COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on guarantees covered by the general budget - Situation at 31 December 2013
Date: 2014-08-29
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EIB loan, EU Member State, EU loan, Euratom loan, Mediterranean third countries, budgetary reserve (EU), credit guarantee, economic stabilisation, financial aid, general budget (EU), macroeconomics, third country













EUR-Lex - 52014SC0269 - EN











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52014SC0269

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on guarantees covered by the general budget - Situation at 31 December 2013 /* SWD/2014/0269 final */









Table of Contents
1............ Introduction. 3
2............ Overview of capital
loan operations covered by the EU guarantee. 3
2.1......... Risk factors. 6
2.2......... Cumulative and annual EU
budget guarantee exposures. 7
2.3......... Borrowings for loan
operations covered by the EU budget guarantee. 9
2.4......... Evolution of risk. 11
2.4.1...... Situation of loans to
Member States at 31 December 2013. 11
2.4.2...... Situation of loans to third
countries. 13
2.4.3...... Borrowing/lending
operations. 14
2.4.4...... Guarantees given to third
parties. 16
2.4.5...... Default interest penalties
for late payment 16
3............ Country-risk
evaluation. 16
3.1......... Member States. 17
3.1.1...... Bulgaria. 17
3.1.2...... Hungary. 18
3.1.3...... Ireland. 19
3.1.4...... Latvia. 21
3.1.5...... Portugal 22
3.1.6...... Romania. 23
3.2......... Candidate countries. 25
3.2.1...... Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia. 25
3.2.2...... Montenegro. 26
3.2.3...... Serbia. 28
3.2.4...... Turkey. 29
3.3......... Potential candidate
countries. 30
3.3.1...... Albania. 30
3.3.2...... Bosnia and Herzegovina. 32
3.4......... ENP countries. 33
3.4.1...... Armenia. 33
3.4.2...... Ukraine. 34
3.5......... Mediterranean partners. 36
3.5.1...... Egypt 36
3.5.2...... Lebanon. 37
3.5.3...... Morocco. 39
3.5.4...... Syria. 40
3.5.5...... Tunisia. 41
3.6......... Other countries. 43
3.6.1...... Brazil 43
3.6.2...... South Africa. 44
3.6.3...... Tajikistan. 46
1.           Introduction
This working document is published in
parallel with the report of the Commission to the European Parliament and the
Council on guarantees covered by the EU budget at 31 December 2013. It provides
further information on the risk borne by the EU budget related to Member States and third countries. An overview of the outstanding amount of loans covered
by the EU budget under each programme is presented in section 2. The third
countries representing important risks to the EU budget in 2013, and either
categorised as “severely indebted” according to criteria set by the World Bank
or facing significant imbalances in their external or debt situation, are
included in the country risk evaluation in section 3. The evaluation comprises
short analyses and tables of risk indicators. Data concerning EU loans are
processed by the Commission whereas EIB figures have been provided by the Bank.
The evaluated countries are grouped in 6
sub-sections: (3.1.) Member States, (3.2.) Candidate countries, (3.3.)
Potential candidate countries, (3.4.) ENP countries, (3.5.) Mediterranean
partners and (3.6.) Other countries.
2.           Overview of capital loan
operations covered by the EU guarantee
Table A1 shows the outstanding amount of
capital in respect of borrowing and lending operations for which the risk is
covered by the EU budget. The figures show the maximum possible risk for the EU
 for these operations and must not be read as meaning that these amounts will
actually be drawn from the Guarantee Fund for external actions ("the
Fund") or the EU budget. 
·                        
Explanatory notes to table (A1)
(a)                   
Authorised ceiling (Table A1): this is the
aggregate of the maximum amounts of capital authorised (ceilings) for each
operation decided by the Council or by the European Parliament and the Council.
(b)                   
Capital outstanding (Table A1): this is the
amount of capital still to be repaid on a given date in respect of operations
disbursed.
·                        
EIB financing operations
EIB
financing operations represent 30% of the total outstanding loan operations
covered by the EU budget. 
The
following table provides further details on the breakdown of EIB financing
operations.
2.1.        Risk factors
Factor increasing the risk:
·     
the interest on the loans must be added to the
authorised ceiling.
·     
An additional factor to be considered is that
some loans are disbursed in currencies other than the EUR. Due to exchange rate
fluctuations, the ceiling may be exceeded when the amounts disbursed are
converted into EUR at the year end..
Factors reducing the risk:
–                        
limitation of the guarantee given to the EIB[1]:
75% of the total
amounts of loans signed in the Mediterranean countries based on the
Mediterranean protocols of 1977 and Council Regulations 1762/92/EEC and
1763/92/EEC;
70% of the total
amounts of loans signed as part of lending operations with certain non‑Member
States authorised by Council Decisions 96/723/EC, 97/256/EC, 98/348/EC and
98/729/EC;
The 65% guarantee rate
covers two different mandates:
·                    
regarding the 2000/2007 Mandate, the EU budget
guarantee is restricted to 65% of the aggregate amount of credits opened (i.e.
loans signed and not cancelled) plus all related sums authorised by Council
Decisions 1999/786/EC[2]
and 2008/580/EC (codified version)[3],
·                    
for the 2007-2013 Mandate, the EU budget
guarantee is restricted to 65% of the aggregate amount of credits disbursed and
guarantees provided under EIB financing operations, less amounts reimbursed,
plus all related amounts authorised by Decision No 1080/2011/EU of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2011 granting an EU guarantee to
the European Investment Bank against losses under loans and loan guarantees for
projects outside the Union and repealing Decision No 633/2009/EC[4],
–                        
operations already repaid; 
–                        
the ceilings are not necessarily taken up in
full;
–                        
in some cases, notably private sector
operations, the EU budget guarantee covers only well defined political risk
events, with the EIB (or a third party guarantee) covering other risks (e.g.
commercial).
2.2.        Cumulative and annual EU
budget guarantee exposures
With the amortization profile based on the
existing loans disbursed it is possible to calculate the total capital exposure
of the EU budget and the total capital and interest payments due to be received
each year. The following table A2 includes the estimated amount of principal
and interest due each financial year by each country according to disbursements
made until 31 December 2013[5].
2.3.        Borrowings
for loan operations covered by the EU budget guarantee 
The EU
budget covers two types of operations. These are:
(a)                   
Borrowing for lending operations to Member
States. These relate to BOP, EFSM and to lending granted to certain Member
States prior to their EU accession under MFA, Euratom (table A3a) and EIB
guaranteed financing operations (Annex to table A1).
(b)                   
Borrowings for lending operations to non Member
States are covered by the Fund. These include MFA, Euratom (Table A3b) and EIB
guaranteed lending operations to third countries or Member States before
accession to the EU (Annex to table A1).
2.4.        Evolution of risk
The evolution of risk corresponds to the
schedule of the total annual repayments (amount in capital including interests
due) under all financial instruments covered by the EU budget. In case of loans
to Member States, the risk is directly covered by the EU budget. Regarding
loans to third countries, the risk is covered in the first instance by the Fund.
