COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the dissemination of Earth observation satellite data for commercial purposes
Date: 2014-06-17
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: data processing, dissemination of information, marketing standard, satellite













EUR-Lex - 52014SC0185 - EN











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52014SC0185

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT Accompanying the document Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the dissemination of Earth observation satellite data for commercial purposes /* SWD/2014/0185 final */









COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
IMPACT ASSESSMENT
Accompanying the document
Proposal for a Directive of the
European Parliament and of the Council
on the dissemination of Earth
observation satellite data for commercial purposes
Disclaimer:
This report commits only the Commission's services involved in its preparation
and does not prejudge the final form of any decision to be taken by the
Commission.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary Sheet.......................................................................................................... 6
1........... Procedural issues and
consultation of interested parties.............................................. 8
1.1........ Identification................................................................................................................ 8
1.2........ Introduction.................................................................................................................. 8
1.3........ Organisation and timing............................................................................................... 9
1.4........ Consultation and expertise........................................................................................... 9
1.5........ Scrutiny by the Commission Impact
Assessment Board............................................ 10
2........... Context....................................................................................................................... 11
2.1........ EU context.................................................................................................................. 11
2.2........ International context................................................................................................... 12
2.3........ Overview of the legislation in
the EU Member States............................................... 12
2.4........ Overview of the HRSD industry................................................................................ 13
2.4.1..... Market actors and value chain.................................................................................... 13
2.4.2..... Use and application of HRSD.................................................................................... 14
2.4.3..... Market size and competition....................................................................................... 15
3........... Problem definition...................................................................................................... 17
3.1........ The problem that requires action................................................................................. 17
3.1.1..... No common definition of HRSD
leading to unnecessary uncertainty for businesses 17
3.1.2..... No transparent and predictable
legal framework for businesses................................ 18
3.1.3..... Obstacles to cross-border business
activities.............................................................. 20
3.1.4..... Limited competition at data
provider level................................................................ 21
3.1.5..... Influence of security interests..................................................................................... 22
3.2........ Underlying drivers of the problem............................................................................. 22
3.3........ Who is affected, in what ways and
to what extent?.................................................. 23
3.4........ Evolution of the problem............................................................................................ 23
3.5........ EU right to act............................................................................................................ 24
3.6........ Problem tree................................................................................................................ 25
4........... Objectives................................................................................................................... 27
4.1........ General policy objectives............................................................................................ 27
4.2........ Specific policy objectives........................................................................................... 27
4.3........ Operational policy objectives...................................................................................... 27
4.4........ Graph on problems and objectives.............................................................................. 27
4.5........ Consistency with other policies
and objectives.......................................................... 29
5........... Policy options............................................................................................................. 29
5.1........ Option 1: Baseline scenario – No
EU intervention..................................................... 30
5.2........ Option 2: Recommendations and
guidelines.............................................................. 30
5.3........ Option 3: Basic legislative
instrument........................................................................ 31
5.3.1..... Core substantive features of the
option...................................................................... 31
5.3.1.1.. The establishment of common
technical parameters of HRSD.................................. 31
5.3.1.2.. The obligation to introduce a
screening procedure for the dissemination of HRSD.. 33
5.3.1.3.. The obligation to introduce an
authorisation procedure for the dissemination of HRSD    33
5.3.1.4.. Introducing the principle of free
circulation of HRSD controlled at first dissemination    34
5.3.1.5.. Implementation........................................................................................................... 34
5.3.2..... Legal instrument (delivery
mechanism)...................................................................... 35
5.3.2.1.. Regulation................................................................................................................... 35
5.3.2.2.. Directive..................................................................................................................... 36
5.4........ Option 4: Extended legislative
instrument................................................................. 36
5.5........ Synoptic view on policy options................................................................................. 36
6........... Analysis of impacts..................................................................................................... 37
6.1........ Impacts of option 1: baseline
scenario........................................................................ 37
6.1.1..... Economic impact........................................................................................................ 37
6.1.2..... Social Impact.............................................................................................................. 39
6.1.3..... Other Impacts (incl. Political and
strategic impact).................................................... 39
6.1.4..... Stakeholder views....................................................................................................... 39
6.2........ Impacts of option 2:
recommendations and guidelines.............................................. 39
6.2.1..... Economic impact........................................................................................................ 39
6.2.2..... Social impacts............................................................................................................. 41
6.2.3..... Other impacts (incl. political and
strategic impact).................................................... 42
6.2.4..... Stakeholder views....................................................................................................... 42
6.3........ Impacts of Option 3: creation of
a basic legislative instrument.................................. 43
6.3.1..... Economic impact........................................................................................................ 43
6.3.2..... Social impacts............................................................................................................. 44
6.3.3..... Other impacts (incl. political and
strategic impact).................................................... 44
6.3.4..... Stakeholder views....................................................................................................... 44
6.3.5..... Impacts of the different legal
instruments (delivery mechanisms)............................. 45
6.4........ Impacts of option 4: creation of
an extended legislative instrument.......................... 46
6.4.1..... Economic impact........................................................................................................ 46
6.4.2..... Social Impacts............................................................................................................. 47
6.4.3..... Other impacts.............................................................................................................. 47
6.4.4..... Stakeholder views....................................................................................................... 47
6.4.5..... Impacts of the different legal
instruments (delivery mechanisms)............................. 47
6.5........ Impacts on SMEs and micros..................................................................................... 47
6.6........ Impacts on competitiveness........................................................................................ 48
6.7........ Overview of impacts................................................................................................... 48
7........... Comparing the options................................................................................................ 49
7.1........ Summary of strengths and
weaknesses of the options............................................... 49
7.2........ Comparison in terms of
effectiveness, efficiency and coherence with agreed policies 50
7.3........ Preferred option.......................................................................................................... 51
8........... Monitoring and evaluation.......................................................................................... 51
ANNEX I: Glossary................................................................................................................. 53
ANNEX II: Technical Background.......................................................................................... 55
ANNEX III: Overview on existing legal
frameworks in Member States................................. 59
ANNEX IV: Graphs................................................................................................................. 62
ANNEX VI: Consultations...................................................................................................... 69
               Executive Summary Sheet 
 Impact assessment on a proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the dissemination of Earth observation satellite data for commercial purposes 
 A. Need for action 
 Why? What is the problem being addressed? 
 Satellite imagery enables the repeated observation of specific regions, at different scales and without the need to enter into any territory on the ground. High Resolution Satellite data (HRSD) has a significant economic value and is used in geospatial products for which there is a growing market. HRSD and HRSD-based applications have become an indispensable tool for environment monitoring, urban planning, natural resources management and disaster and emergency management, but are important for security and defence, too. Therefore, the production and dissemination of HRSD by commercial operators are regulated by the States where they are registered. The present Impact Assessment examines the obstacles to market development that stem from the fact that HRSD today is regulated in different ways by EU Member States and the options to overcome those obstacles to the free circulation HRSD while preserving security interests. 
 What is this initiative expected to achieve? 
 The general policy objective of this initiative will be to ensure the functioning of the internal market for HRSD products and services. More specifically it seeks to establish a more reliable access to HRSD, a good and sufficient level of information on accessibility of HRSD for VAS/data-resellers and customer businesses, and to facilitate competition at data provider level by creating a transparent, predictable and fair legal framework across Member States and by ensuring the free circulation of data throughout the EU. 
 What is the value added of action at the EU level? 
 National initiatives alone will not ensure a coherent legal framework for HRSD distribution. A coherent framework can only be achieved by concerted action by Member States within the EU or action at EU level capable to ensure general compliance. 
 B. Solutions 
 What legislative and non-legislative policy options have been considered? Is there a preferred choice or not? Why? 
 This impact assessment identifies three options – in addition to the baseline scenario – that seek to achieve the objectives by setting up a legal framework for the handling and dissemination of high-resolution Earth observation data in the European Union: Option 1 - Baseline scenario, Option 2 - Recommendations and guidelines, Option 3 - Basic legislative instrument and Option 4 - Extended legislative instrument. The problems identified (lack of transparency, predictability and equal treatment) stem from the absence of a common definition of HRSD, clear criteria to determine whether HRSD should be considered sensitive, clear authorisation procedures, free circulation guarantees and clear requirements to become HRSD data provider. Any of these options, except the baseline scenario, will seek to address these issues. The difference between options 3 and 4 concerns the scope, with option 4 including a licensing element that option 3 leaves to Member States. Option 3 is the preferred option combining a good level in terms of economic, strategic and social benefits with a very high level of effectiveness and efficiency while at the time leaving as much room as possible for Member States for controlling the data-providing businesses in their territory. 
 Who supports which option? 
 Member States, except UK, have expressed scepticism regarding option 2, which is seen as overly cumbersome and ineffective. Most Member States are favourable to the light approach as proposed in option 3 rather than the more ambitious option 4. Industry representatives have not provided comprehensive positions on the different options but have made clear their preference for a light regulatory approach, avoiding the creation of extra "red tape". 
 C. Impacts of the preferred option 
 What are the benefits of the preferred option (if any, otherwise main ones)? 
 The preferred option would create an internal market for HRSD. Positive economic impacts are expected due to higher level of transparency, legal certainty and business predictability. Beneficial effects are foreseen for the establishment and exercise of businesses, for data sales and regarding competitiveness. Besides direct job growth in the data reseller/value-adding-service (VAS) businesses and data providing businesses, additional job growth at other levels of the value chain is probable (i.e. HRSD user businesses, satellite manufacturers and operators), as a result of higher quality services and more competitive prices. Furthermore additional indirect job growth is also expected, as the creation of 1 new job in the space industry leads up to 5 new jobs in other sectors. 
 What are the costs of the preferred option (if any, otherwise main ones)? 
 For data provider businesses, the cost would be comparable to that occurring in Member States where regulations are in place. For data resellers/VAS there will be less administrative burden than at present. For Member States, there would be very minor additional administrative costs stemming from the transposition of the directive, given its limited scope. 
 How will businesses, SMEs and micro-enterprises be affected? 
 The present initiative targets, notably, data resellers which are mainly SMEs; therefore there will be a direct positive impact on SMEs in this sector. 
 Will there be significant impacts on national budgets and administrations? 
  Minor transposition/implementation costs; otherwise national budgets will not be affected. 
 Will there be other significant impacts? 
 A coherent approach to HRSD distribution may result in greater and more immediate availability of HRSD. That in turn should lead to more and better HRSD applications in a multitude of areas, for example environment monitoring or emergency management, with the accompanying benefits for the economy and citizens. 
 D. Follow up 
 When will the policy be reviewed? 
 An evaluation would be carried out 5 years after entry into force. 
1.           Procedural
issues and consultation of interested parties 
1.1.        Identification 
Lead DG: DG Enterprise and Industry
Agenda Planning/WP Reference: 2012/ENTR/024
1.2.        Introduction
This impact assessment concerns the
production and dissemination of earth observation data for commercial purposes
that are generated by high-performance remote sensing satellites.
For the purpose of this impact assessment,
earth observation data comprises mainly optical and radar data. A distinction
can be made between low (ground-) resolution and High Resolution Satellite Data
(HRSD[1])
or even very high resolution (VHR) data. The higher the ground resolution is,
the higher the capacity to identify smaller objects. 
For simplicity sake, we will use the term
HRSD in this document to refer to both, i.e. high and very high resolution
satellite data. 
Satellite imagery enables the repeated
observation of specific regions, at different scales and without the need to
enter into any territory on the ground. HRSD has a significant economic value
and is used in geospatial[2]
products for which there is a growing market.
HRSD and HRSD-based applications have
become an indispensable tool for environment monitoring, urban planning,
natural resources management and disaster and emergency management, but are
important for security and defence, too., as the information provided by satellites
can help in shaping the security decisions of a nation, or a community of
nations, through the evaluation of the economic, geographic and military
situation of a given region of interest anywhere in the world, and the
corresponding evolution over time. 
Therefore, the production and dissemination
of HRSD by commercial operators are regulated by the States where they are
registered.
The present Impact Assessment examines
the obstacles to market development that stem from the fact that HRSD today is
regulated in different ways by EU Member States and the options to overcome
those obstacles to the dissemination of HRSD while preserving security
interests.
This initiative does not concern data
obtained in the context of Copernicus, as the data is not high resolution and
is not disseminated for commercial purposes.
1.3.        Organisation
and timing
For the preparation of this impact
assessment, DG Enterprise and Industry set up an Impact Assessment Steering
Group (IASG) to which the following Commission services have been invited: SG,
SJ, RTD, MOVE, BUDG, ECFIN, MARKT, RELEX, ENV, ENER, EMPL, EAC, JRC, JUST,
INFSO, COMP, TRADE, BEPA, AGRI, CLIMA, REGIO, AIDCO, ECHO, DEV, MARE, SANCO.
The IASG met four times. The first meeting took place on the 19th of April 2012,
the 2nd on the 26th of June 2012, the 3rd on 24th of April 2013 and the last
one was organised on 25th July 2013. 
1.4.        Consultation
and expertise 
Over a period of almost two years, DG
Enterprise and Industry has, directly or through external consultants, consulted
all institutional actors in the Member States and a wide range of actors in the
value chain involved in space and geospatial activities on issues related to
this impact assessment. 
Two studies[3]
commissioned by DG Enterprise and Industry to external consultants have analysed
the existing regulatory framework regarding HRSD and are used, alongside other
sources for this IA. The studies identified different rules and approaches to
the dissemination of HRSD.
Experts from Germany and France, the only Member States, who have enacted specific legislation in
this domain for the regulation of their HRSD technical capabilities, explained
to DG Enterprise and Industry services the details of the dedicated systems
implemented in their countries and perceived as a positive development the idea
of a common EU framework.
A workshop with space legal experts
was organised in March 2012. Regarding satellite data,
experts confirmed that there is a fragmented regulatory framework across Europe
that prevents internal market development.
In March, July, December 2012 and April, July
and October 2013, the Commission presented its reflections on HRSD to the Space
Policy Expert Group (SPEG) made up of national space experts. The
issues and the options envisaged were discussed. 
A consultation of stakeholders
consisting of an online questionnaire targeted to data resellers and a public hearing
to solicit the views of data providers and data resellers were carried out in
June and July 2013. 
The main conclusions of these consultations
can be summarised as follows:
There is a consensus among Member States
that the dissemination of HRSD raises security concerns and needs to be regulated.
Overall Member States are open to the
adoption of a common approach dealing with HRSD to ensure an effective
integrated treatment of security and market issues, provided that the measures
employed are proportionate to the objectives and no security hazards will be entailed.
It is a notable fact that during the last meeting of the SPEG group (held on 30
October) the UK, the only country with prior express reservations to this
initiative, has modified its position and is open to support an EU initiative.
The condition formulated is that the ultimate responsibility for security
related decisions must stay with Member States, but uniform requirements for
data handling and simple procedures for screening and authorising HRSD can be
put in place. 
Industry representatives and in particular
data resellers confirm that the existing framework for the distribution of HRSD
lacks transparency, predictability and does not guarantee equal treatment and
therefore prevents the market from developing to its full potential. A large majority
consider that action to address this situation would improve the business
environment. Some industry representatives, while not contesting the
security-related constraints of the existing framework, consider that these
have not been an obstacle for their businesses.
Further analysis and details on these
consultations are provided in section 3.1 and Annex VI. 
1.5.        Scrutiny
by the Commission Impact Assessment Board
The Impact Assessment Board of the European
Commission assessed a draft version of the present impact assessment and issued
a negative opinion on 04.10.2013. The Impact Assessment Board made several
recommendations and, in the light of the
latter, the impact assessment report:
Describes the market on HRSD in a more
detailed way, by providing a clearer description of the market, how it works in
practice, which services and products are provided, its overall size and the
role and number of SMEs and micro-enterprises and by explaining how security concerns
and commercial drivers interact.
