector and energy intensive industry through CCS ||   - 
 2014 || LCE 16 (Challenge 3) || Understanding, preventing and mitigating the potential environmental impacts and risks of shale gas exploration and exploitation   || - 
Other areas
       2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 NMP 26 (LEIT-NMP) || Joint EU & MS activity on the next phase of research in support of regulation NANOREG II || - 
 NMP 27 (LEIT-NMP) || Coordination of EU an international efforts in safety of nanotechnology || - 
 NMP 28 (LEIT-NMP) || Assessment of environmental fate of nanomaterials || - 
 NMP 29 (LEIT-NMP) || Increasing the capacity to perform nano-safety assessment || - 
 MG 1.4 (Challenge 4) || Coordinated research and innovation actions targeting the highest levels of safety for European aviation || 15.00 
 SC 5-13 (Challenge 5) || Strategic international dialogues and cooperation on raw materials with technologically advanced countries || 5.00 
 2015 || ICT 38 (LEIT-ICT) || International partnership building and support to dialogues with high income countries || 3.00 
 NMP 30 (LEIT-NMP) || Next generation of tools for risk governance of nanomaterials || - 
 MG1.8 (Challenge 4) || Aeronautics R&I EU-CA Coordinated Call || 16.00 
 HCO 12 (Challenge 1) || ERA-NET: Antimicrobial resistance || 5.00 
 SFS 16 (Challenge 2) || Tackling malnutrition in the elderly || - 
 SC 5-13 (Challenge 5) || Strategic international dialogues and cooperation on raw materials producing countries and industry || 8.00 
 ISSI.5.2014.2015 (Science with and for Society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 

4.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between China and the European Union

1.      China as a partner of the EU 
Relations between the EU and China have developed fast since diplomatic ties were established in 1975. In particular,
the creation of the EU-China Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2003 has
deepened and broadened cooperation in a wide range of areas, and the EU and China have become highly interdependent as a result. 
At the 16th EU-China Summit of
21 November 2013, both sides jointly adopted the EU-China 2020 Strategic Agenda
for Cooperation and inaugurated the first High Level Innovation Cooperation
Dialogue. The two sides will implement the Strategic Agenda for Cooperation
through their annual Summit, which provides strategic guidance to their
relationship, through the three pillars directly underpinning the Summit (the
annual High Level Strategic Dialogue, the annual High Level Economic and Trade
Dialogue, and the bi-annual People-to-People Dialogue) and through their
regular meetings of counterparts and their broad range of sectoral dialogues. 
EU-China scientific cooperation is governed
by a Science & Technology Cooperation Agreement signed in December 1999 and
renewed for the second time in November 2009. The Agreement is implemented
through a Joint Steering Committee. The last meeting was held in Brussels in June 2014.  
In addition, an Agreement between the
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Government of the People's
Republic of China for R&D Cooperation in the Peaceful Uses of Nuclear
Energy (R&D PUNE) is in place since August 2008. China and Euratom are
participating in an inter-governmental multilateral agreement on
fission-related research, are partners of the ITER multilateral cooperation
project on fusion research and participate, within the Generation IV
international Forum, in the research and development activities of the Sodium
Fast Reactor and the Very-High Temperature Reactor. 
The performance
of the Chinese research and innovation system has improved noticeably over the
past decades. China is now a major player in terms of funding and
human resources for research and development (R&D). China ranks first in terms of R&D staff with
2.5 million researchers. Its
GERD has more than doubled in just five years (2005-10). R&D expenditure as
a percentage of GDP reached 1.98 % in
2012 with a target of 2.2% of GDP by 2015 (12th Five-Year Plan) and
2.5% by 2020 (15-year Medium to Long-Term Science and Technology Development
Plan). The business sector accounts for 72% of GERD
(1.30% of GDP). However, performance in terms of patenting remains relatively
limited (fifth place in 2012 regarding applications
under the Patent Cooperation Treaty), and also in terms
of knowledge-intensive services and high-technology
manufacturing industries. 
2.      Cooperation between China and the EU on research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, Chinese entities
participated 334 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 32.9 million. The distribution of the Chinese participation
(by total cost of Chinese participants) over the different FP7 subprogrammes is
shown below.
Research cooperation with China is also taking place in the framework of the Euratom-fission programme with two
projects worth EUR 1.2 million, and within ITER on fusion research with 49
on-going collaborative activities involving 11 European entities and 13 Chinese
research institutions. 
3845 Chinese researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Chinese institutions have
participated in 315 projects.
There is an on-going FP7 project, the Bilat
Dragon Star to support the policy dialogue with China.
China has been targeted as an important
partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work programme (2014-15),
with topics encouraging cooperation with Chinese researchers in areas such as
Food, Agriculture and Biotechnology, Water, Energy, Information and
Communications Technologies, Nanotechnology, Space and Polar research. A full
list of topics included in the work programme is provided in Annex[21]. Furthermore, in the
Euratom Work Programme (2014-2015) fusion and fission topics include
cooperation with China.  
The European Commission's Joint Research
Centre is pursuing cooperation with China on the topics of air quality,
disaster management, remote sensing and land management in line with the
overall S&T priorities identified at the latest EU-China Summit and
Innovation Cooperation Dialogue.
Work is also on-going to strengthen the
synergies between the EU's cooperation with China and the activities of the
Member States (MS). Within the Strategic Forum for International Cooperation
(SFIC), the Commission and the Member States have been working on the
identification of common challenges and priorities to be pursued with and
vis-à-vis China. The network of EU Member States Science Counsellors in China has produced a series of documents regarding IPR issues, setting up of joint research
structures and an overview of EU MS activities. 
Research and Innovation features high on
the agenda of the EU-China Summits. A strong cooperation with China on research and innovation is one of the milestones of overall EU-China relations and
contributes to reaching the objectives of the EU's external policies. 
With the High Level Dialogue on Innovation
Cooperation the two sides are committed to enhance their mutual understanding
of their respective innovation policies and systems, to promote predictable,
transparent and effective framework conditions related to innovation and to
develop joint and coordinated actions for the development and deployment of
innovative solutions.
Framework
conditions for cooperation in research and innovation with China have been improving over the last few years, e.g. in adopting international standards and in
IP protection and enforcement where China has come a long way in the last
decade. However, there is still substantial room for improvement in
infrastructures, the legal environment and practices related to IPR, standards,
procurement and other framework conditions.
3.      Cooperation between China and the EU on research and innovation:
priorities for the future 
In the framework
of the policy dialogue with China the following areas have been identified as
priorities for EU-China cooperation:
−     
Food, Agriculture and Biotechnology 
Cooperation in
these areas addresses important common challenges such as food security, food
safety and healthy diets, animal health, sustainable agriculture and the development
of a low-carbon economy. Given the economic weight of China, even small moves to more sustainability in primary production and processing can
lead to substantial global benefits for the environment and climate. The
opportunity to export sustainable solutions and scale-up the potential of the
Chinese market will enhance European innovation and competiveness. China is also the world's largest aquaculture producer and marine related challenges are important
for both Europe and China, making these further areas
with potential for future cooperation.
Cooperation in
this area has been moving towards a strategic partnership, with the signature of a Letter of Intent between the European Commission and
the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). This
new initiative will ensure concrete, substantial and balanced joint research
and innovation cooperation activities on selected priorities of common interest
to be supported.
−     
Sustainable Urbanisation 
Urbanisation of
societies is an issue of crucial importance both for Europe and China, and it features high on the political agenda of both sides. Research and innovation
are recognized components of the EU-China Sustainable Urbanisation Partnership
as they play a key role in addressing the challenges urbanisation creates.
Cooperation opportunities will be pursued in areas such as sustainable urban
and peri-urban planning, green transport, clean technology, air quality,
sustainable urban energy and disaster management. Effective links with the
Joint Programming Initiative Urban Europe will be sought.
−     
Aviation 
China is a large and growing market for the aeronautics industry and has
developed state- of-the-art aeronautics technologies. Cooperation through
collaborative research projects under FP7 allowed issues of common interest
linked to global environment and safety issues to be tackled. Building on
existing policy dialogue and past cooperation, intense preparatory work has
been done in developing future joint initiatives on aviation. In consultation
with EU and Chinese industry, stakeholders' priorities of common interest are
being identified in areas such as environmental aspects of aviation, flow
control, advanced materials, numerical simulation and validation methods, and
efficient air transport. Cooperation in these areas will be sought through
joint and coordinated EU-China calls for collaborative research and innovation
projects.
−     
Environment
The global
dimension of Environment and Climate make them a priority for cooperation with China. The areas of water challenges, water for sustainable development and links between
environment and urbanisation are considered as particularly important. China has considerable research capacity in this domain, and mutually beneficial
cooperation opportunities can be found, particularly in the larger context of
urbanisation issues. The importance of EU-China cooperation in the area of
water is further underscored by the launch of the China-Europe Water Platform
(CEWP) in March 2012 – a Member States' initiative to be implemented within the
framework of the EU Water Initiative (EUWI) and China’s framework of
cooperation with Europe in the water sector.
−     
ICT
Rapidly
increasing wireless-traffic and applications pose challenges for both Europe
and China. International collaborative research in the next 5 to 10 years will
be key to developing the next generation of telecommunications. Cooperation
involving industry and research institutes on information and communication
technology will be enhanced through existing and further mechanisms. Key topics
such as the next generation of network and communications infrastructure (5G),
smart cities and internet of things will be explored.
−     
Energy
Cooperation on
coal-related technologies such as clean coal and carbon capture and storage
(CCS) will continue being supported under Horizon 2020. In addition, EU-China
cooperation opportunities are also being explored on renewable energy including
in the fields of concentrated solar power and energy storage (batteries). 
−     
Nuclear energy 
Euratom and China are increasing exchanges and cooperation on nuclear safety emergency response,
nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear waste management and nuclear security. Also the
strengthening of international non-proliferation regimes and related export
control arrangements, as well as fighting against smuggling of nuclear material
are matters for further potential cooperation. Education and training
programmes oriented to post-doc and PhDs and safety of super critical water
reactors (SCWR) are being pursued further.
−     
Euratom is also strengthening cooperation in the
multilateral framework of the ITER project and building up a strategic
bilateral partnership on fusion energy research. Furthermore, Euratom foresees
bilateral cooperation at the Joint European Torus facility (JET) in support to
ITER, where Chinese researchers are contributing in the field of diagnostics.
Cooperation on fusion research with China, in particular on JET and on the
China Fusion Engineering Testing Reactor (CFETR), will be pursued through
regular policy dialogue under the RD-PUNE agreement.
−     
Health
In addition to
the above, health research is an area where the EU and China have a lot to gain from closer cooperation. There is a strong tradition of
cooperation on health both in the context of the EU Research Framework
Programmes and in multilateral initiatives aimed at addressing global health
challenges. These are in particular the International Cancer Genome Consortium
(ICGC[22]),
the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC[23]) and the Global Alliance
for Chronic Diseases (GACD[24]).
  China has expressed interest in joining the Global Research Collaboration for
Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R), on which the EU is currently
working. There is scope for reinforcing cooperation with China on global health through Horizon 2020 and in international multi-partner research
initiative such as, for example, the International Human Epigenome Consortium
(IHEC[25])
or the Initiative for Traumatic Brain Injury Research (InTBIR).
In the field of materials, a coordinated
call (which was decided with the National Science Foundation of China) resulted
in three jointly financed projects in biomaterials, started in 2013. The
outcome of the projects will be used to assess further cooperation
opportunities.
In respect of industrial innovation,
substantial progress has been made in developing a framework for cooperation to
promote closer collaboration in mutual economic and strategic interest between
EU and Chinese industrial clusters of businesses, researchers and innovators.
EU-China
research and innovation cooperation is also to be strengthened by supporting
the EU-China mobility of researchers and strengthening people-to-people
contacts, from both the public and private sectors, in strategic research and
innovation areas. This will be pursued through the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
actions under Horizon 2020, the Erasmus + programme and the new initiative “EU-China
Research and Innovation partnership” supporting mobility of EU researchers and
innovators to China.
To cope with
the growth of on-line collaboration between European and Chinese researchers
the e-infrastructure link capacity between the two regions should be
strengthened in the future, possibly through a long term arrangement.
Annex:           List of topics encouraging
cooperation with China in Horizon                                     2020 work
programme 2014-15[26]
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 ICT 14 (LEIT-ICT) || Advanced 5G network infrastructures for the future internet || 122.00 
 NMP 26 (LEIT-NMP) || Joint EU & MS activity on the next phase of research in support of regulation NANOREG II || - 
 NMP 27 (LEIT-NMP) || Coordination of EU an international efforts in safety of nanotechnology || - 
 NMP 28 (LEIT-NMP) || Assessment of environmental fate of nanomaterials || - 
 NMP 29 (LEIT-NMP) || Increasing the capacity to perform nano-safety assessment || - 
 SFS 1 (Challenge 2) || Sustainable terrestrial livestock production || 27.00 
 SFS 3B (Challenge 2) || Practical solutions for native and alien pests affecting plants - EU-China cooperation on IPM in agriculture || - 
 SFS 4 (Challenge 2) || Soil quality and function || - 
 LCE 18 (Challenge 3) || Supporting Joint Actions on demonstration and validation of innovative energy solutions || 95.50 
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || Polar Research || 2.00 
 WATER 5 1 (Challenge 5) || Strengthening international R&I cooperation in the field of water-Strategic cooperation partnerships || - 
 SC5 5 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation for climate action-Climate change mitigation options: a) climate change mitigation options || - 
 WASTE 2 (Challenge 5) || A systems approach for the reduction, recycling and reuse of food waste || - 
 INT 1 (Challenge 6) || Enhancing and focusing research and innovation cooperation with the Union's key international partner countries || 1.95 
   2015   || ICT 25 (LEIT-ICT) || Generic micro- and nano-electronic technologies || 3.00 
 NMP 30 (LEIT-NMP) || Next generation of tools for risk governance of nanomaterials || - 
 SFS 13 (Challenge 2) || Biological contamination of crops and the food chain || 10.00 
 SFS 18 (Challenge 2) || Small farms but global markets: the role of small and family farms in food and nutrition security || 5.00 
 MG 1-8 (Challenge 4) || International cooperation in aeronautics || 16.00 
 MG 5-5 (Challenge 4) || Demonstrating and testing innovative solutions for cleaner and better urban transport and mobility || 57.50 
 WASTE 7 (Challenge 5) || Ensuring sustainable use of agricultural waste, co-products and by-products || - 
 ISSI.5.2014.2015 (Science with and for Society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 
Euratom
Programme complementing Horizon 2020
 2014-2015 || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 Euratom-China R&D-PUNE Agreement   FU-2 Subcommittee || Programmating comparison of EU and Chinese fusion roadmaps and strengthening INCO activities in support to ITER || - 
 Programmating comparison of EU and Chinese fusion roadmaps and strengthening INCO activities in support to ITER || - 
 Chinese partnership in the JET programme || - 
 Education & Training schemes at international level || - 

5.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between India and the European Union

