Regulation No 96 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of compression ignition (C.I.) engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors and in non-road mobile machinery with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine
Date: 2014-03-22
Institutions: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Subjects: UN regional commission, anti-pollution device, approval, motor vehicle, reduction of gas emissions, technical specification, technical standard, tractor




L_2014088EN.01000101.xml










22.3.2014   


EN


Official Journal of the European Union


L 88/1






Only the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and date of entry into force of this Regulation should be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE status document TRANS/WP.29/343, available at:
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.html

Regulation No 96 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of compression ignition (C.I.) engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors and in non-road mobile machinery with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine

Incorporating all valid text up to:
04 series of amendments - Date of entry into force: 13 February 2014
      
CONTENTS







1.

Scope











2.

Definitions and abbreviations











3.

Application for approval











4.

Approval











5.

Specification and tests











6.

Installation on the vehicle











7.

Conformity of production











8.

Penalties for non-conformity of production











9.

Modifications and extension of approval of the approved type











10.

Production definitively discontinued











11.

Transitional provisions











12.

Names and addresses of Technical Services responsible for conducting approval tests and of Type Approval Authorities




ANNEXES







1A

Information document No … relating to the type approval and referring to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery











Appendix 1 —

Essential characteristics of the (parent) engine











Appendix 2 —

Essential characteristics of the engine family











Appendix 3 —

Essential characteristics of engine types within the family











1B

Characteristics of the engine family and choice of the parent engine











2

Communication











Appendix 1 —

Test results











3

Arrangements of approval marks











4A

Method of determining emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants











Appendix 1 —

Measurement and sampling procedures (NRSC, NRTC)











Appendix 2 —

Calibration procedure (NRSC, NRTC)











Appendix 3 —

Data evaluation and calculations











Appendix 4 —

Analytical and sampling system











4B

Test procedure for compression-ignition engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors and in non-road mobile machinery with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine











Appendix A.1

(reserved)











Appendix A.2 —

Statistics











Appendix A.3 —

1980 international gravity formula











Appendix A.4 —

Carbon flow check











Appendix A.5

(reserved)











Appendix A.6

(reserved)











Appendix A.7 —

Molar based emission calculations











Appendix A.7.1 —

Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration











Appendix A.7.2 —

Drift correction











Appendix A.8 —

Mass based emission calculations











Appendix A.8.1 —

Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration











Appendix A.8.2 —

Drift correction











5

Test cycles











6

Technical characteristics of reference fuel prescribed for approval tests and to verify conformity of production











7

Installation requirements for equipment and auxiliaries











8

Durability requirements











9

Requirements to ensure the correct operation of NOx control measures











Appendix 1 —

Demonstration requirements











Appendix 2 —

Description of the operator warning and inducement activation and deactivation mechanisms











Appendix 3 —

Demonstration of the minimum acceptable reagent concentration CDmin












10

Determination of CO2 emissions











Appendix 1 —

Determination of CO2 emissions for engines of power bands up to P











Appendix 2 —

Determination of CO2 emissions for power bands Q and R




1.   SCOPE
This Regulation applies to the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from C.I. engines:






1.1.


Used in category T vehicles (1) having an installed net power higher than 18 kW but not more than 560 kW,










1.2.


Used in non-road mobile machinery (1) having an installed net power higher than 18 kW but not more than 560 kW, operated under variable speed.










1.3.


Used in non-road mobile machinery (1) having an installed net power higher than 18 kW, but not more than 560 kW, operated under constant speed.




2.   DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
2.1.   For the purpose of this Regulation,






2.1.1.


"Adjustment factors" mean additive (upward adjustment factor and downward adjustment factor) or multiplicative factors to be considered during the periodic (infrequent) regeneration;










2.1.2.


"Ageing cycle" means the machine or engine operation (speed, load, power) to be executed during the service accumulation period;










2.1.3.


"Applicable emission limit" means an emission limit to which an engine is subject;










2.1.4.


"Approval of an engine" means the approval of an engine type or family with regard to the level of emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants by the engine;










2.1.5.


"Aqueous condensation" means the precipitation of water-containing constituents from a gas phase to a liquid phase. Aqueous condensation is a function of humidity, pressure, temperature, and concentrations of other constituents such as sulphuric acid. These parameters vary as a function of engine intake-air humidity, dilution-air humidity, engine air-to-fuel ratio, and fuel composition - including the amount of hydrogen and sulphur in the fuel;










2.1.6.


"Atmospheric pressure" means the wet, absolute, atmospheric static pressure. Note that if the atmospheric pressure is measured in a duct, negligible pressure losses shall be ensured between the atmosphere and the measurement location, and changes in the duct's static pressure resulting from the flow shall be accounted for;










2.1.7.


"Calibration" means the process of setting a measurement system's response so that its output agrees with a range of reference signals. Contrast with "verification";










2.1.8.


"Calibration gas" means a purified gas mixture used to calibrate gas analysers. Calibration gases shall meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. of Annex 4B. Note that calibration gases and span gases are qualitatively the same, but differ in terms of their primary function. Various performance verification checks for gas analysers and sample handling components might refer to either calibration gases or span gases;










2.1.9.


"Compression ignition (C.I.) engine" means an engine which works on the compression-ignition principle (e.g. diesel engine);










2.1.10.


"Confirmed and active DTC" means a DTC that is stored during the time the NCD system concludes that a malfunction exists.










2.1.11.


"Constant-speed engine" means an engine whose type approval or certification is limited to constant-speed operation. Engines whose constant-speed governor function is removed or disabled are no longer constant-speed engines;










2.1.12.


"Constant-speed operation" means engine operation with a governor that automatically controls the operator's demand to maintain engine speed, even under changing load. Governors do not always maintain exactly constant speed. Typically, speed can decrease (0,1 to 10) per cent below the speed at zero load, such that the minimum speed occurs near the engine's point of maximum power;










2.1.13.


"Continuous regeneration" means the regeneration process of an exhaust after-treatment system that occurs either in a sustained manner or at least once over the applicable transient test cycle or ramped-modal cycle; in contrast to periodic (infrequent) regeneration;










2.1.14.


"Conversion efficiency of non-methane cutter (NMC) E" means the efficiency of the conversion of a NMC that is used for removing the non-methane hydrocarbons from the sample gas by oxidizing all hydrocarbons except methane. Ideally, the conversion for methane is 0 per cent (ECH4 = 0) and for the other hydrocarbons represented by ethane is 100 per cent (EC2H6 = 100 per cent). For the accurate measurement of NMHC, the two efficiencies shall be determined and used for the calculation of the NMHC emission mass flow rate for methane and ethane. Contrast with "penetration fraction";










2.1.15.


"Critical emission-related components" means the components which are designed primarily for emission control, that is, any exhaust after-treatment system, the electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and actuators, and the EGR system including all related filters, coolers, control valves and tubing;










2.1.16.


"Critical emission-related maintenance" means the maintenance to be performed on critical emission-related components;










2.1.17.


"Delay time" means the difference in time between the change of the component to be measured at the reference point and a system response of 10 per cent of the final reading (t
10) with the sampling probe being defined as the reference point. For the gaseous components, this is the transport time of the measured component from the sampling probe to the detector (see Figure 3.1);










2.1.18.


"DeNOx system" means an exhaust after-treatment system designed to reduce emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) (e.g. passive and active lean NOx catalysts, NOx adsorbers and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems);










2.1.19.


"Dew point" means a measure of humidity stated as the equilibrium temperature at which water condenses under a given pressure from moist air with a given absolute humidity. Dew point is specified as a temperature in ° C or K, and is valid only for the pressure at which it is measured;










2.1.20.


"Diagnostic trouble code (DTC)" means a numeric or alphanumeric identifier which identifies or labels a NOx Control Malfunction.










2.1.21.


"Discrete-mode" means relating to a discrete-mode type of steady-state test, as described in paragraph 7.4.1.1. of Annex 4B and in Annex 5;










2.1.22.


"Drift" means the difference between a zero or calibration signal and the respective value reported by a measurement instrument immediately after it was used in an emission test, as long as the instrument was zeroed and spanned just before the test;










2.1.23.


"Electronic control unit" means an engine's electronic device that uses data from engine sensors to control engine parameters;










2.1.24.


"Emission control system" means any device, system, or element of design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants from an engine;










2.1.25.


"Emission control strategy" means a combination of an emission control system with one base emission control strategy and with one set of auxiliary emission control strategies, incorporated into the overall design of an engine or non-road mobile machinery into which the engine is installed;










2.1.26.


"Emission durability period" means the number of hours indicated in Annex 8 used to determine the deterioration factors;










2.1.27.


"Emission-related maintenance" means the maintenance which substantially affects emissions or which is likely to affect emissions performance deterioration of the vehicle or the engine during normal in-use operation;










2.1.28.


"Engine-after-treatment system family" means a manufacturer's grouping of engines that complies with the definition of engine family, but which are further grouped into a family of engine families utilising a similar exhaust after-treatment system;










2.1.29.


"Engine family" means a manufacturer's grouping of engines which, through their design, are expected to have similar exhaust emission characteristics and comply with the requirements in paragraph 7. of this Regulation;










2.1.30.


"Engine governed speed" means the engine operating speed when it is controlled by the installed governor;










2.1.31.


"Engine system" means the engine, the emission control system and the communication interface (hardware and messages) between the engine system electronic control unit(s) (ECU) and any other powertrain or vehicle control unit;










2.1.32.


"Engine type" means a category of engines which do not differ in such essential engine characteristics as defined in paragraphs 1. to 4. of Annex 1A, Appendix 3 to this Regulation;










2.1.33.


"Exhaust after-treatment system" means a catalyst, particulate filter, deNOx system, combined deNOx particulate filter or any other emission-reducing device that is installed downstream of the engine. This definition excludes exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and turbochargers, which are considered an integral part of the engine;










2.1.34.


"Exhaust-gas recirculation" means a technology that reduces emissions by routing exhaust gases that have been exhausted from the combustion chamber(s) back into the engine to be mixed with incoming air before or during combustion. The use of valve timing to increase the amount of residual exhaust gas in the combustion chamber(s) that is mixed with incoming air before or during combustion is not considered exhaust-gas recirculation for the purposes of this Regulation;










2.1.35.


"Full flow dilution method" means the process of mixing the total exhaust flow with dilution air prior to separating a fraction of the diluted exhaust stream for analysis;










2.1.36.


"Gaseous pollutants" means carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (assuming a ratio of C1H1.85) and, oxides of nitrogen, the last named being expressed in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) equivalent;










2.1.37.


"Good engineering judgment" means judgments made consistent with generally accepted scientific and engineering principles and available relevant information;










2.1.38.


"HEPA filter" means high-efficiency particulate air filters that are rated to achieve a minimum initial particle-removal efficiency of 99.97 per cent using ASTM F 1471–93 or equivalent standard;










2.1.39.


"Hydrocarbon (HC)" means THC, NMHC as applicable. Hydrocarbon generally means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each type of fuel and engine;










2.1.40.


"High speed (nhi)" means the highest engine speed where 70 per cent of the rated power (Annex 4A) or the maximum power (Annex 4B) occurs;










2.1.41.


"Idle speed" means the lowest engine speed with minimum load (greater than or equal to zero load), where an engine governor function controls engine speed. For engines without a governor function that controls idle speed, idle speed means the manufacturer-declared value for lowest engine speed possible with minimum load. Note that warm idle speed is the idle speed of a warmed-up engine;










2.1.42.


"Intermediate speed" means that engine speed which meets one of the following requirements:






(a)


For engines which are designed to operate over a speed range on a full load torque curve, the intermediate speed shall be the declared maximum torque speed if it occurs between 60 per cent and 75 per cent of the rated speed;










(b)


If the declared maximum torque speed is less than 60 per cent of the rated speed, then the intermediate speed shall be 60 per cent of the rated speed;










(c)


If the declared maximum torque speed is greater than 75 per cent of the rated speed then the intermediate speed shall be 75 per cent of the rated speed.














2.1.43.


"Linearity" means the degree to which measured values agree with respective reference values. Linearity is quantified using a linear regression of pairs of measured values and reference values over a range of values expected or observed during testing;










2.1.44.


"Low speed (nlo)" means the lowest engine speed where 50 per cent of the rated power (Annex 4A) or the maximum power (Annex 4B) occurs;










2.1.45.


"Maximum power (Pmax)" means the maximum power in kW as designed by the manufacturer;










2.1.46.


"Maximum torque speed" means the engine speed at which the maximum torque is obtained from the engine, as specified by the manufacturer;










2.1.47.


"Means of a quantity" based upon flow-weighted mean values means the mean level of a quantity after it is weighted proportionally to the corresponding flow rate;










2.1.48.


"NCD engine family" means a manufacturer's grouping of engine systems having common methods of monitoring/diagnosing NCMs.










2.1.49.


"Net power" means the power in "ECE kW" obtained on the test bench at the end of the crankshaft, or its equivalent, measured in accordance with the method described in Regulation No. 120 on the measurement of the net power, net torque and specific fuel consumption of internal combustion engines for agricultural and forestry tractors and non-road mobile machinery.










2.1.50.


"Non-emission-related maintenance" means maintenance which does not substantially affect emissions and which does not have a lasting effect on the emissions performance deterioration of the machine or the engine during normal in-use operation once the maintenance is performed;










2.1.51.


"Non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC)" means the sum of all hydrocarbon species except methane;










2.1.52.


"NOx Control Diagnostic system (NCD)" means a system on-board the engine which has the capability of






(a)


Detecting a NOx Control Malfunction;










(b)


Identifying the likely cause of NOx control malfunctions by means of information stored in computer memory and/or communicating that information off-board;














2.1.53.


"NOx Control Malfunction (NCM)" means an attempt to tamper with the NOx control system of an engine or a malfunction affecting that system that might be due to tampering, that is considered by this Regulation as requiring the activation of a warning or an inducement system once detected;










2.1.54.


"Open crankcase emissions" means any flow from an engine's crankcase that is emitted directly into the environment;










2.1.55.


"Operator demand" means an engine operator's input to control engine output. The "operator" may be a person (i.e. manual), or a governor (i.e., automatic) that mechanically or electronically signals an input that demands engine output. Input may be from an accelerator pedal or signal, a throttle-control lever or signal, a fuel lever or signal, a speed lever or signal, or a governor setpoint or signal;










2.1.56.


"Oxides of nitrogen" means compounds containing only nitrogen and oxygen as measured by the procedures specified in this Regulation. Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the NO is in the form of NO2, such that an effective molar mass is used for all oxides of nitrogen equivalent to that of NO2;










2.1.57.


"Parent engine" means an engine selected from an engine family in such a way that its emissions characteristics are representative for that engine family and that it complies with the requirements set out in Annex 1B of this Regulation;










2.1.58.


"Partial pressure" means the pressure, p, attributable to a single gas in a gas mixture. For an ideal gas, the partial pressure divided by the total pressure is equal to the constituent's molar concentration, x;










2.1.59.


"Particulate after-treatment device" means an exhaust after-treatment system designed to reduce emissions of particulate pollutants (PM) through a mechanical, aerodynamic, diffusional or inertial separation;










2.1.60.


"Partial flow dilution method" means the process of separating a part from the total exhaust flow, then mixing it with an appropriate amount of dilution air prior to the particulate sampling filter;










2.1.61.


"Particulate matter (PM)" means any material collected on a specified filter medium after diluting C.I. engine exhaust gas with clean filtered air so that the temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C);










2.1.62.


"Penetration fraction PF" means the deviation from ideal functioning of a non-methane cutter (see Conversion efficiency of non-methane cutter (NMC) E). An ideal non-methane cutter would have a methane penetration fraction, PFCH4
, of 1,000 (that is, a methane conversion efficiency ECH4
 of 0), and the penetration fraction for all other hydrocarbons would be 0,000, as represented by PFC2H6
 (that is, an ethane conversion efficiency EC2H6
 of 1). The relationship is:



 and 

;










2.1.63.


"Per cent load" means the fraction of the maximum available torque at an engine speed;










2.1.64.


"Periodic (or infrequent) regeneration" means the regeneration process of an exhaust after-treatment system that occurs periodically in typically less than 100 hours of normal engine operation. During cycles where regeneration occurs, emission limits may be exceeded;










2.1.65.


"Placing on the market" means the action of making available a product covered by this Regulation on the market of a country applying this Regulation, for payment or free of charge, with a view to distribution and/or use in the country;










2.1.66.


"Probe" means the first section of the transfer line which transfers the sample to next component in the sampling system;










2.1.67.


"PTFE" means polytetrafluoroethylene, commonly known as Teflon TM;










2.1.68.


"Ramped modal steady state test cycle" means a test cycle with a sequence of steady state engine test modes with defined speed and torque criteria at each mode and defined speed and torque ramps between these modes;










2.1.69.


"Rated speed" means the maximum full load speed allowed by the governor, as designed by the manufacturer, or, if such a governor is not present, the speed at which the maximum power is obtained from the engine, as designed by the manufacturer;










2.1.70.


"Reagent" means any consumable or non-recoverable medium required and used for the effective operation of the exhaust after-treatment system;










2.1.71.


"Regeneration" means an event during which emissions levels change while the aftertreatment performance is being restored by design. Two types of regeneration can occur: continuous regeneration (see paragraph 6.6.1. of Annex 4B) and infrequent (periodic) regeneration (see paragraph 6.6.2. of Annex 4B);










2.1.72.


"Response time" means the difference in time between the change of the component to be measured at the reference point and a system response of 90 per cent of the final reading (t90) with the sampling probe being defined as the reference point, whereby the change of the measured component is at least 60 per cent full scale (FS) and the devices for gas switching shall be specified to perform the gas switching in less than 0,1 s. The system response time consists of the delay time to the system and of the rise time of the system;










2.1.73.


"Rise time" means the difference in time between the 10 per cent and 90 per cent response of the final reading (t90 – t10);










2.1.74.


"Scan-tool" means an external test equipment used for off-board communication with the NCD system;










2.1.75.


"Service accumulation schedule" means the ageing cycle and the service accumulation period for determining the deterioration factors for the engine-after-treatment system family;










2.1.76.


"Shared atmospheric pressure meter" means an atmospheric pressure meter whose output is used as the atmospheric pressure for an entire test facility that has more than one dynamometer test cell;










2.1.77.


"Shared humidity measurement" means a humidity measurement that is used as the humidity for an entire test facility that has more than one dynamometer test cell;










2.1.78.


"Span" means to adjust an instrument so that it gives a proper response to a calibration standard that represents between 75 per cent and 100 per cent of the maximum value in the instrument range or expected range of use;










2.1.79.


"Span gas" means a purified gas mixture used to span gas analysers. Span gases shall meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. Note that calibration gases and span gases are qualitatively the same, but differ in terms of their primary function. Various performance verification checks for gas analysers and sample handling components might refer to either calibration gases or span gases;










2.1.80.


"Specific emissions" means the mass emissions expressed in g/kWh;










2.1.81.


"Stand-alone" means something that has no dependencies; it can "stand alone";










2.1.82.


"Steady-state" means relating to emission tests in which engine speed and load are held at a finite set of nominally constant values. Discrete-mode tests or ramped-modal tests are steady-state tests;










2.1.83.


"Stoichiometric" means relating to the particular ratio of air and fuel such that if the fuel were fully oxidized, there would be no remaining fuel or oxygen;










2.1.84.


"Storage medium" means a particulate filter, sample bag, or any other storage device used for batch sampling;










2.1.85.


"Test (or duty) cycle" means a sequence of test points each with a defined speed and torque to be followed by the engine under steady state or transient operating conditions. Duty cycles are specified in the Annex 5. A single duty cycle may consist of one or more test intervals;










2.1.86.


"Test interval" means a duration of time over which brake-specific emissions are determined. In cases where multiple test intervals occur over a duty cycle, the Regulation may specify additional calculations that weigh and combine results to arrive at composite values for comparison against the applicable emission limits;










2.1.87.


"Tolerance" means the interval in which 95 per cent of a set of recorded values of a certain quantity shall lie, with the remaining 5 per cent of the recorded values deviating from the tolerance interval. The specified recording frequencies and time intervals shall be used to determine if a quantity is within the applicable tolerance;










2.1.88.


"Total hydrocarbon (THC)" means the combined mass of organic compounds measured by the specified procedure for measuring total hydrocarbon, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1,85:1;










2.1.89.


"Transformation time" means the difference in time between the change of the component to be measured at the reference point and a system response of 50 per cent of the final reading (t50) with the sampling probe being defined as the reference point. The transformation time is used for the signal alignment of different measurement instruments. See Figure 3.1;










2.1.90.


"Transient test cycle" means a test cycle with a sequence of normalized speed and torque values that vary relatively quickly with time (NRTC);










2.1.91.


"Type approval" means the approval of an engine type with regard to its emissions measured in accordance with the procedures specified in this Regulation;










2.1.92.


"Updating-recording" means the frequency at which the analyser provides new, current, values;










2.1.93.


"Useful life" means the relevant period of distance and/or time over which compliance with the relevant gaseous and particulate emission limits has to be assured;










2.1.94.


"Variable-speed engine" means an engine that is not a constant-speed engine;










2.1.95.


"Verification" means to evaluate whether or not a measurement system's outputs agree with a range of applied reference signals to within one or more predetermined thresholds for acceptance. Contrast with "calibration";










2.1.96.


"To zero" means to adjust an instrument so it gives a zero response to a zero calibration standard, such as purified nitrogen or purified air for measuring concentrations of emission constituents;










2.1.97.


"Zero gas" means a gas that yields a zero response in an analyser. This may either be purified nitrogen, purified air, a combination of purified air and purified nitrogen.





Figure 1


Definitions of system response: delay time (paragraph 2.1.17.), response time (paragraph 2.1.72.), rise time (paragraph 2.1.73.) and transformation time (paragraph 2.1.89.)




2.2.   Symbols and abbreviations
2.2.1.   Symbols
The symbols are explained in Annex 4A, paragraph 1.4. and Annex 4B, paragraph 3.2. respectively.
2.2.2.   Symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components

Ar: Argon

C1
: Carbon 1 equivalent hydrocarbon

CH4
: Methane

C2H6
: Ethane

C3H8
: Propane

CO: Carbon monoxide

CO2
: Carbon dioxide

DOP: Di-octylphthalate

H: Atomic hydrogen

H2
: Molecular hydrogen

HC: Hydrocarbon

H2O: Water

He: Helium

N2
: Molecular nitrogen

NMHC: Non-methane hydrocarbon

NOx
: Oxides of nitrogen

NO: Nitric oxide

NO2
: Nitrogen dioxide

O2
: Oxygen

PM: Particulate matter

PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene

S: Sulphur

THC: Total hydrocarbon
2.2.3.   Abbreviations

ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials

BMD: Bag mini-diluter

BSFC: Brake-specific fuel consumption

CFV: Critical Flow Venturi

CI: Compression-ignition

CLD: Chemiluminescent Detector

CVS: Constant Volume Sampler

DeNOx
: NOx after-treatment system

DF: Deterioration factor

ECM: Electronic control module

EFC: Electronic flow control

EGR: Exhaust gas recirculation

FID: Flame Ionization Detector

GC: Gas Chromatograph

HCLD: Heated Chemiluminescent Detector

HFID: Heated Flame Ionization Detector

IBP: Initial boiling point

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas

NDIR: Nondispersive infrared (Analyser)

NDUV: Nondispersive ultraviolet (Analyser)

NIST: US National Institute for Standards and Technology

NMC: Non-Methane Cutter

PDP: Positive Displacement Pump

%FS: Per cent of full scale

PFD: Partial Flow Dilution

PFS: Partial Flow System

PTFE: Polytetrafluoroethylene (commonly known as Teflon™)

RMC: Ramped-modal cycle

RMS: Root-mean square

RTD: Resistive temperature detector

SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers

SSV: Subsonic Venturi

UCL: Upper confidence limit

UFM: Ultrasonic flow-meter
3.   APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL
3.1.   Application for approval of an engine as a separate technical unit








3.1.1.


The application for approval of an engine or an engine family with regard to the level of the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants shall be submitted by the engine manufacturer or by a duly accredited representative.












3.1.2.


It shall be accompanied by the undermentioned documents in triplicate and the following particulars:
A description of the engine type comprising the particulars referred to in Annex 1A of this Regulation and if applicable the particulars of the engine family as referred to in Annex 1B of this Regulation.












3.1.3.


An engine conforming to the engine type characteristics described in Annex 1A shall be submitted to the technical service responsible for conducting the approval tests defined in paragraph 5. If the technical service determines that the submitted engine does not fully represent the engine family described in Annex 1A, Appendix 2, an alternative and, if necessary, an additional engine shall be submitted for test according to paragraph 5.




4.   APPROVAL








4.1.


If the engine submitted for approval pursuant to paragraph 3.1. of this Regulation meets the requirements of paragraph 5.2. below, approval of that type of engine or family of engines shall be granted.












4.2.


An approval number shall be assigned to each type or family approved. Its first two digits shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of the approval. The same Contracting Party shall not assign the same number to another engine type or family.












4.3.


Notice of approval or of extension or refusal of approval of an engine type or family pursuant to this Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the 1958 Agreement which apply this Regulation, by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 2, as applicable, to this Regulation. Values measured during the type test shall also be shown.












4.4.


There shall be affixed, conspicuously and in a readily accessible place to every engine conforming to an engine type or family approved under this Regulation, an international approval mark consisting of:






4.4.1.


A circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has granted approval (2);










4.4.2.


The number of this Regulation, followed by the letter "R", a dash and the approval number to the right of the circle prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1.










4.4.3.


An additional symbol consisting of two letters, the first of which shall be a letter from D to R indicating the emission level (paragraph 5.2.1.) according to which the engine or the engine family has been approved, the second of which shall be either the letter A if the engine family is certified for variable speed operation or the letter B if the engine family is certified for constant speed operation.
















4.5.


If the engine conforms to an approved type or family under one or more Regulations Annexed to the Agreement, in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation, the symbol prescribed need not be repeated; in such a case, the regulation and approval numbers and the additional symbols of all the Regulations under which approval has been granted under this Regulation shall be placed in vertical columns to the right of the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.2.












4.6.


The approval mark shall be placed close to or on the data plate affixed by the manufacturer to the approved type.












4.7.


Annex 3 to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks.












4.8.


The engine approved as a technical unit shall bear, in addition to the approval mark:






4.8.1.


The trademark or trade name of the manufacturer of the engine;










4.8.2.


The manufacturer's engine code;
















4.9.


These marks shall be clearly legible and indelible.




5.   SPECIFICATION AND TESTS
5.1.   General
The components liable to affect the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants shall be so designed, constructed and assembled as to enable the engine, in normal use, despite the vibrations to which it may be subjected, to comply with the provisions of this Regulation.
5.1.1.   The technical measures taken by the manufacturer shall be such as to ensure that the mentioned emissions are effectively limited, pursuant to this Regulation, throughout the normal life of the engine and under normal conditions of use. These provisions are deemed to be met:






(a)


If the provisions of paragraphs 5.2.1. and 7.2.2.1. are respectively complied with, and










(b)


If, in addition, for engines of power bands L and upwards, the provisions of paragraph 5.3. are complied with.




5.1.2.   For engines of power bands H and upwards, the manufacturer shall prove the durability of the engine and after-treatment device, if applicable, in accordance with Annex 8.
5.1.3.   Systematic replacement of emission related components, after a certain running time of the engine, is permissible. Any adjustment, repair, disassembly, cleaning or replacement of engine components or systems which is performed on a periodic basis to prevent malfunction of the engine, shall only be done to the extent that is technologically necessary to ensure proper functioning of the emission control system. Accordingly, scheduled maintenance requirements shall be included in the customer's manual and be approved before an approval is granted. For engines of power bands L and upwards, further information shall be included according to the requirements of paragraph 5.3.3.
5.1.4.   The corresponding extract from the manual with respect to maintenance/replacements of the after-treatment device(s) shall be included in the information document as set out in the appendices of Annex 1A to this Regulation.
5.2.   Specifications concerning the emissions of pollutants
The gaseous and particulate components emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured by the methods described in Annex 4A for the power bands up to P, and in Annex 4B for power bands Q and R. At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the Type Approval Authority the methods described in Annex 4B may be used for power bands up to P.
5.2.1.   The emissions of the carbon monoxide, the emissions of hydrocarbons, the emissions of the oxides of nitrogen and the emissions of particulate matter obtained shall not exceed the amount shown in the table below:










Power band


Net power
(P)
(kW)


Carbon monoxide
(CO)
(g/kWh)


Hydrocarbons
(HC)
(g/kWh)


Oxides of nitrogen
(NOx)
(g/kWh)


Particulate Matter
(PM)
(g/kWh)




E


130 ≤ P ≤ 560


3,5 


1,0 


6,0 


0,2 




F


75 ≤ P < 130


5,0 


1,0 


6,0 


0,3 




G


37 ≤ P < 75


5,0 


1,3 


7,0 


0,4 




D


18 ≤ P < 37


5,5 


1,5 


8,0 


0,8 




 


Net power
(P)
(kW)


Carbon monoxide
(CO)
(g/kWh)


Sum of hydro-carbons and oxides of nitrogen
(HC + NOx)
(g/kWh)


 


Particulate Matter
(PM)
(g/kWh)




H


130 ≤ P ≤ 560


3,5 


4,0 


 


0,2 




I


75 ≤ P < 130


5,0 


4,0 


 


0,3 




J


37 ≤ P < 75


5,0 


4,7 


 


0,4 




K


19 ≤ P < 37


5,5 


7,5 


 


0,6 




 


Net power
(P)
(kW)


Carbon monoxide
(CO)
(g/kWh)


Hydrocarbons
(HC)
(g/kWh)


Oxides of nitrogen
(NOx)
(g/kWh)


Particulate Matter
(PM)
(g/kWh)




L


130 ≤ P ≤ 560


3,5 


0,19 


2,0 


0,025 




M


75 ≤ P < 130


5,0 


0,19 


3,3 


0,025 




N


56 ≤ P < 75


5,0 


0,19 


3,3 


0,025 




 


 


 


Sum of hydro-carbons and oxides of nitrogen
(HC + NOx)
(g/kWh)


 




P


37 ≤ P < 56


5,0 


4,7 


0,025 




 


Net power
(P)
(kW)


Carbon monoxide
(CO)
(g/kWh)


Hydrocarbons
(HC)
(g/kWh)


Oxides of nitrogen
(NOx)
(g/kWh)


Particulate Matter
(PM)
(g/kWh)




Q


130 ≤ P ≤ 560


3,5 


0,19 


0,4 


0,025 




R


56 ≤ P < 130


5,0 


0,19 


0,4 


0,025 




The limit values for power bands H to R shall include deterioration factors calculated in accordance with Annex 8.
5.2.2.   Where, as defined, according to Annex 1B, one engine family covers more than one power band, the emission values of the parent engine (type approval) and of all engine types within the same family (COP) shall meet the more stringent requirements of the higher power band.
5.2.3.   In addition, the following requirements shall apply:






(a)


Durability requirements as set out in Annex 8 to this Regulation;










(b)


Engine control area provisions as set out in paragraph 5.3.5. of this Regulation for tests of engines of power bands Q and R only;










(c)


CO2 reporting requirements as set out in Appendix 1 of Annex 10 for tests according to Annex 4A or Appendix 2 of Annex 10 to this Regulation for tests according to Annex 4B to this Regulation;










(d)


The requirements set out in paragraph 5.3 for electronically controlled engines of power bands L to R.




5.3.   Type approval requirements for power bands L to R
5.3.1.   This paragraph shall apply to the type approval of electronically controlled engines, which use electronic control to determine both the quantity and timing of injecting fuel (hereafter 'engine'). This paragraph shall apply irrespective of the technology applied to such engines so as to comply with the emission limit values set out in paragraph 5.2.1. of this Regulation.
5.3.2.   General requirements
5.3.2.1.   Requirements for base emission control strategy
5.3.2.1.1.   The base emission control strategy, activated throughout the speed and torque operating range of the engine, shall be designed as to enable the engine to comply with the provisions of this Regulation.
5.3.2.1.2.   Any base emission control strategy that can distinguish engine operation between a standardized type approval test and other operating conditions and subsequently reduce the level of emission control when not operating under conditions substantially included in the type approval procedure is prohibited.
5.3.2.2.   Requirements for auxiliary emission control strategy
5.3.2.2.1.   An auxiliary emission control strategy may be used by an engine or a non-road mobile machine, provided that the auxiliary emission control strategy, when activated, modifies the base emission control strategy in response to a specific set of ambient and/or operating conditions but does not permanently reduce the effectiveness of the emission control system.






(a)


Where the auxiliary emission control strategy is activated during the type approval test, paragraphs 5.3.2.2.2. and 5.3.2.2.3. shall not apply.










(b)


Where the auxiliary emission control strategy is not activated during the type approval test, it shall be demonstrated that the auxiliary emission control strategy is active only for as long as required for the purposes identified in paragraph 5.3.2.2.3.




5.3.2.2.2.   The control conditions applicable for power bands L to P and power bands Q to R are the following:






(a)


Control conditions for engines of power bands L to P:






(i)


An altitude not exceeding 1 000 metres (or equivalent atmospheric pressure of 90 kPa);










(ii)


An ambient temperature within the range 275 K to 303 K (2 °C to 30 °C);










(iii)


The engine coolant temperature above 343 K (70 °C).




Where the auxiliary emission control strategy is activated when the engine is operating within the control conditions set out in points (i), (ii) and (iii), the strategy shall only be activated exceptionally.










(b)


Control conditions for engines of power bands Q to R:






(i)


The atmospheric pressure greater than or equal to 82,5 kPa;










(ii)


The ambient temperature within the following range:






—


Equal to or above 266 K (– 7 °C);










—


Less than or equal to the temperature determined by the following equation at the specified atmospheric pressure: 

, where: Tc is the calculated ambient air temperature, K and Pb is the atmospheric pressure, kPa.














(iii)


The engine coolant temperature above 343 K (70 °C).




Where the auxiliary emission control strategy is activated when the engine is operating within the control conditions set out in points (i), (ii) and (iii), the strategy shall only be activated when demonstrated to be necessary for the purposes identified in paragraph 5.3.2.2.3. and approved by the Type Approval Authority.










(c)


Cold temperature operation
By derogation from the requirements of point (b), an auxiliary emission control strategy may be used on a engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) of power bands Q to R when the ambient temperature is below 275 K (2 °C) and if one of the two following criteria is met:






(i)

Intake manifold temperature is less than or equal to the temperature defined by the following equation: 



, where: IMTc is the calculated intake manifold temperature, K and PIM is the absolute intake manifold pressure in kPa;









(ii)

Engine coolant temperature is less than or equal to the temperature defined by the following equation: 



, where: ECTc is the calculated engine coolant temperature, K and PIM is the absolute intake manifold pressure, kPa.







5.3.2.2.3.   An auxiliary emission control strategy may be activated in particular for the following purposes:






(a)


By on-board signals, for protecting the engine (including air-handling device protection) and/or non-road mobile machine into which the engine is installed from damage;










(b)


For operational safety reasons;










(c)


For prevention of excessive emissions, during cold start or warming-up, during shut-down;










(d)


If used to trade-off the control of one regulated pollutant under specific ambient or operating conditions, for maintaining control of all other regulated pollutants, within the emission limit values that are appropriate for the engine concerned. The purpose is to compensate for naturally occurring phenomena in a manner that provides acceptable control of all emission constituents.




5.3.2.2.4.   The manufacturer shall demonstrate to the technical service at the time of the type approval test that the operation of any auxiliary emission strategy complies with the provisions of paragraph 5.3.2.2. The demonstration shall consist of an evaluation of the documentation referred to in paragraph 5.3.2.3.
5.3.2.2.5.   Any operation of an auxiliary emission control strategy not compliant with paragraph 5.3.2.2. is prohibited.
5.3.2.3.   Documentation requirements
5.3.2.3.1.   The manufacturer shall provide an information folder accompanying the application for type approval at the time of submission to the technical service, which ensures access to any element of design and emission control strategy and the means by which the auxiliary strategy directly or indirectly controls the output variables. The information folder shall be made available in two parts:






(a)


The documentation package, annexed to the application for type approval, shall include a full overview of the emission control strategy. Evidence shall be provided that all outputs permitted by a matrix, obtained from the range of control of the individual unit inputs, have been identified. This evidence shall be attached to the information folder as referred to in Annex 1 A.










(b)


The additional material, presented to the technical service but not annexed to the application for type approval, shall include all the modified parameters by any auxiliary emission control strategy and the boundary conditions under which this strategy operates and in particular:






(i)


A description of the control logic and of timing strategies and switch points, during all modes of operation for the fuel and other essential systems, resulting in effective emissions control (such as exhaust gas recirculation system (EGR) or reagent dosing);










(ii)


A justification for the use of any auxiliary emission control strategy applied to the engine, accompanied by material and test data, demonstrating the effect on exhaust emissions. This justification may be based on test data, sound engineering analysis, or a combination of both;










(iii)


A detailed description of algorithms or sensors (where applicable) used for identifying, analysing, or diagnosing incorrect operation of the NOx control system;










(iv)


The tolerance used to satisfy the requirements in paragraph 5.3.3.7.2., regardless of the used means.








5.3.2.3.2.   The additional material referred to in sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph 5.3.2.3.1. shall be treated as strictly confidential. It shall be made available to the Type Approval Authority on request. The Type Approval Authority shall treat this material as confidential.
5.3.3.   Requirements on NOx control measures for engines of power bands L to P
5.3.3.1.   The manufacturer shall provide information that fully describes the functional operational characteristics of the NOx control measures using the documents set out in paragraph 2. of Appendix 1 and paragraph 2. of Appendix 3 to Annex 1A.
5.3.3.2.   If the emission control system requires a reagent, the characteristics of that reagent, including the type of reagent, information on concentration when the reagent is in solution, operational temperature conditions and reference to international standards for composition and quality shall be specified by the manufacturer, in paragraph 2.2.1.13. of Appendix 1 and in paragraph 3.2.1.13. of Appendix 3 to Annex 1A.
5.3.3.3.   The engine emission control strategy shall be operational under all environmental conditions regularly pertaining in the territory of the Contracting Parties, especially at low ambient temperatures.
5.3.3.4.   The manufacturer shall demonstrate that the emission of ammonia during the applicable emission test cycle of the type approval procedure, when a reagent is used, does not exceed a mean value of 25 ppm.
5.3.3.5.   If separate reagent containers are installed on or connected to a non-road mobile machine, means for taking a sample of the reagent inside the containers shall be included. The sampling point shall be easily accessible without requiring the use of any specialized tool or device.
5.3.3.6.   Use and maintenance requirements
5.3.3.6.1.   The type approval shall be made conditional, in accordance with paragraph 5.1.3., upon providing to each operator of non-road mobile machinery written instructions comprising the following:






(a)


Detailed warnings, explaining possible malfunctions generated by incorrect operation, use or maintenance of the installed engine, accompanied by respective rectification measures;










(b)


Detailed warnings on the incorrect use of the machine resulting in possible malfunctions of the engine, accompanied by respective rectification measures;










(c)


Information on the correct use of the reagent, accompanied by an instruction on refilling the reagent between normal maintenance intervals;










(d)


A clear warning, that the type approval certificate, issued for the type of engine concerned, is valid only when all of the following conditions are met:






(i)


The engine is operated, used and maintained in accordance with the instructions provided;










(ii)


Prompt action has been taken for rectifying incorrect operation, use or maintenance in accordance with the rectification measures indicated by the warnings referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) and (b);










(iii)


No deliberate misuse of the engine has taken place, in particular de-activating or not maintaining an EGR or reagent dosing system.








The instructions shall be written in a clear and non-technical manner using the same language as is used in the operator's manual on non-road mobile machinery or engine.
5.3.3.7.   Reagent control (where applicable)
5.3.3.7.1.   The type approval shall be made conditional, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 6.1., upon providing indicators or other appropriate means, according to the configuration of the non-road mobile machinery, informing the operator on:






(a)


The amount of reagent remaining in the reagent storage container and by an additional specific signal, when the remaining reagent is less than 10 per cent of the full container's capacity;










(b)


When the reagent container becomes empty, or almost empty;










(c)


When the reagent in the storage tank does not comply with the characteristics declared and recorded in paragraph 2.2.1.13. of Appendix 1 and paragraph 2.2.1.13. of Appendix 3 to Annex 1A, according to the installed means of assessment;










(d)


When the dosing activity of the reagent is interrupted, in cases other than those executed by the engine ECU or the dosing controller, reacting to engine operating conditions where the dosing is not required, provided that these operating conditions are made available to the Type Approval Authority.




5.3.3.7.2.   By the choice of the manufacturer the requirements of reagent compliance with the declared characteristics and the associated NOx emission tolerance shall be satisfied by one of the following means:






(a)


Direct means, such as the use of a reagent quality sensor.










(b)


Indirect means, such as the use of a NOx sensor in the exhaust to evaluate reagent effectiveness.










(c)


Any other means provided that its efficacy is at least equal to the one resulting by the use of the means of sub-paragraphs (a) or (b) and the main requirements of this paragraph are maintained.




5.3.4.   Requirements on NOx control measures for engines of power bands Q to R
5.3.4.1.   The manufacturer shall provide information that fully describes the functional operational characteristics of the NOx control measures using the documents set out in paragraph 2 of Appendix 1 to Annex 1A and in paragraph 2 of Appendix 3 to Annex 1A.
5.3.4.2.   The engine emission control strategy shall be operational under all environmental conditions regularly pertaining in the territory of the Contracting Parties especially at low ambient temperatures. This requirement is not restricted to the conditions under which a base emission control strategy must be used as specified in paragraph 5.3.2.2.2.
5.3.4.3.   When a reagent is used, the manufacturer shall demonstrate that the emission of ammonia over the hot NRTC or NRSC at the type approval procedure does not exceed a mean value of 10 ppm.
5.3.4.4.   If reagent containers are installed on or connected to a non-road mobile machine, means for taking a sample of the reagent inside the containers must be included. The sampling point must be easily accessible without requiring the use of any specialised tool or device.
5.3.4.5.   The type approval shall be made conditional, in accordance with paragraph 6.1., upon the following:






(a)


Providing to each operator of non-road mobile machinery written maintenance instructions, as specified in Annex 9 to this Regulation;










(b)


Providing to the OEM installation documents for the engine, inclusive of the emission control system that is part of the approved engine type;










(c)


Providing to the OEM instructions for an operator warning system, an inducement system and (where applicable) reagent freeze protection;










(d)


The application of provisions on operator instruction, installation documents, operator warning system, inducement system and reagent freeze protection that are set out in Annex 9 to this Regulation.




5.3.5.   Control area for power bands Q to R
For engines of power bands Q to R the emissions sampled within the control area defined in paragraph 5.3.5. shall not exceed by more than 100 per cent the limit values of the emissions in paragraph 5.2.1. of this Regulation.
5.3.5.1.   Demonstration requirements
The technical service shall select up to three random load and speed points within the control area for testing. The technical service shall also determine a random running order of the test points. The test shall be run in accordance with the principal requirements of the NRSC, but each test point shall be evaluated separately. Each test point shall meet the limit values defined in paragraph 5.3.5.
5.3.5.2.   Test requirements
The test shall be carried out as follows:






(a)


The test shall be carried out immediately after the discrete mode test cycles as described in points (a) to (e) of paragraph 7.8.1.2. of Annex 4B to this Regulation but before the post test procedures (f) or alternatively after the Ramped Modal Cycle (RMC) test in points (a) to (d) of paragraph 7.8.2.2. of Annex 4B to this Regulation but before the post test procedures (e) as relevant;










(b)


The tests shall be carried out as required in points (b) to (e) of paragraph 7.8.1.2. of Annex 4B to this Regulation using the multiple filter method (one filter for each test point) for each of the three chosen test points;










(c)


A specific emission value shall be calculated (in g/kWh) for each test point;










(d)


Emissions values may be calculated on a molar basis using Appendix A.7 or on a mass basis using Appendix A.8 of Annex 4B to this Regulation, but should be consistent with the method used for the discrete mode or RMC test;










(e)


For gaseous summation calculations the Nmode shall be set to 1 and a weighting factor of 1 shall be used;










(f)


For particulate calculations use the multiple filter method and for summation calculations the Nmode shall be set to 1 and a weighting factor of 1 shall be used.




5.3.5.3.   Control area requirements
5.3.5.3.1.   Engine control area
The control area (see figure 2) is defined as follows:
speed range: speed A to high speed;
where:



.
High speed and Low speed as defined in Annex 4B to this Regulation shall be used.
If the measured engine speed A is within ± 3 per cent of the engine speed declared by the manufacturer, the declared engine speeds shall be used. If the tolerance is exceeded for any of the test speeds, the measured engine speeds shall be used.
5.3.5.3.2.   The following engine operating conditions shall be excluded from testing:






(a)


points below 30 per cent of maximum torque;










(b)


points below 30 per cent of maximum power.




The manufacturer may request that the Technical Service excludes operating points from the control area defined in paragraph 5.5.1. and 5.5.2. during the certification/type approval. The Technical Service may grant this exclusion if the manufacturer can demonstrate that the engine is never capable of operating at such points when used in any machine combination.

Figure 2


Control area




5.3.6   Verifying Emissions of Crankcase Gases for engines of power bands Q to R
5.3.6.1.   No crankcase emissions shall be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere, with the exception given in paragraph 5.3.6.3.
5.3.6.2.   Engines may discharge crankcase emissions into the exhaust upstream of any after treatment device during all operation.
5.3.6.3.   Engines equipped with turbochargers, pumps, blowers, or superchargers for air induction may discharge crankcase emissions to the ambient atmosphere. In this case the crankcase emissions shall be added to the exhaust emissions (either physically or mathematically) during all emission testing in accordance with paragraph 6.10. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
5.4.   Selection of engine power category
5.4.1.   For the purposes of establishing the conformity of variable speed engines defined by paragraphs 1.1. and 1.2. of this Regulation with the emission limits given in paragraph 5.2.1. of this Regulation, they shall be allocated to power bands on the basis of the highest value of the net power measured in accordance with paragraph 2.1.49. of this Regulation.
5.4.2.   For other engine types rated net power shall be used.
6.   INSTALLATION ON THE VEHICLE








6.1.


The engine installation on the vehicle shall comply with the following characteristics in respect to the approval of the engine.












6.1.1.


Intake depression shall not exceed that specified for the approved engine in Annex 1A, Appendix 1 or 3 to this Regulation as applicable.












6.1.2.


Exhaust back pressure shall not exceed that specified for the approved engine in Annex 1A, Appendix 1 or 3 to this Regulation as applicable.












6.1.3.


The operator shall be informed on the reagent control as defined in paragraph 5.3.3.7.1. or Annex 9 to this Regulation, if applicable.












6.1.4.


The OEM shall be provided with the installation documents and instructions as defined in paragraph 5.3.4.5., if applicable.




7.   CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION








7.1.


The conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the Agreement, Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2) with the following requirements:












7.2.


The Type Approval Authority which has granted approval may at any time verify the conformity control methods applicable to each production unit.












7.2.1.


In every inspection, the test books and production survey record shall be presented to the visiting inspector.












7.2.2.


When the quality level appears unsatisfactory or when it seems necessary to verify the validity of the data presented in application of paragraph 5.2., the following procedure is adopted:






7.2.2.1.


An engine is taken from the series and subjected to the test described in Annex 4A or Annex 4B according to paragraph 5.2. The emissions of the carbon monoxide, the emissions of the hydrocarbons, the emissions of the oxides of nitrogen and the emissions of particulate obtained shall not exceed the amounts shown in the table in paragraph 5.2.1., subject to the requirements of paragraph 5.2.2.










7.2.2.2.

If the engine taken from the series does not satisfy the requirements of paragraph 7.2.2.1. the manufacturer may ask for measurements to be performed on a sample of engines of the same specification taken from the series and including the engine originally taken. The manufacturer shall determine the size n of the sample in agreement with the technical service. Engines other than the engine originally taken shall be subjected to a test. The arithmetical mean 



 of the results obtained with the sample shall then be determined for each pollutant. The production of the series shall then be deemed to confirm if the following condition is met:




where:





where:






 



x is any one of the individual results obtained with the sample n;










 



l is the limit value laid down in paragraph 5.2.1. for each pollutant considered;










 



k is a statistical factor depending on n and given in the following table:














n


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 




k


0,973 


0,613 


0,489 


0,421 


0,376 


0,342 


0,317 


0,296 


0,279 




n


11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


17 


18 


19 




k


0,265 


0,253 


0,242 


0,233 


0,224 


0,216 


0,210 


0,203 


0,198 




if n ≥ 20, 























7.2.3.


The Technical Service responsible for verifying the conformity of production shall carry out tests on engines which have been run-in partially or completely, according to the manufacturer's specifications.












7.2.4.


The normal frequency of inspections authorized by the Type Approval Authority shall be one per year. If the requirements of paragraph 7.2.2.1. are not met, the Type Approval Authority shall ensure that all necessary steps are taken to re-establish the conformity of production as rapidly as possible.




8.   PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION








8.1.


The approval granted in respect of an engine type or family pursuant to this Regulation may be withdrawn if the requirements laid down in paragraph 7.2. are not complied with or if the engine or engines taken fail to pass the tests prescribed in paragraph 7.2.2.1.












8.2.


If a Contracting Party to the Agreement applying this Regulation withdraws an approval it has previously granted, it shall forthwith so notify the other Contracting Parties applying this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 2 to this Regulation.




9.   MODIFICATIONS AND EXTENSION OF APPROVAL OF THE APPROVED TYPE








9.1.


Every modification of the approved type or family shall be notified to the Type Approval Authority which approved the type. The Type Approval Authority may then either:












9.1.1.


Consider that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse effect and that in any case the modified type still complies with the requirement; or












9.1.2.


Require a further test report from the Technical Service conducting the tests.












9.2.


Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the alterations, shall be communicated by the procedure specified to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation.












9.3.


The Type Approval Authority issuing the extension of approval shall assign a series number for such an extension and inform thereof the other Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 2 to this Regulation.




10.   PRODUCTION DEFINITIVELY DISCONTINUED
If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture the type or family approved in accordance with this Regulation he shall so inform the authority which granted the approval. Upon receiving the relevant communication that authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to the Agreement which apply this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to the model in Annex 2 to this Regulation.
11.   TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS








11.1.


As from the official date of entry into force of the 02 series of amendments, no Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse to grant approval under this Regulation as amended by the 02 series of amendments.












11.2.


As from the date of entry into force of the 02 series of amendments, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power bands H, I, J and K which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 02 series of amendments.












11.3.


As from the date of entry into force of the 02 series of amendments, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power bands H, I, J and K not approved under this Regulation as amended by the series 02 of amendments.












11.4.


As from 1 January 2010, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to constant speed engines, or engine families, of the power bands H, I and K which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 02 series of amendments.












11.5.


As from 1 January 2011, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to constant speed engines, or engine families, of the power band J which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 02 series of amendments.












11.6.


As from 1 January 2011, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of constant speed engines, or engine families, included in the power bands H, I and K not approved under this Regulation as amended by the series 02 of amendments.












11.7.


As from 1 January 2012, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of constant speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band J not approved under this Regulation as amended by the series 02 of amendments.












11.8.


By derogation to the provisions stipulated on paragraphs 11.3., 11.6. and 11.7., Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may postpone each date mentioned in the above paragraphs for two years in respect of engines with a production date prior to the said dates.












11.9.


By derogation to the provisions stipulated in paragraphs 11.3., 11.6. and 11.7., Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may continue to permit the placing on the market of engines approved on the basis of a previous technical standard, provided that the engines are intended as replacement for fitting in vehicles in use, and that it is not technically feasible for the engines in question to satisfy the new requirements of the 02 series of amendments.












11.10.


As from the official date of entry into force of the 03 series of amendments, no Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse to grant approval under this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.11.


As from the date of entry into force of the 03 series of amendments, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power bands L, M, N and P which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.12.


As from 1 January 2013, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power band Q which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.13.


As from 1 October 2013, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power band R which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.14.