Provides a better identification of the
problems by outlining the national regulatory systems in place in the three Member
States presently concerned, by identifying the internal market related problems
faced by EU companies, by providing further evidence in support of this problem,
by explaining more clearly at what stage regulatory barriers are encountered
and by which market actors and by explaining that the problems identified are
currently being faced by EU market actors and are likely to increase over time
with an emerging EU market for HRSD.
Clarifies the content of the options and
demonstrates their proportionality by providing a more detailed account of each
of the policy options, including the technical details of the possible
definitions and procedures needed for the dissemination of HRSD, and by
clarifying the scope of the options.
Better assesses the impacts by providing a
fuller assessment of the impacts of each of the options against a strengthened
baseline scenario, on both the functioning of the market for HRSD, and the
security of Member States and by assessing in greater detail the impacts on
businesses, on job creation and on competitiveness, with a particular focus on
SMEs and micro-enterprises.
A revised version of the impact assessment
was submitted to the Board, on which it issued a positive opinion on 09.01.2014.
In its second opinion, the Board made additional recommendations for improvements.
In order to respond to the Board's recommendations, the final impact assessment
report:
Further strengthens the problem definition
with additional evidence in particular regarding the cross-border dimension of
the problem.
Provides further detail on each of the
policy options, and clarifies what further decisions on the technical criteria
for defining HRSD, the screening procedure, and the authorisation procedures
will be taken in conjunction with Member States, and how.
Provides further detail on the
administrative costs for the different actors and for Member States, notably
with regard to the preferred policy option.
2.           Context
2.1.        EU
context
The Commission's
Communication "Towards a space strategy for the European Union that
benefits its citizens" adopted in April 2011[4] defines priorities for
the future involvement of the EU in space and sets out options for EU action. 
In response to this Communication, the
Competitiveness Council addressed the issue of data security policy and in its
conclusions of May 2011 indicated that there is a "need for an appropriate
European data security policy in order to protect the interest of EU".
Some Member States
have specifically asked the Commission for the possibility of an EU common
framework for the distribution of HRSD to be examined.
The present initiative is one of the possible
measures put forward by the Commission in its Communication on the EU Space
Industrial Policy from February 2013 “Releasing the potential for economic
growth in the space sector”[5].
One of the objectives identified by this Communication is an EU space
industrial policy which ensures that the right regulatory framework is in place
to facilitate space industrial development. In this context, the Communication
refers in particular to the establishment of a possible regulatory initiative
for the production and dissemination of high resolution satellite data for
commercial purposes.
The EU is in the process of putting in
place and thus making operational its space infrastructures – the Galileo
constellation for navigation and positioning, and the Copernicus sentinels for
Global Monitoring for Environment and Security. The expansion of space
activities and in particular the growing market for space products and services
means in general an increase in cross-border commercial transactions in the
foreseeable future and this initiative can usefully complement these
infrastructural activities. At the same time there are no direct links with or
effects on the Galileo and the Copernicus programmes stemming from this
initiative as neither programme concerns HRSD.
As regards to the protection of personal
data, this initiative does not intend to have negative impacts on the
protection of individual's rights and freedoms with regard to the processing of
personal data. In any event, the EU data protection framework applies to the
processing of personal data which might be involved in the context of HRSD. The
Member States apply in that regard the national measures adopted to implement
Directive 95/46/EC. The application of these implementing measures is monitored
in the Member States by national data protec-tion authorities. In that respect
it is worth stressing that first, the initiative addresses a very specific
issue (i.e. ensure free circulation HRSD while preserving security interests)
and does not aim at full harmonisation of all relevant elements in the HRSD
business (e.g. data formats and standards, processing and dissemination
technologies, quality and legal issues etc.). Second, it does not influence the
manner in which the existing HRSD capabilities and technologies are used in the
Member States and worldwide with regard to a possible processing of personal
data, i.e. if databases are created using HRSD for example, this initiative
will have no influence on that issue. Finally, the information to be gathered
for monitoring by the EC and provided from the respective national authorities
should be primarily of technical nature and delivered in aggregated format
suitable for the statistical control purposes established by the EC. If any
such information contains personal data (e.g. in the list of data providers)
its processing by the Commission will be subject to the provisions of
Regulation 45/2001.
2.2.        International
context
As far as international practice is
concerned, it is a well-established fact that access to HRSD is restricted for
security reasons. To mention only the most important international actors in
space, the access to satellite data can be subject to restrictions e.g. in the
US, Canada, Russia, India or China.
2.3.        Overview of the legislation in the EU Member States
Two Member States - Germany and France - have
adopted primary legislation in the domain of high resolution satellite data. Italy
has put in place secondary legislation. These are the only three Member States
that have HRSD capabilities. In all the other Member States there is currently
no specific legal framework to regulate the use of HRSD. Nevertheless, it is
likely that in the future other Member States will acquire the relevant
technology creating a need for regulation. 
The main reasons for Germany and France to
regulate the production and dissemination of HRSD have been security concerns. In
order to prevent a potential misuse of HRSD, both countries have put in place security
screening procedures. A clear rationale for this legislation was to overcome a
legislative gap that existed previously. An exhaustive analysis of the existing
national frameworks has been carried out by the external consultant Booz &
Co[6].
In Germany,
there is a unique situation where specific legislation was developed in the context
of TerraSarX (the first German HRSD satellite) and the public-private
partnership that establishes and serves as the primary data service provider.
As a result, Germany is the only country that has detailed provisions within a
legislative framework, which include the detailed procedural aspects that
define the data security process. 
In France,
there are somewhat comparable principles in one chapter of the national space law
and in a dedicated decree. The recently added Decree[7] sets the thresholds for
HRSD to be controlled in a range comparable to the German ones. However, for
the time being, most of the comparable detailed provisions remain in classified
governmental guidelines, and in regular instructions issued by the Government for
the primary data service provider. In the specific case of Pleiades satellites,
additional relevant provisions can also be found in a bilateral agreement
between France and Italy of 2001, and in the French national security
legislation. 
In Italy,
there is no specific national legislation to address HRSD issues, but there are
legal provisions within the broader regulatory framework for Cosmo-Skymed[8], which is currently the
only HRS-system in Italy. A number of these lower-level provisions are
comparable to those in the German legislation. At legislative (high) level in
Italy, there are only a few comparable principles that are relevant to this
study - mostly in a law from 2004 ratifying a bilateral agreement between
France and Italy for the establishment of the cooperation on the development of
the Pleiades and Cosmo-Skymed programmes. 
The more detailed and comparable provisions
exist primarily in classified governmental data policy and guidelines. These
provisions, which are in lower tier regulation, establish most of the detailed
procedural aspects of the data security process relevant to Italian generated HRSD.
As a result of these rules within the Cosmo-Skymed framework, the private
company responsible for distribution of Cosmo-Skymed data (the data provider)
is operating within rules that are non-accessible to business partners,
customers or the public. 
In brief, the existing Member States regulatory
systems control the production and dissemination of HRSD by operators and data
providers registered in the respective Member State to data resellers or VAS
within or outside their borders. These systems do not allow business activities
as satellite operator or data provider, if the business is not registered in
the territory of the respective Member State. HRSD dissemination to any other
Member State is possible but no activities as satellite operator or data
provider for entities based outside the territory of the respective Member
State and direct and unrestricted access as data provider to HRSD via the
satellite operator or directly from the satellite is possible only for data
providers based and licensed in the same Member State as the satellite operator.
2.4.        Overview
of the HRSD industry
2.4.1.     Market
actors and value chain
The HRSD industry is composed of a value
chain that includes satellite operators, data providers, data-resellers
(selling HRSD from EU and non-EU satellite operators and data providers),
value-adding service providers, geo-information service providers, research
Institutes and customers. It has to be taken into consideration that many
companies are active in more than one segment of the value chain[9], especially the bigger
companies, e.g. the data providers. HRSD is produced by satellite operators,
distributed by data providers and processed combined with additional
information by the so-called value added service industry and then delivered to
the customer businesses. A diagram illustrating the value chain can be found in
annex IV[10].
At present, the existing three satellite
operators in the EU are public or publicly controlled entities and there are
only three primary data providers (one in FR, IT, DE), each of them disseminating
the data generated by the respective Members State's HRS-system. At the same
time, the existing data providers are (minor) subsidiaries of the big European
Space Industries and of the manufacturer of the respective HRS-system (EADS
Astrium and Thales Alenia Space) and two of them (from FR and DE) belong to the
same consortium (EADS Astrium). There are approx. 100 value adding services or
data reseller businesses all over Europe, among those approx. 20 - 30 data
resellers incl. a few larger ones (medium sized enterprises) selling data from
American, Canadian and Indian Satellites. The number of end user businesses is
not precisely known, as every business with a need for geo-information is a
possible customer, from the very large ones like Google (-earth) or GPS-maps
producers to a large number of SMEs providing services and products based on
HRSD[11].
It is the request of the valued-added
service providers that triggers a process whereby the requested data
transaction needs to be screened (sensitivity-check) to see whether according
to existing criteria – defined by Member States where HRS operators are based –
it is to be considered HRSD and whether it can be released immediately or
whether it requires further screening. This step is accomplished in the three Member
States (FR, IT, DE) by the data provider.
If the data-transaction requires further
examination because of sensitivity, then a second step takes place whereby, in
the light of security criteria and following a certain procedure, the competent
authority in the Member State concerned will decide whether the data can be released
or must be withheld.
2.4.2.     Use
and application of HRSD
The provision and use of HRSD traditionally
has been driven by defence needs. However, due to technological progress, high
resolution remote sensing satellite (HRS) systems are getting easier to develop
and prices are decreasing, which is expected to result in a growth of HRS Earth
Observation systems for commercial purposes[12].
At present, HRSD based applications and
services are in use not only for defence/security purposes and for environment
monitoring and protection, but also: map making, registry of lands, urban
planning, natural resource management, land use and land coverage, crop monitoring
and precision agriculture, forestry management, verification of insurance claims
or agricultural subsidies, disaster and emergency management. It has to be
mentioned that security products represent the largest thematic area of
interest but land products in general are of interest for many companies[13]. In terms of revenues
of the Earth observation businesses, the five most important market segments
(security and defence, local and regional planners, oil and gas, environmental
and climate, agriculture) represent together more than 75 % of the revenues[14]. As none of these
sectors is particularly concentrated in the three Member States having HRSD
capabilities at present (FR, DE, IT), there is a strong indication, that the demand
from the user businesses exists irrespective of the location of the business in
EU. 
For illustration purposes, there are as
typical fields of applications for HRSD two examples given in Annex V
describing more in detail the use of HRSD for crop monitoring and precision
agriculture and for disaster and emergency management.
In defence or security, HRSD is used e.g. for
strategic and tactical reconnaissance and intelligence, for example to gather
near-real-time information, to make possible the use of certain weapon
capabilities or to increase its impact. In addition, political threats can be
considerably reinforced by using such data. To avoid the proliferation of these
capabilities (e.g. for use in organised crime, terrorism, regional conflicts,
failed states etc.) HRSD should not be disseminated commercially without prior
control. 
2.4.3.     Market
size and competition
The European market (all Earth Observation
services, incl. all satellite data sales) could be seen as being still small in
absolute terms (turnover 2012: 700m €, approx. 300 companies, approx. 5000
employees). Yet it is an important element of the European space sector, as it
is growing very fast (>10% average revenue growth per year), dynamic (8%
growth p.a. in number of companies and companies devote more than 10% of the
resources to developing new business) and R&D intensive[15]. The revenues coming
from public customers are still dominant, but the private sector demand reached
43% in 2012 and a growth of almost 300% over the last 6 years. Approx. 60 % of
the market is based on HRSD. There is a high percentage of young, innovative
companies. The vast majority of them are micro (67%) or small companies (together
99%[16]).
But despite the high growth rate, the EU
market for HSRD is rather underdeveloped compared to the U.S., where a single
market exists. The U.S. companies were the first to enter the market in the
1990s when the U.S. government decided to allow commercial providers to distribute
HSRD by creating legislation regulating the dissemination capacities. The
strong position of U.S. earth observation industries is based on technically
advanced satellite systems, a clear regulatory framework and a large public
demand for commercial HRSD and services. This demand is to a great extent
fulfilled through long duration commercial contracts (e.g. one of them worth
600m € a year), fostering U.S. industries' competitiveness, while in the EU Member
States, the approach is rather to purchase and operate satellite-systems
publicly and not buying EO-products and services on the market. In addition,
the U.S. competitors benefit from the very effective synergies between the
civilian and the military/defence sector in terms of R&D. That has led to a
situation where, for example, in 2009, 84% of the images that the European
Union Satellite Centre (EUSC) used (and thus one of the bases for the Common Security
and Defence Policy (CSDP)) came from U.S. providers[17]. As a consequence, the
geospatial industry continues to grow in the U.S. while Europe is likely to
continue in terms of at least partial reliance on U.S. HRSD providers, at least
in short and mid- term perspective. In addition to the heavy international
competition from the U.S., mainly on the level of data providers bringing the
HRSD on the European market via data resellers, there are serious competitive
pressures coming from India, China, Canada and others (in particular Korea and
Taiwan).[18]

The EU market is not in a position to
develop as fast as the U.S. largely because a number of structural problems
exist (see problem definition below).
Within a decade (2010 to 2019), the number
of commercial EO satellites expected to be launched worldwide will more than
double from 140 during the previous decade to approximately 280[19]. The number of HRS-systems
offering commercial data is expected to double even earlier (2015 onwards
compared to 2010) as new private enterprises and government systems offering
commercial solutions enter the market.[20]
The commercial remote sensing industry is a
worldwide emerging industry with strong growth and employment potential[21]. EUROCONSULT has
estimated that the size of the global commercial data market was approximately
1.3bn US$ per annum (circa 1bn EUR) in 2010, a figure that has grown from just
over 200m US$ in 2001. In terms of the breakdown of the global market by
spatial and spectral resolution, according to the study of Booz&Co, very
high resolution (sub-meter resolution) data accounts for about 73% of the
global market, high-resolution for about 20% and medium-resolution for the
remaining rest[22].
This breakdown supports the current trend showing that low resolution EO data
become more and more easily accessible (cheaper or even free of charge) while
high resolution EO data are expensive and sensitive, representing therefore the
main business for commercial EO data distributors.
According to EUROCONSULT, the sales for EO
data are expected to rise up to nearly 4bn US$ (approx. 3 bn €) in 2020 with a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12%, with HRSD as primary supply source.[23]
For Europe, it
is expected that the HRSD market revenue will increase from approx. $ 250 M to
approx. $ 400 M in 2015.[24]
Two additional countries will acquire HRSD capabilities: Spain (Ingenio, PAZ and
the new Deimos satellites) as well as the UK (DMC3 satellite).[25]
However, commercially more important is the
data-reselling or Value-Adding-Service industry as it globally generated 1.9 b$
of revenues in 2010 with a 7% CAGR[26].

3.           Problem
definition 
3.1.        The
problem that requires action
3.1.1.     No
common definition of HRSD leading to unnecessary uncertainty for businesses
Consultation of data resellers has revealed
that the lack of transparency and predictability starts with the fact that
there is no standard definition of HRSD. Without such definition it is
not possible to know with certainty the threshold above which the access to
satellite data is subject to regulation due to security reasons and, perhaps
even more important for businesses, which kind of satellite data is not subject
to it and therefore being considered directly and immediately available
("business ready").
In the three Member States where HRSD is
regulated, there is a lack of common binding definitions and specifications
which clearly establish the technical parameters for HRSD (e.g. spectral
resolution[27],
spectral coverage[28],
spatial resolution[29],
radiometric resolution[30],
temporal resolution[31]
and any additional information to be gained by the sensor), which has a
negative effect on businesses. Some 60% of the stakeholder asked in the online
questionnaire indicate, that it would be helpful for their business, to have a
standard threshold for HRSD as it would contribute to the predictability of
data availability.
In addition, parameters to define HRSD evolve
along with technology and the (international) availability of satellite data;
therefore the problems caused by the absence of a definition are compounded by
the fact that at present there is no mechanism to update the HRSD definition.
3.1.2.     No
transparent and predictable legal framework for businesses.
The main problem is that businesses in the
value chain do not know the conditions when HRSD can be considered
security-sensitive and when they can be freely used for commercial
purposes.