1.      India as a partner of the EU 
The EU and India launched a Strategic Partnership in 2004. It builds on the 1994 Cooperation Agreement
on Partnership and Development. In this framework, an EU-India Joint Action
Plan was adopted in 2005 and revised in 2008. It includes a significant
research and innovation dimension. Furthermore, the EU and
  India hope to increase their trade in both goods and services and investment
through the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiations launched in 2007.
Cooperation
between the EU and India in research and innovation is governed by the
Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation which was concluded in
2001. In 2012, the Commission published an independent review of the current
agreement. The Agreement for Co-operation between the Government of India and
the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in the field of Fusion Energy
Research was concluded in 2009. India is also a member of ITER. A Joint Declaration on Research and Innovation Cooperation was
signed on 10 February 2012 at the EU-India Summit which aims at stepping up the
cooperation towards building an Indo-European Research and Innovation
Partnership with (i) larger scale, scope and impact, (ii) focus on common
societal challenges, and (iii) enhanced synergies between India, the EU and its Member States.
In addition, an EU-India Energy Panel for
dialogue and cooperation on energy issues was set up to promote enhanced cooperation on energy between
EU and India. It aims at improving energy security, safety, sustainability,
access and energy technologies. In the information and communication technology
(ICT) area, the EU-India Joint ICT Working Group focuses on regulatory matters
(spectrum policy, market access questions and standardisation), internet
security, internet governance, and cooperation in ICT research and innovation. The European Business and Technology
Centre in India (EBTC) created in 2009 has
as objective to facilitate mutual business partnerships and technology transfer
between the EU and India in the focal sectors of Environment, Energy,
Biotechnology and Transport – and having Climate Change as cross-cutting issue.
The EBTC mainly targets EU companies, especially SMEs, and provides services
such as market insight, tender support and incubation services. Finally EURAXESS Links India is a networking tool for European researchers working in India and Indian researchers wishing to collaborate and/or pursue a research career in Europe. It provides information about research in Europe, European research policy,
opportunities for research funding, for international collaboration and for trans-national
mobility. 
India is currently
spending close to 1% of its GDP on R&D
(with a share of 28% from the private sector). During the 11th Plan
period (2007-2012), public investment in R&D has grown at 22% per year. It
is the government's commitment to increase India’s R&D spending to 2% GDP during
the 12th Plan period
2012-2017. The total number of Indian scientific publications almost
doubled from 20,514 in 1996 to 40,062 in 2006. This did, however, only marginally
increase India's share in the world output of science publications from 2.1% in
2000, to 2.3% in 2005. Over the last few years, the number of scientific
publications increased by more than 12% per year against the global average of
4%.
India's developments, such as those in
space technology with capabilities to launch commercial satellites and
un-manned missions to the moon and to Mars, nuclear technology, pharma research
capabilities in drug discovery and commercialization, ICT software, biotechnology
in health and agriculture and the emerging capabilities in automotive research
and telecommunications, have contributed to the country’s recognition as an
important knowledge power in the global economy. India is also attracting
attention as a vibrant and versatile source of frugal innovation, a
cost-effective and inclusive innovation, leading to affordable products and
services without compromising on quality and environment protection standards.
2.      Cooperation between India and the EU on research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, Indian entities
participated 258 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 37.4 million. The distribution of the Indian participation
(by total cost of Indian participants) over the different FP7 subprogrammes is
shown below.
India and Euratom
co-operate within the ITER project and signed the bilateral Cooperation Agreement
on fusion energy research. Under this framework three Indian and seven European
research entities are implementing three specific JET projects and another 15
on-going collaborative activities. Under the Euratom FP7 and FP7 + 2, India participated in two fission projects.
1660 Indian researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Indian institutions have
participated in 97 projects.
In addition to the
above, several EU-India coordinated calls for proposals were successfully
implemented in FP7 in the fields of computational materials science, food and
nutrition research, solar energy research and water related challenges, with a
total budget of EUR 60 million, co-funded by India and the EU. 
Work is on-going to strengthen the synergies
between the EU's cooperation with India and the activities of the
Member States (MS). EU and Member States research &
innovation cooperation with India shows a diversity of on-going bilateral
initiatives, agreements and programmes, including many mobility schemes for students and researchers. 
Within the Strategic
Forum for International Cooperation (SFIC),
the Member States and European Commission have been working since 2009 on an
India pilot initiative on water and bio-resources related challenges. This
pilot initiative led to a coordinated EU-India co-funded call of EUR 32 million
in the field of water and bio-resources related challenges. Pursuant to the EU–India Joint Declaration on Research and
Innovation Cooperation, it was agreed to establish a Group
of EU/MS-India Senior Officials (GSO). The GSO aims at
strengthening the Indo-European Research and Innovation Partnership through
enhanced coherence and complementarities between India, the EU and its Member States. The first EU/MS-India GSO meeting took place on 8 October 2013 mobilising 20
  Member States and 10 Indian Ministries and Departments. The FP7 projects[27] "Indigo Policy" and "Inno Indigo", were launched in December 2013 following up the successful
FP7 "New Indigo" ERA-NET. They will be useful instruments to contribute to the
preparation and implementation of coordinated EU/MS-India activities in
research and innovation.
India has also been
targeted as a partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work programme
(2014-15), with topics encouraging cooperation with Indian researchers included
in areas such as water, nanotechnologies or agriculture. A full list of topics
included in the work programme 2014-2015 is provided in Annex.
Framework
conditions for cooperation in research and innovation between the EU and India are relatively satisfactory, resulting in a fairly stable and reliable climate for cooperation
ensuring the overall success of EU-India cooperation in R&I. At the same
time, as India is emerging as a preferred R&I partner and destination, its
patent regime should be strengthened. Other existing challenges concern the
complex legal framework, business transparency, nascent start-up market and
venture capital market. Limited physical infrastructure also remains one of the
roadblocks for furthering EU-India R&I cooperation. Additionally,
procedural delays and capacity constraints in certain Departments inhibit the
potential of cooperation in R&I. Indian organisations may face difficulties
in accessing national funding when they want to engage with EU partners and
such funding is usually not available for private-sector entities.  Complex visa
formalities and stringent procedure yield very high transaction costs for
mobility of researcher and entrepreneurs with a negative impact on knowledge
sharing and hence, innovation. 
3.      Cooperation between India and the EU on research and innovation:
priorities for the future 
Through the ongoing dialogues with India, the following areas have been identified as priority areas for cooperation between the EU and
  India: 
−     
Health
India and the EU cooperate in multilateral initiatives aimed at
addressing global health challenges, and also research on personalised medicine.
One of these is the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC, http://icgc.org/).
  India is, together with the EU, one of the members of the Global Alliance for
Chronic Diseases (GACD, http://www.gacd.org/). Given the high prevalence of
diabetes in both EU and India, a stronger collaboration within GACD would help
to identify common solutions to tackle this chronic disease. India is also member of the Human Frontier Science Programme (HFSP, http://www.hfsp.org/).
−     
Water
India and Europe face common challenges in the water
area such as scarcity, over-abstraction, pollution, wastewater management,
water use efficiency or climate change and its impact on
water resources. The prime
objective of EU-India collaboration in the water sector is to develop and adopt
best suitable technologies and practices to tackle these challenges. The following have been identified as key
research and innovation areas: integrated wastewater
treatment technologies and management; water quality monitoring; water
purification for safe drinking; water use efficiency in agriculture; urban
water management including water reclamation and reuse; water purification,
water quality and health issues; waste water treatment for safe reclamation and
reuse; integrated water resources management; flood routing, forecasting and
management.
−     
Bio-economy
Ensuring global
food security (inside and outside the EU) needs strengthened and more targeted
international cooperation efforts in research and innovation to understand the
different dimensions of food security. All these issues are highly relevant for
the BRICs countries – including India - with their strong focus on food
security research. A promising area for cooperation
with India is therefore bio-economy, including food
security, sustainable agriculture, and marine research. Topics of
particular relevance for cooperation with India are the efficient utilisation
of bio-resources, development of biomass crops and the general enhancement of waste
utilisation and management in relation to urban development strategies. The
optimisation of production systems, as well as the development of improved
sustainable agricultural methods aiming at higher yield and crop productivity,
are also of crucial importance in this respect. 
−     
Energy
India's independence in coal and gas ended in the 2000s, raising new
concerns on energy external dependence, in particular since recent coal power
plants were built to use imported coal. While two thirds of India's electricity currently comes from coal, it also has the fifth global wind capacity
and exceeded its targets for non-hydro renewables, which are intended to
represent one third of Indian power capacity by 2035. As ensuring efficiency
and flexibility of coal power plants and developing competitive low-carbon
energy are challenges shared by the EU, cooperation can contribute to making
local coal resources more accessible and power plants more flexible, as well as
supporting Indian efforts to develop low-carbon technologies.
−      Fusion energy
ITER constitutes the main benchmark for both Parties. The bilateral
work programme (see annex), agreed at the second Coordinating Committee meeting,
addresses the sharing of knowledge and will deepen the respective fusion
programmes and strategic roadmaps. A specific India-Euratom task force enhances
the bilateral partnership in JET (Joint European Torus) programme. Furthermore,
cooperation on Education & Training programmes oriented to post-doc and
PhDs has been proposed.
Annex:           List
of topics encouraging cooperation with India in Horizon                           2020
work programme 2014-15[28]
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million)   
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || European polar research cooperation || 2.00 
 SC5 5 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation for climate action-Climate change mitigation options || - 
 WATER 5 (Challenge 5) || Strengthening international R&I cooperation in the field of water – Strategic cooperation partnerships || - 
   2015   || ICT 25 (LEIT-ICT) || Generic micro- and nano-electronic technologies || 3.00 
 SFS 18 (Challenge 2) || Small farms but global markets: the role of small and family farms in food and nutrition security || 5.00 
 SC5-5 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation for climate action-Climate change mitigation options || - 
 ISSI.5.2014.2015 (Science with and for Society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 
Euratom Programme complementing Horizon 2020
 2014-2015 || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 Euratom India Fusion CA Second Coordinating Committee || Partnership in the JET programme. “Task Force on the JET ELM coils project” || - 
 European and Indian workshop on selected S&T fusion topics || - 
 Mapping of bilateral collaborative activities || - 

6.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between Japan and the European Union

1.         Japan as a Partner of the EU
EU-Japan relations
have developed steadily over the past two decades. Sharing many of the same
challenges (energy security, access to critical raw materials, ageing
populations), and defending a similar approach to key international challenges
such as security and climate change, Japan is in many ways one of Europe’s
closest partner on the international stage. The 22nd EU-Japan Summit
(7 May 2014) entitled “EU and Japan Acting Together for Global Peace and
Prosperity” reiterated EU and Japan’s “strong, longstanding relationship
founded on the common values of democracy, the rule of law, human rights, and
shared principles such as open markets and a rules-based international system”.
While trade and investment remain the
anchor, a wide range of dialogues and cooperation programmes are taking place
in other areas. In particular, Japan has developed stronger political
cooperation with the EU and is closely aligned with Europe on key issues
including regional security (Ukraine, Iran, North Korea, South China Sea, etc.)
and development goals (in particular, cooperation with Africa).
At the centre of the EU-Japan agenda are
the twin negotiations launched in April 2013 on a Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
and on a wider Strategic Partnership Agreement (SPA) covering political
dialogue, cooperation in addressing regional and global challenges, and
sectoral cooperation (including science and technology). As regards the SPA,
four rounds of negotiations have taken place, starting from widely different
philosophies. While the EU aimed at an ambitious and comprehensive agreement
listing concrete cooperation objectives for the medium and long term, Japan’s
initial objective, in contrast, was for a more generic and ‘minimalist’
political declaration. Japan also gave top priority to the FTA, resisting the
proposed linkage with the SPA. Both sides are now steering towards a middle ground,
moving, in particular, towards an agreement to closely link the FTA and the
SPA. 
Negotiations
have proceeded on the FTA, addressing a wide range of issues related to market
access for goods, services and investment, procurement (including railways), and
non-tariff measures. The May 2014 Summit noted the progress achieved in the
area of trade in goods, with remaining issues still to be solved in other areas
(procurement, services, FDI). The 6th round of
negotiations in July 2014 marked the beginning of a second phase in the
negotiations, following the ’one-year-on’ progress review by the EU. 
Japan is a global leader in
science and technology, as witnessed, inter alia, by ten Nobel Prize
winners in the 2001-2012 period. Gross expenditure on R&D (GERD) was 3.7% GDP in 2013 and the long–term goal of 4% remains.  In addition to significant expenditure by government,
industry dominates the Japanese R&D landscape, accounting for over 75% of
Japanese R&D investments. However, the last two
years have been marked by a decline in government S&T funding, including in
the budgets for international cooperation initiatives. 
Japan traditionally
performs well in innovation rankings, immediately below the US and above the EU average. However, recent scoreboards document a decline in Japan’s macroeconomic indicators for innovation, e.g. the 2013 European Scoreboard on Innovation
puts South Korea well ahead of Japan. 
Cooperation
between the EU and Japan in research and innovation is governed by the 2011
Agreement on Scientific and Technological Cooperation. The EU-Japan Joint
S&T Committee established under this Agreement has met twice (June 2011 and
June 2013) to identify priorities for cooperation. Despite the EU’s insistence
to keep a yearly rhythm, the next meeting of the Joint Committee is scheduled
only for March 2015. 
In addition to
the Joint S&T Committee, the 21st Summit in November 2013 mandated the
setting up of a task force of senior officials to look at concrete ways to
bring EU-Japan cooperation in research and innovation to its ‘full potential’.
This task force held its first meeting on 15 April 2014 in Tokyo. The joint
report of the meeting was submitted, as requested, to the 22nd Summit on 7 May 2014. The work of the task force was formally recognised in the Summit conclusions, which also recommended that this high-level group should continue its
work “to explore more effective and efficient mechanisms to enhance future
research cooperation’.
In the area of
nuclear energy, EU-Japan cooperation
in fusion research dates back to 1988 with the signature of the Euratom-Japan Fusion Cooperation
Agreement. Further to the ITER agreement of 2006, the ‘Broader Approach’
agreement providing for research and development complementary to ITER was
signed in 2007 with the Japanese government. Japan also participates in fission
research, together with Euratom, through the ‘Generation IV International
Forum’ (GIF) intergovernmental agreement. An agreement between Euratom and the
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, signed in 1990 and implemented through the
Commission’s Joint Research Centre, was amended in 2012 to include activities
on nuclear security in addition to research on nuclear safeguards. 
Framework Conditions for research and
innovation with Japan are good, as could be expected from one of the world’s
leading scientific ‘powerhouses’. As a WTO and OECD member, Japan offers a predictable legal framework, in particular regarding IPR protection. 
However, despite this framework, non-tariff
barriers remain, particularly in the area of public procurement. As underlined
by the current FTA negotiations and by a recent report by the EU-Japan Centre
for Industrial Cooperation, EU companies encounter barriers both for large
technology contracts where big Japanese kereitsu have a de facto
monopoly (e.g. supercomputers, high speed trains), as well as for smaller
contracts. Reasons include: a high
degree of diversity in administrative procedures, often specific to individual
procuring entities and the types of contract; little or no information in
foreign languages; absence of published tender evaluation and negotiation
methods. As a result, EU-supplied goods and services only accounted for 2.9% of
total procurement value in 2011.
In the area of
standards, the Japanese system also tends to favour insiders. Japanese
Industrial Standards (JIS) are used in tender requirements and have been
usually developed by domestic industrial associations. Foreign suppliers are
forced to verify separately whether their products meet these standards, thus adding
to extra time and costs when preparing a bid. Excessive use of standards, and
last minute changes in standards, are also utilised to keep out foreign
competition. A closer harmonisation of standards, called for by the EU-Japan
Business Round Table, and discussed in the context of the FTA, would no doubt
be beneficial for both sides.
2.         Cooperation
between Japan and the EU in Research and
Innovation: State of Play
As of February 2014, Japanese entities
participated 108 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 8.9 million. The distribution of the Japanese participation
(by total cost of Japanese participants) over the different FP7 subprogrammes
is shown below. To these figures must be added the 17 projects financed through
5 coordinated calls launched between 2011 and 2013 in the areas of energy,
aeronautics, materials, and ICT. 
416 Japanese researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Japanese institutions have
participated in 59 projects.
Compared with other international partner
countries, Japan’s performance is relatively modest, ranking only 13th
for participations by Japan-based research entities in FP7. However, by
contrast, EU-based branches of Japanese companies have participated actively in
FP7 (over 160 participations, notably in ICT). These willingly acknowledge the
advantages of their involvement in EU programmes: setting up strategic
partnerships with leading EU and international companies, faster
standardisation processes, development of new applications and products for the
global market. A key challenge in Horizon 2020 will be to ensure that Japan increases its overall participation in the Programme’s ‘General Opening’ to a level
matching the excellence of its science base and its economic strength.
Cooperation in the framework of the Euratom
fission programme is well established with nine projects worth
EUR 7.7 million (including Euratom funding of
EUR 0.5 million). In fusion research Japan and Euratom have over 150
on-going collaborative activities involving 53 European entities and 35
Japanese research institutions. A number of these activities involve the Joint
European Torus (JET) in areas considered critical for ITER. 
The Commission’s Joint Research Centre has
also developed cooperation with Japanese partner institutions in fields
including disaster management, structural engineering codes, standards &
metrology and photovoltaïcs as well as in nuclear safety and security. FP7
cooperation with Japan in the field of space research has included ‘Pulsed
Chemical Rocket with Green High Performance Propellants’ and ‘High speed Key
technologies for future Air Transport Research and Innovation’. 
The ‘Japan-EU Partnership in Innovation,
Science and Technology’ (JEUPISTE) project, funded under FP7, supports the
policy dialogue between the EU and Japan and disseminates information on
possibilities for cooperation. 
Japan has also been
targeted as a partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work programme
(2014-2015), with topics encouraging cooperation with Japanese researchers in
areas such as Aeronautics, ICT and Materials. Two new coordinated calls have
been launched (ICT) or will soon be launched (Aeronautics).
Work is ongoing to strengthen the synergies
between the EU's cooperation with Japan and the activities of the Member
States.
Synergies with cooperation at EU level are developed
through the Strategic Forum for International Cooperation (SFIC). The
successful ERA-Net project CONCERT-Japan provides a good example of alternative
approaches to funding EU-Japan projects. In addition to policy and brokerage
activities the project launched two joint pilot calls on ‘Natural Hazards &
Disaster Management’ and ‘Energy Storage & Distribution’ in close partnership
with Member States, generating over EUR 5 million from two Japanese
and 15 European participants. Benefitting from exceptionally strong support
from Member States and from Japan’s Science and Technology Agency (JST) these
two calls financed a dozen separate projects. An additional call in Photonics
has just been launched.
3.         Cooperation
between Japan and the EU: Priorities for the
Future
On the basis
of the work of the EU-Japan Joint S&T Committee the following areas are
considered to be priority areas for future cooperation with Japan:
−     
Critical Raw Materials 
Critical Raw
Materials have been one of the most active areas of cooperation between the EU
and Japan since 2010. This area is, in many ways, a model for such cooperation
both at the policy level (common strategic interest), as well at project level
(two successful coordinated calls, participation of Japanese experts in the
last evaluation, active organisational involvement and financial support by JST).
In addition, Japan has been a key partner in the EU-US-Japan Trilateral
Dialogue launched at the initiative of the European Commission, in particular
in the organisation of three successive high level conferences in Washington,  Tokyo and Brussels.
−     
Transport research including aviation
Transport
research is another strategic area for cooperation with Japan, providing EU industry with opportunities to reinforce links with Japanese industrial
partners and improve access to the Japanese market. The EU-Japan Working Group
on aeronautics research was launched in June 2013, providing an efficient
platform to manage on-going projects, define joint priorities, and prepare
future cooperation. A support action in the 2014 work programme with a
dedicated coordinated call foreseen for 2015 will support these activities. For
future calls further targeted actions in the field of automated vehicles can be
expected as an outcome of a trilateral (EU, Japan and US) working group.
−     
ICT
ICT has long
been the most active area of EU-Japan S&T cooperation, both at policy and
project level. The EU and Japan have an active ongoing Information Society
Dialogue, meeting each year, covering policy and regulatory issues, as well as
research. The 20th meeting, on 4-5 December 2013 took stock of the
progress achieved and confirmed the key priorities for future cooperation. A
second coordinated call has been included in the work-programme 2014-15 of
Horizon 2020 supporting joint research and innovation activities on Net Futures
i.e. Future Internet, Internet of Things and Cloud Computing. Specific topics
include technologies combining big data, internet of things, optical
communications, access networks for densely located users and EU-Japan
federated test-beds for smart ICT. Joint work on these areas is expected to be
continued in the work-programme 2016-17 of Horizon 2020. In addition to these
topics Japanese participation is also welcome in mainstream research and
innovation dealing with new network infrastructures for Future Internet which
includes 5G. : Possible cooperation on specific aspects of manufacturing
technologies of micro-electronics. Prospects for further cooperation are also
being explored in Cyber Security, Active and Healthy Ageing. 
In addition to these three priorities,
cooperation is also on-going in a number of other areas, including: 
−     
Energy (non-nuclear)
Cooperation with Japan on non-nuclear energy research and innovation
has been well established in key areas such as hydrogen fuel cells, energy
storage, carbon capture and storage, electric vehicles, and critical materials
for energy. A successful coordinated call on photovoltaics was launched in 2011.
However, more R&D cooperation with Japan could have been expected. It is
hoped that joint activities will further develop following the adoption of Japan's first Basic energy plan since the Fukushima disaster, under which development of low-carbon
energy is a priority. Cooperation in energy and energy
research was also one of the issues emphasised by President Barroso at the 22nd
EU-JP Summit.
−     
Space research and innovation
The EU and Japan have an advanced space science and technology sector and a powerful space industry.
Fostering a stronger involvement of Japanese scientists in Europe is of mutual
benefit.
−     
Health
Japan and the
EU cooperate in multilateral initiatives aimed at addressing global health
challenges. These are, in particular, the International Human Epigenome
Consortium (IHEC[29]),
the International Human Microbiome Consortium (IHMC[30]) and the
International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC[31],). These initiatives will continue until
at least 2015. Japan is the most significant funder of the Human Frontier
Science Programme (HFSP[32])
to which the EU will continue to provide an annual contribution of around
EUR 4.5 million.
−     
Security research
There are
complementary skills and technologies between EU and Japanese research centres
and industry in the area of sensor technologies for security systems. It is
intended to establish a joint plan with Japanese research funding institutions,
to be implemented on the EU side through the 2016 Horizon 2020 work
programme, towards the development and security-related use of advanced sensors
and sensing systems.
−     
Euratom 
Exchanges and
cooperation are being developed in two main areas. Firstly, tools for the fast
and reliable prediction of the progression of severe nuclear accidents as well
as for the anticipation of such accidents. Secondly, it includes cooperation on
nuclear developments and interaction with society. Euratom and Japan will also continue to strengthen cooperation in the multilateral framework of the
ITER project while building up a bilateral partnership on fusion energy
research. Euratom is negotiating bilateral cooperation at the JET facility to
support ITER and the bilateral fusion work programme is endorsed by the ITER
Coordinating Committee.
Annex:           List of topics
encouraging cooperation with Japan in Horizon 2020 
                        work
programme 2014-2015[33]
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
   2014 || H2020-EUJ-2014 (LEIT-ICT) || EU-Japan Research and Development Cooperation in Net Futures   || 6.00 
 ICT 14 (LEIT-ICT) || Advanced 5G network infrastructures for the future internet || 122.00 
 NMP 26 (LEIT-NMP) || Joint EU & MS activity on the next phase of research in support of regulation NANOREG II || - 
 NMP 27 (LEIT-NMP) || Coordination of EU an international efforts in safety of nanotechnology || - 
 NMP 28 (LEIT-NMP) || Assessment of environmental fate of nanomaterials || - 
 NMP 29 (LEIT-NMP) || Increasing the capacity to perform nano-safety assessment || - 
 MG-1-8 (Challenge 4) || International cooperation in aeronautics || 3.00 
 SC5-13 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting raw materials research and innovation-Strategic international dialogues and cooperation on raw materials with technologically advanced countries || 5.00 
 NFRP 2 (Euratom) || Tool for the fast and reliable prediction of severe accident progression and anticipation of the source term of a nuclear accident || 3.00 
 NFRP 12 (Euratom) || Nuclear developments and interaction with society || 2.50 
   2015   || ICT 25 (LEIT-ICT) || Generic micro- and nano-electronic technologies || 3.00 
 ICT 38 (LEIT-ICT) || International partnership building and support to dialogues with high income countries || 3.00 
 NMP 23 (LEIT-NMP) || Novel materials by design for substituting critical elements || - 
 NMP 30 (LEIT-NMP) || Next generation of tools for risk governance of nanomaterials || - 
 PHC 33 (Challenge 1) || New approaches to improve predictive human safety testing || 30 
 SFS 10 (Challenge 2) || Tackling disease related challenges and threats faced by European farmed aquatic animals || - 
 SFS 16 (Challenge 2) || Tackling malnutrition in the elderly || - 
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || European polar research cooperation || 2.00 
 MG 1-8 (Challenge 4) || International cooperation in aeronautics || 16.00 
 ISSI.5.2014.2015 (Science with and for Society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 
Euratom Programme complementing Horizon 2020
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2014-2015 || Euratom-Japan Fusion Cooperation Agreement Fifth Coordinating Committee   || Mapping of bilateral collaborative activities || - 
 Exploitation of Broader Approach projects beyond 2017 (including “auxiliary arrangements” of post-BA activities) || - 
 Programmatic comparison of EU and Japanese fusion roadmaps and strengthening INCO activities in support to ITER || - 
 Potential Japanese partnership in the JET programme || - 