2.4.1.     Situation of loans to Member
States at 31 December 2013
Member States represented in 2013 72.6% of
the EU budget exposure (cumulated total risk borne by the EU budget, see table
A2 of the SWD) with the following breakdown between the financial instruments: 
The total outstanding of Member States
amounts to EUR 55,557 million (EUR 55,599 million at 31.12.2012). No loans were
disbursed in 2013. Romania made the final re-payment of its MFA loan in 2013. 
Graph A1: Total Annual Risk to the EU
budget[6]
relating to Member States at 31.12.2013 (EUR million) for the period 2014-2020
(based on amortization plans of existing loans)
As Graph 1 illustrates, the main risk for
the EU budget is linked to EFSM loans.
2.4.2.     Situation of loans to third
countries
At 31 December 2013, a total of EUR 1,057
million remained to be disbursed (loans signed but not yet disbursed) by the
EIB under the EUR 20,060 million EIB external lending mandate for 2000
– 2007:
At the same date, an amount of EUR 13,262
million remained to be disbursed under commitments made under the EIB external
mandate for 2007-2013.
For both mandates (2000-2007 and
2007-2013), loans have to be drawn within 10 years from
the end of the Mandate.
Graph A2: Total Annual Risk borne by the
EU budget related to third countries (EUR million) at 31.12.2013 for the
period 2014-2020 (based on amortization plans of existing loans)
As graph A2 illustrates, the weight of MFA and
Euratom loans are marginal in the total annual risk.
Graph A2 presents the result of
simulations aiming at estimating the outstanding amount covered by the Fund for
the period 2014 to 2020. These simulations are based on disbursements of loans
signed and disbursed at the reporting date under all EIB mandates. 
Payment under
the EU budget guarantees
The EU borrows on financial markets and on‑lends
the proceeds to Member States (balance of payment, EFSM) and to third
countries (macro-financial assistance) or utility companies (Euratom). 
Procedures have been set up to guarantee
the repayments of the borrowings due by the EU and also the guarantees given in
connection with the EIB financing operations.
2.4.3.     Borrowing/lending
operations
The loan repayments are scheduled to match
the repayments of the borrowings due by the EU. If the recipient of the loan is
in default, the Commission will first draw on its own cash resources to ensure
a timely repayment of the EU borrowing on the contractual due date.
Should the amounts needed for the necessary
cash coverage exceed, for a certain period or date, the available treasury funds
of the Commission, the Commission would, in accordance with Article 12 of
Council Regulation No 1150/2000[7],
draw on additional cash resources from the Member States in order to fulfil its
legal obligations towards its lenders. 
In the case of BOP loans, where amounts to
be reimbursed can be very high, the beneficiary Member States are required to
transfer the amounts due to the European Central Bank 7 business days in advance
of the contractual due date. This gives enough time for the Commission and Member States to provide for the cash advance to ensure timely repayment in case of
default. The same process is being applied for the EFSM loans with 14 days lead
time.
In a second step, the treasury situation
would be regularised as follows:
Euratom and MFA loans
a)            
if the payment delay reaches three months after
the due date:
-  for loans outside the EU, the Commission draws on the Fund to cover
the default and to replenish its treasury; 
-  for loans inside the EU, the amounts are directly covered by the EU
budget.
b)            
the Commission might also need to draw on the EU
budget, most likely by means of a transfer, to provide the corresponding budget
lines under articles "01 03 04  Guarantee for Euratom borrowings to
improve the degre of efficiency and safety of nuclear power stations in third
countries" or "01 04 03 Guarantee for Euratom borrowings" or
"01 03 03 European Union Guarantee for Union borrowings for
macro-financial assistance to third countries" with the necessary
appropriations needed to cover the default. This method is used when there are
insufficient appropriations in the Fund or if the borrower is a Member State[8] and the transfers are
likely to require advance authorisation by the budgetary authority. 
c)            
The recovered funds may either be kept on the Fund
account (the next annual provisioning from the EU budget being reduced
accordingly) or re-paid to the EU budget.
BOP and EFSM loans
a)            
the Commission may need to propose a transfer or
an Amending Budget to budget the cash advance under the corresponding budget
line "01 02 02 European Union guarantee for Union borrowings for
balance-of-payments support" or "01 02 03 European Union guarantee
for Union borrowings for financial assistance under the European financial
stabilisation mechanism".
b)            
The recovered funds will be re-paid to the EU budget.
2.4.4.     Guarantees given to third
parties
The EU provides a guarantee in respect of
financing granted by the EIB under the external mandates. When the recipient of
a guaranteed financing fails to make a payment on the due date, the EIB asks
the Commission to pay via the Fund the amounts owed by the defaulting entity in
accordance with the relevant guarantee agreement.
The guarantee call must be paid within
three months of receiving the EIB's request, either from the Fund[9]
or directly from the EU budget should the resources of the Fund be insufficient[10].
The EIB administers the loan with all the
care required by good banking practice and is obliged to seek the recovery of
the payments due after the guarantee has been activated.
2.4.5.     Default interest penalties for
late payment
a)            
EU or Euratom loans
-  For loans granted by the EU or Euratom, default interest is owed by
loan beneficiaries for the time between the date at which cash resources are
made available by the EU budget and the date of repayment to the EU. 
b)            
EIB loans
-  For EIB loans, EIB is entitled to default interest which is
calculated during the period between the due date of a defaulted loan
instalment and the date of receipt of the cash resources by the EIB from the
Commission. From the latter date, default interest is due to the Commission.
3.           Country-risk evaluation
Countries benefitting from EU loans and/or representing
important risks to the EU budget, and either categorised as “severely indebted”
according to criteria set by the World Bank or facing significant imbalances in
their external or debt situation, are included in the country risk evaluation.
The evaluation presented below comprises
short macroeconomic analyses and tables of risk indicators. The evaluated
countries are grouped in 6 sub-sections: (3.1.) Member States, (3.2.) Candidate
countries, (3.3.) Potential candidate countries, (3.4.) ENP countries, (3.5.) Mediterranean
partners and (3.6.) Other countries.
Explanatory notes for country-risk
indicators
Abbreviations used in tables
S&P: Standard and Poor's
FDI:
Foreign Direct Investment
GD:
Gross Domestic Product
CPI:
Consumer Price Index
est.: Estimates
m EUR: EUR million
n.a.:
not available
Standard footnotes used in the table
1)         Includes
only EU and EIB loans (outstanding disbursements) to CEEC[11], NIS[12] and MED[13].
2)         The
higher the ranking number, the lower the creditworthiness of the country.
Countries are rated on a scale of zero to 185 or to 100 (the number of
countries has been reduced from 185 to 100 from January 2011). 185,
respectively 100, represents the highest risk of default. A given country may
improve its rating and still fall in the ranking if the average global rating
for all rated countries improves.
3.1.        Member States
3.1.1.     Bulgaria
The post-crisis recovery has been
relatively muted in Bulgaria, with growth reaching only 0.9% in 2013. Growth
has been driven by strong exports, while domestic demand has remained subdued,
in spite of robust growth in household real incomes.  The current account
deficit reverted close to balance since 2010 and even reached a surplus of
about 2% in 2013. The external financing needs of the country are thus limited
and the net international investment position has improved over recent years,
albeit from a relatively high negative stock level. At the same time, gross
foreign reserves of the Central Bank remained at fairly comfortable levels, covering
about six months of imports. Labour market was strongly hit by the crisis and
the unemployment increase has levelled off only in 2013 at over 13% of the
working age population. The inflation rate has decelerated sharply over the
recent years, turning strongly negative since summer 2013. This reflects a broad-based
decline in import prices, the good harvest in 2013 that led to lower food
prices, weak domestic demand pressures, and lowered administratively-set prices
(mainly energy and healthcare).