The procedures and reasons for the
decision that the commercial use has to be restricted due to security
concerns are also poorly known to those who are affected. This was an issue
that has been particularly highlighted by respondents to the online
questionnaire. In this context, 60 % of the respondents consider it helpful, if
there was greater transparency when orders for HRSD are refused or not
fulfilled. 
Reliable access to satellite data, which is the “raw material” for every product or service is a key
factor for the whole EO-business. So it is no surprise that in the EARSC study,
the “lack of an operational data supply” was considered as the number one
barrier to growth[32].
In line with this, our consultation gathered as a result that 70 % of the
respondents consider it helpful to have improved access to HRSD. The importance
of reliable, speedy and predictable access to data will become even more
important in the future, when the private demand for the services and products
will increase[33].
This derives from the fact that for the public demand the low price is the most
important factor, while for the rapidly increasing private demand the high
quality is the most important element[34].
At present, as several stakeholders stated in interviews, the VAS providers
often try to replace the use of HRSD by using lower resolution data, even if
the quality of their products and services is negatively affected, due to better
availability of low resolution data compared to HRSD. 
As HRSD is subject to controls for security
reasons in any country having developed these capabilities, the reliable,
speedy and predictable access to it is heavily depending on the efficiency
and transparency of the controlling system put in place and therefore the
regulatory framework. As the procedures and criteria to restrict access to HRSD
for security reasons heavily affect the availability of data and its timeliness,
it is crucial to have detailed knowledge about these procedures and criteria.
Therefore it is problematic that data resellers/VAS and customers have almost
no access to that kind of information, which for data resellers/VAS disrupts
their ability to deliver according to what had been agreed with customers and
for customers to get their desired product. 
In this context, stakeholders
(data-resellers/VAS) indicate, that they are not in a position to get a
considerable share of potential business (10 – 15 %) because they cannot
guarantee reliable and up to date information (e.g. for emergency response or
natural disasters management) that customers require. In line with this, the consultation
has also demonstrated that a number of respondents are discouraged in day-to
day practice to rely on HRSD due to the lack of sufficient guarantees for the
delivery of the required data in time or at all.
Member States take different approaches.
Only one Member State (Germany) has established clear public criteria to
determine whether HRSD-transactions are security-sensitive. The other Member
States have not done so. Consultations have revealed that although the criteria
used are similar, in similar circumstances they produce different results. As a
consequence, there can be an arbitrary treatment of companies of which they may
not be aware, as some of the respondents to the online questionnaire have
suggested in additional bilateral interviews.
Bilateral consultations and the questionnaire
targeted at data resellers show that there is a large majority (70% of
respondents) of data resellers/VAS in favour of standard criteria and
procedures, to identify clearly when HRSD could be security-sensitive. Moreover,
60% of the respondents consider that it would be helpful for their businesses if
criteria and procedures were identical across Europe.
According to the study of Booz&Co[35], less than 1 % of
the data collected by the existing HRS-systems was subject to some kind of
restriction due to security concerns. More than 99% could be used commercially
without restriction at the end, i.e. either directly after a successful
security screening or with an authorisation by the security authorities. Therefore,
with having an efficient screening and authorisation system for HRSD businesses
should be able to obtain these more than 99% either without any delay (the vast
majority) or with a very minor delay (the minor part that needs a prior
authorisation). However, 45% of the data resellers experienced delays often (3
– 10 % of their requests for HRSD) and 10% of them even very often (more than
10 % of their requests). Among those, 40% state not to know the reasons. It has
to be mentioned, that also for the data-providers delays are an important
issue. For example, only for one specific product of one of the data providers,
it is estimated that these losses are in the order of 1.5 to 2 m Euro per
year).[36]
Overall, the replies to the online questionnaire[37] showed that 23% of the
data resellers have experienced security-related difficulties in obtaining HRSD
from data providers.
To underline the importance and the high
negative significance of delays to the business models, it has to be mentioned
that any product or service that is based on reliable and timely access to HRSD
cannot be offered when delays appear. On the basis of the EARSC report[38], it appears that at
present a large part (at least 30 - 40 %) of the revenues are made on the basis
of speedily available data. This market is potentially at risk if to VAS/data
resellers face problems with delays. And this problem will become more severe,
as commercial demand for EO products and services is strongly increasing.
The above evidence confirms the lack of
transparency and predictability in the current situation. The existing
regulatory regimes only offer a limited and diverging level of transparency and
therefore limited predictability for data providers, data-resellers and
customers that cannot meet their legitimate expectations for favourable
business conditions premised on free circulation of the HRSD throughout the EU
internal Market.
Especially for SMEs/micros,
transparency of business conditions is a key element for business success and
growth. SMEs cannot afford to deal with complex procedures to buy the necessary
data or to invest to cope with administrative burden. As 99% of the businesses
in the market are SMEs (incl. 67% micro) there is a strong need for a
transparent and predictable legal framework.
In summary, the stakeholders’ consultation,
including data resellers/VAS, revealed that at present business development is
thwarted by the lack of transparency, predictability and legal certainty.
3.1.3.     Obstacles
to cross-border business activities.
There is a lack of guaranteed and fair
access to HRSD for data resellers/VAS and their customers (businesses using
(value-added) HRSD) regardless where in the EU the respective business is
exercised. This is not a commercial issue. It is the result of the application
of systems that were designed with security as a primary concern. 
The current national regulatory regimes[39] for HRSD take into
consideration the nationality and the location of the business of
the data providers and data resellers. Euroconsult explains, that “the
localized […] nature of the value-added services sector has created a
fragmentation at this level of the value chain that has hindered growth”[40]. De facto, evidence
gathered during the consultation process indicates that depending on the nature
of the request, the nationality of the data reseller can influence the way in
which HRSD is handled and whether authorisations for the release of HRSD are
given or not. The reasons given for that are national security reasons. As a
consequence, there is room to favour national/domestic businesses over those
coming from another Member State. The online consultation of data resellers has
revealed that 20% of them are aware of cases where the location of their
business may have been an obstacle to obtaining HRSD. It could be argued that
if a data reseller cannot get HRSD from one particular data provider it will
address its request to another. However, this is not always possible as the
data from one HRS system cannot be replaced with another (radar imagery cannot
be replaced by optical imagery). Even if there is no hard evidence for
discrimination against value-adding service providers on the basis of their
nationality, it is a fact that the existing regulations in Member States and
the decisions on the dissemination of HRSD take into account the nationality
and the location of business of the VAS and their customers, and are therefore
not unlikely to create more favourable conditions for nationals.
Serving as an indicator, it has to be
mentioned, that although Earth Observation companies can be found in almost
every Member State, the cross-border activities seem to be still limited.
Almost 60 % of the employees are concentrated in the few Member States having
HRSD-capabilities (FR, DE, IT) and the domestic or home market is still the
most important[41]
despite the nature of products and services allowing an easy transfer within the
EU. This finding is consistent with the existence of regulatory barriers
between Member States, as no stakeholder argued that the current infrastructure
capacities would constitute a bottleneck for the growth of the downstream
sector. 
An additional obstacle to cross border
activities derives from the fact that HRSD transactions and further
distribution of HRSD products and services that have been controlled in one
Member State can nevertheless be subject to additional controls or
interdictions in another Member State. This problem of potential double checks
is aggravated by the fact, that in contrast to the existing HRSD-control
systems in the three respective Member States focussed on the first
dissemination from the data-provider to its customers the additional controls
and restrictions can occur on every level of the value chain and are based on
not HRSD specific legislation, e.g. on export controls, on classified
information or general penal law.
For the data providers and, even more important
for the VAS/data resellers and their customers it is not clear, which different
rules are applicable in different Member States in case of trans- border
dissemination of HRSD or distribution of HRS-products and –services. The negative
consequences are that double checks are possible, incl. doubling of
time-consuming procedures, but most of all, uncertainty for all businesses
involved (incl. penal consequences up to prison sentence). Therefore, the idea
of a “one-stop-shop” was raised by a stakeholder who currently meets these
problems, in order to avoid them and to have the legal certainty that the HRSD
products can be sold freely wherever he wants. In addition, there was a broad
consensus among stakeholders during the consultation that any kind of double
check has to be strictly avoided, as it would have a negative impact on the
business conduct and business growth.
Overall, the currently limited cross-border
activities have been paraphrased by one of the participants to the public
hearing as follows: There is no such thing as a common market for high
resolution satellite data today.
Cross border data exchange is, however,
vital for the prospects of the business and the internal market, as
availability of timely data has been identified as a key factor for success. Therefore
the need for a framework dealing with cross border activities increases quickly
and that framework should be transparent, predictable and fair in terms of
equal treatment. The multitude of todays' national frameworks does not satisfy
these requirements.
3.1.4.     Limited
competition at data provider level
At present, the
competition among EU data providers is relatively low, due to the fragmentation
of the market along national jurisdiction lines, the legal frameworks in
Members States which do not allow setting up a data provider business outside
the respective Member State (see 2.3.) and the fact, that at present, it is not
possible for data resellers/VAS to become data providers. The result is a very
small number of market actors on data provider level (only two companies within
EU, see 2.4.1) and a section of the value chain which is set up by the regulatory
frameworks, possibly neglecting market demands and consisting of one satellite
system, one satellite operator and one data provider.
The lack of
transparency vis-à-vis potential operators in this market is an issue. The
online consultation of data resellers has revealed that 65% of the respondents
would like to get into the data provision business. This consultation was
followed up with bilateral discussions which revealed that there is lack of
transparency at national level regarding the conditions (such as facility
security requirements for handling and storing data, technology standards and
qualifications and security clearance requirement for personnel) to become a
data provider.
3.1.5.     Influence
of security interests
The current situation can be described as
the consequence of path dependency without coordination. It should be noted
that Member States have already understood that also for security reasons, it
is in their interest to cooperate more (see below).
The existing differences in the regulatory
frameworks in place cannot be explained be the differences in the Member States’
security interests, as these are closely connected and to a large extent
similar taking into account in particular the Specific Provisions of the Common
Foreign and Security Policy (Chapter 2 TEU) and especially the principles of
loyalty and mutual solidarity of Art. 24 (3) TEU. The reasons for the observed differences
are rather the independent development of these regulatory frameworks without
any coordination, the strong focus on security aspects, the focus on the
national businesses, in particular the space sector, and the different national
traditions in terms of administrative systems and of relations between government
and industry.
At first sight, there seems to be a
possible trade-off between security and commercial activity. But taking into
account the fundamental importance of (national) security issues, it is becoming
evident, that these are not made for trade-offs. The challenge is to have a
good and efficient framework that fully respects the security interests and
allows nevertheless a maximum of commercial use in order to have a system that
allows the young industry to grow without hitting obstacles at the national borders
within the EU.
The present Impact Assessment does not directly
explore the security issues related to the fragmented regulatory framework as
these are beyond market concerns. However, it should be mentioned that the European
External Action Service (EEAS) and Member States are concerned that
fragmentation leads to a loss in the security dimension. According to their
analysis, divergent definitions of HRSD across Member States and divergent
criteria to determine the security sensitiveness of HRSD could lead to a
different treatment of HRSD in different Member States of the EU and might even
create security loopholes. In addition, it is obvious, that a system, where
every Member States defines its own security interests without synchronising them
with other Member States and the EU, would have negative effects. Taking this
into consideration, EEAS has started a parallel process to get Member States’
advice on the handling of the security aspects and stated readiness to support
the Commission in analysing the security implications of the proposed initiative.
To summarise, there is no trade-off between
security and internal market objectives, but there is a need for a solution
which provides for the proper functioning of the internal market on HRSD, while
at the same time leaving Member States room to define their proper security
interests and to translate them into the regulatory framework.
3.2.        Underlying
drivers of the problem
The problems derive from the fact, that the
Member States have up to now acted on their own and thus have developed
regulatory frameworks designed to enable commercial activity in the respective
Member States only. 
Due to the structure of the HRSD value
chain on the upstream levels (one Member State, one satellite operator, one
data provider) and these Member States having a clear focus on the space
sector, the lack of transparency for data resellers, VAS and customer businesses
and the cross-border exchange of HRSD were not considered as being of vital
interest. While focusing on security aspects and public policy considerations,
regulators have neglected the commercial potential of remote sensing
information services[42].
In addition, there are two factors that
will increase the significance of the problem: the fast growing private demand
for HRSD and the strong trend to establish respective services in the
“non-spacefaring” Member States. In fact, the market analysis shows that more
and more companies are springing up that are located in Member States without
capacities. Therefore the need for a framework dealing with cross border
activities increases quickly. 
3.3.        Who
is affected, in what ways and to what extent?
HRSD-providers: The existing data providers
are today on the one hand in a comfortable position. While they perceive market
development as an opportunity, a more transparent framework that opens the
possibility for others to enter the data provision business could be a threat.
But on the other hand, their business is affected by the regulatory barriers as
these mainly occur at the stage of dissemination of HRSD from data providers to
data resellers and VAS.
Data resellers/VAS providers: Their business
is constrained by the effects of a fragmented regulatory framework for HRSD. By
far the majority among them (99%) are SMEs/micros, who innovate on the basis of
the raw data and provide a wide range of products and services based on the
HRSD. At the same time however, due to their relatively small capital bases
they are particularly vulnerable to any disturbances of their businesses. This
is substantiated in the present Impact Assessment. By way of illustration, one
data reselling company has stated that it could double its turnover if the regulatory
conditions were uniform across the EU and access to data becomes more reliable.
End user businesses: They are affected by
the constraints experienced by data resellers/VAS providers. Due to the
problems that data resellers encounter today in obtaining HRSD, end-users have
no guarantee that they will get a reliable service from data resellers/VAS
providers and therefore need to acquire reliable services directly from the
data providers, if offered and available. This is a considerable loss in terms
of number of possible business partners and variety of products and services
and a significant loss of competition on the supply side.
3.4.        Evolution
of the problem
The problems explained above are the ones
the market faces today. But the situation will become even more problematic in
the future, as there will be (i) more Member States having HRSD capabilities
and developing their own legal framework (at least two more Member States, the UK
and Spain, will develop HRSD technological capabilities in the nearest future[43]), (ii) a quick growth
of the market leading to more business and the need for more cross border
activities and (iii) a change in the market towards more activities driven by
the private sector, creating a higher demand for high quality products and
services and leading to a higher need for transparency and predictability. The increasing
number of Member States, the quick growth and the change in the market also
create a demand for action at EU level, as action limited to the some Member
States could not address these issues, in particular taking into account the
obstacles to cross-border activities (see 3.1.3).
In addition, as the European External
Action Service (EEAS) and Member States are concerned that fragmentation leads
to a loss in the security dimension, it is likely that the problems will need
to be addressed somehow. Taking into to account the drivers and the development
of the regulatory systems so far putting a strong focus on security aspects and
on the national businesses (see 3.1.5), the internal market on HRSD could face
even more problems.
In consequence, there is a need to act
rather sooner than later and not to wait until the existing problems have
slowed down the emerging EU-market to the benefit of the international competitors.
3.5.        EU
right to act
The problems identified hinder the development
of an EU internal market in the domain of HRSD. Consultations lead to the
conclusion that a functioning internal market does not exist today. The basis
for EU action is Article 114 TFEU, which deals with the approximation of laws
of the Member States in order to achieve the objectives of Article 26 TFEU,
namely, the proper functioning of the internal market. 
The choice of Article 114 TFUE is justified
by the need to delimit the internal market in HRSD and ensure the free
circulation of HRSD based products and services across EU. For that purpose, it
is necessary to overcome the fragmentation characterising the current market
situation, which affects the market operators and results in barriers to trade.

Article 189 TFUE states that “To promote
scientific and technical progress, industrial competitiveness and the
implementation of its policies, the Union shall draw up a European space
policy”. However, it does not provide an adequate legal basis for the
approximation of the provisions laid down in Member States affecting the
establishment and functioning of the internal market for HRSD goods and
services i.e. the commercial aspects of trade of goods and services deriving
from space applications, but not being space activities in themselves. This
falls within the scope of Article 114 of the TFEU.