7.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between the Republic of Korea and the European Union

1.         Korea as a partner of the EU 
EU-Korean relations are based on the
Framework Agreement (which entered into force on 1June 2014). The Republic of
Korea (ROK) is the only country with whom the EU has signed a Framework
Agreement (in 2010), a Free Trade Agreement (in 2011) and a Crisis Management
Agreement (23 May 2014).
Cooperation between Korea and the EU on research and innovation is governed by the Agreement for Scientific and
Technological Cooperation, which came into force in 2007. In 2013, the
Commission published an independent Review of this S&T Agreement. In fusion
research, Euratom and Korea are parties to the ITER International Agreement and
have bilateral cooperation agreement on fusion energy, in force since 2006. In
fission research, Euratom and Korea are signatories to the Generation IV
International Forum (GIF). 
In 2013, Korea joined the USA as the most innovative country in the Innovation Union Scoreboard. In 2012, Korea had the 2nd highest gross domestic expenditure on R&D (GERD) globally, at over 4%
of GDP. In 2010, 72% of GERD was funded by industry, 27% by government and 0.2%
from abroad.
 At the 7th EU-ROK
Summit in Brussels on 8 November 2013, a Joint Declaration commemorating 50
years of diplomatic relations was adopted and the summit set out a vision for
future development, with focus on cooperation in research, high education and
industry. 
2.         Cooperation
between Korea and the EU on research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, Korean entities
participated 65 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 1.9 million. The distribution of
the Korean participation (by total cost of Korean participants) over the
different FP7 subprogrammes is shown below.
153 Korean researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Korean institutions have participated
in 14 projects.
A support action FP7 project, KONNECT[34]
is helping the coordination of specific activities, such as networking events
by thematic area, twinning events, training of National Contact Points (NCPs)
and preparation of strategic reports – in synergy with the Joint S&T
Committee[35].
Korea has been
targeted as a partner for cooperation in the Horizon 2020 work programme 2014-2015, with topics encouraging cooperation with Korean
researchers in areas such as 5G network infrastructures, nanosafety, factories
of the future and animal health. A full list of topics included in the work
programme 2014-2015 is provided in Annex.
Work is on-going to strengthen the
synergies between the EU's cooperation with Korea and the activities of the
Member States (MS), as MS
consider cooperation with Korea as economically important.
In the period of the Euratom FP7 and FP7+2
(i.e. 2007-2013) there have been 5 Korean participations in Fission projects,
while the number of bilateral Fusion collaborative activities have reached
about 35 collaborative activities.
As regards framework conditions for
cooperation, South Korea has strengths in many aspects. These include a
sustained technology-based economic development, a national consensus on the
importance of science, technology and innovation as drivers of future
socioeconomic growth, high levels of GERD and BERD, a highly educated labour
force, supportive and improving framework conditions for innovation, large
firms that are internationally competitive, capability to produce talent and
strong ICT infrastructure[36].
The EU and Korea are important trading partners. European
companies are the largest investors in South Korea. South Korea is the EU's
tenth largest trade partner and the EU is South Korea's fourth largest export
destination (after China, Japan and USA). 
Framework conditions for cooperation in
research and innovation with Korea have been improving in recent years,
particularly since the signing of the FTA with the EU in 2011, which has led to
a level playing field in the areas of IPR and market access. 
An example of a further positive effect of the FTA is the decreased reports by EU
enterprises based in Korea of framework related issues to the EU Chamber of
Commerce in Korea.
This improvement of framework conditions
builds on the Korean government's increased investment in public R&D
budgets since the late 1990s and improved framework conditions for Korean
start-ups and tech-based SMEs (such as government-backed venture funds, tax
waivers, military service exemptions for researchers).
The Third
Science and Technology Basic Plan (2013-2017) aims to increase the
contributions of R&D to economic growth from 35.4% to 40% through a
'Creative Economy Strategy' to support cutting edge innovation, including in
SMEs and fostering high value services to drive a knowledge-based economy. This
comprises enhancement and high efficacy of national R&D investment,
including strengthening basic research in Korea; development of national strategic technology; strengthening
long-term creative capability; supporting creation of new industry and creation
of new jobs. 
However, some
issues still remain to be improved, such as the access to Public Procurement by
European enterprises in South Korea, where calls are often only open for a short
period. Also improved access to research and innovation funding calls for EU
SMEs based in Korea would increase their R&I activities. Reciprocity of
access to such funding calls should be a continued target for these enterprises
based in South Korea.  
3.         Cooperation
between Korea and the EU on research and
innovation: priorities for the future 
As agreed in the 5th Joint S&T
Committee (Brussels, June 2013), the following have been identified as priority
areas for future cooperation:
−     
Nanotechnologies:

In this domain, Europe has a strong knowledge-base and Korea has rapid deployment
capability. Synergies will allow the covering of the whole research-innovation
chain.  The focus in this area will be on nano-safety, where important synergies can be found from
complementary strengths. Further developing harmonised regulation (e.g. in
standards and safety) will also lead to reinforced market positions, both
towards each other and towards markets in third countries. The EU promotes
government-level cooperation in the OECD working party on manufactured
nano-materials (in particular through the NanoReg initiative, which is a FP7
project with a budget of EUR50 million (of which EUR10 million from PF7);
followed by further regulatory research activities in Horizon 2020). Good
progress is being made to incorporate direct contributions from Korea into NanoReg.
−      Energy: 
Synergies can
be found in building on complementary strengths and
addressing weaknesses, in particular on Smart Grids and
Carbon Capture and Storage. In Smart Grids, both sides
would benefit from regulatory harmonisation, especially on standards for new
generation, high performance energy systems in critical areas (such as
interoperability to enable better integration of urban infrastructures).
−     
ICT: 
The
identification of areas of mutual interest has been further deepened with the
realisation of a joint workshop in Seoul in October 2013 with the participation
of more than 50 experts from EU and Korea. This workshop reviewed the topics
for cooperation in the areas of 5G, cloud computing, Internet of Things and
Future Internet. This potential for cooperation was reaffirmed at the EU-Korea
Summit held in November 2013. It resulted in a joint declaration, during the
visit to Korea of Vice-president Neelie Kroes in June 2014, where EU and Korea agreed to work together in the future generation of communication networks (5G),
related global standards and interoperability and spectrum policy. This was
accompanied by the signature of a Memorandum of Understanding between the EU
and Korean industry associations representing 5G stakeholders, respectively, 5G
Forum and 5G Public Private Partnership. Korea is already one of the countries targeted by research and innovation
in new network infrastructures for Future Internet which includes 5G in
work-programme 2014-15 of Horizon 2020. The more recent developments are expected to result in the inclusion, as part of
work-programme 2016-17, of a coordinated call EU-Korea addressing the topics
above. There have been also expressions of interest to explore opportunities
for cooperation in cyber-security, demographic change and ageing society as
well as the ICT aspects of smart cities dealing with mobility, security, energy
and other utility services.
In addition to the above areas, Korea expressed interest in cooperation on Health through a number of multilateral
initiatives, such as the International Rare Diseases Consortium (IRDiRC[37]) and Global Research
Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R[38]).
The EU-Korea Implementing Arrangement (IA)
was signed at the 7th EU-ROK Summit (Brussels, November 2013) which aims to
foster researcher mobility where European Research Council (ERC) grant
holders in Europe have the opportunity to host top researchers from Korea. It is only the second ERC IA, the first being with USA (NRF).
Korea is associated
to, and very active in, Eureka. Entities from Korea have already taken part in
projects in the Eurostars initiative.  
The third Coordinating Committee meeting
under the bilateral fusion cooperation agreement, (October 2012), up-dated the
bilateral work programme, which main pillars are the collaboration between the
world leading tokamaks JET and  KSTAR, mapping of bilateral collaborative
activities and potential Korean participation in specific Broader Approach
activities.
To further EU-Korea cooperation in the
priority areas, proposed actions are currently being considered for inclusion
in the next Horizon 2020 work programmes.
   || Area || Action under consideration 
   2016/2017 || ICT || Coordinated calls on Net Futures (5G, cloud, IoT, experimental platforms) 
 Nano-technologies || Nano safety standardisation & regulation: participation in NANOREG initiative & other topics of mutual interest. Coordination and Support Action to foster closer links 
Annex:
     List of topics encouraging cooperation with Korea in Horizon 2020 work
programme 2014-15[39]
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2014 || ICT 14 (LEIT-ICT) || Advanced 5G network infrastructures for the future internet || 122.00 
 NMP 26 (LEIT-NMP) || Joint EU & MS activity on the next phase of research in support of regulation NANOREG II || - 
 NMP 27 (LEIT-NMP) || Coordination of EU an international efforts in safety of nanotechnology || - 
 NMP 28 (LEIT-NMP) || Assessment of environmental fate of nanomaterials || - 
 NMP 29 (LEIT-NMP) || Increasing the capacity to perform nano-safety assessment || - 
 FoF 4 (LEIT-NMP) || Developing smart factories that are attractive to workers || - 
 SFS 10 (Challenge 2) || Tackling disease related challenges and threats faced by European farmed aquatic animals || - 
 2015 || ICT 25 (LEIT ICT) || Generic micro-and nano-electronic technologies || 3.00 
 ICT 38 (LEIT ICT) || International partnership building and support to dialogues with high income countries || 3.00 
 NMP 30 (LEIT-NMP) || Next generation of tools for risk governance of nanomaterials || - 
 FoF 11 (LEIT-NMP) || Flexible production systems based on integrated tools for rapid reconfiguration of machinery and robots || - 
 FoF 13 (LEIT-NMP) || Re-use and re-manufacturing technologies and equipment for sustainable product life cycle management || - 
Euratom
Programme complementing Horizon 2020
   || Identifier || Short title 
 2014 - 2015 || Euratom-Korea Fusion CA   Third Coordinating Committee  || Specific cooperation between the JET and KSTAR programmes 
 Mapping of bilateral collaborative activities 
 Potential Korean participation in specific Broader Approach activities 

8.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between Russia and the European Union

1.         Russia as a partner of the EU 
The
legal basis for relations between the EU and the Russian Federation is the
Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA), which came into force on 1
December 1997. At the Summit in St. Petersburg in May 2003, the concept of four
common spaces was endorsed: a Common Economic Space; a Common Space of Freedom,
Security and Justice; a Common Space of External Security; and a Common Space
of Research and Education, including Cultural Aspects. Furthermore, an
initiative to establish a Russia-EU Partnership for modernisation was endorsed at
the 25th Russia-EU Summit in Rostov-on-Don in 2010. This partnership is
designed to serve as a flexible framework for promoting reform, enhancing
growth and raising competitiveness in Russia and the EU. 
Cooperation
in research and innovation between the EU and Russia is governed by an S&T
agreement, which was originally signed on 16 November 2000 and has been renewed
for consecutive 5-year periods until 20 February 2019. Agreements between the
European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and the Russian Federation in the
field of nuclear safety and in the field of controlled nuclear fusion have been
concluded in September 2001.
Russia is the scientifically
most important non associated neighbour country to the EU. Its R&D intensity is currently estimated to be 1.11% GDP (2011). A high share of Russian R&D is performed by the business sector
(62.4 %), while the government provides the major share of funding (66.5%)
(figures of 2009[40]).