The stability of the banking sector has
been preserved and the sector continues to have strong overall capital buffers.
Non-performing loans have stabilised at a relatively high level, but remain
well-provisioned. Credit growth has resumed in some tradable sectors. After
strong fiscal consolidation over 2010-2012, the deficit turned to a rise in
2013 (from -0.8% of GDP in 2012 to - 1.5% of GDP in 2013), driven by a soft
patch in economic recovery and some expenditure increases. Nevertheless, public
finances remain overall strong and the debt level relatively low at below about
19% of GDP in 2013.
3.1.2.     Hungary
After
re-entering into recession in 2012, Hungary experienced a moderate recovery in
2013, with real GDP growth estimated at 1.1%. On the demand side, household
consumption started to recover on the back of rising real incomes, while public
investment posted a solid growth mainly due to an accelerated absorption of EU
funds. Despite the sluggish growth, employment reached over 4 million in the
last quarter of 2013, a level not seen since the early 1990s. However,
employment gains are mainly occurring due to the extension of public work
programmes. Inflation fell to a historically low rate of well below 1% in the
last months of 2013, mostly as a result of three successive waves of cuts in
regulated energy and other utility prices. The current account is expected to
record a surplus of around 3% of GDP in 2013, for the fifth consecutive year,
mainly reflecting an increasing trade surplus. At the same time, gross foreign
reserves of the National Bank of Hungary continues to remain at fairly
comfortable levels (some EUR 34 billion), covering around four and half months
of imports at the end-2013. 
The Hungarian
banking sector is considered as broadly stable with adequate liquidity and
solvency levels. At the same time, it has not contributed to economic growth
since the outbreak of the financial crisis in late 2008 as lending has still remained
sluggish. The Hungarian excessive deficit procedure was abrogated by the
Council in June 2013. Based on preliminary annual data, the 2013 budgetary
outturn is estimated at -2.4% of GDP. At the same time, despite large one-off
capital transfers following the abolition of the mandatory private pension
scheme in 2011 and a significant improvement in the structural fiscal balance
over recent years, the government debt-to-GDP ratio has remained broadly stable
since 2009, hovering around 80% of GDP, reflecting low economic growth and high
financing costs. Given relatively favourable financing conditions on global debt
markets for the most part of 2013 as well as persistent current and capital account
surpluses, Hungary has been successful in rolling over its maturing
international obligations, while increasing the role of households in sovereign
financing. Nevertheless, in view of the high gross rollover needs, including a
sizeable FX portion, Hungary remains vulnerable to financial market shocks.
3.1.3.     Ireland
After two years of moderate expansion, GDP
growth in 2013 was -0.3%, in part due to a surge in imports and lower than
expected real private consumption in the final quarter of the year. Falling
output in the pharmaceutical sector has had a continued negative effect on
merchandise trade, while trade in services grew robustly. However, steady
improvements across all key labour market indicators and a surge in machinery
and equipment investment provide a truer barometer of the domestic recovery
than the volatile quarterly national accounts data. These indicators are also
in line with high-frequency data showing a return to confidence for both
business and consumers. Inflation has remained muted, with HICP inflation at 0.5%
yoy in 2013, well below the euro-area average of 1.3%. This was due to lower
energy prices, low imported inflation and the lack of wage pressures. Unemployment
fell to an estimated 11.8% in March 2014. A feature of the improved conditions
is the continued reduction in the numbers of long-term unemployment, which though
high at over 60% of the unemployed, fell by 11.8% in the year to December 2013.
Despite some improvements, the financial sector remains
vulnerable with non-performing loans (NPLs) at nearly 25% of total loans in
2013 and negative private-sector credit growth over the last few years. Only
one of the three main domestic banks was profitable in 2013. The government
recapitalised the three systemic Irish banks in 2011. One of these three main
banks' restructuring plans is still being formulated. More recently, bank
liquidity and funding has improved, while the regulatory and supervisory
framework has been strengthened. Still, regaining profitability remains
challenging though it is improving. In 2013, the government deficit declined by
1 pp. (from 8.2% of GDP in 2012) to 7.2% of GDP. The improvement mostly stems
from higher tax revenues (about 1.5 pps. of GDP) and a reduction in primary
expenditure (of 0.4 pp. of GDP), more than offsetting an increase in
debt-servicing costs (of 0.9 pp. of GDP). In structural terms, the 2013 general
government deficit is estimated to have improved by 1.6 pps. of GDP. General government
debt peaked at 123.7% of GDP at the end of 2013. In December 2013, Ireland exited successfully the EU-IMF financial assistance programme which provided EUR 67.5
billion in funds from external sources (EU, IMF and bilateral loans from the UK, Denmark and Sweden).
3.1.4.     Latvia
The Latvian economy grew by 4.1% in 2013,
according to the latest estimate. Following a cumulative GDP contraction of
about 20% in 2008-10, the country experienced a steep recovery afterwards and
was among the fastest growing in Europe in 2011-13. The growth outlook also
remains favourable. The fiscal position remained sound amid low inflation and
interest rates, allowing the country to meet the convergence criteria and to
successfully adopt the euro as of 1 January 2014. The year-average inflation,
as measured by the harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP), slowed from 2.3%
in 2012 to 0% in 2013 and is expected to rebound to about 2% in 2014-15. The
unemployment rate for the age group of 15-74 fell to 11.9% in 2013 from 15% in
2012. The rate is projected to decline further to less than 10% by 2015.
Sound fiscal performance over the past
years have stabilised the general government debt at levels well below the
benchmark of 60% of GDP. The general budget deficit is estimated at 1% of GDP
in 2013, staying stable in comparison with 2012. The 2014 budget targets a deficit
of 0.9% of GDP. The general government debt dropped to about 38% of GDP at the
end of 2013 but is projected to rebound slightly to nearly 39% of GDP in 2014 as
the Treasury is accumulating additional cash buffers in order to pre-fund large
repayments under the BOP programme due in early 2014 and early 2015. Latvia repaid ahead of schedule all outstanding liabilities to the IMF in 2012 and
repeatedly tapped the international bond markets at relatively low yields over
the past years. Apart from the good economic performance, the access to
bond markets was further facilitated by a series of rating upgrades in 2013. The
government intends to continue tapping international markets in 2014 to further
pre-fund debt service in 2015. The well-established access to bond markets and
favourable terms of debt refinancing, as well as the sound fiscal and growth
performance, lead to the overall assessment of very low debt refinancing risks
for Latvia.
3.1.5.     Portugal
The economic recovery is strengthening. After
three consecutive years of negative output growth, Portugal real GDP growth is
increasing on quarterly basis led by investment and exports. The labour market
outlook is improving in line with the better GDP performance. Employment is increasing, and the unemployment rate is declining
from very high levels month after month. Following the recent positive economic
developments and the short-run economic indicators to date, GDP is now expected
to rise by 1.2 percent in 2014 while unemployment is projected to turn around
its trend and to decrease to 15.7 percent, from 16.5 percent in 2013. The
current account balance, which moved into surplus in 2013 for the first time in
20 years period, is expected to improve further, although at a more moderate
pace than before. In order to ensure the positive economic momentum, continued
structural reforms are needed to reinforce and sustain the switch to an
export-led growth model. A wide array of structural reforms has already been
adopted, and these reforms are expected to have a positive impact on growth and
job creation in the coming years.