The Union action envisaged in this report
complies also with the subsidiarity principle for the following reasons: 
·                        
Action by individual Member States alone will
not ensure a coherent legal framework for HRSD distribution and address the
above problems. A coherent framework can only be achieved by concerted action
by Member States within the EU or action at EU level.
·                        
An EU approach is the only way that will allow
private businesses in the HRSD value chain to benefit from the opportunities
offered by the EU internal market by creating a transparent, predictable and
fair legal framework guaranteeing the principle of free circulation.
It should be noted that all Member States
having expressed a view on this topic were in favour of EU action. The UK
position is that an EU approach can be supported but that a non-binding
approach would be preferred.
As explained in section 5, the options
envisaged in this report do not go beyond what is strictly necessary to attain
the goal of the initiative and, therefore, respect the principle of proportionality.
The present impact assessment also
contemplates the possibility of tackling the problems identified in the problem
definition through the open method of coordination, which leaves to Member
States the responsibility of ensuring the approximation of their regulatory
frame-works through a coordination process in Council.
3.6.        Problem
tree
See next page.
4.           Objectives 
4.1.        General
policy objectives
The general policy objective of this
initiative is to foster growth of the Earth observation (EO) markets in Europe,
in particular the services market, to foster competitiveness of the EU
EO-sector and to foster the competitiveness of EO-user-businesses in Europe.
4.2.        Specific
policy objectives
The specific policy objectives are to facilitate
the dissemination of HRSD in Europe while fully safeguarding security interests,
to establish a more reliable access to HRSD, a good and sufficient level of information
on accessibility of HRSD for VAS/data-resellers and customer businesses, and to
facilitate competition at data provider level. These objectives all aim to foster
the internal market on HRSD.
4.3.        Operational
policy objectives
The operational objective is to establish the
core elements needed for the realization of the full commercial potential of
HRSD and in particular to facilitate the dissemination and access to HRSD:
–              
by introducing a common notion of HRSD, defining
which satellite data could by security relevant and which is “business-ready”, 
–              
by introducing common standards on transparency,
predictability/legal certainty (incl. free circulation of HRSD) and fair
treatment and;
–              
by introducing common standards on efficiency
and business-friendly implementation in particular with respect to the procedures
to follow.
4.4.        Graph
on problems and objectives
See next page.
4.5.        Consistency
with other policies and objectives
Space is a driver for growth and
innovation, and contributes directly to the objectives of the Europe 2020
Strategy, Europe's growth strategy for a smart, sustainable and inclusive economy.
The space sector is a driver to scientific progress and enables systems and
services with growth potential in areas such as telecommunications, navigation
and Earth observation. These systems and services guarantee independence and
security for the EU. They help us address major societal challenges such as
climate change, scarce resources or health, where remote sensing satellite data
is an important source for acquiring up to date and precise information. They
provide us with strategically important knowledge underpinning the EU’s external
relations in areas such as development-assistance and humanitarian aid. They
stimulate innovation and competitiveness well beyond the space sector, and
contribute to economic growth and job creation in almost all economic areas.
The Commission Communication on the EU
Space Industrial Policy from February 2013 lays down a number of objectives and
suggests measures to achieve these objectives. One key objective is to improve
the framework conditions for space-related activities and one of the measures
envisaged refers to HRSD distribution for commercial purposes.
The present initiative is fully consistent
with the above broader policy objectives.
5.           Policy
options 
This impact assessment identifies three
options – in addition to the baseline scenario – that seek to achieve the
objectives by setting up a framework for the handling and dissemination of
high-resolution Earth observation data in the European Union. The following
options are examined:
Option 1: Baseline scenario
Option 2: Recommendations and guidelines
Option 3: Basic legislative instrument
Option 4: Extended legislative instrument
Any of these options, except the baseline
scenario, will seek to address the issues identified under the problem
definition. The difference between options 3 and 4 concerns the scope, with option
4 including a licensing element that option 3 leaves to Member States. 
The various options will seek to establish the
following:
(1)                   
technical parameters defining HRSD establishing as a common definition of HRSD. These technical
parameters will be established in accordance with the latest developments in
the technological state-of-the-art (e.g. spectral resolution, spectral coverage,
spatial resolution, radiometric resolution, temporal resolution and any
additional information to be gained by the sensor)[44].
(2)                   
a screening procedure, including
common criteria to determine whether HRSD requested can be immediately
released or needs to undergo the authorisation procedure described below. The common
criteria and their combination in the procedure will be further specified by
Member States[45].
These specifications of the criteria should be factual, transparent and should
not allow for any margin of discretion. The process should be fast and
semi-automatic.[46]
(3)                   
an authorisation procedure for requests
flagged as being security sensitive following the screening procedure, before
being delivered to the customer. This procedure should identify the competent
authority and set a target deadline for deciding on releasing or withholding the
HRSD. The precise criteria to be applied under the authorisation procedure do
not fall under the scope of this initiative and would be defined by Member
States.
(4)                   
a principle of free circulation of HRSD
controlled at first dissemination to foster the internal market by safeguarding
the free circulation of HRSD based products and services that have undergone
the proper control mechanism at the first dissemination set up by the
respective Member State.
In addition, option 4 would address the
establishment of common criteria for licensing of HRSD providers. Common
criteria would include meeting specific conditions regarding security of
installations for storage of data prior to dissemination and proper data
handling, technological standards and security procedures (incl. security
clearance for certain staff members). The licence should be issued by a
competent authority at national level that would be responsible for ensuring
that providers comply with the common criteria. Licences would be mutually
recognised in all Member States. This would facilitate access to the data
provision business allowing more competition at this level of the value chain.
5.1.        Option
1: Baseline scenario – No EU intervention
In the absence of EU intervention no common
framework would be established and the Member States would eventually establish
their own national ones. The consequences and likely evolution are described above
in more detail in section 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 6.1.
5.2.        Option
2: Recommendations and guidelines
As HRSD has a strong security component, an
area which falls under the exclusive competence of Member States, the Open
Method of Coordination (OMC) could be used to coordinate national policies in
the field of HRSD in order to achieve common objectives. 
This option aims at establishing a coherent
legal framework for HRSD in each Member State, while the Commission would have
a coordination role.
Member States could set as an objective the
setting of common technical parameters defining HRSD, similar criteria for
licencing, and similar screening and an authorisation procedures, to be then
implemented at national level. Member States could also envisage a mutual
recognition mechanism for nationally issued licences for the dissemination of
HRSD. However this would be a very complex process requiring a high degree of
commitment from Member States and therefore it is not considered a likely
element of this option.
Once Member States have reached an
agreement on the common objectives, they would need to be adopted by the
Council. Then, Member States would transpose these objectives into their
national policies. In addition, indicators for measuring the systems'
efficiency and effectiveness would need to be jointly agreed. Such indicators could
be the time lag between a data request being submitted to a provider and the
moment the requested data is distributed, the number of rejected data requests,
number of complaints introduced by entities whose data requests have been rejected,
etc. 
Finally, results would be monitored and
evaluated. Following the evaluation, recommendations could be formulated for
those Member States whose systems have been negatively ranked/scored in order
to mitigate and improve the situation. If several Member States were ranked
below the European average, new common objectives could be formulated. As opposed
to the baseline scenario, the European Commission could have a supervisory and
monitoring role, but this would remain limited. 
While monitoring the efficiency of the
national systems and by exchanging best practices and lessons learned, Member
States might tend to adjust their own systems which over time might lead towards
more uniformity across Europe. However, this process might take a long time
before producing its effects. 
While this option is a realistic one, the
vast majority of Member States have explicitly stated during the consultation
process their lack of confidence in this option, which is considered cumbersome
and inefficient.
In contrast to the OMC, a Commission
recommendation has been considered as not being an effective measure, as Member
States would not be reassured that their security interests and the commercial
interests of their businesses would be respected to an appropriate degree by
every Member State, due to the non-binding nature of a Commission recommendation.
Taking this into consideration, the risk that the Member State would still
apply diverging legislation or only very slowly follow the recommendations would
be high. For these reasons, a Commission recommendation was discarded from the
options.
5.3.        Option
3: Basic legislative instrument
5.3.1.     Core
substantive features of the option
This option creates at EU level a legal
framework with basic conditions on the commercialisation of HRSD. 
This legislative approach would cover at the
EU level:
5.3.1.1.  The
establishment of common technical parameters of HRSD
These technical parameters will be
established in accordance with the latest developments in the technological
state-of-the-art (e.g. spectral resolution, spectral coverage, radiometric resolution,
spatial resolution, temporal resolution and any additional information to be
gained by the sensor).[47]
The legislative instrument would foresee a mechanism for updating the HRSD
definition.
This first element defines which kind or
quality of satellite data could possibly harm security interests and therefore
needs to be disseminated with respect to certain conditions. Any data falling
outside the definition can be freely disseminated without delay. This common
definition sets up a common scope of application. Member States would not have
the flexibility to set up another definition. 
The common definition of HRSD will have the
positive effect that any data with lower resolution would not be subject to any
restriction due to security reasons. At present, the legal definitions (in FR
and DE) are not identical, but to a large extent similar. As they are also designed
taking into account the existing systems, it would not be justified to say that
one of them is generally more restrictive and the other one is less
restrictive. That is why a common definition of HRSD drafted as described above
would not have direct implications for the existing operational HRS-systems and
for the Member States already having a legal definition of HRSD (FR, DE).
On the international level there is no
definition of HRSD as such, but a regulation of existing HRS-systems is done on
a case-by-case basis by the respective countries.
To give some orientation or illustration, a
definition, based on the existing current legal definitions in Member States
(FR[48],
DE[49]), would look as
follows[50]:

The notion of HRSD depends on the
capabilities of the earth observation system, its sensors and sensor modes which
are used to generate the Earth observation data. This is the case if 
–              
data is generated in any spectral range (among
others UV, VIR, NIR) with a geometric resolution of 2.5 metres or less in at
least one spatial direction, or 
–              
in the 8 to 12 micrometre spectral range
(thermal infrared) with a geometric resolution of 5 metres or less in at least
one spatial direction, or 
–              
in the 1 millimetre to 1 metre spectral range
(microwave) with a geometric resolution of 3 metres or less in at least one
spatial direction, or 
–              
with a number of spectral channels > 10
(super and hyperspectral sensors) and a geometric resolution of 8 metres or
less in at least one spatial direction, or
–              
with an inherent positional accuracy of 10
metres or less.
5.3.1.2.  The
obligation to introduce a screening procedure for the dissemination of HRSD
The screening procedure will identify
whether HRSD needs to undergo an authorisation procedure. In the screening
procedure the different steps and decisions to be taken would be defined
without leaving any room for discretion to avoid any mistakes and to allow a
semi-automatic implementation.
The common criteria for the screening
procedure take into account all relevant factors of the dissemination of high
resolution satellite data. The aim is to ensure that the Member States can, on
basis of these general characteristics, set up the most appropriate conditions
by specifying these criteria and by combining the resulting standards in the
best suitable procedure. In particular due to its transparency and its capacity
to deliver clear results allowing a fast and automatic implementation, making
it an efficient filtering system, the screening procedure allows fostering the
commercial use of high resolution satellite data.
The common criteria would include technical
characteristics of the satellite, sensed area or region, the delay between data
acquisition and delivery, the ground segments to which the data are to be
transmitted and the end customer. No other criteria may be used for the
screening procedure. 
The concrete specification of these
criteria would be done by the Member States individually, i.e. they can decide on
how every single criterion would by applied. For example for the criterion
“spatial resolution” they would specify a certain threshold (e.g. 0.5 m) and
how this would be combined in a procedure with other criteria to be specified
the same way (which type of sensor, which sensed area or region, which delay
between data acquisition and delivery). All of this will be defined by Member
States according to what is needed for safeguarding the security interests.
In practical terms, the screening procedure
would be carried out prior to the dissemination of HRSD by the data provider to
his customer (e.g. a VAS or an end user business). Member States can decide who
should be responsible for operating the screening procedure. Theoretically,
there are at least three possibilities: The data provider, an independent
(licensed) private entity or an administrative authority. As the screening
procedure will be implemented in a way which makes possible its fast and
semi-automatic operation it could be the most efficient approach, to leave it
under the responsibility of the data provider (who operates under an effective licensing
and monitoring scheme). This would be also in line with experiences made with
some of the existing systems in Member States.
5.3.1.3.  The
obligation to introduce an authorisation procedure for the dissemination of
HRSD
While appropriate conditions for the
screening procedure should enable the dissemination of high resolution
satellite data in the vast majority of cases, there will still be for the rest
of the cases (those flagged as “sensitive” in the screening procedure) a need
for an authorisation procedure during which an in-depth assessment will be
carried out considering all circumstances of the individual case, in order to safeguard
the access to high resolution satellite data.
This option foresees to introduce an
authorisation procedure for the dissemination of HRSD respecting of some
procedural standards. The authorisation procedure would be carried out by the
respective Member State.
For data providers, the right to apply for
authorisation for the dissemination of HRSD at the competent national authority
would be created, to be followed by a transparent administrative procedure,
legally defined reasons for denial and possibility for appeal. In addition, a short
target deadline (e.g. one week) for deciding and possibilities for multi-case
authorisations (for grouped or repetitive requests) should be created in order
to speed up the process for the benefit of the businesses. The other details of
the procedure and in particular the security assessments on which the decisions
will be based would remain within the responsibility of Member States. 
5.3.1.4.  Introducing
the principle of free circulation of HRSD controlled at first dissemination
The internal market logic requires explicit
safeguards for the free circulation of HRSD based products and services that
have undergone the proper control mechanism at the first dissemination set up
by the respective Member State. A subsequent national control with the same
object by another Member State will be prevented. So Member States will be
obliged not to restrict the dissemination from other Member States, where that
dissemination has been approved in accordance with the due procedures and as
far as the scope of the screening/authorization is respected. This regulatory
element is of high importance for businesses from Member States exercising
jurisdiction over HRSD capabilities, and for businesses from Member States not
having jurisdiction over similar capabilities, being on the receiving end.
By introducing the principle of free
circulation, additional controls or interdictions in another Member State will
be prevented, and the focus of the security check will be laid on the first
dissemination from the data-provider to its customers (mainly VAS/data
resellers). This will eliminate additional controls and restrictions affecting
subsequent levels of the value chain and deriving from not HRSD-specific
legislation thus fostering legal certainty.
5.3.1.5.  Implementation
This option would put in place the
necessary mechanisms to ensure the proper implementation of the foreseen
measures and in particular it would:
–              
ensure the non-discriminatory access to
HRSD by creating an obligation to make publicly available criteria and
procedures and specify and establish them in a non-discriminatory manner;
–              
set up a notification mechanism whereby competent
national authorities need to inform the European Commission of any measure
adopted in this respect;
–              
define indicators to measure the degree
of achievement of the objectives. 
By defining the technical specifications of
HRSD, the legislative instrument will establish the data subject to the
regulatory framework and therefore only the data that could be subject to
Member States restrictions, while exempting the (“business ready”) data with
lower technical characteristics from these national restrictions. So a common
definition of HRSD will have the positive effect that any data with lower
resolution would not be subject to any restriction due to security. The definition
of HRSD will be part of the legislative instrument. The initial definition
should be given by the co-legislators, so Member States are involved via the
Council. As the definition should be open to changes due to technological
developments, a flexible legal mechanism is needed to allow the adaptation of
the definition – the primary solution for that need is the possibility for the
adaptation to be introduced through delegated acts. That solution would ensure
the involvement of the Member States as well.
The control of the dissemination of HRSD would
be implemented by Member States individually, allowing them to safeguard their
particular security interests, but doing this according to common standards.
The standards concern the elements controlled, the transparency, the efficiency
and the reporting. This creates a transparent, predictable and fair legal
framework. In addition it is expected that the reporting on the results of the
controls and possibilities to compare the results and the efficiency of the
controlling-systems implemented can stimulate a process of optimising and
harmonising the systems.
Member States will be given enough room to
address their specific security interests in the specification of the screening
procedure and the set-up and implementation of the authorisation procedure.