The
EU-Russia Year of Science 2014 was formally opened in Moscow on 25 November
2013 as a platform highlighting the intense EU-Russia relations in the area of
scientific collaboration.
2.         Cooperation
between Russia and the EU in research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, Russian entities
participated 509 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 69.2 million. The distribution of
the Russian participation (by total cost of Russian participants) over the
different FP7 subprogrammes is shown below.
In
addition in FP7, 9 coordinated calls were published with Russia, funding an additional 28 projects on each side.
Russia also
participates in ITER (thermonuclear fusion) and participation is strong in the
Marie-Curie actions (supporting 1811 Russian scientists and 170 Russian
organisations), and in the European Research Council (24 Russian scientists won
grants). 
1824 Russian researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and Russian institutions have
participated in 170 projects.
The
policy dialogue between Russia and the EU is supported by several Coordination
and Support Actions and in particular by the BILAT RUS Advanced project[41].
Russia has been
targeted as an important partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work
programme (2014-15), with topics encouraging cooperation with Russian
researchers in areas such as research infrastructures, polar research, high
performance computing or aeronautics. A full list of topics included in the
work programme 2014-2015 is provided in Annex.
Work
is also on-going to strengthen the synergies between the EU's cooperation with Russia and the activities of the Member States (MS), for example through Russia's participation in
large research facilities like XFEL, FAIR, CERN or the Space Station. Research
initiatives by Member States have also been most actively engaged in the 
ERANET projects that published several calls with Russia for research and innovation
projects. 
Finally,
on-going cooperation with Russia on research and innovation also contributes to
reaching the objectives of the EU's external policies. Cooperation
on research and innovation is seen as one of the positive and constructive
areas of the EU-Russia policy relations and research cooperation is therefore
an important element in the EU-Russia Partnership and Co-operation Agreement
signed in 1994, as one of its four pillars – referred to as Common Spaces[42].
Framework
conditions for cooperation in research and innovation with Russia have been improving over the last few years. Since 2002, the EU recognises Russia as a market economy country. Moreover, Russia joined the WTO in 2012, which means Russia must comply with all of the obligations of the
WTO TRIPS Agreement setting out requirements for protecting and enforcing
intellectual property rights. Information in the Internet is filtered by the
Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and
Mass Media, Roskomnadzor, blocking an increasing number of sites. At the same
time there are obstacles limiting the potential for cooperation, such as different
languages, geographical distance, bureaucracy, visa provision, legal
regulations, diverse administrative and financial management, lack of financial
resources, lack of information exchange and others[43].
3.         Cooperation
between Russia and the EU on research and
innovation: priorities for the future 
On
28 June 2013, the Russian Federation and the EU convened a meeting of the Joint
S&T Cooperation Committee, established under the Russia-EU S&T
agreement to identify future areas of cooperation. Setting out priorities must,
in the case of Russia, really be seen as an addition to the very active
bottom-up collaboration provided through the general opening of Horizon 2020.
Specific opportunities of collaboration are monitored and promoted in 13
thematic working groups on aeronautics, energy, environment and climate change
(especially also related to the arctic), food, agriculture, biotechnology,
health, ICT research, e- infrastructures, mobility, nanotechnology/materials, research
infrastructures, and space.
Priority
areas are:
−      Aeronautics research 
With more than
40 projects with Russian participants in FP7 in aeronautics this is a flagship
in EU-Russia research cooperation serving industrial needs and joint priorities
in the aviation sector. The cooperation in aeronautics is coordinated through a
dedicated working group. The cooperation will build on three FP7 coordinated
calls which covered subjects such as flight testing of a high-speed vehicle for
innovative passenger transportation, composite structures, noise control using
plasma actuators, and flight data mining for enhanced safety, maintenance and
joint standards.
−      ICT research
Russia is a leading country in several ICT related activities (e.g. space
technology, satellite navigation), with good R&D capacity and scientific
excellence in linked fields (e.g. mathematics, software). A coordinated call in
FP7 addressed the areas of programming models and runtime support, micro and
nano systems and photonics. Future cooperation will focus on high performance
computing, building on the expertise available in Russia in mathematical
modelling and algorithms for parallel programming.
−      Research Infrastructures
Collaboration in
the domain of research infrastructures has been fruitful. Russian partners
already participated in 28 projects of the FP7 Infrastructure programme.
Russian delegates have made first formal presentations to the ESFRI steering
board meetings. A recent delegation has visited 6 Russian Megascience projects[44].
There is good cooperation with Russia in ITER, CERN, the Space Station, FAIR
and XFEL, JINR (Dubna), PNPI, and there is a trend towards more integration of
Russian and European research infrastructures. However, there are unexplored
options to collaborate in research infrastructure development and sharing in
most of the scientific disciplines in addition to high end physics and other
natural sciences. Similarly, and this is connected to the ICT research target
above, there are essential infrastructures serving the research community from
the humanities to space shuttle engineering, like high performance computing
facilities including development of both hardware and software. Common
utilisation of data sources, like databases, archives and libraries, should
also be considered when infrastructure collaboration is developed.
In relation to health, it would be important that Russia and the EU start
cooperation in multilateral initiatives aimed at addressing global health
challenges, such as the Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease
Preparedness (GloPID-R), currently under discussion.
Annex:
          List of topics encouraging cooperation with Russia in Horizon                        2020 work programme 2014-15[45]
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 INFRASUPP 6 (Research infrastructures) || International cooperation for research infrastructures || 7.00 
 FETHPC 1 (FET) || HPC Core Technologies, Programming Environments and Algorithms for Extreme Parallelism and Extreme Data Applications || 93.40 
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || European Polar research cooperation || 2.00 
 SC5-5 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation for climate action-Climate change mitigation options || - 
 INT 1 (Challenge 6) || Enhancing and focusing research and innovation cooperation with the Union's key international partner countries || 1.95 
 NFRP 2 (Euratom) || Tool for the fast and reliable prediction of severe accident progression and anticipation of the source term of a nuclear accident || 3.00 
 NFRP 12 (Euratom) || Nuclear developments and interaction with society || 2.50 
 2015   || MG 1-8 (Challenge 4) || International cooperation in aeronautics || 16.00 
 ISSI.5.2014.2015 (Science with and for Society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 
Euratom Programme complementing Horizon 2020
(2014-2015)
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2014-2015 || Euratom-Russia Fusion CA Seventh Coordinating Committee || Potential Russian partnership in the JET programme 
 Potential Russian involvement in Broader Approach activities 
 Mapping of bilateral collaborative activities 