Fiscal targets remain attainable. The
necessary fiscal adjustment is fully on track after 2013 budget deficit came in
4.9 percent of GDP, significantly below the target of 5.5 percent of GDP. This
outcome reflects better revenue performance, including collections from the
one-off tax and social security debt recovery scheme, and prudent expenditure
control. The 2014 deficit target of 4.0 percent of GDP has been confirmed, with
the improved economic outlook implying more evenly balanced risks around this
target. 
The stabilisation of the financial sector
has been preserved, but low profitability, high NPL ratios and high corporate
debt levels pose major challenges. Capital buffers are
broadly adequate, and liquidity conditions have improved further. However,
banks profitability remains depressed, and reducing the corporate debt overhang
requires a strategic plan to facilitate debt workouts, particularly for viable
small and medium-sized companies.
Market sentiment towards the Portuguese
sovereign has further improved. Yields on sovereign debt have continued to
tighten, and recent bond issues combined with remaining program disbursements
ensure that the public sector’s financing needs for 2014 are fully covered. Public
debt remains high but is sustainable provided the reform momentum is maintained
beyond the Programme horizon. 
3.1.6.     Romania
Real GDP growth in 2013 has come out at
3.5%, thanks to a strong export performance driven by a robust industrial
output and an abundant harvest. Growth is forecast to decelerate in 2014, to
2.3%, before slightly recovering to 2.5% in 2015. It is projected to remain
above potential over 2014-2015, reflecting improved confidence and more
supportive international conditions. Growth drivers are expected to gradually
switch from (net) exports to domestic demand in 2014 and 2015. HICP inflation
sharply declined in the second half of 2013 to reach 1.3% (y-o-y) in December.
Annual average inflation is projected to decelerate from 3.2% in 2013 to 2.4%
in 2014. In 2013, the unemployment rate has risen somewhat to 7.2%. 
After a strong adjustment in 2013, the
current-account deficit is expected to gradually widen in 2014-15. The current
account deficit has declined significantly in 2013 (to around 1% of GDP),
mainly due to a much lower trade deficit. The growth contribution of the
external sector is expected to be marginally positive in 2014 and to turn moderately
negative in 2015. The stable external position shall reduce Romania's vulnerability to the financial market volatility affecting emerging economies.
The budget deficit in Romania is estimated to have been reduced to 2.6% of GDP in 2013, from 3% in 2012,
according to the Commission services' Winter Forecast 2014. For 2014, the
budget deficit is forecast at 2.2% of GDP.  Romania has set its medium-term
objective (MTO) at -1% of GDP, to be reached by 2015 in line with the country-specific
recommendations for Romania. Government debt increased from 30.5% of GDP in
2010 to 38.3% of GDP in 2013 and is forecast to peak at just above 39% of GDP
in 2014.
Financial market conditions have
significantly improved throughout 2013 even if some volatility was noticeable
in May-June 2013 mainly due to changes in global market sentiment. 2014 started
on a positive note, as CDS sovereign spreads have come further down, reaching
around 180 basis points in late 2013/early 2014. The government is further
optimising its debt management. A third consecutive, joint EU/IMF financial
assistance programme, which the authorities treat as precautionary, was
formally agreed in autumn 2013. 
3.2.        Candidate countries
3.2.1.     Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
The economic recovery, which started in the
second half of 2012, gained firm ground in 2013, in spite of a significant drop
in investment. Output growth amounted to 3.1% on average, carried by net
exports and private consumption, which picked up in particular in the first
semester despite sluggish wage growth. Mainly on account of slower prices
increases in food and clothing, as well as the declining cost of housing and
electricity, annual consumer price inflation decelerated significantly in the second
half of the year and averaged 2.8% for the year as a whole. In view of revenue
shortfalls and payment of arrears, the 2013 target for the central government
budget deficit had to be revised upwards in the autumn, to 3.9% from 3.6% of
GDP, and eventually turned out at 4%. The government plans fiscal consolidation
based on current expenditure cuts, and has set the 2014 deficit target at 3.5%.
However, given frontloaded entitlement spending, the deficit already reached
some 40% of the annual target in the first two months of 2014. 
Government debt increased further in 2013
and beyond, and stood at 35.8% of GDP at the end of 2013, up from 34.1% at the
end of 2012. The trade deficit narrowed, leading to an improvement in the
current account balance by 1.1 percentage point to 1.9% of GDP, even though
current transfers declined by about 2 percentage points, to some 20% of GDP.
Official reserves have been declining since end-2012, mainly on account of
valuation effects, and cover about 4.5 months of prospective imports. Gross
external debt stood at some 68% of GDP at the end of the year, which was only
marginally higher than one year earlier. At end-November 2013, the rating
agency S&P's upheld its BB-/B rating for long- and short-term local and
foreign currency sovereign credit.
3.2.2.     Montenegro
Montenegro’s
economy emerged from recession in 2013 when real GDP expanded by an estimated
3.5%. Growth has been largely driven by net exports of electric energy and
tourism services, the latter with positive spill-over effects on retail trade.
Despite some adjustment, external imbalances still remain large. Thanks to the
decline of imports and the growth of exports, particularly from energy and
tourism, the current account deficit narrowed to 14.6% of GDP in 2013, down
from 18.7% a year earlier. The trade deficit shrank to 40% of GDP, down from
44% a year before. The services and income balances surpluses recorded some
gains, but some deceleration was recorded in net current transfers. The current
account deficit was largely financed by net FDI inflows, amounting to some 10%
of GDP. Although portfolio investments and other investments net outflows
increased in 2013, these were offset by positive transfers recorded under net
errors and omissions of some 7.3% of GDP. 
Labour market imbalances reflect structural
factors and weak demand. In 2013, the unemployment rate declined to 19.5%, a
marginal improvement compared to 19.8% a year before. Weak labour conditions
exerted a downward pressure on wages. In 2013, nominal wages presented for a
third year in a row frail growth rates below 1% y-o-y. Consumer price inflation
continued to decline to 0.3% in December 2013. This led to a fall in average
inflation to 2.2% in 2013, down from 4.1% a year before. The strength of the
euro, together with lower international prices and favourable weather
conditions, reduced imported inflation on energy and food. 
As a result of budget consolidation
efforts, the 2013 budget performance improved compared to a year before,
despite the unplanned payment of substantial state guarantees, amounting to
around 3% of GDP. Revenue measures included an increase in the personal income
tax rate and in the standard VAT rate, while the stock of tax arrears was
reduced by some 0.8% of GDP, supporting the increase in budget revenue. On the
expenditure side, a freeze of pension and public sector wages, as well as cuts
in capital expenditure and transfers helped to bring the general government
deficit in line with the target of 2.7% of GDP, compared to a deficit of 6% a
year before, avoiding a budget revision during the year. In 2013, the debt to
GDP ratio increased by 4 percentage points to 58%. Stock-flow adjustments from
the activation of state guarantees contributed to the increase of both domestic
and external indebtedness. On 29 November, the ratings agency S&P's
affirmed Montenegro's long- and short-term BB-/B sovereign credit ratings,
albeit downgraded the outlook from stable to negative due to persistent
external vulnerabilities.