As from the date of entry into force of the 03 series of amendments, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power bands L, M, N and P not approved under this Regulation as amended by the series 03 of amendments.












11.15.


As from 1 January 2014, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band Q not approved under this Regulation as amended by the series 03 of amendments.












11.16.


As from 1 October 2014, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band R not approved under this Regulation as amended by the series 03 of amendments.












11.17.


By derogation to the provisions stipulated in paragraphs 11.14. to 11.16. Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall postpone each date mentioned in the above paragraphs for two years in respect of engines with a production date prior to the said dates.












11.18.


By derogation to the provisions stipulated in paragraphs 11.14., 11.15. and 11.16., Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may continue to permit the placing on the market of engines approved on the basis of a previous technical standard, provided that the engines are intended as replacement for fitting in vehicles in use, and that it is not technically feasible for the engines in question to satisfy the new requirements of the 03 series of amendments.












11.19.


By derogation to the provisions stipulated in paragraphs 11.11. to 11.16., the following additional transition clauses from 11.20. to 11.29. shall apply in respect of category T vehicles with the following specific characteristics






(a)


Tractors with a maximum design speed of not more than 40 km/h, with a minimum track width of less than 1,150 mm, with an unladen mass, in running order, of more than 600 kg and with a ground clearance of not more than 600 mm. However, where the height of the centre of gravity of the tractor (3) (measured in relation to the ground) divided by the average minimum track width for each axle exceeds 0,90, the maximum design speed is restricted to 30 km/h;










(b)


Tractors designed for working with high-growing crops, such as vines. They feature a raised chassis or section of chassis, enabling them to advance in parallel with the crop with left and right wheels on either side of one or more rows of the crop. They are intended for carrying or operating tools which may be fitted at the front, between the axles, at the rear or on a platform. When the tractor is in working position the ground clearance perpendicular to the crop rows exceeds 1 000 mm. Where the height of the centre of gravity of the tractor (3) (measured in relation to the ground, using the tyres normally fitted) divided by the average minimum track width of all of the axles exceeds 0,90, the maximum design speed shall not exceed 30 km/h.
















11.20.


As from 1 January 2013, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power band L, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.21.


As from 1 January 2014, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power bands M and N, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.22.


As from 1 January 2015, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power band P, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.23.


As from 1 January 2016, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power band Q, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.24.


As from 1 October 2016, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse to grant approvals to variable speed engines, or engine families, of the power band R, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., which do not meet the requirements of this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.25.


As from 1 January 2014, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band L, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., not approved under this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.26.


As from 1 January 2015, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power bands M and N, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., not approved under this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.27.


As from 1 January 2016, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band P, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., not approved under this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.28.


As from 1 January 2017, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band Q, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., not approved under this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.29.


As from 1 October 2017, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation may refuse the placing on the market of variable speed engines, or engine families, included in the power band R, intended for installation on the vehicles defined in paragraph 11.19., not approved under this Regulation as amended by the 03 series of amendments.












11.30.


By derogation to the provisions stipulated in paragraphs 11.25. to 11.29. Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall postpone each date mentioned in the above paragraphs for two years in respect of engines with a production date prior to the said dates.




12.   NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE FOR CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS AND OF TYPE APPROVAL AUTHORITIES
The Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate to the United Nations Secretariat the names and addresses of the Technical Services responsible for conducting approval tests and the Type Approval Authorities which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval, issued in other countries are to be sent.


(1)  As defined in the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3) (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.2, para. 2) - www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29resolutions.html

(2)  The distinguishing numbers of the Contracting Parties to the 1958 Agreement are reproduced in Annex 3 to the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3), document ECE/TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.2/Amend.1 - www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29resolutions.html

(3)  Centre of gravity of the tractor in accordance with standard ISO 789-6: 1982.




ANNEX 1A

Information document No … relating to the type approval and referring to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery

Parent engine/engine type (1): …
1.   General








1.1.


Make (name of undertaking): …












1.2.


Type and commercial description of the parent – and (if applicable) of the family engine(s): …












1.3.


Manufacturer's type coding as marked on the engine(s): …












1.4.


Specification of machinery to be propelled by the engine (2): …












1.5.


Name and address of manufacturer: …
Name and address of manufacturer's authorized representative (if any): …












1.6.


Location, coding and method of affixing of the engine identification …












1.7.


Location and method of affixing of the approval mark: …












1.8.


Address(es) of assembly plant(s): …




Attachments:








1.1.


Essential characteristics of the (parent) engine(s) (see Appendix 1)












1.2.


Essential characteristics of the engine family (see Appendix 2)












1.3.


Essential characteristics of engine types within the family (see Appendix 3)




2.   Characteristics of engine-related parts of the mobile machinery (if applicable)
3.   Photographs of the parent engine
4.   List further attachments if any
Date, file


(1)  Strike out what does not apply.

(2)  Specify the tolerance.



Appendix 1

Essential characteristics of the (parent) engine

1.   Description of engine
1.1.   Manufacturer: …
1.2.   Manufacturer's engine code: …
1.3.   Cycle: four stroke/two stroke (1)

1.4.   Bore: … mm
1.5.   Stroke: … mm
1.6.   Number and layout of cylinders: …
1.7.   Engine capacity: … cm3

1.8.   Rated speed: …
1.9.   Maximum torque speed: …
1.10.   Volumetric compression ratio (2): …
1.11.   Combustion system description: …
1.12.   Drawing(s) of combustion chamber and piston crown: …
1.13.   Minimum cross sectional area of inlet and outlet ports: …
1.14.   Cooling system
1.14.1.   Liquid
1.14.1.1.   Nature of liquid: …
1.14.1.2.   Circulating pump(s): yes/no (1)

1.14.1.3.   Characteristics or make(s) and type(s) (if applicable): …
1.14.1.4.   Drive ratio(s) (if applicable): …
1.14.2.   Air
1.14.2.1.   Blower: yes/no (1)

1.14.2.2.   Characteristics or make(s) and type(s) (if applicable): …
1.14.2.3.   Drive ratio(s) (if applicable): …
1.15.   Temperature permitted by the manufacturer
1.15.1.   Liquid cooling: Maximum temperature at outlet: … K
1.15.2.   Air cooling: Reference point: …
Maximum temperature at reference point: … K
1.15.3.   Maximum charge air outlet temperature of the inlet intercooler (if applicable): … K
1.15.4.   Maximum exhaust temperature at the point in the exhaust pipe(s) adjacent to the outer flange(s) of the exhaust manifold(s): … K
1.15.5.   Fuel temperature: … min: K
… max: K
1.15.6   Lubricant temperature: … min: K
… max: K
1.16.   Pressure charger: yes/no (1)

1.16.1.   Make: …
1.16.2.   Type: …
1.16.3.   Description of the system (e.g. max charge pressure, waste-gate, if applicable): …
1.16.4.   Intercooler: yes/no (1)

1.17.   Intake system: Maximum allowable intake depression at rated engine speed and at 100 per cent load: … kPa
1.18.   Exhaust system: Maximum allowable exhaust backpressure at rated engine speed and at 100 per cent load: … kPa
2.   Measures taken against air pollution
2.1.   Device for recycling crankcase gases: yes/no (1)

2.2.   Additional anti-pollution devices (if any, and if not covered by another heading)
2.2.1.   Catalytic converter: yes/no (1)

2.2.1.1.   Make(s): …
2.2.1.2.   Type(s): …
2.2.1.3.   Number of catalytic converters and elements …
2.2.1.4.   Dimensions- and volume of the catalytic converter(s): …
2.2.1.5.   Type of catalytic action: …
2.2.1.6.   Total charge of precious metals: …
2.2.1.7.   Relative concentration: …
2.2.1.8.   Substrate (structure and material): …
2.2.1.9.   Cell density: …
2.2.1.10.   Type of casing for the catalytic converter(s): …
2.2.1.11.   Location of the catalytic converter(s) (place(s) and maximum/minimum distance(s) from engine): …
2.2.1.12.   Normal operating range (K): …
2.2.1.13.   Consumable reagent (where appropriate): …
2.2.1.13.1.   Type and concentration of reagent needed for catalytic action: …
2.2.1.13.2.   Normal operational temperature range of reagent: …
2.2.1.13.3.   International standard (where appropriate): …
2.2.1.14.   NOx sensor: yes/no (1)

2.2.2.   Oxygen sensor: yes/no (1)

2.2.2.1.   Make(s): …
2.2.2.2.   Type: …
2.2.2.3.   Location: …
2.2.3.   Air injection: yes/no (1)

2.2.3.1.   Type (pulse air, air pump, etc.): …
2.2.4.   EGR: yes/no (1)

2.2.4.1.   Characteristics (cooled/uncooled, high pressure/low pressure, etc.): …
2.2.5.   Particulate trap: yes/no (1)

2.2.5.1.   Dimensions and capacity of the particulate trap: …
2.2.5.2.   Type and design of the particulate trap: …
2.2.5.3.   Location (place(s) and maximum/minimum distance(s) from engine): …
2.2.5.4.   Method or system of regeneration, description and/or drawing: …
2.2.5.5.   Normal operating temperature (K) and pressure (kPa) range: …
2.2.6.   Other systems: yes/no (1)

2.2.6.1.   Description and operation: …
3.   Fuel feed
3.1.   Feed pump
Pressure (2) or characteristic diagram: … kPa
3.2.   Injection system
3.2.1.   Pump
3.2.1.1.   Make(s): …
3.2.1.2.   Type(s): …
3.2.1.3.   Delivery: … mm3 per stroke (2) or cycle at pump speed of: … min–1 at full injection, or characteristic diagram.
Mention the method used: On engine/on pump bench (1)

3.2.1.4.   Injection advance
3.2.1.4.1.   Injection advance curve (2): …
3.2.1.4.2.   Timing (2): …
3.2.2.   Injection piping
3.2.2.1.   Length: … mm
3.2.2.2.   Internal diameter: … mm
3.2.3.   Injector(s)
3.2.3.1.   Make(s): …
3.2.3.2.   Type(s): …
3.2.3.3.   Opening pressure (2) or characteristic diagram: … kPa
3.2.4.   Governor
3.2.4.1.   Make(s): …
3.2.4.2.   Type(s): …
3.2.4.3.   Speed at which cut-off starts under full load (2): … min–1

3.2.4.4.   Maximum no-load speed (2): … min–1

3.2.4.5.   Idling speed (2): … min–1

3.3.   Cold Start System
3.3.1.   Make(s): …
3.3.2.   Type(s): …
3.3.3.   Description: …
4.   Reserved
5.   Valve timing
5.1.   Maximum lift and angles of opening and closing in relation to dead centres or equivalent data: …
5.2.   Reference and/or setting ranges (1)

5.3.   Variable valve timing system (if applicable and where intake and/or exhaust) (1)

5.3.1.   Type: continuous or on/off (1)

5.3.2.   Cam phase shift angle: …
6.   Reserved
7.   Reserved


(1)  Strike out what does not apply.

(2)  Specify the tolerance.




Appendix 2

Essential characteristics of the engine family

1.   Common parameters (1)









1.1.


Combustion cycle: …












1.2.


Cooling medium: …












1.3.


Method of air aspiration: …












1.4.


Combustion chamber type/design: …












1.5.


Valve and porting 3/4 configuration, size and number: …












1.6.


Fuel system: …












1.7.


Engine management systems …
Proof of identity pursuant to drawing number(s): …






1.7.1.


Charge cooling system: …










1.7.2.


Exhaust gas recirculation (2) …










1.7.3.


Water injection/emulsion (2): …










1.7.4.


Air injection (2): …
















1.8.


Exhaust after-treatment system (3): …
Proof of identical (or lowest for the parent engine) ratio: system capacity/fuel delivery per stroke, pursuant to diagram number(s): …




2.   Engine family listing








2.1.


Engine family name: …












2.2.


Specification of engines within this family:










 


Parent Engine (*1)



Engines within family (*2)





Engine Type


 


 


 


 


 




No. of cylinders


 


 


 


 


 




Rated speed (min-1)


 


 


 


 


 




Fuel delivery per stroke (mm3) at rated net power


 


 


 


 


 




Rated net power (kW)


 


 


 


 


 




Maximum power speed (min-1)


 


 


 


 


 




Maximum net power (kW)


 


 


 


 


 




Maximum torque speed (min-1)


 


 


 


 


 




Fuel delivery per stroke (mm3) at maximum torque


 


 


 


 


 




Maximum torque (Nm)


 


 


 


 


 




Low idle speed (min-1)


 


 


 


 


 




Cylinder displacement (in % of parent engine)


100 


 


 


 


 
















2.3.


In addition, for each engine type within the family, the information required in Annex 1B – Appendix 3 shall be submitted to the Type Approval Authority.






(1)  Strike out what does not apply.

(2)  Specify the tolerance.

(3)  If not applicable mark n.a.

(*1)  For full details see Appendix 1.

(*2)  For full details see Appendix 3.




Appendix 3

Essential characteristics of engine types within the family

1.   Description of engine
1.1.   Manufacturer: …
1.2.   Manufacturer's engine code: …
1.3.   Cycle: four stroke/two stroke (1)

1.4.   Bore: … mm
1.5.   Stroke: … mm
1.6.   Number and layout of cylinders: …
1.7.   Engine capacity: … cm3

1.8.   Rated speed: …
1.9.   Maximum torque speed: …
1.10.   Volumetric compression ratio (2): …
1.11.   Combustion system description: …
1.12.   Drawing(s) of combustion chamber and piston crown …
1.13.   Minimum cross-sectional area of inlet and outlet ports: …
1.14.   Cooling system
1.14.1.   Liquid
1.14.1.1.   Nature of liquid: …
1.14.1.2.   Circulating pump(s): yes/no (1)

1.14.1.3.   Characteristics or make(s) and type(s) (if applicable): …
1.14.1.4.   Drive ratio(s) (if applicable): …
1.14.2.   Air
1.14.2.1.   Blower: yes/no (1)

1.14.2.2.   Characteristics or make(s) and type(s) (if applicable): …
1.14.2.3.   Drive ratio(s) (if applicable): …
1.15.   Temperature permitted by the manufacturer
1.15.1.   Liquid cooling: Maximum temperature at outlet: … K
1.15.2.   Air cooling: Reference point: …
Maximum temperature at reference point: …K
1.15.3.   Maximum charge air outlet temperature of the inlet intercooler (if applicable): … K
1.15.4.   Maximum exhaust temperature at the point in the exhaust pipe(s) adjacent to the outer flange(s) of the exhaust manifold(s): … K
1.15.5.   Fuel temperature: … min: K
… max: K
1.15.6.   Lubricant temperature: … min: K
… max: K
1.16.   Pressure charger: yes/no (1)

1.16.1.   Make: …
1.16.2.   Type: …
1.16.3.   Description of the system (e.g. max. charge pressure, waste-gate, if applicable): …
1.16.4.   Intercooler: yes/no (1)

1.17.   Intake system: Maximum allowable intake depression at rated engine speed and at 100 per cent load: … kPa
1.18.   Exhaust system: Maximum allowable exhaust backpressure at rated engine speed and at 100 per cent load: … kPa
2.   Measures taken against air pollution
2.1.   Device for recycling crankcase gases: yes/no (1)

2.2.   Additional anti-pollution devices (if any, and if not covered by another heading)
2.2.1.   Catalytic converter: yes/no (1)

2.2.1.1.   Make(s): …
2.2.1.2.   Type(s): …
2.2.1.3.   Number of catalytic converters and elements: …
2.2.1.4.   Dimensions and volume of the catalytic converter(s): …
2.2.1.5.   Type of catalytic action: …
2.2.1.6.   Total charge of precious metals: …
2.2.1.7.   Relative concentration: …
2.2.1.8.   Substrate (structure and material): …
2.2.1.9.   Cell density: …
2.2.1.10.   Type of casing for the catalytic converter(s): …
2.2.1.11.   Location of the catalytic converter(s) (place(s) and maximum/minimum distance(s) from engine): …
2.2.1.12.   Normal operating range (K) …
2.2.1.13.   Consumable reagent (where appropriate): …
2.2.1.13.1.   Type and concentration of reagent needed for catalytic action: …
2.2.1.13.2.   Normal operational temperature range of reagent: …
2.2.1.13.3.   International standard (where appropriate): …
2.2.1.14.   NOx sensor: yes/no (1)

2.2.2.   Oxygen sensor: yes/no (1)

2.2.2.1.   Make(s): …
2.2.2.2.   Type: …
2.2.2.3.   Location: …
2.2.3.   Air injection: yes/no (1)

2.2.3.1.   Type (pulse air, air pump, etc.): …
2.2.4.   EGR: yes/no (1)

2.2.4.1.   Characteristics (cooled/uncooled, high pressure/low pressure, etc.): …
2.2.5.   Particulate trap: yes/no (1)

2.2.5.1.   Dimensions and capacity of the particulate trap: …
2.2.5.2.   Type and design of the particulate trap: …
2.2.5.3.   Location (place(s) and maximum/minimum distance(s) from engine): …
2.2.5.4.   Method or system of regeneration, description and/or drawing: …
2.2.5.5.   Normal operating temperature (K) and pressure (kPa) range: …
2.2.6.   Other systems: yes/no (1)

2.2.6.1.   Description and operation: …
3.   Fuel feed
3.1.   Feed pump
Pressure (2) or characteristic diagram: … kPa
3.2.   Injection system
3.2.1.   Pump
3.2.1.1.   Make(s): …
3.2.1.2.   Type(s): …
3.2.1.3.   Delivery: … mm3 per stroke (2) or cycle at pump speed of … min–1 at full injection, or characteristic diagram.
Mention the method used: On engine/on pump bench (1)

3.2.1.4.   Injection advance
3.2.1.4.1.   Injection advance curve (2): …
3.2.1.4.2.   Timing (2): …
3.2.2.   Injection piping
3.2.2.1.   Length: … mm
3.2.2.2.   Internal diameter: … mm
3.2.3.   Injector(s)
3.2.3.1.   Make(s): …
3.2.3.2.   Type(s): …
3.2.3.3.   Opening pressure (2) or characteristic diagram: … kPa
3.2.4.   Governor
3.2.4.1.   Make(s): …
3.2.4.2.   Type(s): …
3.2.4.3.   Speed at which cut-off starts under full load (2): … min–1

3.2.4.4.   Maximum no-load speed (2): … min–1

3.2.4.5.   Idling speed (2): … min–1

3.3.   Cold Start System
3.3.1.   Make(s): …
3.3.2.   Type(s): …
3.3.3.   Description: …
4.   Reserved
5.   Valve timing
5.1.   Maximum lift and angles of opening and closing in relation to dead centres or equivalent data: …
5.2.   Reference and/or setting ranges (1)

5.3.   Variable valve timing system (if applicable and where intake and/or exhaust) (1)

5.3.1.   Type: continuous or on/off (1)

5.3.2.   Cam phase shift angle: …
6.   Reserved
7.   Reserved


(1)  Strike out what does not apply.

(2)  Specify the tolerance.






ANNEX 1B

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGINE FAMILY AND CHOICE OF THE PARENT ENGINE

1.   PARAMETERS DEFINING THE ENGINE FAMILY
1.1.   General
An engine family is characterized by design parameters. These shall be common to all engines within the family. The engine manufacturer may decide which engines belong to an engine family, as long as the membership criteria listed in paragraph 1.3. are respected. The engine family shall be approved by the Type Approval Authority. The manufacturer shall provide to the Type Approval Authority the appropriate information relating to the emission levels of the members of the engine family.
1.2.   Special cases
1.2.1.   Interactions between parameters
In some cases there may be interaction between parameters, which may cause emissions to change. This shall be taken into consideration to ensure that only engines with similar exhaust emission characteristics are included within the same engine family. These cases shall be identified by the manufacturer and notified to the Type Approval Authority. It shall then be taken into account as a criterion for creating a new engine family.
1.2.2.   Devices or features having a strong influence on emissions
In case of devices or features, which are not listed in paragraph 1.3. and which have a strong influence on the level of emissions, this equipment shall be identified by the manufacturer using good engineering judgment, and shall be notified to the Type Approval Authority. It shall then be taken into account as a criterion for creating a new engine family.
1.2.3.   Additional criteria
In addition to the parameters listed in paragraph 1.3., the manufacturer may introduce additional criteria allowing the definition of families of a more restricted size. These parameters are not necessarily parameters that have an influence on the level of emissions.
1.3.   Parameters defining the engine family
1.3.1.   Combustion cycle:






(a)


2-stroke cycle;










(b)


4-stroke cycle;










(c)


Rotary engine;










(d)


Others.




1.3.2.   Configuration of the cylinders
1.3.2.1.   Position of the cylinders in the block:






(a)


V;










(b)


In-line;










(c)


Radial;










(d)


Others (F, W, etc.).




1.3.2.2.   Relative position of the cylinders
Engines with the same block may belong to the same family as long as their bore centre-to-centre dimensions are the same.
1.3.3.   Main cooling medium:






(a)


Air;










(b)


Water;










(c)


Oil.




1.3.4.   Individual cylinder displacement
Within 85 per cent and 100 per cent for engines with a unit cylinder displacement ≥ 0,75 dm3 of the largest displacement within the engine family.
Within 70 per cent and 100 per cent for engines with a unit cylinder displacement < 0,75 dm3 of the largest displacement within the engine family.
1.3.5.   Method of air aspiration:






(a)


Naturally aspirated;










(b)


Pressure charged;










(c)


Pressure charged with charge cooler.




1.3.6.   Combustion chamber type/design:






(a)


Open chamber;










(b)


Divided chamber;










(c)


Other types.




1.3.7.   Valves and porting:






(a)


Configuration;










(b)


Number of valves per cylinder.




1.3.8.   Fuel supply type:






(a)


Pump, (high pressure) line and injector;










(b)


In-line pump or distributor pump;










(c)


Unit injector;










(d)


Common rail.




1.3.9.   Miscellaneous devices:






(a)


Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR);










(b)


Water injection;










(c)


Air injection;










(d)


Others.




1.3.10.   Electronic control strategy
The presence or absence of an electronic control unit (ECU) on the engine is regarded as a basic parameter of the family.
In the case of electronically controlled engines, the manufacturer shall present the technical elements explaining the grouping of these engines in the same family, i.e. the reasons why these engines can be expected to satisfy the same emission requirements.
The electronic governing of speed does not need to be in a different family from those with mechanical governing. The need to separate electronic engines from mechanical engines should only apply to the fuel injection characteristics, such as timing, pressure, rate shape, etc.
1.3.11.   Exhaust after-treatment systems
The function and combination of the following devices are regarded as membership criteria for an engine family:






(a)


Oxidation catalyst;










(b)


DeNOx system with selective reduction of NOx (addition of reducing agent);










(c)


Other DeNOx systems;










(d)


Particulate trap with passive regeneration;










(e)


Particulate trap with active regeneration;










(f)


Other particulate traps;










(g)


Other devices.




When an engine has been certified without an after-treatment system, whether as parent engine or as member of the family, then this engine, when equipped with an oxidation catalyst (not with particulate trap), may be included in the same engine family, if it does not require different fuel characteristics.
If it requires specific fuel characteristics (e.g. particulate traps requiring special additives in the fuel to ensure the regeneration process), the decision to include it in the same family shall be based on technical elements provided by the manufacturer. These elements shall indicate that the expected emission level of the equipped engine complies with the same limit value as the non-equipped engine.
When an engine has been certified with after-treatment system, whether as parent engine or as member of a family, whose parent engine is equipped with the same after-treatment system, then this engine, when equipped without after-treatment system, shall not be added to the same engine family.
2.   CHOICE OF THE PARENT ENGINE








2.1.


The parent engine of the family shall be selected using the primary criteria of the highest fuel delivery per stroke at the declared maximum torque speed. In the event that two or more engines share this primary criterion, the parent engine shall be selected using the secondary criteria of highest fuel delivery per stroke at rated speed. Under certain circumstances, the approval authority may conclude that the worst case emission rate of the family can best be characterized by testing a second engine. Thus, the approval authority may select an additional engine for test based upon features which indicate that it may have the highest emission levels of the engines within that family.












2.2.


If engines within the family incorporate other variable features which could be considered to affect exhaust emissions, these features shall also be identified and taken into account in the selection of the parent engine.









ANNEX 2

COMMUNICATION

(Maximum format: A4 (210 x 297 mm))





Text of image

issued by:
Name of administration
Concerning (2):
Approval granted
Approval extended
Approval refused
Approval withdrawn
Production definitively discontinued
of a compression-ignition engine type or family of engine types as separate technical units with regard to the emission of pollutants pursuant to Regulation No. 96
Approval No.: …
Extension No.: …
1. Trade name or mark of the engine: …
2. Engine type(s):
2.1. Engine family: …
2.2. Power band of engine family: …
2.3. Variable speed/constant speed (2) …
2.4. Types included in the engine family:
2.5. Tested type of engine or the representative of the engine family:
3. Manufacturer's name and address: …
4. If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative: …
5. Maximum allowable intake depression: … kPa
6. Maximum allowable back pressure: … kPa
7. Restriction of use (if any): …
8. Emission levels - final test results with DF:
NRSC
NRTC
CO (g/kWh)
HC (g/kWh)
NOx (g/kWh)
PM (g/kWh)
9. Engine submitted for test on: …
10. Technical Service responsible for conducting the approval test: …
11. Date of test report issued by that service: …
12. Number of test report issued by that service: …
13. Site of approval mark on the engine: …
14. Place: …
15. Date: …
16. Signature: …
17. The following documents, bearing the approval number shown above, are annexed to this communication:
One copy of Annex 1A or Annex 1B to this Regulation completed and with drawings and diagrams referred to attached.
(1) Distinguishing number of the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn an approval (see approval provisions in the Regulation).
(2) Strike out what does not apply.




Appendix 1

Test report for compression ignition engines


Test results
                   (1)


Information concerning the test engine

Engine type: …
Engine identification number: …
1.   Information concerning the conduct of the test:
1.1.   Reference fuel used for test
1.1.1.   Cetane number: …
1.1.2.   Sulphur content: …
1.1.3.   Density: …
1.2.   Lubricant
1.2.1.   Make(s): …
1.2.2.   Type(s): …
(state percentage of oil in mixture if lubricant and fuel are mixed)
1.3.   Engine driven equipment (if applicable)
1.3.1.   Enumeration and identifying details: …
1.3.2.   Power absorbed at indicated engine speeds (as specified by the manufacturer):








 


Power absorbed by engine driven equipment at various engine speeds (2)
 (3), taking into account Annex 7




Equipment


Intermediate speed
(if applicable)


Maximum power speed
(if different from rated)


Rated speed (4)





 


 


 


 




 


 


 


 




 


 


 


 




 


 


 


 




Total:


 


 


 




1.4.   Engine performance
1.4.1.   Engine speeds:
Idle: … min-1

Intermediate: … min-1

Maximum Power: … min-1

Rated (5): … min-1

1.4.2.   Engine power (6)









 


Power setting (kW) at various engine speeds




Condition


Intermediate speed
(if applicable)


Maximum power speed
(if different from rated)


Rated speed (7)





Maximum power measured at specified test speed (kW) (a)


 


 


 




Total power absorbed by engine driven equipment as per paragraph 1.3.2. of this appendix taking into account Annex 7 (kW) (b)


 


 


 




Net engine power as specified in paragraph 2.1.49 (kW) (c)


 


 


 











 


 


 




2.   Information concerning the conduct of the NRSC test:
2.1.   Dynamometer setting (kW)







 


Dynamometer setting (kW) at various engine speeds




Per cent Load


Intermediate (if applicable)


Rated speed (7)




10 (if applicable)


 


 




25 (if applicable)


 


 




50 


 


 




75 


 


 




100 


 


 




2.2.   Emission results of the engine/parent engine (8)

Deterioration Factor (DF): calculated/fixed (8)

Specify the DF values and the emission results in the following table (7):










NRSC Test




DF
mult/add (8)


CO


HC


NOx



PM


 




 


 


 


 




Emissions


CO (g/kWh)


HC (g/kWh)


NOx (g/kWh)


PM (g/kWh)


CO2 (g/kWh)




Test result


 


 


 


 


 




Final test result with DF


 


 


 


 


 


















Additional control area test points (if applicable)




Emissions at test point


Engine Speed


Load (%)


CO (g/kWh)


HC (g/kWh)


NOx (g/kWh)


PM (g/kWh)




Test result 1


 


 


 


 


 


 




Test result 2


 


 


 


 


 


 




Test result 3


 


 


 


 


 


 




2.3.   Sampling system used for the NRSC test:
2.3.1.   Gaseous emissions (9): …
2.3.2.   PM (9): …
2.3.2.1.   Method (8): single/multiple filter
3.   Information concerning the conduct of the NRTC test (if applicable) (10):
3.1.   Emission results of the engine/parent engine (8)

Deterioration Factor (DF): calculated/fixed (8)

Specify the DF values and the emission results in the following table (9):
Regeneration related data shall be reported for engines of power bands Q and R.











NRTC Test




DF
mult/add (8)


CO


HC


NOx



 


PM


 




 


 


 


 


 




Emissions


CO (g/kWh)


HC (g/kWh)


NOx (g/kWh)


HC+NOx (g/kWh)


PM (g/kWh)




Cold start


 


 


 


 


 




Emissions


CO (g/kWh)


HC (g/kWh)


NOx (g/kWh)


HC+NOx (g/kWh)


PM (g/kWh)


CO2 (g/kWh)




Hot start without regeneration


 


 


 


 


 


 




Hot start with regeneration (8)


 


 


 


 


 


 





k
r,u (mult/add) (8)

k
r,d (mult/add) (8)


 


 


 


 


 




Weighted test result


 


 


 


 


 




Final test result with DF


 


 


 


 


 




Cycle work for hot start without regeneration kWh
3.2.   Sampling system used for the NRTC test:
Gaseous emissions (9): …
PM (9): …
Method (8): single/multiple filter


(1)  For the case of several parent engines, the following are to be indicated for each of them.

(2)  Delete as appropriate.

(3)  Shall not be greater than 10 per cent of the power measured during the test.

(4)  Insert values at engine speed corresponding to 100 per cent normalised speed if NRSC test uses this speed.

(5)  Insert engine speed corresponding to 100 per cent normalised speed if NRSC test uses this speed.

(6)  Uncorrected power measured in accordance with paragraph 2.1.49.

(7)  Replace with values at engine speed corresponding to 100 per cent normalised speed if NRSC test uses this speed.

(8)  Delete as appropriate.

(9)  Indicate figure numbers of system used as defined in Annex 4A, Appendix 4, or paragraph 9. of Annex 4B to this regulation, as applicable.

(10)  In the case of several parent engines, each of them shall be indicated.






ANNEX 3

ARRANGEMENTS OF APPROVAL MARKS

Model A
(See paragraph 4.4. of this Regulation)






The above approval mark affixed to an engine shows that the engine type concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulation No. 96 (according to the level corresponding to power band F as a variable speed engine, as indicated by the the letter A) and under approval number 031857. The first two digits of the approval number indicate that Regulation No. 96 was in its amended form (03 series of amendments) when the approval was granted.
Model B
(See paragraph 4.5. of this Regulation)






The above approval mark affixed to an engine shows that the engine type concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulations Nos. 96 (according to the level corresponding to power band F as a variable speed engine, as indicated by the the letter A) and 120. The first two digits of the approval number indicate that, at the dates when the respective approvals were granted, Regulation No. 96 was in its amended form (03 series of amendments) and 120 in its original version.





ANNEX 4A

METHOD OF DETERMINING EMISSIONS OF GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS

1.   INTRODUCTION
1.1.   This Annex describes the method of determining emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants from the engine to be tested.
The following test cycles shall apply:






 


The NRSC (non-road steady cycle) appropriate for the equipment specification which shall be used for the measurement of the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and particulates for all power bands of engines described in paragraphs 1.1., 1.2. and 1.3. of this Regulation, and the NRTC (non-road transient cycle) which shall be used for the measurement of the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and particulates for power bands L and upwards of engines described in paragraphs 1.1. and 1.2. of this Regulation.










 


The gaseous and particulate components emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured by the methods described in Annex 4A, Appendix 4.










 


Other systems or analysers may be accepted if they yield equivalent results to the following reference systems:






(a)


For gaseous emissions measured in the raw exhaust, the system shown in Figure 2 of Annex 4A, Appendix 4;










(b)


For gaseous emissions measured in the dilute exhaust of a full flow dilution system, the system shown in Figure 3 of Appendix 4 of Annex 4A;










(c)


For particulate emissions, the full flow dilution system, operating with a separate filter for each mode, shown in Figure 13 of Appendix 4 of Annex 4A.














 


The determination of system equivalency shall be based upon a seven test cycle (or larger) correlation study between the system under consideration and one or more of the above reference systems.










 


The equivalency criterion is defined as a ±5 per cent agreement of the averages of the weighted cycle emissions values. The cycle to be used shall be that given in Annex 4A, paragraph 3.6.1.










 


For introduction of a new system into the Regulation the determination of equivalency shall be based upon the calculation of repeatability and reproducibility, as described in ISO 5725.




1.2.   The test shall be carried out with the engine mounted on a test bench and connected to a dynamometer.
1.3.   Measurement principle:
The engine exhaust emissions to be measured include the gaseous components (carbon monoxide, total hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen), and the particulates. Additionally, carbon dioxide is often used as a tracer gas for determining the dilution ratio of partial and full flow dilution systems. Good engineering practice recommends the general measurement of carbon dioxide as an excellent tool for the detection of measurement problems during the test run.
1.3.1.   NRSC test:
During a prescribed sequence of operating conditions, with the engines warmed up, the amounts of the above exhaust emissions shall be examined continuously by taking a sample from the raw exhaust gas. The test cycle consists of a number of speed and torque (load) modes, which cover the typical operating range of diesel engines. During each mode, the concentration of each gaseous pollutant, exhaust flow and power output shall be determined, and the measured values weighted (either by weighing factors or by sampling time). The particulate sample shall be diluted with conditioned ambient air. One sample over the complete test procedure shall be taken and collected on suitable filters.
Alternatively, for discrete mode cycles, a sample may be taken on separate filters, one for each mode, and cycle-weighted results computed.
The grams of each pollutant emitted per kilowatt-hour shall be calculated as described in Appendix 3 to this Annex.
1.3.2.   NRTC test:
The prescribed transient test cycle, based closely on the operating conditions of diesel engines installed in non-road machinery, is run twice:






(a)


The first time (cold start) after the engine has soaked to room temperature and the engine coolant and oil temperatures, after treatment systems and all auxiliary engine control devices are stabilized between 20 and 30 °C.










(b)


The second time (hot start) after a twenty-minute hot soak that commences immediately after the completion of the cold start cycle.




During this test sequence the above pollutants shall be examined. The test sequence consists of a cold start cycle following natural or forced cool-down of the engine, a hot soak period and a hot start cycle, resulting in a composite emissions calculation. Using the engine torque and speed feedback signals of the engine dynamometer, the power shall be integrated with respect to the time of the cycle, resulting in the work produced by the engine over the cycle. The concentrations of the gaseous components shall be determined over the cycle, either in the raw exhaust gas by integration of the analyser signal in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Annex, or in the diluted exhaust gas of a CVS full-flow dilution system by integration or by bag sampling in accordance with Appendix 3 to this Annex. For particulates, a proportional sample shall be collected from the diluted exhaust gas on a specified filter by either partial flow dilution or full-flow dilution. Depending on the method used, the diluted or undiluted exhaust gas flow rate shall be determined over the cycle to calculate the mass emission values of the pollutants. The mass emission values shall be related to the engine work to give the grams of each pollutant emitted per kilowatt-hour.
Emissions (g/kWh) shall be measured during both the cold and hot start cycles. Composite weighted emissions shall be computed by weighing the cold start results 10 per cent and the hot start results 90 per cent. Weighted composite results shall meet the limits.
1.4.   Symbols for test parameters







Symbol


Unit


Term





Ap



m2



Cross-sectional area of the isokinetic sampling probe.





AT




m2



Cross-sectional area of the exhaust pipe.




aver


 


Weighted average values for:




 


m3/h


volume flow;




 


kg/h


mass flow;




 


g/kWh


specific emission.





α



—


Hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the fuel.





C1



—


Carbon 1 equivalent hydrocarbon.





conc



ppm Vol %


Concentration (with suffix of the component nominating).





concc




ppm Vol %


Background corrected concentration.





concd




ppm Vol %


Concentration of dilution air.





DF



—


Dilution factor.





fa




—


Laboratory atmospheric factor.





FFH




—


Fuel specific factor used for the calculations of wet concentrations from dry concentrations hydrogen to carbon ratio.





GAIRW




kg/h


Intake air mass flow rate on wet basis.





GAIRD




kg/h


Intake air mass flow rate on dry basis.





GDILW




kg/h


Dilution air mass flow rate on wet basis.





GEDFW




kg/h


Equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis.





GEXHW




kg/h


Exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis.





GFUEL




kg/h


Fuel mass flow rate.





GTOTW




kg/h


Diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis.





HREF




g/kg


Reference value of absolute humidity 10,71 g/kg for calculation of NOx and particulate humidity correction factors.





Ha




g/kg


Absolute humidity of the intake air.





Hd




g/kg


Absolute humidity of the dilution air.





i



—


Subscript denoting an individual mode.





KH




—


Humidity correction factor for NOx.





Kp




—


Humidity correction factor for particulate.




KW,a



—


Dry to wet correction factor for the intake air.





KW,d




—


Dry to wet correction factor for the dilution air.





KW,e




—


Dry to wet correction factor for the diluted exhaust gas.





KW,r




—


Dry to wet correction factor for the raw exhaust gas.





L



%


Per cent torque related to the maximum torque for the test speed.





mass



g/h


Subscript denoting emissions mass flow rate.





MDIL




kg


Mass of the dilution air sample passed through the particulate sampling filters.





MSAM




kg


Mass of the diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filters.





Md




mg


Particulate sample mass of the dilution air collected.





Mf




mg


Particulate sample mass collected.





pa




kPa


Saturation vapour pressure of the engine intake air (ISO 3046 psy = PSY test ambient).





pB




kPa


Total barometric pressure (ISO 3046: Px = PX Site ambient total pressure; Py = PY Test ambient total pressure).





pd




kPa


Saturation vapour pressure of the dilution air.





ps




kPa


Dry atmospheric pressure.





P



kW


Power, brake uncorrected.





PAE




kW


Declared total power absorbed by auxiliaries fitted for the test which are not required by paragraph 2.1.49. of this Regulation.





PM




kW


Maximum measured power at the test speed under test conditions (see Annex 1A).





Pm




kW


Power measured at the different test modes.





q



—


Dilution ratio.





r



—


Ratio of cross sectional areas of isokinetic probe and exhaust pipe.





Ra




%


Relative humidity of the intake air.





Rd




%


Relative humidity of the dilution air.





Rf




—


FID response factor.





S



kW


Dynamometer setting.





Ta




K


Absolute temperature of the intake air.





TDd




K


Absolute dewpoint temperature.





TSC




K


Temperature of the intercooled air.





Tref




K


Reference temperature (of combustion air 298K (25 °C)).





TSCRef




K


Intercooled air reference temperature.





VAIRD




m3/h


Intake air volume flow rate on dry basis.





VAIRW




m3/h


Intake air volume flow rate on wet basis.





VDIL




m3



Volume of the dilution air sample passed through the particulate sample filters.





VDILW




m3/h


Dilution air volume flow rate on wet basis.





VEDFW




m3/h


Equivalent diluted exhaust gas volume flow rate on wet basis.





VEXHD




m3/h


Exhaust gas volume flow rate on dry basis.





VEXHW




m3/h


Exhaust gas volume flow rate on wet basis.





VSAM




m3



Volume of sample through particulate sampling filters.





VTOTW




m3/h


Diluted exhaust gas volume flow rate on wet basis.





WF



—


Weighing factor.





WFE




—


Effective weighing factor.




2.   TEST CONDITIONS
2.1.   General requirements
All volumes and volumetric flow rates shall be related to 273 K (0 °C) and 101,3 kPa.
2.2.   Engine test conditions
2.2.1.   The absolute temperature Ta
 of the engine intake air expressed in Kelvin, and the dry atmospheric pressure ps
, expressed in kPa, shall be measured, and the parameter fa
 shall be determined according to the following provisions:






 


Naturally aspirated and mechanically supercharged engines:















 


Turbocharged engine with or without cooling of the intake air:









2.2.2.   Test validity
For a test to be recognized as valid, the parameter fa shall be such that:
0,96 ≤ fa ≤ 1,06
2.2.3.   Engines with charge air cooling
The charge air temperature shall be recorded and, at the declared rated speed and full load, shall be within ± 5 K of the maximum charge air temperature specified by the manufacturer. The temperature of the cooling medium shall be at least 293 K (20 °C).
If a test shop system or external blower is used, the charge air temperature shall be set to within ± 5 K of the maximum charge air temperature specified by the manufacturer at the speed of the declared maximum power and full load. Coolant temperature and coolant flow rate of the charge air cooler at the above set point shall not be changed for the whole test cycle. The charge air cooler volume shall be based upon good engineering practice and typical vehicle/machinery applications.
Optionally, the setting of the charge air cooler may be done in accordance with SAE J 1937 as published in January 1995.
2.3.   Engine air inlet system
The test engine shall be equipped with an air inlet system presenting an air inlet restriction within ± 300 Pa of the value specified by the manufacturer for a clean air cleaner at the engine operating conditions as specified by the manufacturer, which result in maximum air flow. The restrictions are to be set at rated speed and full load. A test shop system may be used, provided it duplicates actual engine operating conditions.
2.4.   Engine exhaust system
The test engine shall be equipped with an exhaust system with exhaust back pressure within ± 650 Pa of the value specified by the manufacturer at the engine operating conditions resulting in maximum declared power.
If the engine is equipped with an exhaust after-treatment device, the exhaust pipe shall have the same diameter as found in-use for at least four pipe diameters upstream to the inlet of the beginning of the expansion section containing the after-treatment device. The distance from the exhaust manifold flange or turbocharger outlet to the exhaust after-treatment device shall be the same as in the machine configuration or within the distance specifications of the manufacturer. The exhaust backpressure or restriction shall follow the same criteria as above, and may be set with a valve. The after-treatment container may be removed during dummy tests and during engine mapping, and replaced with an equivalent container having an inactive catalyst support.
2.5.   Cooling system
An engine cooling system with sufficient capacity to maintain the engine at normal operating temperatures shall be prescribed by the manufacturer.
2.6.   Lubricating oil
Specifications of the lubricating oil used for the test shall be recorded and presented with the results of the test.
2.7.   Test fuel
The fuel shall be the reference fuel specified in Annex 6 for the respective power band:






 


Annex 6, Table 1 for power bands D to G










 


Annex 6, Table 2 for power bands H to K










 


Annex 6, Table 3 for power bands L to P










 


Optionally, the reference fuel specified in Annex 6 Table 1 may be used for power bands H to K.










 


The cetane number and the sulphur content of the reference fuel used for test shall be recorded at paragraph 1.1. of Appendix 1 of Annex 2.




The fuel temperature at the injection pump inlet shall be 306-316 K (33-43 °C).
3.   TEST RUN (NRSC TEST)
3.1.   Determination of dynamometer settings
The basis of specific emissions measurement is uncorrected brake power according to Regulation No. 120.
During the test, the auxiliaries necessary for the engine operation shall be installed according to the requirements of Annex 7.
Where auxiliaries have not been removed, the power absorbed by them at the test speeds shall be determined in order to calculate the dynamometer settings, except for engines where such auxiliaries form an integral part of the engine (e.g. cooling fans for air cool engines).
The settings of inlet restriction and exhaust pipe backpressure shall be adjusted to the manufacturer's upper limits, in accordance with paragraphs 2.3. and 2.4.
The maximum torque values at the specified test speeds shall be determined by experimentation in order to calculate the torque values for the specified test modes. For engines which are not designed to operate over a range on a full load torque curve, the maximum torque at the test speeds shall be declared by the manufacturer.
The engine setting for each test mode shall be calculated using the formula:





If the ratio,





the value of P
AE may be verified by the Type Approval Authority granting type approval.
3.2.   Preparation of the sampling filters
At least one hour before the test, each filter (pair) shall be placed in a closed, but unsealed, petri dish and placed in a weighing chamber for stabilization. At the end of the stabilization period, each filter (pair) shall be weighed and the tare weight shall be recorded. The filter (pair) shall then be stored in a closed petri dish or filter holder until needed for testing. If the filter (pair) is not used within eight hours of its removal from the weighing chamber, it shall be reweighed before use.
3.3.   Installation of the measuring equipment
The instrumentation and sample probes shall be installed as required. When using a full flow dilution system for exhaust gas dilution, the tailpipe shall be connected to the system.
3.4.   Starting the dilution system and engine
The dilution system and the engine shall be started and warmed up until all temperatures and pressures have stabilized at full load and rated speed (paragraph 3.6.2.).
3.5.   Adjustment of the dilution ratio
The particulate sampling system shall be started and running on bypass for the single filter method (optional for the multiple filter method). The particulate background level of the dilution air may be determined by passing dilution air through the particulate filters. If filtered dilution air is used, one measurement may be done at any time prior to, during, or after the test. If the dilution air is not filtered, the measurement shall be done on one sample taken for the duration of the test.
The dilution air shall be set to obtain a filter face temperature between 315 K (42 °C) and 325 K (52 °C) at each mode. The total dilution ratio shall not be less than four.

Note: For power bands up to and including K using discrete mode cycles the filter temperature may be kept at or below the maximum temperature of 325 K (52 °C) instead of respecting the temperature range of 42 °C to 52 °C.
For the single and multiple filter methods, the sample mass flow rate through the filter shall be maintained at a constant proportion of the dilute exhaust mass flow rate for full flow systems for all modes. This mass ratio shall be within ± 5 per cent with respect to the averaged value of the mode, except for the first 10 s of each mode for systems without bypass capability. For partial flow dilution systems with single filter method, the mass flow rate through the filter shall be constant within ± 5 per cent with respect to the averaged value of the mode, except for the first 10 s of each mode for systems without bypass capability.
For CO2 or NOx concentration controlled systems, the CO2 or NOx content of the dilution air shall be measured at the beginning and at the end of each test. The pre and post test background CO2 or NOx concentration measurements of the dilution air shall be within 100 ppm or 5 ppm of each other, respectively.
When using a dilute exhaust gas analysis system, the relevant background concentrations shall be determined by sampling dilution air into a sampling bag over the complete test sequence.
Continuous (non-bag) background concentration may be taken at the minimum of three points, at the beginning, at the end, and a point near the middle of the cycle and averaged. At the manufacturer's request background measurements may be omitted.
3.6.   Checking the analysers
The emission analysers shall be set at zero and spanned.
3.7.   Test cycle
3.7.1.   Machinery specification according to paragraphs 1.1. to 1.3.:
3.7.1.1.   Specification A
For engines covered by paragraphs 1.1. and 1.2. of this Regulation, the discrete 8-mode cycle (1) of Annex 5, sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 1.1. shall be followed in dynamometer operation on the test engine.
As an option, the corresponding ramped modal 9-mode cycle of Annex 5, sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 1.2. may be used. In this case, the cycle shall be run in accordance with Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.2. instead of following the procedures in paragraphs 3.7.2. to 3.7.6.
3.7.1.2.   Specification B
For engines covered by paragraph 1.3. of this Regulation, the discrete 5-mode cycle (2) of Annex 5, sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph 1.1. shall be followed in dynamometer operation on the test engine.
As an option, the ramped modal 5-mode cycle of Annex 5, sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph 1.2. may be used. In this case, the cycle shall be run in accordance with Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.2. instead of following the procedures in paragraphs 3.7.2. to 3.7.6.
The load figures are percentage values of the torque corresponding to the prime power rating defined as the maximum power available during a variable power sequence, which may be run for an unlimited number of hours per year, between stated maintenance intervals and under the stated ambient conditions, the maintenance being carried out as prescribed by the manufacturer.
3.7.2.   Conditioning of the engine
Warming up of the engine and the system shall be at maximum speed and torque in order to stabilize the engine parameters according to the recommendations of the manufacturer.

Note: The conditioning period should also prevent the influence of deposits from a former test in the exhaust system. There is also a required period of stabilization between test points which has been included to minimize point to point influences.
3.7.3.   Test sequence
The test sequence shall be started. The test shall be performed in the order of the mode numbers as set out above for the test cycles.
During each mode of the given test cycle after the initial transition period, the specified speed shall be held to within ±1 per cent of rated speed or ±3 min-1, whichever is greater, except for low idle which shall be within the tolerances declared by the manufacturer. The specified torque shall be held so that the average over the period during which the measurements are being taken is within ±2 per cent of the maximum torque at the test speed.
For each measuring point a minimum time of ten minutes is necessary. If for the testing of an engine, longer sampling times are required for reasons of obtaining sufficient particulate mass on the measuring filter the test mode period can be extended as necessary.
The mode length shall be recorded and reported.
The gaseous exhaust emission concentration values shall be measured and recorded during the last three minutes of the mode.
The particulate sampling and the gaseous emission measurement should not commence before engine stabilization, as defined by the manufacturer, has been achieved and their completion shall be coincident.
The fuel temperature shall be measured at the inlet to the fuel injection pump or as specified by the manufacturer, and the location of measurement recorded.
3.7.4.   Analyser response
The output of the analysers shall be recorded on a strip chart recorder or measured with an equivalent data acquisition system with the exhaust gas flowing through the analysers at least during the last three minutes of each mode. If bag sampling is applied for the diluted CO and CO2 measurement (see Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 1.4.4.), a sample shall be bagged during the last three minutes of each mode, and the bag sample analysed and recorded.
3.7.5.   Particulate sampling
The particulate sampling can be done either with the single filter method or with the multiple filter method (Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 1.5.). Since the results of the methods may differ slightly, the method used shall be declared with the results.
For the single filter method the modal weighing factors specified in the test cycle procedure shall be taken into account during sampling by adjusting sample flow rate and/or sampling time, accordingly.
Sampling shall be conducted as late as possible within each mode. The sampling time per mode shall be at least 20 s for the single filter method and at least 60 s for the multifilter method. For systems without bypass capability, the sampling time per mode shall be at least 60 s for single and multiple filter methods.
3.7.6.   Engine conditions
The engine speed and load, intake air temperature, fuel flow and air or exhaust gas flow shall be measured for each mode once the engine has been stabilized.
If the measurement of the exhaust gas flow or the measurement of combustion air and fuel consumption is not possible, it can be calculated using the carbon and oxygen balance method (see Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 1.2.3.).
Any additional data required for calculation shall be recorded (see Annex 4A, Appendix 3, paragraphs 1.1. and 1.2.).
3.8.   Re-checking the analysers
After the emission test a zero gas and the same span gas will be used for re-checking. The test will be considered acceptable if the difference between the two measuring results is less than 2 per cent.
4.   TEST RUN (NRTC TEST)
4.1.   Introduction
The non-road transient cycle (NRTC) is listed in Annex 5 as a second-by-second sequence of normalized speed and torque values applicable to all diesel engines covered by this Regulation. In order to perform the test on an engine test cell, the normalized values shall be converted to the actual values for the individual engine under test, based on the engine mapping curve. This conversion is referred to as denormalization, and the test cycle developed is referred to as the reference cycle of the engine to be tested. With these reference speed and torque values, the cycle shall be run on the test cell, and the feedback speed and torque values recorded. In order to validate the test run, a regression analysis between reference and feedback speed and torque values shall be conducted upon completion of the test.
4.1.1.   The use of defeat devices or irrational control or irrational emission control strategies shall be prohibited
4.2.   Engine mapping procedure
When generating the NRTC on the test cell, the engine shall be mapped before running the test cycle to determine the speed vs. torque curve.
4.2.1.   Determination of the mapping speed range
The minimum and maximum mapping speeds are defined as follows:







Minimum mapping speed


=


idle speed




Maximum mapping speed


=



n
hi x 1,02 or speed where full load torque drops off to zero, whichever is lower (where n
hi is the high speed, defined as the highest engine speed where 70 per cent of the rated power is delivered).