9.                    
Roadmap for
cooperation between South
 Africa and the European
 Union

1.      South
  Africa as a partner of the EU 
The Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) constitutes the legal basis for the overall EU-South Africa
relations. The TDCA covers political
dialogue, the establishment of a free trade area, development co-operation, economic cooperation, and cooperation
in several other areas. The agreement was signed in October 1999 and entered into force in 2000. The EU and South Africa subsequently established a Strategic Partnership, and in May 2007 adopted an Action
Plan for its implementation. A first amendment of the TDCA provisions on
political and economic cooperation was signed in the margins of the September
2009 SA-EU Summit. The Agreement between the European Atomic Energy Community
(Euratom) and South Africa for co-operation in the peaceful uses of nuclear
energy was concluded in 2013. 
Scientific collaboration between South Africa and the EU takes place in the context of the Science
and Technology Cooperation Agreement concluded in 1996 and entered into force
in November 1997.  Cooperation in S&T is also marked by ongoing strong
dialogue through bilateral Joint Science and Technology Cooperation Committee
meetings, the South Africa Department of Science and Technology (DST) ’Science
at the Summit’ initiative, and the Africa-EU Partnership for Science,
Information Society and Space under the Joint Africa-EU Strategy. 
In June 2008,
the European “Cooperation in Scientific and Technical Research” (COST)
Office and the DST concluded a “Reciprocal Arrangement”, under which both sides
provide funding for short-term scientific missions to be undertaken by South
African and European researchers. The “Reciprocal Arrangement” entered into
force on 1 July 2009. In 2013, South Africa signed a letter of intent to become
a member of EUREKA, possibly already in 2014. EURAXESS Links[46] is
considering expanding to South Africa in the near future. EURAXESS Links is the
international arm of EURAXESS - a network for European and non-European
researchers residing outside Europe and wishing to network with other
researchers or to discover Europe's opportunities.
South Africa’s
level of investment in S&T (GERD) in 2010-2011 was 0.76% of Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), down from 0.87% in 2009-10, 0.92% in 2008-9 and 0.93% in 2007-8[47].
The decrease is due to lower levels of private investment in R&D, whereas
the portion of government investment has increased. The current level of
investment falls short of the 2008 target of spending 1% of GDP on S&T as
set out in the national R&D Strategy. South Africa is the country with the
highest rate of R&D expenditure in Africa. The share of private sector
expenditure in total R&D expenditure in South Africa is 43% (2010)[48].
In 2008 South Africa had a total of 1.41[49]
researchers per 1000 employees and 26 doctorates[50] per million
of the country’s population (6.63/1000 in the EU and 9.4/1000 in the USA in 2009). On the continent, scientific production is dominated
by South Africa with 47000 papers produced between 1999 and 2008[51].
As a share of world publications, the highest African performance is for South Africa in the field of plant and animal science (1.55% in 2010) followed by
environment/ecology (1.29% in 2010).
2.     
Cooperation between South Africa and the EU on research
and innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, South African entities
participated 228 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 32.9 million. The distribution of the South African
participation (by total cost of South African participants) over the different
FP7 subprogrammes is shown below.
598 South African researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and South African institutions have
participated in 77 projects.
The EU and South Africa are also
collaborating, together with other countries (China, Japan, USA) and
international organisations (UN, OECD), on promoting common principles for
international cooperation in research and innovation, referred to as
Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). The EU is also looking into
extending the cooperation on the exchange of good practices in the field of
Public Engagement and in particular multi-actor and public engagement and
trans-disciplinary research to South Africa and the wider African region. 
In addition, the European Commission’s
Joint Research Centre (JRC) has 23 cooperation partnerships with South Africa in fields such as remote sensing technologies, environment monitoring, and
water and energy research. These successes are the result of a concerted effort
to promote cooperation, also undertaken by the FP7 funded bilateral project
‘European-South African Science and Technology Advancement Programme’[52]
(ESASTAP Plus), a dedicated platform for the advancement of European – South
African S&T cooperation, co-funded by the EU and South Africa and
implemented by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) through South
Africa’s FP7 network of National Contact Points (NCPs). 
South
  Africa
has also been targeted as a partner for cooperation in the 2014-2015 Horizon
2020 work programme, with includes topics to encourage cooperation with South
African researchers in areas such as raw materials. A full list of topics
included in the work programme 2014-2015 is provided in Annex.
Work
is also on-going to strengthen synergies between the EU's cooperation with South Africa and the activities of the Member States (MS) and Associated Countries.
A
number of prominent examples are listed below: 
−     
The
European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP)[53]:
EDCTP is a programme
conducted by a group of Member States (MS) jointly with the EU. It was established in 2003 by 16 European countries and the EU. It is a
partnership between Europe and developing countries (including South Africa) that aims to accelerate the development of new and better medicines against
poverty-related diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria. EDCTP
(2003-2012) supported 88 clinical trials in sub-Saharan Africa involving
collaboration between medical researchers and health practitioners from Europe
and sub-Saharan Africa, and South Africa had a leading role. 
−     
ERA-NET
 Africa (ERAfrica 2010-2014)[54]:
A collaborative platform
between 10 EU MS and Associated Countries and 5 African Union MS, including
South Africa, initiated by a EUR 2 million FP7 grant, has leveraged EUR 11 million
in funding and resulted in three calls in the domain of renewable energy, new
ideas and inter-facing challenges, which has given rise to 18 collaborative
research and innovation projects.  
−     
EU-Africa
cooperation on STI:
At the second meeting of the
EU-Africa High Level Policy Dialogue on 28-29 November 2013, EU and African Union
MS, including South Africa, committed to start working towards a long-term
jointly funded research and innovation partnership in particular promoting food
and nutrition security and sustainable agriculture that could be inspired by
the achievements of EDCTP[55]
and ERAfrica.
−     
European Innovation Platforms (EIP) and Joint
Programming Initiatives (JPI):
South Africa is actively looking to get involved in several of the EIPs and
JPIs, such as the EIP on Raw Materials, the EIP on water and the JPI on water
challenges for example, as well as the one on agriculture, food security and
climate change. 
−     
ESASTAP Plus:
The bilateral
project ‘European-South African Science and Technology Advancement Programme’
is actively looking at creating synergies between the EU MS cooperation with South Africa with that of the EU. Focus areas have been analysed, a joint pilot group of EU
MS science counsellors and the EU science counsellor was set up and a
feasibility study for setting up a joint liaison office of EU research
organisations in SA is about to be launched. 
On-going cooperation with South Africa on research and innovation also contributes to reaching the objectives of the EU's
external policies. Research and innovation cooperation is acknowledged to be
one of the most active areas of collaboration under the South Africa - European Union Strategic Partnership, with a strong and longstanding
relationship between the South African Department of Science and Technology and
the European Commission, DG Research and Innovation (DG RTD).  
Under the
2007-2013 EU Development Cooperation Instrument allocation for South Africa,
EUR 30 million was allocated to an ‘Innovation for Poverty Alleviation
Programme’, a sector policy support programme which focused on harnessing
research and innovation as an instrument for poverty alleviation, in areas such
as sustainable livelihoods, water, renewable energy and employment creation.
Small businesses have been created in projects ranging from demonstration
agronomy to ICT and renewable energy. Rural facilities and public schools were
connected to internet through the Wireless Mesh Network and digital doorways
have been installed throughout South Africa providing access to basic computer
skills.
The EU has also
committed EUR 130 000, funded through the TDCA Dialogue Facility[56],
to a project to foster an innovation policy dialogue.
The goal of this dialogue is to provide opportunities for the exchange of best
practices and experiences with regard to innovation policy.
Also funded
through the TDCA Dialogue Facility, support was provided for dialogue between
the European Commission (DG RTD) and the Department of Science and Technology
in the development of a research and development infrastructure roadmap. The
Research Infrastructure Roadmap (RIRM) for South Africa led to the
identification of 17 R&D infrastructure development projects.    
Under the
EU-ACP Cooperation Programme on Science & Technology[57] phase I (EUR
35 million 2000-2007), 3 out of 36 projects financed are led by South African
institutions (8%), 12 South African institutions participate in 8 out of 36
projects (22%). The main fields of involvement are biodiversity, agriculture and
research management. Information received regarding the outcome of the second
phase (EUR 23 million, 2008-2013) indicates that 1 of the 21 projects is led by
a South African institution, with 2 institutions participating in two other
projects.
Under the
Euratom FP7 and FP7+2 programmes, South Africa has participated in four fission
energy related projects with three different entities.
South African
researchers are also participating in projects launched by the African Union
Research Grants[58]
to which the EU has committed EUR 20 million (2008-2013). Themes include
Agriculture, Energy, Water and Sanitation.
Regarding the Development Cooperation
Instrument, the multi-annual indicative Programme for the period 2014-2020 will
focus on three sectors taken from the National Development Plan of the
Government of South Africa.  These are (i) employment creation, (ii) education,
skills development and innovation and (iii) building a capable and
developmental state. 
As regards framework conditions for
cooperation, for more than a decade South Africa’s democratic government has
been developing the National System of Innovation (NSI)[59]. Despite the
improvements made, a remaining problem lies in the commercialisation of
research results[60]
in which the major obstacle is financing (the market of equity and venture
capital funds is private and few public initiatives exists, there is little
investment by venture capitalists for early-stage entrepreneurs). New creative
funding mechanisms that could help address this problem are emerging in some
public-private partnerships. South Africa has been a WTO member since 1995 and
is a signatory to the TRIPS Agreement that resulted in expanded commitments to
internationally binding guarantees of intellectual property rights. Furthermore,
there are more than 30 pieces of legislation, such as the IPR from publicly
financed R&D Act, the Biodiversity Act and the R&D Tax Incentives, in South Africa that directly impact on the National System of Innovation. There is however
still room for improvement in building capacity to implement and interpret
these pieces of legislation. South Africa ranks 58 out of 142 countries in the
WIPO Global Innovation Index 2013. The South Africa Bureau of Standards has
acquired full membership in the International Organisation for Standardisation
(ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Moreover, three
South African organisations are members of the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI)[61].
 South Africa can compete and cooperate with Europe due to its excellent
state-of-the art infrastructure. South Africa leads the dynamic Southern African Research and Innovation Managers
Association (SARIMA) which is active in promoting and facilitating the
management of Research and Innovation. The main barriers for further
cooperation are the lack of adequate information by EU and SA partners, the low
administrative capacity in SA and the difficult procedures related to obtaining
visa and working permits. Most South African research programmes are currently being accessed only by South African researchers and funding is
only for South Africans. There is, however, willingness in some research
managing organisations to open up their programmes to European researchers. 
3.     
Cooperation between South
  Africa and the EU on research and innovation: priorities for
the future 
At the EU-SA Joint Science and Technology
Cooperation Committee meeting (13 January 2014)[62], it was
agreed jointly to step up cooperation in the following three flagship areas:
−     
Health
The European
Parliament (16 April 2014) and Council of the EU (6 May 2014) have formally
approved the Commission proposal on the EU participation in the EDCTP2
programme. The EU decision allocates up to €683 million of EU funding to EDCTP2
to match at least an equal contribution – in cash or in kind – from the
participating European states. The EDCTP2 programme aims to accelerate the
clinical development of new or improved medical products against any
poverty-related disease, including neglected ones, by supporting any stage in
the clinical development but with a focus on phase II and III. Since 10 April
2014, EDCTP is formally established as an Association (under Dutch law) tasked
to implement EDCTP activities, such as the EDCTP2 programme. The EDCTP Association
is open to African countries for membership, and the first eight African
countries, including South Africa, formally joined the EDCTP Association on 6
May 2014. The direct and full participation of African countries in the
governance and the execution of the EDCTP2 programme is an historic step for
EDCTP (http://www.edctp.org).
The EU and SA
will also explore the potential for the coordination of SA funded initiatives
with future Horizon 2020 activities in relation to poverty-related and
neglected diseases of poverty, including under EDCTP and the Innovative
Medicine Initiative (IMI2[63]).
South Africa and the EU also cooperate in multilateral initiatives aimed at
addressing global health challenges, such as the Global Alliance for Chronic
Diseases (GACD[64])
in which both South Africa and the European Commission are members. The next
call for proposals foreseen under GACD (2014) concerns in particular diabetes
type II, which represents a serious health issue for both South Africa and the EU. South Africa has recently joined the Global Research Collaboration
for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R).
Cooperating
with South Africa in this domain contributes to the international commitments
such as the health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDG 4 Reduce Child
Mortality, MDG 5 Improve Maternal Health and MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and
other diseases). It also contributed positively to the EU’s research excellence
and it offers European companies access to new markets. The track record of
cooperation in this domain is very positive.
−     
Environment (Global Earth Observation)
International
collaboration is essential to exploit the growing data output of Earth
Observation and both Europe and South Africa need to have access to global
datasets to address global challenges. This will only be achieved through
international cooperation. South Africa in particular has set out a clear Earth
Observation Strategy and possesses world class infrastructure and excellence.
It is an active member in several EO-related international forums such as the
Group on Earth Observations (GEO[65])
and the Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO)[66]. South Africa has a particularly active role in shaping the next 10-year implementation plan
of GEO, as it is a co-chair of one of its caucuses and co-drafts its research
agenda. The EU and South Africa will further explore the possible inclusion of
joint funding in the Horizon 2020 work programme 2016-2017 to support several
initiatives such as GEOGLAM (Agriculture), EUBON (biodiversity), IAOOS (Integrated Atlantic Ocean Observing System) -Blue
Planet Initiatives as well as the AfriGEOSS and
Africa-EU GEO related cooperation.
Cooperating
with South Africa in this domain contributes to international commitments such
as those linked to the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the
Millennium Development Goals (MDG 1 Eradicate extreme hunger and poverty and
MDG 7 Ensure environmental sustainability). By making Earth observations freely
and openly available, without any restrictions, we allow the service sector to
develop new services and products.  This leads to growth and job creation in
Europe and South Africa and the provision of societal benefits for all
citizens. The track record of cooperation in this domain is very positive, as
was the case for example with the successful implementation of the FP7 funded GEONETCAB[67] project.
−     
Excellent Science - Research infrastructures
Radio astronomy:
  South Africa is a strong player in the domain of research infrastructures.
This comes out most clearly in the collaboration on the Square Kilometre
Array (SKA)[68]
where there is a strong commitment to deliver the relevant infrastructure in
Africa as well as to strengthen cooperation with the EU for instance through
the African Very Large Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) Network[69] and
participation to the European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) that
will transform the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe (JIVE)[70] into a legal
entity. 
In addition, in
the area of radio astronomy, cooperation will be also fostered through the
support for the Africa-European Radio-Astronomy Platform (AERAP).
The EU
and SA agreed to convene a special workshop in 2014 to discuss synergy between
the European Strategy Forum for Research Infrastructures (ESFRI) and SA research
infrastructure roadmaps, in order to identify: a small number of ESFRI
projects, where SA participation could be promoted; new large-scale research
infrastructure projects, where SA-EU cooperation could be encouraged;
opportunities to promote reciprocal access to existing South African
infrastructures. More specifically, the focus will be in the following domains:
ü  Research
vessels: investigating the feasibility of sharing polar vessels or large
equipment in Antarctic (e.g. Polar Research Vessel SA Agulhas II);
ü  Biodiversity: sharing
infrastructure capacities and strengthening on-going collaboration, e.g.
through the South African Biodiversity Information Facility, involving
pertinent ESFRI infrastructures (like LIFEWATCH, EMBRC, MIRRI);
ü 
Health research: cooperation in multinational
investigator-driven clinical trials (European Clinical research Infrastructure
Network ECRIN) and sharing experience for capacity building in Africa[71],
cooperation in collecting and management of biological and biomedical data
including analysis and modelling tools (ELIXIR[72],
BBMRI) and to co-operate on medical chemistry including HTS (EU-Openscreen[73]).
Future
cooperation with South Africa will also focus on two
promising areas:
−     
Marine and maritime research: 
The EU
and SA agreed to start a dialogue, through the establishment of a DST-EC marine
science working group and explore the possibility of future participation by South Africa in the Transatlantic Ocean Research Alliance[74]. A first step will be to organise an exploratory expert workshop in
2014 to specifically examine South Africa’s potential contribution to the
Atlantic related research activities to be supported under Horizon 2020.
Cooperation in
this area will contribute to the international commitments such as the Millennium
Development Goals (MDG 1 eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (target 1B
achieve full and productive employment, MDG 7 ensure environmental
sustainability (target 7 A reverse loss of environmental resources and B reduce
biodiversity loss), MDG 8 Global partnerships (target 8F make available new
technologies). It also contributed positively to the EU’s research excellence
and there is positive experience in working together in this area.
−     
Raw materials (Mining and minerals research
and innovation):
South Africa is considering funding any
participating entities from South Africa directly in proposals retained for
funding in relation to topic NMP 24 -2015: Low-energy solutions for drinking
water production. The EU and South Africa will explore future possible collaboration with regard to the application of
advanced materials and nanotechnology for environmental remediation in the
mining sector.
In
exploring the potential for mutually beneficial mining and minerals research
and innovation cooperation between SA and the EU, a first step will be the
organisation of an expert workshop in 2014, to consider cooperation
opportunities in areas of shared interested identified in a common concept
paper. If topics of common interest are identified, this could lead to a joint
action as part of the European Innovation Partnership on Raw Materials. 
There
is positive experience in working together in this area. South Africa has well developed research capacity and the South African market is of clear
interest to European companies. 
Regarding
nanotechnologies, for the time being potential collaboration opportunities
exist mainly for water remediation and desalination technologies, such as
addressed in a topic NMP-24-2015 Low-energy solution or drinking water
production.
Annex:            List of topics encouraging cooperation
with South Africa in                                  Horizon 2020 work
programme 2014-15[75]
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 INFRASUPP 6 (Research Infrastructures) ||  International cooperation for research infrastructures || 7.00 
 SFS 6 (Challenge 2) || Sustainable intensification pathways of agro-food systems in Africa || 1.00 
 WASTE 4 (Challenge 5) || Towards near-zero waste at European and global level-Global waste dimension || 4.50 
 SC5-5 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation for climate action-Climate change mitigation options || - 
 SC5 13 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting raw materials research and innovation – Strategic international dialogues and cooperation on raw materials with technologically advanced countries || 5.00 
   2015   || ICT 39 (LEIT-ICT) || International partnership building in low and middle income countries || 11.00 
 SFS 18 (Challenge 2) || Small farms but global markets: the role of small and family farms in food and nutrition security || 5.00 
 WATER 5 (Challenge 5) || Strengthening international R&I cooperation in the field of water || - 
 SC5 13 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting raw materials research and innovation- Strategic international dialogues and cooperation with raw materials producing countries and industry || 8.00 
 INT 1 (Challenge 6) || Enhancing and focusing research and innovation cooperation with the Union's key international partner countries || 1.00 
   || ISSI 5 (Science with and for society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 

10.               
Roadmap for
cooperation between the USA and the European Union

1.         USA as a partner of the EU 
The
United States of America (US) are a long standing partner of the European
Union, with the relations being formalised in 1990 with the adoption of the
Transatlantic Declaration. Following the 2007 US-EU Summit, a Declaration on
Enhancing Transatlantic Economic Integration and Growth laid the foundation for
a growth driven agenda of dialogue. Since then, the Transatlantic Economic
Council has become the primary forum for economic dialogue between the EU and
the US. On 13 February 2013, the EU and US announced the launch of negotiations
on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). 
The
cooperation between the EU and the US on research and innovation is governed by
the Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation, which was
originally signed in 1998 and renewed thrice for 5 years each time. In June
2013, the Commission published an independent review of the current agreement[76].
Euratom and USA signed the bilateral cooperation Agreement on fusion energy
research in 2001. USA together with Euratom is member of the ITER project. In
fission Euratom and USA signed two Technical Exchange and Cooperation
Arrangements, one on Nuclear related Technology research and one on Nuclear
safety research. Both sides are members of the generation IV International
Forum (GIF).
In 2011 R&D intensity was estimated at
2.77% GDP (up from 2.69% in 2007) against the objective of going beyond 3%[77].
The share of private sector R&D (of GERD) was 60% and the share of public
sector R&D (of GERD) 33.4%. 
As regards the Science Budget for the
financial year 2014, an agreement reached by the US Congress in December 2013
has eased the 5% cut in across-the-board federal spending (known as
sequestration). This provides a boost to research and innovation-related
spending by a number of government departments and agencies over 2013 levels.
For example the National Science Foundation (NSF) will receive $1.71bn (a 4.2%
increase), the Department of Energy Office of Science will receive $50.7bn (a
9.7% increase) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
gets a 10.4% increase to $850m.
While the increases undo the effects of
sequestration for some agencies, they do not allow the fulfilment of the
Administration’s wish to follow a funding trajectory to double investment in
science over a decade.
2.         Cooperation
between the USA and the EU on research and
innovation: state of play 
As of February 2014, US entities
participated 486 times in FP7 signed grant agreements, receiving a total EU
contribution of EUR 76.4 million. This despite the fact that participants from
the US (as an industrialised country) did not automatically receive funding
from FP7, except in the Health theme of the Cooperation Programme.
The distribution of the US participation (by total cost of US participants) over the different FP7 subprogrammes is
shown below.
1383 USA researchers have been funded
through the Marie Curie Actions (2007-2013) and USA institutions have
participated in 932 projects.
There
is an on-going FP7 project, BILAT EU-US[78],
which is tasked to examine areas related to the framework conditions for cooperation
(e.g. Intellectual Property, funding of US participants, contractual issues,
financial and reporting issues including auditing, rules for participation,
cooperation schemes, knowledge on innovation and technology transfer,
transatlantic mobility).
The
main cooperation on fusion energy research concerns the partnership in the
ITER-IO Agreement supported by the bilateral Cooperation Agreement as legal
framework for the implementation of more than 206 on-going collaborative
activities between European and US entities. With regard to the fission
research cooperation, USA have participated in eight fission projects under the
Euratom FP7 and FP7+2.
In
the context of the Agreement for Scientific and
Technological Cooperation, Implementing Arrangements have been concluded
between the Joint Research Centre and, respectively, the US National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), in May 2012, and the US National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in July 2013. 
The
USA has also been targeted as an important partner for cooperation in the first
Horizon 2020 work programme (2014-15), with topics encouraging cooperation with
USA researchers included in areas such as marine and artic research (notably to
implement the Galway declaration and the Transatlantic Ocean Research
Alliance), health research, transport (incl. Aeronautics), materials research,
raw materials, ICT, energy research and security research. The EC US Task Force on Biotechnology research aims to promote
information exchange and coordination in biotechnology research among
programmes funded by the European Commission and various US Government funding
agencies. A
full list of topics included in the work programme is provided in Annex.
Work
is also on-going to strengthen the synergies between the EU's cooperation with
the USA and the activities of the Member States (MS), including through the
Strategic Forum for International Cooperation (SFIC). This takes place at
various levels and a number of prominent examples are: 
−     
Marine
and Arctic research:
ü 
The
  Joint Programming Initiative Ocean[79]
will be a key partner in developing these activities.
ü 
The
Seas ERA – NET[80]
as well as other marine and arctic related ERA-NETs will strongly be involved
in the EU-US information sharing exercise and planned coordination actions.
ü 
The
Euro-Basin FP7 projects[81], the Research Infrastructures Integrated Initiatives INTERACT,
Euro-ARGO and EUROFLEETS2[82]
−     
EDCTP
2[83]:
a programme conducted by a group of Member States (MS) jointly with the EU.
Developing
adequate framework conditions for the cooperation between the EU and the USA, which will involve close cooperation with SFIC and the MS Science and Innovation Counsellors in
  Washington.
Finally,
on-going cooperation with the USA on research and innovation also contributes to
reaching the objectives of the EU's external policies. In this respect,
research and innovation activities contribute to combatting HIV/AIDS, malaria
and other diseases and more in general support, reaching international
commitments such as the Millennium Development Goals. Furthermore, research and
innovation accompanies the work of the Trans-Atlantic Economic Council (TEC) or
the EU-US Energy Council and it supports the EU's Blue Growth Strategy, the Atlantic
Action Plan, the EU Arctic Strategy and the EU-US Aviation Agreements
(interoperability, safety). 
The general framework conditions for EU-US
cooperation are improving continuously over various Framework Programmes and
the EU and the US have since several years agreed on a reciprocal opening of
some programme parts such as in the area of health research for example. While
cooperation modes tend to become more visible and effective at programme level,
bottom up project participation is also a strong feature in our cooperation. It
appears that US Federal Entities still perceive barriers in certain parts of
the EU grant agreement for US participation in Horizon2020. During the last
Joint S&T Committee meeting between the EU and the US both sides agreed
that progress on reciprocal understanding of legal, administrative and
financial issues of Horizon 2020 as well as relevant US programmes was needed.
As follow up, a first EU-US workshop was organised in December 2013. The objective
was to define a working concept and roadmap helping to bridge the information
gap regarding the EU and US funding systems for research and innovation. This
process will highlight the main legal aspects of the respective grant systems
and should remove barriers for reciprocal participation.
Concerning
innovation the US has excellent innovation
framework conditions and its investment climate makes it a place to
commercialize innovative products, services and solutions. In addition, the US
has one of the world’s strongest legal systems to protect intellectual property
rights. According to the Innovation Union Scoreboard 2014, the US outperforms
the EU in innovation but the performance lead is decreasing. The transatlantic
innovation framework conditions are expected to improve in the future through
the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) currently under
negotiation. The TTIP aims at removing trade barriers (such as tariffs,
unnecessary regulations, restrictions on investment, divergent standardization)
in a wide range of economic sectors and at making it easier for EU and US
companies to invest in each other's economy.
3.         Cooperation
between the USA and the EU on research and innovation: priorities for the
future 
Based
on the work of the Joint Consultative Group (JCG), established under the EU-US
S&T agreement, future cooperation on research and innovation with the USA
will address four priority areas:
−     
Marine
and Arctic Research