3.2.3.     Serbia
Following a recession in 2012, the economy
is estimated to have grown by 2.5% in 2013. In an environment of weak domestic
demand, the growth was entirely driven by exports. Inflation decelerated
rapidly, reaching a historical low of 1.6% (year-on-year) in November 2013,
before accelerating slightly to 2.2% in December. External imbalances decreased
substantially in 2013, driven by very strong export performance. The trade
deficit fell to 12.7% of GDP and the current account deficit was reduced by
half to around 5% of GDP. Net capital inflows remained far below their
pre-crisis level. However, official reserves were boosted by government
external borrowing and stood relatively high, covering more than eight months
of subsequent year imports of goods. Despite a small nominal increase, foreign
debt as a ratio to GDP fell to close to 82% of GDP, supported by a growing
economy and a broadly stable exchange rate. 
The shrinking external imbalance,
restrictive monetary policy and central bank interventions (on both sides) to smoothen
excessive daily volatility on the market have kept the dinar exchange rate
against the euro broadly stable. The central bank reacted to lower inflationary
pressure and expectations by reducing its key interest rate in several steps to
9.5% in December. The budget deficit reached 5.0% of GDP in 2013, lower
compared to the supplemental budget target of 5.3% of GDP and the 2012 deficit
of 6.5% of GDP. Budget execution was marked by significant revenue
underperformance and the deficit was contained only by across-the-board cuts to
current expenditure and investments. Government debt continued to increase in
2013, reaching some 63.7% of GDP – far above the legally binding limit of
45%.The deteriorating fiscal performance triggered a downgrade by Fitch of Serbia’s
long term sovereign credit rating to B+ in early January 2014. The IMF and the
authorities continued their discussions but have not yet reached an agreement
on a new precautionary Stand-By Arrangement.
3.2.4.     Turkey
Following a pronounced slowdown in 2012, Turkey's economy re-accelerated in the first half of 2013. This was helped by monetary
policy accommodation and a relatively large increase in public spending,
particularly investment. In the second half of the year, growth slowed again as
public spending was reined in. Quarter-on-quarter growth registered 0.8% in the
third and 0.5% in the fourth quarter. For 2013 as a whole, GDP growth amounted
to 4.0%, up from a revised 2.1% in 2012. The slowdown since mid-2013 has
happened in the context of a strong downward pressure on Turkish financial
markets, a 12% currency depreciation in real effective terms between April and
December 2013, a gradual removal of monetary policy stimulus, and
macro-prudential measures to rein in credit growth.
Employment increased by 2.0% in the course
of 2013. Since the labour force expanded by almost as much (1.9%), the
unemployment rate declined by only 0.1 percentage point to 10.0% in December
2013. Inflationary pressures have picked up in the wake of the depreciation and
headline inflation increased from 6.2% in December 2012 to 7.4% in December
2013. The current account deficit has widened to from 6.1% of GDP in 2012 to
7.9% in 2013 due to a turnaround in Turkey's external trade in non-monetary
gold. Over the course of the year, gross and net international reserves
amounted to, respectively, EUR 108 billion and EUR 34 billion at the end of
2013. Gross external debt increased in the course of 2013 to 47.3% of GDP (53%
at the year-end exchange rate). The fiscal deficit of general government is
estimated to have increased from 1.1% of GDP in 2012 to 1.6% in 2013, while the
debt-to-GDP ratio only edged up by 0.1 percentage point to 36.3% of GDP at the
end of 2013. In January 2014, the central bank tightened monetary policy significantly
in the context of a broad sell-off of Turkish bonds and stocks and strong
depreciation pressure against the lira.
3.3.        Potential candidate countries 
3.3.1.     Albania
Following a slowdown in economic activity
in 2012, growth effectively grounded to a halt in 2013 (0.4%). A substantial
fiscal stimulus ahead of the June elections and an overall positive
contribution of net exports was offset by sluggish private domestic demand that
was held back by financial constraints and low confidence among consumers and
investors. The negative output gap and the absence of supply-side shocks led to
a deceleration of inflation to below the lower end of the Bank of Albania's
(BoA) 2%-4% target range. This created room for monetary policy easing, with the
BoA lowering the key interest rate in several steps to a record low of 2.75% in
February 2014. However, the transmission of the monetary policy stimulus to the
economy remains constrained by the very high level of non-performing loans
(23.2% of total loans at the end of 2013), which contribute to high risk premia
and overall tight credit conditions applied by banks. This, together with weak
credit demand, led to a decline in lending. 
In 2013, the current account deficit
widened slightly to 10.6% of GDP. Although the still substantial trade deficit
narrowed significantly due to strong growth in exports of goods and a fall in
merchandise imports, the traditional surplus on the services account
practically disappeared as tourism outflows surpassed shrinking inflows. The
current transfer surplus also declined substantially thanks to the continued
trend towards lower remittances. However, FDI inflows were strong in 2013,
posting an annual increase of 39%. The overall balance of payments was
positive; as a result, official reserves increased and at year-end covered 4.6
months of imports. Large budgetary slippages, mostly on the revenue side,
caused the budget deficit in 2013 to rise to 4.8% of GDP, exceeding the initial
target of 3.5%. Public debt climbed to 65.2% of GDP at year-end, while
accumulated arrears made up a further 5.3% of GDP. Deteriorating public
finances led the authorities to request an economic assistance programme from
the IMF, which in February 2014 approved a 36-month Extended Fund Facility with
a total assistance of EUR 330 million. The programme aims to support economic
recovery and macroeconomic stability over the medium term, in particular by
reversing the upward trend in public debt and clearing the government's
arrears.
3.3.2.     Bosnia and Herzegovina
Following a recession in 2012 (-1.2%), a
moderate pick-up in economic activity is estimated in 2013 (1.5%) mainly on the
back of a strong growth of net exports, while domestic demand remained
depressed reflecting a high unemployment rate (44.5%) and limited scope for an
increase in disposable incomes. On a positive note, investment activity driven
by public sector projects showed some signs of revival after several years
being in a negative territory. In line with this, industrial production
steadily increased throughout the year, edging up by 6.6% in 2013 after a
decline of 5.3% in 2012. External imbalances narrowed in 2013 on the back of a
decline of the trade deficit, which shrank to 30.5% of GDP, down from 33.6% a
year before due to a strong growth in exports of goods and a fall in
merchandise imports. In addition, the services and income balances surpluses
recorded some gains although current transfers remained broadly flat.
Accordingly, the current account deficit nearly halved in 2013 to 5.5% of GDP,
down from 9.3% of GDP in 2012. As regards the capital account, net FDI inflows
continued their downward trend, covering thus only 35.3% of the current account
deficit. Boosted by government external borrowing, foreign exchange reserves
continued their upward trend and rose by 8.6%, thus covering 6.8 months of
imports by year-end 2013. 