4.2.2.   Engine mapping curve
The engine shall be warmed up at maximum power in order to stabilize the engine parameters according to the recommendation of the manufacturer and good engineering practice. When the engine is stabilized, the engine mapping shall be performed according to the following procedures.
4.2.2.1.   Transient map






(a)


The engine shall be unloaded and operated at idle speed.










(b)


The engine shall be operated at full load setting of the injection pump at minimum mapping speed.










(c)


The engine speed shall be increased at an average rate of 8 ± 1 min-1/s from minimum to maximum mapping speed. Engine speed and torque points shall be recorded at a sample rate of at least one point per second.




4.2.2.2.   Step map






(a)


The engine shall be unloaded and operated at idle speed.










(b)


The engine shall be operated at full load setting of the injection pump at minimum mapping speed.










(c)


While maintaining full load, the minimum mapping speed shall be maintained for at least 15 s, and the average torque during the last 5 s shall be recorded. The maximum torque curve from minimum to maximum mapping speed shall be determined in no greater than 100 ± 20 min–1 speed increments. Each test point shall be held for at least 15 s, and the average torque during the last 5 s shall be recorded.




4.2.3.   Mapping curve generation
All data points recorded under paragraph 4.2.2. shall be connected using linear interpolation between points. The resulting torque curve is the mapping curve and shall be used to convert the normalized torque values of the engine dynamometer schedule of Annex 5 into actual torque values for the test cycle, as described in paragraph 4.3.3.
4.2.4.   Alternate mapping
If a manufacturer believes that the above mapping techniques are unsafe or unrepresentative for any given engine, alternate mapping techniques may be used. These alternate techniques shall satisfy the intent of the specified mapping procedures to determine the maximum available torque at all engine speeds achieved during the test cycles. Deviations from the mapping techniques specified in this paragraph for reasons of safety or representativeness shall be approved by the parties involved along with the justification for their use. In no case, however, shall the torque curve be run by descending engine speeds for governed or turbocharged engines.
4.2.5.   Replicate tests
An engine need not be mapped before each and every test cycle. An engine shall be remapped prior to a test cycle if:






(a)


An unreasonable amount of time has transpired since the last map, as determined by engineering judgement, or,










(b)


Physical changes or recalibrations have been made to the engine, which may potentially affect engine performance.




4.3.   Generation of the reference test cycle
4.3.1.   Reference speed
The reference speed (n
ref) corresponds to the 100 per cent normalized speed values specified in the engine dynamometer schedule of Annex 5. The actual engine cycle resulting from denormalization to the reference speed depends largely on selection of the proper reference speed. The reference speed shall be determined by the following formula:





(The high speed is the highest engine speed where 70 per cent of the rated power is delivered, while the low speed is the lowest engine speed where 50 per cent of the rated power is delivered).
If the measured reference speed is within ±3 per cent of the reference speed as declared by the manufacturer, the declared reference speed may be used for the emissions test. If the tolerance is exceeded, the measured reference speed shall be used for the emissions test. (This is consistent with the ISO 8178-11:2006 standard.)
4.3.2.   Denormalization of engine speed
The speed shall be denormalized using the following equation:





4.3.3.   Denormalization of engine torque
The torque values in the engine dynamometer schedule of Annex 5 are normalized to the maximum torque at the respective speed. The torque values of the reference cycle shall be denormalized, using the mapping curve determined according to paragraph 4.2.2., as follows:





for the respective actual speed as determined in paragraph 4.3.2.
4.3.4.   Example of denormalization procedure
As an example, the following test point shall be denormalized:

% speed= 43 per cent

% torque= 82 per cent
Given the following values:

referencespeed= 2 200 min–1


idlespeed= 600 min–1

results in





With the maximum torque of 700 Nm observed from the mapping curve at 1 288 min–1






4.4.   Dynamometer
4.4.1.   When using a load cell, the torque signal shall be transferred to the engine axis and the inertia of the dyno shall be considered. The actual engine torque is the torque read on the load cell plus the moment of inertia of the brake multiplied by the angular acceleration. The control system has to perform this calculation in real time.
4.4.2.   If the engine is tested with an eddy-current dynamometer, it is recommended that the number of points, where the difference

 is smaller than – 5 per cent of the peak torque, does not exceed 30 (where Tsp
 is the demanded torque, nsp
 is the derivative of the engine speed, ΘD is the rotational inertia of the eddy-current dynamometer).
4.5.   Emissions test run
The following flow chart outlines the test sequence:



Engine preparation, pre-test measurements and calibrations
NRTC
Generation engine map (max torque curve)
Generate reference test cycle
Run one or more practice cycle as necessary to check engine/test cell/emissions systems
Natural or forced cool down
Ready all systems for sampling (analyzer calibration included) & data collection
Cold start cycle exhaust emission phase
Hot soak
Hot start cycle exhaust emission phase
One or more practice cycles may be run as necessary to check engine, test cell and emissions systems before the measurement cycle.
4.5.1.   Preparation of the sampling filters
At least one hour before the test, each filter shall be placed in a petri dish, which is protected against dust contamination and allows air exchange, and placed in a weighing chamber for stabilization. At the end of the stabilization period, each filter shall be weighed and the weight shall be recorded. The filter shall then be stored in a closed petri dish or sealed filter holder until needed for testing. The filter shall be used within eight hours of its removal from the weighing chamber. The tare weight shall be recorded.
4.5.2.   Installation of the measuring equipment
The instrumentation and sample probes shall be installed as required. The tailpipe shall be connected to the full-flow dilution system, if used.
4.5.3.   Starting the dilution system
The dilution system shall be started. The total diluted exhaust gas flow of a full-flow dilution system or the diluted exhaust gas flow through a partial flow dilution system shall be set to eliminate water condensation in the system, and to obtain a filter face temperature between 315 K (42 °C) and 325 K (52 °C).
4.5.4.   Starting the particulate sampling system
The particulate sampling system shall be started and run on by-pass. The particulate background level of the dilution air may be determined by sampling the dilution air prior to entrance of the exhaust into the dilution tunnel. It is preferred that background particulate sample be collected during the transient cycle if another PM sampling system is available. Otherwise, the PM sampling system used to collect transient cycle PM can be used. If filtered dilution air is used, one measurement may be done prior to or after the test. If the dilution air is not filtered, measurements should be carried out prior to the beginning and after the end of the cycle and the values averaged.
4.5.5.   Checking the analysers
The emission analysers shall be set at zero and spanned. If sample bags are used, they shall be evacuated.
4.5.6.   Cool-down requirements
A natural or forced cool-down procedure may be applied. For forced cool-down, good engineering judgment shall be used to set up systems to send cooling air across the engine, to send cool oil through the engine lubrication system, to remove heat from the coolant through the engine cooling system, and to remove heat from an exhaust after-treatment system. In the case of a forced after-treatment cool down, cooling air shall not be applied until the after-treatment system has cooled below its catalytic activation temperature. Any cooling procedure that results in unrepresentative emissions is not permitted.
The cold start cycle exhaust emission test may begin after a cool-down only when the engine oil, coolant and after-treatment temperatures are stabilized between 20 °C and 30 °C for a minimum of fifteen minutes.
4.5.7.   Cycle run
4.5.7.1.   Cold start cycle
The test sequence shall commence with the cold start cycle at the completion of the cool-down when all the requirements specified in paragraph 4.5.6. are met.
The engine shall be started according to the starting procedure recommended by the manufacturer in the owner's manual, using either a production starter motor or the dynamometer.
As soon as it is determined that the engine is started, start a "free idle" timer. Allow the engine to idle freely with no-load for 23 ± 1 s. Begin the transient engine cycle such that the first non-idle record of the cycle occurs at 23 ± 1 s. The free idle time is included in the 23 ± 1 s.
The test shall be performed according to the reference cycle as set out in Annex 5. Engine speed and torque command set points shall be issued at 5 Hz (10 Hz recommended) or greater. The set points shall be calculated by linear interpolation between the 1 Hz set points of the reference cycle. Feedback engine speed and torque shall be recorded at least once every second during the test cycle, and the signals may be electronically filtered.
4.5.7.2.   Analyser response
At the start of the engine the measuring equipment shall be started, simultaneously:






(a)


Start collecting or analysing dilution air, if a full flow dilution system is used;










(b)


Start collecting or analysing raw or diluted exhaust gas, depending on the method used;










(c)


Start measuring the amount of diluted exhaust gas and the required temperatures and pressures;










(d)


Start recording the exhaust gas mass flow rate, if raw exhaust gas analysis is used;










(e)


Start recording the feedback data of speed and torque of the dynamometer.




If raw exhaust measurement is used, the emission concentrations (HC, CO and NOx) and the exhaust gas mass flow rate shall be measured continuously and stored with at least 2 Hz on a computer system. All other data may be recorded with a sample rate of at least 1 Hz. For analogue analysers the response shall be recorded, and the calibration data may be applied online or offline during the data evaluation.
If a full flow dilution system is used, HC and NOx shall be measured continuously in the dilution tunnel with a frequency of at least 2 Hz. The average concentrations shall be determined by integrating the analyser signals over the test cycle. The system response time shall be no greater than 20 s, and shall be coordinated with CVS flow fluctuations and sampling time/test cycle offsets, if necessary. CO and CO2 shall be determined by integration or by analysing the concentrations in the sample bag collected over the cycle. The concentrations of the gaseous pollutants in the dilution air shall be determined by integration or by collection in the background bag. All other parameters that need to be measured shall be recorded with a minimum of one measurement per second (1 Hz).
4.5.7.3.   Particulate sampling
At the start of the engine the particulate sampling system shall be switched from by-pass to collecting particulates.
If a partial flow dilution system is used, the sample pump(s) shall be adjusted so that the flow rate through the particulate sample probe or transfer tube is maintained proportional to the exhaust mass flow rate.
If a full flow dilution system is used, the sample pump(s) shall be adjusted so that the flow rate through the particulate sample probe or transfer tube is maintained at a value within ±5 per cent of the set flow rate. If flow compensation (i.e. proportional control of sample flow) is used, it shall be demonstrated that the ratio of main tunnel flow to particulate sample flow does not change by more than ± 5 per cent of its set value (except for the first 10 s of sampling).

Note: For double dilution operation, sample flow is the net difference between the flow rate through the sample filters and the secondary dilution airflow rate.
The average temperature and pressure at the gas meter(s) or flow instrumentation inlet shall be recorded. If the set flow rate cannot be maintained over the complete cycle (within ± 5 per cent) because of high particulate loading on the filter, the test shall be voided. The test shall be rerun using a lower flow rate and/or a larger diameter filter.
4.5.7.4.   Engine stalling during the cold start test cycle
If the engine stalls anywhere during the cold start test cycle, the engine shall be preconditioned, then the cool-down procedure repeated; finally the engine shall be restarted, and the test repeated. If a malfunction occurs in any of the required test equipment during the test cycle, the test shall be voided.
4.5.7.5.   Operations after cold start cycle
At the completion of the cold start cycle of the test, the measurement of the exhaust gas mass flow rate, the diluted exhaust gas volume, the gas flow into the collecting bags and the particulate sample pump shall be stopped. For an integrating analyser system, sampling shall continue until system response times have elapsed.
The concentrations of the collecting bags, if used, shall be analysed as soon as possible and in any case not later than 20 minutes after the end of the test cycle.
After the emission test, a zero gas and the same span gas shall be used for rechecking the analysers. The test will be considered acceptable if the difference between the pre-test and post-test results is less than 2 per cent of the span gas value.
The particulate filters shall be returned to the weighing chamber no later than one hour after completion of the test. They shall be conditioned in a petri dish, which is protected against dust contamination and allows air exchange, for at least one hour, and then weighed. The gross weight of the filters shall be recorded.
4.5.7.6.   Hot soak
Immediately after the engine is turned off, the engine cooling fan(s) shall be turned off if used, as well as the CVS blower (or disconnect the exhaust system from the CVS), if used.
Allow the engine to soak for 20 ± 1 minutes. Prepare the engine and dynamometer for the hot start test. Connect evacuated sample collection bags to the dilute exhaust and dilution air sample collection systems. Start the CVS (if used or not already on) or connect the exhaust system to the CVS (if disconnected). Start the sample pumps (except the particulate sample pump(s), the engine cooling fan(s) and the data collection system.
The heat exchanger of the constant volume sampler (if used) and the heated components of any continuous sampling system(s) (if applicable) shall be preheated to their designated operating temperatures before the test begins.
Adjust the sample flow rates to the desired flow rate and set the CVS gas flow measuring devices to zero. Carefully install a clean particulate filter in each of the filter holders and install assembled filter holders in the sample flow line.
4.5.7.7.   Hot start cycle
As soon as it is determined that the engine is started, start a "free idle" timer. Allow the engine to idle freely with no-load for 23 ± 1 s. Begin the transient engine cycle such that the first non-idle record of the cycle occurs at 23 ± 1 s. The free idle time is included in the 23 ± 1 s.
The test shall be performed according to the reference cycle as set out in Annex 5. Engine speed and torque command set points shall be issued at 5 Hz (10 Hz recommended) or greater. The set points shall be calculated by linear interpolation between the 1 Hz set points of the reference cycle. Feedback engine speed and torque shall be recorded at least once every second during the test cycle, and the signals may be electronically filtered.
The procedure described in previous paragraphs 4.5.7.2. and 4.5.7.3. shall then be repeated.
4.5.7.8.   Engine stalling during the hot start cycle
If the engine stalls anywhere during the hot start cycle, the engine may be shut off and re-soaked for 20 minutes. The hot start cycle may then be rerun. Only one hot re-soak and hot start cycle restart is permitted.
4.5.7.9.   Operations after hot start cycle
At the completion of the hot start cycle, the measurement of the exhaust gas mass flow rate, the diluted exhaust gas volume, the gas flow into the collecting bags and the particulate sample pump shall be stopped. For an integrating analyser system, sampling shall continue until system response times have elapsed.
The concentrations of the collecting bags, if used, shall be analysed as soon as possible and in any case not later than 20 minutes after the end of the test cycle.
After the emission test, a zero gas and the same span gas shall be used for re-checking the analysers. The test will be considered acceptable if the difference between the pre-test and post-test results is less than 2 per cent of the span gas value.
The particulate filters shall be returned to the weighing chamber no later than one hour after completion of the test. They shall be conditioned in a petri dish, which is protected against dust contamination and allows air exchange, for at least one hour, and then weighed. The gross weight of the filters shall be recorded.
4.6.   Verification of the test run
4.6.1.   Data shift
To minimize the biasing effect of the time lag between the feedback and reference cycle values, the entire engine speed and torque feedback signal sequence may be advanced or delayed in time with respect to the reference speed and torque sequence. If the feedback signals are shifted, both speed and torque shall be shifted by the same amount in the same direction.
4.6.2.   Calculation of the cycle work
The actual cycle work W
act (kWh) shall be calculated using each pair of engine feedback speed and torque values recorded. The actual cycle work W
act is used for comparison to the reference cycle work W
ref and for calculating the brake specific emissions. The same methodology shall be used for integrating both reference and actual engine power. If values are to be determined between adjacent references or adjacent measured values, linear interpolation shall be used.
In integrating the reference and actual cycle work, all negative torque values shall be set equal to zero and included. If integration is performed at a frequency of less than 5 Hz, and if, during a given time segment, the torque value changes from positive to negative or negative to positive, the negative portion shall be computed and set equal to zero. The positive portion shall be included in the integrated value.

W
act shall be between – 15 per cent and + 5 per cent of W
ref.
4.6.3.   Validation statistics of the test cycle
Linear regressions of the feedback values on the reference values shall be performed for speed, torque and power. This shall be done after any feedback data shift has occurred, if this option is selected. The method of least squares shall be used, with the best fit equation having the form:





where:







y


=


feedback (actual) value of speed (min–1), torque (N·m), or power (kW)




m


=


slope of the regression line




x


=


reference value of speed (min–1), torque (N·m), or power (kW)




b


=



y intercept of the regression line




The standard error of estimate (SE) of y on x and the coefficient of determination (r2) shall be calculated for each regression line.
It is recommended that this analysis be performed at 1 Hz. For a test to be considered valid, the criteria of Table 1 shall be met.

Table 1


Regression line tolerances









 


Speed


Torque


Power




Standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x


max 100 min–1



max 13 % of power map maximum engine torque


max 8 % of power map maximum engine power




Slope of the regression line, m


0,95 to 1,03


0,83 – 1,03


0,89 – 1,03




Coefficient of determination, r2



min 0,9700


min 0,8800


min 0,9100




y intercept of the regression line, b


± 50 min–1



± 20 Nm or ± 2 % of max torque, whichever is greater


± 4 kW or ± 2 % of max power, whichever is greater




For regression purposes only, point deletions are permitted where noted in Table 2 before doing the regression calculation. However, those points shall not be deleted for the calculation of cycle work and emissions. An idle point is defined as a point having a normalized reference torque of 0 per cent and a normalized reference speed of 0 per cent. Point deletion may be applied to the whole or to any part of the cycle.

Table 2


Permitted point deletions from regression analysis (points to which the point deletion is applied have to be specified)







Condition


Speed and/or torque and/or power points which may be deleted with reference to the conditions listed in the left column




First 24 (± 1) s and last 25 s


Speed, torque and power




Wide open throttle, and torque feedback < 95 % torque reference


Torque and/or power




Wide open throttle, and speed feedback < 95 % speed reference


Speed and/or power




Closed throttle, speed feedback > idle speed + 50 min–1, and torque feedback > 105 % torque reference


Torque and/or power




Closed throttle, speed feedback ≤ idle speed + 50 min–1, and torque feedback = Manufacturer defined/measured idle torque ± 2 % of max torque


Speed and/or power




Closed throttle and speed feedback > 105 % speed reference


Speed and/or power






(1)  Identical with C1 cycle as described in paragraph 8.3.1.1. of ISO 8178-4: 2007 (corr. 2008).

(2)  Identical with D2 cycle as described in paragraph 8.4.1. of ISO 8178-4: 2007 (corr. 2008).



Appendix 1

Measurement and sampling procedures (NRSC, NRTC)

1.   MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES (NRSC TEST)
Gaseous and particulate components emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured by the methods described in Annex 4A, Appendix 4. The methods of Annex 4A, Appendix 4 describe the recommended analytical systems for the gaseous emissions (paragraph 1.1.) and the recommended particulate dilution and sampling systems (paragraph 1.2.).
At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the approval authority the methods described in Annex 4B, paragraph 9. may be used as an alternative to those in paragraph 1. of this appendix.
1.1.   Dynamometer specification
An engine dynamometer with adequate characteristics to perform the test cycle described in Annex 4A, paragraph 3.7.1. shall be used. The instrumentation for torque and speed measurement shall allow the measurement of the power within the given limits. Additional calculations may be necessary. The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall be such that the maximum tolerances of the figures given in paragraph 1.3. are not exceeded.
1.2.   Exhaust gas flow
The exhaust gas flow shall be determined by one of the methods mentioned in paragraphs 1.2.1. to 1.2.4.
1.2.1.   Direct measurement method
Direct measurement of the exhaust flow by flow nozzle or equivalent metering system (for detail see ISO 5167:2000).

Note: Direct gaseous flow measurement is a difficult task. Precautions shall be taken to avoid measurement errors that will impact emission value errors.
1.2.2.   Air and fuel measurement method
Measurement of the airflow and the fuel flow.
Air flow-meters and fuel flow-meters with the accuracy defined in paragraph 1.3. shall be used.
The calculation of the exhaust gas flow is as follows:



 (for wet exhaust mass)
1.2.3.   Carbon balance method
Exhaust mass calculation from fuel consumption and exhaust gas concentrations using the carbon balance method (Annex 4A, Appendix 3).
1.2.4.   Tracer measurement method
This method involves measurement of the concentration of a tracer gas in the exhaust. A known amount of an inert gas (e.g. pure helium) shall be injected into the exhaust gas flow as a tracer. The gas is mixed and diluted by the exhaust gas, but shall not react in the exhaust pipe. The concentration of the gas shall then be measured in the exhaust gas sample.
In order to ensure complete mixing of the tracer gas, the exhaust gas sampling probe shall be located at least 1 m or 30 times the diameter of the exhaust pipe, whichever is larger, downstream of the tracer gas injection point. The sampling probe may be located closer to the injection point if complete mixing is verified by comparing the tracer gas concentration with the reference concentration when the tracer gas is injected upstream of the engine.
The tracer gas flow rate shall be set so that the tracer gas concentration at engine idle speed after mixing becomes lower than the full scale of the trace gas analyser.
The calculation of the exhaust gas flow is as follows:





where:








G
EXHW



=


instantaneous exhaust mass flow (kg/s)





G
T



=


tracer gas flow (cm3/min)





conc
mix



=


instantaneous concentration of the tracer gas after mixing, (ppm)





ρ
EXH



=


density of the exhaust gas (kg/m3)





conc
a



=


background concentration of the tracer gas in the intake air (ppm)




The background concentration of the tracer gas (conc
a) may be determined by averaging the background concentration measured immediately before and after the test run.
When the background concentration is less than 1 per cent of the concentration of the tracer gas after mixing (conc
mix.) at maximum exhaust flow, the background concentration may be neglected.
The total system shall meet the accuracy specifications for the exhaust gas flow and shall be calibrated according to Appendix 2, paragraph 1.11.2.
1.2.5.   Air flow and air to fuel ratio measurement method
This method involves exhaust mass calculation from the air flow and the air to fuel ratio. The calculation of the instantaneous exhaust gas mass flow is as follows:





with 








where:








A/F
st



=


stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (kg/kg)





λ



=


relative air/fuel ratio





conc
CO2




=


dry CO2 concentration (%)





conc
CO



=


dry CO concentration (ppm)





conc
HC



=


HC concentration (ppm)





Note: The calculation refers to a diesel fuel with a H/C ratio equal to 1,8.
The air flow-meter shall meet the accuracy specifications in Table 3, the CO2 analyser used shall meet the specifications of paragraph 1.4.1., and the total system shall meet the accuracy specifications for the exhaust gas flow.
Optionally, air to fuel ratio measurement equipment, such as a zirconia type sensor, may be used for the measurement of the relative air to fuel ratio in accordance with the specifications of paragraph 1.4.4.
1.2.6.   Total dilute exhaust gas flow
When using a full flow dilution system, the total flow of the dilute exhaust (G
TOTW) shall be measured with a PDP or CFV or SSV (Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.2.). The accuracy shall conform to the provisions of Annex 4A, Appendix 2, paragraph 2.2.
1.3.   Accuracy
The calibration of all measurement instruments shall be traceable to national or international standards and comply with the requirements listed in Table 3.

Table 3


Accuracy of measuring instruments








No.


Measuring instrument


Accuracy




1


Engine speed


± 2 % of reading or ± 1 % of engine's max. value whichever is larger




2


Torque


± 2 % of reading or ± 1 % of engine's max. value whichever is larger




3


Fuel consumption


± 2 % of engine's max. value




4


Air consumption


± 2 % of reading or ± 1 % of engine's max. value whichever is larger




5


Exhaust gas flow


± 2,5 % of reading or ± 1,5 % of engine's max. value whichever is larger




6


Temperatures ≤ 600 K


± 2 K absolute




7


Temperatures > 600 K


± 1 % of reading




8


Exhaust gas pressure


± 0,2 kPa absolute




9


Intake air depression


± 0,05 kPa absolute




10


Atmospheric pressure


± 0,1 kPa absolute




11


Other pressures


± 0,1 kPa absolute




12


Absolute humidity


± 5 % of reading




13


Dilution air flow


± 2 % of reading




14


Diluted exhaust gas flow


± 2 % of reading




1.4.   Determination of the gaseous components
1.4.1.   General analyser specifications
The analysers shall have a measuring range appropriate for the accuracy required to measure the concentrations of the exhaust gas components (paragraph 1.4.1.1.). It is recommended that the analysers be operated in such a way that the measured concentration falls between 15 per cent and 100 per cent of full scale.
If the full scale value is 155 ppm (or ppm C) or less or if read-out systems (computers, data loggers) that provide sufficient accuracy and resolution below 15 per cent of full scale are used, concentrations below 15 per cent of full scale are also acceptable. In this case, additional calibrations are to be made to ensure the accuracy of the calibration curves – Annex 4A, Appendix 2, paragraph 1.5.5.2.
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the equipment shall be on a level as to minimize additional errors.
1.4.1.1.   Measurement error
The analyser shall not deviate from the nominal calibration point by more than ± 2 per cent of the reading or ± 0,3 per cent of full scale, whichever is larger.

Note: For the purposes of this Regulation, accuracy is defined as the deviation of the analyser reading from the nominal calibration values using a calibration gas (≡ true value)
1.4.1.2.   Repeatability
The repeatability, defined as 2,5 times the standard deviation of ten repetitive responses to a given calibration or span gas, shall be no greater than ± 1 per cent of full scale concentration for each range used above 155 ppm (or ppm C) or ± 2 per cent of each range used below 155 ppm (or ppm C).
1.4.1.3.   Noise
The analyser peak-to-peak response to zero and calibration or span gases over any ten second period shall not exceed 2 per cent of full scale on all ranges used.
1.4.1.4.   Zero drift
The zero drift during a one-hour period shall be less than 2 per cent of full scale on the lowest range used. The zero response is defined as the mean response, including noise, to a zero gas during a 30 s time interval.
1.4.1.5.   Span drift
The span drift during a one-hour period shall be less than 2 per cent of full scale on the lowest range used. Span is defined as the difference between the span response and the zero response. The span response is defined as the mean response, including noise, to a span gas during a 30 s time interval.
1.4.2.   Gas drying
The optional gas drying device shall have a minimal effect on the concentration of the measured gases. Chemical dryers are not an acceptable method of removing water from the sample.
1.4.3.   Analysers
Paragraphs 1.4.3.1. to 1.4.3.5. of this appendix describe the measurement principles to be used. A detailed description of the measurement systems is given in Annex 4A, Appendix 4.
The gases to be measured shall be analysed with the following instruments. For non-linear analysers, the use of linearizing circuits is permitted.
1.4.3.1.   Carbon monoxide (CO) analysis
The carbon monoxide analyser shall be of the non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) absorption type.
1.4.3.2.   Carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis
The carbon dioxide analyser shall be of the non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) absorption type.
1.4.3.3.   Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis
The hydrocarbon analyser shall be of the heated flame ionization detector (HFID) type with detector, valves, pipework, etc, heated so as to maintain a gas temperature of 463 K (190 °C) ± 10 K.
1.4.3.4.   Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) analysis
The oxides of nitrogen analyser shall be of the chemiluminescent detector (CLD) or heated chemiluminescent detector (HCLD) type with a NO2/NO converter, if measured on a dry basis. If measured on a wet basis, a HCLD with converter maintained above 328 K (55 °C) shall be used, provided the water quench check (Annex 4A, Appendix 2, paragraph 1.9.2.2.) is satisfied.
For both CLD and HCLD, the sampling path shall be maintained at a wall temperature of 328 K to 473 K (55 to 200 °C) up to the converter for dry measurement, and up to the analyser for wet measurement.
1.4.4.   Air to fuel measurement
The air to fuel measurement equipment used to determine the exhaust gas flow as specified in paragraph 1.2.5. shall be a wide range air to fuel ratio sensor or lambda sensor of Zirconia type.
The sensor shall be mounted directly on the exhaust pipe where the exhaust gas temperature is high enough to eliminate water condensation.
The accuracy of the sensor with incorporated electronics shall be within:






 


± 3 per cent of reading λ < 2










 


± 5 per cent of reading 2 ≤ λ < 5










 


± 10 per cent of reading 5 ≤ λ




To fulfil the accuracy specified above, the sensor shall be calibrated as specified by the instrument manufacturer.
1.4.5.   Sampling for gaseous emissions
The gaseous emissions sampling probes shall be fitted at least 0,5 m or three times the diameter of the exhaust pipe (whichever is the larger) upstream of the exit of the exhaust gas system as far as applicable and sufficiently close to the engine as to ensure an exhaust gas temperature of at least 343 K (70 °C) at the probe.
In the case of a multi-cylinder engine with a branched exhaust manifold, the inlet of the probe shall be located sufficiently far downstream so as to ensure that the sample is representative of the average exhaust emissions from all cylinders. In multi-cylinder engines having distinct groups of manifolds, such as in a 'V'-engine configuration, it is permissible to acquire a sample from each group individually and calculate an average exhaust emission. Other methods which have been shown to correlate with the above methods may be used. For exhaust emissions calculation the total exhaust mass flow of the engine shall be used.
When a full flow dilution system is used for the determination of the particulates, the gaseous emissions may also be determined in the diluted exhaust gas. The sampling probes shall be close to the particulate sampling probe in the dilution tunnel (Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.2., DT and paragraph 1.2.2., PSP). CO and CO2 may optionally be determined by sampling into a bag and subsequent measurement of the concentration in the sampling bag.
1.5.   Determination of the particulates
The determination of the particulates requires a dilution system. Dilution may be accomplished by a partial flow dilution system or a full flow dilution system. The flow capacity of the dilution system shall be large enough to completely eliminate water condensation in the dilution and sampling systems, and maintain the temperature of the diluted exhaust gas between 315 K (42 °C) and 325 K (52 °C) immediately upstream of the filter holders. De-humidifying the dilution air before entering the dilution system is permitted, if the air humidity is high. Dilution air pre-heating above the temperature limit of 303 K (30 °C) is recommended, if the ambient temperature is below 293 K (20 °C). However, the diluted air temperature shall not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel.

Note: For power bands up to and including K using discrete mode cycles, the filter temperature may be kept at or below the maximum temperature of 325 K (52 °C) instead of respecting the temperature range of 42 to 52 °C.
For a partial flow dilution system, the particulate sampling probe shall be fitted close to and upstream of the gaseous probe as defined in paragraph 4.4. and in accordance with Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.1., Figure 4-12 EP and SP.
The partial flow dilution system has to be designed to split the exhaust stream into two fractions, the smaller one being diluted with air and subsequently used for particulate measurement. From that it is essential that the dilution ratio be determined very accurately. Different splitting methods can be applied, whereby the type of splitting used dictates to a significant degree the sampling hardware and procedures to be used (Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.1.).
To determine the mass of the particulates, a particulate sampling system, particulate sampling filters, a microgram balance and a temperature and humidity controlled weighing chamber are required.
For particulate sampling, two methods may be applied:






(a)


The single filter method uses one pair of filters (paragraph 1.5.1.3. of this appendix) for all modes of the test cycle. Considerable attention shall be paid to sampling times and flows during the sampling phase of the test. However, only one pair of filters will be required for the test cycle,










(b)


The multiple filter method dictates that one pair of filters (paragraph 1.5.1.3. of this appendix) is used for each of the individual modes of the test cycle. This method allows more lenient sample procedures but uses more filters.




1.5.1.   Particulate sampling filters
1.5.1.1.   Filter specification
Fluorocarbon coated glass fibre filters or fluorocarbon based membrane filters are required for certification tests. For special applications different filter materials may be used. All filter types shall have a 0,3 μm DOP (di-octylphthalate) collection efficiency of at least 99 per cent at a gas face velocity between 35 and 100 cm/s. When performing correlation tests between laboratories or between a manufacturer and an approval authority, filters of identical quality shall be used.
1.5.1.2.   Filter size
Particulate filters shall have a minimum diameter of 47 mm (37 mm stain diameter). Larger diameter filters are acceptable (paragraph 1.5.1.5.).
1.5.1.3.   Primary and back-up filters
The diluted exhaust shall be sampled by a pair of filters placed in series (one primary and one back-up filter) during the test sequence. The back-up filter shall be located no more than 100 mm downstream of, and shall not be in contact with, the primary filter. The filters may be weighed separately or as a pair with the filters placed stain side to stain side.
1.5.1.4.   Filter face velocity
A gas face velocity through the filter of 35 to 100 cm/s shall be achieved. The pressure drop increase between the beginning and the end of the test shall be no more than 25 kPa.
1.5.1.5.   Filter loading
The recommended minimum filter loadings for the most common filter sizes are shown in the following table. For larger filter sizes, the minimum filter loading shall be 0,065 mg/1 000 mm2 filter area.







Filter diameter
(mm)


Recommended stain diameter
(mm)


Recommended minimum loading
(mg)




47 


37 


0,11 




70 


60 


0,25 




90 


80 


0,41 




110 


100 


0,62 




For the multiple filter method, the recommended minimum filter loading for the sum of all filters shall be the product of the appropriate value above and the square root of the total number of modes.
1.5.2.   Weighing chamber and analytical balance specifications
1.5.2.1.   Weighing chamber conditions
The temperature of the chamber (or room) in which the particulate filters are conditioned and weighed shall be maintained to within 295 K (22 °C) ± 3 K during all filter conditioning and weighing. The humidity shall be maintained to a dew point of 282,5 (9,5 °C) ± 3 K and a relative humidity of 45 ± 8 per cent.
1.5.2.2.   Reference filter weighing
The chamber (or room) environment shall be free of any ambient contaminants (such as dust) that would settle on the particulate filters during their stabilization. Disturbances to weighing room specifications as outlined in paragraph 1.5.2.1. will be allowed if the duration of the disturbances does not exceed 30 minutes. The weighing room should meet the required specifications prior to personnel entrance into the weighing room. At least two unused reference filters or reference filter pairs shall be weighed within four hours of, but preferably at the same time as the sample filter (pair) weighing. They shall be the same size and material as the sample filters.
If the average weight of the reference filters (reference filter pairs) changes between sample filter weighing by more than 10 μg, then all sample filters shall be discarded and the emissions test repeated.
If the weighing room stability criteria outlined in paragraph 1.5.2.1. is not met, but the reference filter (pair) weighing meet the above criteria, the engine manufacturer has the option of accepting the sample filter weights or voiding the tests, fixing the weighing room control system and re-running the test.
1.5.2.3.   Analytical balance
The analytical balance used to determine the weights of all filters shall have a precision (standard deviation) of 2 μg and a resolution of 1 μg (1 digit = 1 μg) specified by the balance manufacturer.
1.5.2.4.   Elimination of static electricity effects
To eliminate the effects of static electricity, the filters shall be neutralized prior to weighing, for example, by a Polonium neutralizer or a device of similar effect.
1.5.3.   Additional specifications for particulate measurement
All parts of the dilution system and the sampling system from the exhaust pipe up to the filter holder, which are in contact with raw and diluted exhaust gas, shall be designed to minimize deposition or alteration of the particulates. All parts shall be made of electrically conductive materials that do not react with exhaust gas components, and shall be electrically grounded to prevent electrostatic effects.
2.   MEASUREMENT AND SAMPLING PROCEDURES (NRTC TEST)
2.1.   Introduction
Gaseous and particulate components emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured by the methods of Annex 4A, Appendix 4. The methods of Annex 4A, Appendix 4 describe the recommended analytical systems for the gaseous emissions (paragraph 1.1.) and the recommended particulate dilution and sampling systems (paragraph 1.2.).
2.2.   Dynamometer and test cell equipment
The following equipment shall be used for emission tests of engines on engine dynamometers:
2.2.1.   Engine dynamometer
An engine dynamometer shall be used with adequate characteristics to perform the test cycle described in Appendix 4 to this Annex. The instrumentation for torque and speed measurement shall allow the measurement of the power within the given limits. Additional calculations may be necessary. The accuracy of the measuring equipment shall be such that the maximum tolerances of the figures given in Table 4 are not exceeded.
2.2.2.   Other instruments
Measuring instruments for fuel consumption, air consumption, temperature of coolant and lubricant, exhaust gas pressure and intake manifold depression, exhaust gas temperature, air intake temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity and fuel temperature shall be used, as required. These instruments shall satisfy the requirements given in Table 4:

Table 4


Accuracy of measuring instruments








No


Measuring instrument


Accuracy




1


Engine speed


± 2 % of reading or ± 1 % of engine's max. value, whichever is larger




2


Torque


± 2 % of reading or ± 1 % of engine's max. value, whichever is larger




3


Fuel consumption


± 2 % of engine's max. value




4


Air consumption


± 2 % of reading or ± 1 % of engine's max. value, whichever is larger




5


Exhaust gas flow


± 2,5 % of reading or ± 1,5 % of engine's max. value, whichever is larger




6


Temperatures ≤ 600 K


± 2 K absolute




7


Temperatures > 600 K


± 1 % of reading




8


Exhaust gas pressure


± 0,2 kPa absolute




9


Intake air depression


± 0,05 kPa absolute




10


Atmospheric pressure


± 0,1 kPa absolute




11


Other pressures


± 0,1 kPa absolute




12


Absolute humidity


± 5 % of reading




13


Dilution air flow


± 2 % of reading




14


Diluted exhaust gas flow


± 2 % of reading




2.2.3.   Raw exhaust gas flow
For calculating the emissions in the raw exhaust gas and for controlling a partial flow dilution system, it is necessary to know the exhaust gas mass flow rate. For determining the exhaust mass flow rate, either of the methods described below may be used.
For the purpose of emissions calculation, the response time of either method described below shall be equal to or less than the requirement for the analyser response time, as defined in Appendix 2, paragraph 1.11.1.
For the purpose of controlling a partial flow dilution system, a faster response is required. For partial flow dilution systems with online control, a response time of ≤ 0,3 s is required. For partial flow dilution systems with look ahead control based on a pre-recorded test run, a response time of the exhaust flow measurement system of ≤ 5 s with a rise time of ≤ 1 s is required. The system response time shall be specified by the instrument manufacturer. The combined response time requirements for exhaust gas flow and partial flow dilution system are indicated in paragraph 2.4.






 


Direct measurement method
Direct measurement of the instantaneous exhaust flow may be done by systems, such as:






(a)


Pressure differential devices, like flow nozzle, (for details see ISO 5167:2000);










(b)


Ultrasonic flow-meter;










(c)


Vortex flow-meter.




Precautions shall be taken to avoid measurement errors, which will impact emission value errors. Such precautions include the careful installation of the device in the engine exhaust system according to the instrument manufacturers' recommendations and to good engineering practice. Especially, engine performance and emissions shall not be affected by the installation of the device.
The flow-meters shall meet the accuracy specifications of Table 3.










 


Air and fuel measurement method
This involves measurement of the airflow and the fuel flow with suitable flow-meters. The calculation of the instantaneous exhaust gas flow is as follows: 

 (for wet exhaust mass)
The flow-meters shall meet the accuracy specifications of Table 3, but shall also be accurate enough to also meet the accuracy specifications for the exhaust gas flow.










 


Tracer measurement method
This involves measurement of the concentration of a tracer gas in the exhaust.
A known amount of an inert gas (e.g. pure helium) shall be injected into the exhaust gas flow as a tracer. The gas is mixed and diluted by the exhaust gas, but shall not react in the exhaust pipe. The concentration of the gas shall then be measured in the exhaust gas sample.
In order to ensure complete mixing of the tracer gas, the exhaust gas sampling probe shall be located at least 1 m or 30 times the diameter of the exhaust pipe, whichever is larger, downstream of the tracer gas injection point. The sampling probe may be located closer to the injection point if complete mixing is verified by comparing the tracer gas concentration with the reference concentration when the tracer gas is injected upstream of the engine.
The tracer gas flow rate shall be set so that the tracer gas concentration at engine idle speed after mixing becomes lower than the full scale of the trace gas analyser.
The calculation of the exhaust gas flow is as follows:





with 








where:








A/F
st



=


stoichiometric air/fuel ratio (kg/kg)





λ



=


relative air/fuel ratio





conc
CO2




=


dry CO2 concentration (%)





conc
CO



=


dry CO concentration (ppm)





conc
HC



=


HC concentration (ppm)





Note: The calculation refers to a diesel fuel with a H/C ratio equal to 1,8.
The air flow-meter shall meet the accuracy specifications in Table 3, the CO2 analyser used shall meet the specifications of paragraph 2.3.1., and the total system shall meet the accuracy specifications for the exhaust gas flow.
Optionally, air to fuel ratio measurement equipment, such as a zirconia type sensor, may be used for the measurement of the excess air ratio in accordance with the specifications of paragraph 2.3.4.




2.2.4.   Diluted exhaust gas flow
For calculation of the emissions in the diluted exhaust gas, it is necessary to know the diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate. The total diluted exhaust gas flow over the cycle (kg/test) shall be calculated from the measurement values over the cycle and the corresponding calibration data of the flow measurement device (V
0 for PDP, K
V for CFV, C
d for SSV): the corresponding methods described in Appendix 3, paragraph 2.2.1. shall be used. If the total sample mass of particulates and gaseous pollutants exceeds 0,5 per cent of the total CVS flow, the CVS flow shall be corrected or the particulate sample flow shall be returned to the CVS prior to the flow measuring device.
2.3.   Determination of the gaseous components
2.3.1.   General analyser specifications
The analysers shall have a measuring range appropriate for the accuracy required to measure the concentrations of the exhaust gas components (paragraph 1.4.1.1.). It is recommended that the analysers be operated in such a way that the measured concentration falls between 15 and 100 per cent of full scale.
If the full scale value is 155 ppm (or ppm C) or less, or if read-out systems (computers, data loggers) that provide sufficient accuracy and resolution below 15 per cent of full scale are used, concentrations below 15 per cent of full scale are also acceptable. In this case, additional calibrations are to be made to ensure the accuracy of the calibration curves – Annex 4A, Appendix 2, paragraph 1.5.5.2.
The electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the equipment shall be of a level such as to minimize additional errors.
2.3.1.1.   Measurement error
The analyser shall not deviate from the nominal calibration point by more than ± 2 per cent of the reading or ± 0,3 per cent of full scale, whichever is larger.

Note: For the purposes of this Regulation, accuracy is defined as the deviation of the analyser reading from the nominal calibration values using a calibration gas (≡ true value).
2.3.1.2.   Repeatability
The repeatability, defined as 2,5 times the standard deviation of 10 repetitive responses to a given calibration or span gas, shall be no greater than ± 1 per cent of full scale concentration for each range used above 155 ppm (or ppm C) or ± 2 per cent for each range used below 155 ppm (or ppm C).
2.3.1.3.   Noise
The analyser peak-to-peak response to zero and calibration or span gases over any 10 s periods shall not exceed 2 per cent of full scale on all ranges used.
2.3.1.4.   Zero drift
The zero drift during a one-hour period shall be less than 2 per cent of full scale on the lowest range used. The zero response is defined as the mean response, including noise, to a zero gas during a 30 s time interval.
2.3.1.5.   Span drift
The span drift during a one-hour period shall be less than 2 per cent of full scale on the lowest range used. Span is defined as the difference between the span response and the zero response. The span response is defined as the mean response, including noise, to a span gas during a 30 s time interval.
2.3.1.6.   Rise time
For raw exhaust gas analysis, the rise time of the analyser installed in the measurement system shall not exceed 2,5 s.

Note: Only evaluating the response time of the analyser alone will not clearly define the suitability of the total system for transient testing. Volumes, and especially dead volumes, throughout the system will not only affect the transportation time from the probe to the analyser, but also affect the rise time. Also transport times inside of an analyser would be defined as analyser response time, like the converter or water traps inside of a NOx analyser. The determination of the total system response time is described in Appendix 2, paragraph 1.11.1.
2.3.2.   Gas drying
Same specifications as for NRSC test cycle apply (paragraph 1.4.2.) as described here below.
The optional gas drying device shall have a minimal effect on the concentration of the measured gases. Chemical dryers are not an acceptable method of removing water from the sample.
2.3.3.   Analysers
Same specifications as for NRSC test cycle apply (paragraph 1.4.3.) as described here below.
The gases to be measured shall be analysed with the following instruments. For non-linear analysers, the use of linearizing circuits is permitted.
2.3.3.1.   Carbon monoxide (CO) analysis
The carbon monoxide analyser shall be of the non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) absorption type.
2.3.3.2.   Carbon dioxide (CO2) analysis
The carbon dioxide analyser shall be of the non-dispersive infra-red (NDIR) absorption type.
2.3.3.3.   Hydrocarbon (HC) analysis
The hydrocarbon analyser shall be of the heated flame ionization detector (HFID) type with detector, valves, pipework etc., heated so as to maintain a gas temperature of 463K (190 °C) ± 10 K.
2.3.3.4.   Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) analysis
The oxides of nitrogen analyser shall be of the chemiluminescent detector (CLD) or heated chemiluminescent detector (HCLD) type with a NO2/NO converter, if measured on a dry basis. If measured on a wet basis, a HCLD with converter maintained above 328 K (55 °C shall be used, provided the water quench check (Annex 4A, Appendix 2, paragraph 1.9.2.2.) is satisfied.
For both CLD and HCLD, the sampling path shall be maintained at a wall temperature of 328K to 473 K (55 to 200 °C) up to the converter for dry measurement, and up to the analyser for wet measurement.
2.3.4.   Air to fuel measurement
The air to fuel measurement equipment used to determine the exhaust gas flow as specified in paragraph 2.2.3. shall be a wide range air to fuel ratio sensor or lambda sensor of Zirconia type.
The sensor shall be mounted directly on the exhaust pipe where the exhaust gas temperature is high enough to eliminate water condensation.
The accuracy of the sensor with incorporated electronics shall be within:






 


± 3 per cent of reading λ < 2










 


± 5 per cent of reading 2 ≤ λ < 5










 


± 10 per cent of reading 5 ≤ λ




To fulfil the accuracy specified above, the sensor shall be calibrated as specified by the instrument manufacturer.
2.3.5.   Sampling of gaseous emissions
2.3.5.1.   Raw exhaust gas flow
For calculation of the emissions in the raw exhaust gas the same specifications as for NRSC test cycle apply (paragraph 1.4.4.), as described here below.
The gaseous emissions sampling probes shall be fitted at least 0,5 m or three times the diameter of the exhaust pipe — whichever is the larger — upstream of the exit of the exhaust gas system as far as applicable and sufficiently close to the engine as to ensure an exhaust gas temperature of at least 343 K (70 °C) at the probe.
In the case of a multicylinder engine with a branched exhaust manifold, the inlet of the probe shall be located sufficiently far downstream so as to ensure that the sample is representative of the average exhaust emissions from all cylinders. In multicylinder engines having distinct groups of manifolds, such as in a "V"-engine configuration, it is permissible to acquire a sample from each group individually and calculate an average exhaust emission. Other methods which have been shown to correlate with the above methods may be used. For exhaust emissions calculation the total exhaust mass flow of the engine shall be used.
2.3.5.2.   Diluted exhaust gas flow
If a full flow dilution system is used, the following specifications apply.
The exhaust pipe between the engine and the full flow dilution system shall conform to the requirements of Annex 4A, Appendix 4.
The gaseous emissions sample probe(s) shall be installed in the dilution tunnel at a point where the dilution air and exhaust gas are well mixed, and in close proximity to the particulates sampling probe.
Sampling can generally be done in two ways:






(a)


The pollutants are sampled into a sampling bag over the cycle and measured after completion of the test.










(b)


The pollutants are sampled continuously and integrated over the cycle; this method is mandatory for HC and NOx.




The background concentrations shall be sampled upstream of the dilution tunnel into a sampling bag, and shall be subtracted from the emissions concentration according to Appendix 3, paragraph 2.2.3.
2.4.   Determination of the particulates
Determination of the particulates requires a dilution system. Dilution may be accomplished by a partial flow dilution system or a full flow dilution system. The flow capacity of the dilution system shall be large enough to completely eliminate water condensation in the dilution and sampling systems, and maintain the temperature of the diluted exhaust gas between 315 K (42 °C) and 325 K (52 °C) immediately upstream of the filter holders. De-humidifying the dilution air before entering the dilution system is permitted, if the air humidity is high. Dilution air pre-heating above the temperature limit of 303 K (30 °C) is recommended if the ambient temperature is below 293 K (20 °C). However, the diluted air temperature shall not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel.
The particulate sampling probe shall be installed in close proximity to the gaseous emissions sampling probe, and the installation shall comply with the provisions of paragraph 2.3.5.
To determine the mass of the particulates, a particulate sampling system, particulate sampling filters, microgram balance, and a temperature and humidity controlled weighing chamber, are required.
Partial flow dilution system specifications
The partial flow dilution system has to be designed to split the exhaust stream into two fractions, the smaller one being diluted with air and subsequently used for particulate measurement. For this it is essential that the dilution ratio be determined very accurately. Different splitting methods can be applied, whereby the type of splitting used dictates to a significant degree the sampling hardware and procedures to be used (Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.1.).
For the control of a partial flow dilution system, a fast system response is required. The transformation time for the system shall be determined by the procedure described in Appendix 2, paragraph 1.11.1.
If the combined transformation time of the exhaust flow measurement (see previous paragraph) and the partial flow system is less than 0,3 s, online control may be used. If the transformation time exceeds 0,3 s, look ahead control based on a pre-recorded test run shall be used. In this case, the rise time shall be ≤ 1 s and the delay time of the combination ≤ 10 s.
The total system response shall be designed as to ensure a representative sample of the particulates, G
SE, proportional to the exhaust mass flow. To determine the proportionality, a regression analysis of G
SE versus G
EXHW shall be conducted on a minimum 5 Hz data acquisition rate, and the following criteria shall be met:






(a)


The correlation coefficient r of the linear regression between G
SE and G
EXHW shall be not less than 0,95;










(b)


The standard error of estimate of G
SE on G
EXHW shall not exceed 5 per cent of G
SE maximum;










(c)



G
SE intercept of the regression line shall not exceed ± 2 per cent of G
SE maximum.




Optionally, a pre-test may be run, and the exhaust mass flow signal of the pre-test be used for controlling the sample flow into the particulate system (look-ahead control). Such a procedure is required if the transformation time of the particulate system, t
50,P or/and the transformation time of the exhaust mass flow signal, t
50,F are > 0,3 s. A correct control of the partial dilution system is obtained, if the time trace of G
EXHW,pre of the pre-test, which controls GSE, is shifted by a 'look-ahead' time of t
50,P + t
50,F.
For establishing the correlation between G
SE and G
EXHW the data taken during the actual test shall be used, with G
EXHW time aligned by t
50,F relative to G
SE (no contribution from t
50,P to the time alignment). That is, the time shift between G
EXHW and G
SE is the difference in their transformation times that were determined in Appendix 2, paragraph 2.6.
For partial flow dilution systems, the accuracy of the sample flow G
SE is of special concern, if not measured directly, but determined by differential flow measurement:





In this case an accuracy of ± 2 per cent for G
TOTW and G
DILW is not sufficient to guarantee acceptable accuracies of G
SE. If the gas flow is determined by differential flow measurement, the maximum error of the difference shall be such that the accuracy of G
SE is within ± 5 per cent when the dilution ratio is less than 15. It can be calculated by taking the root-mean-square of the errors of each instrument.
Acceptable accuracies of G
SE can be obtained by either of the following methods:






(a)


The absolute accuracies of G
TOTW and G
DILW are ± 0,2 per cent which guarantees an accuracy of G
SE of ≤ 5 per cent at a dilution ratio of 15. However, greater errors will occur at higher dilution ratios.










(b)


Calibration of G
DILW relative to G
TOTW is carried out such that the same accuracies for G
SE as in (a) are obtained. For the details of such a calibration see Appendix 2, paragraph 2.6.










(c)


The accuracy of G
SE is determined indirectly from the accuracy of the dilution ratio as determined by a tracer gas, e.g. CO2. Again, accuracies equivalent to method (a) for G
SE are required.










(d)


The absolute accuracy of G
TOTW and G
DILW is within ± 2 per cent of full scale, the maximum error of the difference between G
TOTW and G
DILW is within 0,2 per cent, and the linearity error is within ± 0,2 per cent of the highest G
TOTW observed during the test.