With this approach no trade-off between
security and internal market will be required, but instead an instrument is created,
which allows the proper functioning of the internal market on HRSD while at the
time leaving Member States room to define their proper security interests and
to translate them into the given mechanism. 
5.3.2.     Legal
instrument (delivery mechanism)
In determining the most appropriate legal
instrument, the following considerations must be taken into account into
account:
–              
The fact that the legislative initiative aims at
the emergence of an internal market approximation;
–              
The respect of the subsidiarity principle, which
implies that Member States should remain responsible for the implementation of
mechanisms for the control of HRSD distribution;
–              
The respect of proportionality, which implies
that the initiative only addresses issues that have been identified as
indispensable for a coherent approach at EU level, and for the emergence of an
internal market for HRSD products and services.
On the grounds specified above, the
different options available for a binding legal instrument, as provided in Art.
288 TFEU, are the following:
5.3.2.1.  Regulation
A regulation is directly and generally
applicable. It provides a uniform comprehensive regulatory solution, replacing
any existing national legal arrangements that fall within its scope.
Therefore, it is generally associated with
a requirement for a very high level of detail of the normative prescriptions,
and, in view of the absence of other sectoral regulation for HRSD treatment at
EU level, it would have to be in terms of scope of exhaustive nature. Part of
the possible problems with such an intensive regulatory intervention in an
emerging market segment can be countered with flexible arrangements for
implementation and further elaboration/update of the regulatory framework
(through implementing acts in accordance with Art. 291(2) TFEU, in case of need
to ensure uniform implementation; or/and delegated acts under Art. 290 TFEU, in
case the aim is to supplement or amend non-essential elements of the regulation).

5.3.2.2.  Directive
A directive leaves to Member States the
choice of form and methods for achieving the regulatory goal. The legal
certainty requires that the differentiated legal regime established for dissemination
of HRSD, will be introduced as a generally applicable one. It should be binding
not only for the Member States having HRSD capabilities, but for all Member
States in order to ensure the realization of the internal market effect of the
legislative measure and to contribute to the market development. For that
purpose, the directive would define HRSD, the constitutive elements of the
screening and authorisation procedures and enshrine the principles of
non-discrimination and of free circulation of HRSD controlled at first
dissemination. It would also contain provisions providing for flexible
mechanisms for the monitoring of its implementation, and for its adaptation to
technical progress (through a mandate for a Delegated Act under Art. 290 TFEU).
5.4.        Option
4: Extended legislative instrument 
This option is based on the same elements
as option 3 (definition of HRSD, screening system, authorisation procedure,
principle of free circulation) but also includes the establishment of common
criteria for licensing for HRSD providers (licences to be issued by
national authorities) which is part of the problem identified during
consultation with stakeholders.
The common criteria shall include:
–              
technical and organisational measures to prevent
access to unauthorised third parties to the installations used for receiving,
processing or storing data produced by a high-grade earth remote sensing
system;
–              
measures to protect the inadvertent disclosure
of HRSD to unauthorised parties when a data provider transmits data between
different facilities under its control or to another data provider;
–              
measures to secure dissemination of the data
generated by a high-grade earth remote sensing system;
–              
security
clearance requirements for personnel having access to command facilities used
for receiving, processing, storing and delivering HRSD.
In
terms of delivery mechanism, the same considerations as those laid out in
section 5.3.2 apply, as the additional substantive element of licensing can be
achieved through a directive.
5.5.        Synoptic
view on policy options
 Possible elements for a legal framework || Option 1: Baseline scenario || Option 2: Recommendations and guidelines || Option 3: Basic legislative instrument || Option 4: Extended legislative instrument 
 Technical parameters defining HRSD || N/A || possible || X || X 
 Establishment of a screening procedure and criteria for the definition of “sensitivity” of HRSD || N/A || possible || X || X 
 Basic standards for authorisation procedure on sensitive data requests || N/A || possible || X || X 
 Principle of free circulation of HRSD controlled at first dissemination || N/A || possible || X || X 
 Licensing system for the dissemination of HRSD, incl. Provisions on security of installations for handling HRSD || N/A || N/A || N/A || X 
6.           Analysis
of impacts 
The following
impacts are deemed the most relevant for this initiative and will be assessed
in this chapter: 
·        
Economic impacts:
This section focuses on the effects of transparency, predictability/legal
certainty, free circulation of HRSD and fair treatment on HRSD businesses and
on the administrative burden stemming from the implementation of the various
options. It should be noted that, in general, costs involved in implementing
the various options will be limited and proportionate to the cost of existing
frameworks. 
·        
Social impacts: the
availability of data for different applications and impacts on employment will
be considered in this section.
·        
Other impacts (incl. political and strategic
impacts) of the initiative are to be addressed in a
third section, since dissemination of HRSD raises security considerations for
both the EU and countries producing it, countries represented by the satellite
imagery, and countries which see their security and foreign policy interest
exposed.
For options 3 and 4, the impacts of
implementing different legal instruments will also be examined.
6.1.        Impacts
of option 1: baseline scenario
6.1.1.     Economic
impact
In order to illustrate the administrative costs
of the existing frameworks, it should be noted that for example, in Germany,
the competent authority for the implementation of the national regulation on
HRSD (the Federal Office of Economics and Export Control) allocates approx.
200.000 € per year for this responsibility.
Concerning the administrative burden,
stakeholders indicated that for data provider businesses, the initial costs
(i.e. implementing the licensing requirements) are approx. 200.000 €[51], while the annual
operating costs are approx. 300.000 € (2-3 full-time equivalents (FTE)[52], technical equipment,
and administrative fees).
From the interviews
and meetings with Member States, it is clear that they do not envisage at the
moment to start a process[53]
that would lead to overcoming the obstacles identified in the problem
definition. This will have the following impacts on the market:
–              
HRSD distribution procedures will vary from one
Member State to another adding to the lack of transparency for the economic
operators. Divergences between dissemination procedures (restrictions, timing
or administrative phases) are expected to influence HRSD availability, generate
undue delays and overall introduce inefficiency in the dissemination of HRSD;
–              
inefficient and diverse procedures lead to
different treatment of what is considered sensitive (different permissibility thresholds)
in each country reducing predictability for businesses;
–              
applicable procedures may not be made public
everywhere adding to a lack of business predictability.
The negative
impacts on the market are considerable even if the consultation process has
brought to light the difficulty in quantifying market losses or potential
business losses for data resellers/VAS. But, but one of them estimates that his
turnover could double if the regulatory conditions were uniform across the EU
and access to data becomes more reliable. There is consensus that a more
reliable access to data can be achieved by addressing the lack of transparency,
predictability and equal treatment.
More important
than the actual losses (<5 % of turnover) are the potential business losses
or losses of promising business opportunities. On one hand, the fact that data
availability cannot be guaranteed may deter customers. On the other hand, the
delays in obtaining data generally results in higher costs.
For the data
provider level, Booz&Co reports of one of the data-providers having assumed
losses for one specific product in the order of € 1.5 to 2 million per year. It
is clear, that the effect on sales on all products of all data providers and
including the other levels of the value chain would be several times higher.
In a nutshell,
while this sector of the internal market is expected to see an increase in its
short-term revenue, under the baseline, the emergence of an internal market for
HRSD products and services faces serious obstacles.
A number of the present investors in the
sector might reassess their intention to build their business models on HRSD
based products. As specified in section 3.1.2, the consultation has revealed such
considerations from certain VAS/data resellers trying to limit their reliance
on HRSD in favour of utilisation of lower resolution data, even if that has negative
impacts on the quality of the data products and services. 
6.1.2.     Social
Impact
The absence of some form of common approach
to dealing with HRSD will have a negative impact on the availability of data
that could be used for environmental and other applications, such as
agriculture, education or research.
Furthermore, the full potential of an internal
market for HRSD will not be developed and the job creation potential will be
limited.
6.1.3.     Other
Impacts (incl. Political and strategic impact)
The absence of
a common approach and therefore the persistence of divergent definitions of
HRSD across Member States and divergent criteria to determine the security
sensitiveness of HRSD could lead to a different treatment of HRSD in different
Member States of the EU and might even create security loopholes.
6.1.4.     Stakeholder
views
There is a
common understanding among the Member States about the problems. 
The
consultation of stakeholders, consisting of an online questionnaire targeted to
data resellers, and a public hearing to solicit the views of data providers and
data resellers, carried out in June and July 2013 confirmed the public
perceptions regarding the identified problems. The responses collected revealed
that data resellers do encounter difficulties in accessing data, that they
experience lack of transparency and that they are aware of the fact that there
is no equal treatment of data resellers when it comes to releasing HRSD. Data
resellers expressed the view that anyone in this market knows its constraints
and overwhelmingly supported that it is necessary to improve the existing
framework as a means to create conducive business environment.
6.2.        Impacts
of option 2: recommendations and guidelines
Option 2, could in principle deliver on the
objectives. The impact analysis considers the impacts this option would have in
the ideal situation where Member States would agree to adopting common measures
for the purpose of regulating HRSD.
However, the serious drawback of this
option is that Member States may fail to agree and therefore the option may be
ineffective. Member States have explicitly stated at Space Policy Expert Group
meetings their lack of confidence in this option, which is considered cumbersome
and inefficient. This type of considerations reflects the core problem of
recommendations or any other form of non-binding guidelines – the lack of a mechanism
to ensure reciprocal compliance, critical for an area with such a public
intervention and security repercussions.
6.2.1.     Economic
impact
The adaptation
of existing national legislation or establishment of new legislation will lead
to limited expenses for Member States, comparable to the expense occurred today
in Member States where regulations are in place. There would be limited costs
linked to the workload, travel and logistics inherent to the implementation of
the open method of coordination itself. 
For Member States, the additional
administrative costs linked directly to an EU initiative (i.e. the result of
the OMC) would be negligible.
A coherent legal framework leaving no room
for interpretation of rules to follow, would help reducing bureaucratic
barriers for industry and ease the effort necessary to comply with diverging
regulations. There would be obligations for notifications and reporting as an
administrative burden, but the administrative burden due to the EU initiative itself,
i.e. compared to the administrative burden resulting of the Member States
regulatory framework would be very minor.
Business predictability would be improved
as there will be clearer conditions for the set up and the operation of
businesses. Especially for the operations it is vital, that there is an effective
response to meet the user market demand and that this is easy to plan, even for
long term user agreements[54].
It would be possible to give long term service guarantees to customers, which
is indispensable for the success of the business. 
For the VAS/data resellers, the benefits of
a common definition of HRSD would be to know exactly which satellite
data is subject to regulation due to security reasons and, perhaps even more
important for them, which kind of satellite data is not subject to it and
therefore being considered directly and immediately available ("business
ready"). There is no information source available about how their business
would develop in quantitative terms on the basis of this common standard. But
following general considerations on the benefits of fostered business
predictability and more transparency on products and services for customers it
is expected that there will be a significant positive effect. The consultation
has also confirmed these significant positive effects on the businesses of
VAS/data resellers, as 60 % of them consider a common definition helpful for
their businesses.
A transparent and predictable legal
framework creating legal certainty and ensuring free circulation of HRSD
within the limits of the screening/authorisation would have a significant
positive economic impact for businesses of VAS/data resellers. Even if we cannot
provide a quantitative analysis of the positive effect as there are no
data-sources available, an improvement of the framework conditions for business
conduct will have a positive effect for the businesses. In this light, for
example, one of the stakeholders (data reseller) indicated, that his business
suffered severe losses due the lack of transparent, clear and predictable
conditions for the data acquisition. Further information on what the VAS/data
reseller businesses consider helpful for their business development have been
given more in detail in section 3.1.2. 
The establishment
of coherent legal frameworks for HRSD in each Member State would bring about transparency
and legal certainty among data providers and data resellers/VAS and would consequently
translate into progressive gains in business predictability. This will have a
positive impact on the competitiveness of EU businesses in the sector leading
to a higher quality of services and more competitive prices. This development
will have a positive effect on the businesses which use HRSD products and
services (see 2.4.2, e.g. oil and gas, agriculture, mining and forestry).
This option contributes
to reinforcing the trend of economic growth and job creation referred to in
section 3.1.2. Clarifying the conditions for handling of HRSD for commercial
use will foster the supply of HRSD and should stimulate the demand and open new
business opportunities for European data providers to prosper, benefiting from
a more "level playing field".
Altogether, there would be significant
positive effects for the establishment and operation of data providing
businesses and on data sales.
It can also be
argued that the development of HRSD market will have an indirect impact on the satellite
industry as manufacturer of high resolution satellites. The increased demand
for HRSD products and services is likely to result in an increased demand for
satellites in the longer term.
Those positive
impacts depend on a comprehensive and timely implementation of a common policy,
given the dynamic nature of the emerging HRSD market structure. As the effectiveness
and efficiency of the process under the open method of coordination is
uncertain, the economic impacts will only materialise in the best case scenario
for the open coordination method. It would require a timely reaction of the
European regulators to capture the full potential of the HRSD, which cannot be
guaranteed under this option, or any other variants of non-binding orientations
from the Commission (for example recommendations), where the final result remains
uncertain.
6.2.2.     Social
impacts
The
introduction of a coherent legal framework across Member States in a timely
manner is likely to generate jobs. For example, since the establishment of the
legal framework for HRSD, there were created approx. 170 new jobs at the
primary data provider level in Germany. 
Besides direct
job growth in the data providing businesses, additional job growth at other levels
of the production chain (i.e. data resellers/VAS and satellite manufacturer and
operators) would be expected, due to the possibilities of a higher quality of
services. 
Furthermore additional indirect job growth
would be expected under this option, as industries do not only generate their
own revenue but also drive value generation in adjacent sectors or value chains[55]. Although this effect
is difficult to quantify due to the many interdependencies, recent studies
estimated the impact of the space industry on the UK economy. A study by the British
Department for Business Innovation & Skills, for example, concluded that
the space industry has a very high productivity, several times higher than the
overall economy in the UK. Since the space industry relies on other sectors,
each employee drives the employment of several workers in these adjacent
industries. The UK BIS study estimates a 4.2 multiplier for downstream services
(like satellite operators)[56].
This means that, for every 10 employees in the satellite industry, an
additional 32 jobs are created in other sectors. For upstream services (like
manufacturing) this factor is 3.6. Similar studies for the US economy mention a
factor of up to 6 for the overall space industry. 
Another issue that should be highlighted in
particular in terms of impacts is the importance of a coherent HRSD policy for improvements
in policy areas, where HRSD products and services are heavily in use, e.g.
security and defence, local and regional planning, environmental and climate
monitoring or emergency services. To give an example discussed during the consultation,
a considerable share of the HRSD products and services is used environmental monitoring.
Therefore any improvement as to the quality of these services could foster the
achievement for example of the ambitious EU climate change goals by providing cost-efficient
and precise worldwide monitoring of greenhouse gases and biomass.
A proper functioning of the EU internal
market for HRSD will also have a positive impact on the availability of data
that may be used for other socially commendable objectives for example,
educational or research applications.
6.2.3.     Other
impacts (incl. political and strategic impact)
Through the monitoring mechanism for the
efficiency and effectiveness of the national systems and by exchanging best
practices and lessons learned, Member States might adjust their own
legislations, which in the long run might lead towards more uniform rules
across Europe. In this context of flexible coordination, one could also
anticipate that strategic interests of the Union will feed the dialogue among
the Member States and that there will be an improvement in the degree of
protection of such interests compared to the situation described in the
baseline scenario, where security interests are addressed by Member States
individually. How much the interests of the EU as a whole would be reflected in
the national legislations is difficult to assess. Due to the limited EU coordination
and monitoring role in this approach, it is likely that the impact would be minor.
However, the political impact of this
option is difficult to measure, since the outcome will depend on the degree of
engagement of Member States in the open method of coordination and their
willingness to align their regulatory systems. Therefore, the process might
take a long time before producing any effects.
6.2.4.     Stakeholder
views
Overall there is a broad consensus on the
need for targeted action in the field of European HRSD.