The US has enormous research
capabilities in marine and arctic research.  The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is the largest organisation of that kind in
the world with more than USD 5 billion annual budget. The US has access to
important waters/territories (including arctic) and has just launched its new
strategies for oceans[84]
and arctic[85].
The US is also a major player in the Arctic Council to with the EU has been
granted permanent observer status in May 2013. This cooperation will contribute
to implementing the EU Blue Growth agenda[86],
the Atlantic Action Plan[87]
and the Transatlantic Ocean Research Alliance[88].
The
priorities of the EU's Integrated Maritime Policy (IMP) and of the Blue Growth strategy feature prominently the Blue Growth call in the
first WP2014-2015 of Horizon 2020.
−     
Health
research
The long
lasting strong collaboration between USA and the European Union is proven by
the joint collaboration in all the multilateral research initiatives that the EU
has either started or joined. Some of them are the International Rare Disease
Research Consortium (IRDiRC[89])
and the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases (GACD[90]). The collaboration
is excellent and both USA and the EU have strong capacities and a common vision
on how to tackle the most important health problems. As in the past, the joint
collaboration between USA and the EU will also represent the central nucleus
around which other countries and funding agencies will join. USA is, with the EU,
one of the members of the Human Frontier Science Programme (HFSP[91]).
USA participants will
continue to be eligible to receive EU funding in projects funded through the
Horizon 2020 Health challenge, reflecting the reciprocal funding offered to EU
participants by the NIH. At the last JCG meeting the possibility for the US to
cooperate with the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials
Partnership (EDCTP 2)[92]
was also highlighted in addition to the commitment from the Bill & Melinda
Gates Foundation[93].
The interoperability
aspects in eHealth are also part of the domains included in the scope of EU-US
cooperation.
−     
Transportation
Research

The main purpose
of the EU-US collaboration in transport research is to address global societal
challenges and to pursue international standardisation requirements. Mutual
benefit, joint priority setting, co-funding and critical mass through programme
level cooperation should be the underlying features.
EU-US
cooperation in transport research has been growing steadily the last year. The
USA and EU signed an Implementing Arrangement at the last JCG meeting (on 12
February 2013), covering Cooperative Activities in the Field of Research,
Development, Technology, and Innovation Applied to all Modes of Transport. A
steering group has been established to implement the agreement. Cooperation
areas include transport infrastructure, traffic management, road safety, urban
freight logistics and many others.
Synchronized
calls for proposals were identified as the preferred cooperation modality,
combining focus and flexibility. The joint priority setting is underpinned by a
series of joint symposia, organized jointly. 
−     
Materials
research / Critical Raw Materials / Nano safety and regulatory research / Health and Safety
research (nano-EHS)
Started in 2011 the EU-US-Japan 3rd Trilateral Conference on Critical
Materials hosted in Brussels on May 29-30, 2013 gives future orientation to the
EU-US cooperation in this area beside the discussions taking place under the
Transatlantic Economic Council – Innovation Action Partnership (TEC-IAP). As
follow up to the conference and TEC-IAP, efforts are now being made to involve
US partners in forthcoming activities on substitution of critical materials
(collaboration is also being pursued in the wider field of computational
materials science and materials by design).
In addition, the following areas will also
be pursued:
−     
Energy
research
EU-US cooperation on energy
technology research and innovation will continue being promoted under the EU-US
Energy Council and its Technology Working Group. Collaboration activities will
concentrate along four priority areas: smart grids and energy storage, critical
raw materials including for energy, fuel cell and hydrogen and nuclear fusion.
Beside these areas included in the EU-US Joint Action Plan 2014-2015, knowledge-sharing and cooperation with the US is also encouraged by
the first Horizon 2020 work programme in the field of
carbon capture and storage and shale gas.   
−     
Future
and Emerging Technologies 
A
common denominator in the discussions with the US has been the need to tackle
the paradigm shift in advancing common research endeavours while at the same
time keeping in mind the need for transforming research leading to
"excellent science" results into tangible economic benefits. The
dialogue between EU and US is developing positively especially in the areas of
brain research, interoperability of global data infrastructures and digital
science policy framework. The EU Human Brain Project[94] (HBP) and the US BRAIN[95] Initiatives are two large-scale research initiatives focussing on the
better understanding of the human brain and its diseases with highly
complementary approaches. The US is developing new technology to generate brain
data leading to a map of the human brain, while the EU is integrating brain
data in computer models to simulate the human brain. The data helps build the
models and the models help interpret the data. Bilateral discussions have been
taking place to define policies for data sharing and related ethical aspects[96]. There are plans to
hold a first workshop in Washington in November 2014 and the second in Brussels
in spring 2015.
−     
eInfrastructures
EU and US approaches to Open Access, Open Research Data and Digital
Science appear to be quite similar. Informal contacts with the Office of
Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), the National Science Foundation (NSF) and
the National Institutes of Health (NIH) suggest that a more structured dialogue
accompanied by an intensified collaboration would be mutually beneficial. The
European and US initiatives on global interoperability of
cyber-infrastructures/e-infrastructures also present a good opportunity to
realise valuable synergies, especially in the context of multilateral
initiatives such as the Research Data Alliance (RDA) and the G8+O6 Working
Group on Data e-Infrastructures.
Long term connectivity arrangements between Europe and the USA
should also be pursued to cope with the growth of the research and education
traffic of data between the two continents.
−     
Euratom-Fusion
In fusion energy
planned activities include evaluation of fusion roadmaps to deepen synergies
and identify focused areas of cooperation as well as the cooperation in JET
(Joint European Torus, in Culham, UK) enhancement project in support of ITER.
Continuation of bilateral collaborative activities.
−     
Euratom-Fission 
The bilateral
cooperation in the field of nuclear fission energy research cooperation will
focus on nuclear safety as the highest priority, and on closer bilateral cooperation in order to advance in nuclear medicine
and radiation protection. 
In nanosafety and regulatory research,
cooperation with the US is of special importance and is implemented through the
Communities of Research. The EU promotes government-level cooperation in the
OECD working party on manufactured nano-materials (in
particular through the NanoReg initiative, which is an FP7 project with a
budget of EUR 50 million (of which EUR10 million from FP7); followed by further
regulatory research activities in Horizon 2020)
The
cooperation priorities for the years to come may be in line with the existing
ones. Health research and cooperation with NIH will be a key area due to the
mutual opening of the respective programmes and the level of engagement will be
as in the first years of Horizon 2020. The new area of marine and artic
cooperation is expected to be expanded as it is only in its start-up phase. The
type of activities could be more programme level cooperation with relevant US
partners like NSF and NOAA. Energy research and in this relation material and
raw materials aspects might depend on the progress of the work under the EU-US
Energy Council. We also expect a revitalisation of the EU-US Task Force on
Biotechnology which would be translated in opportunities in the calls
2016-2017. DG CNECT is exploiting closer collaboration with the US between the
EU Human Brain Project[97]
and the US BRAIN Initiative[98].
In ICT US is one of the countries targeted by research
and innovation activities dealing with new network infrastructures for Future
Internet which includes 5G in the work-programme 2014-15 of Horizon 2020. Concerning
research activities in relation to critical raw materials, to date we don’t
have indication of any focus on this topic during the period 2016-2017. 
  
Annex:
          List of topics encouraging cooperation with USA in Horizon                            2020
work programme 2014-15[99]
Marine and Arctic Research:
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 BG 8 (Challenge 2) || Developing in-situ Atlantic Ocean Observations for a better management and sustainable exploitation of the maritime resources || 20.00 
 BG 13 (Challenge 2) || Ocean Literacy – Engaging with society – Social innovation || 3.50 
 BG 14  (Challenge 2) || Supporting international cooperation initiatives: Atlantic Ocean Cooperation Research Alliance64 || 3.50 
 BG 15 (Challenge 2) || European Polar research cooperation || 2.00 
 INFRASUPP 6  (Research Infrastructures) ||  International Cooperation for research infrastructures || 7.00 
 INFRAIA 1 (Research Infrastructures) || Integrating and opening research infrastructures of European interest (area: “Research infrastructures for terrestrial research in the Arctic.”) || 140.00 
   2015   || SFS 10 (Challenge 2) || Tackling disease related challenges and threats faced by European farmed aquatic animals || - 
 BG 1 (Challenge 2) || Improving the preservation and sustainable exploitation of Atlantic marine Ecosystems || 20.00 
 BG 7 (Challenge 2) || Response capacities to oil spills and marine pollutions || 6.00 
Health research:
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2015 || PHC 33 (Challenge 1) || New approaches to improve predictive human safety testing || 30.00 
Transport research:
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
     2014   || MG 1.4 (Challenge 4) || Coordinated research and innovation actions targeting the highest levels of safety for European aviation || 15.00 
 MG 5.2 (Challenge 4) || Reducing impacts and costs of freight and service trips in urban areas || - 
Materials research /
Critical Raw Materials:
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
   2014 || NMP 20 (LEIT-NMP) || Widening materials models || - 
 NMP 26 (LEIT-NMP) || Joint EU & MS activity on the next phase of research in support of regulation NANOREG II || - 
 NMP 27 (LEIT-NMP) || Coordination of EU an international efforts in safety of nanotechnology || - 
 NMP 28 (LEIT-NMP) || Assessment of environmental fate of nanomaterials || - 
 NMP 29 (LEIT-NMP) || Increasing the capacity to perform nano-safety assessment || - 
 SC5 13  (Challenge 5) || Strategic international dialogues and cooperation with raw materials producing countries and industry || 5.00 
   2015 || NMP 23 (LEIT-NMP) || Novel materials by design for substituting critical elements ||   - 
 NMP 30 (LEIT-NMP) || Next generation of tools for risk governance of nanomaterials || - 
 SC5 13  (Challenge 5) || Strategic international dialogues and cooperation with raw materials producing countries and industry || 8.00 
Energy research
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 2014 - 2015 || LCE 15 (Challenge 3) || Enabling decarbonisation of the fossil fuel-based power sector and energy intensive industry through CCS ||   - 
 2014 || LCE 16 (Challenge 3) || LCE 16 – 2014: Understanding, preventing and mitigating the potential environmental impacts and risks of shale gas exploration and exploitation || - 
Other activities
   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
   2014 || ICT 11  (LEIT-ICT) || Future Internet Research and Experimentation || 1.50 
 ICT 14 (LEIT-ICT) || Advanced 5G network infrastructures for the future internet || 122.00 
 FoF 4 (LEIT-NMP) || Developing smart factories that are attractive to workers || - 
 DRS 4 (Challenge 7) || Crisis management topic 4 – feasibility study for strengthening capacity-building for health and security protection in case of large-scale pandemics – Phase I Demo || - 
 BES 9 (Challenge 7) || Supply chain security topic 2 – technologies for inspections of large volume freight || - 
 NFRP 2 (Euratom) || Tool for the fast and reliable prediction of severe accident progression and anticipation of the source term of a nuclear accident || 3.00 
 NFRP 12 (Euratom) || Nuclear developments and interaction with society || 2.50 
   2015 || ICT 25 (LEIT-ICT) || Generic micro- and nano-electronic technologies || 3.00 
 ICT 38 (LEIT-ICT) || International partnership building and support to dialogues with high income countries || 3.00 
 FoF 11 (LEIT-NMP) || Flexible production systems based on integrated tools for rapid reconfiguration of machinery and robots || - 
 FoF 13 (LEIT-NMP) || Re-use and re-manufacturing technologies and equipment for sustainable product life cycle management || - 
 SFS 16 (Challenge 2) || Tackling malnutrition in the elderly || - 
 INT 1 (Challenge 6) || Enhancing and focusing research and innovation cooperation with the Union's key international partner countries || 1.95 
 DRS 1  (Challenge 7) || Crisis management topic 1 – potential of current mesures and technologies to extreme weather and climate events || - 
 DRS 3  (Challenge 7) || Crisis management topic 3 – demonstration activity on large scale disasters' governance and resilience of EU external assets against major identified threats or causes of crisis || - 
 FCT 16 (Challenge 7) || Ethical/Societal dimension topic 4 – understanding the underlying social, psychological and economic aspects of the genesis, methods and motivation of organised crime (including cyber related offenses) || - 
 BES 8 (Challenge 7) || Supply chain security topic 1 – development of an enhanced non-intrusive (stand-off) scanner || - 
 ISSI 5 (Science with and for society) || Supporting structural change in research organisations to promote Responsible Research and Innovation || 12.00 
Euratom
Programme complementing Horizon 2020
 2014-2015 || Euratom US.DOE Fusion CA 14th Coordinating Committee || U.S.-Euratom Joint Action Plan in fusion R&D 
 International network of programmes and facilities in support to ITER 
 Assessment costs and approach to the ITER operation phase. 
 Specific  cooperation on fusion reactor materials 
 Education & Training schemes at international level. 
 Communication to general public in fusion topics involving academia, industry and laboratories. 
 Mapping of bilateral collaborative activities. 