2.4.1.   Particulate sampling filters
2.4.1.1.   Filter specification
Fluorocarbon coated glass fibre filters or fluorocarbon based membrane filters are required for certification tests. For special applications different filter materials may be used. All filter types shall have a 0,3 μm DOP (di-octylphthalate) collection efficiency of at least 99 per cent at a gas face velocity between 35 and 100 cm/s. When performing correlation tests between laboratories or between a manufacturer and an approval authority, filters of identical quality shall be used.
2.4.1.2.   Filter size
Particulate filters shall have a minimum diameter of 47 mm (37 mm stain diameter). Larger diameter filters are acceptable (paragraph 2.4.1.5).
2.4.1.3.   Primary and back-up filters
The diluted exhaust shall be sampled by a pair of filters placed in series (one primary and one back-up filter) during the test sequence. The back-up filter shall be located no more than 100 mm downstream of, and shall not be in contact with, the primary filter. The filters may be weighed separately or as a pair with the filters placed stain side to stain side.
2.4.1.4.   Filter face velocity
A gas face velocity through the filter of 35 to 100 cm/s shall be achieved. The pressure drop increase between the beginning and the end of the test shall be no more than 25 kPa.
2.4.1.5.   Filter loading
The recommended minimum filter loadings for the most common filter sizes are shown in the following table. For larger filter sizes, the minimum filter loading shall be 0,065 mg/1 000 mm2 filter area.







Filter diameter
(mm)


Recommended stain diameter
(mm)


Recommended minimum loading
(mg)




47 


37 


0,11 




70 


60 


0,25 




90 


80 


0,41 




110 


100 


0,62 




2.4.2.   Weighing chamber and analytical balance specifications
2.4.2.1.   Weighing chamber conditions
The temperature of the chamber (or room) in which the particulate filters are conditioned and weighed shall be maintained to within 295 K (22 °C) ± 3 K during all filter conditioning and weighing. The humidity shall be maintained to a dewpoint of 282,5 (9,5 °C) ± 3 K and a relative humidity of 45 ± 8 per cent.
2.4.2.2.   Reference filter weighing
The chamber (or room) environment shall be free of any ambient contaminants (such as dust) that would settle on the particulate filters during their stabilization. Disturbances to weighing room specifications as outlined in paragraph 2.4.2.1. will be allowed if the duration of the disturbances does not exceed 30 minutes. The weighing room should meet the required specifications prior to personnel entrance into the weighing room. At least two unused reference filters or reference filter pairs shall be weighed within four hours of, but preferably at the same time as the sample filter (pair) weighing. They shall be the same size and material as the sample filters.
If the average weight of the reference filters (reference filter pairs) changes between sample filter weighing by more than 10 μg, then all sample filters shall be discarded and the emissions test repeated.
If the weighing room stability criteria outlined in paragraph 2.4.2.1. are not met, but the reference filter (pair) weighing meet the above criteria, the engine manufacturer has the option of accepting the sample filter weights or voiding the tests, fixing the weighing room control system and re-running the test.
2.4.2.3.   Analytical balance
The analytical balance used to determine the weights of all filters shall have a precision (standard deviation) of 2 μg and a resolution of 1 μg (1 digit = 1 μg) specified by the balance manufacturer.
2.4.2.4.   Elimination of static electricity effects
To eliminate the effects of static electricity, the filters shall be neutralized prior to weighing, for example, by a Polonium neutralizer or a device having similar effect.
2.4.3.   Additional specifications for particulate measurement
All parts of the dilution system and the sampling system from the exhaust pipe up to the filter holder, which are in contact with raw and diluted exhaust gas, shall be designed to minimize deposition or alteration of the particulates. All parts shall be made of electrically conductive materials that do not react with exhaust gas components, and shall be electrically grounded to prevent electrostatic effects.




Appendix 2

Calibration procedure (NRSC, NRTC
                   (1)
)

1.   CALIBRATION OF THE ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTS
1.1.   Introduction
Each analyser shall be calibrated as often as necessary to fulfil the accuracy requirements of this Regulation. The calibration method that shall be used is described in this paragraph for the analysers indicated in Appendix 1, paragraph 1.4.3.
At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the approval authority the methods described in Annex 4B, paragraphs 8.1. and 8.2. may be used as an alternative to those in paragraph 1. of this appendix.
1.2.   Calibration gases
The shelf life of all calibration gases shall be respected.
The expiry date of the calibration gases stated by the manufacturer shall be recorded.
1.2.1.   Pure gases
The required purity of the gases is defined by the contamination limits given below. The following gases shall be available for operation:






(a)


Purified nitrogen
(contamination ≤ 1 ppm C, ≤ 1 ppm CO, ≤ 400 ppm CO2, ≤ 0,1 ppm NO)










(b)


Purified oxygen
(purity > 99,5 per cent vol O2)










(c)


Hydrogen-helium mixture
(40 ± 2 per cent hydrogen, balance helium)
(contamination ≤ 1 ppm C, ≤ 400 ppm CO2)










(d)


Purified synthetic air
(contamination ≤ 1 ppm C, ≤ 1 ppm CO, ≤ 400 ppm CO2, ≤ 0,1 ppm NO)
(oxygen content between 18 – 21 per cent vol)




1.2.2.   Calibration and span gases
Mixtures of gases having the following chemical compositions shall be available:






(a)


C3H8 and purified synthetic air (see paragraph 1.2.1.);










(b)


CO and purified nitrogen;










(c)


NO and purified nitrogen (the amount of NO2 contained in this calibration gas shall not exceed 5 per cent of the NO content);










(d)


O2 and purified nitrogen;










(e)


CO2 and purified nitrogen;










(f)


CH4 and purified synthetic air;










(g)


C2H6 and purified synthetic air.





Note: other gas combinations are allowed provided the gases do not react with one another.
The true concentration of a calibration and span gas shall be within ± 2 per cent of the nominal value. All concentrations of calibration gas shall be given on a volume basis (volume per cent or volume ppm).
The gases used for calibration and span may also be obtained by means of a gas divider, diluting with purified N2 or with purified synthetic air. The accuracy of the mixing device shall be such that the concentration of the diluted calibration gases may be determined to within ± 2 per cent.
This accuracy implies that primary gases used for blending shall be known to have an accuracy of at least ± 1 per cent, traceable to national or international gas standards. The verification shall be performed at between 15 and 50 per cent of full scale for each calibration incorporating a blending device. An additional verification may be performed using another calibration gas, if the first verification has failed.
Optionally, the blending device may be checked with an instrument which by nature is linear, e.g. using NO gas with a CLD. The span value of the instrument shall be adjusted with the span gas directly connected to the instrument. The blending device shall be checked at the used settings and the nominal value shall be compared to the measured concentration of the instrument. This difference shall in each point be within ± 1 per cent of the nominal value.
Other methods may be used based on good engineering practice and with the prior agreement of the parties involved.

Note: A precision gas divider of accuracy is within ± 1 per cent, is recommended for establishing the accurate analyser calibration curve. The gas divider shall be calibrated by the instrument manufacturer.
1.3.   Operating procedure for analysers and sampling system
The operating procedure for analysers shall follow the start-up and operating instructions of the instrument manufacturer. The minimum requirements given in paragraphs 1.4. to 1.9. shall be included.
1.4.   Leakage test
A system leakage test shall be performed. The probe shall be disconnected from the exhaust system and the end plugged. The analyser pump shall be switched on. After an initial stabilization period all flow-meters should read zero. If not, the sampling lines shall be checked and the fault corrected. The maximum allowable leakage rate on the vacuum side shall be 0,5 per cent of the in-use flow rate for the portion of the system being checked. The analyser flows and bypass flows may be used to estimate the in-use flow rates.
Another method is the introduction of a concentration step change at the beginning of the sampling line by switching from zero to span gas.
If after an adequate period of time the reading shows a lower concentration compared to the introduced concentration, this points to calibration or leakage problems.
1.5.   Calibration procedure
1.5.1.   Instrument assembly
The instrument assembly shall be calibrated and calibration curves checked against standard gases. The same gas flow rates shall be used as when sampling exhaust.
1.5.2.   Warming-up time
The warming-up time should be according to the recommendations of the manufacturer. If not specified, a minimum of two hours is recommended for warming-up the analysers.
1.5.3.   NDIR and HFID analyser
The NDIR analyser shall be tuned, as necessary, and the combustion flame of the HFID analyser shall be optimized (paragraph 1.8.1.).
1.5.4.   Calibration
Each normally used operating range shall be calibrated.
Using purified synthetic air (or nitrogen), the CO, CO2, NOx, HC and O2 analysers shall be set at zero.
The appropriate calibration gases shall be introduced to the analysers, the values recorded, and the calibration curve established according to paragraph 1.5.6.
The zero setting shall be rechecked and the calibration procedure repeated, if necessary.
1.5.5.   Establishment of the calibration curve
1.5.5.1.   General guidelines
The analyser calibration curve is established by at least six calibration points (excluding zero) spaced as uniformly as possible. The highest nominal concentration shall be equal to or higher than 90 per cent of full scale.
The calibration curve is calculated by the method of least squares. If the resulting polynomial degree is greater than three, the number of calibration points (zero included) shall be at least equal to this polynomial degree plus two.
The calibration curve shall not differ by more than ± 2 per cent from the nominal value of each calibration point and by more than ± 0,3 per cent of full scale at zero.
From the calibration curve and the calibration points, it is possible to verify that the calibration has been carried out correctly. The different characteristic parameters of the analyser shall be indicated, particularly:






(a)


The measuring range;










(b)


The sensitivity;










(c)


The date of carrying out the calibration.




1.5.5.2.   Calibration below 15 per cent of full scale
The analyser calibration curve is established by at least ten calibration points (excluding zero) spaced so that 50 per cent of the calibration points are below 10 per cent of full scale.
The calibration curve is calculated by the method of least squares.
The calibration curve shall not differ by more than ± 4 per cent from the nominal value of each calibration point and by more than ± 0,3 per cent of full scale at zero.
1.5.5.3.   Alternative methods
If it can be shown that alternative technology (e.g. computer, electronically controlled range switch, etc.) can give equivalent accuracy, then these alternatives may be used.
1.6.   Verification of the calibration
Each normally used operating range shall be checked prior to each analysis in accordance with the following procedure.
The calibration is checked by using a zero gas and a span gas whose nominal value is more than 80 per cent of full scale of the measuring range.
If, for the two points considered, the value found does not differ by more than ± 4 per cent of full scale from the declared reference value, the adjustment parameters may be modified. Should this not be the case, a new calibration curve shall be established in accordance with paragraph 1.5.4.
1.7.   Efficiency test of the NOx converter
The efficiency of the converter used for the conversion of NO2 into NO is tested as given in paragraphs 1.7.1. to 1.7.8. (Figure 1).
1.7.1.   Test set-up
Using the test set-up as shown in Figure 1 (see also Appendix 1, paragraph 1.4.3.5.) and the procedure below, the efficiency of converters can be tested by means of an ozonator.

Figure 1


Schematic of NO2 converter efficiency device






1.7.2.   Calibration
The CLD and the HCLD shall be calibrated in the most common operating range following the manufacturer's specifications using zero and span gas (the NO content of which shall amount to about 80 per cent of the operating range and the NO2 concentration of the gas mixture to less than 5 per cent of the NO concentration). The NOx analyser shall be in the NO mode so that the span gas does not pass through the converter. The indicated concentration has to be recorded.
1.7.3.   Calculation
The efficiency of the NOx converter is calculated as follows:





where:








a



=


NOx concentration according to paragraph 1.7.6.





b



=


NOx concentration according to paragraph 1.7.7.





c



=


NO concentration according to paragraph 1.7.4.





d



=


NO concentration according to paragraph 1.7.5.




1.7.4.   Adding of oxygen
Via a T-fitting, oxygen or zero air is added continuously to the gas flow until the concentration indicated is about 20 per cent less than the indicated calibration concentration given in paragraph 1.7.2. (The analyser is in the NO mode.)
The indicated concentration c shall be recorded. The ozonator is kept de-activated throughout the process.
1.7.5.   Activation of the ozonator
The ozonator is now activated to generate enough ozone to bring the NO concentration down to about 20 per cent (minimum 10 per cent) of the calibration concentration given in paragraph 1.7.2. The indicated concentration d shall be recorded. (The analyser is in the NO mode.)
1.7.6.   NOx mode
The NO analyser is then switched to the NOx mode so that the gas mixture (consisting of NO, NO2, O2 and N2) now passes through the converter. The indicated concentration a shall be recorded. (The analyser is in the NOx mode.)
1.7.7.   De-activation of the ozonator
The ozonator is now de-activated. The mixture of gases described in paragraph 1.7.6. passes through the converter into the detector. The indicated concentration b shall be recorded. (The analyser is in the NOx mode.)
1.7.8.   NO mode
Switched to NO mode with the ozonator de-activated, the flow of oxygen or synthetic air is also shut off. The NOx reading of the analyser shall not deviate by more than ± 5 per cent from the value measured according to paragraph 1.7.2. (The analyser is in the NO mode.)
1.7.9.   Test interval
The efficiency of the converter shall be tested prior to each calibration of the NOx analyser.
1.7.10.   Efficiency requirement
The efficiency of the converter shall not be less than 90 per cent, but a higher efficiency of 95 per cent is strongly recommended.

Note: If, with the analyser in the most common range, the ozonator cannot give a reduction from 80 per cent to 20 per cent according to paragraph 1.7.5., then the highest range which will give the reduction shall be used.
1.8.   Adjustment of the FID
1.8.1.   Optimization of the detector response
The HFID shall be adjusted as specified by the instrument manufacturer. A propane in air span gas should be used to optimize the response on the most common operating range.
With the fuel and air flow rates set at the manufacturer's recommendations, a 350 ± 75 ppm C span gas shall be introduced to the analyser. The response at a given fuel flow shall be determined from the difference between the span gas response and the zero gas response. The fuel flow shall be incrementally adjusted above and below the manufacturer's specification. The span and zero response at these fuel flows shall be recorded. The difference between the span and zero response shall be plotted and the fuel flow adjusted to the rich side of the curve.
1.8.2.   Hydrocarbon response factors
The analyser shall be calibrated using propane in air and purified synthetic air, according to paragraph 1.5.
Response factors shall be determined when introducing an analyser into service and after major service intervals. The response factor (R
f) for a particular hydrocarbon species is the ratio of the FID C1 reading to the gas concentration in the cylinder expressed by ppm C1.
The concentration of the test gas shall be at a level to give a response of approximately 80 per cent of full scale. The concentration shall be known to an accuracy of ± 2 per cent in reference to a gravimetric standard expressed in volume. In addition, the gas cylinder shall be pre-conditioned for 24 hours at a temperature of 298 K (25 °C) ± 5 K.
The test gases to be used and the recommended relative response factor ranges are as follows:







Methane and purified synthetic air


:


1,00 ≤ R
f ≤ 1,15




Propylene and purified synthetic air


:


0,90 ≤ R
f ≤ 1,1




Toluene and purified synthetic air


:


0,90 ≤ R
f ≤ 1,10




These values are relative to the response factor (R
f) of 1,00 for propane and purified synthetic air.
1.8.3.   Oxygen interference check
The oxygen interference check shall be determined when introducing an analyser into service and after major service intervals.
A range shall be chosen where the oxygen interference check gases will fall within the upper 50 per cent. The test shall be conducted with the oven temperature set as required.
1.8.3.1.   Oxygen interference gases
Oxygen interference check gases shall contain propane with 350 ppmC to 75 ppmC hydrocarbon. The concentration value shall be determined to calibration gas tolerances by chromatographic analysis of total hydrocarbons plus impurities or by dynamic blending. Nitrogen shall be the predominant diluent with the balance oxygen. Blends required for Diesel engine testing are:






O2 concentration


Balance




21 (20 to 22)


Nitrogen




10 (9 to 11)


Nitrogen




5 (4 to 6)


Nitrogen




1.8.3.2.   Procedure






(a)


The analyser shall be zeroed.










(b)


The analyser shall be spanned with the 21 per cent oxygen blend.










(c)


The zero response shall be rechecked. If it has changed more than 0,5 per cent of full scale sub-paragraphs (a) and (b) shall be repeated.










(d)


The 5 per cent and 10 per cent oxygen interference check gases shall be introduced.










(e)


The zero response shall be rechecked. If it has changed more than ± 1 per cent of full scale, the test shall be repeated.










(f)


The oxygen interference (%O2I) shall be calculated for each mixture in (d) as follows:













A



=


hydrocarbon concentration (ppmC) of the span gas used in (b)





B



=


hydrocarbon concentration (ppmC) of the oxygen interference check gases used in (d)





C



=


analyser response








D



=


per cent of full scale analyser response due to A.














(g)


The per cent of oxygen interference (%O
2
I) shall be less than ± 3,0 per cent for all required oxygen interference check gases prior to testing.










(h)


If the oxygen interference is greater than ± 3,0 per cent, the air flow above and below the manufacturer's specifications shall be incrementally adjusted, repeating paragraph 1.8.1. for each flow.










(i)


If the oxygen interference is greater than ± 3,0 per cent after adjusting the air flow, the fuel flow and thereafter the sample flow shall be varied, repeating paragraph 1.8.1. for each new setting.










(j)


If the oxygen interference is still greater than ± 3,0 per cent, the analyser, FID fuel, or burner air shall be repaired or replaced prior to testing. This paragraph shall then be repeated with the repaired or replaced equipment or gases.




1.9.   Interference effects with NDIR and CLD analysers
Gases present in the exhaust other than the one being analysed can interfere with the reading in several ways. Positive interference occurs in NDIR instruments where the interfering gas gives the same effect as the gas being measured, but to a lesser degree. Negative interference occurs in NDIR instruments by the interfering gas broadening the absorption band of the measured gas, and in CLD instruments by the interfering gas quenching the radiation. The interference checks in paragraphs 1.9.1. and 1.9.2. shall be performed prior to an analyser's initial use and after major service intervals.
1.9.1.   CO analyser interference check
Water and CO2 can interfere with the CO analyser performance. Therefore a CO2 span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of full scale of the maximum operating range used during testing shall be bubbled through water at room temperature and the analyser response recorded. The analyser response shall not be more than 1 per cent of full scale for ranges equal to or above 300 ppm or more than 3 ppm for ranges below 300 ppm.
1.9.2.   NOx analyser quench checks
The two gases of concern for CLD (and HCLD) analysers are CO2 and water vapour. Quench responses of these gases are proportional to their concentrations, and therefore require test techniques to determine the quench at the highest expected concentrations experienced during testing.
1.9.2.1.   CO2 quench check
A CO2 span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of full scale of the maximum operating range shall be passed through the NDIR analyser and the CO2 value recorded as A. It shall then be diluted approximately 50 per cent with NO span gas and passed through the NDIR and (H)CLD with the CO2 and NO values recorded as B and C, respectively. The CO2 shall be shut off and only the NO span gas be passed through the (H)CLD and the NO value recorded as D.
The quench shall be calculated as follows:





and shall not be greater than 3 per cent of full scale.
where:








A



=


undiluted CO2 concentration measured with NDIR per cent





B



=


diluted CO2 concentration measured with NDIR per cent





C



=


diluted NO concentration measured with CLD ppm





D



=


undiluted NO concentration measured with CLD ppm




1.9.2.2.   Water quench check
This check applies to wet gas concentration measurements only. Calculation of water quench shall consider dilution of the NO span gas with water vapour and scaling of water vapour concentration of the mixture to that expected during testing. A NO span gas having a concentration of 80 to 100 per cent of full scale to the normal operating range shall be passed through the (H)CLD and the NO value recorded as D. The NO gas shall be bubbled through water at room temperature and passed through the (H)CLD and NO value recorded as C. The water temperature shall be determined and recorded as F. The mixture's saturation vapour pressure that corresponds to the bubbler water temperature (F) shall be determined and recorded as G. The water vapour concentration (in per cent) of the mixture shall be calculated as follows:





and recorded as H. The expected diluted NO span gas (in water vapour) concentration shall be calculated as follows:





and recorded as De. For diesel exhaust, the maximum exhaust water vapour concentration (in per cent) expected during testing shall be estimated, under the assumption of a fuel atom H/C ratio of 1,8 to 1,0, from the maximum CO2 concentration in the exhaust gas or from the undiluted CO2 span gas concentration (A, as measured in paragraph 1.9.2.1.) as follows:





and recorded as Hm.
The water quench shall be calculated as follows:





and shall not be greater than 3 per cent of full scale.








De



=


expected diluted NO concentration (ppm)





C



=


diluted NO concentration (ppm)





Hm



=


maximum water vapour concentration (per cent)





H



=


actual water vapour concentration (per cent)





Note: It is important that the NO span gas contains minimal NO2 concentration for this check, since absorption of NO2 in water has not been accounted for in the quench calculations.
1.10.   Calibration intervals
The analysers shall be calibrated according to paragraph 1.5. at least every three months or whenever a system repair or change is made that could influence calibration.
1.11.   Additional calibration requirements for raw exhaust measurements over NRTC test
1.11.1.   Response time check of the analytical system
The system settings for the response time evaluation shall be exactly the same as during measurement of the test run (i.e. pressure, flow rates, filter settings on the analysers and all other response time influences). The response time determination shall be done with gas switching directly at the inlet of the sample probe. The gas switching shall be done in less than 0,1 s. The gases used for the test shall cause a concentration change of at least 60 per cent FS.
The concentration trace of each single gas component shall be recorded. The response time is defined as the difference in time between the gas switching and the appropriate change of the recorded concentration. The system response time (t
90) consists of the delay time to the measuring detector and the rise time of the detector. The delay time is defined as the time from the change (t
0) until the response is 10 per cent of the final reading (t
10). The rise time is defined as the time between 10 and 90 per cent response of the final reading (t
90 – t
10).
For time alignment of the analyser and exhaust flow signals in the case of raw measurement, the transformation time is defined as the time from the change (t
0) until the response is 50 per cent of the final reading (t
50).
The system response time shall be ≤ 10 s with a rise time ≤ 2,5 s for all limited components (CO, NOx, HC) and all ranges used.
1.11.2.   Calibration of tracer gas analyser for exhaust flow measurement
The analyser for measurement of the tracer gas concentration, if used, shall be calibrated using the standard gas.
The calibration curve shall be established by at least 10 calibration points (excluding zero) spaced so that a half of the calibration points are placed between 4 to 20 per cent of analyser's full scale and the rest are in between 20 to 100 per cent of the full scale. The calibration curve is calculated by the method of least squares.
The calibration curve shall not differ by more than ± 1 per cent of the full scale from the nominal value of each calibration point, in the range from 20 to 100 per cent of the full scale. It shall also not differ by more than ± 2 per cent from the nominal value in the range from 4 to 20 per cent of the full scale.
The analyser shall be set at zero and spanned prior to the test run using a zero gas and a span gas whose nominal value is more than 80 per cent of the analyser full scale.
2.   CALIBRATION OF THE PARTICULATE MEASURING SYSTEM
2.1.   Introduction
Each component shall be calibrated as often as necessary to fulfil the accuracy requirements of this Regulation. The calibration method to be used is described in this paragraph for the components indicated in Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 1.5. and Appendix 4.
At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the approval authority the methods described in Annex 4B, paragraphs 8.1. and 8.2. may be used as an alternative to those in paragraph 2. of this appendix.
2.2.   Flow measurement
The calibration of gas flow-meters or flow measurement instrumentation shall be traceable to national and/or international standards.
The maximum error of the measured value shall be within ± 2 per cent of reading.
For partial flow dilution systems, the accuracy of the sample flow G
SE is of special concern, if not measured directly, but determined by differential flow measurement:





In this case an accuracy of ± 2 per cent for G
TOTW and G
DILW is not sufficient to guarantee acceptable accuracies of G
SE. If the gas flow is determined by differential flow measurement, the maximum error of the difference shall be such that the accuracy of G
SE is within ± 5 per cent when the dilution ratio is less than 15. It can be calculated by taking root-mean-square of the errors of each instrument.
2.3.   Checking the dilution ratio
When using particulate sampling systems without EGA (Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.1.), the dilution ratio shall be checked for each new engine installation with the engine running and the use of either the CO2 or NOx concentration measurements in the raw and dilute exhaust.
The measured dilution ratio shall be within ± 10 per cent of the calculated dilution ratio from CO2 or NOx concentration measurement.
2.4.   Checking the partial flow conditions
The range of the exhaust gas velocity and the pressure oscillations shall be checked and adjusted according to the requirements of Annex 4A, Appendix 4, paragraph 1.2.1.1., EP, if applicable.
2.5.   Calibration intervals
The flow measurement instrumentation shall be calibrated at least every three months, or whenever a system change is made that could influence calibration.
2.6.   Additional calibration requirements for partial flow dilution systems
2.6.1.   Periodical calibration
If the sample gas flow is determined by differential flow measurement the flow-meter or the flow measurement instrumentation shall be calibrated by one of the following procedures, such that the probe flow G
SE into the tunnel fulfils the accuracy requirements of Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 2.4.:
The flow-meter for G
DILW is connected in series to the flow-meter for G
TOTW, the difference between the two flow-meters is calibrated for at least five set points with flow values equally spaced between the lowest G
DILW value used during the test and the value of G
TOTW used during the test. The dilution tunnel may be bypassed.
A calibrated mass flow device is connected in series to the flow-meter for GTOTW and the accuracy is checked for the value used for the test. Then the calibrated mass flow device is connected in series to the flow-meter for G
DILW, and the accuracy is checked for at least five settings corresponding to the dilution ratio between 3 and 50, relative to GTOTW used during the test.
The transfer tube TT is disconnected from the exhaust, and a calibrated flow measuring device with a suitable range to measure GSE is connected to the transfer tube. Then G
TOTW is set to the value used during the test, and G
DILW is sequentially set to at least five values corresponding to dilution ratios q between 3 and 50. Alternatively, a special calibration flow path may be provided, in which the tunnel is bypassed, but the total and dilution air flow through the corresponding meters are maintained as in the actual test.
A tracer gas is fed into the transfer tube TT. This tracer gas may be a component of the exhaust gas, like CO2 or NOx. After dilution in the tunnel the tracer gas component is measured. This shall be carried out for five dilution ratios between 3 and 50. The accuracy of the sample flow is determined from the dilution ratio q:





The accuracies of the gas analysers shall be taken into account to guarantee the accuracy of G
SE.
2.6.2.   Carbon flow check
A carbon flow check using actual exhaust is strongly recommended for detecting measurement and control problems and verifying the proper operation of the partial flow dilution system. The carbon flow check should be run at least each time a new engine is installed, or something significant is changed in the test cell configuration.
The engine shall be operated at peak torque load and speed or any other steady-state mode that produces 5 per cent or more of CO2. The partial flow sampling system shall be operated with a dilution factor of about 15 to 1.
2.6.3.   Pre-test check
A pre-test check shall be performed within two hours before the test run in the following way:
The accuracy of the flow-meters shall be checked by the same method as used for calibration for at least two points, including flow values of G
DILW that correspond to dilution ratios between five and 15 for the G
TOTW value used during the test.
If it can be demonstrated by records of the calibration procedure described above that the flow-meter calibration is stable over a longer period of time, the pre-test check may be omitted.
2.6.4.   Determination of the transformation time
The system settings for the transformation time evaluation shall be exactly the same as during measurement of the test run. The transformation time shall be determined by the following method:
An independent reference flow-meter with a measurement range appropriate for the probe flow shall be put in series with and closely coupled to the probe. This flow-meter shall have a transformation time of less than 100 ms for the flow step size used in the response time measurement, with flow restriction sufficiently low not to affect the dynamic performance of the partial flow dilution system, and consistent with good engineering practice.
A step change shall be introduced to the exhaust flow (or air flow if exhaust flow is calculated) input of the partial flow dilution system, from a low flow to at least 90 per cent of full scale. The trigger for the step change should be the same one as that used to start the look-ahead control in actual testing. The exhaust flow step stimulus and the flow-meter response shall be recorded at a sample rate of at least 10 Hz.
From this data, the transformation time shall be determined for the partial flow dilution system, which is the time from the initiation of the step stimulus to the 50 per cent point of the flow-meter response. In a similar manner, the transformation times of the G
SE signal of the partial flow dilution system and of the G
EXHW signal of the exhaust flow-meter shall be determined. These signals are used in the regression checks performed after each test (Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 2.4.).
The calculation shall be repeated for at least five rise-and-fall stimuli, and the results shall be averaged. The internal transformation time (< 100 ms) of the reference flow-meter shall be subtracted from this value. This is the 'look-ahead' value of the partial flow dilution system, which shall be applied in accordance with Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 2.4.
3.   CALIBRATION OF THE CVS SYSTEM
3.1.   General
The CVS system shall be calibrated by using an accurate flow-meter and means to change operating conditions.
The flow through the system shall be measured at different flow operating settings, and the control parameters of the system shall be measured and related to the flow.
Various types of flow-meters may be used, e.g. calibrated venturi, calibrated laminar flow-meter, calibrated turbine meter.
At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the approval authority the methods described in Annex 4B, paragraphs 8.1. and 8.2. may be used as an alternative to those in paragraph 3. of this appendix.
3.2.   Calibration of the positive displacement pump (PDP)
All the parameters related to the pump shall be simultaneously measured along with the parameters related to a calibration venturi which is connected in series with the pump. The calculated flow rate (in m3/min at pump inlet, absolute pressure and temperature) shall be plotted against a correlation function which is the value of a specific combination of pump parameters. The linear equation which relates the pump flow and the correlation function shall be determined. If a CVS has a multiple speed drive, the calibration shall be performed for each range used.
Temperature stability shall be maintained during calibration.
Leaks in all the connections and ducting between the calibration venturi and the CVS pump shall be maintained lower than 0,3 per cent of the lowest flow point (highest restriction and lowest PDP speed point).
3.2.1.   Data analysis
The air flowrate (Q
s) at each restriction setting (minimum 6 settings) shall be calculated in standard m3/min. from the flow-meter data using the manufacturer's prescribed method. The air flow rate shall then be converted to pump flow (V
0) in m3/rev at absolute pump inlet temperature and pressure as follows:





where:








Qs




=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,3 kPa, 273 K) (m3/s)





T



=


temperature at pump inlet (K)





pA




=


absolute pressure at pump inlet (p
B – p
1) (kPa)





n



=


pump speed (rev/s)




To account for the interaction of pressure variations at the pump and the pump slip rate, the correlation function (X
0) between pump speed, pressure differential from pump inlet to pump outlet and absolute pump outlet pressure shall be calculated as follows:





where,








Δpp




=


pressure differential from pump inlet to pump outlet (kPa)





pA




=


absolute outlet pressure at pump outlet (kPa)




A linear least-square fit shall be performed to generate the calibration equation as follows:





D0 and m are the intercept and slope constants, respectively, describing the regression lines.
For a CVS system with multiple speeds, the calibration curves generated for the different pump flow ranges shall be approximately parallel, and the intercept values (D
0) shall increase as the pump flow range decreases.
The values calculated by the equation shall be within ± 0,5 per cent of the measured value of V
0. Values of m will vary from one pump to another. Particulate influx over time will cause the pump slip to decrease, as reflected by lower values for m. Therefore, calibration shall be performed at pump start-up, after major maintenance, and if the total system verification (paragraph 3.5.) indicates a change in the slip rate.
3.3.   Calibration of the critical flow venturi (CFV)
Calibration of the CFV is based upon the flow equation for a critical venturi. Gas flow is a function of inlet pressure and temperature, as shown below:





where,








Kv




=


calibration coefficient





pA




=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet (kPa)





T



=


temperature at venturi inlet (K)




3.3.1.   Data analysis
The air flow rate (Q
s) at each restriction setting (minimum 8 settings) shall be calculated in standard m3/min. from the flow-meter data using the manufacturer's prescribed method. The calibration coefficient shall be calculated from the calibration data for each setting as follows:





where:








Qs




=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,3 kPa, 273 K) (m3/s)





T



=


temperature at the venturi inlet (K)





pA




=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet (kPa)




To determine the range of critical flow, K
v shall be plotted as a function of venturi inlet pressure. For critical (choked) flow, K
v will have a relatively constant value. As pressure decreases (vacuum increases), the venturi becomes unchoked and K
v decreases, which indicates that the CFV is operated outside the permissible range.
For a minimum of eight points in the region of critical flow, the average K
V and the standard deviation shall be calculated. The standard deviation shall not exceed ± 0,3 per cent of the average K
V.
3.4.   Calibration of the subsonic venturi (SSV)
Calibration of the SSV is based upon the flow equation for a subsonic venturi. Gas flow is a function of inlet pressure and temperature, pressure drop between the SSV inlet and throat, as shown below:





where:


A0

= collection of constants and units conversions =
0,006111 in SI units 





d
= diameter of the SSV throat (m)


Cd

= discharge coefficient of the SSV


pA

= absolute pressure at venturi inlet (kPa)


T
= temperature at the venturi inlet (K)


r
= ratio of the SSV throat to inlet absolute, 





ß
= ratio of the SSV throat diameter, d, to the 



3.4.1.   Data analysis
The air flow rate (Q
SSV) at each flow setting (minimum 16 settings) shall be calculated in standard m3/min from the flow-meter data using the manufacturer's prescribed method. The discharge coefficient shall be calculated from the calibration data for each setting as follows:





where:








QSSV




=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,3 kPa, 273 K), m3/s





T



=


temperature at the venturi inlet (K)





d



=


diameter of the SSV throat (m)





r



=


ratio of the SSV throat to inlet absolute, 








ß



=


ratio of the SSV throat diameter, d, to the 







To determine the range of subsonic flow, C
d shall be plotted as a function of Reynolds number, at the SSV throat. The Re at the SSV throat is calculated with the following formula:





where:








A1




=


a collection of constants and units conversions 








QSSV




=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,3 kPa, 273 K) (m
3/s)





d



=


diameter of the SSV throat (m)





μ



=


absolute or dynamic viscosity of the gas, calculated with the following formula:



where:








b



=












S



=


empirical constant = 104,4 K








Because Q
SSV is an input to the Re formula, the calculations shall be started with an initial guess for Q
SSV or C
d of the calibration venturi, and repeated until Q
SSV converges. The convergence method shall be accurate to 0,1 per cent or better.
For a minimum of sixteen points in the subsonic flow region, the calculated values of Cd from the resulting calibration curve fit equation shall be within ± 0,5 per cent of the measured Cd for each calibration point.
3.5.   Total system verification
The total accuracy of the CVS sampling system and analytical system shall be determined by introducing a known mass of a pollutant gas into the system while it is being operated in the normal manner. The pollutant is analysed, and the mass calculated according to Annex 4A, Appendix 3, paragraph 2.4.1. except in the case of propane where a factor of 0,000472 is used in place of 0,000479 for HC. Either of the following two techniques shall be used.
3.5.1.   Metering with a critical flow orifice
A known quantity of pure gas (propane) shall be fed into the CVS system through a calibrated critical orifice. If the inlet pressure is high enough, the flow rate, which is adjusted by means of the critical flow orifice, is independent of the orifice outlet pressure (critical flow). The CVS system shall be operated as in a normal exhaust emission test for about five to 10 minutes. A gas sample shall be analysed with the usual equipment (sampling bag or integrating method), and the mass of the gas calculated. The mass so determined shall be within ± 3 per cent of the known mass of the gas injected.
3.5.2.   Metering by means of a gravimetric technique
The weight of a small cylinder filled with propane shall be determined with a precision of ± 0,01 g. For about five to 10 minutes, the CVS system shall be operated as in a normal exhaust emission test, while carbon monoxide or propane is injected into the system. The quantity of pure gas discharged shall be determined by means of differential weighing. A gas sample shall be analysed with the usual equipment (sampling bag or integrating method), and the mass of the gas calculated. The mass so determined shall be within ± 3 per cent of the known mass of the gas injected.


(1)  The calibration procedure is common for both NRSC and NRTC tests, with the exception of the requirements specified in paragraphs 1.11. and 2.6.




Appendix 3

Data evaluation and calculations

1.   DATA EVALUATION AND CALCULATIONS – NRSC TEST
1.1.   Gaseous emissions data evaluation
For the evaluation of the gaseous emissions, the chart reading of the last 60 s of each mode shall be averaged, and the average concentrations (conc) of HC, CO, NOx and CO2 if the carbon balance method is used, during each mode shall be determined from the average chart readings and the corresponding calibration data. A different type of recording can be used if it ensures an equivalent data acquisition.
The average background concentrations (conc
d) may be determined from the bag readings of the dilution air or from the continuous (non-bag) background reading and the corresponding calibration data.
If the ramped modal cycles of Annex 5, sub-paragraphs (a) or (b) of paragraph 1.2., respectively, are used, the data evaluation and calculation procedures of Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.2.2., and the applicable sections of paragraphs A.8.2., A.8.3. and A.8.4. shall apply. The final test results shall be calculated according to equations A.8-60 and A.8-61 or A.7-49 and A.7-50, respectively.
1.2.   Particulate emissions
For the evaluation of the particulates, the total sample masses (M
SAM,i) through the filters shall be recorded for each mode. The filters shall be returned to the weighing chamber and conditioned for at least one hour, but not more than 80 hours, and then weighed. The gross weight of the filters shall be recorded and the tare weight (see paragraph 3.1., Annex 4A) subtracted. The particulate mass (M
f for single filter method; M
f,i for the multiple filter method) is the sum of the particulate masses collected on the primary and back-up filters. If background correction is to be applied, the dilution air mass (M
DIL) through the filters and the particulate mass (M
d) shall be recorded. If more than one measurement was made, the quotient M
d/M
DIL shall be calculated for each single measurement and the values averaged.
If the ramped modal cycles of Annex 5, sub-paragraphs (a) or (b) of paragraph 1.2., respectively, are used, the data evaluation and calculation procedures of Annex 4B, paragraph 7.8.2.2., and the applicable sections of paragraphs A.8.2., A.8.3. and A.8.4. shall apply. The final test results shall be calculated according to equation A.8-64 or A.7-53, respectively.
1.3.   Calculation of the gaseous emissions
The finally reported test results shall be derived through the following steps:
1.3.1.   Determination of the exhaust gas flow
The exhaust gas flow rate (G
EXHW,i) shall be determined for each mode according to Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraphs 1.2.1. to 1.2.3.
When using a full flow dilution system, the total dilute exhaust gas flow rate (G
TOTW,i) shall be determined for each mode according to Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 1.2.4.
1.3.2.   Dry/wet correction
Dry/wet correction (G
EXHW,i) shall be determined for each mode according to Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraphs 1.2.1. to 1.2.3.
When applying G
EXHW the measured concentration shall be converted to a wet basis according to the following formulae, if not already measured on a wet basis:





For the raw exhaust gas:















For the diluted gas:





or:










For the dilution air:















For the intake air (if different from the dilution air):















where:







Ha



=


absolute humidity of the intake air (g water per kg dry air)




Hd



=


absolute humidity of the dilution air (g water per kg dry air)




Rd



=


relative humidity of the dilution air (per cent)




Ra



=


relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)




pd



=


saturation vapour pressure of the dilution air (kPa)




pa



=


saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)




pB



=


total barometric pressure (kPa).





Note: Ha
 and Hd
 may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
1.3.3.   Humidity correction for NOx

As the NOx emission depends on ambient air conditions, the NOx concentration shall be corrected for ambient air temperature and humidity by the factors K
H given in the following formula:





where:













 (dry air basis)








T
a



=


temperatures of the air in (K)





H
a



=


humidity of the intake air (g water per kg dry air):



where:








R
a



=


relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)





p
a



=


saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)





p
B



=


total barometric pressure (kPa).









Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
1.3.4.   Calculation of emission mass flow rates
The emission mass flow rates for each mode shall be calculated as follows:






(a)


For the raw exhaust gas (1):















(b)


For the dilute exhaust gas (2):









where:

conc
c is the background corrected concentration










or:





The coefficients u – wet shall be used according to Table 5:

Table 5


Values of the coefficient u – wet for various exhaust components








Gas


u


conc




NOx



0,001587 


ppm




CO


0,000966 


ppm




HC


0,000479 


ppm




CO2



15,19 


per cent




The density of HC is based upon an average carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:1.85.
1.3.5.   Calculation of the specific emissions
The specific emission (g/kWh) shall be calculated for all individual components in the following way:





where 

.
The weighing factors and the number of modes (n) used in the above calculation are according to Annex 4A, paragraph 3.7.1.
1.4.   Calculation of the particulate emission
The particulate emission shall be calculated in the following way:
1.4.1.   Humidity correction factor for particulates
As the particulate emission of diesel engines depends on ambient air conditions, the particulate mass flow rate shall be corrected for ambient air humidity with the factor K
p given in the following formula:





where:


H
a
= humidity of the intake air, gram of water per kg dry airFOR-L_2014088EN.01008601.notes.0027.xml.jpgwhere:


R
a
= relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)


p
a
= saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)


p
B
= total barometric pressure (kPa).

Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
1.4.2.   Partial flow dilution system
The final reported test results of the particulate emission shall be derived through the following steps. Since various types of dilution rate control may be used, different calculation methods for equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate G
EDF apply. All calculations shall be based upon the average values of the individual modes (i) during the sampling period.
1.4.2.1.   Isokinetic systems










where r corresponds to the ratio of the cross sectional areas of the isokinetic probe A
p and exhaust pipe A
T:





1.4.2.2.   Systems with measurement of CO2 or NOx concentration










where:








Conc
E



=


wet concentration of the tracer gas in raw exhaust





Conc
D



=


wet concentration of the tracer gas in the diluted exhaust





Conc
A



=


wet concentration of the tracer gas in the dilution air




Concentrations measured on a dry basis shall be converted to a wet basis according to paragraph 1.3.2.
1.4.2.3.   Systems with CO2 measurement and carbon balance method





where:








CO
2D



=


CO2 concentration of the diluted exhaust





CO
2A



=


CO2 concentration of the dilution air




(concentrations in volume per cent on wet basis)
This equation is based upon the carbon balance assumption (carbon atoms supplied to the engine are emitted as CO2) and derived through the following steps:





and:





1.4.2.4.   Systems with flow measurement










1.4.3.   Full flow dilution system
The final reported test results of the particulate emission shall be derived through the following steps.
All calculations shall be based upon the average values of the individual modes (i) during the sampling period.

G
EDFW,i
 = G
TOTW,i


1.4.4.   Calculation of the particulate mass flow rate
The particulate mass flow rate shall be calculated as follows:






 


For the single filter method:





where:
(G
EDFW)aver over the test cycle shall be determined by summation of the average values of the individual modes during the sampling period:










where i = 1, … n










 


For the multiple filter method:





where i = 1, … n




The particulate mass flow rate may be background corrected as follows:






 


For single filter method:





If more than one measurement is made, (Md/MDIL) shall be replaced with (M
d/M
DIL)aver






or:















 


For multiple filter method:





If more than one measurement is made, (M
d/M
DIL) shall be replaced with (M
d/M
DIL)aver






or:









1.4.5.   Calculation of the specific emissions
The specific emission of particulates PT (g/kWh) shall be calculated in the following way (3):






 


For the single filter method:















 


For the multiple filter method:









1.4.6.   Effective weighing factor
For the single filter method, the effective weighing factor WF
E, i
 for each mode shall be calculated in the following way:





where i = l, … n.
The value of the effective weighing factors shall be within ±0,005 (absolute value) of the weighing factors listed in Annex 4A, paragraph 3.7.1.
2.   DATA EVALUATION AND CALCULATIONS (NRTC TEST)
The two following measurement principles that can be used for the evaluation of pollutant emissions over the NRTC cycle are described in this paragraph:






(a)


The gaseous components are measured in the raw exhaust gas on a real-time basis, and the particulates are determined using a partial flow dilution system;










(b)


The gaseous components and the particulates are determined using a full flow dilution system (CVS system).




2.1.   Calculation of gaseous emissions in the raw exhaust gas and of the particulate emissions with a partial flow dilution system
2.1.1.   Introduction
The instantaneous concentration signals of the gaseous components are used for the calculation of the mass emissions by multiplication with the instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate. The exhaust mass flow rate may be measured directly, or calculated using the methods described in Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 2.2.3. (intake air and fuel flow measurement, tracer method, intake air and air/fuel ratio measurement). Special attention shall be paid to the response times of the different instruments. These differences shall be accounted for by time aligning the signals.
For particulates, the exhaust mass flow rate signals are used for controlling the partial flow dilution system to take a sample proportional to the exhaust mass flow rate. The quality of proportionality is checked by applying a regression analysis between sample and exhaust flow as described in Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 2.4.
2.1.2.   Determination of the gaseous components
2.1.2.1.   Calculation of mass emission
The mass of the pollutants M
gas (g/test) shall be determined by calculating the instantaneous mass emissions from the raw concentrations of the pollutants, the u values from Table 6 (see also paragraph 1.3.4.) and the exhaust mass flow, aligned for the transformation time and integrating the instantaneous values over the cycle. Preferably, the concentrations should be measured on a wet basis. If measured on a dry basis, the dry/wet correction as described here below shall be applied to the instantaneous concentration values before any further calculation is done.

Table 6


Values of the coefficient u – wet for various exhaust components








Gas


u


conc




NOx



0,001587 


ppm




CO


0,000966 


ppm




HC


0,000479 


ppm




CO2



15,19 


per cent




The density of HC is based upon an average carbon to hydrogen ratio of 1:1,85.
The following formula shall be applied:



 (in g/test)
where:








u



=


ratio between density of exhaust component and density of exhaust gas





conc
i



=


instantaneous concentration of the respective component in the raw exhaust gas (ppm)





G
EXHW, i



=


instantaneous exhaust mass flow (kg/s)





f



=


data sampling rate (Hz)





n



=


number of measurements




For the calculation of NOx, the humidity correction factor k
H, as described here below, shall be used.
The instantaneously measured concentration shall be converted to a wet basis as described here below, if not already measured on a wet basis
2.1.2.2.   Dry/wet correction
If the instantaneously measured concentration is measured on a dry basis, it shall be converted to a wet basis according to the following formulae:





where:





with:





where:








conc
CO2



=


dry CO2 concentration (per cent)





conc
CO



=


dry CO concentration (per cent)





H
a



=


intake air humidity, (g water per kg dry air)



where:








R
a



=


relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)





p
a



=


saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)





p
B



=


total barometric pressure (kPa).









Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
2.1.2.3.   NOx correction for humidity and temperature
As the NOx emission depends on ambient air conditions, the NOx concentration shall be corrected for humidity and ambient air temperature with the factors given in the following formula:





with:







Ta



=


temperature of the intake air, K





H
a



=


humidity of the intake air, g water per kg dry air



where:








R
a



=


relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)





p
a



=


saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)





p
B



=


total barometric pressure (kPa).









Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
2.1.2.4.   Calculation of the specific emissions
The specific emissions (g/kWh) shall be calculated for each individual component in the following way:





where:








M
gas,cold



=


total mass of gaseous pollutant over the cold start cycle (g)





M
gas,hot



=


total mass of gaseous pollutant over the hot start cycle (g)





W
act,cold



=


actual cycle work over the cold start cycle as determined in Annex 4A, paragraph 4.6.2. (kWh)





W
act,hot



=


actual cycle work over the hot start cycle as determined in Annex 4A, paragraph 4.6.2. (kWh)




2.1.3.   Particulate determination
2.1.3.1.   Calculation of mass emission
The particulate masses M
PT,cold and M
PT,hot (g/test) shall be calculated by either of the following methods:






(a)







where:








M
PT



=



M
PT,cold for the cold start cycle





M
PT



=



M
PT,hot for the hot start cycle





M
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle (mg)





M
EDFW



=


mass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas over the cycle (kg)





M
SAM



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters (kg)




The total mass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass over the cycle shall be determined as follows:















where:








G
EDFW,i



=


instantaneous equivalent diluted exhaust mass flow rate (kg/s)





G
EXHW,i



=


instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate (kg/s)





q
i



=


instantaneous dilution ratio





G
TOTW,i



=


instantaneous diluted exhaust mass flow rate through dilution tunnel (kg/s)





G
DILW,i



=


instantaneous dilution air mass flow rate (kg/s)





f



=


data sampling rate (Hz)





n



=


number of measurements














(b)







where:








M
PT



=



M
PT,cold for the cold start cycle





M
PT



=



M
PT,hot for the hot start cycle





M
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle (mg)





r
s



=


average sample ratio over the test cycle
where:











M
SE



=


sampled exhaust mass over the cycle (kg)





M
EXHW



=


total exhaust mass flow over the cycle (kg)





M
SAM



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters (kg)





M
TOTW



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the dilution tunnel (kg)













Note: In case of the total sampling type system, M
SAM and M
TOTW are identical
2.1.3.2.   Particulate correction factor for humidity
As the particulate emission of diesel engines depends on ambient air conditions, the particulate concentration shall be corrected for ambient air humidity with the factor kp given in the following formulae.





where:


H
a
= humidity of the intake air in g water per kg dry airFOR-L_2014088EN.01008601.notes.0066.xml.jpgwhere:


R
a
= relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)


p
a
= saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)


p
B
= total barometric pressure (kPa).

Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
2.1.3.3.   Calculation of the specific emissions
The specific emissions (g/kWh) shall be calculated for in the following way:





where:








M
PT,cold



=


particulate mass over the cold start cycle (g/test)





M
PT,hot



=


particulate mass over the hot start cycle (g/test)





K
p, cold



=


humidity correction factor for particulate over the cold start cycle





K
p, hot



=


humidity correction factor for particulate over the hot start cycle





W
act, cold



=


actual cycle work over the cold start cycle as determined in paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A, (kWh)





W
act, hot



=


actual cycle work over the hot start cycle as determined in paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A, (kWh)




2.2.   Determination of gaseous and particulate components with a full flow dilution system
For calculation of the emissions in the diluted exhaust gas, it is necessary to know the diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate. The total diluted exhaust gas flow over the cycle M
TOTW (kg/test) shall be calculated from the measurement values over the cycle and the corresponding calibration data of the flow measurement device (V
0 for PDP, K
V for CFV, C
d for SSV): the corresponding methods described in paragraph 2.2.1. may be used. If the total sample mass of particulates (M
SAM) and gaseous pollutants exceeds 0,5 per cent of the total CVS flow (M
TOTW), the CVS flow shall be corrected for M
SAM or the particulate sample flow shall be returned to the CVS prior to the flow measuring device.
2.2.1.   Determination of the diluted exhaust gas flow
PDP-CVS system
The calculation of the mass flow over the cycle, if the temperature of the diluted exhaust is kept within ±6 K over the cycle by using a heat exchanger, is as follows:





where:








M
TOTW



=


mass of the diluted exhaust gas on wet basis over the cycle





V
0



=


volume of gas pumped per revolution under test conditions (m3/rev)





N
P



=


total revolutions of pump per test





p
B



=


atmospheric pressure in the test cell (kPa)





p
1



=


pressure drop below atmospheric at the pump inlet (kPa)





T



=


average temperature of the diluted exhaust gas at pump inlet over the cycle (K)




If a system with flow compensation is used (i.e. without heat exchanger), the instantaneous mass emissions shall be calculated and integrated over the cycle. In this case, the instantaneous mass of the diluted exhaust gas shall be calculated as follows:





where:


N
P, i

= total revolutions of pump per time interval
CFV-CVS system
The calculation of the mass flow over the cycle, if the temperature of the diluted exhaust gas is kept within ± 11 K over the cycle by using a heat exchanger, is as follows:





where:








M
TOTW



=


mass of the diluted exhaust gas on wet basis over the cycle





t



=


cycle time (s)





K
V



=


calibration coefficient of the critical flow venturi for standard conditions,





p
A



=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet (kPa)





T



=


absolute temperature at venturi inlet (K)




If a system with flow compensation is used (i.e. without heat exchanger), the instantaneous mass emissions shall be calculated and integrated over the cycle. In this case, the instantaneous mass of the diluted exhaust gas shall be calculated as follows:





where:

Δti

= time interval(s)
SSV-CVS system
The calculation of the mass flow over the cycle is as follows if the temperature of the diluted exhaust is kept within ± 11 K over the cycle by using a heat exchanger:





where:













A
0



=


collection of constants and units conversions
= 0,006111 in SI units 








d



=


diameter of the SSV throat (m)





C
d



=


discharge coefficient of the SSV





p
A



=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet (kPa)





T



=


temperature at the venturi inlet (K)





r



=


ratio of the SSV throat to inlet absolute, 








β



=


ratio of the SSV throat diameter, d, to the 







If a system with flow compensation is used (i.e. without heat exchanger), the instantaneous mass emissions shall be calculated and integrated over the cycle. In this case, the instantaneous mass of the diluted exhaust gas shall be calculated as follows:





where:






Δti

= time interval (s)
The real time calculation shall be initialised with either a reasonable value for C
d, such as 0,98, or a reasonable value of Q
ssv. If the calculation is initialised with Q
ssv, the initial value of Q
ssv shall be used to evaluate Re.
During all emissions tests, the Reynolds number at the SSV throat shall be in the range of Reynolds numbers used to derive the calibration curve developed in Appendix 2, paragraph 3.2.
2.2.2.   NOx correction for humidity
As the NOx emission depends on ambient air conditions, the NOx concentration shall be corrected for ambient air humidity with the factors given in the following formulae.





where:








T
a



=


temperature of the air (K)





H
a



=


humidity of the intake air (g water per kg dry air)



where:








R
a



=


relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)





p
a



=


saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)





p
B



=


total barometric pressure (kPa).









Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
2.2.3.   Calculation of the emission mass flow
2.2.3.1.   Systems with constant mass flow
For systems with heat exchanger, the mass of the pollutants MGAS (g/test) shall be determined from the following equation:





where:








u



=


ratio between density of the exhaust component and density of diluted exhaust gas, as reported in Table 6, paragraph 2.1.2.1.





conc



=


average background corrected concentrations over the cycle from integration (mandatory for NOx and HC) or bag measurement (ppm)





M
TOTW



=


total mass of diluted exhaust gas over the cycle as determined in paragraph 2.2.1. (kg)




As the NOx emission depends on ambient air conditions, the NOx concentration shall be corrected for ambient air humidity with the factor k
H, as described in paragraph 2.2.2.
Concentrations measured on a dry basis shall be converted to a wet basis in accordance with paragraph 1.3.2.
2.2.3.1.1.   Determination of the background corrected concentrations
The average background concentration of the gaseous pollutants in the dilution air shall be subtracted from measured concentrations to get the net concentrations of the pollutants. The average values of the background concentrations can be determined by the sample bag method or by continuous measurement with integration. The following formula shall be used.





where:








conc



=


concentration of the respective pollutant in the diluted exhaust gas, corrected by the amount of the respective pollutant contained in the dilution air (ppm)





conc
e



=


concentration of the respective pollutant measured in the diluted exhaust gas (ppm)





conc
d



=


concentration of the respective pollutant measured in the dilution air (ppm)





DF



=


dilution factor




The dilution factor shall be calculated as follows:





2.2.3.2.   Systems with flow compensation
For systems without heat exchanger, the mass of the pollutants M
GAS (g/test) shall be determined by calculating the instantaneous mass emissions and integrating the instantaneous values over the cycle. Also, the background correction shall be applied directly to the instantaneous concentration value. The following formulae shall be applied:





where:








conc
e, i



=


instantaneous concentration of the respective pollutant measured in the diluted exhaust gas (ppm)





conc
d



=


concentration of the respective pollutant measured in the dilution air (ppm)





u



=


ratio between density of the exhaust component and density of diluted exhaust gas, as reported in Table 6, paragraph 2.1.2.1.





M
TOTW, i



=


instantaneous mass of the diluted exhaust gas (paragraph 2.2.1.) (kg)





M
TOTW



=


total mass of diluted exhaust gas over the cycle (paragraph 2.2.1.) (kg)





DF



=


dilution factor as determined in paragraph 2.2.3.1.1.




As the NOx emission depends on ambient air conditions, the NOx concentration shall be corrected for ambient air humidity with the factor k
H, as described in paragraph 2.2.2.
2.2.4.   Calculation of the specific emissions
The specific emissions (g/kWh) shall be calculated for each individual component in the following way:





where:








M
gas,cold



=


total mass of gaseous pollutant over the cold start cycle (g)





M
gas,hot



=


total mass of gaseous pollutant over the hot start cycle (g)





W
act,cold



=


actual cycle work over the cold start cycle as determined in paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A (kWh)





W
act,hot



=


actual cycle work over the hot start cycle as determined in paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A. (kWh)




2.2.5.   Calculation of the particulate emission
2.2.5.1.   Calculation of the mass flow
The particulate masses M
PT,cold and M
PT,hot (g/test) shall be calculated as follows:





where:








M
PT



=



M
PT,cold for the cold start cycle





M
PT



=



M
PT,hot for the hot start cycle





M
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle (mg)





M
TOTW



=


total mass of diluted exhaust gas over the cycle as determined in paragraph 2.2.1. (kg)





M
SAM



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas taken from the dilution tunnel for collecting particulates (kg)




and



, if weighed separately (mg)








M
f,p



=


particulate mass collected on the primary filter (mg)





M
f,b



=


particulate mass collected on the back-up filter (mg)




If a double dilution system is used, the mass of the secondary dilution air shall be subtracted from the total mass of the double diluted exhaust gas sampled through the particulate filters.





where:








M
TOT



=


mass of double diluted exhaust gas through particulate filter (kg)





M
SEC



=


mass of secondary dilution air (kg)




If the particulate background level of the dilution air is determined in accordance with paragraph 4.4.4. of Annex 4A, the particulate mass may be background corrected. In this case, the particulate masses M
PT,cold and M
PT,hot (g/test) shall be calculated as follows:





where:








M
PT



=



M
PT,cold for the cold start cycle





M
PT



=



M
PT,hot for the hot start cycle





M
f, M
SAM, M
TOTW



=


see above





M
DIL



=


mass of primary dilution air sampled by background particulate sampler (kg)





M
d



=


mass of the collected background particulates of the primary dilution air (mg)





DF



=


dilution factor as determined in paragraph 2.2.3.1.1.




2.2.5.2.   Particulate correction factor for humidity
As the particulate emission of diesel engines depends on ambient air conditions, the particulate concentration shall be corrected for ambient air humidity with the factor kp given in the following formula.





where:


H
a
= humidity of the intake air (g water per kg dry air)FOR-L_2014088EN.01008601.notes.0091.xml.jpgwhere:


R
a
= relative humidity of the intake air (per cent)


p
a
= saturation vapour pressure of the intake air (kPa)


p
B
= total barometric pressure (kPa).

Note: H
a may be derived from relative humidity measurement, as described above, or from dewpoint measurement, vapour pressure measurement or dry/wet bulb measurement using the generally accepted formulae.
2.2.5.3.   Calculation of the specific emissions
The specific emissions (g/kWh) shall be calculated for in the following way:





where:








M
PT,cold



=


particulate mass over the cold start cycle of NRTC, (g/test)





M
PT,hot



=


particulate mass over the hot start cycle of NRTC, (g/test)





K
p, cold



=


humidity correction factor for particulate over the cold start cycle





K
p, hot



=


humidity correction factor for particulate over the hot start cycle





W
act, cold



=


actual cycle work over the cold start cycle as determined in paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A, (kWh)





W
act, hot



=


actual cycle work over the hot start cycle as determined in paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A, (kWh)






(1)  In the case of NOx, the NOx concentration (NOx
conc or NOx
conc
c) has to be multiplied by KHNOx (humidity correction factor for NOx quoted in section 1.3.3) as follows: K
HNOx · conc or K
HNOx · conc
c


(2)  In the case of NOx, the NOx concentration (NOx
conc or NOx
conc
c) has to be multiplied by K
HNOx (humidity correction factor for NOx quoted in section 1.3.3) as follows: K
HNOx · conc or K
HNOx · conc
c


(3)  The particulate mass flow rate PT
mass has to be multiplied by Kp (humidity correction factor for particulates quoted in section 1.4.1).




Appendix 4

Analytical and sampling system

1.   GASEOUS AND PARTICULATE SAMPLING SYSTEMS






Figure number


Description




2


Exhaust gas analysis system for raw exhaust




3


Exhaust gas analysis system for dilute exhaust




4


Partial flow, isokinetic flow, suction blower control, fractional sampling




5


Partial flow, isokinetic flow, pressure blower control, fractional sampling




6


Partial flow, CO2 or NOx control, fractional sampling




7


Partial flow, CO2 or carbon balance, total sampling




8


Partial flow, single venturi and concentration measurement, fractional sampling




9


Partial flow, twin venturi or orifice and concentration measurement, fractional sampling




10


Partial flow, multiple tube splitting and concentration measurement, fractional sampling




11


Partial flow, flow control, total sampling




12


Partial flow, flow control, fractional sampling




13


Full flow, positive displacement pump or critical flow venturi, fractional sampling




14


Particulate sampling system




15


Dilution system for full flow system




1.1.   Determination of the gaseous emissions
Paragraph 1.1.1. and Figures 2 and 3 contain detailed descriptions of the recommended sampling and analysing systems. Since various configurations can produce equivalent results, exact conformance with these figures is not required. Additional components such as instruments, valves, solenoids, pumps and switches may be used to provide additional information and coordinate the functions of the component systems. Other components which are not needed to maintain the accuracy on some systems may be excluded if their exclusion is based upon good engineering judgement.
1.1.1.   Gaseous exhaust components CO, CO2, HC, NOx

An analytical system for the determination of the gaseous emissions in the raw or diluted exhaust gas is described based on the use of:






—


HFID analyser for the measurement of hydrocarbons;










—


NDIR analysers for the measurement of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide;










—


HCLD or equivalent analyser for the measurement of nitrogen oxide.




For the raw exhaust gas (Figure 2), the sample for all components may be taken with one sampling probe or with two sampling probes located in close proximity and internally split to the different analysers. Care shall be taken that no condensation of exhaust components (including water and sulphuric acid) occurs at any point of the analytical system.
For the diluted exhaust gas (Figure 3), the sample for the hydrocarbons shall be taken with another sampling probe than the sample for the other components. Care shall be taken that no condensation of exhaust components (including water and sulphuric acid) occurs at any point of the analytical system.

Figure 2


Flow diagram of exhaust gas analysis system for CO, NOx and HC







Figure 3


Flow diagram of dilute exhaust gas analysis system for CO, CO2, NOx and HC






Descriptions — Figures 2 and 3
General statement:
All components in the sampling gas path shall be maintained at the temperature specified for the respective systems.
—   SP1 raw exhaust gas sampling probe (Figure 2 only)
A stainless steel straight closed and multihole probe is recommended. The inside diameter shall not be greater than the inside diameter of the sampling line. The wall thickness of the probe shall not be greater than 1 mm. There shall be a minimum of three holes in three different radial planes sized to sample approximately the same flow. The probe shall extend across at least 80 per cent of the diameter of the exhaust pipe.
—   SP2 dilute exhaust gas HC sampling probe (Figure 3 only)
The probe shall:






—


Be defined as the first 254 mm to 762 mm of the hydrocarbon sampling line (HSL3);










—


Have a 5 mm minimum inside diameter;










—


Be installed in the dilution tunnel DT (paragraph 1.2.1.2.) at a point where the dilution air and exhaust gas are well mixed (i.e. approximately 10 tunnel diameters downstream of the point where the exhaust enters the dilution tunnel);










—


Be sufficiently distant (radially) from other probes and the tunnel wall so as to be free from the influence of any wakes or eddies;










—


Be heated so as to increase the gas stream temperature to 463 K (190 °C) ± 10 K at the exit of the probe.




—   SP3 dilute exhaust gas CO, CO2, NOx sampling probe (Figure 3 only)
The probe shall:






—


Be in the same plane as SP2;










—


Be sufficiently distant (radially) from other probes and the tunnel wall so as to be free from the influence of any wakes or eddies;










—


Be heated and insulated over its entire length to a minimum temperature of 328 K (55 °C) to prevent water condensation.




—   HSL1 heated sampling line
The sampling line provides gas sampling from a single probe to the split point(s) and the HC analyser.
The sampling line shall:






—


Have a 5 mm minimum and a 13,5 mm maximum inside diameter;










—


Be made of stainless steel or PTFE;










—


Maintain a wall temperature of 463 (190 °C) ± 10 K as measured at every separately controlled heated section, if the temperature of the exhaust gas at the sampling probe is equal or below 463 K (190 °C);










—


Maintain a wall temperature greater than 453 K (180 °C) if the temperature of the exhaust gas at the sampling probe is above 463 K (190 °C);










—


Maintain a gas temperature of 463 K (190 °C) ± 10 K immediately before the heated filter (F2) and the HFID.




—   HSL2 heated NOx sampling line
The sampling line shall:






—


Maintain a wall temperature of 328 to 473 K (55 to 200 °C) up to the converter when using a cooling bath, and up to the analyser when a cooling bath is not used;










—


Be made of stainless steel or PTFE.




Since the sampling line need only be heated to prevent condensation of water and sulphuric acid, the sampling line temperature will depend on the sulphur content of the fuel.
—   SL sampling line for CO (CO2)
The line shall be made of PTFE or stainless steel. It may be heated or unheated.
—   BK background bag (optional; Figure 3 only)
For the measurement of the background concentrations.
—   BG sample bag (optional; Figure 3 CO and CO2 only)
For the measurement of the sample concentrations.
—   F1 heated pre-filter (optional)
The temperature shall be the same as HSL1.
—   F2 heated filter
The filter shall extract any solid particles from the gas sample prior to the analyser. The temperature shall be the same as HSL1. The filter shall be changed as needed.
—   P heated sampling pump
The pump shall be heated to the temperature of HSL1.
—   HC
Heated flame ionization detector (HFID) for the determination of the hydrocarbons. The temperature shall be kept at 453 to 473 K (180 to 200 °C).
—   CO, CO2

NDIR analysers for the determination of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
—   NO2

(H)CLD analyser for the determination of the oxides of nitrogen. If a HCLD is used it shall be kept at a temperature of 328 to 473 K (55 to 200 °C).
—   C converter
A converter shall be used for the catalytic reduction of NO2 to NO prior to analysis in the CLD or HCLD.
—   B cooling bath
To cool and condense water from the exhaust sample. The bath shall be maintained at a temperature of 273 to 277 K (0 to 4 °C) by ice or refrigeration. It is optional if the analyser is free from water vapour interference as determined in Annex 4A, Appendix 2, paragraphs 1.9.1. and 1.9.2.
Chemical dryers are not allowed for removing water from the sample.
—   T1, T2, T3 temperature sensor
To monitor the temperature of the gas stream.
—   T4 temperature sensor
Temperature of the NO2-NO converter.
—   T5 temperature sensor
To monitor the temperature of the cooling bath.
—   G1, G2, G3 pressure gauge
To measure the pressure in the sampling lines.
—   R1, R2 pressure regulator
To control the pressure of the air and the fuel, respectively, for the HFID.
—   R3, R4, R5 pressure regulator
To control the pressure in the sampling lines and the flow to the analysers.
—   FL1, FL2, FL3 flow-meter
To monitor the sample bypass flow.
—   FL4 to FL7 flow-meter (optional)
To monitor the flow rate through the analysers.
—   V1 to V6 selector valve
Suitable valving for selecting sample, span gas or zero gas flow to the analyser.
—   V7, V8 solenoid valve
To bypass the NO2-NO converter.
—   V9 needle valve
To balance the flow through the NO2-NO converter and the bypass.
—   V10, V11 needle valve
To regulate the flows to the analysers.
—   V12, V13 toggle valve
To drain the condensate from the bath B.
—   V14 selector valve
Selecting the sample or background bag.
1.2.   Determination of the particulates
Paragraphs 1.2.1. and 1.2.2. and Figures 4 to 15 contain detailed descriptions of the recommended dilution and sampling systems. Since various configurations can produce equivalent results, exact conformance with these figures is not required. Additional components such as instruments, valve, solenoids, pumps and switches may be used to provide additional information and coordinate the functions of the component systems. Other components which are not needed to maintain the accuracy on some systems may be excluded if their exclusion is based on good engineering judgement.
1.2.1.   Dilution system
1.2.1.1.   Partial flow dilution system (Figures 4 to 12) (1)

A dilution system is described based on the dilution of a part of the exhaust stream. Splitting of the exhaust stream and the following dilution process may be done by different dilution system types. For subsequent collection of the particulates, the entire dilute exhaust gas or only a portion of the dilute exhaust gas may be passed to the particulate sampling system (paragraph 1.2.2., Figure 14). The first method is referred to as total sampling type, the second method as fractional sampling type.
The calculation of the dilution ratio depends on the type of system used.
The following types are recommended:






—


isokinetic systems (Figures 4 and 5)
With these systems, the flow into the transfer tube is matched to the bulk exhaust flow in terms of gas velocity and/or pressure, thus requiring an undisturbed and uniform exhaust flow at the sampling probe. This is usually achieved by using a resonator and a straight approach tube upstream of the sampling point. The split ratio is then calculated from easily measurable values like tube diameters. It should be noted that isokinesis is only used for matching the flow conditions and not for matching the size distribution. The latter is typically not necessary, as the particles are sufficiently small as to follow the fluid streamlines,










—


flow controlled systems with concentration measurement (Figures 6 to 10)
With these systems, a sample is taken from the bulk exhaust stream by adjusting the dilution air flow and the total dilution exhaust flow. The dilution ratio is determined from the concentrations of tracer gases, such as CO2 or NOx, naturally occurring in the engine exhaust. The concentrations in the dilution exhaust gas and in the dilution air are measured, whereas the concentration in the raw exhaust gas can be either measured directly or determined from fuel flow and the carbon balance equation, if the fuel composition is known. The systems may be controlled by the calculated dilution ratio (Figures 6 and 7) or by the flow into the transfer tube (Figures 8, 9 and 10),










—


flow controlled systems with flow measurement (Figures 11 and 12)
With these systems, a sample is taken from the bulk exhaust stream by setting the dilution air flow and the total dilution exhaust flow. The dilution ratio is determined from the difference of the two flow rates. Accurate calibration of the flow-meters relative to one another is required, since the relative magnitude of the two flow rates can lead to significant errors at higher dilution ratios. Flow control is very straightforward by keeping the dilute exhaust flow rate constant and varying the dilution air flow rate, if needed.
In order to realize the advantages of the partial flow dilution systems, attention shall be paid to avoiding the potential problems of loss of particulates in the transfer tube, ensuring that a representative sample is taken from the engine exhaust, and determination of the split ratio.




The systems described pay attention to these critical areas.

Figure 4


Partial flow dilution system with isokinetic probe and fractional sampling (SB control)






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe to EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the transfer tube TT by the isokinetic sampling probe ISP. The differential pressure of the exhaust gas between exhaust pipe and inlet to the probe is measured with the pressure transducer DPT. This signal is transmitted to the flow controller FC1 that controls the suction blower SB to maintain a differential pressure of zero at the tip of the probe. Under these conditions, exhaust gas velocities in EP and ISP are identical, and the flow through ISP and TT is a constant fraction (split) of the exhaust gas flow. The split ratio is determined from the cross sectional areas of EP and ISP. The dilution air flow rate is measured with the flow measurement device FM1. The dilution ratio is calculated from the dilution air flow rate and the split ratio.

Figure 5


Partial flow dilution system with isokinetic probe and fractional sampling (PB control)






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the transfer tube TT by the isokinetic sampling probe ISP. The differential pressure of the exhaust gas between exhaust pipe and inlet to the probe is measured with the pressure transducer DPT. This signal is transmitted to the flow controller FC1 that controls the pressure blower PB to maintain a differential pressure of zero at the tip of the probe. This is done by taking a small fraction of the dilution air whose flow rate has already been measured with the flow measurement device FM1, and feeding it to TT by means of a pneumatic orifice. Under these conditions, exhaust gas velocities in EP and ISP are identical, and the flow through ISP and TT is a constant fraction (split) of the exhaust gas flow. The split ratio is determined from the cross sectional areas of EP and ISP. The dilution air is sucked through DT by the suction blower SB, and the flow rate is measured with FM1 at the inlet to DT. The dilution ratio is calculated from the dilution air flow rate and the split ratio.

Figure 6


Partial flow dilution system with CO2 or NOx concentration measurement and fractional sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer tube TT. The concentrations of a tracer gas (CO2 or NOx) are measured in the raw and diluted exhaust gas as well as in the dilution air with the exhaust gas analyser(s) EGA. These signals are transmitted to the flow controller FC2 that controls either the pressure blower PB or the suction blower SB to maintain the desired exhaust split and dilution ratio in DT. The dilution ratio is calculated from the tracer gas concentrations in the raw exhaust gas, the diluted exhaust gas, and the dilution air.

Figure 7


Partial flow dilution system with CO2 concentration measurement, carbon balance and total sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer tube TT. The CO2 concentrations are measured in the diluted exhaust gas and in the dilution air with the exhaust gas analyser(s) EGA. The CO2 and fuel flow G
FUEL signals are transmitted either to the flow controller FC2, or to the flow controller FC3 of the particulate sampling system (Figure 14). FC2 controls the pressure blower PB, while FC3 controls the particulate sampling system (Figure 14), thereby adjusting the flows into and out of the system so as to maintain the desired exhaust split and dilution ratio in DT. The dilution ratio is calculated from the CO2 concentrations and G
FUEL using the carbon balance assumption.

Figure 8


Partial flow dilution system with single venturi, concentration measurement and fractional sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer tube TT due to the negative pressure created by the venturi VN in DT. The gas flow rate through TT depends on the momentum exchange at the venturi zone, and is therefore affected by the absolute temperature of the gas at the exit of TT. Consequently, the exhaust split for a given tunnel flow rate is not constant, and the dilution ratio at low load is slightly lower than at high load. The tracer gas concentrations (CO2 or NOx) are measured in the raw exhaust gas, the diluted exhaust gas, and the dilution air with the exhaust gas analyser(s) EGA, and the dilution ratio is calculated from the values so measured.

Figure 9


Partial flow dilution system twin venturi or twin orifice, concentration measurement and fractional sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer tube TT by a flow divider that contains a set of orifices or venturis. The first one (FD1) is located in EP, the second one (FD2) in TT. Additionally, two pressure control valves (PCV1 and PCV2) are necessary to maintain a constant exhaust split by controlling the backpressure in EP and the pressure in DT. PCV1 is located downstream of SP in EP, PCV2 between the pressure blower PB and DT. The tracer gas concentrations (CO2 or NOx) are measured in the raw exhaust gas, the diluted exhaust gas, and the dilution air with the exhaust gas analyser(s) EGA. They are necessary for checking the exhaust split, and may be used to adjust PCV1 and PCV2 for precise split control. The dilution ratio is calculated from the tracer gas concentrations.

Figure 10


Partial flow dilution system with multiple tube splitting, concentration measurement and fractional sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the transfer tube TT by the flow divider FD3 that consists of a number of tubes of the same dimensions (same diameter, length and bed radius) installed in EP. The exhaust gas through one of these tubes is lead to DT, and the exhaust gas through the rest of the tubes is passed through the damping chamber DC. Thus, the exhaust split is determined by the total number of tubes. A constant split control requires a differential pressure of zero between DC and the outlet of TT, which is measured with the differential pressure transducer DPT. A differential pressure of zero is achieved by injecting fresh air into DT at the outlet of TT. The tracer gas concentrations (CO2 or NOx) are measured in the raw exhaust gas, the diluted exhaust gas, and the dilution air with the exhaust gas analyser(s) EGA. They are necessary for checking the exhaust split and may be used to control the injection air flow rate for precise split control. The dilution ratio is calculated from the tracer gas concentrations.

Figure 11


Partial flow dilution system with flow control and total sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer tube TT. The total flow through the tunnel is adjusted with the flow controller FC3 and the sampling pump P of the particulate sampling system (Figure 13).
The dilution air flow is controlled by the flow controller FC2, which may use G
EXH, G
AIR or G
FUEL as command signals, for the desired exhaust split. The sample flow into DT is the difference of the total flow and the dilution air flow. The dilution air flow rate is measured with flow measurement device FM1, the total flow rate with the flow measurement device FM3 of the particulate sampling system (Figure 14). The dilution ratio is calculated from these two flow rates.

Figure 12


Partial flow dilution system with flow control and fractional sampling






Raw exhaust gas is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer tube TT. The exhaust split and the flow into DT is controlled by the flow controller FC2 that adjusts the flows (or speeds) of the pressure blower PB and the suction blower SB, accordingly. This is possible since the sample taken with the particulate sampling system is returned into DT. G
EXH, G
AIR or G
FUEL may be used as command signals for FC2. The dilution air flow rate is measured with the flow measurement device FM1, the total flow with the flow measurement device FM2. The dilution ratio is calculated from these two flow rates.
Description – Figures 4 to 12
—   EP exhaust pipe
The exhaust pipe may be insulated. To reduce the thermal inertia of the exhaust pipe a thickness to diameter ratio of 0,015 or less is recommended. The use of flexible sections shall be limited to a length to diameter ratio of 12 or less. Bends will be minimized to reduce inertial deposition. If the system includes a test bed silencer, the silencer may also be insulated.
For an isokinetic system, the exhaust pipe shall be free of elbows, bends and sudden diameter changes for at least six pipe diameters upstream and three pipe diameters downstream of the tip of the probe. The gas velocity at the sampling zone shall be higher than 10 m/s except at idle mode. Pressure oscillations of the exhaust gas shall not exceed ±500 Pa on the average. Any steps to reduce pressure oscillations beyond using a chassis-type exhaust system (including silencer and after-treatment device) shall not alter engine performance nor cause the deposition of particulates.
For systems without isokinetic probes, it is recommended to have a straight pipe of six pipe diameters upstream and three pipe diameters downstream of the tip of the probe.
—   SP sampling probe (Figures 6 to 12)
The minimum inside diameter shall be 4 mm. The minimum diameter ratio between exhaust pipe and probe shall be four. The probe shall be an open tube facing upstream on the exhaust pipe centre-line, or a multiple hole probe as described under SP1 in paragraph 1.1.1.
—   ISP isokinetic sampling probe (Figures 4 and 5)
The isokinetic sampling probe shall be installed facing upstream on the exhaust pipe centre-line where the flow conditions in section EP are met, and designed to provide a proportional sample of the raw exhaust gas. The minimum inside diameter shall be 12 mm.
A control system is necessary for isokinetic exhaust splitting by maintaining a differential pressure of zero between EP and ISP. Under these conditions exhaust gas velocities in EP and ISP are identical and the mass flow through ISP is a constant fraction of the exhaust gas flow. The ISP has to be connected to a differential pressure transducer. The control to provide a differential pressure of zero between EP and ISP is done with blower speed or flow controller.
—   FD1, FD2 flow divider (Figure 9)
A set of venturis or orifices is installed in the exhaust pipe EP and in the transfer tube TT, respectively, to provide a proportional sample of the raw exhaust gas. A control system consisting of two pressure control valves PCV1 and PCV2 is necessary for proportional splitting by controlling the pressures in EP and DT.
—   FD3 flow divider (Figure 10)
A set of tubes (multiple tube unit) is installed in the exhaust pipe EP to provide a proportional sample of the raw exhaust gas. One of the tubes feeds exhaust gas to the dilution tunnel DT, whereas the other tubes exit exhaust gas to a damping chamber DC. The tubes shall have the same dimensions (same diameter, length, bend radius), so that the exhaust split depends on the total number of tubes. A control system is necessary for proportional splitting by maintaining a differential pressure of zero between the exit of the multiple tube unit into DC and the exit of TT. Under these conditions, exhaust gas velocities in EP and FD3 are proportional, and the flow TT is a constant fraction of the exhaust gas flow. The two points have to be connected to a differential pressure transducer DPT. The control to provide a differential pressure of zero is done with the flow controller FC1.
—   EGA exhaust gas analyser (Figures 6 to 10)
CO2 or NOx analysers may be used (with carbon balance method CO2 only). The analysers shall be calibrated like the analysers for the measurement of the gaseous emissions. One or several analysers may be used to determine the concentration differences.
The accuracy of the measuring systems has to be such that the accuracy of G
EDFW, i is within ±4 per cent.
—   TT transfer tube (Figures 4 to 12)
The particulate sample transfer tube shall be:






—


As short as possible, but not more than 5 m in length;










—


Equal to or greater than the probe diameter, but not more than 25 mm in diameter;










—


Exiting on the centre-line of the dilution tunnel and pointing downstream.




If the tube is 1 metre or less in length, it is to be insulated with material with a maximum thermal conductivity of 0,05 W/(m · K) with a radial insulation thickness corresponding to the diameter of the probe. If the tube is longer than 1 metre, it shall be insulated and heated to a minimum wall temperature of 523 K (250 °C).
Alternatively, the transfer tube wall temperatures required may be determined through standard heat transfer calculations.
—   DPT differential pressure transducer (Figures 4, 5 and 10)
The differential pressure transducer shall have a range of ±500 Pa or less.
—   FC1 flow controller (Figures 4, 5 and 10)
For the isokinetic systems (Figures 4 and 5) a flow controller is necessary to maintain a differential pressure of zero between EP and ISP. The adjustment can be done by:






(a)


Controlling the speed or flow of the suction blower (SB) and keeping the speed of the pressure blower (PB) constant during each mode (Figure 4); or










(b)


Adjusting the suction blower (SB) to a constant mass flow of the diluted exhaust and controlling the flow of the pressure blower PB, and therefore the exhaust sample flow in a region at the end of the transfer tube (TT) (Figure 5).




In the case of a pressure controlled system the remaining error in the control loop shall not exceed ±3 Pa. The pressure oscillations in the dilution tunnel shall not exceed ±250 Pa on average.
For a multi-tube system (Figure 10) a flow controller is necessary for proportional exhaust splitting to maintain a differential pressure of zero between the outlet of the multi-tube unit and the exit of TT. The adjustment can be done by controlling the injection air flow rate into DT at the exit of TT.
—   PCV1, PCV2 pressure control valve (Figure 9)
Two pressure control valves are necessary for the twin venturi/twin orifice system for proportional flow splitting by controlling the backpressure of EP and the pressure in DT. The valves shall be located downstream of SP in EP and between PB and DT.
—   DC damping chamber (Figure 10)
A damping chamber shall be installed at the exit of the multiple tube unit to minimize the pressure oscillations in the exhaust pipe EP.
—   VN venturi (Figure 8)
A venturi is installed in the dilution tunnel DT to create a negative pressure in the region of the exit of the transfer tube TT. The gas flow rate through TT is determined by the momentum exchange at the venturi zone, and is basically proportional to the flow rate of the pressure blower PB leading to a constant dilution ratio. Since the momentum exchange is affected by the temperature at the exit of TT and the pressure difference between EP and DT, the actual dilution ratio is slightly lower at low load than at high load.
—   FC2 flow controller (Figures 6, 7, 11 and 12; optional)
A flow controller may be used to control the flow of the pressure blower PB and/or the suction blower SB. It may be connected to the exhaust flow or fuel flow signal and/or to the CO2 or NOx differential signal.
When using a pressurised air supply (Figure 11) FC2 directly controls the air flow.
—   FM1 flow measurement device (Figures 6, 7, 11 and 12)
Gas meter or other flow instrumentation to measure the dilution air flow. FM1 is optional if PB is calibrated to measure the flow.
—   FM2 flow measurement device (Figure 12)
Gas meter or other flow instrumentation to measure the diluted exhaust gas flow. FM2 is optional if the suction blower SB is calibrated to measure the flow.
—   PB pressure blower (Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 12)
To control the dilution air flow rate, PB may be connected to the flow controllers FC1 or FC2. PB is not required when using a butterfly valve. PB may be used to measure the dilution air flow, if calibrated.
—   SB suction blower (Figures 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 and 12)
For fractional sampling systems only. SB may be used to measure the dilute exhaust gas flow, if calibrated.
—   DAF dilution air filter (Figures 4 to 12)
It is recommended that the dilution air be filtered and charcoal scrubbed to eliminate background hydrocarbons. The dilution air shall have a temperature of 298 K (25 °C) ± 5 K.
At the manufacturer's request the dilution air shall be sampled according to good engineering practice to determine the background particulate levels, which can then be subtracted from the values measured in the diluted exhaust.
—   PSP particulate sampling probe (Figures 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 12)
The probe is the leading section of PTT and






—


Shall be installed facing upstream at a point where the dilution air and exhaust gas are well mixed, i.e. on the dilution tunnel DT centre-line of the dilution systems approximately 10 tunnel diameters downstream of the point where the exhaust enters the dilution tunnel;










—


Shall be 12 mm in minimum inside diameter;










—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel;










—


May be insulated.




—   DT dilution tunnel (Figures 4 to 12)
The dilution tunnel:






—


Shall be of a sufficient length to cause complete mixing of the exhaust and dilution air under turbulent flow conditions;










—


Shall be constructed of stainless steel with:






—


A thickness to diameter ratio of 0,025 or less for dilution tunnels of greater than 75 mm inside diameter;










—


A nominal wall thickness of not less than 1,5 mm for dilution tunnels of equal to or less than 75 mm inside diameter;














—


Shall be at least 75 mm in diameter for the fractional sampling type;










—


Is recommended to be at least 25 mm in diameter for the total sampling type;










—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel;










—


May be insulated.




The engine exhaust shall be thoroughly mixed with the dilution air. For fractional sampling systems, the mixing quality shall be checked after introduction into service by means of a CO2 profile of the tunnel with the engine running (at least four equally spaced measuring points). If necessary, a mixing orifice may be used.

Note: If the ambient temperature in the vicinity of the dilution tunnel (DT) is below 293 K (20 °C), precautions should be taken to avoid particle losses onto the cool walls of the dilution tunnel. Therefore, heating and/or insulating the tunnel within the limits given above is recommended.
At high engine loads, the tunnel may be cooled by a non-aggressive means such as a circulating fan, as long as the temperature of the cooling medium is not below 293 K (20 °C).
—   HE heat exchanger (Figures 9 and 10)
The heat exchanger shall be of sufficient capacity to maintain the temperature at the inlet to the suction blower SB within ±11 K of the average operating temperature observed during the test.
1.2.1.2.   Full flow dilution system (Figure 13)
A dilution system is described based upon the dilution of the total exhaust using the constant volume sampling (CVS) concept. The total volume of the mixture of exhaust and dilution air shall be measured. Either a PDP or a CFV or a SSV system may be used.
For subsequent collection of the particulates, a sample of the dilute exhaust gas is passed to the particulate sampling system (paragraph 1.2.2., Figures 14 and 15). If this is done directly, it is referred to as single dilution. If the sample is diluted once more in the secondary dilution tunnel, it is referred to as double dilution. This is useful, if the filter face temperature requirement cannot be met with single dilution. Although partly a dilution system, the double dilution system is described as a modification of a particulate sampling system in paragraph 1.2.2. (Figure 15), since it shares most of the parts with a typical particulate sampling system.
The gaseous emissions may also be determined in the dilution tunnel of a full flow dilution system. Therefore, the sampling probes for the gaseous components are shown in Figure 13 but do not appear in the description list. The respective requirements are described in paragraph 1.1.1.
Descriptions (Figure 13)
—   EP exhaust pipe
The exhaust pipe length from the exit of the engine exhaust manifold, turbocharger outlet or after-treatment device to the dilution tunnel is required to be not more than 10 m. If the system exceeds 4 m in length, then all tubing in excess of 4 m shall be insulated, except for an in-line smoke-meter, if used. The radial thickness of the insulation shall be at least 25 mm. The thermal conductivity of the insulating material shall have a value no greater than 0,1 W/(m · K) measured at 673 K (400 °C). To reduce the thermal inertia of the exhaust pipe a thickness to diameter ratio of 0,015 or less is recommended. The use of flexible sections shall be limited to a length to diameter ratio of 12 or less.

Figure 13


Full flow dilution system






Text of image

see figure 3

The total amount of raw exhaust gas is mixed in the dilution tunnel DT with the dilution air. The diluted exhaust gas flow rate is measured either with a positive displacement pump PDP or with a critical flow venturi CFV or with a sub-sonic venturi SSV. A heat exchanger HE or electronic flow compensation EFC may be used for proportional particulate sampling and for flow determination. Since particulate mass determination is based on the total diluted exhaust gas flow, the dilution ratio is not required to be calculated.
—   PDP positive displacement pump
The PDP meters total diluted exhaust flow from the number of the pump revolutions and the pump displacement. The exhaust system back pressure shall not be artificially lowered by the PDP or dilution air inlet system. Static exhaust back pressure measured with the CVS system operating shall remain within ±1,5 kPa of the static pressure measured without connection to the CVS at identical engine speed and load.
The gas mixture temperature immediately ahead of the PDP shall be within ±6 K of the average operating temperature observed during the test, when no flow compensation is used.
Flow compensation can only be used if the temperature at the inlet of the PDP does not exceed 50 °C (323 K).
—   CFV critical flow venturi
CFV measures total diluted exhaust flow by maintaining the flow at choked conditions (critical flow). Static exhaust backpressure measured with the CFV system operating shall remain within ±1,5 kPa of the static pressure measured without connection to the CFV at identical engine speed and load. The gas mixture temperature immediately ahead of the CFV shall be within ±11 K of the average operating temperature observed during the test, when no flow compensation is used.
—   SSV subsonic venturi
SSV measures total diluted exhaust flow as a function of inlet pressure, inlet temperature, pressure drop between the SSV inlet and throat. Static exhaust backpressure measured with the SSV system operating shall remain within ±1,5 kPa of the static pressure measured without connection to the SSV at identical engine speed and load. The gas mixture temperature immediately ahead of the SSV shall be within ±11 K of the average operating temperature observed during the test, when no flow compensation is used.
—   HE heat exchanger (optional if EFC is used)
The heat exchanger shall be of sufficient capacity to maintain the temperature within the limits required above.
—   EFC electronic flow compensation (optional if HE is used)
If the temperature at the inlet to either the PDP or CFV or SSV is not kept within the limits stated above, a flow compensation system is required for continuous measurement of the flow rate and control of the proportional sampling in the particulate system. To that purpose, the continuously measured flow rate signals are used to correct the sample flow rate through the particulate filters of the particulate sampling system (Figures 14 and 15), accordingly.
—   DT dilution tunnel
The dilution tunnel:






—


Shall be small enough in diameter to cause turbulent flow (Reynolds number greater than 4 000) of sufficient length to cause complete mixing of the exhaust and dilution air. A mixing orifice may be used;










—


Shall be at least 75 mm in diameter;










—


May be insulated.




The engine exhaust shall be directed downstream at the point where it is introduced into the dilution tunnel, and thoroughly mixed.
When using single dilution, a sample from the dilution tunnel is transferred to the particulate sampling system (paragraph 1.2.2., Figure 14). The flow capacity of the PDP or CFV or SSV shall be sufficient to maintain the diluted exhaust at a temperature of less than or equal to 325 K (52 °C) immediately before the primary particulate filter.
When using double dilution, a sample from the dilution tunnel is transferred to the secondary dilution tunnel where it is further diluted, and then passed through the sampling filters (paragraph 1.2.2., Figure 15). The flow capacity of the PDP or CFV or SSV shall be sufficient to maintain the diluted exhaust stream in the DT at a temperature of less than or equal to 464 K (191 °C) at the sampling zone. The secondary dilution system shall provide sufficient secondary dilution air to maintain the doubly-diluted exhaust stream at a temperature of less than or equal to 325 K (52 °C) immediately before the primary particulate filter.
—   DAF dilution air filter
It is recommended that the dilution air be filtered and charcoal scrubbed to eliminate background hydrocarbons. The dilution air shall have a temperature of 298 K (25 °C) ± 5 K. At the manufacturer's request the dilution air shall be sampled according to good engineering practice to determine the background particulate levels, which can then be subtracted from the values measured in the diluted exhaust.
—   PSP particulate sampling probe
The probe is the leading section of PTT and






—


Shall be installed facing upstream at a point where the dilution air and exhaust gas are well mixed, i.e. on the dilution tunnel DT centre-line of the dilution systems approximately 10 tunnel diameters downstream of the point where the exhaust enters the dilution tunnel;










—


Shall be 12 mm in minimum inside diameter;










—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel;










—


May be insulated.




1.2.2.   Particulate sampling system (Figures 14 and 15)
The particulate sampling system is required for collecting the particulates on the particulate filter. In the case of total sampling partial flow dilution, which consists of passing the entire dilute exhaust sample through the filters, dilution (paragraph 1.2.1.1., Figures 7 and 11) and sampling system usually form an integral unit. In the case of fractional sampling partial flow dilution or full flow dilution, which consists of passing through the filters only a portion of the diluted exhaust, the dilution (paragraph 1.2.1.1, Figures 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10 and 12 and paragraph 1.2.1.2., Figure 13) and sampling systems usually form different units.
In this Regulation, the double dilution system DDS (Figure 15) of a full flow dilution system is considered as a specific modification of a typical particulate sampling system as shown in Figure 14. The double dilution system includes all important parts of the particulate sampling system, like filter holders and sampling pump, and additionally some dilution features, like a dilution air supply and a secondary dilution tunnel.
In order to avoid any impact on the control loops, it is recommended that the sample pump be running throughout the complete test procedure. For the single filter method, a bypass system shall be used for passing the sample through the sampling filters at the desired times. Interference of the switching procedure on the control loops shall be minimized.
Descriptions – Figures 14 and 15
—   PSP particulate sampling probe (Figures 14 and 15)
The particulate sampling probe shown in the figures is the leading section of the particulate transfer tube PTT. The probe:






—


Shall be installed facing upstream at a point where the dilution air and exhaust gas are well mixed, i.e. on the dilution tunnel DT centre-line of the dilution systems (paragraph 1.2.1.), approximately 10 tunnel diameters downstream of the point where the exhaust enters the dilution tunnel;










—


Shall be 12 mm in minimum inside diameter;










—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel;










—


May be insulated.





Figure 14


Particulate sampling system






Text of image

optional
from EGA
or
from PDP
or
from CFV
or
from GFUEL

A sample of the diluted exhaust gas is taken from the dilution tunnel DT of a partial flow or full flow dilution system through the particulate sampling probe PSP and the particulate transfer tube PTT by means of the sampling pump P. The sample is passed through the filter holder(s) FH that contain the particulate sampling filters. The sample flow rate is controlled by the flow controller FC3. If electronic flow compensation EFC (Figure 13) is used, the diluted exhaust gas flow is used as command signal for FC3.

Figure 15


Dilution system (full flow system only)






A sample of the diluted exhaust gas is transferred from the dilution tunnel DT of a full flow dilution system through the particulate sampling probe PSP and the particulate transfer tube PTT to the secondary dilution tunnel SDT, where it is diluted once more. The sample is then passed through the filter holder(s) FH that contain the particulate sampling filters. The dilution air flow rate is usually constant whereas the sample flow rate is controlled by the flow controller FC3. If electronic flow compensation EFC (Figure 13) is used, the total diluted exhaust gas flow is used as command signal for FC3.
—   PTT particulate transfer tube (Figures 14 and 15)
The particulate transfer tube shall not exceed 1 020 mm in length, and shall be minimized in length whenever possible.
The dimensions are valid for:






—


The partial flow dilution fractional sampling type and the full flow single dilution system from the probe tip to the filter holder;










—


The partial flow dilution total sampling type from the end of the dilution tunnel to the filter holder;










—


The full flow double dilution system from the probe tip to the secondary dilution tunnel.




The transfer tube:






—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel;










—


May be insulated.




—   SDT secondary dilution tunnel (Figure 15)
The secondary dilution tunnel should have a minimum diameter of 75 mm and should be sufficient length so as to provide a residence time of at least 0,25 s for the doubly-diluted sample. The primary filter holder, FH, shall be located within 300 mm of the exit of the SDT.
The secondary dilution tunnel:






—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C) prior to the introduction of the exhaust in the dilution tunnel;










—


May be insulated.




—   FH filter holder(s) (Figures 14 and 15)
For primary and back-up filters one filter housing or separate filter housings may be used. The requirements of Annex 4A, Appendix 1, paragraph 1.5.1.3. have to be met.
The filter holder(s):






—


May be heated to no greater than 325 K (52 °C) wall temperature by direct heating or by dilution air pre-heating, provided the air temperature does not exceed 325 K (52 °C);










—


May be insulated.




—   P sampling pump (Figures 14 and 15)
The particulate sampling pump shall be located sufficiently distant from the tunnel so that the inlet gas temperature is maintained constant (±3 K), if flow correction by FC3 is not used.
—   DP dilution air pump (Figure 15) (full flow double dilution only)
The dilution air pump shall be located so that the secondary dilution air is supplied at a temperature of 298 K (25 °C) ± 5 K.
—   FC3 flow controller (Figures 14 and 15)
A flow controller shall be used to compensate the particulate sample flow rate for temperature and backpressure variations in the sample path, if no other means are available. The flow controller is required if electronic flow compensation EFC (Figure 13) is used.
—   FM3 flow measurement device (Figures 14 and 15) (particulate sample flow)
The gas meter or flow instrumentation shall be located sufficiently distant from the sample pump so that the inlet gas temperature remains constant (±3 K), if flow correction by FC3 is not used.
—   FM4 flow measurement device (Figure 15) (dilution air, full flow double dilution only)
The gas meter or flow instrumentation shall be located so that the inlet gas temperature remains at 298 K (25 °C) ± 5 K.
—   BV ball valve (optional)
The ball valve shall have a diameter not less than the inside diameter of the sampling tube and a switching time of less than 0,5 s.

Note: If the ambient temperature in the vicinity of PSP, PTT, SDT, and FH is below 239 K (20 °C), precautions should be taken to avoid particle losses onto the cool wall of these parts. Therefore, heating and/or insulating these parts within the limits given in the respective descriptions is recommended. It is also recommended that the filter face temperature during sampling be not below 293 K (20 °C).
At high engine loads, the above parts may be cooled by a non-aggressive means such as a circulating fan, as long as the temperature of the cooling medium is not below 293 K (20 °C).


(1)  Figures 4 to 12 show many types of partial flow dilution systems, which normally can be used for the steady-state test (NRSC). But, because of very severe constraints of the transient tests, only those partial flow dilution systems (Figures 4 to 12) able to fulfill all the requirements quoted in paragraph 2.4. Appendix 1, Annex 4A - Partial flow dilution system specifications -, are accepted for the transient test (NRTC).






ANNEX 4B

Test procedure for compression-ignition engines to be installed in agricultural and forestry tractors and in non-road mobile machinery with regard to the emissions of pollutants by the engine

1.   RESERVED
2.   RESERVED
3.   DEFINITIONS, SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS
3.1.   Definitions
See paragraph 2.1. of this Regulation
3.2.   General symbols (1)








Symbol


Unit


Term





a
0



—



y intercept of the regression line





a
1



—


Slope of the regression line





α
sp



rad/s2



Derivative of the engine speed at the set point




A/Fst



—


Stoichiometric air to fuel ratio





c



ppm, per cent vol


Concentration (also in μmol/mol = ppm)





D



—


Dilution factor





d



m


Diameter





E



per cent


Conversion efficiency





e



g/kWh


Brake specific basis





egas




g/kWh


Specific emission of gaseous components





ePM




g/kWh


Specific emission of particulates





ew




g/kWh


Weighted specific emission





F



 


F-test statistics





F



—


Frequency of the regeneration event in terms of fraction of tests during which the regeneration occurs





f
a



—


Laboratory atmospheric factor





k
r



—


Multiplicative regeneration factor





k
Dr



—


downward adjustment factor





k
Ur



—


upward adjustment factor





λ



—


Excess air ratio





L



—


Per cent torque





M
a



g/mol


Molar mass of the intake air





M
e



g/mol


Molar mass of the exhaust





M
gas



g/mol


Molar mass of gaseous components





m



kg


Mass





m
gas



g


Mass of gaseous emissions over the test cycle





m
PM



g


Mass of particulate emissions over the test cycle





n



min-1



Engine rotational speed





n
hi



min-1



High engine speed





n
lo



min-1



Low engine speed





P



kW


Power





P
max



kW


Maximum observed or declared power at the test speed under the test conditions (specified by the manufacturer)





P
AUX



kW


Declared total power absorbed by auxiliaries fitted for the test





p



kPa


Pressure





p
a



kPa


Dry atmospheric pressure





PF



per cent


Penetration fraction





q
maw



kg/s


Intake air mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mdw



kg/s


Dilution air mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mdew



kg/s


Diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mew



kg/s


Exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mf



kg/s


Fuel mass flow rate





q
mp



kg/s


Sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system





qV




m3/s


Volume flow rate





RF



—


Response factor





r
d



—


Dilution ratio





r
2



—


Coefficient of determination





ρ



kg/m3



Density





σ



—


Standard deviation





S



kW


Dynamometer setting





SEE



—


Standard error of estimate of y on x






T



°C


Temperature





T
a



K


Absolute temperature





T



N·m


Engine torque





T
sp



N·m


Demanded torque at "sp" set point





u



—


Ratio between densities of gas component and exhaust gas





t



s


Time





Δt



s


Time interval





t
10



s


Time between step input and 10 per cent of final reading





t
50



s


Time between step input and 50 per cent of final reading





t
90



s


Time between step input and 90 per cent of final reading





V



m3



Volume





W



kWh


Work





y



 


Generic variable











 


Arithmetic mean




3.3.   Subscripts






abs


Absolute quantity




act


Actual quantity




air


Air quantity




amb


Ambient quantity




atm


Atmospheric quantity




cor


Corrected quantity




CFV


Critical flow venturi




denorm


Denormalized quantity




dry


Dry quantity




exp


Expected quantity




filter


PM sample filter




i


Instantaneous measurement (e.g. 1 Hz)




i


An individual of a series




idle


Condition at idle




in


Quantity in




leak


Leak quantity




max


Maximum (peak) value




meas


Measured quantity




min


Minimum value




mix


Molar mass of air




out


Quantity out




PDP


Positive displacement pump




ref


Reference quantity




SSV


Subsonic venturi




total


Total quantity




uncor


Uncorrected quantity




vac


Vacuum quantity




weight


Calibration weight




wet


Wet quantity




3.4.   Symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components (used also as a subscript)
See paragraph 2.2.2. of this Regulation
3.5.   Abbreviations
See paragraph 2.2.3. of this Regulation
4.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The engine system shall be designed, constructed and assembled so as to enable it to comply with the provisions of this Regulation. The technical measures taken by the manufacturer shall be such as to ensure that the mentioned emissions are effectively limited, pursuant to this Regulation, throughout the useful life of the engine and under normal conditions of use. For this, engines shall meet the performance requirements of paragraph 5. when tested in accordance with the test conditions of paragraph 6. and the test procedure of paragraph 7.
5.   PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
5.1.   General requirements
5.1.1.   Reserved (2)

5.1.2.   Emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants
The pollutants are represented by:






(a)


Oxides of nitrogen, NOx;










(b)


Hydrocarbons, which may be expressed in the following ways:






(i)


Total hydrocarbons, HC or THC;










(ii)


Non-methane hydrocarbons, NMHC.














(c)


Particulate matter, PM;










(d)


Carbon monoxide, CO.




The measured values of gaseous and particulate pollutants exhausted by the engine refer to the brake-specific emissions in grams per kilowatt-hour (g/kWh). Other system of units may be used with appropriate conversion.
The emissions shall be determined on the duty cycles (steady-state and/or transient), as described in paragraph 7. The measurement systems shall meet the calibration and performance checks of paragraph 8. with measurement equipment of paragraph 9.
Other systems or analysers may be approved by the Type Approval Authority if it is found that they yield equivalent results in accordance with paragraph 5.1.3.
5.1.3.   Equivalency
The determination of system equivalency shall be based on a seven-sample pair (or larger) correlation study between the system under consideration and one of the systems of this annex.
"Results" refer to the specific cycle weighted emissions value. The correlation testing is to be performed at the same laboratory, test cell, and on the same engine, and is preferred to be run concurrently. The equivalency of the sample pair averages shall be determined by F-test and t-test statistics as described in Annex 4B, Appendix A.2. obtained under the laboratory test cell and the engine conditions described above. Outliers shall be determined in accordance with ISO 5725 and excluded from the database. The systems to be used for correlation testing shall be subject to the approval by the Type Approval Authority.
5.2.   Reserved
6.   TEST CONDITIONS
6.1.   Laboratory test conditions
The absolute temperature (T
a) of the engine air at the inlet to the engine expressed in Kelvin, and the dry atmospheric pressure (p
s), expressed in kPa shall be measured and the parameter f
a shall be determined according to the following provisions. In multi-cylinder engines having distinct groups of intake manifolds, such as in a 'V' engine configuration, the average temperature of the distinct groups shall be taken. The parameter f
a shall be reported with the test results. For better repeatability and reproducibility of the test results, it is recommended that the parameter f
a be such that: 0,93 ≤ f
a ≤ 1,07.
Naturally aspirated and mechanically supercharged engines:













(6-1)




Turbocharged engines with or without cooling of the intake air:













(6-2)




The temperature of intake air shall be maintained to (25 ± 5) °C, as measured upstream of any engine component.
It is allowed to use:






(a)


A shared atmospheric pressure meter as long as the equipment for handling intake air maintains ambient pressure, where the engine is tested, within ±1 kPa of the shared atmospheric pressure;










(b)


A shared humidity measurement for intake air as long as the equipment for handling intake air maintains dew point, where the engine is tested, within ±0,5 °C of the shared humidity measurement.