Owing to falling prices in the food and
clothing industries which could only partly be balanced off by the increase in
prices of alcohol and tobacco , the annual CPI in 2013 turned negative (-0.1%)
compared to a rate of 2% in 2012. According to preliminary official estimates
the fiscal deficit amounted to 1% of GDP in 2013, which is below the deficit of
1.5% of GDP in 2012. In fact, the positive impact on revenues of the modest
revival of economic activity was only partly offset by a decrease of social
contributions and elevated VAT refunds. On the spending side, consolidation
measures in 2013 (e.g. a freeze of public sector wages and restrictive
employment policy in both entities and the central government) kept public
spending broadly flat. Consequently, public debt is estimated to have increased
only slightly to 44.3% of GDP. Despite some delay as of end-2013, the fifth
review of the Stand-By Arrangement with the IMF was completed in January 2014
and a nine-month extension, totalling EUR 153.6 million, was granted to meet
additional financing needs towards the end of 2014.
3.4.        ENP countries 
3.4.1.     Armenia
After growing by 7.1% in 2012, the economy
decelerated sharply to 3.2% in 2013 as a result of (i) a decline in
construction, (ii) a slowdown of domestic demand due to energy price hikes, and
(iii) a tight fiscal position. Inflationary trends intensified in 2013, with
inflation increasing to 5.8% from 2.5% in the prior year. Poverty level (32.4%
in 2012) and unemployment rate (16.2% in 2013) remain high. Regarding public
finances, the fiscal deficit increased modestly to 2.5% of GDP in 2013 compared
to 1.6% of GDP in 2012. Public debt is estimated to represent 45.4% of GDP at
the end of 2013, reflecting loans taken from the international community and a
successful Eurobond issue of USD 700 million. The total external debt to GDP
ratio increased from 76.2% in 2012 to 79.3% in 2013, while the debt servicing
ratio of the total external debt increased from 27.5% of exports of goods and
services in 2012 to 34.1% in 2013. Close to 84% of the public debt continues to
be formed by external liabilities, indicating significant exchange rate
vulnerability.
The external situation remains fragile.
Even though an improvement compared to 2012, when it reached 11.2% of GDP, the
current account deficit remained large, at 8.4% of GDP in 2013. FDI weakened by
25.3% in 2013, after increasing by 8.1% the prior year. In December 2013,
foreign reserves increased to USD 2,253 million or 5.2 months of the following
year's imports (from 4.3 months in December 2012). However, in February 2014
reserves dropped by 10.7%, to USD 2,013 million. The banking system remains
well capitalised, and non-performing loans were reduced to 4.5% of gross loans
in December 2013, from 5.9% in June 2013. However, dollarization remains high
(63.8% in loans and 59.7% in deposits at the end of 2013), making the economy
vulnerable to external shocks.
On March 7 2014, the IMF Executive Board
approved a new Extended Fund Facility programme of USD 125 million for 38
months. The new programme comes as a follow-up to the previous three-year
Extended Fund Facility and Extended Credit Facility programme, which was
successfully completed in July 2013. The IMF Debt Sustainability Analysis
(March 2014) concluded that Armenia's public and external debt dynamics are
sustainable. 
3.4.2.     Ukraine
Ukraine experienced
five consecutive quarters of negative growth between mid-2012 and end-2013 with
only a modest rebound in the last quarter of 2013 of 3.3% (year-on-year),
resulting in flat growth for the year 2013. The deceleration in GDP is mainly
due to a decline in industrial output, which suffered from very weak foreign
demand in the metals and machinery markets. The economic situation worsened
further in the first two months of 2014 due to the crisis. GDP is believed to
have receded between -3% and -4% in January and February. Inflation remained
low at 0.5% by the end of 2013, but reached 1.7% in the first two months of
2014 and is expected to increase to around 14% by end-2014 as a result of
currency devaluation and foreseen energy tariff increases.
The local currency hryvnia has depreciated
by 52% between the beginning of February 2014 and early April, amidst the
political turmoil, and remains highly volatile. The National Bank of Ukraine has presently no capacity to defend the hryvnia, as official reserves declined by
16% to USD 20.2 billion in the course of 2013, as a result of the large current
account deficit and significant debt repayments in late 2013. This negative
trend continued in 2014, with reserves declining to USD 15.1 billion at
end-March, covering less than two months of imports. Limited capital controls
remain in place. The current account continued to deteriorate in 2013 to an
estimated deficit of 9.2% of GDP as a result of decreased exports. Net FDI is
estimated to have dropped further from 5.0% of GDP in 2012 to 2.6% of GDP in
2013. In January-February 2014, the capital account deteriorated significantly
as a result of capital outflows, and net FDI was equal to zero.
The IMF reached a staff level agreement
with the Ukrainian authorities on 27 March 2014 on an economic reform programme
that could be supported by a 24-month Stand-By-Arrangement of up to USD 18
billion. The IMF management is planning to bring the proposal to the IMF Board
in end-April/early-May.
3.5.        Mediterranean partners
3.5.1.     Egypt
Following the ouster of President Morsi in
July 2013 and the appointment of a caretaker Government, Egypt's unstable political, social and security environment continues to negatively affect
the economy. The macroeconomic situation remains very weak and fragile, even
though the economy is not spiralling out of control, as a result of the
financial support provided by high capital inflows from Gulf countries. Despite
the vulnerable macro-economic situation, recent
developments suggest that the Egyptian authorities will not seek an arrangement
with the IMF in the short-term.
Real GDP growth, which decelerated to 1.8%
in 2010/11 fiscal year (FY) as a result of the revolution, recovered slightly
to 2.2% in FY 2011/12 and 2.1% in FY 2012/13. The real GDP growth projection
for FY 2013/14 is around 2.5%. Monetary easing continued through three
consecutive decreases of the central bank's rate since August 2013 (from 10.25%
to 8.75%) and through increased monetary volume. This monetary easing, coupled
with supply-side issues linked to the social unrest, has contributed to an
increase of inflation to 13% (CPI) and core inflation to 12% year-on-year by
December 2013. The unemployment rate increased from 9% prior to the January
2011 revolution to 13.4% by end-2013. Egypt’s fiscal position has also
deteriorated markedly since the revolution, mainly due to weaker economic
growth, higher energy and food subsidies, higher expenditure measures to
assuage the social demands, and higher interest payments. The fiscal deficit
reached 13.8% of GDP in FY 2012/13, and is expected to reach 12% in FY13/14.
Total government debt continued to increase, reaching 90% of GDP in FY12/13, up
from 82% in FY 2011/12. Debt service represented a significant 26.3% of the
total budget for FY 2012/13. 
On the external side, the balance of
payments remains weak and vulnerable. The current account deficit for FY
2012/13 was limited to about 2.1% of GDP, mainly thanks to inflows of official
assistance. After reaching a low of USD 13 billion in May 2013 (from a peak of
USD 36 billion in December 2010), reserves were boosted by official
inflows estimated at USD 8 billion from Qatar and Libya to the Morsi government
(pre-July 2013), followed by combined pledges of USD 16 billion from Saudi
Arabia, Kuwait and Unites Arab Emirates since July 2013 (of which USD 10
billion are estimated to have already arrived). 