11.               
Roadmap for
cooperation between the Eastern Partnership Countries and the European Union

1.         The
Eastern Partnership as a partner of the EU 
The Eastern Partnership (EaP), launched at
the Prague Summit of 7 May 2009, is a joint initiative of the EU and 6 Eastern
European partner countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of
Moldova[100]
and Ukraine) that aims to bring Eastern European countries closer to the EU. 
It builds on existing bilateral relations
between the EU and its partner countries and represents the Eastern dimension
of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Central to the
EaP are the negotiations on bilateral political Association Agreements
including Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) and corresponding
Association Agendas or Action Plans. 
The EaP follows two parallel tracks:
bilateral and multilateral. The bilateral dimension supports closer bilateral
relations between EU and each Eastern partner country. The multilateral
dimension provides a forum for dialogue and exchange, via thematic platforms
and flagship initiatives and strengthens
activities in support of the EU bilateral relationship with each of the Eastern
European partners. Partnership with civil society and other stakeholders
is also a key priority of the EaP.
Among the six EaP
countries, Ukraine is the only country having a bilateral S&T Agreement
with the EU. At regional level, four multilateral
policy platforms have been set up to deal with the topics of:
−     
democracy, good governance and stability; 
−     
economic integration and convergence with EU
policies; 
−     
energy security; 
−     
contacts between people. 
Cooperation on research and innovation is
addressed in the 4th platform, which also covers the fields of
education, youth, culture and ICT. In view of addressing the bi-regional cooperation in research and
innovation in an ad-hoc format, a dedicated Panel on research and innovation,
attached to the 4th platform was launched on 13 November 2013. This
new EaP Panel on research and innovation gathers senior officials and experts
from Member States and Eastern European partner countries, as well as the
Committee of the Regions and the EaP Civil Society Forum. 
The Panel creation is in direct line with the development of a Common Knowledge and Innovation Space (CKIS), set as a key political objective of the ENP review of May 2011[101]. The CKIS is indeed meant to cover policy dialogue, national and
regional capacity-building, cooperation in research and innovation, increased
mobility opportunities for students, researchers and academics.
All EaP countries have a long tradition of
scientific excellence, but have faced a dramatic decrease of their R&D
intensity since the early 90s. That led to the shutting down or reorientation
of many research branches as well as a significant decrease in the number of
researchers.
The table below gives an overview of the
main S&T indicators per country[102],
highlighting in particular that Ukraine is by far the champion of the region in
terms of S&T capacity. 
 Country || R&D expenditures as % of GDP || Number of research organisations || R&D personnel: Number of employees 
 Armenia || 0,42 || 83 || 6.930 
 Azerbaijan || 0,2 || 146 || 22.500 
 Belarus || 0,65 || 446 || 20.571 
 Georgia || 0,4 || 31 || 3.200 
 Moldova || 0,45 || 38 || 4.760 
 Ukraine || 0,82 || 1303 || 141.000 
A common characteristic of the EaP
countries is also that research is largely funded from the state budget with
very limited contributions from the private sector. Research activities are
mainly conducted in institutes and centres under the coordination of National
Academies, with the exception of Georgia where research institutes have been
integrated into the university system following a recently completed reform. 
Because of the difficulties they are
facing, all countries have launched ambitious national strategies to modernise
and boost their research and innovation systems, notably through improving
conditions for encouraging business activities and commercialization of R&D
outcomes. This resulted in recent years in the emergence of many technology
parks and incubators and reforms concerning venture funding or IPRs. It is in
this context of on-going policy reforms that new dynamics exist for
intensifying the bi-regional cooperation. 
2.         Cooperation
between the Eastern Partnership and the EU on research and innovation: state of
play 
There has been a
total of 535 participations from EaP countries in 427 projects in FP7,
representing a total contribution from the EU budget to those partners of EUR
45.46 million. This is, however, largely dominated by Ukraine, having alone a
total of 273 participations for a total contribution from the EU budget of EUR
26.68 million. The participation in the different FP7 Specific Programmes
Cooperation, People, Capacities and Euratom is as follows:
 Specific Programme || Participations || Number of projects 
 Cooperation || 230 || 192 
 People || 141 || 120 
 Capacities || 151 || 104 
 Euratom || 13 || 10 
The table below
illustrates the participation of the 6 EaP countries across the various
priorities of the Cooperation programme. 
 Participant Country Name || ENERGY || ENV || HEALTH || ICT || KBBE || NMP || SEC || SPA || SSH || TPT || Total 
 Armenia ||   || 1 || 2 || 7 || 1 || 3 ||   ||   || 2 ||   || 15 
 Azerbaijan ||   || 4 ||   || 4 || 1 ||   ||   ||   || 4 ||   || 13 
 Belarus ||   ||   || 3 || 12 || 1 || 4 ||   || 1 || 4 || 2 || 27 
 Georgia ||   || 4 || 5 || 5 || 4 || 3 ||   ||   || 4 || 1 || 26 
 Moldova || 1 || 1 || 6 || 6 || 1 ||   ||   ||   || 1 || 3 || 19 
 Ukraine || 9 || 24 || 8 || 10 || 16 || 20 || 3 || 14 || 9 || 20 || 134 
 Total || 10 || 34 || 24 || 44 || 24 || 30 || 3 || 15 || 24 || 26 || 234 
There is an
on-going FP7 project, INCONET EaP[103],
supporting the policy dialogue established through the EaP Panel on Research
and innovation. The project
aims at becoming the reference coordination platform to support the advancement
of the newly established Panel on research and innovation. The project will provide analytical evidence and monitoring to feed
the policy dialogue and to support joint agenda setting. It will focus
activities on three main societal challenges related to climate change, energy
and health. 
The Eastern Partnership countries are also
targeted as a partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work programme
(2014-15), with topics encouraging cooperation in areas such as transport or
raw materials. A full list of topics included in the work programme is provided
in Annex.
Work is also on-going to strengthen the
synergies between the EU's cooperation with the Eastern Partnership countries
and the activities of the Member States (MS). The identification of possible
synergies will be addressed in the context of the EaP panel on research and
innovation, of which the first meeting was held in Brussels on 13 November
2013.
Finally, on-going cooperation
with the Eastern Partnership countries on research and innovation also
contributes to reaching the objectives of the Eastern Partnership policy that
identifies support to competitiveness and economic development as a main
priority. 
The EaP is supported through the European
Neighbourhood Policy Instrument (ENPI). For the period 2010-2013 the overall
allocation to Eastern European countries has been EUR 205 billion of which EUR
358.6 million have been granted to regional initiatives (ENPI-East). The ENPI
is replaced from 2014 by the new ENI (European Neighbourhood Instrument) with a
total budget of EUR 15.4 billion,
representing a 13.8% budget increase in comparison to ENPI in current prices.
ENPI funds are used
to support capacity-building initiatives in the field of innovation at
bilateral or regional level, through projects and programmes aiming to
strengthen entrepreneurship, SMEs development (e.g the East-Invest regional
programme[104]), and business environments. It is also to be noted the operational
budget and work programme of the Platform 4 and the newly created Panel on
research and innovation is funded through the ENPI.
3.         Cooperation between the
Eastern Partnership and the EU on research and innovation: priorities for the
future 
A double approach is proposed for
identifying priorities for future cooperation with EaP countries: 
a)     
common societal challenges to focus on; and
b)     
cross-cutting issues to address in priority in
order to improve the cooperation framework conditions. 
This priority-setting is based on
contributions received from EU Member States and EaP countries that were
consolidated by an expert group mandated by the EaP Panel on research and
innovation.
a) Societal challenges
Collaborative research and innovation
activities should be concentrated on the following priorities: 
−     
Health, demographic change and well-being;
EaP countries and the EU may start cooperation in
multilateral initiatives aimed at addressing global health challenges, such as
the Global Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness
(GloPID-R), currently under discussion. This would allow EaP countries to take
part in the decision phase of this new multilateral initiative, and be an
opportunity to also consider other existing multilateral initiatives.
−     
Climate action and environment;
Facing common regional
and trans-boundary climate change and environmental challenges has always been
a key priority in the EU’s relations with the Neighbourhood countries. For the
past ten years, this has been translated into wide-ranging cooperation with the
Neighbourhood in an effort both to tackle common problems such as maritime
pollution and share best practice with partners in the East. This has been
achieved through action plans, which promote good environmental governance in
partner countries to prevent environmental degradation and pollution, protect
human health, and achieve a more rational use of natural resources. Priorities
are identified in key areas such as water quality, waste management, air
pollution, natural disaster prevention and preparedness, climate change, and
Forest Law Enforcement and Governance (FLEG). Research and innovation
cooperation should support those different initiatives in order to foster
tackling common climate and environmental problems which are best solved
through regional collaboration.
−     
Secure, clean and efficient energy;
As in FP7, the
European Strategy Energy Technology Plan (SET Plan) - the technology pillar of
EU energy policy - will continue providing the strategic orientations for EU
energy research and innovation and its international dimension in Horizon 2020,
including cooperation with the countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy
(ENP). Stakeholders from EaP research and industrial
entities are therefore invited to create partnerships with the corresponding
SET Plan interlocutors, such as the European Industrial Initiatives and the
European Energy Research Alliance (EERA), in order to identify opportunities of
common interest and boost cooperation.
In the field of
nuclear energy, Ukraine is an important partner for the Euratom cooperation in
both fission and fusion research; several proposals for bilateral research
topics have been proposed and will be discussed in coming meetings under the
Euratom cooperation agreements.
Although a challenge-based approach is
proposed, particular attention should also be given to cooperation activities
on key enabling technologies listed in Horizon 2020 with a particular focus on
ICT and nanotechnologies. Amongst these deserve a special reference
opportunities to work in applications of high
performance computing, building on the expertise available in mathematical
modelling and algorithms for parallel programming.
In order to narrow down the proposed
cooperation domains to relevant sub-themes and topics for cooperation, the
INCONET-EaP will organize thematic workshops involving scientific experts from
both EU Member States and EaP countries. 
The national authorities could include the
identified priorities in bilateral cooperation programmes between EU MS and EaP
countries. Such joint bilateral activities, in addition to their own value,
could indeed multiply participation of EaP countries in Horizon 2020. 
b) Cross-cutting issues
The cross-cutting priorities on which the
efforts should be concentrated include:
−     
Sharing best practices between EU Member States
and EaP countries in research and innovation management and establish a
regional evaluation platform;
−     
Providing technical assistance and training to
support EaP countries in improving their national research and innovation
systems;
−     
Promoting researchers mobility and common use of
research infrastructures, notably through the creation of a regional network of
Centres of Excellence that could potentially be connected to ESFRI (the
European Strategic Forum on Research Infrastructures);
Regarding
research infrastructures, the objective is to develop a better coordination and
cooperation of European research infrastructures with their non-European
counterparts; ensuring their interoperability and reach, and to pursue
international agreements on reciprocal use, openness or co-financing. It should
also help to monitor and analyse the take-up of digital science and
e-infrastructures by researchers and possible other users, such as citizens and
the education sector, per country, region and research domain. It is notably
envisaged to support through the European Neighbourhood Instrument an
initiative (E@P.connect) for the development of a regional EaP Research and
Education Network and its interconnection to GÉANT.
−     
Promoting the link between state-of-the-art EU
initiatives such as research-intensive clusters and technology platforms with
similar structures in EaP countries, and enhancing the participation of EaP
countries private companies in these structures.
The cross-cutting issues could be promoted
by the relevant national authorities in order to include them as priorities to
be supported through relevant national, bilateral and EU programmes. 
Annex:
          List of topics encouraging cooperation with the Eastern Partnership
in Horizon 2020 work programme 2014-15[105]
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 INFRASUPP 6  (Research Infrastructures) ||  International cooperation for research infrastructures || 7.00 
 MG 8.1 (Challenge 4) || Smarter design, construction and maintenance || 19.00 
 SC5 19 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation in the area of climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials-Facilitating transnational cooperation between NCPs in Societal Challenge 5 || 7.00 (for 2014 and 2015) 
   2015   || SC5  13 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting raw materials research and innovation capacity-Strategic international dialogues and cooperation with raw materials producing countries and industry || 8.00 
 INT 2 (Challenge 6) || Encouraging the research and innovation cooperation between the Union and selected regional partners || 1.50 

12.               
Roadmap for
cooperation in research and innovation between the Southern Mediterranean and
the European Union

1.      Southern Mediterranean[106] region as partner of the EU
The Southern Mediterranean
region is of strategic importance to both EU external and internal policies.
The countries and people of the region face common challenges that include
water scarcity, food security, weak social protection, old and new health
problems, energy concerns, brain drain, migration, a lack of meaningful job
creation job security and human development in terms of citizens' participation
in political, social and economic development. Some of these major challenges
may be addressed through innovative and knowledge-based approaches that are
context specific and include participatory methods.
The EU response to the changes in the Arab world
was articulated in 2011 when the EU offered its Mediterranean partners Ά Partnership for democracy and shared prosperity' in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy
(ENP). The partnership focuses on three elements: democratic transformation, a
partnership with people and civil society, and sustainable and inclusive growth.
With regard especially to the last element, the EU has launched a number of
initiatives with its Southern neighbours in the sphere of research,
technological development and innovation. In its joint communication on ‘A New
Response to a Changing Neighbourhood’[107] the EU has set
itself the goal to work together with its neighbours, both to the South and to
the East, towards the creation of a Common Knowledge and Innovation Space
(CKIS). The CKIS is meant to cover policy dialogue, national and regional capacity-building,
cooperation in research and innovation, increased mobility opportunities for
students, researchers and academics throughout the region and externally.
Moreover, the EU holds reinforced
bilateral dialogues based on Science and Technology Agreements with a number of
countries from the region - Tunisia (2003, into force in 2004), Morocco (2004,
into force in 2005), Egypt (2005, into force in 2008), Jordan (2009, into force
in 2010) and Algeria (signed 2012, entered into force in 2013). 
The bilateral dialogues contribute also to
the bi-regional Euro-Mediterranean cooperation in research and innovation,
institutionalized in 1995, when in the context of the Barcelona process[108],
a Euro-Mediterranean Committee in Research and Technological Development (MoCo)
was established – recently renamed Euro-Mediterranean Group of Senior Officials
in Research and Innovation (EU-Med GSO). The EU-Med GSO plays a central role in monitoring and stimulating the
Euro-Mediterranean cooperation in research and innovation. 
Scientific, technological and innovation
capacities of most Southern Mediterranean countries remain modest, as
illustrated by the table below on R&D intensity (% GDP): 
 Country || 2002 || 2004 || 2005 || 2006 || 2007 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 
 Algeria ||   || 0,16 % || 0,07 % ||   ||   ||   ||   || 0,4 % 
 Egypt ||   ||   || 0,24 % ||   || 0,23 % || 0.27 % || 0,21 % ||   
 Jordan || 0,34 % ||   ||   || 0,52 % ||   || 0,43 % ||   ||   
 Lebanon ||   ||   ||   || 0,3 % ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Libya ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Morocco ||   ||   ||   || 0,64 % ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Palestine ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Syria ||   || 0,12 % ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   
 Tunisia ||   ||   || 1,02 % ||   || 1,02 % ||   || 1,1 % ||   
 Israel ||   ||   || 4,2 % ||   ||   ||   || 4,27 % || 4,4 % 
There is also a large diversification of
budgetary sources. In Tunisia, the share of public expenditure is slowing down
and the share of private funding is increasing. In Morocco, there is a clear
growth of private funds jumping from 6% in 1998 to 12.3% in 2003. In Lebanon,
the diversification of funding sources is very visible in some institutions
such as the American University of Beirut or the Lebanese Agricultural Research Institute (L.A.R.I). Finally, some
universities have created a direction for research with specific funding
mechanisms (Lebanon, Palestine)[109].