6.2.   Engines with charge air cooling






(a)


A charge-air cooling system with a total intake-air capacity that represents production engines' in-use installation shall be used. Any laboratory charge-air cooling system to minimize accumulation of condensate shall be designed. Any accumulated condensate shall be drained and all drains shall be completely closed before emission testing. The drains shall be kept closed during the emission test. Coolant conditions shall be maintained as follows:






(i)


A coolant temperature of at least 20 °C shall be maintained at the inlet to the charge-air cooler throughout testing;










(ii)


At the engine conditions specified by the manufacturer, the coolant flow rate shall be set to achieve an air temperature within ±5 °C of the value designed by the manufacturer after the charge-air cooler's outlet. The air-outlet temperature shall be measured at the location specified by the manufacturer. This coolant flow rate set point shall be used throughout testing. If the engine manufacturer does not specify engine conditions or the corresponding charge-air cooler air outlet temperature, the coolant flow rate shall be set at maximum engine power to achieve a charge-air cooler air outlet temperature that represents in-use operation;










(iii)


If the engine manufacturer specifies pressure-drop limits across the charge-air cooling system, it shall be ensured that the pressure drop across the charge-air cooling system at engine conditions specified by the manufacturer is within the manufacturer's specified limit(s). The pressure drop shall be measured at the manufacturer's specified locations;














(b)


The objective is to produce emission results that are representative of in-use operation. If good engineering judgment indicates that the specifications in this section would result in unrepresentative testing (such as overcooling of the intake air), more sophisticated set points and controls of charge-air pressure drop, coolant temperature, and flow rate may be used to achieve more representative results.




6.3.   Engine power
6.3.1.   Basis for emission measurement
The basis of specific emissions measurement is uncorrected power.
6.3.2.   Auxiliaries to be fitted
During the test, the auxiliaries necessary for the engine operation shall be installed on the test bench according to the requirements of Annex 7.
6.3.3.   Auxiliaries to be removed
Certain auxiliaries whose definition is linked with the operation of the machine and which may be mounted on the engine shall be removed for the test.
Where auxiliaries cannot be removed, the power they absorb in the unloaded condition may be determined and added to the measured engine power (see note g in the table of Annex 7). If this value is greater than 3 per cent of the maximum power at the test speed it may be verified by the test authority. The power absorbed by auxiliaries shall be used to adjust the set values and to calculate the work produced by the engine over the test cycle.
6.4.   Engine intake air
6.4.1.   Introduction
The intake-air system installed on the engine or one that represents a typical in-use configuration shall be used. This includes the charge-air cooling and exhaust gas recirculation systems.
6.4.2.   Intake air restriction
An engine air intake system or a test laboratory system shall be used presenting an air intake restriction within ±300 Pa of the maximum value specified by the manufacturer for a clean air cleaner at the rated speed and full load. The static differential pressure of the restriction shall be measured at the location and at the speed and torque set points specified by the manufacturer. If the manufacturer does not specify a location, this pressure shall be measured upstream of any turbocharger or exhaust gas recirculation system connection to the intake air system. If the manufacturer does not specify speed and torque points, this pressure shall be measured while the engine outputs maximum power.
6.5.   Engine exhaust system
The exhaust system installed with the engine or one that represents a typical in-use configuration shall be used. For aftertreatment devices the exhaust restriction shall be defined by the manufacturer according to the aftertreatment condition (e.g. degreening/aging and regeneration/loading level). The exhaust system shall conform to the requirements for exhaust gas sampling, as set out in paragraph 9.3. An engine exhaust system or a test laboratory system shall be used presenting a static exhaust backpressure within 80 to 100 per cent of the maximum exhaust restriction at the engine speed and torque specified by the manufacturer. If the maximum restriction is 5 kPa or less, the set point shall be no less than 1,0 kPa from the maximum. If the manufacturer does not specify speed and torque points, this pressure shall be measured while the engine produces maximum power.
6.6.   Engine with exhaust after-treatment system
If the engine is equipped with an exhaust after-treatment system, the exhaust pipe shall have the same diameter as found in-use for at least four pipe diameters upstream of the expansion section containing the after-treatment device. The distance from the exhaust manifold flange or turbocharger outlet to the exhaust after-treatment system shall be the same as in the vehicle configuration or within the distance specifications of the manufacturer. The exhaust backpressure or restriction shall follow the same criteria as above, and may be set with a valve. The after-treatment container may be removed during dummy tests and during engine mapping, and replaced with an equivalent container having an inactive catalyst support.
The emissions measured on the test cycle shall be representative of the emissions in the field. In the case of an engine equipped with an exhaust after-treatment system that requires the consumption of a reagent, the reagent used for all tests shall be declared by the manufacturer.
For engines equipped with exhaust after-treatment systems that are regenerated on an infrequent (periodic) basis, as described in paragraph 6.6.2., emission results shall be adjusted to account for regeneration events. In this case, the average emission depends on the frequency of the regeneration event in terms of fraction of tests during which the regeneration occurs. After-treatment systems with continuous regeneration according to paragraph 6.6.1. do not require a special test procedure.
6.6.1.   Continuous regeneration
For an exhaust aftertreatment system based on a continuous regeneration process the emissions shall be measured on an aftertreatment system that has been stabilized so as to result in repeatable emissions behaviour. The regeneration process shall occur at least once during the NRTC hot start test or ramped-modal cycle (RMC) test and the manufacturer shall declare the normal conditions under which regeneration occurs (soot load, temperature, exhaust back-pressure, etc.). In order to demonstrate that the regeneration process is continuous, at least three NRTC hot start tests or ramped-modal cycle (RMC) tests shall be conducted. In case of NRTC hot start test, the engine shall be warmed up in accordance with paragraph 7.8.2.1., the engine be soaked according to paragraph 7.4.2. and the first NRTC hot start test be run. The subsequent NRTC hot start tests shall be started after soaking according to paragraph 7.4.2. During the tests, exhaust temperatures and pressures shall be recorded (temperature before and after the after-treatment system, exhaust back pressure, etc.). The aftertreatment system is considered to be satisfactory if the conditions declared by the manufacturer occur during the test during a sufficient time and the emission results do not scatter by more than ±25 per cent or 0,005 g/kWh, whichever is greater. If the exhaust aftertreatment has a security mode that shifts to a periodic (infrequent) regeneration mode, it shall be checked according to paragraph 6.6.2. For that specific case, the applicable emission limits could be exceeded and would not be weighted.
6.6.2.   Infrequent (periodic) regeneration
This provision only applies for engines equipped with emission controls that are regenerated on a periodic basis. For engines which are run on the discrete mode cycle this procedure cannot be applied.
The emissions shall be measured on at least three NRTC hot start tests or ramped-modal cycle (RMC) tests, one with and two without a regeneration event on a stabilized aftertreatment system. The regeneration process shall occur at least once during the NRTC or RMC test. If regeneration takes longer than one NRTC or RMC test, consecutive NRTC or RMC tests shall be run and emissions continued to be measured without shutting the engine off until regeneration is completed and the average of the tests shall be calculated. If regeneration is completed during any test, the test shall be continued over its entire length. The engine may be equipped with a switch capable of preventing or permitting the regeneration process provided this operation has no effect on the original engine calibration.
The manufacturer shall declare the normal parameter conditions under which the regeneration process occurs (soot load, temperature, exhaust back-pressure, etc.). The manufacturer shall also provide the frequency of the regeneration event in terms of number of tests during which the regeneration occurs. The exact procedure to determine this frequency shall be agreed by the Type Approval Authority based upon good engineering judgement.
For a regeneration test, the manufacturer shall provide an aftertreatment system that has been loaded. Regeneration shall not occur during this engine conditioning phase. As an option, the manufacturer may run consecutive NRTC hot start or RMC tests until the aftertreatment system is loaded. Emissions measurement is not required on all tests.
Average emissions between regeneration phases shall be determined from the arithmetic mean of several approximately equidistant NRTC hot start or RMC tests. As a minimum, at least one hot NRTC or RMC as close as possible prior to a regeneration test and one hot NRTC or RMC immediately after a regeneration test shall be conducted.
During the regeneration test, all the data needed to detect regeneration shall be recorded (CO or NOx emissions, temperature before and after the after-treatment system, exhaust back pressure, etc.). During the regeneration process, the applicable emission limits may be exceeded. The test procedure is schematically shown in Figure 6.1.

Figure 6.1


Scheme of infrequent (periodic) regeneration with n number of measurements and nr number of measurements during regeneration




The average specific emission rate related to hot start 

 [g/kWh] shall be weighted as follows (see Figure 6.1):













(6-3)




where:







n


=


number of tests in which regeneration does not occur,




nr



=


number of tests in which regeneration occurs (minimum one test),











=


average specific emission from a test in which the regeneration does not occur [g/kWh]











=


average specific emission from a test in which the regeneration occurs [g/kWh]




At the choice of the manufacturer and based on upon good engineering analysis, the regeneration adjustment factor k
r, expressing the average emission rate, may be calculated either multiplicative or additive as follows:






 


Multiplicative










 (upward adjustment factor)

(6-4a)








 (downward adjustment factor)

(6-4b)














 


Additive










 (upward adjustment factor)

(6-5)








 (downward adjustment factor)

(6-6)








Upward adjustment factors are multiplied with or added to measured emission rates for all tests in which the regeneration does not occur. Downward adjustment factors are multiplied with or added to measured emission rates for all tests in which the regeneration occurs. The occurrence of the regeneration shall be identified in a manner that is readily apparent during all testing. Where no regeneration is identified, the upward adjustment factor shall be applied.
With reference to Annex 4B, Appendices A.7-8 on brake specific emission calculations, the regeneration adjustment factor:






(a)


Shall be applied to the results of the weighted NRTC test and RMC tests;










(b)


May be applied to the ramped modal cycles and cold NRTC, if a regeneration occurs during the cycle;










(c)


May be extended to other members of the same engine family;










(d)


May be extended to other engine families using the same aftertreatment system with the prior approval of the Type Approval Authority based on technical evidence to be supplied by the manufacturer that the emissions are similar.




The following options shall be considered:






(a)


A manufacturer may elect to omit adjustment factors for one or more of its engine families (or configurations) because the effect of the regeneration is small, or because it is not practical to identify when regenerations occur. In these cases, no adjustment factor shall be used, and the manufacturer is liable for compliance with the emission limits for all tests, without regard to whether a regeneration occurs;










(b)


Upon request by the manufacturer, the type approval or certification authority may account for regeneration events differently than is provided in sub-paragraph (a). However, this option only applies for events that occur extremely infrequently, and which cannot be practically addressed using the adjustment factors described in sub-paragraph (a).




6.7.   Cooling system
An engine cooling system with sufficient capacity to maintain the engine, with its intake-air, oil, coolant, block and head temperatures, at normal operating temperatures prescribed by the manufacturer shall be used. Laboratory auxiliary coolers and fans may be used.
6.8.   Lubricating oil
The lubricating oil shall be specified by the manufacturer and be representative of lubricating oil available in the market; the specifications of the lubricating oil used for the test shall be recorded and presented with the results of the test.
6.9.   Specification of the reference fuel
The reference fuel is specified in Annex 6, Table 3.
The fuel temperature shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. The fuel temperature shall be measured at the inlet to the fuel injection pump or as specified by the manufacturer, and the location of measurement recorded.
6.10.   Crankcase emissions
No crankcase emissions shall be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere, with the following exception: engines equipped with turbochargers, pumps, blowers, or superchargers for air induction may discharge crankcase emissions to the ambient atmosphere if the emissions are added to the exhaust emissions (either physically or mathematically) during all emission testing. Manufacturers taking advantage of this exception shall install the engines so that all crankcase emission can be routed into the emissions sampling system. For the purpose of this paragraph, crankcase emissions that are routed into the exhaust upstream of exhaust aftertreatment during all operation are not considered to be discharged directly into the ambient atmosphere.
Open crankcase emissions shall be routed into the exhaust system for emission measurement, as follows:






(a)


The tubing materials shall be smooth-walled, electrically conductive, and not reactive with crankcase emissions. Tube lengths shall be minimized as far as possible;










(b)


The number of bends in the laboratory crankcase tubing shall be minimized, and the radius of any unavoidable bend shall be maximized;










(c)


The laboratory crankcase exhaust tubing shall meet the engine manufacturer's specifications for crankcase back pressure;










(d)


The crankcase exhaust tubing shall connect into the raw exhaust downstream of any aftertreatment system, downstream of any installed exhaust restriction, and sufficiently upstream of any sample probes to ensure complete mixing with the engine's exhaust before sampling. The crankcase exhaust tube shall extend into the free stream of exhaust to avoid boundary-layer effects and to promote mixing. The crankcase exhaust tube's outlet may orient in any direction relative to the raw exhaust flow.




7.   TEST PROCEDURES
7.1.   Introduction
This paragraph describes the determination of brake specific emissions of gaseous and particulate pollutants on engines to be tested. The test engine shall be the parent engine configuration for the engine family as specified in paragraph 5.2.
A laboratory emission test consists of measuring emissions and other parameters for the test cycles specified in this annex. The following aspects are treated (in this Annex 4B):






(a)


The laboratory configurations for measuring the brake specific emissions (paragraph 7.2.);










(b)


The pre-test and post-test verification procedures (paragraph 7.3.);










(c)


The test cycles (paragraph 7.4.);










(d)


The general test sequence (paragraph 7.5.);










(e)


The engine mapping (paragraph 7.6.);










(f)


The test cycle generation (paragraph 7.7.);










(g)


The specific test cycle running procedure (paragraph 7.8.).




7.2.   Principle of emission measurement
To measure the brake-specific emissions the engine shall be operated over the test cycles defined in paragraph 7.4., as applicable. The measurement of brake-specific emissions requires the determination of the mass of pollutants in the exhaust (i.e. HC, NMHC, CO, NOx and PM) and the corresponding engine work.
7.2.1.   Mass of constituent
The total mass of each constituent shall be determined over the applicable test cycle by using the following methods:
7.2.1.1.   Continuous sampling
In continuous sampling, the constituent's concentration is measured continuously from raw or dilute exhaust. This concentration is multiplied by the continuous (raw or dilute) exhaust flow rate at the emission sampling location to determine the constituent's flow rate. The constituent's emission is continuously summed over the test interval. This sum is the total mass of the emitted constituent.
7.2.1.2.   Batch sampling
In batch sampling, a sample of raw or dilute exhaust is continuously extracted and stored for later measurement. The extracted sample shall be proportional to the raw or dilute exhaust flow rate. Examples of batch sampling are collecting diluted gaseous emissions in a bag and collecting PM on a filter. In principal the method of emission calculation is done as follows: the batch sampled concentrations are multiplied by the total mass or mass flow (raw or dilute) from which it was extracted during the test cycle. This product is the total mass or mass flow of the emitted constituent. To calculate the PM concentration, the PM deposited onto a filter from proportionally extracted exhaust shall be divided by the amount of filtered exhaust.
7.2.1.3.   Combined sampling
Any combination of continuous and batch sampling is permitted (e.g. PM with batch sampling and gaseous emissions with continuous sampling).
The following figure illustrates the two aspects of the test procedures for measuring emissions: the equipments with the sampling lines in raw and diluted exhaust gas and the operations requested to calculate the pollutant emissions in steady-state and transient test cycles (Figure 7.1).

Figure 7.1


Test procedures for emission measurement




Note on Figure 7.1:




Note on Figure 7.1: The term "Partial flow PM sampling" includes the partial flow dilution to extract only raw exhaust with constant or varying dilution ratio.
Exhaust
Raw gaseous sampling
Transient (1)
For whole test:
Continuous gas analysis
+ continuous flow measurement
Calculation of instantaneous emission [g/h]
Integration of instantaneous emissions
Steady-state (2)
For each mode:
Average gas analysis concentration
Average flow
Calculation of emission [g/h]
Multiplying modal emissions with weighting factors
Partial flow PM sampling
Transient (1)
Varying dilution ratio
Single filter method
Calculation of emission for whole test [g/h]
Steady-state (2)
Constant dilution ratio
Multipe filter method
Calculation of emission for each mode [g/h]
Multiplying modal emissions with weighting factors
Full flow dilution for gaseous and PM
Transient and steady-state (3)
Varying dilution ratio
Continuous gas analysis
Calculation of average concentration
Emission calculation by multiplication of average concentration (from continuous or batch sampling) with average flow
Batch sampling
Bag
Gaseous emissions CO, CO2

Secondary dilution system (Option)
Filter
PM
(1) Transient and Ramped Modal Test Cycle;
(2) Discrete Mode Steady State Cycle;
(3) Transient, ramped modal and discrete mode Steady-State Cycles
7.2.2.   Work determination
The work shall be determined over the test cycle by synchronously multiplying speed and brake torque to calculate instantaneous values for engine brake power. Engine brake power shall be integrated over the test cycle to determine total work.
7.3.   Verification and calibration
7.3.1.   Pre-test procedures
7.3.1.1.   Preconditioning
To achieve stable conditions, the sampling system and the engine shall be preconditioned before starting a test sequence as specified in paragraphs 7.3. and 7.4. The preconditioning for cooling down the engine in view of a cold start transient test is specially indicated in paragraph 7.4.2.
7.3.1.2.   Verification of HC contamination
If there is any presumption of an essential HC contamination of the exhaust gas measuring system, the contamination with HC may be checked with zero gas and the hang-up may then be corrected. If the amount of contamination of the measuring system and the background HC system has to be checked, it shall be conducted within 8 hours prior to starting each test-cycle. The values shall be recorded for later correction. Before this check, the leak check has to be performed and the FID analyser has to be calibrated.
7.3.1.3.   Preparation of measurement equipment for sampling
The following steps shall be taken before emission sampling begins:






(a)


Leak checks shall be performed within 8 hours prior to emission sampling according to paragraph 8.1.8.7.;










(b)


For batch sampling, clean storage media shall be connected, such as evacuated bags or tare-weighed filters;










(c)


All measurement instruments shall be started according to the instrument manufacturer's instructions and good engineering judgment;










(d)


Dilution systems, sample pumps, cooling fans, and the data-collection system shall be started;










(e)


The sample flow rates shall be adjusted to desired levels, using bypass flow, if desired;










(f)


Heat exchangers in the sampling system shall be pre-heated or pre-cooled to within their operating temperature ranges for a test;










(g)


Heated or cooled components such as sample lines, filters, chillers, and pumps shall be allowed to stabilize at their operating temperatures;










(h)


Exhaust dilution system flow shall be switched on at least 10 minutes before a test sequence;










(i)


Calibration of gas analysers and zeroing of continuous analysers shall be carried out according to the procedure of the next paragraph 7.3.1.4.;










(j)


Any electronic integrating devices shall be zeroed or re-zeroed, before the start of any test interval.




7.3.1.4.   Calibration of gas analysers
Appropriate gas analyser ranges shall be selected. Emission analysers with automatic or manual range switching are allowed. During a ramped modal or a NRTC test and during a sampling period of a gaseous emission at the end of each mode for discrete mode testing, the range of the emission analysers may not be switched. Also the gains of an analyser's analogue operational amplifier(s) may not be switched during a test cycle.
All continuous analysers shall be zeroed and spanned using internationally-traceable gases that meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. FID analysers shall be spanned on a carbon number basis of one (C
1).
7.3.1.5.   PM filter preconditioning and tare weighing
The procedures for PM filter preconditioning and tare weighing shall be followed according to paragraph 8.2.3.
7.3.2.   Post-test procedures
The following steps shall be taken after emission sampling is complete:
7.3.2.1.   Verification of proportional sampling
For any proportional batch sample, such as a bag sample or PM sample, it shall be verified that proportional sampling was maintained according to paragraph 8.2.1. For the single filter method and the discrete steady-state test cycle, effective PM weighing factor shall be calculated. Any sample that does not fulfil the requirements of paragraph 8.2.1. shall be voided.
7.3.2.2.   Post-test PM conditioning and weighing
Used PM sample filters shall be placed into covered or sealed containers or the filter holders shall be closed, in order to protect the sample filters against ambient contamination. Thus protected, the loaded filters have to be returned to the PM-filter conditioning chamber or room. Then the PM sample filters shall be conditioned and weighted accordingly to paragraph 8.2.4. (PM filter post-conditioning and total weighing procedures).
7.3.2.3.   Analysis of gaseous batch sampling
As soon as practical, the following shall be performed:






(a)


All batch gas analysers shall be zeroed and spanned no later than 30 minutes after the test cycle is complete or during the soak period if practical to check if gaseous analysers are still stable;










(b)


Any conventional gaseous batch samples shall be analysed no later than 30 minutes after the hot-start test cycle is complete or during the soak period;










(c)


The background samples shall be analysed no later than 60 minutes after the hot-start test cycle is complete.




7.3.2.4.   Drift verification
After quantifying exhaust gases, drift shall be verified as follows:






(a)


For batch and continuous gas analysers, the mean analyser value shall be recorded after stabilizing a zero gas to the analyser. Stabilization may include time to purge the analyser of any sample gas, plus any additional time to account for analyser response;










(b)


The mean analyser value shall be recorded after stabilizing the span gas to the analyser. Stabilization may include time to purge the analyser of any sample gas, plus any additional time to account for analyser response;










(c)


These data shall be used to validate and correct for drift as described in paragraph 8.2.2.




7.4.   Test cycles
The following duty cycles apply:






(a)


For variable-speed engines, the 8-mode test cycle or the corresponding ramped modal cycle, and the transient cycle NRTC as specified in Annex 5;










(b)


For constant-speed engines, the 5-mode test cycle or the corresponding ramped modal cycle as specified in Annex 5.




7.4.1.   Steady-state test cycles
Steady-state test cycles are specified in Annex 5 as a list of discrete modes (operating points), where each operating point has one value of speed and one value of torque. A steady-state test cycle shall be measured with a warmed up and running engine according to manufacturer's specification. A steady-state test cycle may be run as a discrete-mode cycle or a ramped-modal cycle, as explained in the following paragraphs.
7.4.1.1.   Steady-state discrete mode test cycles
The steady-state discrete 8-mode test cycle consists of eight speed and load modes (with the respective weighing factor for each mode) which cover the typical operating range of variable speed engines. The cycle is shown in Annex 5.
The steady-state discrete 5-mode constant-speed test cycle consists of five load modes (with the respective weighing factor for each mode) all at rated speed which cover the typical operating range of constant speed engines. The cycle is shown in Annex 5.
7.4.1.2.   Steady-state ramped test cycles
The ramped modal test cycles (RMC) are hot running cycles where emissions shall be started to be measured after the engine is started, warmed up and running as specified in paragraph 7.8.2.1. The engine shall be continuously controlled by the test bed control unit during the RMC test cycle. The gaseous and particulate emissions shall be measured and sampled continuously during the RMC test cycle in the same way as in a transient cycle.
In case of the 5-mode test cycle the RMC consists of the same modes in the same order as the corresponding discrete steady-state test cycle. For the 8-mode test cycle the RMC has one mode more (split idle mode) and the mode sequence is not the same as the corresponding steady-state discrete mode cycle, in order to avoid extreme changes in the after-treatment temperature. The length of the modes shall be selected to be equivalent to the weighing factors of the corresponding discrete steady-state test cycle. The change in engine speed and load from one mode to the next one has to be linearly controlled in a time of 20 ± 1 s. The mode change time is part of the new mode (including the first mode).
7.4.2.   Transient test cycle (NRTC)
The Non-Road Transient Cycle (NRTC) is specified in Annex 5 as a second-by-second sequence of normalized speed and torque values. In order to perform the test in an engine test cell, the normalized values shall be converted to their equivalent reference values for the individual engine to be tested, based on specific speed and torque values identified in the engine-mapping curve. The conversion is referred to as denormalization, and the resulting test cycle is the reference NRTC test cycle of the engine to be tested (see paragraph 7.7.2.).
A graphical display of the normalized NRTC dynamometer schedule is shown in Annex 5.
The transient test cycle shall be run twice (see paragraph 7.8.3.):






(a)


As cold start after the engine and aftertreatment systems have cooled down to room temperature after natural engine cool down, or as cold start after forced cool down and the engine, coolant and oil temperatures, aftertreatment systems and all engine control devices are stabilized between 20 and 30 °C. The measurement of the cold start emissions shall be started with the start of the cold engine;










(b)


Hot soak period — Immediately upon completion of the cold start phase, the engine shall be conditioned for the hot start by a 20 minutes ± 1 minute hot soak period;










(c)


The hot-start shall be started immediately after the soak period with the cranking of the engine. The gaseous analysers shall be switched on at least 10 s before the end of the soak period to avoid switching signal peaks. The measurement of emissions shall be started in parallel with the start of the hot start phase including the cranking of the engine.
Brake specific emissions expressed in (g/kWh) shall be determined by using the procedures of this section for both the cold and hot start test cycles. Composite weighted emissions shall be computed by weighing the cold start results by 10 per cent and the hot start results by 90 per cent as detailed in Annex 4B Appendices A.7-A.8.




7.5.   General test sequence
To measure engine emissions the following steps have to be performed:






(a)


The engine test speeds and test loads have to be defined for the engine to be tested by measuring the max torque (for constant speed engines) or max torque curve (for variable speed engines) as function of the engine speed;










(b)


Normalized test cycles have to be denormalized with the torque (for constant speed engines) or speeds and torques (for variable speed engines) found in the previous sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 7.5.;










(c)


The engine, equipment, and measurement instruments shall be prepared for the following emission test or test series (cold and hot cycle) in advance;










(d)


Pre-test procedures shall be performed to verify proper operation of certain equipment and analysers. All analysers have to be calibrated. All pre-test data shall be recorded;










(e)


The engine shall be started (NRTC) or kept running (steady-state cycles) at the beginning of the test cycle and the sampling systems shall be started at the same time;










(f)


Emissions and other required parameters shall be measured or recorded during sampling time (for NRTC and steady-state ramped modal cycles) throughout the whole test cycle;










(g)


Post-test procedures shall be performed to verify proper operation of certain equipment and analysers;










(h)


PM filter(s) shall be pre-conditioned, weighed (empty weight), loaded, re-conditioned, again weighed (loaded weight) and then samples shall be evaluated according to pre- (paragraph 7.3.1.5.) and post-test (paragraph 7.3.2.2.) procedures;










(i)


Emission test results shall be evaluated.




The following diagram gives an overview about the procedures needed to conduct NRMM test cycles with measuring exhaust engine emissions.

Figure 7.3


Test sequence




Steady-state discrete & ramped
If transient cycle is not applied.
Defining steady-state test cycle
Ready all systems for sampling (analyzer calibration included) & data collection
Warm-up engine
Exhaust emission test
1) Data collection
2) Post-test procedures
3) Evaluations
Emissions calculation A.7.-A.8.
Transient NRTC
Generation engine map (max. torque curve)
If transient cycle and steady-state are applied.
Generate reference test cycle
Run one or more practice cycle as necessary to check engine/test
Natural or forced cool down
Cold start exhaust emission phase
Hot soak
Hot start exhaust emission phase
7.5.1.   Engine starting, and restarting
7.5.1.1.   Engine start
The engine shall be started:






(a)


As recommended in the owner's manual using a production starter motor or air-start system and either an adequately charged battery, a suitable power supply or a suitable compressed air source; or










(b)


By using the dynamometer to crank the engine until it starts. Typically motor the engine within ±25 per cent of its typical in-use cranking speed or start the engine by linearly increasing the dynamometer speed from zero to 100 min-1 below low idle speed but only until the engine starts.




Cranking shall be stopped within 1 s of starting the engine. If the engine does not start after 15 s of cranking, cranking shall be stopped and the reason for the failure to start determined, unless the owner's manual or the service-repair manual describes a longer cranking time as normal.
7.5.1.2.   Engine stalling






(a)


If the engine stalls anywhere during the cold start test of the NRTC, the test shall be voided;










(b)


If the engine stalls anywhere during the hot start test of the NRTC, the test shall be voided. The engine shall be soaked according to paragraph 7.8.3., and the hot start test repeated. In this case, the cold start test does not need to be repeated;










(c)


If the engine stalls anywhere during the steady-state cycle (discrete or ramped), the test shall be voided and be repeated beginning with the engine warm-up procedure. In the case of PM measurement utilizing the multifilter method (one sampling filter for each operating mode), the test shall be continued by stabilizing the engine at the previous mode for engine temperature conditioning and then initiating measurement with the mode where the engine stalled.




7.6.   Engine mapping
Before starting the engine mapping, the engine shall be warmed up and towards the end of the warm up it shall be operated for at least 10 minutes at maximum power or according to the recommendation of the manufacturer and good engineering judgment in order to stabilize the engine coolant and lube oil temperatures. When the engine is stabilized, the engine mapping shall be performed.
Except constant speed engines, engine mapping shall be performed with fully open fuel lever or governor using discrete speeds in ascending order. The minimum and maximum mapping speeds are defined as follows:







Minimum mapping speed


=


warm idle speed




Maximum mapping speed


=



n
hi x 1,02 or speed where max torque drops off to zero, whichever is smaller.




Where n
hi is the high speed, defined as the highest engine speed where 70 per cent of the maximum power is delivered.
If the highest speed is unsafe or unrepresentative (e.g., for ungoverned engines), good engineering judgment shall be used to map up to the maximum safe speed or the maximum representative one.
7.6.1.   Engine mapping for steady-state 8-mode cycle
In the case of engine mapping for the steady-state 8-mode cycle (only for engines which have not to run the NRTC cycle), good engineering judgment shall be used to select a sufficient number (20 to 30) of evenly spaced set-points. At each setpoint, speed shall be stabilized and torque allowed to stabilize at least for 15 seconds. The mean speed and torque shall be recorded at each set-point. Linear interpolation shall be used to determine the 8-mode test speeds and torques if needed. If the derived test speeds and loads do not deviate for more than ± 2,5 per cent from the speeds and torques indicated by the manufacturer, the manufacturer defined speeds and loads shall be applied. When engines shall be run on the NRTC too, then the NRTC engine mapping curve shall be used to determine steady-state test speeds and torques.
7.6.2.   Engine mapping for NRTC cycle
The engine mapping shall be performed according to the following procedure:






(a)


The engine shall be unloaded and operated at idle speed:






(i)


For engines with a low-speed governor, the operator demand shall be set to the minimum, the dynamometer or another loading device shall be used to target a torque of zero on the engine's primary output shaft and the engine shall be allowed to govern the speed. This warm idle speed shall be measured;










(ii)


For engines without a low-speed governor, the dynamometer shall be set to target a torque of zero on the engine's primary output shaft, and the operator demand shall be set to control the speed to the manufacturer-declared lowest engine speed possible with minimum load (also known as manufacturer-declared warm idle speed);










(iii)


The manufacturer declared idle torque may be used for all variable-speed engines (with or without a low-speed governor), if a nonzero idle torque is representative of in-use operation.














(b)


Operator demand shall be set to maximum and engine speed shall be controlled to between warm idle and 95 per cent of its warm idle speed. For engines with reference duty cycles, which lowest speed is greater than warm idle speed, the mapping may be started at between the lowest reference speed and 95 per cent of the lowest reference speed;










(c)


The engine speed shall be increased at an average rate of 8 ± 1 min-1/s or the engine shall be mapped by using a continuous sweep of speed at a constant rate such that it takes 4 to 6 min to sweep from minimum to maximum mapping speed. The mapping speed range shall be started between warm idle and 95 per cent of warm idle and ended at the highest speed above maximum power at which less than 70 per cent of maximum power occurs. If this highest speed is unsafe or unrepresentative (e.g., for ungoverned engines), good engineering judgment shall be used to map up to the maximum safe speed or the maximum representative speed. Engine speed and torque points shall be recorded at a sample rate of at least 1 Hz;










(d)


If a manufacturer believes that the above mapping techniques are unsafe or unrepresentative for any given engine, alternate mapping techniques may be used. These alternate techniques shall satisfy the intent of the specified mapping procedures to determine the maximum available torque at all engine speeds achieved during the test cycles. Deviations from the mapping techniques specified in this paragraph for reasons of safety or representativeness shall be approved by the Type Approval Authority along with the justification for their use. In no case, however, the torque curve shall be run by descending engine speeds for governed or turbocharged engines;










(e)


An engine need not be mapped before each and every test cycle. An engine shall be remapped if:






(i)


An unreasonable amount of time has transpired since the last map, as determined by good engineering judgement; or










(ii)


Physical changes or recalibrations have been made to the engine which potentially affect engine performance; or










(iii)


The atmospheric pressure near the engine's air inlet is not within ±5 kPa of the value recorded at the time of the last engine map.








7.6.3.   Engine mapping for constant-speed engines:






(a)


The engine may be operated with a production constant-speed governor or a constant-speed governor maybe simulated by controlling engine speed with an operator demand control system. Either isochronous or speed-droop governor operation shall be used, as appropriate;










(b)


With the governor or simulated governor controlling speed using operator demand, the engine shall be operated at no-load governed speed (at high speed, not low idle) for at least 15 s;










(c)


The dynamometer shall be used to increase torque at a constant rate. The map shall be conducted such that it takes 2 to 4 min to sweep from no-load governed speed to the maximum torque. During the engine mapping actual speed and torque shall be recorded with at least 1 Hz;










(d)


In case of a gen-set engine to be used for 50 Hz and 60 Hz power generation (for example 1 500 and 1 800 min-1) engine has to be tested in both constant speeds separately.




For constant speed engines good engineering judgment shall be used to apply other methods to record max torque and power at the defined operating speed(s).
7.7.   Test cycle generation
7.7.1.   Generation of steady-state test cycles (NRSC)
7.7.1.1.   Rated and denormalization speed
For engines that are tested with the NRSC and also the NRTC, the denormalization speed shall be calculated according to the transient procedure (paragraphs 7.6.2. and 7.7.2.1. and Figure 7.3.). In case of the steady state cycle, the denormalization speed (n
denorm) shall be used in place of the rated speed.
If the calculated denormalization speed (n
denorm) is within ±2,5 per cent of the denormalization speed as declared by the manufacturer, the declared denormalization speed (n
denorm) may be used for the emission test. If the tolerance is exceeded, the calculated denormalization speed (n
denorm) shall be used for the emissions test.
For variable speed engines that are not tested with the NRTC, the rated speed of tables in Annex 5 to this Regulation for the 8-mode discrete and the derived ramped mode cycle shall be calculated according to the steady state procedure (paragraph 7.6.1. and Figure 7.3.). The rated speed is defined in paragraph 2.1.69.
For constant speed engines, the rated speed and engine governed speed of tables in Annex 5 to this Regulation for the 5-mode discrete and the derived ramped mode cycle shall be that defined in paragraphs 2.1.30. and 2.1.69.
7.7.1.2.   Generation of steady-state 8-mode test cycle (discrete and ramp modal)
The intermediate speed shall be determined from the calculations according to its definition (see paragraph 2.1.42.). Consistent with paragraph 7.7.1.1., for engines that are tested with the NRSC and also the NRTC the denormalization speed (n
denorm) shall be used in place of rated speed when determining the intermediate speed.
The engine setting for each test mode shall be calculated using the formula:













(7-1)




where:








S



=


dynamometer setting in kW





P
max



=


maximum observed or declared power at the test speed under the test conditions (specified by the manufacturer) in kW





P
AUX



=


declared total power absorbed by auxiliaries fitted for the test (see paragraph 6.3.) at the test speed in kW





L



=


per cent torque




During the test cycle, the engine shall be operated at the engine speeds and torques that are defined in Annex 5.
The maximum mapping torque values at the specified test speeds shall be derived from the mapping curve (see paragraph 7.6.1. or 7.6.2.). "Measured" values are either directly measured during the engine mapping process or they are determined from the engine map. "Declared" values are specified by the manufacturer. When both measured and declared values are available, declared values may be used instead of measured torques if they don't deviate more than ± 2,5 per cent. Otherwise, measured torques derived from the engine mapping shall be used.
7.7.1.3.   Generation of steady-state 5-mode test cycle (discrete and ramp modal)
During the test cycle, the engine shall be operated at the engine speeds and torques that are defined in Annex 5.
The maximum mapping torque value at the specified rated speed (see paragraph 7.7.1.1.) shall be used to generate the 5-mode test cycle. A warm minimum torque that is representative of in-use operation may be declared. For example, if the engine is typically connected to a machine that does not operate below a certain minimum torque, this torque may be declared and used for cycle generation. When both measured and declared values are available for the maximum test torque for cycle generation, the declared value may be used instead of the measured value if it is within 95 to 100 per cent of the measured value.
The torque figures are percentage values of the torque corresponding to the prime power (3) rating. The prime power is defined as the maximum power available during a variable power sequence, which may be run for an unlimited number of hours per year, between stated maintenance intervals and under the stated ambient conditions. The maintenance shall be carried out as prescribed by the manufacturer.
7.7.2.   Generation of transient test cycle (NRTC denormalization)
Annex 5 defines applicable test cycles in a normalized format. A normalized test cycle consists of a sequence of paired values for speed and torque expressed in per cent.
Normalized values of speed and torque shall be transformed using the following conventions:






(a)


The normalized speed shall be transformed into a sequence of reference speeds, n
ref, according to paragraph 7.7.2.2.;










(b)


The normalized torque is expressed as a percentage of the mapped torque at the corresponding reference speed. These normalized values shall be transformed into a sequence of reference torques, T
ref, according to paragraph 7.7.2.3.;










(c)


The reference speed and reference torque values expressed in coherent units are multiplied to calculate the reference power values.




7.7.2.1.   Denormalization speed (n
denorm)
The denormalization speed (n
denorm) is selected to equal the 100 per cent normalized speed values specified in the engine dynamometer schedule of Annex 5. The reference engine cycle resulting from denormalization to the reference speed, depends on the selection of the proper denormalization speed (n
denorm). For the calculation of the denormalization speed (n
denorm), obtained from the measured mapping curve, either of the following equivalent formulae can be used in agreement with the Type Approval Authorities:






(a)















(7-2)




Where:








n
denorm



=


denormalization speed





n
hi



=


high speed (see paragraph 2.1.40.)





n
lo



=


low speed (see paragraph 2.1.44.)














(b)



n
denorm corresponding to the longest vector defined as:













(7-3)




where:








i



=


an indexing variable that represents one recorded value of an engine map





n
normi



=


an engine speed normalized by dividing it by n

Pmax.





P
normi



=


an engine power normalized by dividing it by P
max.








Note that if multiple maximum values are found, the denormalization speed (n
denorm) should be taken as the lowest speed of all points with the same maximum sum of squares. A higher declared speed may be used if the length of the vector at the declared speed is within 2 per cent of the length of the vector at the measured value.
If the falling part of the full load curve has a very steep edge, this may cause problems to drive the 105 per cent speeds of the NRTC test cycle correctly. In this case it is allowed with previous agreement with type approval or certification authorities, to reduce the denormalization speed (n
denorm) slightly (maximum 3 per cent) in order to make correct driving of the NRTC possible.
If the measured denormalization speed (n
denorm) is within ±3 per cent of the denormalization speed as declared by the manufacturer, the declared denormalization speed (n
denorm) may be used for the emissions test. If the tolerance is exceeded, the measured denormalization speed (n
denorm) shall be used for the emissions test.
7.7.2.2.   Denormalization of engine speed
The engine speed shall be denormalized using the following equation:













(7-4)




where:








n
ref



=


reference speed





n
denorm



=


denormalization speed





n
idle



=


idle speed





%speed



=


tabled NRTC normalized speed




7.7.2.3.   Denormalization of engine torque
The torque values in the engine dynamometer schedule of Annex 5 paragraph 1.3. are normalized to the maximum torque at the respective speed. The torque values of the reference cycle shall be denormalized, using the mapping curve determined according to paragraph 7.6.2., as follows:













(7-5)




for the respective reference speed as determined in paragraph 7.7.2.2.
7.7.2.4.   Example of denormalization procedure
As an example, the following test point shall be denormalized:







%speed


=


43 per cent




%torque


=


82 per cent




Given the following values:








n
denorm



=


2 200 min-1






n
idle



=


600 min-1





results in





With the maximum torque of 700 Nm observed from the mapping curve at 1 288 min-1






7.8.   Specific test cycle running procedure
7.8.1.   Emission test sequence for discrete steady-state test cycles
7.8.1.1.   Engine warming-up for steady state discrete-mode test cycles
For preconditioning the engine shall be warmed up according to the recommendation of the manufacturer and good engineering judgment. Before emission sampling can start, the engine shall be running until engine temperatures (cooling water and lube oil) have been stabilized (normally at least 10 minutes) on mode 1 (100 per cent torque and rated speed for the 8-mode test cycle and at rated or nominal constant engine speed and 100 per cent torque for the 5-mode test cycle). Immediately from this engine conditioning point, the test cycle measurement starts.
Pre-test procedure according to paragraph 7.3.1. shall be performed, including analyser calibration.
7.8.1.2.   Performing discrete-mode test cycles






(a)


The test shall be performed in ascending order of mode numbers as set out for the test cycle (see Annex 5);










(b)


Each mode has a mode length of at least 10 minutes. In each mode the engine shall be stabilized for at least 5 minutes and emissions shall be sampled for 1-3 minutes for gaseous emissions at the end of each mode. Extended time of sampling is permitted to improve the accuracy of PM sampling;
The mode length shall be recorded and reported.










(c)


The particulate sampling may be done either with the single filter method or with the multiple filter method. Since the results of the methods may differ slightly, the method used shall be declared with the results;
For the single filter method the modal weighing factors specified in the test cycle procedure and the actual exhaust flow shall be taken into account during sampling by adjusting sample flow rate and/or sampling time, accordingly. It is required that the effective weighing factor of the PM sampling is within ±0,003 of the weighing factor of the given mode;
Sampling shall be conducted as late as possible within each mode. For the single filter method, the completion of particulate sampling shall be coincident within ± 5 s with the completion of the gaseous emission measurement. The sampling time per mode shall be at least 20 s for the single filter method and at least 60 s for the multifilter method. For systems without bypass capability, the sampling time per mode shall be at least 60 s for single and multiple filter methods;










(d)


The engine speed and load, intake air temperature, fuel flow and air or exhaust gas flow shall be measured for each mode at the same time interval which is used for the measurement of the gaseous concentrations;
Any additional data required for calculation shall be recorded.










(e)


If the engine stalls or the emission sampling is interrupted at any time after emission sampling begins for a discrete mode and the single filter method, the test shall be voided and be repeated beginning with the engine warm-up procedure. In the case of PM measurement utilizing the multifilter method (one sampling filter for each operating mode), the test shall be continued by stabilizing the engine at the previous mode for engine temperature conditioning and then initiating measurement with the mode where the engine stalled;










(f)


Post-test procedures according to paragraph 7.3.2. shall be performed.




7.8.1.3.   Validation criteria
During each mode of the given steady-state test cycle after the initial transition period, the measured speed shall not deviate from the reference speed for more than ± 1 per cent of rated speed or ± 3 min-1, whichever is greater except for idle which shall be within the tolerances declared by the manufacturer. The measured torque shall not deviate from the reference torque for more than ± 2 per cent of the maximum torque at the test speed.
7.8.2.   Ramped modal test cycles
7.8.2.1.   Engine warming-up
Before starting the steady-state ramped modal test cycles (RMC), the engine shall be warmed-up and running until engine temperatures (cooling water and lube oil) have been stabilized on 50 per cent speed and 50 per cent torque for the RMC test cycle (derived from the 8-mode test cycle) and at rated or nominal engine speed and 50 per cent torque for the RMC test cycle (derived from 5-mode test cycle). Immediately after this engine conditioning procedure, engine speed and torque shall be changed in a linear ramp of 20 ± 1 s to the first mode of the test. In between 5 to 10 s after the end of the ramp, the test cycle measurement shall start.
7.8.2.2.   Performing a ramped modal test cycle
The ramped modal cycles derived from 8-mode and 5-mode test cycle are shown in Annex 5.
The engine shall be operated for the prescribed time in each mode. The transition from one mode to the next shall be done linearly in 20 s ± 1 s following the tolerances prescribed in paragraph 7.8.2.4. (see Annex 5).
For ramped modal cycles, reference speed and torque values shall be generated at a minimum frequency of 1 Hz and this sequence of points shall be used to run the cycle. During the transition between modes, the denormalized reference speed and torque values shall be linearly ramped between modes to generate reference points. The normalized reference torque values shall not be linearly ramped between modes and then denormalized. If the speed and torque ramp runs through a point above the engine's torque curve, it shall be continued to command the reference torques and it shall be allowed for the operator demand to go to maximum.
Over the whole RMC test cycle (during each mode and including the ramps between the modes), the concentration of each gaseous pollutant shall be measured and the PM be sampled. The gaseous pollutants may be measured raw or diluted and be recorded continuously; if diluted, they can also be sampled into a sampling bag. The particulate sample shall be diluted with conditioned and clean air. One sample over the complete test procedure shall be taken, and collected on a single PM sampling filter.
For calculation of the brake specific emissions, the actual cycle work shall be calculated by integrating actual engine power over the complete cycle.
7.8.2.3.   Emission test sequence:






(a)


Execution of the RMC, sampling exhaust gases, recording data, and integrating measured values shall be started simultaneously;










(b)


Speed and torque shall be controlled to the first mode in the test cycle;










(c)


If the engine stalls anywhere during the RMC execution, the test shall be voided. The engine shall be pre-conditioned and the test repeated;










(d)


At the end of the RMC, sampling shall be continued, except for PM sampling, operating all systems to allow system response time to elapse. Then all sampling and recording shall be stopped, including the recording of background samples. Finally, any integrating devices shall be stopped and the end of the test cycle shall be indicated in the recorded data;










(e)


Post-test procedures according to paragraph 7.4. shall be performed.




7.8.2.4.   Validation criteria
RMC tests shall be validated using the regression analysis as described in paragraphs 7.8.3.3. and 7.8.3.5. The allowed RMC tolerances are given in the following Table 7.1. Note that the RMC tolerances are different from the NRTC tolerances of Table 7.2.

Table 7.1


RMC Regression line tolerances









 


Speed


Torque


Power




Standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x



max 1 % of rated speed


max 2 % of maximum engine torque


max 2 % of maximum engine power




Slope of the regression line, a
1



0,99 to 1,01


0,98 to 1,02


0,98 to 1,02




Coefficient of determination, r
2



min 0,990


min 0,950


min 0,950





y intercept of the regression line, a
0



±1 % of rated speed


±20 Nm or 2 % of maximum torque, whichever is greater


±4 kW or 2 % of maximum power, whichever is greater




In case of running the RMC test not on a transient test bed, where the second by second speed and torque values are not available, the following validation criteria shall be used.
At each mode the requirements for the speed and torque tolerances are given in paragraph 7.8.1.3. For the 20 s linear speed and linear torque transitions between the RMC steady-state test modes (paragraph 7.4.1.2.) the following tolerances for speed and load shall be applied for the ramp: the speed shall be held linear within ±2 per cent of rated speed. The torque shall be held linear within ±5 per cent of the maximum torque at rated speed.
7.8.3.   Transient test cycle (NRTC)
Reference speeds and torques commands shall be sequentially executed to perform the transient test cycle. Speed and torque commands shall be issued at a frequency of at least 5 Hz. Because the reference test cycle is specified at 1 Hz, the in between speed and torque commands shall be linearly interpolated from the reference torque values generated from cycle generation.
Small denormalized speed values near warm idle speed may cause low-speed idle governors to activate and the engine torque to exceed the reference torque even though the operator demand is at a minimum. In such cases, it is recommended to control the dynamometer so it gives priority to follow the reference torque instead of the reference speed and let the engine govern the speed.
Under cold-start conditions engines may use an enhanced-idle device to quickly warm up the engine and aftertreatment devices. Under these conditions, very low normalized speeds will generate reference speeds below this higher enhanced idle speed. In this case it is recommended controlling the dynamometer so it gives priority to follow the reference torque and let the engine govern the speed when the operator demand is at minimum.
During an emission test, reference speeds and torques and the feedback speeds and torques shall be recorded with a minimum frequency of 1 Hz, but preferably of 5 Hz or even 10 Hz. This larger recording frequency is important as it helps to minimize the biasing effect of the time lag between the reference and the measured feedback speed and torque values.
The reference and feedback speeds and torques maybe recorded at lower frequencies (as low as 1 Hz), if the average values over the time interval between recorded values are recorded. The average values shall be calculated based on feedback values updated at a frequency of at least 5 Hz. These recorded values shall be used to calculate cycle-validation statistics and total work.
7.8.3.1.   Engine preconditioning
To meet stable conditions for the following emission test, the sampling system and the engine shall be preconditioned either by driving a full pre-NRTC cycle or driving the engine and the measuring systems under similar conditions as in the test cycle itself. If the test before was also a NRTC hot test, no additional conditioning is needed.
A natural or forced cool-down procedure may be applied. For forced cool-down, good engineering judgment shall be used to set up systems to send cooling air across the engine, to send cool oil through the engine lubrication system, to remove heat from the coolant through the engine cooling system, and to remove heat from an exhaust after-treatment system. In the case of a forced after-treatment cool down, cooling air shall not be applied until the after-treatment system has cooled below its catalytic activation temperature. Any cooling procedure that results in unrepresentative emissions is not permitted.
Pre-test procedures according to paragraph 7.3.1. have to be performed, including analyser calibration.
7.8.3.2.   Performing an NRTC transient cycle test
Testing shall be started as follows:
The test sequence shall commence immediately after the engine has started from cooled down condition in case of the cold NRTC test or from hot soak condition in case of the hot NRTC test. The instructions (Annex 5) shall be followed.
Data logging, sampling of exhaust gases and integrating measured values shall be initiated simultaneously at the start of the engine. The test cycle shall be initiated when the engine starts and shall be executed according to the schedule of Annex 5.
At the end of the cycle, sampling shall be continued, operating all systems to allow system response time to elapse. Then all sampling and recording shall be stopped, including the recording of background samples. Finally, any integrating devices shall be stopped and the end of the test cycle shall be indicated in the recorded data.
Post-test procedures according to paragraph 7.3.2. have to be performed.
7.8.3.3.   Cycle validation criteria for transient test cycle
In order to check the validity of a test, the cycle-validation criteria in this paragraph shall be applied to the reference and feedback values of speed, torque, power and overall work.
7.8.3.4.   Calculation of cycle work
Before calculating the cycle work, any speed and torque values recorded during engine starting shall be omitted. Points with negative torque values have to be accounted for as zero work. The actual cycle work W
act (kWh) shall be calculated based on engine feedback speed and torque values. The reference cycle work W
ref (kWh) shall be calculated based on engine reference speed and torque values. The actual cycle work W
act is used for comparison to the reference cycle work W
ref and for calculating the brake specific emissions (see paragraph 7.2.)

W
act shall be between 85 per cent and 105 per cent of W
ref.
7.8.3.5.   Validation statistics (see Annex 4B Appendix A.2.)
Linear regression between the reference and the feedback values shall be calculated for speed, torque and power.
To minimize the biasing effect of the time lag between the reference and feedback cycle values, the entire engine speed and torque feedback signal sequence may be advanced or delayed in time with respect to the reference speed and torque sequence. If the feedback signals are shifted, both speed and torque shall be shifted by the same amount in the same direction.
The method of least squares shall be used, with the best-fit equation having the form:













(7-6)




where:








y



=


feedback value of speed (min-1), torque (Nm), or power (kW)





a
1



=


slope of the regression line





x



=


reference value of speed (min-1), torque (Nm), or power (kW)





a
0



=


y intercept of the regression line




The standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x and the coefficient of determination (r
2) shall be calculated for each regression line (Annex 4B Appendix A.2.).
It is recommended that this analysis be performed at 1 Hz. For a test to be considered valid, the criteria of Table 7.2 of this paragraph shall be met.