3.5.2.     Lebanon
The Lebanese economy deteriorated
significantly in 2013, aggravated by the combined political gridlock and the
impact of the Syrian crisis (as of April 2014, 1 million Syrian refugees live
in Lebanon, about 25% of the resident Lebanese population). Lebanon’s high growth rates over 2007-2010 (8.25% on average) fell to 1.5% in 2011 and 2012
and further down to 1% in 2013. The influx of refugees is having a number of
effects, including a loss of economic activity, increased core prices and
fiscal costs. After accelerating to 10.1% (year on year) in December 2012,
inflation declined to 1.1% (year on year) in December 2013. On the other hand,
average (annual) consumer price inflation remained high in 2013 at 6.3% (it was
6.6% in 2012). This mirrored continued high global food and fuel prices, and
the increased demand from Syria and the Syrian refugee population.
The fiscal deficit continued to increase in
2013: having risen from 5.8% of GDP in 2011 to 9.6% of GDP in 2012, it reached
10% of GDP in 2013. Both Lebanon’s public and external debts remained among the
highest in the world, at an estimated 143% and 172% of GDP in 2013,
respectively. About 80% of external debt is funded by short-term non-resident
deposits in the banking sector. These deposits behave like long-term deposits,
having demonstrated resilience during past crisis situations. In 2013, fiscal
reforms that would have been necessary to restore a sustainable fiscal
situation were not implemented, as a result of the fragile political situation.
Lebanon's trade deficit (which may partly
reflect measurement issues, including unrecorded exports to Syria), combined
with a negative net income due to low returns on foreign reserves and high
external debt repayments, only partly mitigated by remittances, translated into
a large current account deficit in 2013 (16.7% of GDP, compared with 16.1% in
2012). The central bank maintained large foreign exchange reserves (USD 31.7
billion at end-2013, excluding gold, representing 11 months of the following
year's imports), which enhance financial stability and give credibility to the
currency peg against the US dollar.
3.5.3.     Morocco
The Moroccan economy performed well in
2013, with GDP growth accelerating from 2.7% in 2012 to 4.5% in 2013, boosted
by a strong rebound in the agricultural sector, which is estimated to have
grown by almost 20% after a bad harvest in 2012. GDP growth is forecast to
remain solid in 2014, at 3.9%. The fiscal deficit declined from 7.3% of GDP in
2012 to 5.5% in 2013, owing to lower international oil prices that reduced the
cost of subsidies as well as measures taken by the government to control
spending. Average inflation remained low at 1.9% in 2013, a slight decrease
from the 2.3% registered in 2012. Expectations in the medium term are that
inflation remains below 3% with occasional spikes, as certain subsidies are
gradually cut back due to their significant fiscal cost. Monetary policy
remains focused on controlling inflation. The exchange rate continues to be
tightly managed against a basket of euro-dominated currencies. 
Morocco's current
account deficit, which had reached a substantial 9.7% of GDP in 2012, narrowed
to 7.4% in 2013 and should continue to decline in the medium term thanks to
increased domestic production and lower energy imports. The current account
deficit was partly financed by the resilient capital account surplus, including
substantial FDI flows. 
Public debt continued its upward trend,
gradually increasing from 54.4% of GDP in 2011 to 61.9% in 2013. The level of
total external debt also gradually increased from 25.1% of GDP at year-end 2011
to 30.9% at year-end 2013, as Morocco tapped the international USD-denominated
bond market for the first time in December 2012 (for USD 1.5 billion) and again
in May 2013 (USD 750 million). Still, it remains sustainable. Gross foreign
reserves slightly increased from EUR 13.6 billion at year-end 2012 to roughly
EUR 14.3 billion at year-end 2013, representing 4.1 months of the following
year's imports. In August 2012, Morocco entered into a two-year USD 6.3 billion
financing arrangement with the IMF under the Precautionary and Liquidity Line
(PLL). The Moroccan authorities have not drawn on the PLL so far and have not
declared the intention to do so.
3.5.4.     Syria
The economic and financial situation of Syria is difficult to assess, given the significant disruption caused by the ongoing
conflict and the scarcity of reliable figures. Still, it is clear that growth
has been seriously affected by a sharp slowdown in trade, tourism and private
investment, as well as the destruction of infrastructure. Consumer prices
increased by 41.2% year-on-year in the third quarter of 2012, according to the
Syrian Central Bureau of Statistics (last official data available). This rise
mainly consisted of price increases in food, housing, utilities and fuel due to
a combination of sharp reductions in their supply and alleged printing of money
by the central bank to pay for state salaries. The value of the Syrian pound
(SYP) against the EUR more than halved between January 2012 and December 2013
(one euro officially being exchanged for 155 SYP as of 31 December 2013,
against about 65 SPY in early January 2012).
The 2013 budget foresaw a 4% nominal
increase in expenditures, while leaving out information on revenues. The main
sources of revenues have been significantly affected by the conflict, including
oil exports (which constituted 25% of government revenue in 2010) and customs
revenue on imports. Considering the sharp drop in export revenues combined with
an increase in import costs since June 2011, as well as the absence of any
major net capital inflows, foreign exchange reserves are believed to have
considerably dropped.
3.5.5.     Tunisia
The Tunisian economy has been negatively
affected by the domestic unrest that followed the 2011 revolution, regional
instability (notably the war in Libya), and a weak international environment,
particularly in the euro area, with which Tunisia maintains close trade and
financial links. The economy experienced a recession in 2011 and, after the
moderate economic recovery witnessed in 2012, the macroeconomic situation has
worsened in 2013. In particular, the fiscal and balance of payments situation
has deteriorated quite markedly, generating important financing needs. Against
this background, the Tunisian authorities reached in mid-April 2013 an
agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on a 24-month Stand-By
Arrangement (SBA) in the amount of USD 1.75 billion, which was approved by the
IMF Board on June 2013. 
Real GDP growth is estimated to have
reached 2.6% in 2013, against an initial IMF programme estimate of 4%. While
inflation has remained relatively stable compared to 2012, ending 2013 at 6%,
year-end inflationary pressures led the central bank to increase rates in
December by 50 bps to 4.5% (also in support of a weakening currency). The
fiscal deficit declined to 6.2% of GDP in 2013, compared to an IMF programme
target of 7.5% of GDP, mainly on account of the deferral of payments to
state-owned enterprises to 2014, and a lower execution of the investment
budget. On the external side, the current account deficit for 2013 is estimated
at about 8.2% of GDP, mainly as a result of the widening of the trade deficit,
with exports restrained by sluggish demand in the EU, which represents almost
70% of Tunisia's exports. In addition, tourism and worker remittances have
remained weaker than expected. Net foreign direct investment dropped in 2013 by
42%, to USD 1 billion compared to 2012, as a result of the domestic political
turmoil and a wait-and-see attitude from investors. All this has been combined
with a substantial shortfall in external official financing in 2013. Reserves
are estimated to have ended 2013 close to USD 6.8 billion, at barely three
months of imports, which compares to an initial target of USD 9.0 billion under
the IMF programme. The Tunisian dinar has depreciated by about 11% against the
euro in 2013 and by about 9.5% in nominal effective terms, despite central bank's
efforts to contain the slide.
External debt increased from 48% of GDP in
2011 to an estimated 52% of GDP in 2013, and is expected to gradually increase
further to 59% of GDP by end-2016. Tunisia’s sovereign ratings were downgraded
again in November 2013 by Moody’s (from Ba2 to Ba3) following the downgrading
by Standard & Poor’s (from BB- to B) in August 2013 and by Fitch (from BB+
to BB-) in October 2013.