2.      Cooperation between the Southern
Mediterranean and the EU on research and innovation: state of play
As of February 2014, about 580 public and private entities from the
South Mediterranean participated in FP7 signed grant
agreements, receiving a total EU contribution of about EUR 60 million. The
distribution of the Southern Mediterranean participation (by total cost of
Southern Mediterranean participants) over the different FP7 subprogrammes is
shown below. 
Israel is not included in these figures as
it was associated to FP7 and therefore enjoys a different status. The figures for Israel are 1861 Israeli
participations amounting to a total of EUR 782 million of EU contribution to
the Israeli entities.
The policy dialogue with the Southern
Mediterranean countries is supported, inter alia, by two FP7 regional projects,
an INCO-Net (MED-SPRING[110])
and by an ERA-NET (ERANETMED[111]).
Among the
sector specific ERA-NETs with a regional scope, ARIMNET[112] (1&2) which has as objective the coordination of agricultural
research in the Mediterranean area, and to FORESTERRA in the field of forestry
research [113].
Within
the European Neighbourhood Partnership Instrument (ENPI) for the period
2007-2013 Research Development and Innovation Programmes dedicated to the South
Mediterranean countries support bottom-up capacity building and actions,
notably in Algeria (ESRS, higher education, mobility and research: EUR 38
million), Egypt (RDI: EUR 11 million for the first programme + EUR 20 million
for its continuation), Jordan (SRTD: EUR 5 million for the first programme +
EUR 5 million for the second programme), and Tunisia (PASRI: EUR 12 million). 
The ENPI will, from 2014, be replaced by the European
Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI), which will provide increased support to 16 partner countries to
the East and South of the EU’s borders. 
The Southern Mediterranean has been
targeted as a partner for cooperation in the first Horizon 2020 work programme
(2014-15), with topics encouraging cooperation in areas such as research
infrastructures, road transport, water technologies or raw materials. A full
list of topics included in the work programme 2014-2015 is provided in Annex.
Work is on-going to strengthen the
synergies between the EU's cooperation with the Southern Mediterranean and the
activities of the Member States (MS). At the Euro-Mediterranean conference on
Research and Innovation organised by the European Commission, DG RTD, in
Barcelona on 2-3 April 2012, the need for a renewed EURO-MED Partnership in
Science, Technology and Innovation has been clearly expressed both by the
EU Member States and the Southern Mediterranean Countries. 
At the margin of the
Informal Competitiveness Council held in Nicosia in June 2012, several EU MS,
led by Italy, formed a core group to work towards an Article 185 TFEU in the
Euro-Mediterranean region: the PRIMA - Partnership in Research and
Innovation in the Mediterranean Area - initiative. 
At the Competitiveness Council meeting of
26 May 2014 in Brussels under the Hellenic Presidency of the European Council, the
PRIMA initiative received a strong political endorsement. The initiative is
focusing on two research topics, Food systems and Water resources. At that
meeting, the Presidency noted the strong and broad support for the principles
that should underpin such an EU-Southern Mediterranean initiative: co-ownership
and mutual interest. PRIMA is also a key priority for the Italian Presidency of
the Council. 
As regards
framework conditions for research and innovation in the region, the current 
fragmentation of socio political structures, reinforced by endemic conflict in
the region as well as their spill-over effects entails long term insecurity for
society, polity and economy and can delay action towards innovation. Thus it is
even more relevant to ensure an overarching responsibility for publicly and privately
supported schemes for innovation. Publicly funded R&D can provide the best
returns to research and development in economic recovery[114]. This will entail improving collaboration between the various
actors of the innovation process and SMEs in urban and rural areas across a
wide spectrum of activities under the rubric of R&D. Some of the specific
challenges to strengthen innovation in the South-Mediterranean context include
the following:  poor availability of finance; outdated and often non-existent
regulation and procedures; poor public procurement; poor collaboration across
the region (South- South); lack of standardization and value based quality
criteria for both processes and outcome of product development; costly to
non-existent patents. The following areas may serve a thematic focus for a
strengthened innovation framework addressing some critical challenges:
−     
focusing on job creation and quality of work for
the young;
−     
broadening the innovation approach including
public sector innovation; 
−     
reinforcing the innovation ecosystem;
−     
developing an innovation-friendly regulatory
environment; 
−      promoting a culture of resilience to change.
Notwithstanding such difficulties in
context, a wide range of innovation instruments has been tested in practically
all countries, most of which focus on networking, start-ups, incubators,
technological poles and industrial clusters. These instruments make the
assumption of the need to “expand” the research topics towards more applied
research, a perennial problem in many Law and Middle Income Countries. 
Progress in adapting and developing the
R&I instruments has been hampered by the absence of monitoring and
evaluation of the instruments in a coherent manner nor have the experiences
been effectively shared between institutions or across countries. The overall
assessment is that the countries are looking for larger initiatives,
multi-actor partnerships and more ambitious support and are now convinced of
the need to support all types of innovation. 
The Euro-Mediterranean cooperation plays a
major role in this context, since a great deal of resources devoted to science
and technology are channelled through the research and innovation
Euro-Mediterranean cooperation. 
Following the recommendation of the last EU-Mediterranean
Group of Senior Officials (EU – Med GSO) on Research and Innovation, held in
Brussels in December 2013, a Workshop on "Towards a Common
Euro-Mediterranean Innovation Agenda" was organised in Brussels on 28
April 2014. The participants recommended: "to explore the feasibility
of a Pilot innovation regional action, which will consist ideally of several
components - a technical assistance component to determine the structural
measures needed to build the regional innovation landscape, clustering of
on-going initiatives and establishment of a structured innovation
framework/programme to fund bi-regional innovation activities". 
3. Cooperation between the Southern Mediterranean
and the EU on research and innovation: priorities for the future
The following
are proposed as priority areas for cooperation with the Southern Mediterranean
countries. They were identified by the Euro-Mediterranean conference in
research and innovation, held on 2-3 April 2012 in Barcelona and endorsed by
the Euro-Mediterranean Group of Senior Officials (EU-Med GSO): Water availability and management, food security and agriculture; Renewable energy and efficiency; Fighting
diseases and improving well-being; Green, efficient and integrated transport
systems; Management of marine environment and resources; Changing science in
changing societies.
Focus areas:
−     
Water availability and management and food
security 
Mediterranean
countries have a strong focus on water and food security research. Mutually
beneficial cooperation will be continued with a focus on integrated approaches
that optimise production and usage from natural resources in a sustainable
manner under conditions of climate change (water scarcity and diminishing
agricultural production). This cooperation has important links with the dialogue
with Africa as well. Water and food are the two topics chosen by the PRIMA[115]
core group of EU MS and Southern Med countries. 
The priority is
addressed in Horizon 2020 work programme 2014-2015 in Societal Challenge 2 and
Societal Challenge 5 (targeted call on rural areas and social innovation in the
Southern Mediterranean as well as in the field of integrated water management
in Southern Mediterranean).
−       
Renewable energy and
efficiency
The Mediterranean basin is suited to renewable energy resources. It
enjoys an excellent solar potential with small cloud coverage and high
irradiation factor throughout the year. Wind power and Mediterranean-specific
biomass also constitute a potential to be developed further. By 2030, the
energy demand in the South Mediterranean will be about four times higher than
in the North calling for improvements in energy efficiency and for the
exploitation of the renewable energy sources. Building on the successful
cooperation in energy R&I, cooperation can contribute to develop the technologies
needed for the transition to low-carbon energy and to improve energy security.
The success of future cooperation will depend on its ability to meet the needs
of both sides of the Mediterranean.  
−      Fighting diseases and improving well-being 
There is a strong interest in the South Mediterranean for
collaboration with EU on shared health problems, particularly on rare diseases,
infectious diseases and non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cancer and
obesity. A number of multi-lateral initiatives might be an excellent
opportunity to start cooperation between the EU and MED. One is the Global
Research Collaboration for Infectious Disease Preparedness (GloPID-R). The EU
is currently working to set up the secretariat, which would help in establishing
the initiative. Another initiative is the Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases
(GACD[116]),
in which countries such as India, South Africa and China are also involved.
This initiative was established some years ago and new members, such as MED,
might consider joining it for future programmes to be launched on chronic
diseases (cancer, brain research etc.).
Other areas
include:
Green,
efficient and integrated transport systems: The potential for cooperation in
surface transport research at the regional (Mediterranean) level will be
explored. Areas of mutual interest in EU-MED cooperation could be ports and
hinterland connectivity; logistics networks and transport networks; city
development and urban mobility. Based on these, specific areas of cooperation
identified are: innovative public transport solutions, transport
infrastructures, urban logistics solutions. Transport
research cooperation with a focus on transfer and capacity building of urban
transport innovations (public transport, integrated planning, city logistics,
road infrastructure), supported by two FP7 coordination and support actions
SOLUTIONS and VIAGIO PLUS, may lead to more targeted actions in the future.
Management of marine environment and
resources: The Mediterranean Sea is characterised by a combination of coastal
and open sea dynamics and is often referred to as "miniature ocean"
and a physical laboratory for marine environmental research. It is also one of
the richest European regions in terms of species diversity. Therefore, together
with their Northern counterparts the South Mediterranean countries have a
direct interest in the sustainable management of the Mediterranean and the
development of joint marine and maritime research and innovation. This direct
interest was clearly expressed during the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)
Ministerial on Environment and Climate Change, held in Athens on 13 May 2014.
In the ministerial declaration, countries renewed their support for the Horizon
2020 Initiative to de-pollute the Mediterranean Sea and reaffirmed the
continued relevance of its four components, one of which is Research.
Furthermore, UfM countries committed to develop the necessary incentives for
increasing knowledge and technology transfer, calling for intensifying the
efforts to transfer research results into policy decision-making. Several of
them are involved in large FP7 marine projects in particular PERSEUS and
COCONET funded under The Ocean of Tomorrow call together with Black Sea
countries.
Changing science in changing societies:
research and innovation need to understand the deep social, economic, political
transformations of the region. These need to be supported by research and
innovation, and by stronger engagement between R&I communities and the
broader society. In this context a huge potential is represented by the
scientific Diasporas of the South Mediterranean countries and the large young
population.  The priority is partly addressed in work programme 2014-2015 in
Societal Challenge 6 (targeted topic on the EU Neighbourhood policy, including
topics focussing on the Mediterranean and the broader Middle-East). 
Seismology: the Mediterranean area is a
seismic prone area. Every year, one or more intense earthquakes occur and cause
destruction and a number of victims. There is a need to improve
knowledge on the data, the methods, and the seismic hazard assessments, in
order to better quantify the uncertainties in the region. 
In addition to the above, the development
and/or exploitation of joint research infrastructures is of paramount
importance in the Euro-Mediterranean research cooperation given the lack of
high-quality and affordable research infrastructure in the region and their
importance in addressing adequately most of the shared societal challenges in
the broader Mediterranean region. This is addressed in work programme 2014-2015
in the Research Infrastructures programme where a topic has been included on
the development of an inventory of the Research Infrastructure capabilities in
the region (e.g. including the Jordanian efforts to build a synchrotron –
SESAME). Based on this, inventory cooperation actions will be identified (e.g.
solar power, renewable energies, repositories, the development of a regional
Research and Education Network – ASREN - and its interconnection to GÉANT through
Eumedconnect).
 Annex:          List of topics
encouraging cooperation with the Southern                               Mediterranean
in Horizon 2020 work programme 2014-15[117]
           2014   || Identifier || Short title || Indicative budget (EUR million) 
 INFRASUPP 6  (Research Infrastructures) ||  International cooperation for research infrastructures || 7.00 
 MG 8.1 (Challenge 4) || Smarter design, construction and maintenance || 19.00 
 SFS 6 (Challenge 2) || Sustainable intensification pathways of agro-food systems in Africa || 1.00 
 SC5 19 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting research and innovation in the area of climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials-Facilitating transnational cooperation between NCPs in Societal Challenge 5 || 7.00 (for 2014 and 2015) 
   2015   || ISIB 3 (Challenge 2) || Unlocking the growth potential of rural areas through enhanced governance and social innovation || -- 
   || SFS 18 (Challenge 2) || Small farms but global markets: the role of small and family farms in food and nutrition security || 5.00 
   || WATER 5-3 (Challenge 5) || Strengthening international R&I cooperation in the field of water-Development of water supply and sanitation technology, systems and tools, and/or methodologies || - 
   || SC5 13 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting raw materials research and innovation capacity-Strategic international dialogues and cooperation with raw materials producing countries and industry || 8.00 
   || SC5 18 (Challenge 5) || Coordinating and supporting Earth Observation research and innovation in the EU, and in the North African, Middle East, and Balkan region || - 
   || INT 2 (Challenge 6) || Encouraging the research and innovation cooperation between the Union and selected regional partners (Southern Mediterranean) || 1.50 
   || INT 6 (Challenge 6) || Re-invigorating the partnership between the two shores of the Mediterranean || - 
 INT 7 (Challenge 6) || Towards a new geopolitical order in the South and East Mediterranean || - 
   || INT 9 (Challenge 6) || The European Union, Turkey and its wider neighbourhood: challenges and opportunities || - 
[1]               It should be noted that amounts mentioned in this
document for 2015 are subject to the availability of the appropriations
provided for in the draft budget for 2015 after the adoption of the budget for
2015 by the budgetary authority or, if the budget is not adopted, as provided
for in the system of provisional twelfths.
[2]
http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?step=0&redirect=true&treatyId=2041

[3]               http://erawatch.jrc.ec.europa.eu/erawatch/opencms/information/country_pages/br/country
[4]               http://www.cienciasemfronteiras.gov.br/web/csf-eng/home
[5]               http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2013/april/tradoc_151003.pdf
[6]               Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[7]               Erawatch Country Overview – Canada (updated 25
September 2013)
[8]               http://www.innovation.ca/sites/default/files/Rome2013/files/Canada-EU-US%20Galway%20Statement%20on%20Atlantic%20Research%20Cooperation%202013.pdf

[9]               http://www.jpi-oceans.eu
[10]             http:// www.seas-era.eu
[11]             http://www.eu-interact.org/
[12]             The Arctic Council received the application of the EU
for observer status affirmatively, but deferred a 
                final decision on
implementation until the Council Ministers agree by consensus with the
understanding 
                that the EU may
observe Council proceedings until such time as the Council acts on the letter's
proposal.
[13]             http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius/ius-2014_en.pdf

[14]             https://www.innovationpolicyplatform.org

[15]             http://www.northernstrategy.gc.ca/

[16]             http://www.arcticobserving.org/

[17]             http://www.irdirc.org/

[18]             http://www.gacd.org 
[19]             http://www.hfsp.org 
[20]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[21]             See also https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/horizon-2020-whats-it-china
[22]             http://icgc.org/
[23]             http://www.irdirc.org/
[24]             http://www.gacd.org
[25]             http://ihec-epigenomes.org
[26]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[27]             Supported through the FP7 Capacities INCO programme
[28]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[29]             http://www.ihec-epigenomes.org/
[30]             http://www.human-microbiome.org/
[31]             https://icgc.org/
[32]             http://www.hfsp.org/
[33]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[34]             BILAT project supported through the FP7 Capacities INCO
programme  (Oct 2013 – Sept 2016)
[35]             http://www.haneurope.com; http://www.haneurope.or.kr
[36]             OECD Reviews of Innovation
policy – Korea (2009)  http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264067233-en

[37]             http://www.irdirc.org/ 
[38]             http://glopidr.globe-network.org 
[39]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[40]             National Science Board, Science and Engineering
Indicators 2012, p. 4-47.
[41]             http://www.bilat-rus.eu

[42]             The four pillars are (1) economy & environment, (2)
freedom, security & justice, (3) external security,           (4) research
& education, including cultural aspects.
[43]             BILAT RUS Deliverable D 1.2 – Several case studies of
good cooperation practice in S&T (continuously) and analytical summary
report on the lessons learnt, Authors Dr. Anna Pikalova, Alexander Grigoriev,
February 2011.
[44]             The six Mega Science Projects are : Fourth Generation
Special-purpose Synchrotron Radiation Source         (SSRS-4 project);
International project “IGNITOR”; Exawatt Center for Extreme Light Studies   (XCELS
project); Nuclotron-based Ion Collider Facility (NICA project);  Super C-τ
Factory; The     Scientific and Research Reactor Complex PIK
[45]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[46]             http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/index.cfm/links/index

[47]             SA Human Sciences Research Council
[48]             OECD Main science and technology indicators 2010
[49]             Human Sciences Research
Council (HSRC), National Survey of Research and Experimental          Development (2008/2009 Fiscal
Year)
[50]             Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAF), The PhD
Study, September 2010
[51]             Thomson Reuters, Global Research Report, Africa, April
2010
[52]             http://www.esastap.org.za/

[53]             http://www.edctp.org/
[54]             http://www.erafrica.eu/fr/
[55]             http://www.edctp.org/

[56]             http://www.dialoguefacility.org/

[57]             http://www.acp-st.eu/fr/node/1192

[58]             http://www.africa-eu-partnership.org/newsroom/all-news/african-union-research-grants-grants-2nd-
            call-are-signed 
[59]             Most of the information comes from the report entitled
‘map of the innovation landscape in South               Africa and framework
conditions’, prepared by the FP7 funded bilateral project ESASTAP Plus.
[60]             OECD Review Report on South Africa (2006)
[61]             http://www.etsi.org/membership/current-members  
[62]             The EU-SA JSTCC takes place on a yearly basis in the
context of the EU-SA S&T Cooperation      Agreement
[63]             http://www.imi.europa.eu/

[64]             http://www.gacd.org/
                                       
[65]             http://www.earthobservations.org/about_geo.shtml

[66]             http://www.ocean-partners.org/

[67]             http://www.geonetcab.eu/

[68]             http://www.skatelescope.org/

[69]             http://www.aerap.org/africanradioastronomy.php?id=32 
[70]             http://www.jive.nl/ 
[71]             http://www.ecrin.org/

[72]             http://www.elixir-europe.org/

[73]             http://www.eu-openscreen.de/
[74]             Galway Statement (May 2013)
[75]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[76]             http://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/evaluation-eu-us-agreement-st.pdf
[77]             Erawatch Country Overview – United States (updated 25
September 2013)
[78]             http://www.euussciencetechnology.eu/,
BILAT project funded through the FP7 Capacities INCO programme 
[79]             http://www.jpi-oceans.eu

[80]             http://www.seas-era.eu

[81]             http://www.seas-era.eu,
http://www.euro-basin.eu  
[82]             http://www.eu-interact.org/,
http://www.eurofleets.eu 
[83]             http://www.edctp.org

[84]             http://www.whitehouse.gov//sites/default/files/national_ocean_policy_implementation_plan.pdf

[85]             http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/2013_arctic_research_plan.pdf

[86]             COM(2012) 494 final - Blue
Growth opportunities for marine and maritime sustainable growth
[87]             COM(2013) 279 final - Action
Plan for a Maritime Strategy in the Atlantic area Delivering smart, sustainable
and inclusive growth
[88]             http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-459_en.htm

[89]             http://www.irdirc.org/

[90]             http://www.gacd.org/

[91]             http://www.hfsp.org/

[92]             http://www.edctp.org
[93]             http://ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/geoghegan
           quinn/headlines/news/2012/20120124_meets_gates_en.htm
[94]             https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/

[95]             http://www.nih.gov/science/brain/

[96]             http://www.nature.com/news/brain-mapping-projects-to-join-forces-1.14871

[97]             https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/

[98]             http://www.nih.gov/science/brain/

[99]             Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[100]            Hereafter referred to as Moldova
[101]            "A new response to a
changing neighbourhood", Joint Communication (EC/High Representative for
the       EU Foreign Affairs and Security Policy) to the European Parliament,
the Council, the European      economic and Social Committee and the Committee
of the Regions, COM (2011) 303 of 25 May 2011
[102]            Source INCONET-EECA White Paper, compilation of national
statistics 
 [103]           http://www.inco-eap.net,
INCO-NET supported through the FP7 Capacities INCO programme 
[104]            www.east-invest.eu 
[105]            Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.
[106]            For the purpose of this paper the South Mediterranean
region includes the ENP countries in the South,          namely Algeria,
Morocco, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Palestine, Tunisia and Syria.  However,
when looking at the statistical data offered below, it should be noted that
Israel was     associated to FP7 and is associated to Horizon 2020, making its
situation completely different from the              one of third countries not
associated to FP.  It can be also noted that Turkey, a major country in the             South
Mediterranean/Middle East, is not covered as it is a Candidate to EU membership
– thus not        covered by the ENP- and was associated to FP7.
[107]            A partnership for democracy and shared prosperity, COM
(2011) 200 8.03.2011 and A new response to     a changing Neighbourhood, COM
(2011) 303 25.05.2011. Joint Communication of 25 May 2011 of the      High
Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and the
Commission on ‘A             New Response to a Changing Neighbourhood’,
COM(2011) 303
[108]         http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/external_relations/relations_with_third_countries/mediterranean             _partner_countries/r15001_en.htm 
[109]            Final report of the INCO project n°INCO-CT-2004-510696
ESTIME: Towards science and             technology evaluation in the
Mediterranean Countries.
[110]            http://www.medspring.eu

[111]            http://www.eranetmed.eu 
[112]            http://www.arimnet.net 
[113]            http://www.foresterra.eu 
[114]            DG ENTR Euro-Mediterranean
industrial cooperation  2014-2015 work programme-16.01.2014.  
[115]            Partnership in Research and Innovation in the
Mediterranean Area
[116]            http://www.gacd.org/
[117]            Budgetary amounts are mentioned only where these are
identified at topic level in the work programme. This may include support for
several actions, possibly also targeted towards other partner countries and/or
regions.