Table 7.2


Regression line tolerances









 


Speed


Torque


Power




Standard error of estimate (SEE) of y on x



≤ 5,0 per cent of maximum test speed


≤ 10,0 per cent of maximum mapped torque


≤ 10,0 per cent of maximum mapped power




Slope of the regression line, a
1



0,95 to 1,03


0,83 to 1,03


0,89 to 1,03




Coefficient of determination, r
2



minimum 0,970


minimum 0,850


minimum 0,910





y intercept of the regression line, a
0



≤ 10 per cent of idle


±20 Nm or ± 2 per cent of maximum torque whichever is greater


±4 kW or ± 2 per cent of maximum power whichever is greater




For regression purposes only, point deletions are permitted where noted in Table 7.3 of this paragraph before doing the regression calculation. However, those points shall not be deleted for the calculation of cycle work and emissions. An idle point is defined as a point having a normalised reference torque of 0 per cent and a normalized reference speed of 0 per cent. Point deletion may be applied to the whole or to any part of the cycle; points to which the point deletion is applied have to be specified.

Table 7.3


Permitted point deletions from regression analysis








Event


Conditions (n = engine speed, T = torque)


Permitted point deletions




Minimum operator demand
(idle point)



n
ref = n
idle

and

T
ref = 0
and

T
act > (T
ref – 0,02 T
maxmappedtorque)
and

T
act < (T
ref + 0,02 T
maxmappedtorque)


speed and power




Minimum operator demand



n
act ≤ 1,02 n
ref and T
act > T
ref

or

n
act > n
ref and T
act ≤ T
ref'

or

n
act > 1,02 n
ref and T
ref < T
act ≤ (T
ref + 0,02 T
maxmappedtorque)


power and either torque or speed




Maximum operator demand



n
act < n
ref and T
act ≥ T
ref

or

n
act ≥ 0,98 n
ref and T
act < T
ref

or

n
act < 0,98 n
ref and T
ref > T
act ≥ (T
ref – 0,02 T
maxmappedtorque)


power and either torque or speed




8.   MEASUREMENT PROCEDURES
8.1.   Calibration and performance checks
8.1.1.   Introduction
This paragraph describes required calibrations and verifications of measurement systems. See paragraph 9.4. for specifications that apply to individual instruments.
Calibrations or verifications shall be generally performed over the complete measurement chain.
If a calibration or verification for a portion of a measurement system is not specified, that portion of the system shall be calibrated and its performance verified at a frequency consistent with any recommendations from the measurement system manufacturer and consistent with good engineering judgment.
Internationally recognized-traceable standards shall be used to meet the tolerances specified for calibrations and verifications.
8.1.2.   Summary of calibration and verification
The Table 8.1 summarizes the calibrations and verifications described in paragraph 8. and indicates when these have to be performed.

Table 8.1


Summary of Calibration and Verifications







Type of calibration or verification


Minimum frequency (1)











8.1.3:


Accuracy, repeatability and noise






Accuracy: Not required, but recommended for initial installation.
Repeatability: Not required, but recommended for initial installation.
Noise: Not required, but recommended for initial installation.










8.1.4:


Linearity






Speed: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.
Torque: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.
Clean gas and diluted exhaust flows: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance, unless flow is verified by propane check or by carbon or oxygen balance.
Raw exhaust flow: Upon initial installation, within 185 days before testing and after major maintenance, unless flow is verified by propane check or by carbon or oxygen balance.
Gas analysers: Upon initial installation, within 35 days before testing and after major maintenance.
PM balance: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.
Stand-alone pressure and temperature: Upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing and after major maintenance.










8.1.5:


Continuous gas analyser system response and updating-recording verification – for gas analysers not continuously compensated for other gas species






Upon initial installation or after system modification that would effect response.










8.1.6:


Continuous gas analyser system response and updating-recording verification – for gas analysers continuously compensated for other gas species






Upon initial installation or after system modification that would effect response.










8.1.7.1:


Torque






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.7.2:


Pressure, temperature, dew point






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.8.1:


Fuel flow






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.8.2:


Intake flow






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.8.3:


Exhaust flow






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.8.4:


Diluted exhaust flow (CVS and PFD)






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.8.5:


CVS/PFD and batch sampler verification (2)







Upon initial installation, within 35 days before testing, and after major maintenance. (Propane check)










8.1.8.8:


Vacuum leak






Before each laboratory test according to paragraph 7.1.










8.1.9.1:


CO2 NDIR H2O interference






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.9.2:


CO NDIR CO2 and H2O interference






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.10.1:


FID calibration
THC FID optimization and THC FID verification






Calibrate, optimize, and determine CH4 response: upon initial installation and after major maintenance.
Verify CH4 response: upon initial installation, within 185 days before testing, and after major maintenance.










8.1.10.2:


Raw exhaust FID O2 interference






For all FID analysers: upon initial installation, and after major maintenance.
For THC FID analysers: upon initial installation, after major maintenance, and after
FID optimization according to 8.1.10.1.










8.1.10.3:


Non-methane cutter penetration






Upon initial installation, within 185 days before testing, and after major maintenance.










8.1.11.1:


CLD CO2 and H2O quench






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.11.3:


NDUV HC and H2O interference






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.11.4:


Cooling bath NO2 penetration (chiller)






Upon initial installation and after major maintenance.










8.1.11.5:


NO2-to-NO converter conversion






Upon initial installation, within 35 days before testing, and after major maintenance.










8.1.12.1:


PM balance and weighing






Independent verification: upon initial installation, within 370 days before testing, and after major maintenance.
Zero, span, and reference sample verifications: within 12 hours prior to weighing, and after major maintenance.




8.1.3.   Verifications for accuracy, repeatability, and noise
The performance values for individual instruments specified in Table 9.3 are the basis for the determination of the accuracy, repeatability, and noise of an instrument.
It is not required to verify instrument accuracy, repeatability, or noise. However, it may be useful to consider these verifications to define a specification for a new instrument, to verify the performance of a new instrument upon delivery, or to troubleshoot an existing instrument.
8.1.4.   Linearity check
8.1.4.1.   Scope and frequency
A linearity verification shall be performed on each measurement system listed in Table 8.2 at least as frequently as indicated in the table, consistent with measurement system manufacturer recommendations and good engineering judgment. The intent of a linearity verification is to determine that a measurement system responds proportionally over the measurement range of interest. A linearity verification shall consist of introducing a series of at least 10 reference values to a measurement system, unless otherwise specified. The measurement system quantifies each reference value. The measured values shall be collectively compared to the reference values by using a least squares linear regression and the linearity criteria specified in Table 8.2 of this paragraph.
8.1.4.2.   Performance requirements
If a measurement system does not meet the applicable linearity criteria in Table 8.2, the deficiency shall be corrected by re-calibrating, servicing, or replacing components as needed. The linearity verification shall be repeated after correcting the deficiency to ensure that the measurement system meets the linearity criteria.
8.1.4.3.   Procedure
The following linearity verification protocol shall be used:






(a)


A measurement system shall be operated at its specified temperatures, pressures, and flows;










(b)


The instrument shall be zeroed as it would before an emission test by introducing a zero signal. For gas analysers, a zero gas shall be used that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. and it shall be introduced directly at the analyser port;










(c)


The instrument shall be spanned as it would before an emission test by introducing a span signal. For gas analysers, a span gas shall be used that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. and it shall be introduced directly at the analyser port;










(d)


After spanning the instrument, zero shall be checked with the same signal which has been used in sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph. Based on the zero reading, good engineering judgment shall be used to determine whether or not to re-zero and or re-span the instrument before proceeding to the next step;










(e)


For all measured quantities manufacturer recommendations and good engineering judgment shall be used to select the reference values, y
refi
, that cover the full range of values that are expected during emission testing, thus avoiding the need of extrapolation beyond these values. A zero reference signal shall be selected as one of the reference values of the linearity verification. For stand-alone pressure and temperature linearity verifications, at least three reference values shall be selected. For all other linearity verifications, at least ten reference values shall be selected;










(f)


Instrument manufacturer recommendations and good engineering judgment shall be used to select the order in which the series of reference values will be introduced;










(g)


Reference quantities shall be generated and introduced as described in paragraph 8.1.4.4. For gas analysers, gas concentrations known to be within the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. shall be used and they shall be introduced directly at the analyser port;










(h)


Time for the instrument to stabilize while it measures the reference value shall be allowed;










(i)

At a recording frequency of at least the minimum frequency, as specified in Table 9.2, the reference value shall be measured for 30 s and the arithmetic mean of the recorded values, 



 recorded;









(j)


Steps in sub-paragraphs (g) through (i) of this paragraph shall be repeated until all reference quantities are measured;










(k)

The arithmetic means 



, and reference values, y
refi
, shall be used to calculate least-squares linear regression parameters and statistical values to compare to the minimum performance criteria specified in Table 8.2. The calculations described in Annex 4B Appendix A.2 paragraph A.2. shall be used.



8.1.4.4.   Reference signals
This paragraph describes recommended methods for generating reference values for the linearity-verification protocol in paragraph 8.1.4.3. of this section. Reference values shall be used that simulate actual values, or an actual value shall be introduced and measured with a reference-measurement system. In the latter case, the reference value is the value reported by the reference-measurement system. Reference values and reference-measurement systems shall be internationally traceable.
For temperature measurement systems with sensors like thermocouples, RTDs, and thermistors, the linearity verification may be performed by removing the sensor from the system and using a simulator in its place. A simulator that is independently calibrated and cold junction compensated, as necessary shall be used. The internationally traceable simulator uncertainty scaled to temperature shall be less than 0,5 per cent of maximum operating temperature T
max. If this option is used, it is necessary to use sensors that the supplier states are accurate to better than 0,5 per cent of T
max compared to their standard calibration curve.
8.1.4.5.   Measurement systems that require linearity verification
Table 8.2 indicates measurement systems that require linearity verifications. For this table the following provisions apply.






(a)


A linearity verification shall be performed more frequently if the instrument manufacturer recommends it or based on good engineering judgment;










(b)


"min" refers to the minimum reference value used during the linearity verification;
Note that this value may be zero or a negative value depending on the signal;










(c)


"max" generally refers to the maximum reference value used during the linearity verification. For example for gas dividers, x
max is the undivided, undiluted, span gas concentration. The following are special cases where "max" refers to a different value:






(i)


For PM balance linearity verification, m
max refers to the typical mass of a PM filter;










(ii)


For torque linearity verification, T
max refers to the manufacturer's specified engine torque peak value of the highest torque engine to be tested.














(d)


The specified ranges are inclusive. For example, a specified range of 0,98-1,02 for the slope a
1 means 0,98 ≤ a
1 ≤ 1,02;










(e)


These linearity verifications are not required for systems that pass the flow-rate verification for diluted exhaust as described 8.1.8.5. for the propane check or for systems that agree within ±2 per cent based on a chemical balance of carbon or oxygen of the intake air, fuel, and exhaust;










(f)



a
1 criteria for these quantities shall be met only if the absolute value of the quantity is required, as opposed to a signal that is only linearly proportional to the actual value;










(g)


Stand-alone temperatures include engine temperatures and ambient conditions used to set or verify engine conditions; temperatures used to set or verify critical conditions in the test system; and temperatures used in emissions calculations:






(i)


These temperature linearity checks are required. Air intake; aftertreatment bed(s) (for engines tested with aftertreatment devices on cycles with cold start criteria); dilution air for PM sampling (CVS, double dilution, and partial flow systems); PM sample; and chiller sample (for gaseous sampling systems that use chillers to dry samples);










(ii)


These temperature linearity checks are only required if specified by the engine manufacturer. Fuel inlet; test cell charge air cooler air outlet (for engines tested with a test cell heat exchanger simulating a vehicle/machine charge air cooler); test cell charge air cooler coolant inlet (for engines tested with a test cell heat exchanger simulating a vehicle/machine charge air cooler); and oil in the sump/pan; coolant before the thermostat (for liquid cooled engines);














(h)


Stand-alone pressures include engine pressures and ambient conditions used to set or verify engine conditions; pressures used to set or verify critical conditions in the test system; and pressures used in emissions calculations:






(i)


Required pressure linearity checks are: air intake restriction; exhaust back pressure; barometer; CVS inlet gage pressure (if measurement using CVS); chiller sample (for gaseous sampling systems that use chillers to dry samples);










(ii)


Pressure linearity checks that are required only if specified by the engine manufacturer: test cell charge air cooler and interconnecting pipe pressure drop (for turbo-charged engines tested with a test cell heat exchanger simulating a vehicle/machine charge air cooler) fuel inlet; and fuel outlet.

Table 8.2


Measurement systems that require linearity verifications












Measurement System


Quantity


Minimum verification frequency


Linearity Criteria











a


SEE



r
2





Engine speed



n



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 0,05 % n
max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % n
max



≥ 0,990




Engine torque



T



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % T
max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % T
max



≥ 0,990




Fuel flow rate



q
m



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % q
m,max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % q
m,max



≥ 0,990




Intake-air flow rate



q
v



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % q
v,max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % q
v,max



≥ 0,990




Dilution air flow rate



q
v



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % q
v,max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % q
v,max



≥ 0,990




Diluted exhaust flow rate



q
v



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % q
v,max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % q
v,max



≥ 0,990




Raw exhaust flow rate



q
v



Within 185 days before testing


≤ 1 % q
v,max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % q
v,max



≥ 0,990




Batch sampler flow rates



q
v



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % q
v,max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % q
v,max



≥ 0,990




Gas dividers



x/x
span



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 0,5 % x
max



0,98-1,02


≤ 2 % x
max



≥ 0,990




Gas analysers



x



Within 35 days before testing


≤ 0,5 % x
max



0,99-1,01


≤ 1 % x
max



≥ 0,998




PM balance



m



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % m
max



0,99-1,01


≤ 1 % m
max



≥ 0,998




Stand-alone pressures



p



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % p
max



0,99-1,01


≤ 1 % p
max



≥ 0,998




Analog-to-digital conversion of stand-alone temperature signals



T



Within 370 days before testing


≤ 1 % T
max



0,99-1,01


≤ 1 % T
max



≥ 0,998












8.1.5.   Continuous gas analyser system-response and updating-recording verification
This section describes a general verification procedure for continuous gas analyser system response and update recording. See paragraph 8.1.6. for verification procedures for compensation type analysers.
8.1.5.1.   Scope and frequency
This verification shall be performed after installing or replacing a gas analyser that is used for continuous sampling. Also this verification shall be performed if the system is reconfigured in a way that would change system response. This verification is needed for continuous gas analysers used for transient or ramped-modal testing but is not needed for batch gas analyser systems or for continuous gas analyser systems used only for discrete-mode testing.
8.1.5.2.   Measurement principles
This test verifies that the updating and recording frequencies match the overall system response to a rapid change in the value of concentrations at the sample probe. Gas analyser systems shall be optimized such that their overall response to a rapid change in concentration is updated and recorded at an appropriate frequency to prevent loss of information. This test also verifies that continuous gas analyser systems meet a minimum response time.
The system settings for the response time evaluation shall be exactly the same as during measurement of the test run (i.e. pressure, flow rates, filter settings on the analysers and all other response time influences). The response time determination shall be done with gas switching directly at the inlet of the sample probe. The devices for gas switching shall have a specification to perform the switching in less than 0,1 s. The gases used for the test shall cause a concentration change of at least 60 per cent full scale (FS).
The concentration trace of each single gas component shall be recorded.
8.1.5.3.   System requirements








(a)


The system response time shall be ≤ 10 s with a rise time of ≤ 2,5 s or with a rise and fall time of ≤ 5 s each for all measured components (CO, NOx, CO2 and HC) and all ranges used. When using a NMC for the measurement of NMHC, the system response time may exceed 10 s.
All data (concentration, fuel and air flows) have to be shifted by their measured response times before performing the emission calculations given in Appendices A.7-A.8.












(b)


To demonstrate acceptable updating and recording with respect to the system's overall response, the system shall meet one of the following criteria:






(i)


The product of the mean rise time and the frequency at which the system records an updated concentration shall be at least 5. In any case the mean rise time shall be no more than 10 s;










(ii)


The frequency at which the system records the concentration shall be at least 2 Hz (see also Table 9.2).








8.1.5.4.   Procedure
The following procedure shall be used to verify the response of each continuous gas analyser system:






(a)


The analyser system manufacturer's start-up and operating instructions for the instrument setup shall be followed. The measurement system shall be adjusted as needed to optimize performance. This verification shall be run with the analyser operating in the same manner as used for emission testing. If the analyser shares its sampling system with other analysers, and if gas flow to the other analysers will affect the system response time, then the other analysers shall be started up and operated while running this verification test. This verification test may be run on multiple analysers sharing the same sampling system at the same time. If analogue or real-time digital filters are used during emission testing, those filters shall be operated in the same manner during this verification;










(b)


For equipment used to validate system response time, minimal gas transfer line lengths between all connections are recommended to be used, a zero-air source shall be connected to one inlet of a fast-acting 3-way valve (2 inlets, 1 outlet) in order to control the flow of zero and blended span gases to the sample system's probe inlet or a tee near the outlet of the probe. Normally the gas flow rate is higher than the probe sample flow rate and the excess is overflowed out the inlet of the probe. If the gas flow rate is lower than the probe flow rate, the gas concentrations shall be adjusted to account for the dilution from ambient air drawn into the probe. Binary or multi-gas span gases may be used. A gas blending or mixing device may be used to blend span gases. A gas blending or mixing device is recommended when blending span gases diluted in N2 with span gases diluted in air;
Using a gas divider, an NO–CO–CO2–C3H8–CH4 (balance N2) span gas shall be equally blended with a span gas of NO2, balance purified synthetic air. Standard binary span gases may be also be used, where applicable, in place of blended NO-CO-CO2-C3H8-CH4, balance N2 span gas; in this case separate response tests shall be run for each analyser. The gas divider outlet shall be connected to the other inlet of the 3-way valve. The valve outlet shall be connected to an overflow at the gas analyser system's probe or to an overflow fitting between the probe and transfer line to all the analysers being verified. A setup that avoids pressure pulsations due to stopping the flow through the gas blending device shall be used. Any of these gas constituents if they are not relevant to the analysers for this verification shall be omitted. Alternatively the use of gas bottles with single gases and a separate measurement of response times is allowed;










(c)


Data collection shall be done as follows:






(i)


The valve shall be switched to start the flow of zero gas;










(ii)


Stabilization shall be allowed for, accounting for transport delays and the slowest analyser's full response;










(iii)


Data recording shall be started at the frequency used during emission testing. Each recorded value shall be a unique updated concentration measured by the analyser; interpolation or filtering may not be used to alter recorded values;










(iv)


The valve shall be switched to allow the blended span gases to flow to the analysers. This time shall be recorded as t
0;










(v)


Transport delays and the slowest analyser's full response shall be allowed for;










(vi)


The flow shall be switched to allow zero gas to flow to the analyser. This time shall be recorded as t
100;










(vii)


Transport delays and the slowest analyser's full response shall be allowed for;










(viii)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (c) (iv) through (vii) of this paragraph shall be repeated to record seven full cycles, ending with zero gas flowing to the analysers;










(ix)


Recording shall be stopped.








8.1.5.5.   Performance evaluation
The data from sub-paragraph (c) of paragraph 8.1.5.4. of this section shall be used to calculate the mean rise time, T
10–90 for each of the analysers.






(a)


If it is chosen to demonstrate compliance with sub-paragraphs (b) (i) of paragraph 8.1.5.3. of this section, the following procedure has to be applied: The rise times (in s) shall be multiplied by their respective recording frequencies in Hertz (1/s). The value for each result shall be at least 5. If the value is less than 5, the recording frequency shall be increased or the flows adjusted or the design of the sampling system shall be changed to increase the rise time as needed. Also digital filters may be configured to increase rise time;










(b)


If it is choosen to demonstrate compliance with sub-paragraphs (b) (ii) of paragraph 8.1.5.3. of this section, the demonstration of compliance with the requirements of sub-paragraphs (b) (ii) of paragraph 8.1.5.3. is sufficient.




8.1.6.   Response time verification for compensation type analysers
8.1.6.1.   Scope and frequency
This verification shall be performed to determine a continuous gas analyser's response, where one analyser's response is compensated by another's to quantify a gaseous emission. For this check water vapour shall be considered to be a gaseous constituent. This verification is required for continuous gas analysers used for transient or ramped-modal testing. This verification is not needed for batch gas analysers or for continuous gas analysers that are used only for discrete-mode testing. This verification does not apply to correction for water removed from the sample done in post-processing and it does not apply to NMHC determination from THC and CH4 quoted in Appendices A.7 and A.8 concerning the emission calculations. This verification shall be performed after initial installation (i.e. test cell commissioning). After major maintenance, paragraph 8.1.5. may be used to verify uniform response provided that any replaced components have gone through a humidified uniform response verification at some point.
8.1.6.2.   Measurement principles
This procedure verifies the time-alignment and uniform response of continuously combined gas measurements. For this procedure, it is necessary to ensure that all compensation algorithms and humidity corrections are turned on.
8.1.6.3.   System requirements
The general response time and rise time requirement given in sub-paragraph (a) of 8.1.5.3. is also valid for compensation type analysers. Additionally, if the recording frequency is different than the update frequency of the continuously combined/compensated signal, the lower of these two frequencies shall be used for the verification required by sub-paragraphs (b) (i) of paragraph 8.1.5.3.
8.1.6.4.   Procedure
All procedures given in sub-paragraphs (a) - (c) of paragraph 8.1.5.4. have to be used. Additionally also the response and rise time of water vapour has to be measured, if a compensation algorithm based on measured water vapour is used. In this case at least one of the used calibration gases (but not NO2) has to be humidified as follows:
If the system does not use a sample dryer to remove water from the sample gas, the span gas shall be humidified by flowing the gas mixture through a sealed vessel that humidifies the gas to the highest sample dew point that is estimated during emission sampling by bubbling it through distilled water. If the system uses a sample dryer during testing that has passed the sample dryer verification check, the humidified gas mixture may be introduced downstream of the sample dryer by bubbling it through distilled water in a sealed vessel at (25 ± 10 °C), or a temperature greater than the dew point. In all cases, downstream of the vessel, the humidified gas shall be maintained at a temperature of at least 5 °C above its local dew point in the line. Note that it is possible to omit any of these gas constituents if they are not relevant to the analysers for this verification. If any of the gas constituents are not susceptible to water compensation, the response check for these analysers may be performed without humidification.
8.1.7.   Measurement of engine parameters and ambient conditions
The engine manufacturer shall apply internal quality procedures traceable to recognised national or international standards. Otherwise the following procedures apply.
8.1.7.1.   Torque calibration
8.1.7.1.1.   Scope and frequency
All torque-measurement systems including dynamometer torque measurement transducers and systems shall be calibrated upon initial installation and after major maintenance using, among others, reference force or lever-arm length coupled with dead weight. Good engineering judgment shall be used to repeat the calibration. The torque transducer manufacturer's instructions shall be followed for linearizing the torque sensor's output. Other calibration methods are permitted.
8.1.7.1.2.   Dead-weight calibration
This technique applies a known force by hanging known weights at a known distance along a lever arm. It shall be made sure that the weights' lever arm is perpendicular to gravity (i.e., horizontal) and perpendicular to the dynamometer's rotational axis. At least six calibration-weight combinations shall be applied for each applicable torque-measuring range, spacing the weight quantities about equally over the range. The dynamometer shall be oscillated or rotated during calibration to reduce frictional static hysteresis. Each weight's force shall be determined by multiplying its internationally-traceable mass by the local acceleration of Earth's gravity.
8.1.7.1.3.   Strain gage or proving ring calibration
This technique applies force either by hanging weights on a lever arm (these weights and their lever arm length are not used as part of the reference torque determination) or by operating the dynamometer at different torques. At least six force combinations shall be applied for each applicable torque-measuring range, spacing the force quantities about equally over the range. The dynamometer shall be oscillated or rotated during calibration to reduce frictional static hysteresis. In this case, the reference torque is determined by multiplying the force output from the reference meter (such as a strain gage or proving ring) by its effective lever-arm length, which is measured from the point where the force measurement is made to the dynamometer's rotational axis. It shall be made sure that this length is measured perpendicular to the reference meter's measurement axis and perpendicular to the dynamometer's rotational axis.
8.1.7.2.   Pressure, temperature, and dew point calibration
Instruments shall be calibrated for measuring pressure, temperature, and dew point upon initial installation. The instrument manufacturer's instructions shall be followed and good engineering judgment shall be used to repeat the calibration.
For temperature measurement systems with thermocouple, RTD, or thermistor sensors, the calibration of the system shall be performed as described in paragraph 8.1.4.4. for linearity verification.
8.1.8.   Flow-related measurements
8.1.8.1.   Fuel flow calibration
Fuel flow-meters shall be calibrated upon initial installation. The instrument manufacturer's instructions shall be followed and good engineering judgment shall be used to repeat the calibration.
8.1.8.2.   Intake air flow calibration
Intake air flow-meters shall be calibrated upon initial installation. The instrument manufacturer's instructions shall be followed and good engineering judgment shall be used to repeat the calibration.
8.1.8.3.   Exhaust flow calibration
Exhaust flow-meters shall be calibrated upon initial installation. The instrument manufacturer's instructions shall be followed and good engineering judgment shall be used to repeat the calibration.
8.1.8.4.   Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration
8.1.8.4.1.   Overview






(a)


This section describes how to calibrate flow-meters for diluted exhaust constant-volume sampling (CVS) systems;










(b)


This calibration shall be performed while the flow-meter is installed in its permanent position. This calibration shall be performed after any part of the flow configuration upstream or downstream of the flow-meter has been changed that may affect the flow-meter calibration. This calibration shall be performed upon initial CVS installation and whenever corrective action does not resolve a failure to meet the diluted exhaust flow verification (i.e., propane check) in paragraph 8.1.8.5.;










(c)


A CVS flow-meter shall be calibrated using a reference flow-meter such as a subsonic venturi flow-meter, a long-radius flow nozzle, a smooth approach orifice, a laminar flow element, a set of critical flow venturis, or an ultrasonic flow-meter. A reference flow-meter shall be used that reports quantities that are internationally-traceable within ±1 per cent uncertainty. This reference flow-meter's response to flow shall be used as the reference value for CVS flow-meter calibration;










(d)


An upstream screen or other restriction that could affect the flow ahead of the reference flow-meter may not be used, unless the flow-meter has been calibrated with such a restriction;










(e)


The calibration sequence described under this paragraph 8.1.8.4. refers to the molar based approach. For the corresponding sequence used in the mass based approach, see Annex 8 Appendix 1.




8.1.8.4.2.   PDP calibration
A positive-displacement pump (PDP) shall be calibrated to determine a flow-versus-PDP speed equation that accounts for flow leakage across sealing surfaces in the PDP as a function of PDP inlet pressure. Unique equation coefficients shall be determined for each speed at which the PDP is operated. A PDP flow-meter shall be calibrated as follows:






(a)


The system shall be connected as shown in Figure 8.1;










(b)


Leaks between the calibration flow-meter and the PDP shall be less than 0,3 per cent of the total flow at the lowest calibrated flow point; for example, at the highest restriction and lowest PDP-speed point;










(c)


While the PDP operates, a constant temperature at the PDP inlet shall be maintained within ±2 per cent of the mean absolute inlet temperature, T
in;










(d)


The PDP speed is set to the first speed point at which it is intended to calibrate;










(e)


The variable restrictor is set to its wide-open position;










(f)


The PDP is operated for at least 3 min to stabilize the system. Then by continuously operating the PDP, the mean values of at least 30 s of sampled data of each of the following quantities are recorded:






(i)

The mean flow rate of the reference flow-meter, 



;









(ii)


The mean temperature at the PDP inlet, T
in;










(iii)


The mean static absolute pressure at the PDP inlet, p
in;










(iv)


The mean static absolute pressure at the PDP outlet, p
out;










(v)


The mean PDP speed, n
PDP;














(g)


The restrictor valve shall be incrementally closed to decrease the absolute pressure at the inlet to the PDP, p
in;










(h)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) of paragraph 8.1.8.4.2. shall be repeated to record data at a minimum of six restrictor positions reflecting the full range of possible in-use pressures at the PDP inlet;










(i)


The PDP shall be calibrated by using the collected data and the equations in Appendices A.7-A.8;










(j)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (f) through (i) of this section shall be repeated for each speed at which the PDP is operated;










(k)


The equations in Annex 4B Appendix A.7 (molar based approach) or A.8 (mass based approach) shall be used to determine the PDP flow equation for emission testing;










(l)


The calibration shall be verified by performing a CVS verification (i.e., propane check) as described in paragraph 8.1.8.5.;










(m)


The PDP may not be used below the lowest inlet pressure tested during calibration.




8.1.8.4.3.   CFV calibration
A critical-flow venturi (CFV) shall be calibrated to verify its discharge coefficient, C
d, at the lowest expected static differential pressure between the CFV inlet and outlet. A CFV flow-meter shall be calibrated as follows:






(a)


The system shall be connected as shown in Figure 8.1;










(b)


The blower shall be started downstream of the CFV;










(c)


While the CFV operates, a constant temperature at the CFV inlet shall be maintained within ±2 per cent of the mean absolute inlet temperature, T
in;










(d)


Leaks between the calibration flow-meter and the CFV shall be less than 0,3 per cent of the total flow at the highest restriction;










(e)


The variable restrictor shall be set to its wide-open position. In lieu of a variable restrictor the pressure downstream of the CFV may be varied by varying blower speed or by introducing a controlled leak. Note that some blowers have limitations on non-loaded conditions;










(f)


The CFV shall be operated for at least 3 min to stabilize the system. The CFV shall continue operating and the mean values of at least 30 s of sampled data of each of the following quantities shall be recorded:






(i)

The mean flow rate of the reference flow-meter, 



;









(ii)


Optionally, the mean dew point of the calibration air, T
dew. See Appendices A.7-A.8 for permissible assumptions during emission measurements;










(iii)


The mean temperature at the venturi inlet, T
in;










(iv)


The mean static absolute pressure at the venturi inlet, p
in;










(v)


The mean static differential pressure between the CFV inlet and the CFV outlet, Δp
CFV;














(g)


The restrictor valve shall be incrementally closed to decrease the absolute pressure at the inlet to the CFV, p
in;










(h)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) of this paragraph shall be repeated to record mean data at a minimum of ten restrictor positions, such that the fullest practical range of Δp
CFV expected during testing is tested. It is not required to remove calibration components or CVS components to calibrate at the lowest possible restrictions;










(i)



C
d and the lowest allowable pressure ratio r shall be determined as described in Appendices A.7-A.8;










(j)



C
d shall be used to determine CFV flow during an emission test. The CFV shall not be used below the lowest allowed r, as determined in Appendices A.7-A.8;










(k)


The calibration shall be verified by performing a CVS verification (i.e., propane check) as described in paragraph 8.1.8.5.;










(l)


If the CVS is configured to operate more than one CFV at a time in parallel, the CVS shall be calibrated by one of the following:






(i)


Every combination of CFVs shall be calibrated according to this paragraph and Appendices A.7-A.8. See Appendices A.7-A.8 for instructions on calculating flow rates for this option;










(ii)


Each CFV shall be calibrated according to this paragraph and Appendices A.7-A.8. See Appendices A.7-A.8 for instructions on calculating flow rates for this option.








8.1.8.4.4.   SSV calibration
A subsonic venturi (SSV) shall be calibrated to determine its calibration coefficient, C
d, for the expected range of inlet pressures. An SSV flow-meter shall be calibrated as follows:






(a)


The system shall be connected as shown in Figure 8.1;










(b)


The blower shall be started downstream of the SSV;










(c)


Leaks between the calibration flow-meter and the SSV shall be less than 0,3 per cent of the total flow at the highest restriction;










(d)


While the SSV operates, a constant temperature at the SSV inlet shall be maintained within ±2 per cent of the mean absolute inlet temperature, T
in;










(e)


The variable restrictor or variable-speed blower shall be set to a flow rate greater than the greatest flow rate expected during testing. Flow rates may not be extrapolated beyond calibrated values, so it is recommended that it is made certain that a Reynolds number, Re, at the SSV throat at the greatest calibrated flow rate is greater than the maximum Re expected during testing;










(f)


The SSV shall be operated for at least 3 min to stabilize the system. The SSV shall continue operating and the mean of at least 30 s of sampled data of each of the following quantities shall be recorded:






(i)

The mean flow rate of the reference flow-meter, 



;









(ii)


Optionally, the mean dew point of the calibration air, T
dew. See Appendices A.7-A.8 for permissible assumptions;










(iii)


The mean temperature at the venturi inlet, T
in;










(iv)


The mean static absolute pressure at the venturi inlet, p
in;










(v)


Static differential pressure between the static pressure at the venturi inlet and the static pressure at the venturi throat, Δp
SSV;














(g)


The restrictor valve shall be incrementally closed or the blower speed decreased to decrease the flow rate;










(h)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (f) and (g) of this paragraph shall be repeated to record data at a minimum of ten flow rates;










(i)


A functional form of C
d versus Re shall be determined by using the collected data and the equations in Appendices A.7-A.8;










(j)


The calibration shall be verified by performing a CVS verification (i.e., propane check) as described in paragraph 8.1.8.5. using the new C
d versus Re equation;










(k)


The SSV shall be used only between the minimum and maximum calibrated flow rates;










(l)


The equations in Annex 4B Appendix A.7 (molar based approach) or Annex 4B Appendix A.8 (mass based approach) shall be used to determine SSV flow during a test.




8.1.8.4.5.   Ultrasonic calibration (reserved)

Figure 8.1


Schematic diagrams for diluted exhaust flow CVS calibration










8.1.8.5.   CVS and batch sampler verification (propane check)
8.1.8.5.1.   Introduction








(a)


A propane check serves as a CVS verification to determine if there is a discrepancy in measured values of diluted exhaust flow. A propane check also serves as a batch-sampler verification to determine if there is a discrepancy in a batch sampling system that extracts a sample from a CVS, as described in sub-paragraph (vi) of this paragraph. Using good engineering judgment and safe practices, this check may be performed using a gas other than propane, such as CO2 or CO. A failed propane check might indicate one or more problems that may require corrective action, as follows:






(i)


Incorrect analyser calibration. The FID analyser shall be re-calibrated, repaired, or replaced;










(ii)


Leak checks shall be performed on CVS tunnel, connections, fasteners, and HC sampling system according to paragraph 8.1.8.7.;










(iii)


The verification for poor mixing shall be performed in accordance with paragraph 9.2.2.;










(iv)


The hydrocarbon contamination verification in the sample system shall be performed as described in paragraph 7.3.1.2.;










(v)


Change in CVS calibration. An in-situ calibration of the CVS flow-meter shall be performed as described in paragraph 8.1.8.4.;










(vi)


Other problems with the CVS or sampling verification hardware or software. The CVS system, CVS verification hardware, and software shall be inspected for discrepancies;
















(b)


A propane check uses either a reference mass or a reference flow rate of C3H8 as a tracer gas in a CVS. If a reference flow rate is used, any non-ideal gas behaviour of C3H8 in the reference flow-meter shall be accounted for. See Appendices A.7 (molar based approach) or A.8 (mass based approach), which describe how to calibrate and use certain flow-meters. No ideal gas assumption may be used in paragraph 8.1.8.5. and Appendices A.7 or A.8. The propane check compares the calculated mass of injected C3H8 using HC measurements and CVS flow rate measurements with the reference value.




8.1.8.5.2.   Method of introducing a known amount of propane into the CVS system
The total accuracy of the CVS sampling system and analytical system shall be determined by introducing a known mass of a pollutant gas into the system while it is being operated in the normal manner. The pollutant is analysed, and the mass calculated according to Appendices A.7-A.8. Either of the following two techniques shall be used.






(a)


Metering by means of a gravimetric technique shall be done as follows: A mass of a small cylinder filled with carbon monoxide or propane shall be determined with a precision of ±0,01 g. For about 5 to 10 minutes, the CVS system shall be operated as in a normal exhaust emission test, while carbon monoxide or propane is injected into the system. The quantity of pure gas discharged shall be determined by means of differential weighing. A gas sample shall be analysed with the usual equipment (sampling bag or integrating method), and the mass of the gas calculated;










(b)


Metering with a critical flow orifice shall be done as follows: A known quantity of pure gas (carbon monoxide or propane) shall be fed into the CVS system through a calibrated critical orifice. If the inlet pressure is high enough, the flow rate, which is adjusted by means of the critical flow orifice, is independent of the orifice outlet pressure (critical flow). The CVS system shall be operated as in a normal exhaust emission test for about 5 to 10 minutes. A gas sample shall be analysed with the usual equipment (sampling bag or integrating method), and the mass of the gas calculated.




8.1.8.5.3.   Preparation of the propane check
The propane check shall be prepared as follows:






(a)


If a reference mass of C3H8 is used instead of a reference flow rate, a cylinder charged with C3H8 shall be obtained. The reference cylinder's mass of C3H8 shall be determined within ±0,5 per cent of the amount of C3H8 that is expected to be used;










(b)


Appropriate flow rates shall be selected for the CVS and C3H8;










(c)


A C3H8 injection port shall be selected in the CVS. The port location shall be selected to be as close as practical to the location where engine exhaust is introduced into the CVS. The C3H8 cylinder shall be connected to the injection system;










(d)


The CVS shall be operated and stabilized;










(e)


Any heat exchangers in the sampling system shall be pre-heated or pre-cooled;










(f)


Heated and cooled components such as sample lines, filters, chillers, and pumps shall be allowed to stabilize at operating temperature;










(g)


If applicable, a vacuum side leak verification of the HC sampling system shall be performed as described in 8.1.8.7.




8.1.8.5.4.   Preparation of the HC sampling system for the propane check
Vacuum side leak check verification of the HC sampling system may be performed according to sub-paragraph (g) of this paragraph. If this procedure is used, the HC contamination procedure in paragraph 7.3.1.2. may be used. If the vacuum side leak check is not performed according to sub-paragraph (g), then the HC sampling system shall be zeroed, spanned, and verified for contamination, as follows:






(a)


The lowest HC analyser range that can measure the C3H8 concentration expected for the CVS and C3H8 flow rates shall be selected;










(b)


The HC analyser shall be zeroed using zero air introduced at the analyser port;










(c)


The HC analyser shall be spanned using C3H8 span gas introduced at the analyser port;










(d)


Zero air shall be overflowed at the HC probe or into a fitting between the HC probe and the transfer line;










(e)


The stable HC concentration of the HC sampling system shall be measured as overflow zero air flows. For batch HC measurement, the batch container (such as a bag) shall be filled and the overflow HC concentration measured;










(f)


If the overflow HC concentration exceeds 2 μmol/mol, the procedure may not be advanced until contamination is eliminated. The source of the contamination shall be determined and corrective action taken, such as cleaning the system or replacing contaminated portions;










(g)


When the overflow HC concentration does not exceed 2 μmol/mol, this value shall be recorded as x
HCinit and it shall be used to correct for HC contamination as described in Annex 4B Appendix A.7 (molar based approach) or Annex 4B Appendix A.8 (mass based approach).




8.1.8.5.5.   Propane check performance








(a)


The propane check shall be performed as follows:






(i)


For batch HC sampling, clean storage media, such as evacuated bags shall be connected;










(ii)


HC measurement instruments shall be operated according to the instrument manufacturer's instructions;










(iii)


If correction for dilution air background concentrations of HC is foreseen, background HC in the dilution air shall be measured and recorded;










(iv)


Any integrating devices shall be zeroed;










(v)


Sampling shall begin and any flow integrators shall be started;










(vi)


C3H8 shall be released at the rate selected. If a reference flow rate of C3H8 is used, the integration of this flow rate shall be started;










(vii)


C3H8 shall be continued to be released until at least enough C3H8 has been released to ensure accurate quantification of the reference C3H8 and the measured C3H8;










(viii)


The C3H8 cylinder shall be shut off and sampling shall continue until it has been accounted for time delays due to sample transport and analyser response;










(ix)


Sampling shall be stopped and any integrators shall be stopped;
















(b)


In case the metering with a critical flow orifice is used, the following procedure may be used for the propane check as the alternative method of sub-paragraph (a) paragraph 8.1.8.5.5.;






(i)


For batch HC sampling, clean storage media, such as evacuated bags shall be connected;










(ii)


HC measurement instruments shall be operated according to the instrument manufacturer's instructions;










(iii)


If correction for dilution air background concentrations of HC is foreseen, background HC in the dilution air shall be measured and recorded;










(iv)


Any integrating devices shall be zeroed;










(v)


The contents of the C3H8 reference cylinder shall be released at the rate selected;










(vi)


Sampling shall begin, and any flow integrators started after confirming that HC concentration is to be stable;










(vii)


The cylinder's contents shall be continued to be released until at least enough C3H8 has been released to ensure accurate quantification of the reference C3H8 and the measured C3H8;










(viii)


Any integrators shall be stopped;










(ix)


The C3H8 reference cylinder shall be shut off.








8.1.8.5.6.   Evaluation of the propane check
Post-test procedure shall be performed as follows:






(a)


If batch sampling has been used, batch samples shall be analysed as soon as practical;










(b)


After analysing HC, contamination and background shall be corrected for;










(c)


Total C3H8 mass based on the CVS and HC data shall be calculated as described in Appendices A.7-A.8, using the molar mass of C3H8, M
C3H8, instead the effective molar mass of HC, M
HC;










(d)


If a reference mass (gravimetric technique) is used, the cylinder's propane mass shall be determined within ±0,5 per cent and the C3H8 reference mass shall be determined by subtracting the empty cylinder propane mass from the full cylinder propane mass. If a critical flow orifice (metering with a critical flow orifice) is used, the propane mass shall be determined as flow rate multiplied by the test time;










(e)


The reference C3H8 mass shall be subtracted from the calculated mass. If this difference is within ±3,0 per cent of the reference mass, the CVS passes this verification.




8.1.8.5.7.   PM secondary dilution system verification
When the propane check is to be repeated to verify the PM secondary dilution system, the following procedure from sub-paragraphs (a) to (d) shall be used for this verification:






(a)


The HC sampling system shall be configured to extract a sample near the location of the batch sampler's storage media (such as a PM filter). If the absolute pressure at this location is too low to extract an HC sample, HC may be sampled from the batch sampler pump's exhaust. Caution shall be used when sampling from pump exhaust because an otherwise acceptable pump leak downstream of a batch sampler flow-meter will cause a false failure of the propane check;










(b)


The propane check shall be repeated as described in this paragraph, but HC shall be sampled from the batch sampler;










(c)


C3H8 mass shall be calculated, taking into account any secondary dilution from the batch sampler;










(d)


The reference C3H8 mass shall be subtracted from the calculated mass. If this difference is within ±5 per cent of the reference mass, the batch sampler passes this verification. If not, corrective action shall be taken.




8.1.8.5.8.   Sample dryer verification
If a humidity sensor for continuous monitoring of dew point at the sample dryer outlet is used this check does not apply, as long as it is ensured that the dryer outlet humidity is below the minimum values used for quench, interference, and compensation checks.






(a)


If a sample dryer is used as allowed in paragraph 9.3.2.3.1. to remove water from the sample gas, the performance shall be verified upon installation, after major maintenance, for thermal chiller. For osmotic membrane dryers, the performance shall be verified upon installation, after major maintenance, and within 35 days prior to testing;










(b)


Water can inhibit an analyser's ability to properly measure the exhaust component of interest and thus is sometimes removed before the sample gas reaches the analyser. For example water can negatively interfere with a CLD's NOx response through collisional quenching and can positively interfere with an NDIR analyser by causing a response similar to CO;










(c)


The sample dryer shall meet the specifications as determined in paragraph 9.3.2.3.1. for dew point, T
dew, and absolute pressure, p
total, downstream of the osmotic-membrane dryer or thermal chiller;










(d)


The following sample dryer verification procedure method shall be used to determine sample dryer performance, or good engineering judgment shall be used to develop a different protocol:






(i)


PTFE or stainless steel tubing shall be used to make necessary connections;










(ii)


N2 or purified air shall be humidified by bubbling it through distilled water in a sealed vessel that humidifies the gas to the highest sample dew point that is estimated during emission sampling;










(iii)


The humidified gas shall be introduced upstream of the sample dryer;










(iv)


The humidified gas temperature downstream of the vessel shall be maintained at least 5 °C above its dew point;










(v)


The humidified gas dew point, T
dew, and pressure, p
total, shall be measured as close as possible to the inlet of the sample dryer to verify that the dew point is the highest that was estimated during emission sampling;










(vi)


The humidified gas dew point, T
dew, and pressure, p
total, shall be measured as close as possible to the outlet of the sample dryer;










(vii)


The sample dryer meets the verification if the result of sub-paragraphs (d) (vi) of this paragraph is less than the dew point corresponding to the sample dryer specifications as determined in paragraph 9.3.2.3.1. plus 2 °C or if the mol fraction from sub-paragraphs (d) (vi) is less than the corresponding sample dryer specifications plus 0,002 mol/mol or 0,2 volume per cent. Note for this verification, sample dew point is expressed in absolute temperature, Kelvin.








8.1.8.6.   Periodic calibration of the partial flow PM and associated raw exhaust gas measurement systems
8.1.8.6.1.   Specifications for differential flow measurement
For partial flow dilution systems to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample, the accuracy of the sample flow q

mp is of special concern, if not measured directly, but determined by differential flow measurement:













(8-1)




where:








q

mp



=


sample mass flow rate of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system





q

mdw



=


dilution air mass flow rate (on wet basis)





q

mdew



=


diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis




In this case, the maximum error of the difference shall be such that the accuracy of q

mp is within ±5 per cent when the dilution ratio is less than 15. It can be calculated by taking root-mean-square of the errors of each instrument.
Acceptable accuracies of q

mp can be obtained by either of the following methods:






(a)


The absolute accuracies of q

mdew and q

mdw are ±0,2 per cent which guarantees an accuracy of q

mp of ≤ 5 per cent at a dilution ratio of 15. However, greater errors will occur at higher dilution ratios;










(b)


Calibration of q

mdw relative to q

mdew is carried out such that the same accuracies for q

mp as in (a) are obtained. For details see paragraph 8.1.8.6.2;










(c)


The accuracy of q

mp is determined indirectly from the accuracy of the dilution ratio as determined by a tracer gas, e.g. CO2. Accuracies equivalent to method (a) for q

mp are required;










(d)


The absolute accuracy of q

mdew and q

mdw is within ±2 per cent of full scale, the maximum error of the difference between q

mdew and q

mdw is within 0,2 per cent and the linearity error is within ±0,2 per cent of the highest q

mdew observed during the test.




8.1.8.6.2.   Calibration of differential flow measurement
The partial flow dilution system to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample shall be periodically calibrated with an accurate flow-meter traceable to international and/or national standards. The flow-meter or the flow measurement instrumentation shall be calibrated in one of the following procedures, such that the probe flow q

mp into the tunnel shall fulfil the accuracy requirements of paragraph 8.1.8.6.1.






(a)


The flow-meter for q

mdw shall be connected in series to the flow-meter for q

mdew, the difference between the two flow-meters shall be calibrated for at least 5 set points with flow values equally spaced between the lowest q

mdw value used during the test and the value of q

mdew used during the test. The dilution tunnel may be bypassed;










(b)


A calibrated flow device shall be connected in series to the flow-meter for q

mdew and the accuracy shall be checked for the value used for the test. The calibrated flow device shall be connected in series to the flow-meter for q

mdw, and the accuracy shall be checked for at least 5 settings corresponding to dilution ratio between 3 and 15, relative to q

mdew used during the test;










(c)


The transfer line TL (see Figure 9.2) shall be disconnected from the exhaust and a calibrated flow measuring device with a suitable range to measure q

mp shall be connected to the transfer line. q

mdew shall be set to the value used during the test, and q

mdw shall be sequentially set to at least 5 values corresponding to dilution ratios between 3 and 15. Alternatively, a special calibration flow path may be provided, in which the tunnel is bypassed, but the total and dilution air flow is passed through the corresponding meters as in the actual test;










(d)


A tracer gas, shall be fed into the exhaust transfer line TL. This tracer gas may be a component of the exhaust gas, like CO2 or NOx. After dilution in the tunnel the tracer gas component shall be measured. This shall be carried out for 5 dilution ratios between 3 and 15. The accuracy of the sample flow shall be determined from the dilution ratio r
d:













(8-2)








The accuracies of the gas analysers shall be taken into account to guarantee the accuracy of q

mp.
8.1.8.6.3.   Special requirements for differential flow measurement
A carbon flow check using actual exhaust is strongly recommended for detecting measurement and control problems and verifying the proper operation of the partial flow system. The carbon flow check should be run at least each time a new engine is installed, or something significant is changed in the test cell configuration.
The engine shall be operated at peak torque load and speed or any other steady state mode that produces 5 per cent or more of CO2. The partial flow sampling system shall be operated with a dilution factor of about 15 to 1.
If a carbon flow check is conducted, the procedure given in Annex 4B Appendix A.4 shall be applied. The carbon flow rates shall be calculated according to equations of Annex 4B Appendix A.4. All carbon flow rates shall agree to within 5 per cent.
8.1.8.6.3.1.   Pre-test check
A pre-test check shall be performed within 2 hours before the test run in the following way.
The accuracy of the flow-meters shall be checked by the same method as used for calibration (see paragraph 8.1.8.6.2.) for at least two points, including flow values of q
mdw that correspond to dilution ratios between 5 and 15 for the q
mdew value used during the test.
If it can be demonstrated by records of the calibration procedure under paragraph 8.1.8.6.2. that the flow-meter calibration is stable over a longer period of time, the pre-test check may be omitted.
8.1.8.6.3.2.   Determination of the transformation time
The system settings for the transformation time evaluation shall be the same as during measurement of the test run. The transformation time, defined in Figure 3.1, shall be determined by the following method:
An independent reference flow-meter with a measurement range appropriate for the probe flow shall be put in series with and closely coupled to the probe. This flow-meter shall have a transformation time of less than 100 ms for the flow step size used in the response time measurement, with flow restriction sufficiently low as to not affect the dynamic performance of the partial flow dilution system according to good engineering judgment. A step change shall be introduced to the exhaust flow (or air flow if exhaust flow is calculated) input of the partial flow dilution system, from a low flow to at least 90 per cent of full scale. The trigger for the step change shall be the same one used to start the look-ahead control in actual testing. The exhaust flow step stimulus and the flow-meter response shall be recorded at a sample rate of at least 10 Hz.
From this data, the transformation time shall be determined for the partial flow dilution system, which is the time from the initiation of the step stimulus to the 50 per cent point of the flow-meter response. In a similar manner, the transformation times of the q
mp signal (i.e. sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system) and of the q
mew,i signal (i.e. the exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis supplied by the exhaust flow-meter) shall be determined. These signals are used in the regression checks performed after each test (see paragraph 8.2.1.2.).
The calculation shall be repeated for at least 5 rise and fall stimuli, and the results shall be averaged. The internal transformation time (<100 ms) of the reference flow-meter shall be subtracted from this value. In the case that the system in accordance with paragraph 8.2.1.2. requires the "look-ahead" method, this is the "look-ahead" value of the partial flow dilution system to be applied in accordance with paragraph 8.2.1.2.
8.1.8.7.   Vacuum-side leak verification
8.1.8.7.1.   Scope and frequency
Upon initial sampling system installation, after major maintenance such as pre-filter changes, and within 8 hours prior to each duty-cycle sequence, it shall be verified that there are no significant vacuum-side leaks using one of the leak tests described in this section. This verification does not apply to any full-flow portion of a CVS dilution system.
8.1.8.7.2.   Measurement principles
A leak may be detected either by measuring a small amount of flow when there shall be zero flow, by detecting the dilution of a known concentration of span gas when it flows through the vacuum side of a sampling system or by measuring the pressure increase of an evacuated system.
8.1.8.7.3.   Low-flow leak test
A sampling system shall be tested for low-flow leaks as follows:






(a)


The probe end of the system shall be sealed by taking one of the following steps:






(i)


The end of the sample probe shall be capped or plugged;










(ii)


The transfer line shall be disconnected at the probe and the transfer line capped or plugged;










(iii)


A leak-tight valve in-line between a probe and transfer line shall be closed;














(b)


All vacuum pumps shall be operated. After stabilizing, it shall be verified that the flow through the vacuum-side of the sampling system is less than 0,5 per cent of the system's normal in-use flow rate. Typical analyser and bypass flows may be estimated as an approximation of the system's normal in-use flow rate.