3.6.        Other countries
3.6.1.     Brazil
In 2013, the Brazilian economy grew by 2.3%
as compared to a 1.0% annual growth in 2012. The largest expansion was achieved
by the agricultural sector, which recorded a 7.0% annual growth, while services
(+2.0%) and industry (+1.3%) also rose although to a minor extent. On the
demand side, the strongest performance was posted by gross fixed capital
formation (+6.3% annual growth in 2013), driven by the rise in domestic
production of machinery and equipment. With respect to the external sector, the
trade deficit widened as a result of imports (+8.4% in 2013) growing faster
than exports (+2.5% in 2013), on the back of rising oil imports. 
The European Commission's GDP growth
forecasts for Brazil currently stand at +2.3% in 2014 and +2.9% in 2015
(European Economic Forecast, February 2014). The major downside risks to the
forecast are linked to weaker-than-expected growth in China, which could negatively affect other emerging markets, and to the possible spill-overs from
the gradual normalisation of the US monetary policy, which could cause some
capital outflows from Brazil and weaken the Real. As inflation has continued to
be well above the annual 4.5% target (5.9% year-on-year in December 2013, 6.2%
on average for 2013 as a whole), the Brazilian Central Bank has gradually
raised the benchmark Selic interest rate from 7.25% in April 2013 to 11.00% in
April 2014. Any further increase in consumer prices, combined to a somewhat
sharper depreciation of the Real in the event of another bout of volatility in
emerging markets, could warrant another rate hike which would act as a further
drag on growth. 
In the short term, weak growth is expected
to affect Brazil's public finances through a higher fiscal deficit (-3.3% of
GDP in 2013), a lower primary surplus and difficulties in achieving a decline
in gross public debt (estimated at 57% of GDP in 2013). Nevertheless, the
economy's resilience to adverse shocks will remain warranted by a credible
macro-prudential framework, a high level of international reserves (15.4% of
GDP in the fourth quarter of 2013, covering for 18 months of imports), strong
capital ratios in the banking system and limited exposure to
foreign-currency-denominated debt.
3.6.2.     South Africa
While the South African economy had showed
signs of rebound in 2010 and 2011 (+3.1% and +3.5% respectively), activity
expanded at a slower pace in 2012 (+2.5%) and 2013 (+1.9%). Weak domestic
conditions and the delayed recovery in global demand resulted in the country
continuing to grow well below potential output and below the rate needed to
address persistently high unemployment (24.1% of the labour force in December
2013). With respect to the external sector however, export performance
surprised to the upside, with year-on-year growth reaching a three-year high of
+8.8% in the fourth quarter of 2013 (in seasonally-adjusted terms), which
boosted the annual export growth to +4.2% - compared to a sluggish +0.4% in
2012. 
In the medium term, GDP growth is expected
to gradually pick-up, supported by robust investment spending and rising
exports as global trade recovers. Government policy should generally be
supportive through fiscal stimulus measures in the run-up to the Presidential
elections in 2014. At the same time, public finances should remain soundly
managed and the general government deficit is expected to progressively narrow,
as was the case in 2013 where it reached -3.8% of GDP compared to -4.6% in
2012. South Africa's public debt burden continues to be manageable - net public
debt was estimated to represent 45% of GDP in 2013, which is moderate by global
standards - although it has increased rapidly in the past few years.
On the external front, the main risks
perceived to South Africa's growth outlook relate to renewed volatility in
capital flows as monetary policy in the US is gradually normalising, as well as
moderating growth in China which would translate into lower import growth. On
the domestic front, the instability in the mining sector, political uncertainty
related to the upcoming elections and rising inflationary pressures represent
the major downside risks. With respect to the latter, the year-on-year consumer
price index (CPI) reached 5.7% on average in 2013, very close to the Reserve
Bank's inflation target ceiling of 6%. Any new episode of financial turmoil in
emerging markets, potentially driving the Rand to further depreciate, might
therefore prompt the Reserve Bank to raise the benchmark interest rate, as it
did in February 2014 (by +0.5pp to 5.5%) for the first time since July 2012.
3.6.3.     Tajikistan
Real GDP growth remained strong in 2013 at
7.4%, supported by internal demand and high inflows of remittances from Russia, while export performance deteriorated due to a fall in trade with Turkey and Russia, as well as declining prices and production of aluminium. Economic growth is
projected to decline to 6.2% in 2014 and further to 5.7% in 2015, in line with
the slowdown of emerging markets. Public external debt was fairly modest at
about 30% of GDP in 2012. Supported by the sustained inflow of remittances, the
current account balance improved in 2013, recording a deficit of 1.9% of GDP.
Consumer price inflation was at 5 % in 2013, supported by good local and
regional harvests, weak food prices and nominal currency stability. The
inflation projections for 2014 stands higher at 5.4%, reflecting the
developments in key partner economies, i.e. the Commonwealth of Independent
States (CIS) and China, and an expected weakening of the national currency (the
somoni). A possible rise of energy prices because of the Russia-Ukraine
conflict represents a key external risk to the inflation forecast. 
The structural weaknesses of the economy
have not changed, however. Tajikistan relies heavily on remittances and a
narrow exports base (aluminium, cotton and electricity) in its external current
account. A weaker economic outlook for Tajikistan's main economic partners (Russia, China and Turkey) and lower prices of aluminium are likely to have an impact on export
revenues in 2014. Tajikistan's economy is highly vulnerable to shocks.
International reserves of the central bank remain low, covering 1.5 months of
imports at year-end 2012. Tajikistan's agreement with the IMF for an Extended
Credit Facility (ECF) expired in May 2012. Negotiations over a new
IMF-supported successor program are ongoing but have not brought any concrete
result so far.
[1]               Within each portfolio individual EIB loans are, de
facto, guaranteed at 100% until the global ceiling is reached.
[2]               OJ L 308, 3.12.1999, p. 35.
[3]               OJ L 186, 15.7.2008, p. 30.
[4]               OJ L 280, 27.10.2011, p. 1.
[5]               For the purpose of this calculation, it is assumed
that defaulting loans are not accelerated, i.e. only due payments are taken
into account.
[6]               Based on the amounts due (capital and interest) under
operations disbursed at 31.12.2013.
[7]               Council Regulation (EC, Euratom) No 1150/2000 of 22
May 2000 (OJ L 130, 31.5.2000, p.1) implementing Council Decision 2007/436/EC,
Euratom of 7 June 2007 on the system of European Communities' own resources (OJ
L 163, 23.6.2007, p. 17).
[8]               The loans (and loans guarantees) to accession
countries were covered by the Fund until the date of accession. From that date,
those that remained outstanding ceased to be external actions of the Union and are therefore covered directly by the EU budget.
[9]               Since the entry into force of Council Regulation (EC,
Euratom) No 480/2009 of 25 May 2009 establishing a Guarantee Fund for
external actions (codified version), the "Guarantee Fund Regulation"
(OJ L 145, 10.6.2009, p.10), the agreement between the EU and the EIB on the
management of the Fund foresees that the Commission must authorise the Bank to
withdraw the corresponding amounts from the Fund within three months from the
date the EIB calls on the guarantee.
[10]             If there are insufficient resources in the Fund, the
procedure for activating the guarantee is the same as for borrowing/lending
operations, see 0 above.
[11]             Central and Eastern European Countries.
[12]             New Independent States.
[13]             Mediterranean countries.