After addressing the issue several times in
the meetings of the SPEG[57],
it became clear that Member States are concerned about security standards and
about preventing a possible race to the bottom, but also about national
industries' interests, i.e. creating favourable conditions for their own
businesses. The three Member States having HRSD capabilities at present (FR,
DE, IT) have realised that this is not in their mutual interest in the longer
term and have expressed their interest in creating a level playing field
in the EU guaranteeing the same conditions for businesses and thus making sure
that everybody follows the same rules. 
As regards of the OMC, during the
consultation process Member States have explicitly stated their lack of
confidence in this option, which is considered cumbersome and inefficient, as
its efficiency depends on the time necessary for the OMC to deliver results,
which is very difficult to predict. The OMC is by definition a voluntary
process with no pre-defined outcome and it can produce in the best case
non-binding "soft" law. An OMC is unlikely to deliver sufficiently
compelling results. That opinion has been largely shared by the Member States
that have taken part in the consultation process, with the exception of the UK which
stated that an EU approach can be supported but that a non-binding approach
would be preferred.
Industry
stakeholders were more interested in the final results than in the way to
achieve them. The discussions with industry did therefore concentrate on the substance.
But as this option will not be able to guarantee the improvement of the
framework conditions for HRSD based services (see section 3.1), we consider
this option not to be supported by industry stakeholders.
6.3.        Impacts
of Option 3: creation of a basic legislative instrument
The analysis of the impacts of this option
refers to the impacts of option 2 as outlined in the previous section. However,
option 3, which involves a binding measure, can guarantee results while option
2 cannot.
6.3.1.     Economic
impact
Economic impacts are similar to the best
case scenario of option 2. Improvement of the framework conditions for the
dissemination of HRSD by data providers will stimulate the supply of HRSD. This
increases the opportunities for VAS businesses to enrich and innovate the range
of products proposed and improve the supply, allowing them to cover a wider
range of societal interests, and consequentially will provide an incentive for
further expansion of demand for HRSD based products.
Under option 2 achieving positive results
is a possibility. Under option 3 achieving these results can be guaranteed. In
addition, in comparison with option 2, option 3 is likely to deliver economic
impacts within a shorter period of time and to enable businesses to adapt their
planning sufficiently long in advance, which will have positive impacts for the
sector.
This means in
particular:
–              
A clear legal framework leaving no room for
interpretation of rules to follow would help reducing bureaucratic barriers for
industry and ease the effort necessary to comply with diverging regulations. 
–              
Business predictability/legal certainty would be
improved as there will be clearer conditions for the set up and the operation
of businesses and free circulation of HRSD. 
–              
Business losses due the lack of transparent,
clear and predictable conditions for the data acquisition would be reduced and
new business opportunities could be better seized. 
–              
There would be significant positive effects for
the establishment and operation of data providing businesses and on data sales.

The administrative burden for businesses
under option 3 would be comparable to the best case scenario of option 2. Only
data providers will be affected in terms of administrative burden by an
adaption of the respective national regulations to the EU initiative. VAS/data
resellers and HRSD user businesses will not be affected at all. As the administrative
burden directly created by the EU legislation will be related to reporting only,
it will be very minor or even not existing, depending on the administrative
burden linked to the existing national regulations related to reporting. The
vast majority of administrative burden for data providers will still be a consequence
of the national regulatory systems, as the initiative sets up only the core
elements and even the administrative burden created by these core elements
depends massively on the implementation by the Member States. In addition, it
is likely that the introduction of the principle of free circulation of HRSD
will reduce the administrative burden, at least for those players who have
larger cross-border business activities.
As a consequence of these facts and due to a
lack of available data in this respect, a quantitative assessment of the
administrative burden is not possible with the due reliability.
The administrative costs for Member States
(beyond the adaption of the national laws to the EU legislation) depend to a
large extent on the manner, how the Member States will implement the core
elements given by the EU legislation and in particular how they will set up
their administrative processes around theses core elements. For example as
regards of the screening procedure, Member States could decide to delegate the
responsibility to an administrative body or to the data provider himself.
Depending on the decision, the administrative costs will differ considerably.
In addition, the specification of the common criteria (cf. 5.3.1.2) is very
likely to have a strong influence on the number of authorisation procedures
(cf. 5.3.1.3). So at the end, the administrative costs directly linked to
EU-legislation will be very minor and negligible compared to the administrative
costs resulting from national decisions and procedures.
The European Commission will monitor the
implementation of the legal instrument. For the European Commission, this will
have no budgetary implications as the monitoring can be done with existing
resources.
6.3.2.     Social
impacts
Identical to option 2, if best results for
OMC delivered.
6.3.3.     Other
impacts (incl. political and strategic impact)
In comparison with option 2, this option
will provide the guarantee that the legal framework will be effectively and
efficiently implemented in the short term. Therefore, the gains will not only
be at the level of efficiency and effectiveness (since the implementation will
no longer depend on the Member States’ willingness and commitment), but also in
the timing since it will produce its effects in a shorter period of time. 
In terms of protection of personal data, the
initiative does not foresee the creation of new databases with personal data.
In addition, as all EU data providers or satellite operators are under the
scope of the national data protection rules, the initiative does not affect
their respective obligations (for further details see end of section 2.1).
6.3.4.     Stakeholder
views
Stakeholders from industry are in general
favourable to a coherent but light framework for HRSD at European level. They
indicated support for an overhaul of the framework conditions via the online
consultation and confirmed this at the public hearing. Option 3 corresponds to industry
demands that creation of additional administrative burden should be avoided. In
particular the data resellers/VAS expressed the view that anyone in this market
knows its constraints and overwhelmingly supported that it is necessary to
improve the existing framework as a means to create conducive business
environment. Furthermore, there was a broad consensus among stakeholders that
any kind of double check has to be strictly avoided.
The three Member States (FR, DE, IT)
exercising control over HRSS capabilities share the understanding that there is
a need for a transparent, predictable and fair legal framework allowing more
cross-border activities within the EU. The initiative to tackle the problem was
in fact raised by one of these Member States and reported to European Commission.
Moreover, there is a common understanding among the Member States about the
problem.
The last meeting of the Space Policy Expert
Group (held on 30 October 2013), demonstrated that this conclusion is not
questioned by any other Member State, including the UK, that had been the only
Member State that has had prior reservations regarding the need for an EU initiative
in the domain.
The vast majority of Member States favour a
limited approach led by the European Commission as described in option 3 and option
4. They have indicated a preference for option 3 as licensing conditions for
data providers are not identified as an immediate problem at the national
level, and concerns have been raised that such a move would be too intrusive.
Both, Member States and industry, have
expressed the concern that EU legislation should ensure that no additional
layers of bureaucracy are introduced which would make access to HRSD more
difficult than it is already.
6.3.5.     Impacts
of the different legal instruments (delivery mechanisms)
A regulation must be implemented by Member
States from its entry into force. A regulation would only cover a set of core
issues which need to be integrated within existing or future HRSD regulatory
regimes which contain or may contain in the future also other features. Member
States which already have a regulatory framework will have to remove existing
national provisions which are covered by the regulation. It is possible that
other national arrangements within existing regulatory frameworks need to be
adapted to accommodate the elements of the regulation. This would generate
unnecessary additional cost and administrative burden. A regulation requires a
far greater level of detail than a directive, which given the early state of
market development for HRSD is deemed to be counterproductive.
A directive leaves to Member States
the choice of the most cost-effective form and methods to achieve its
regulatory objective: It allows for an easy integration of its constitutive
elements within existing regulatory frameworks. A directive can also minimise
cost and administrative burden by obliging those Member States where HRSD
capacities already exist to implement all administrative and operational
measures and obliging others to legal transposition and administrative
preparedness. It is thus a cost effective legislative option. It also fares
better in terms of proportionality as it allows for differentiated application
taking into due account the situation on the ground. Translated to the level of
concrete operational requirements, that would mean that the full set of
institutional arrangements required by the directive will be immediately
applicable only for those Member States who exercise jurisdiction over HRSD
data providers. For the other Member States, only a minimum preparedness would
be required, namely:
–              
transposing the definitional elements of HRSD
·               
allowing for the identification of HRSD, 
·               
confirming the status of "business
ready" of data products with lower resolution,
·               
providing the required legal certainty, needed
to strengthen the market mechanisms in the domain;
–              
Introducing the principle of free circulation of
HRSD based products and services, preventing subsequent national control on the
use of HRSD, when the first dissemination of that HRSD has been cleared by a
Member State of the EU in accordance with the applicable procedures;
–              
Designating a contact point;
–              
Adopting a basic obligation that dissemination
of HRSD needs to be subject to a screening procedure. The exact definition of
the screening procedure and its operational preparedness will be needed only at
a later stage, when a data provider starts operational activities in that
Member State.
The analysis of the regulatory needs
addressed by the initiative does not appear to justify a heavy regulatory
approach, as only a set of core issues in existing regulatory frameworks have
been identified as being critical to the emergence of an internal market for
HRSD. These issues need to be integrated within existing or future HRSD
regulatory regimes which contain or may contain in the future numerous other
features. This requires a flexible approach for which a regulation is not the
ideal instrument. So it can be concluded that a directive is overall a better
and most cost-effective legislative instrument than a regulation.
6.4.        Impacts
of option 4: creation of an extended legislative instrument
This option is built on the previous one.
In addition to option 3, it foresees the establishment of common criteria for
licensing for HRSD providers (licences to be issued by national authorities).
6.4.1.     Economic
impact
A common licencing for HRSD providers will
entail that the data provision business will be more open for new entrants which
could be data resellers/VAS expanding their businesses, due to the higher
transparency and visibility of the conditions for compliance. There are no data
available on the possible number of new entrants nor on the development of
businesses, so it is not possible to describe the economic effects in quantitative
terms. But looking at the high percentage of VAS/data reseller businesses (65%
of the respondents to the online questionnaire), who replied that it would be
interesting for their businesses to act also as a data-provider, there is a
strong indication for considerable positive economic effects.
Having more businesses at data provider
level would enhance competition, which should strengthen the existing EU data
providers for the challenge presented by non-EU competitors. 
In addition, data providing businesses
benefit from similar requirements to be fulfilled in different Member States
(such as facility security requirements for handling and storing data,
technology standards and qualifications and security clearance requirement for
personnel). If one data provider would set up businesses in different Member
States, the economic benefit would be considerable. Stakeholders indicated that
for data provider businesses, the estimation for the initial costs (i.e.
implementing the licensing requirements) in one Member State was approx.
200.000 €, while the annual operating costs are approx. 300.000 € (2 -3
full-time equivalents (FTE), technical equipment, and administrative fees). It is
likely that with similar requirements in different Member States these cost
would not double or triple if business activities were set up in two or three
Member States.
But the administrative costs for Member
States for this option will most likely be considerably higher than the one
described in option 2 and 3 as the implementation of the requirements and the
adaptation of national regulatory frameworks to introduce a common licensing
system and supervising the compliance with it will imply significant costs for
Member States. In addition, given the early stage of development of the HRSD
market, there is a certain danger that the complex process of establishment of
common licencing criteria may generate unforeseen administrative difficulties.
6.4.2.     Social
Impacts
The social impacts are similar to options 2
and 3 except for the effects of the common licensing element. This is expected
to increase the number of data providers, thus enhancing the supply of HRSD and
boosting the data reseller/VAS sector, which should boost employment and the
utilisation of HRSD for the implementation of social and environmental policies.

6.4.3.     Other
impacts
Same as for option 3.
6.4.4.     Stakeholder
views
Member States
favour option 3 over option 4.
The industry views
are mixed. Data providers have taken a very cautious position during the public
hearing, most probably due to the concerns of enhanced competition and the
possible need to adapt to regulatory changes (one-off costs). Data
resellers/VAS providers have in their majority expressed support for opening
the data provider's business due to their ambitions to move to that level in
the value chain, but have also shared the concerns about compliance costs and
administrative burden.
6.4.5.     Impacts
of the different legal instruments (delivery mechanisms)
Same as for
option 3.
6.5.        Impacts
on SMEs and micros 
As explained in section 2.4, the
predominant types of companies in the value adding service providers' segment
of the HRSD market are SMEs and micros (99%). Combined with the fact,
that any new (but small) administrative costs would only affect Member States
or data providers, one can say that this initiative is first of all an
initiative to support SMEs and micros.
Their inherent business flexibility,
dynamic and high investments in R&D[58]
ensure the steady expansion of the business in HRSD, and consequently the
viability of the sector. Improvement of the regulatory framework in terms of
transparency, predictability and fairness (non-discriminatory) will foster the
business development and help to increase investors' interest in the sector. 
Yet the fact that the companies operating
at that level of the value chain are almost exclusively SMEs/micros, explains
why the typical weakness for SMEs (in particular budget and resources
constraints and lack of market power) is even more acute in this sector –
vulnerability of the operators towards any disturbances of their business
cycles that could squeeze them out of business. Among those, the most important
ones are that the SMEs have very little possibilities to face extra compliance
costs or losses/damages from blocked or cancelled contracts with end users and
that they cannot afford to deal with complex procedures to buy the necessary
data or invest to cope with administrative burden. 
This is reflected in the options that are
limited to a light regulatory instrument addressing obstacles to trade and avoid
the creation of new significant administrative burden for operators. SMEs/micros
need a stable, transparent and predictable environment to sustain the
innovation drive and ensure that such efforts pay off. This type of operators is
central for job creation and diversification of the products and services range
in the sector and therefore crucial for the expected positive effect that the
development of HRSD should have on other sectors of the EU economy using the
data and services.
6.6.        Impacts
on competitiveness
It has been demonstrated that the sector
has a growth potential which allows a "win-win" scenario as everybody
in the sector (satellite operators, data providers, VAS/data resellers and end
users) stand to win from an improvement of the regulatory conditions leading to
further cost efficiency and enhanced innovation drive.
This should translate in a needed
improvement of the competitiveness of EU businesses in the sector, a point
especially relevant for data providers who are the most exposed to
international competitive pressures. In addition this initiative contributes to
enhancing even further the cutting edge innovative potential of European VAS/data
resellers, allowing them to sustain and improve further their position on HRSD
markets.
The regulation of the sector at EU level
contributes to a more level playing field in geographic and organisational
terms (irrespectively of the proximity to data providers) strengthening intra-EU
businesses at the data provider and especially data reseller/VAS level.
Transparency and legal certainty among data providers and data resellers/VAS
and would consequently translate into progressive gains in business
predictability in the long run. This will have a positive impact on the
competitiveness of EU businesses in the sector leading to a higher quality of
services and more competitive prices, ensuring the future of the sector as
such.
6.7.        Overview
of impacts
   || Economic || Administrative cost/burden || Strategic and political || Social 
 Option 1: Baseline scenario || Obstacles to economic development of the sector due to: - lack of transparency - barriers to trade - lack of business predictability - lack of competition || No additional administrative burden. || Different approaches could have negative impact on security. || Job creation potential not fully exploited. Limited data availability for use and applications. 
 Option 2: Recommendations and guidelines[59] || Positive economic impact due to higher level of transparency, business predictability and legal certainty (free circulation of HRSD). Positive effects for the establishment and exercise of businesses. Emergence of an HRSD internal market. || For Businesses: Less bureaucratic barriers for industry and less effort necessary to deal with national regulations. For Member States: There would be negligible additional administrative costs.   || MS would align their legislations, strategic interests of the Union will feed this dialogue and there will be an improvement in the degree of protection of such interests. || Potential for considerable job creation. Better availability of HRSD for applications. 
 Option 3: Basic legislative instrument || Similar as in option 2. In addition, option 3 likely to deliver solutions faster and would have an earlier impact on market than option 2 (even assuming that option 2 delivers best results). || For businesses, similar to option 2 but effects would be felt earlier. For Member States there would be limited administrative costs due to the transposition of the directive into national legislation. || Positive impact would be achieved faster and more certain than in option 2. || As option 2, but earlier impact. 
 Option 4: Extended legislative instrument || As option 2, plus more competition on data provider level of value chain. However, danger that the establishment of common but complex licencing criteria may generate unforeseen administrative difficulties as the market develops. || For businesses lower administrative burden if activities in more than one MS. As the directive would contain a further element, the cost of transposition would be higher than in option 3. It would also generate extra administrative costs for those MSs which have to adjust their mechanisms for controlling the activity of data providers || As option 3. || Enhanced supply of HRSD would boost utilisation of HRSD for the implementation of social and environmental policies. 
7.           Comparing
the options 
7.1.        Summary
of strengths and weaknesses of the options
   || Strengths || Weaknesses 
 Option 1: Baseline scenario || There would be no immediate change, no adaptation needed. || Fragmentation of regulatory frameworks and of markets would remain and likely increase if more MS establish their own regulations. Deficits in transparency and predictability of different legal frameworks will remain. 
 Option 2: Recommendations and guidelines (OMC) || Positive economic impact due to a higher level of transparency, legal certainty and business predictability. || Most Member States do not support this option and therefore it is unlikely to deliver the expected results. 
 Option 3: Basic legislative instrument || In addition to the strengths of option 2, this option can guarantee its results which are also likely to be delivered earlier than in option 2. || Administrative costs (limited) due to the transposition of the directive into national legislation. 
 Option 4: Extended legislative instrument || In addition to the strengths of option 3, this option would bring about more competition on data provider market. || The introduction of a common licensing system would be complex and given the early stage of market development could present unforeseen difficulties. 
7.2.        Comparison
in terms of effectiveness, efficiency and coherence with agreed policies
   || Effectiveness || Efficiency || Coherence 
 Option 1: Baseline scenario || This option would not achieve any of the specific objectives of this action. || No change needed in MS that have already enacted legislation on HRSD but no improvement of the situation. || This option would not be in line with the Commission's Communi­cation EU Space Industrial Policy which argues for the improvement of legal framework conditions for space-related businesses. 
 Option 2: Recommendations and guidelines (OMC) || Potentially this option could achieve the objectives, but there is no certainty that it will do so. || Efficiency depends on the time necessary for the OMC to deliver results, which is very difficult to predict. It can be assumed that, like for other options, the resources needed would be in any case limited given the limited scope of the initiative. || The general approach of an OMC to solve the existing problems would be in line with the Commission industrial policy communication. But there would be no guarantee for the success of the OMC. 
 Option 3: Basic legislative instrument || This option would achieve the objectives, and it is likely to do so earlier than option 2. || Compared to option 1, little additional resources needed at EU level, very little additional resources needed at MS level and for businesses less resources needed in mid- and long-term. || This option would be fully in line with the Commis­sion's Communication on the EU Space Industrial Policy. 
 Option 4: Extended legislative instrument || This option would achieve the objectives going a step further than option 2 (more competition at data provider level).   || Compared to option 3, little additional resources needed at EU level, but considerable additional resources needed at MS level. In addition, given the early stage of development of the HRSD market, there is a certain danger that the complex process of establishment of common licencing criteria may generate unforeseen administrative difficulties. || Same as for option 3. 
7.3.        Preferred
option
Option 3 is the preferred option combining a
good level in terms of economic, strategic and social benefits with a very high
level of effectiveness and efficiency while at the same time leaving as much
room as possible for Member States for controlling the data-providing businesses
in their territory.
8.           Monitoring
and evaluation
 Objectives || Indicators 
 General objective || Fostering growth of the EU Earth observation market, in particular the services market. Fostering competitiveness of the EU Earth observation sector. Fostering the competitiveness of EO-user-businesses. || Evolution of EU Earth observation market turnover. Evolution in the number and size of business operators. Positive/negative business perception on HRSD internal market performance. 
 Specific objective || Better business conduct across MS for the dissemination of HRSD. More reliable access to HRSD. Good information on accessibility of HRSD for VAS/data-resellers and customers. Increasing competition on data provider level. Fostering internal market on HRSD. || Level of transparency and predictability of existing/evolving regulations. Monitor quota of finally rejected HRSD requests due to security reasons. Level of transparency and publicity of existing/evolving regulations Number of competitors, HRSD pricing Monitor quota of HRSD transactions to customers/VAS/data resellers with reference to their respective location: domestic, EU, third country. 
 Operational objective || Establish the core elements to use the full commercial potential of HRSD and in particular facilitating dissemination and access, by: - Introducing as a basis a common notion of HRSD, - Common standards on transparency, predictability/legal certainty (incl. free circulation of HRSD) and fair treatment, - Common standards on efficiency and business friendly implementation in particular with respect to the procedures to follow. || Chosen operational objectives allow monitoring by checking if the elements have been introduced in national law. 
The legislative instrument will provide for
the regular monitoring of the implementation of the proposed initiative,
especially as regards the operation of the procedures developed by the national
authorities on the basis of the criteria/normative orientations prescribed in
the draft directive. The monitoring would require regular update by the
national authorities (e.g. on an annual basis) through the submission to the
Commission of aggregated statistics, allowing certain indicators to be followed:
–              
Number of businesses acting as data provider in
different Member States;
–              
the overall number of the data transactions
screened (allowing to assess the market interest in HRSD);
–              
the percentage of "non-sensitive" and
"sensitive” requests allowing to draw conclusions about the overall
effectiveness of the screening (the percentage of "sensitive"
transactions can be used as an indicator for the efficiency of the filters
applied by the data providers and can indicate the degree to which business needs
are accommodated);
–              
percentage of domestic, cross-border (within EU)
and worldwide business activities at data provider level;
–              
number of sensitive requests that are submitted
for subsequent authorisation;
–              
percentage of denials of authorisation (allowing
conclusions to be drawn on how efficient business needs are taken into
consideration in the screening procedure).
The Commission will inform regularly the
European Parliament and Council on the implementation of the directive.
An evaluation of the new instrument would
be carried out 5 years after its entry into force. The evaluation would be
based on the indicators in the table above and would seek to establish to what
extent the instrument has fulfilled the objectives and whether there is a need
for revision.
Annexes 
ANNEX I: Glossary
 EO || Earth Observation 
 Geospatial technology || All tools and techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, global navigation satellite systems, photogrammetry, geography and related forms of earth mapping. 
 GSD || Ground Sampling Distance, → Spatial resolution 
 HRSD || High Resolution Satellite Data. In the sense of the initiative: Earth observation data for commercial purposes generated by high-performance remote sensing satellites. 
 HRS systems || High resolution remote sensing satellite systems 
 Radiometric resolution || Determines how finely a system can represent or distinguish differences of intensity. The higher the radiometric resolution, the better subtle differences of intensity or reflectivity can be represented. 
 RS || Remote Sensing: Use of spatial sensor technologies (usually on satellites) to detect and classify objects on earth. 
 Satellite system || In contrast to a single satellite the satellite system can comprise several satellites and the ground segment on earth, were the satellites are operated from and the received data is processed. 
 Spatial resolution || The size of the smallest geometric structure or detail that can be detected and differentiated in any spatial direction on the data generated by the sensor. For optical images, it is defined by the area represented by each pixel (i.e.: ground area represented by a pixel). Typically expressed in terms of Ground Sample Distance, or GSD. In the case of radar images, the GSD is usually half the resolution. 
 Spectral coverage || Spectral range that can be collected by the sensor, for example UV (ultra-violet), VIS (visible light), NIR (near infrared), SWIR (short-wavelength infrared), TIR (thermal infrared) or microwaves. 
 Spectral resolution || Determined by the specific wavelength intervals described by the minimum and maximum thresholds between which a sensor is sensitive (refer to a specific wavelength range of the electromagnetic spectrum that sensor can record). Wide ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum correspond to a so-called gross/raw spectral resolution and narrow bands of fine spectral resolution. When spectral range is narrower the power of discrimination is bigger, but the number of identifiable objects decreases. 
 Temporal resolution || Minimum time between the sensing and the re-sensing of the same target area by the satellite system 
ANNEX II: Technical Background
I. Technical characteristics of Earth
observation satellites
Satellite-based remote sensing (RS)
provides a whole range of information regarding the Earth's land masses, the
oceans, the atmosphere and, in general, the environment and situational
awareness, based on imagery or measurements. 
RS-satellite data is the basis for
generating products allowing decision-makers to directly access crucial information,
to support their policies and to influence the conduct of other actors or
competitors. This paradigm is applicable to both the civil and military
domains. RS-imagery, whether optical or in other wavelength bands, is a unique
capability as it enables the repeated observation of specific regions, at
different scales and without the need to access the territory or the respective
air space. Depending on their orbit and intended function, different satellite
instruments have different spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions. Their
output is subsequently processed and translated into information fulfilling the
user requirements.
As soon as the remote sensing capability is
of high-performance, Earth observation also has implications for security and
defence. The information provided by satellites can help in shaping the
security decisions of a nation, or a community of nations, through the
evaluation of the economic, geographic and military situation of a given region
of interest anywhere in the world, and the corresponding evolution over time.
To illustrate the capabilities of
high-performing earth observation satellites a few examples will be given in
the following section according to the different technical characteristics. 
In general satellite earth observation is
highly suited, when you need information:
–              
on large areas
–              
at multiple/regular times and enabling fast
access
–              
on remote areas or areas difficult or impossible
to access (e.g. after natural disasters)
–              
on a global scale or on any place in the world
1. Spatial resolution
Spatial resolution is the ability of the sensor to detect and differentiate geometric structures or details in any
spatial direction. It can be noticed on sensor recorded image and is, for
optical reasons, defined by the area represented by each pixel (i.e.: ground
area represented by a pixel) and is typically expressed in terms of Ground
Sample Distance, or GSD. In the case of radar images, the GSD is usually half
the resolution. As pointed out in the study of Booz&Co[60], EO satellite data of
2.5 or 3-meter resolution can enable gross observation of sensitive targets
such as surface ships, troop units, aircraft, and missile sites, etc., but it
is not yet refined enough to enable the actual identification (i.e. precise
identification) of these target interests.
Detection and general identification (also
referred to in some documents as recognition) is in general the ability to
identify the type of object of interest between different target group categories
(i.e. it is possible to start seeing that something specific is there, e.g. an
airplane).
The next sensitivity level involves the
more precise identification of the type of object (e.g. distinguish the type of
aircraft, such as US F 22 Raptor or a Russian MIG 29). The ability to precisely
identify an object and be able to describe its features or component parts is
then essential for any further operational consideration.
In this context, in addition to being a
technical hurdle in the design and development of EO satellite sensors, the
2.5-meter resolution level also defines the point at which National Governments
start to become concerned about commercial EO satellite data. This is where an
initial fine-line of sensitivity may be drawn.
The table below which is derived from a
NATO standard (STANAG 80/15), provides an illustration of how one organization
relates information sensitivity to satellite data resolution capabilities. More
specifically, the table illustrates the enabled activities (e.g. detection) per
target (e.g. troops), grouped based on level of satellite resolution capability
(e.g. 2.5 m in yellow) considering the minimum level of resolution required to
perform an activity (e.g. 6 m for detection of troops).
Spatial resolution is widely considered as
the most important technical characteristic.
2. Spectral coverage
Spectral coverage is the spectral range
that can be collected by the sensor, for example UV (ultraviolet), VIS (visible
light), NIR (near infrared), SWIR (short-wavelength infrared), TIR (thermal
infrared) or microwaves (radar). Depending on the spectral coverage, the data
generated by the satellite system is best suitable for different types of use.
Optical imagery in VIS offers at present
the highest resolution, the fastest access due to less time-consuming processing
needs and is most easy to handle. It is the best available on the world market
and prices per square km are rather low (compared to other sources with same
GSD).
Radar imagery offers imaging capabilities
independent from daylight at the sensed areas and from weather conditions
(clouds), which is for certain areas extremely important. Radar waves can also
detect objects under the earth’s surface or covered by other objects (e.g.
plants, camouflage nets). Radar imagery is also highly suited to produce very
precise digital elevation models (DEM).
Infrared imagery offers night vision,
thermal analysis or analysis of the material of objects. This is used e.g. in
meteorological satellites to determine land surface, water and cloud temperatures.
But it can also be used for fire monitoring or to precisely analyse the
activities of industrial facilities, power plants, vehicles, aircraft or ships
due to the generated thermal emission.
Some satellite systems offer a wide
spectral range and often employ several different types of sensors to combine
the advantageous of the different spectral coverages. 
3. Spectral resolution
Spectral resolution is determined by the
specific wavelength intervals described by the minimum and maximum thresholds
between which a sensor is sensitive (refer to a specific wavelength range of
the electromagnetic spectrum that sensor can record). Wide ranges of the electromagnetic
spectrum correspond to a so-called gross/raw spectral resolution and narrow
bands of fine spectral resolution. When spectral range is narrower, the power
of discrimination is bigger but the number of identifiable objects decreases.
To compensate this effect or to combine the advantageous of a fine spectral
resolution with a wide range of the spectrum, so called super and
hyper-spectral sensors were developed and are operated on satellites.
4. Radiometric resolution
The radiometric resolution determines how
finely a system can represent or distinguish differences of intensity. The
higher the radiometric resolution, the better subtle differences of intensity
or reflectivity can be represented.
5. Temporal resolution
Temporal resolution is the minimum time
between the sensing and the re-sensing of the same target area by the satellite
system. For the existing satellite systems it varies, from a few minutes (for
geostationary meteorological satellites), to 0.5 - 1 day (for a constellation
of EO-satellites on a polar orbit), or up to nearly one month for certain
regions (for less agile single satellite on a polar orbit). Depending on the
purpose of the data use or service, the revisit time can be rather long (e.g.
for agricultural monitoring) or needs to be very short (e.g. tactical or
strategic reconnaissance).
II. Functioning of the regulatory
framework
1. Definition of HRSD
By defining exact thresholds with technical
criteria it would be clear which satellite-systems would be within the area of
application.
To give an example, the definition could be
made in a way, that satellites, that are able to produce optical imagery (VIS)
with a resolution (GSD) of 2.5 m or below would be within the area of
application and though access to data of these satellite systems would be
subject to regulation.
2. Screening procedure and criteria 
One central element of this initiative is
the establishment of a common screening procedure and criteria for the
dissemination of HRSD. Later redistribution of the data by data resellers (or
VAS) would not be screened, as this particular data has already gone through
the process once.
Every data transaction would be reviewed on
a case-by-case basis. If the request is sensitive, the case must then be
reviewed by a national government authority, which then decides whether to
issue or deny authorization.
The approach would cover at the EU level
the definition of common criteria for a screening procedure. These would be used
for the screening procedure and would include technical characteristics of the
satellite sensors (e.g. spatial resolution, observed spectral/frequency range,
spectral resolution etc.), the information content of the data acquired by
processing (specification of the data product), the target area surveyed by the
data, the time between data acquisition and the processing of the request (time
delay between data acquisition and supply to the customer) the ground segments to which the data are
to be transmitted and the end customer. The common criteria would be further
specified by Member States and combined to the screening procedure.
ANNEX III: Overview on existing legal frameworks in Member States[61]
1. Regulatory regime for satellite
operators and data providers 
Germany has followed a license-based
approach, France a declaratory-based approach, and Italy a contract-based
approach to tie the private company acting as a Primary Data Service Provider
to the regulatory framework.
2. Data security
check criteria and guidelines for control
All three Member States have defined sets
of criteria that enable the primary data service
provider to conduct a data sensitivity check and to
identify those user requests that may be too sensitive to lead to data delivery
(and may require a second check by the Government), or cannot be delivered or
can only be delivered under limitations. These criteria that can lead to
possible restrictions in data distribution are summarized for each Country in
the table below.
While there are many common elements of the
approach to security screening by the three Member States, there are also
differences that have been identified in the course of the study. These differences
relate primarily to three main areas of the data security process: i) the
criteria and guidelines from the Government; ii) the 2nd Government check, and
iii) the daily balancing of civil and military plans in dual use systems.
3. Licensing conditions for data
providers:
Despite several differences, the basic
criteria can be grouped in six main areas. The detailed requirements most
likely vary from one Country to the other, and we suggest a further validation.
Nonetheless, the table below provides an indicative summary of what can be
considered as high-level criteria for a company to have the ‘right to act’ as a
primary data service provider across the three Regulated Member States.
The table specifies the criteria under German regulation and indicates the main
variation identified in at least one of the two other Regulated Member States.
However, it should be noted that the non-applicability of certain criteria can
be due to actual operational situation (e.g. satellite system architecture).
ANNEX IV: Graphs
a) Earth Observation Value Chain, 2010:
b) Value Chain according to EARSC (final
report, p. 112):
For reasons of simplification and to better
reflect the situation with a focus on the existing HRSD distribution channels
within EU, we decided to sort the market actors into the groups “data
provider”, “VAS/data resellers” and “customer businesses”.
Data provider: Ground Station Operators and
Satellite Operators. Data resellers are not part of the HRSD value chain, as
they do not commercialise data from Member States’ satellites.
VAS/data resellers: Value adding, GI
Services and Consultancy.

ANNEX
V: Examples for the use of HRSD
1. Satellite Crop Monitoring[62]
Technology based on spectral analysis of
high resolution satellite crop images enables monitoring of vegetation
developments, soil temperature, humidity and to reveal problem areas on the
field. Satellite crop monitoring is also suitable to precise weather forecast
based on concrete field coordinates and to recall historical weather data
retrospection.
Along with the development of remote
sensing applications, satellite monitoring data has become the uppermost data
source to monitor large-scale crop condition based on vegetation index
analysis. Vegetation images show crop growth from planting through to harvest,
changes as the season progresses and abnormalities such as weed patches, soil
compaction, watering problems etc. A georeferenced and orthorectified image can
locate these problem areas as well as the size of the area affected can be
easily determined. Satellite crop monitoring and vegetation control help the
farmer make informed decisions about the most feasible solution. In addition to
highlighting problematic areas, images will also help monitor the effectiveness
of any corrective actions which may be implemented. Images can act as an early
indicator of crop yield. This early predictor of yield can aid the farmer in
making marketing decisions as well as the allocation of resources.
To gain the benefits from satellite crop
monitoring data farmers, managers, consultants and technicians must understand
and be able to interpret the image. There are a wide range of enhancement tools
available which can help make an image more interpretable for specific applications.
Enhancement and classification tools are often used to highlight features. The
techniques employed will depend on the type of remote sensed data as well as
the objectives of the end user.
The satellite provides imagery data at
different spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions for agriculture and crop
assessment, crop health, change detection, environmental analysis, irrigated
landscape mapping, yield determination and soils analysis. Scheduling and
timing of image acquisition is very important and will hinge on the main goals
and the type of information that the end user is hoping to gain. Images can
show variations in organic matter and drainage patterns. Soils higher in
organic matter can be differentiated from lighter sandier soil that has a lower
organic matter content. This geospatial information is valuable when used in
conjunction with ancillary data to define management zones for a field.
For illustration purposes see the following
images, showing vegetation density, water deficit and crop stress[63]:
2. Disaster and Emergency Management
The rising number of natural disasters,
humanitarian emergency situations and threats to the civil society increases
the demand for timely and precise information on many different types of
scenarios and situations. ZKI[64]
uses all kinds of satellite imagery for the extraction of relevant crisis
information like flood extent, damaged infrastructure, endangered population or
evacuation areas, just to name a few examples. Besides response and assessment
activities, ZKI derives geoinformation products for the use in medium term
rehabilitation, reconstruction and crisis prevention activities.
Crisis Cycle and stages after a crisis
event 
The disaster management cycle represents
the different stages before and after a disaster. Each phase has different
demands on the satellite information products and ZKI makes important
contributions especially during the emergency relief phase, but also for
rehabilitation and recovery actions as well as early warning and disaster
prevention. In its function as crisis mapping service, ZKI creates crisis maps
immediately after an event with specific information about the disaster extent
(e.g. flooded area) and estimated damages (e. g. affected houses, infrastructure,
etc.) in order to assist decision making in situation centres and during relief
actions in the field. Further analyses and monitoring of the disaster situation
can support planning and reconstruction activities as well as the development
of vulnerability studies for specific regions. ZKI also supports the
development of early warning systems in the domain of natural hazard
prevention.
Humanitarian Aid
In case of humanitarian crises ZKI assists
relief efforts in cooperation with international partner organisations and
provides user specified information and map products, such as refugee camp and
situation maps. These maps can be a valuable contribution for logistic support
and operation planning in the respective camps or areas. In the frame of these
activities, ZKI closely cooperates with international relief organisations and
several UN organisations.
Civil Security
The increasing importance of the topic
“civil security” within the projects of ZKI is leading to research activities
with an increased focus on search and rescue work, monitoring of critical
infrastructure, natural resources and illegal crops. Also the monitoring of
international conflicts and crisis regions is element of the development of
methods and concepts for crisis prevention in terms of civil security.
Rapid Mapping
Rapid Mapping Workflow - from crisis
events to the delivery of information
In the figure the typical rapid mapping
workflow of ZKI during crisis situations is illustrated. After the disaster the
initial mobilisation phase follows. Civil protection offices, situation centres
or decision makers receive information regarding the occurrence of a crisis
event and trigger ZKI activities either directly or indirectly through
authorised users.
ZKI starts directly its activities by
tasking earth observation satellites that may provide relevant crisis data. In
addition, the data archive is searched for matching pre-disaster satellite
scenes. During the first 6 hours after the activation of ZKI, reference maps
based on archive satellite data providing a first overview of the affected area
can be made available to relief organisations. The newly acquired post-disaster
satellite data is used to assess and monitor the ongoing crisis situation, i.e.
delineate the affected areas and estimate the damages caused by the disaster.
After the satellite data has been
downlinked and received by ZKI, data pre-processing takes place which includes
tasks such as its projection to a coordinate system or its fusion with other
data sets. Subsequently, various algorithms and processing chains tailored to
the type of catastrophe (e.g. change detection, damage assessment or thematic
analyses such as flood or burned area mapping) are employed to extract the
requested crisis information. The results are integrated into map products or
other product formats. For the purpose of map production, additional
interpretation texts, legends and overview maps are generated. Upon completion,
the crisis products are transferred to the user free of charge, either through
the ZKI website, via ftp-server, email or by providing map print outs.
Crisis Map of an embankment breach in
Nepal in 2008.
Past rapid mapping activations of ZKI cover
a broad range of thematic areas, such as natural and environmental hazards
(floods, hurricanes, fires, earthquakes, oil spills) and humanitarian relief
activities (e.g. mapping of refugee camps).
The figure shows an example of a ZKI detail
map of an embankment breach and related floods in Nepal, August 2008. Data from
the German radar satellite TerraSAR-X were used to derive the flood extent.
Based on the analysis, the length of the breach could be approximated with
1400m. The map also illustrates flooded road segments (orange) and buildings as
well as agricultural areas fully surrounded by water (yellow).
ANNEX VI: Consultations
See separate annexes V.1 - 3:
·              
V.1: Online questionnaire:
–              
Open from 11/06/2013 until 05/07/2013
–              
Targeted consultation: 48 invitations sent, 20
replies received
–              
Businesses from 11 MS participated
·              
V.2: Aggregated results to online questionnaire
·              
V.3: Summary of proceedings of the Open Hearing
held on 12/07/2013
[1]               See also glossary in the annex.
[2]               Geospatial technologies are tools and techniques used
in land surveying, remote sensing, cartography, global navigation satellite
systems, photogrammetry, geography and related forms of earth mapping.
[3]               An ex-post evaluation study on " Evaluation
of the Impact of European Space Policy on European Space Manufacturing and the
Services Industry " has been carried out by CSES (concluded in summer
2012). This study partially addressed the issue of satellite data protection. The
study is available at http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/dg/files/evaluation/space_final_report_evaluation_of_the_impact_of_esp_en.pdf.
An IA support study on “EVALUATION OF OPTIONS FOR AN EU INITIATIVE ON THE IMPROVEMENT
OF CERTAIN FRAMEWORK CONDITIONS FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE RELATED ACTIVITIES
- EO VHR Satellite Data Regulation and Market” has been carried out by
Booz&Co is not published on the web due to the sensitivity of parts of its
contents.
[4]               COM(2011) 152 final.
[5]               COM(2013) 108 final.
[6]               See Booz&Co, Section 3 (p. 16 et seqq.) and annex
III.
[7]               Décret no 2013-653 du 19 juillet 2013 modifiant le
décret no 2009-640 du 9 juin 2009 portant application des dispositions prévues
au titre VII de la loi no 2008-518 du 3 juin 2008 relative aux opérations
spatiales.
[8]               An overview of the Cosmo-Skymed regulatory framework can
be found in N. Bini, „La disciplina relativa alla distribuzione dei dati del
sistema di Osservazione della Terra Cosmo-Skymed e comparazione con le
normative di altri Paesi“.
[9]               European
Association of Remote Sensing Companies (EARSC) – “A Survey into the State and Health
of the European EO Services Industry” (2013), p.7 (available at
http://earsc.org/file_download/157/EO+Industry+Survey+Sept2013+%C2%A9+EARSC.pdf).
[10]             See also illustration of the value chain in EARSC, final
report, p. 112. For reasons of simplification and to better reflect the
situation with a focus on the existing HRSD distribution channels within EU, we
decided to sort the market actors into the groups “data provider”, “VAS/data
resellers” and “customer businesses”.
[11]             See also graph by Euroconsult, Satellite-Based Earth
Observation, p. 59 and in Annex IV.
[12]             See Booz&Co, p. 82 et seq.
[13]             EARSC, survey, p. 9.
[14]             EARSC, final report, p. 60.
[15]             EARSC – Comprehensive Industry Survey, Final Report
(2013), p.21 et seqq. (available at http://earsc.org/file_download/155/Industry+Survey+final+report+Sept2013+%C2%A9+EARSC.pdf).
[16]             EARSC, final report, p. 24.
[17]             http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/mailing/file904.PDF
[18]             In the near future, the number of envisaged satellite
launches and the growth of EO satellites systems operated in these countries
are considerable: For example, Canada aims to launch 3 Satellites (Radarsat
constellation) in 2018, leading to tripling the HRSD capacities compared to the
current situation, India is quickly improving its HRSD capacities by the
Cartosat (optical) and Risat (radar) satellite series and China will launch
(after Gaofen-1 in April 2013) four or five satellites for high definition
earth observation before 2016.
[19]             See Euroconsult Research Report: “Satellite-Based Earth
Observation - Market Prospects to 2020” (2011), p. 3. The study is available in
ARES ((2013)2869223).
[20]             See Euroconsult, Satellite-Based Earth Observation, p. 49.
[21]             The world’s first high-resolution fully commercial
Earth-observation satellite (Geo-Eye’s Ikonos) was launched in 1999 in the US.
Since then, demand for commercial satellite imagery has increased as a result
of improvements in spatial and spectral resolution, and hence in the number and
range of its potential applications for government and defence purposes and
across a wide range of sectors.
[22]             See Booz&Co, p. 8.
[23]             See Euroconsult, Satellite-Based Earth Observation, p.
49.
[24]             See Euroconsult, Satellite-Based Earth Observation, p. 178.
[25]             See Booz&Co, p. 72.
[26]             Euroconsult, Satellite-Based Earth Observation, p. 109.
[27]             Spectral resolution - is determined by the specific wavelength
intervals described by the minimum and maximum thresholds between which a
sensor is sensitive (refer to a specific wavelength range of the
electromagnetic spectrum that sensor can record). Wide ranges of the
electromagnetic spectrum correspond to a so-called gross/raw spectral
resolution and narrow bands of fine spectral resolution. When spectral range is
narrower the power of discrimination is bigger, but the number of identifiable
objects decreases.
[28]             Spectral coverage – spectral range that can be
collected by the sensor, for example UV, VIS, NIR, SWIR, TIR or microwaves.
[29]             Spatial resolution - is the size of the smallest object
that can be noticed on sensor recorded image and is defined by the area
represented by each pixel (ie: ground area represented by a pixel).
[30]             Radiometric resolution - determines how finely a system
can represent or distinguish differences of intensity. The higher the
radiometric resolution, the better subtle differences of intensity or
reflectivity can be represented.
[31]             Temporal resolution – minimum time between the sensing
and the re-sensing of the same target area by the satellite system.
[32]             See EARSC survey, p. 13. Also Euroconsult, Satellite-Based
Earth Observation, p. 110, identifies “the risk of data continuity” as “hindering
growth potential”.
[33]             See 2.4.3.
[34]             See EARSC report, p. 66.
[35]             See Booz&Co, p. 43 to 49.
[36]             See Booz&Co, p. 96.
[37]             See aggregated statistics of the online questionnaire
in annex VI.
[38]             See EARSC report, p. 60.
[39]             To give an example, the German Satellite Data Security
Act – SatDSiG (§ 17 (2) 2nd sentence: Die Zusammenschau nach Satz 1 erfolgt in
Ansehung der Person des Anfragenden und soll die Personen berücksichtigen, die
bestimmungsgemäß mit den Daten in Kontakt kommen, einschließlich deren
gewöhnlichen Aufenthaltsortes.) and the respective regulation – SatDSiV. Available
at www.gesetze-im-internet.de/satdsig/
and www.gesetze-im-internet.de/satdsiv/.
[40]             See Euroconsult, Satellite-Based Earth Observation, p.
110.
[41]             Cf. EARSC report, p. 69.
[42]             See European Space Policy Institute (ESPI), Report 36
“Economic and Policy Aspects of Space Regulations in Europe” (2011), p. 36,
(available at
http://www.espi.or.at/images/stories/dokumente/studies/ESPI_Report_36.pdf).
[43]             See Booz&Co, p. 73.
[44]             Examples for influence of these technical parameters on
use of data and products given in annex II (technical background).
[45]             For example: one of the common criteria would be the
target area. The identification of the specific target area/s will be the
responsibility of Member States. 
[46]             See as an illustration of these criteria and procedure
example given in annex II (technical background).
[47]             More detail on the technical criteria and processes and
their effects on the use of data see annex II.
[48]             Décret no 2013-653 du 19 juillet 2013 modifiant le décret
no 2009-640 du 9 juin 2009 portant application des dispositions prévues au
titre VII de la loi no 2008-518 du 3 juin 2008 relative aux opérations
spatiales.
[49]             Satellitendatensicherheitsverordnung vom 26. März 2008
(BGBl. I S. 508).
[50]             Differences between FR and DE legal definitions where
solved by using the definition (for illustration purposes here) which is more
restrictive.
[51]             See Booz&Co, p. 33.
[52]             Id., p. 36.
[53]             NB: The above mentioned (see 3.1.5) parallel process
started by EEAS is at a very early stage and focusses on security issues.
[54]             According to Booz&Co, p. 66.
[55]             See Booz&Co - Why satellites matter? The
relevance of commercial satellites in the 21st century – a perspective
2012-2020, p. 64 (http://www.esoa.net/upload/files/news/Why%20Satellites%20Matter%20-%20Full%20Report.pdf).
[56]             See UK Space Agency - The Size and Health of the UK
Space Industry, p. 5 (http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/ukspaceagency/docs/industry/size-and-health-report-oct-2012.pdf).
[57]             Space Policy Expert Group, see 1.4.
[58]             See EARSC, report, p.88.
[59]             However as the effectiveness and efficiency of the
process under open method of coordination is uncertain, any outlook on the
economic impact remains unclear.
[60]             See Booz&Co, p. 6 et seq.
[61]             Cf Booz&Co, section 3 (p. 34 et seqq.).
[62]             Information taken from the IEASSA-website:
http://ieassa.org/en/satellite-crop-monitoring/. IEASSA (International
Efficient Agriculture Solutions and Standards Association) is a global platform
for sharing progressive technologies, expertise in the application of efficient
agriculture business methods; elaboration, improvement and implementation of
effective farming standards.
[63]             Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daedelus_comparison,_remote_sensing_in_precision_farming.jpg.
[64]             Information taken from the ZKI-website: http://www.zki.dlr.de/mission. The
Center for Satellite Based Crisis Information (ZKI) presents a service of the
German Remotes Sensing Data Center (DFD) at DLR (German Aerospace Center).