8.1.8.7.4.   Dilution-of-span-gas leak test
Any gas analyser may be used for this test. If a FID is used for this test, any HC contamination in the sampling system shall be corrected according to Appendices A.7 and A.8 on HC and NMHC determination. Misleading results shall be avoided by using only analysers that have a repeatability of 0,5 per cent or better at the span gas concentration used for this test. The vacuum side leak check shall be performed as follows:






(a)


A gas analyser shall be prepared as it would be for emission testing;










(b)


Span gas shall be supplied to the analyser port and it shall be verified that the span gas concentration is measured within its expected measurement accuracy and repeatability;










(c)


Overflow span gas shall be routed to one of the following locations in the sampling system:






(i)


The end of the sample probe;










(ii)


The transfer line shall be disconnected at the probe connection, and the span gas overflown at the open end of the transfer line;










(iii)


A three-way valve installed in-line between a probe and its transfer line;














(d)


It shall be verified that the measured overflow span gas concentration is within ±0,5 per cent of the span gas concentration. A measured value lower than expected indicates a leak, but a value higher than expected may indicate a problem with the span gas or the analyser itself. A measured value higher than expected does not indicate a leak.




8.1.8.7.5.   Vacuum-decay leak test
To perform this test a vacuum shall be applied to the vacuum-side volume of the sampling system and the leak rate of the system shall be observed as a decay in the applied vacuum. To perform this test the vacuum-side volume of the sampling system shall be known to within ± 10 per cent of its true volume. For this test measurement instruments that meet the specifications of paragraphs 8.1. and 9.4. shall also be used.
A vacuum-decay leak test shall be performed as follows:






(a)


The probe end of the system shall be sealed as close to the probe opening as possible by taking one of the following steps:






(i)


The end of the sample probe shall be capped or plugged;










(ii)


The transfer line at the probe shall be disconnected and the transfer line capped or plugged;










(iii)


A leak-tight valve in-line between a probe and transfer line shall be closed;














(b)


All vacuum pumps shall be operated. A vacuum shall be drawn that is representative of normal operating conditions. In the case of sample bags, it is recommended that the normal sample bag pump-down procedure be repeated twice to minimize any trapped volumes;










(c)


The sample pumps shall be turned off and the system sealed. The absolute pressure of the trapped gas and optionally the system absolute temperature shall be measured and recorded. Sufficient time shall be allowed for any transients to settle and long enough for a leak at 0,5 per cent to have caused a pressure change of at least 10 times the resolution of the pressure transducer. The pressure and optionally temperature shall be recorded once again;










(d)


The leak flow rate based on an assumed value of zero for pumped-down bag volumes and based on known values for the sample system volume, the initial and final pressures, optional temperatures, and elapsed time shall be calculated. It shall be verified that the vacuum-decay leak flow rate is less than 0,5 per cent of the system's normal in-use flow rate as follows:













(8-3)




where:








q

Vleak



=


vacuum-decay leak rate [mol/s]





V
vac



=


geometric volume of the vacuum-side of the sampling system [m3]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol·K)]





p
2



=


vacuum-side absolute pressure at time t
2 [Pa]





T
2



=


vacuum-side absolute temperature at time t
2 [K]





p
1



=


vacuum-side absolute pressure at time t
1 [Pa]





T
1



=


vacuum-side absolute temperature at time t
1 [K]





t
2



=


time at completion of vacuum-decay leak verification test [s]





t
1



=


time at start of vacuum-decay leak verification test [s]








8.1.9.   CO and CO2 measurements
8.1.9.1.   H2O interference verification for CO2 NDIR analysers
8.1.9.1.1.   Scope and frequency
If CO2 is measured using an NDIR analyser, the amount of H2O interference shall be verified after initial analyser installation and after major maintenance.
8.1.9.1.2.   Measurement principles
H2O can interfere with an NDIR analyser's response to CO2. If the NDIR analyser uses compensation algorithms that utilize measurements of other gases to meet this interference verification, simultaneously these other measurements shall be conducted to test the compensation algorithms during the analyser interference verification.
8.1.9.1.3.   System requirements
A CO2 NDIR analyser shall have an H2O interference that is within (0,0 ± 0,4) mmol/mol (of the expected mean CO2 concentration).
8.1.9.1.4.   Procedure
The interference verification shall be performed as follows:






(a)


The CO2 NDIR analyser shall be started, operated, zeroed, and spanned as it would be before an emission test;










(b)


A humidified test gas shall be created by bubbling zero air that meets the specifications in paragraph 9.5.1. through distilled water in a sealed vessel. If the sample is not passed through a dryer, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2O level at least as high as the maximum expected during testing. If the sample is passed through a dryer during testing, control the vessel temperature to generate an H2O level at least as high as the level determined in paragraph 9.3.2.3.1.;










(c)


The humidified test gas temperature shall be maintained at least 5 °C above its dew point downstream of the vessel;










(d)


The humidified test gas shall be introduced into the sampling system. The humidified test gas may be introduced downstream of any sample dryer, if one is used during testing;










(e)


The water mole fraction, x
H2O, of the humidified test gas shall be measured, as close as possible to the inlet of the analyser. For example, dew point, T
dew, and absolute pressure p
total, shall be measured to calculate x
H2O;










(f)


Good engineering judgment shall be used to prevent condensation in the transfer lines, fittings, or valves from the point where x
H2O is measured to the analyser;










(g)


Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize. Stabilization time shall include time to purge the transfer line and to account for analyser response;










(h)


While the analyser measures the sample's concentration, 30 s of sampled data shall be recorded. The arithmetic mean of this data shall be calculated. The analyser meets the interference verification if this value is within (0,0 ± 0,4) mmol/mol




8.1.9.2.   H2O and CO2 interference verification for CO NDIR analysers
8.1.9.2.1.   Scope and frequency
If CO is measured using an NDIR analyser, the amount of H2O and CO2 interference shall be verified after initial analyser installation and after major maintenance.
8.1.9.2.2.   Measurement principles
H2O and CO2 can positively interfere with an NDIR analyser by causing a response similar to CO. If the NDIR analyser uses compensation algorithms that utilize measurements of other gases to meet this interference verification, simultaneously these other measurements shall be conducted to test the compensation algorithms during the analyser interference verification.
8.1.9.2.3.   System requirements
A CO NDIR analyser shall have combined H2O and CO2 interference that is within ±2 per cent of the expected mean concentration of CO.
8.1.9.2.4.   Procedure
The interference verification shall be performed as follows:






(a)


The CO NDIR analyser shall be started, operated, zeroed, and spanned as it would be before an emission test;










(b)


A humidified CO2 test gas shall be created by bubbling a CO2 span gas through distilled water in a sealed vessel. If the sample is not passed through a dryer, the vessel temperature shall be controlled to generate an H2O level at least as high as the maximum expected during testing. If the sample is passed through a dryer during testing, the vessel temperature shall be controlled to generate an H2O level at least as high as the level determined in paragraph 8.1.8.5.8. A CO2 span gas concentration shall be used at least as high as the maximum expected during testing;










(c)


The humidified CO2 test gas shall be introduced into the sampling system. The humidified CO2 test gas may be introduced downstream of any sample dryer, if one is used during testing;










(d)


The water mole fraction, x
H2O, of the humidified test gas shall be measured, as close as possible to the inlet of the analyser. For example, dew point, T
dew, and absolute pressure p
total, shall be measured to calculate x
H2O;










(e)


Good engineering judgment shall be used to prevent condensation in the transfer lines, fittings, or valves from the point where x
H2O is measured to the analyser;










(f)


Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize;










(g)


While the analyser measures the sample's concentration, its output shall be recorded for 30 s. The arithmetic mean of this data shall be calculated;










(h)


The analyser meets the interference verification if the result of sub-paragraph (g) of this section meets the tolerance in paragraph 8.1.9.2.3.;










(i)


Interference procedures for CO2 and H2O may be also run separately. If the CO2 and H2O levels used are higher than the maximum levels expected during testing, each observed interference value shall be scaled down by multiplying the observed interference by the ratio of the maximum expected concentration value to the actual value used during this procedure. Separate interference procedures concentrations of H2O (down to 0,025 mol/mol H2O content) that are lower than the maximum levels expected during testing may be run, but the observed H2O interference shall be scaled up by multiplying the observed interference by the ratio of the maximum expected H2O concentration value to the actual value used during this procedure. The sum of the two scaled interference values shall meet the tolerance in paragraph 8.1.9.2.3.




8.1.10.   Hydrocarbon measurements
8.1.10.1.   FID optimization and verification
8.1.10.1.1.   Scope and frequency
For all FID analysers, the FID shall be calibrated upon initial installation. The calibration shall be repeated as needed using good engineering judgment. The following steps shall be performed for a FID that measures HC:






(a)


A FID's response to various hydrocarbons shall be optimized after initial analyser installation and after major maintenance. FID response to propylene and toluene shall be between 0,9 and 1,1 relative to propane;










(b)


A FID's methane (CH4) response factor shall be determined after initial analyser installation and after major maintenance as described in paragraph 8.1.10.1.4. of this section;










(c)


Methane (CH4) response shall be verified within 185 days before testing.




8.1.10.1.2.   Calibration
Good engineering judgment shall be used to develop a calibration procedure, such as one based on the FID-analyser manufacturer's instructions and recommended frequency for calibrating the FID. For a FID that measures HC, it shall be calibrated using C3H8 calibration gases that meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. For a FID that measures CH4, it shall be calibrated using CH4 calibration gases that meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. Regardless of the calibration gas composition, it shall be calibrated on a carbon number basis of one (C1).
8.1.10.1.3.   HC FID response optimization
This procedure is only for FID analysers that measure HC.






(a)


Instrument manufacturer requirements and good engineering judgment shall be used for initial instrument start-up and basic operating adjustment using FID fuel and zero air. Heated FIDs shall be within their required operating temperature ranges. FID response shall be optimized to meet the requirement of the hydrocarbon response factors and the oxygen interference check according to sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 8.1.10.1.1. and paragraph 8.1.10.2. at the most common analyser range expected during emission testing. Higher analyser range may be used according to the instrument manufacturer's recommendation and good engineering judgment in order to optimize FID accurately, if the common analyser range is lower than the minimum range for the optimization specified by the instrument manufacturer;










(b)


Heated FIDs shall be within their required operating temperature ranges. FID response shall be optimized at the most common analyser range expected during emission testing. With the fuel and airflow rates set at the manufacturer's recommendations, a span gas shall be introduced to the analyser;










(c)


The following steps from (i) to (iv) or the procedure instructed by the instrument manufacturer shall be taken for optimization. The procedures outlined in SAE paper No. 770141 may be optionally used for optimization;






(i)


The response at a given fuel flow shall be determined from the difference between the span gas response and the zero gas response;










(ii)


The fuel flow shall be incrementally adjusted above and below the manufacturer's specification. The span and zero response at these fuel flows shall be recorded;










(iii)


The difference between the span and zero response shall be plotted and the fuel flow adjusted to the rich side of the curve. This is the initial flow rate setting which may need further optimization depending on the results of the hydrocarbon response factors and the oxygen interference check according to sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 8.1.10.1.1. and paragraph 8.1.10.2;










(iv)


If the oxygen interference or the hydrocarbon response factors do not meet the following specifications, the airflow shall be incrementally adjusted above and below the manufacturer's specifications, repeating sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 8.1.10.1.1. and paragraph 8.1.10.2 for each flow;














(d)


The optimum flow rates and/or pressures for FID fuel and burner air shall be determined, and they shall be sampled and recorded for future reference.




8.1.10.1.4.   HC FID CH4 response factor determination
This procedure is only for FID analysers that measure HC. Since FID analysers generally have a different response to CH4 versus C3H8, each THC FID analyser's CH4 response factor, RF
CH4[THC-FID] shall be determined, after FID optimization. The most recent RF
CH4[THC-FID] measured according to this paragraph shall be used in the calculations for HC determination described in Annex 4B Appendix A.7 (molar based approach) or Annex 4B Appendix A.8 (mass based approach) to compensate for CH4 response. RF
CH4[THC-FID] shall be determined as follows, noting that RF
CH4[THC-FID] is not determined for FIDs that are calibrated and spanned using CH4 with a non-methane cutter:






(a)


A C3H8 span gas concentration shall be selected to span the analyser before emission testing. Only span gases that meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. shall be selected and the C3H8 concentration of the gas shall be recorded;










(b)


A CH4 span gas that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. shall be selected and the CH4 concentration of the gas shall be recorded,










(c)


The FID analyser shall be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions;










(d)


It shall be confirmed that the FID analyser has been calibrated using C3H8. Calibration shall be performed on a carbon number basis of one (C1);










(e)


The FID shall be zeroed with a zero gas used for emission testing;










(f)


The FID shall be spanned with the selected C3H8 span gas;










(g)


The CH4 span gas that has been selected under point (b) of this section shall be introduced at the sample port of the FID analyser;










(h)


The analyser response shall be stabilized. Stabilization time may include time to purge the analyser and to account for its response;










(i)


While the analyser measures the CH4 concentration, 30 s of sampled data shall be recorded and the arithmetic mean of these values shall be calculated;










(j)


The mean measured concentration shall be divided by the recorded span concentration of the CH4 calibration gas. The result is the FID analyser's response factor for CH4, RF
CH4[THC-FID].




8.1.10.1.5.   HC FID methane (CH4) response verification
This procedure is only for FID analysers that measure HC. If the value of RF
CH4[THC-FID] from paragraph 8.1.10.1.4. is within ±5,0 per cent of its most recent previously determined value, the HC FID passes the methane response verification.






(a)


It shall be first verified that the pressures and / or flow rates of FID fuel, burner air, and sample are each within ±0,5 per cent of their most recent previously recorded values, as described in paragraph 8.1.10.1.3. of this section. If these flow rates have to be adjusted, a new RF
CH4[THC-FID] shall be determined as described in paragraph 8.1.10.1.4. of this section. It should be verified that the value of RF
CH4[THC-FID] determined is within the tolerance specified in this paragraph 8.1.10.1.5.;










(b)


If RF
CH4[THC-FID] is not within the tolerance specified in this paragraph 8.1.10.1.5., the FID response shall be re-optimized as described in paragraph 8.1.10.1.3. of this section;










(c)


A new RF
CH4[THC-FID] shall be determined as described in paragraph 8.1.10.1.4. of this section. This new value of RFCH4[THC-FID] shall be used in the calculations for HC determination, as described in Annex 4B, Appendix A.7 (molar based approach) or Annex 4B, Appendix A.8 (mass based approach).




8.1.10.2.   Non-stoichiometric raw exhaust FID O2 interference verification
8.1.10.2.1.   Scope and frequency
If FID analysers are used for raw exhaust measurements, the amount of FID O2 interference shall be verified upon initial installation and after major maintenance.
8.1.10.2.2.   Measurement principles
Changes in O2 concentration in raw exhaust can affect FID response by changing FID flame temperature. FID fuel, burner air, and sample flow shall be optimized to meet this verification. FID performance shall be verified with the compensation algorithms for FID O2 interferences that occur during an emission test.
8.1.10.2.3.   System requirements
Any FID analyser used during testing shall meet the FID O2 interference verification according to the procedure in this section.
8.1.10.2.4.   Procedure
FID O2 interference shall be determined as follows, noting that one or more gas dividers may be used to create reference gas concentrations that are required to perform this verification:






(a)


Three span reference gases shall be selected that meet the specifications in paragraph 9.5.1. and contain C3H8 concentration used to span the analysers before emissions testing. Only CH4 span reference gases that meet the specifications in section 9.5.1. may be used for FIDs calibrated on CH4 with a non-methane cutter. The three balance gas concentrations shall be selected such that the concentrations of O2 and N2 represent the minimum and maximum and intermediate O2 concentrations expected during testing. The requirement for using the average O2 concentration can be removed if the FID is calibrated with span gas balanced with the average expected oxygen concentration;










(b)


It shall be confirmed that the FID analyser meets all the specifications of paragraph 8.1.10.1.;










(c)


The FID analyser shall be started and operated as it would be before an emission test. Regardless of the FID burner's air source during testing, zero air shall be used as the FID burner's air source for this verification;










(d)


The analyser shall be set at zero;










(e)


The analyser shall be spanned using a span gas that is used during emissions testing;










(f)


The zero response shall be checked by using the zero gas used during emission testing. It shall be proceeded to the next step if the mean zero response of 30 s of sampled data is within ± 0,5 per cent of the span reference value used in sub-paragraph (e) of this paragraph, otherwise the procedure shall be restarted at sub-paragraph (d) of this paragraph;










(g)


The analyser response shall be checked using the span gas that has the minimum concentration of O2 expected during testing. The mean response of 30 s of stabilized sample data shall be recorded as x
O2minHC;










(h)


The zero response of the FID analyser shall be checked using the zero gas used during emission testing. The next step shall be performed if the mean zero response of 30 s of stabilized sample data is within ±0,5 per cent of the span reference value used in sub-paragraph (e) of this paragraph, otherwise the procedure shall be restarted at sub-paragraph (d) of this paragraph;










(i)


The analyser response shall be checked using the span gas that has the average concentration of O2 expected during testing. The mean response of 30 s of stabilized sample data shall be recorded as x
O2avgHC;










(j)


The zero response of the FID analyser shall be checked using the zero gas used during emission testing. The next step shall be performed if the mean zero response of 30 s of stabilized sample data is within ± 0,5 per cent of the span reference value used in paragraph (e) of this paragraph, otherwise the procedure shall be restarted at paragraph (d) of this paragraph;










(k)


The analyser response shall be checked using the span gas that has the maximum concentration of O2 expected during testing. The mean response of 30 s of stabilized sample data shall be recorded as x
O2maxHC;










(l)


The zero response of the FID analyser shall be checked using the zero gas used during emission testing. The next step shall be performed if the mean zero response of 30 s of stabilized sample data is within ± 0,5 per cent of the span reference value used in paragraph (e) of this paragraph, otherwise the procedure at paragraph (d) of this paragraph shall be restarted;










(m)


The percent difference between x
O2maxHC and its reference gas concentration shall be calculated. The percent difference between x
O2avgHC and its reference gas concentration shall be calculated. The percent difference between x
O2minHC and its reference gas concentration shall be calculated. The maximum percent difference of the three shall be determined. This is the O2 interference;










(n)


If the O2 interference is within ± 3 per cent, the FID passes the O2 interference verification; otherwise one or more of the following need to be performed to address the deficiency:






(i)


The verification shall be repeated to determine if a mistake was made during the procedure;










(ii)


The zero and span gases for emission testing shall be selected that contain higher or lower O2 concentrations and the verification shall be repeated;










(iii)


The FID burner air, fuel, and sample flow rates shall be adjusted. Note that if these flow rates are adjusted on a THC FID to meet the O2 interference verification, the RF
CH4 shall be reset for the next RF
CH4 verification. The O2 interference verification shall be repeated after adjustment and RF
CH4 shall be determined;










(iv)


The FID shall be repaired or replaced and the O2 interference verification shall be repeated.








8.1.10.3.   Non-methane cutter penetration fractions
8.1.10.3.1.   Scope and frequency
If a FID analyser and a non-methane cutter (NMC) is used to measure methane (CH4), the non-methane cutter's conversion efficiencies of methane, ECH4, and ethane, E
C2H6 shall be determined. As detailed in this paragraph, these conversion efficiencies may be determined as a combination of NMC conversion efficiencies and FID analyser response factors, depending on the particular NMC and FID analyser configuration.
This verification shall be performed after installing the non-methane cutter. This verification shall be repeated within 185 days of testing to verify that the catalytic activity of the cutter has not deteriorated.
8.1.10.3.2.   Measurement principles
A non-methane cutter is a heated catalyst that removes non-methane hydrocarbons from the exhaust stream before the FID analyser measures the remaining hydrocarbon concentration. An ideal non-methane cutter would have a methane conversion efficiency E
CH4 [-] of 0 (that is, a methane penetration fraction, PF
CH4, of 1,000), and the conversion efficiency for all other hydrocarbons would be 1,000, as represented by an ethane conversion efficiency E
C2H6 [-] of 1 (that is, an ethane penetration fraction PF
C2H6 [-] of 0). The emission calculations in Annex 4B, Appendix A.7 or Annex 4B, Appendix A.8 use this paragraph's measured values of conversion efficiencies E
CH4 and E
C2H6 to account for less than ideal NMC performance.
8.1.10.3.3.   System requirements
NMC conversion efficiencies are not limited to a certain range. However, it is recommended that a non-methane cutter is optimized by adjusting its temperature to achieve a E
CH4 < 0,15 and a E
C2H6 > 0,98 (PF
CH4 > 0,85 and PF
C2H6 < 0,02) as determined by paragraph 8.1.10.3.4., as applicable. If adjusting NMC temperature does not result in achieving these specifications, it is recommended that the catalyst material is replaced. The most recently determined conversion values from this section shall be used to calculate HC emissions according to Appendices A.7-A.8 as applicable.
8.1.10.3.4.   Procedure
Any one of the procedures specified in paragraphs 8.1.10.3.4.1., 8.1.10.3.4.2. and 8.1.10.3.4.3. is recommended. An alternative method recommended by the instrument manufacturer may be used.
8.1.10.3.4.1.   Procedure for a FID calibrated with the NMC
If a FID is always calibrated to measure CH4 with the NMC, then the FID shall be spanned with the NMC using a CH4 span gas, the product of that FID's CH4 response factor and CH4 penetration fraction, RFPF
CH4[NMC-FID], shall be set equal to 1,0 (i.e. efficiency E
CH4 [-] is set to 0) for all emission calculations, and the combined ethane (C2H6) response factor and penetration fraction, RFPFC2H6[NMC-FID] (and efficiency E
C2H6 [-]) shall be determined as follows:






(a)


Both a CH4 gas mixture and a C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be selected meeting the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. Both a CH4 concentration for spanning the FID during emission testing and a C2H6 concentration that is typical of the peak NMHC concentration expected at the hydrocarbon standard or equal to THC analyser's span value shall be selected;










(b)


The non-methane cutter shall be started, operated, and optimized according to the manufacturer's instructions, including any temperature optimization;










(c)


It shall be confirmed that the FID analyser meets all the specifications of paragraph 8.1.10.1.;










(d)


The FID analyser shall be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions;










(e)


CH4 span gas shall be used to span the FID with the cutter. The FID shall be spanned on a C1 basis. For example, if the span gas has a CH4 reference value of 100 μmol/mol, the correct FID response to that span gas is 100 μmol/mol because there is one carbon atom per CH4 molecule;










(f)


The C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be introduced upstream of the non-methane cutter;










(g)


The analyser response shall be stabilized. Stabilization time may include time to purge the non-methane cutter and to account for the analyser's response;










(h)


While the analyser measures a stable concentration, 30 s of sampled data shall be recorded and the arithmetic mean of these data points shall be calculated;










(i)


The mean shall be divided by the reference value of C2H6, converted to a C1 basis. The result is the C2H6 combined response factor and penetration fraction, RFPF
C2H6[NMC-FID], equivalent to (1 - E
C2H6 [-]). This combined response factor and penetration fraction and the product of the CH4 response factor and CH4 penetration fraction, RFPF
CH4[NMC-FID], which is set equal to 1,0, in emission calculations shall be used according to Appendix A.7 or A.8, as applicable.




8.1.10.3.4.2.   Procedure for a FID calibrated with propane bypassing the NMC
If a FID is used with an NMC that is calibrated with propane, C3H8, by bypassing the NMC, penetrations fractions PF
C2H6[NMC-FID] and PF
CH4[NMC-FID] shall be determined as follows:






(a)


A CH4 gas mixture and a C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be selected meeting the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. with the CH4 concentration typical of its peak concentration expected at the hydrocarbon standard and the C2H6 concentration typical of the peak total hydrocarbon (THC) concentration expected at the hydrocarbon standard or equal to the THC analyser span value;










(b)


The non-methane cutter shall be started and operated according to the manufacturer's instructions, including any temperature optimization;










(c)


It shall be confirmed that the FID analyser meets all the specifications of paragraph 8.1.10.1.;










(d)


The FID analyser shall be operated according to the manufacturer's instructions;










(e)


The FID shall be zeroed and spanned as it would be during emission testing. The FID shall be spanned by bypassing the cutter and by using C3H8 span gas to span the FID. The FID shall be spanned on a C1 basis;










(f)


The C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be introduced upstream of the non-methane cutter at the same point the zero gas was introduced;










(g)


Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize. Stabilization time may include time to purge the non-methane cutter and to account for the analyser's response;










(h)


While the analyser measures a stable concentration, 30 s of sampled data shall be recorded and the arithmetic mean of these data points shall be calculated;










(i)


The flow path shall be rerouted to bypass the non-methane cutter, the C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be introduced to the bypass, and the steps in sub-paragraphs (g) through (h) of this paragraph shall be repeated;










(j)


The mean C2H6 concentration measured through the non-methane cutter shall be divided by the mean concentration measured after bypassing the non-methane cutter. The result is the C2H6 penetration fraction, PF
C2H6[NMC-FID], that is equivalent to (1- E
C2H6 [-]). This penetration fraction shall be used according to Appendix A.7 or A.8, as applicable;










(k)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (f) through (j) of this paragraph shall be repeated, but with the CH4 analytical gas mixture instead of C2H6. The result will be the CH4 penetration fraction, PF
CH4[NMC-FID] (equivalent to (1- E
CH4 [-])). This penetration fraction shall be used according to Appendix A.7 or A.8, as applicable.




8.1.10.3.4.3.   Procedure for a FID calibrated with methane, bypassing the NMC
If a FID is used with an NMC that is calibrated with methane, CH4, by bypassing the NMC, determine its combined ethane (C2H6) response factor and penetration fraction, RFPF
C2H6[NMC-FID], as well as its CH4 penetration fraction, PF
CH4[NMC-FID], as follows:






(a)


CH4 and C2H6 analytical gas mixtures shall be selected that meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1., with the CH4 concentration typical of its peak concentration expected at the hydrocarbon standard and the C2H6 concentration typical of the peak total hydrocarbon (THC) concentration expected at the hydrocarbon standard or the THC analyser span value;










(b)


The non-methane cutter shall be started and operated according to the manufacturer's instructions, including any temperature optimization;










(c)


It shall be confirmed that the FID analyser meets all the specifications of paragraph 8.1.10.1.;










(d)


The FID analyser shall be started and operated according to the manufacturer's instructions;










(e)


The FID shall be zeroed and spanned as it would during emission testing. The FID shall be spanned with CH4 span gas by bypassing the cutter. Note that the FID shall be spanned on a C1 basis. For example, if the span gas has a methane reference value of 100 μmol/mol, the correct FID response to that span gas is 100 μmol/mol because there is one carbon atom per CH4 molecule;










(f)


The C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be introduced upstream of the non-methane cutter at the same point the zero gas was introduced;










(g)


Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize. Stabilization time may include time to purge the non-methane cutter and to account for the analyser's response;










(h)


30 s of sampled data shall be recorded while the analyser measures a stable concentration. The arithmetic mean of these data points shall be calculated;










(i)


The flow path to bypass the non-methane cutter shall be rerouted, the C2H6 analytical gas mixture shall be introduced to the bypass, and the steps in sub-paragraphs (g) and (h) of this paragraph shall be repeated;










(j)


The mean C2H6 concentration measured through the non-methane cutter shall be divided by the mean concentration measured after bypassing the non-methane cutter. The result is the C2H6 combined response factor and penetration fraction, RFPF
C2H6[NMC-FID]. This combined response factor and penetration fraction shall be used according to Appendices A.7 and A.8, as applicable;










(k)


The steps in sub-paragraphs (f) through (j) of this paragraph shall be repeated, but with the CH4 analytical gas mixture instead of C2H6. The result will be the CH4 penetration fraction, PF
CH4[NMC-FID]. This penetration fraction shall be used according to Appendices A.7 and A.8, as applicable.




8.1.11.   NOx measurements
8.1.11.1.   CLD CO2 and H2O quench verification
8.1.11.1.1.   Scope and frequency
If a CLD analyser is used to measure NOx, the amount of H2O and CO2 quench shall be verified after installing the CLD analyser and after major maintenance.
8.1.11.1.2.   Measurement principles
H2O and CO2 can negatively interfere with a CLD's NOx response by collisional quenching, which inhibits the chemiluminescent reaction that a CLD utilizes to detect NOx. This procedure and the calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3. determine quench and scale the quench results to the maximum mole fraction of H2O and the maximum CO2 concentration expected during emission testing. If the CLD analyser uses quench compensation algorithms that utilize H2O and/or CO2 measurement instruments, quench shall be evaluated with these instruments active and with the compensation algorithms applied.
8.1.11.1.3.   System requirements
For dilute measurement a CLD analyser shall not exceed a combined H2O and CO2 quench of ± 2 per cent. For raw measurement a CLD analyser shall not exceed a combined H2O and CO2 quench of ± 2 per cent. Combined quench is the sum of the CO2 quench determined as described in paragraph 8.1.11.1.4. and the H2O quench as determined in paragraph 8.1.11.1.5. If these requirements are not met, corrective action shall be taken by repairing or replacing the analyser. Before running emission tests, it shall be verified that the corrective action have successfully restored the analyser to proper functioning.
8.1.11.1.4.   CO2 quench verification procedure
The following method or the method prescribed by the instrument manufacturer may be used to determine CO2 quench by using a gas divider that blends binary span gases with zero gas as the diluent and meets the specifications in paragraph 9.4.5.6., or good engineering judgment shall be used to develop a different protocol:






(a)


PTFE or stainless steel tubing shall be used to make necessary connections;










(b)


The gas divider shall be configured such that nearly equal amounts of the span and diluent gases are blended with each other;










(c)


If the CLD analyser has an operating mode in which it detects NO-only, as opposed to total NOx, the CLD analyser shall be operated in the NO-only operating mode;










(d)


A CO2 span gas that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. and a concentration that is approximately twice the maximum CO2 concentration expected during emission testing shall be used;










(e)


An NO span gas that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. and a concentration that is approximately twice the maximum NO concentration expected during emission testing shall be used. Higher concentration may be used according to the instrument manufacturer's recommendation and good engineering judgement in order to obtain accurate verification, if the expected NO concentration is lower than the minimum range for the verification specified by the instrument manufacturer;










(f)


The CLD analyser shall be zeroed and spanned. The CLD analyser shall be spanned with the NO span gas from sub-paragraph (e) of this paragraph through the gas divider. The NO span gas shall be connected to the span port of the gas divider; a zero gas shall be connected to the diluent port of the gas divider; the same nominal blend ratio shall be used as selected in sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph; and the gas divider's output concentration of NO shall be used to span the CLD analyser. Gas property corrections shall be applied as necessary to ensure accurate gas division;










(g)


The CO2 span gas shall be connected to the span port of the gas divider;










(h)


The NO span gas shall be connected to the diluents port of the gas divider;










(i)


While flowing NO and CO2 through the gas divider, the output of the gas divider shall be stabilized. The CO2 concentration from the gas divider output shall be determined, applying gas property correction as necessary to ensure accurate gas division. This concentration, x
CO2act, shall be recorded and it shall be used in the quench verification calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3. As an alternative to using a gas divider, another simple gas blending device may be used. In this case an analyser shall be used to determine CO2 concentration. If a NDIR is used together with a simple gas blending device, it shall meet the requirements of this section and it shall be spanned with the CO2 span gas from sub-paragraph (d) of this paragraph. The linearity of the NDIR analyser has to be checked before over the whole range up to twice of the expected maximum CO2 concentration expected during testing;










(j)


The NO concentration shall be measured downstream of the gas divider with the CLD analyser. Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize. Stabilization time may include time to purge the transfer line and to account for analyser response. While the analyser measures the sample's concentration, the analyser's output shall be recorded for 30 s. The arithmetic mean concentration shall be calculated from these data, x
NOmeas. x
NOmeas shall be recorded and it shall be used in the quench verification calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3.;










(k)


The actual NO concentration shall be calculated at the gas divider's outlet, x
NOact, based on the span gas concentrations and x
CO2act according to equation (8-5). The calculated value shall be used in the quench verification calculations in equation (8-4);










(l)


The values recorded according to paragraphs 8.1.11.1.4. and 8.1.11.1.5. of this section shall be used to calculate quench as described in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3.




8.1.11.1.5.   H2O quench verification procedure
The following method or the method prescribed by the instrument manufacturer may be used to determine H2O quench, or good engineering judgment shall be used to develop a different protocol:






(a)


PTFE or stainless steel tubing shall be used to make necessary connections;










(b)


If the CLD analyser has an operating mode in which it detects NO-only, as opposed to total NOx, the CLD analyser shall be operated in the NO-only operating mode;










(c)


A NO span gas shall be used that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. and a concentration that is near the maximum concentration expected during emission testing. Higher concentration may be used according to the instrument manufacturer's recommendation and good engineering judgement in order to obtain accurate verification, if the expected NO concentration is lower than the minimum range for the verification specified by the instrument manufacturer;










(d)


The CLD analyser shall be zeroed and spanned. The CLD analyser shall be spanned with the NO span gas from paragraph (c) of this paragraph, the span gas concentration shall be recorded as x
NOdry, and it shall be used in the quench verification calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3.;










(e)


The NO span gas shall be humidified by bubbling it through distilled water in a sealed vessel. If the humidified NO span gas sample does not pass through a sample dryer for this verification test, the vessel temperature shall be controlled to generate an H2O level approximately equal to the maximum mole fraction of H2O expected during emission testing. If the humidified NO span gas sample does not pass through a sample dryer, the quench verification calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3. scale the measured H2O quench to the highest mole fraction of H2O expected during emission testing. If the humidified NO span gas sample passes through a dryer for this verification test, the vessel temperature shall be controlled to generate an H2O level at least as high as the level determined in paragraph 9.3.2.3.1. For this case, the quench verification calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3. do not scale the measured H2O quench;










(f)


The humidified NO test gas shall be introduced into the sample system. It may be introduced upstream or downstream of a sample dryer that is used during emission testing. Depending on the point of introduction, the respective calculation method of sub-paragraph (e) shall be selected. Note that the sample dryer shall meet the sample dryer verification check in paragraph 8.1.8.5.8.;










(g)


The mole fraction of H2O in the humidified NO span gas shall be measured. In case a sample dryer is used, the mole fraction of H2O in the humidified NO span gas shall be measured downstream of the sample dryer, x
H2Omeas. It is recommended to measure x
H2Omeas as close as possible to the CLD analyser inlet. x
H2Omeas may be calculated from measurements of dew point, T
dew, and absolute pressure, p
total;










(h)


Good engineering judgment shall be used to prevent condensation in the transfer lines, fittings, or valves from the point where x
H2Omeas is measured to the analyser. It is recommended that the system is designed so the wall temperatures in the transfer lines, fittings, and valves from the point where x
H2Omeas is measured to the analyser are at least 5 °C above the local sample gas dew point;










(i)


The humidified NO span gas concentration shall be measured with the CLD analyser. Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize. Stabilization time may include time to purge the transfer line and to account for analyser response. While the analyser measures the sample's concentration, the analyser's output shall be recorded for 30 seconds. The arithmetic mean shall be calculated of these data, x
NOwet. x
NOwet shall be recorded and used in the quench verification calculations in paragraph 8.1.11.2.3.




8.1.11.2.   CLD quench verification calculations
CLD quench-check calculations shall be performed as described in this paragraph.
8.1.11.2.1.   Amount of water expected during testing
The maximum expected mole fraction of water during emission testing, x
H2Oexp shall be estimated. This estimate shall be made where the humidified NO span gas was introduced in sub-paragraph (f) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.5. When estimating the maximum expected mole fraction of water, the maximum expected water content in combustion air, fuel combustion products, and dilution air (if applicable) shall be considered. If the humidified NO span gas is introduced into the sample system upstream of a sample dryer during the verification test, it is not needed to estimate the maximum expected mole fraction of water and x
H2Oexp shall be set equal to x
H2Omeas.
8.1.11.2.2.   Amount of CO2 expected during testing
The maximum expected CO2 concentration during emission testing, x
CO2exp shall be estimated. This estimate shall be made at the sample system location where the blended NO and CO2 span gases are introduced according to sub-paragraph (j) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.4. When estimating the maximum expected CO2 concentration, the maximum expected CO2 content in fuel combustion products and dilution air shall be considered.
8.1.11.2.3.   Combined H2O and CO2 quench calculations
Combined H2O and CO2 quench shall be calculated as follows:













(8-4)




where:








quench



=


amount of CLD quench





x
NOdry



=


measured concentration of NO upstream of a bubbler, according to sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.5.





x
NOwet



=


measured concentration of NO downstream of a bubbler, according to sub-paragraph (i) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.5.





x
H2Oexp



=


maximum expected mole fraction of water during emission testing according to paragraph 8.1.11.2.1.





x
H2Omeas



=


measured mole fraction of water during the quench verification according to sub-paragraph (g) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.5.





x
NOmeas



=


measured concentration of NO when NO span gas is blended with CO2 span gas, according to sub-paragraph (j) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.4.





x
NOact



=


actual concentration of NO when NO span gas is blended with CO2 span gas, according to sub-paragraph (k) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.4. and calculated according to equation (8-5)





x
CO2exp



=


maximum expected concentration of CO2 during emission testing, according to paragraph 8.1.11.2.2.





x
CO2act



=


actual concentration of CO2 when NO span gas is blended with CO2 span gas, according to sub-paragraph (i) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.4.

















(8-5)




where:








x
NOspan



=


the NO span gas concentration input to the gas divider, according to sub-paragraph (e) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.4.





x
CO2span



=


the CO2 span gas concentration input to the gas divider, according to sub-paragraph (d) of paragraph 8.1.11.1.4.




8.1.11.3.   NDUV analyser HC and H2O interference verification
8.1.11.3.1.   Scope and frequency
If NOx is measured using an NDUV analyser, the amount of H2O and hydrocarbon interference shall be verified after initial analyser installation and after major maintenance.
8.1.11.3.2.   Measurement principles
Hydrocarbons and H2O can positively interfere with a NDUV analyser by causing a response similar to NOx. If the NDUV analyser uses compensation algorithms that utilize measurements of other gases to meet this interference verification, simultaneously such measurements shall be conducted to test the algorithms during the analyser interference verification.
8.1.11.3.3.   System requirements
A NOx NDUV analyser shall have combined H2O and HC interference within ±2 per cent of the mean concentration of NOx.
8.1.11.3.4.   Procedure
The interference verification shall be performed as follows:






(a)


The NOx NDUV analyser shall be started, operated, zeroed, and spanned according to the instrument manufacturer's instructions;










(b)


It is recommended to extract engine exhaust to perform this verification. A CLD shall be used that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.4. to quantify NOx in the exhaust. The CLD response shall be used as the reference value. Also HC shall be measured in the exhaust with a FID analyser that meets the specifications of paragraph 9.4. The FID response shall be used as the reference hydrocarbon value;










(c)


Upstream of any sample dryer, if one is used during testing, the engine exhaust shall be introduced into the NDUV analyser;










(d)


Time shall be allowed for the analyser response to stabilize. Stabilization time may include time to purge the transfer line and to account for analyser response;










(e)


While all analysers measure the sample's concentration, 30 s of sampled data shall be recorded, and the arithmetic means for the three analysers calculated;










(f)


The CLD mean shall be subtracted from the NDUV mean;










(g)


This difference shall be multiplied by the ratio of the expected mean HC concentration to the HC concentration measured during the verification. The analyser meets the interference verification of this paragraph if this result is within ±2 per cent of the NOx concentration expected at the standard:













(8-6)




where:














=


the mean concentration of NOx measured by CLD [μmol/mol] or [ppm]











=


the mean concentration of NOx measured by NDUV [μmol/mol] or [ppm]











=


the mean concentration of HC measured [μmol/mol] or [ppm]











=


the mean concentration of HC expected at the standard [μmol/mol] or [ppm]











=


the mean concentration of NOx expected at the standard [μmol/mol] or [ppm]








8.1.11.3.5.   Cooling bath (chiller) requirements
It shall be demonstrated that for the highest expected water vapour concentration H
m, the water removal technique maintains CLD humidity at ≤ 5 g water/kg dry air (or about 0,8 volume per cent H2O), which is 100 per cent relative humidity at 3,9 °C and 101,3 kPa. This humidity specification is also equivalent to about 25 per cent relative humidity at 25 °C and 101,3 kPa. This may be demonstrated by measuring the temperature at the outlet of a thermal dehumidifier, or by measuring humidity at a point just upstream of the CLD.
8.1.11.4.   Cooling bath (chiller) NO2 penetration
8.1.11.4.1.   Scope and frequency
If a cooling bath (chiller) is used to dry a sample upstream of a NOx measurement instrument, but no NO2-to-NO converter is used upstream of the cooling bath, this verification shall be performed for cooling bath NO2 penetration. This verification shall be performed after initial installation and after major maintenance.
8.1.11.4.2.   Measurement principles
A cooling bath (chiller) removes water, which can otherwise interfere with a NOx measurement. However, liquid water remaining in an improperly designed cooling bath can remove NO2 from the sample. If a cooling bath is used without an NO2-to-NO converter upstream, it could therefore remove NO2 from the sample prior NOx measurement.
8.1.11.4.3.   System requirements
The chiller shall allow for measuring at least 95 per cent of the total NO2 at the maximum expected concentration of NO2.
8.1.11.4.4.   Procedure
The following procedure shall be used to verify chiller performance:






(a)


Instrument setup. The analyser and chiller manufacturers' start-up and operating instructions shall be followed. The analyser and chiller shall be adjusted as needed to optimize performance;










(b)


Equipment setup and data collection.






(i)


The total NOx gas analyser(s) shall be zeroed and spanned as it would be before emission testing;










(ii)


NO2 calibration gas (balance gas of dry air) that has an NO2 concentration that is near the maximum expected during testing shall be selected. Higher concentration may be used according to the instrument manufacturer's recommendation and good engineering judgement in order to obtain accurate verification, if the expected NO2 concentration is lower than the minimum range for the verification specified by the instrument manufacturer;










(iii)


This calibration gas shall be overflowed at the gas sampling system's probe or overflow fitting. Time shall be allowed for stabilization of the total NOx response, accounting only for transport delays and instrument response;










(iv)


The mean of 30 s of recorded total NOx data shall be calculated and this value recorded as x
NOxref;










(v)


The flowing of the NO2 calibration gas shall be stopped;










(vi)


Next the sampling system shall be saturated by overflowing a dew point generator's output, set at a dew point of 50 °C, to the gas sampling system's probe or overflow fitting. The dew point generator's output shall be sampled through the sampling system and chiller for at least 10 minutes until the chiller is expected to be removing a constant rate of water;










(vii)


It shall be immediately switched back to overflowing the NO2 calibration gas used to establish x
NOxref. It shall be allowed for stabilization of the total NOx response, accounting only for transport delays and instrument response. The mean of 30 s of recorded total NOx data shall be calculated and this value recorded as x
NOxmeas;










(viii)



x
NOxmeas shall be corrected to x
NOxdry based upon the residual water vapour that passed through the chiller at the chiller's outlet temperature and pressure;














(c)


Performance evaluation. If x
NOxdry is less than 95 per cent of x
NOxref, the chiller shall be repaired or replaced.




8.1.11.5.   NO2-to-NO converter conversion verification
8.1.11.5.1.   Scope and frequency
If an analyser is used that measures only NO to determine NOx, an NO2-to-NO converter shall be used upstream of the analyser. This verification shall be performed after installing the converter, after major maintenance and within 35 days before an emission test. This verification shall be repeated at this frequency to verify that the catalytic activity of the NO2-to-NO converter has not deteriorated.
8.1.11.5.2.   Measurement principles
An NO2-to-NO converter allows an analyser that measures only NO to determine total NOx by converting the NO2 in exhaust to NO.
8.1.11.5.3.   System requirements
An NO2-to-NO converter shall allow for measuring at least 95 per cent of the total NO2 at the maximum expected concentration of NO2.
8.1.11.5.4.   Procedure
The following procedure shall be used to verify the performance of a NO2-to-NO converter:






(a)


For the instrument setup the analyser and NO2-to-NO converter manufacturers' start-up and operating instructions shall be followed. The analyser and converter shall be adjusted as needed to optimize performance;










(b)


An ozonator's inlet shall be connected to a zero-air or oxygen source and its outlet shall be connected to one port of a 3-way tee fitting. An NO span gas shall be connected to another port and the NO2-to-NO converter inlet shall be connected to the last port;










(c)


The following steps shall be taken when performing this check:






(i)


The ozonator air shall be set off and the ozonator power shall be turned off and the NO2-to-NO converter shall be set to the bypass mode (i.e., NO mode). Stabilization shall be allowed for, accounting only for transport delays and instrument response;










(ii)


The NO and zero-gas flows shall be adjusted so the NO concentration at the analyser is near the peak total NOx concentration expected during testing. The NO2 content of the gas mixture shall be less than 5 per cent of the NO concentration. The concentration of NO shall be recorded by calculating the mean of 30 s of sampled data from the analyser and this value shall be recorded as x
NOref. Higher concentration may be used according to the instrument manufacturer's recommendation and good engineering judgement in order to obtain accurate verification, if the expected NO concentration is lower than the minimum range for the verification specified by the instrument manufacturer;










(iii)


The ozonator O2 supply shall be turned on and the O2 flow rate adjusted so that the NO indicated by the analyser is about 10 percent less than x
NOref. The concentration of NO shall be recorded by calculating the mean of 30 s of sampled data from the analyser and this value recorded as x
NO+O2mix;










(iv)


The ozonator shall be switched on and the ozone generation rate adjusted so that the NO measured by the analyser is approximately 20 percent of x
NOref, while maintaining at least 10 per cent unreacted NO. The concentration of NO shall be recorded by calculating the mean of 30 s of sampled data from the analyser and this value shall be recorded as x
NOmeas;










(v)


The NOx analyser shall be switched to NOx mode and total NOx measured. The concentration of NOx shall be recorded by calculating the mean of 30 s of sampled data from the analyser and this value shall be recorded as x
NOxmeas;










(vi)


The ozonator shall be switched off but gas flow through the system shall be maintained. The NOx analyser will indicate the NOx in the NO + O2 mixture. The concentration of NOx shall be recorded by calculating the mean of 30 s of sampled data from the analyser and this value shall be recorded as x
NOx+O2mix;










(vii)


O2 supply shall be turned off. The NOx analyser will indicate the NOx in the original NO-in-N2 mixture. The concentration of NOx shall be recorded by calculating the mean of 30 s of sampled data from the analyser and this value shall be recorded as x
NOxref. This value shall be no more than 5 per cent above the x
NOref value;














(d)


Performance evaluation. The efficiency of the NOx converter shall be calculated by substituting the concentrations obtained into the following equation:













(8-7)














(e)


If the result is less than 95 per cent, the NO2-to-NO converter shall be repaired or replaced.




8.1.12.   PM measurements
8.1.12.1.   PM balance verifications and weighing process verification
8.1.12.1.1.   Scope and frequency
This paragraph describes three verifications.






(a)


Independent verification of PM balance performance within 370 days prior to weighing any filter;










(b)


Zero and span of the balance within 12 h prior to weighing any filter;










(c)


Verification that the mass determination of reference filters before and after a filter weighing session be less than a specified tolerance.




8.1.12.1.2.   Independent verification
The balance manufacturer (or a representative approved by the balance manufacturer) shall verify the balance performance within 370 days of testing in accordance with internal audit procedures.
8.1.12.1.3.   Zeroing and spanning
Balance performance shall be verified by zeroing and spanning it with at least one calibration weight, and any weights that are used shall meet the specifications in paragraph 9.5.2. to perform this verification. A manual or automated procedure shall be used:






(a)


A manual procedure requires that the balance shall be used in which the balance shall be zeroed and spanned with at least one calibration weight. If normally mean values are obtained by repeating the weighing process to improve the accuracy and precision of PM measurements, the same process shall be used to verify balance performance;










(b)


An automated procedure is carried out with internal calibration weights that are used automatically to verify balance performance. These internal calibration weights shall meet the specifications in paragraph 9.5.2. to perform this verification.




8.1.12.1.4.   Reference sample weighing
All mass readings during a weighing session shall be verified by weighing reference PM sample media (e.g. filters) before and after a weighing session. A weighing session may be as short as desired, but no longer than 80 hours, and may include both pre- and post-test mass readings. Successive mass determinations of each reference PM sample media shall return the same value within ± 10 μg or ± 10 per cent of the expected total PM mass, whichever is higher. Should successive PM sample filter weighing events fail this criterion, all individual test filter mass readings occurring between the successive reference filter mass determinations shall be invalidated. These filters may be re-weighed in another weighing session. Should a post-test filter be invalidated then the test interval is void. This verification shall be performed as follows:






(a)


At least two samples of unused PM sample media shall be kept in the PM-stabilization environment. These shall be used as references. Unused filters of the same material and size shall be selected for use as references;










(b)


References shall be stabilized in the PM stabilization environment. References shall be considered stabilized if they have been in the PM-stabilization environment for a minimum of 30 min, and the PM-stabilization environment has been within the specifications of paragraph 9.3.4.4. for at least the preceding 60 min;










(c)


The balance shall be exercised several times with a reference sample without recording the values;










(d)


The balance shall be zeroed and spanned. A test mass shall be placed on the balance (e.g. calibration weight) and then removed ensuring that the balance returns to an acceptable zero reading within the normal stabilization time;










(e)


Each of the reference media (e.g. filters) shall be weighed and their masses recorded. If normally mean values are obtained by repeating the weighing process to improve the accuracy and precision of reference media (e.g. filters) masses, the same process shall be used to measure mean values of sample media (e.g. filters) masses;










(f)


The balance environment dew point, ambient temperature, and atmospheric pressure shall be recorded;










(g)


The recorded ambient conditions shall be used to correct results for buoyancy as described in paragraph 8.1.12.2. The buoyancy-corrected mass of each of the references shall be recorded;










(h)


Each of the reference media's (e.g. filter's) buoyancy-corrected reference mass shall be subtracted from its previously measured and recorded buoyancy-corrected mass;










(i)


If any of the reference filters' observed mass changes by more than that allowed under this paragraph, all PM mass determinations made since the last successful reference media (e.g. filter) mass validation shall be invalidated. Reference PM filters may be discarded if only one of the filters mass has changed by more than the allowable amount and a special cause for that filter's mass change can be positively identified which would not have affected other in-process filters. Thus the validation can be considered a success. In this case, the contaminated reference media shall not be included when determining compliance with sub-paragraph (j) of this paragraph, but the affected reference filter shall be discarded and replaced;










(j)


If any of the reference masses change by more than that allowed under this paragraph 8.1.12.1.4., all PM results that were determined between the two times that the reference masses were determined shall be invalidated. If reference PM sample media is discarded according to sub-paragraph (i) of this paragraph, at least one reference mass difference that meets the criteria in this paragraph 8.1.12.1.4. shall be available. Otherwise, all PM results that were determined between the two times that the reference media (e.g. filters) masses were determined shall be invalidated.




8.1.12.2.   PM sample filter buoyancy correction
8.1.12.2.1.   General
PM sample filter shall be corrected for their buoyancy in air. The buoyancy correction depends on the sample media density, the density of air, and the density of the calibration weight used to calibrate the balance. The buoyancy correction does not account for the buoyancy of the PM itself, because the mass of PM typically accounts for only (0,01 to 0,10) per cent of the total weight. A correction to this small fraction of mass would be at the most 0,010 per cent. The buoyancy-corrected values are the tare masses of the PM samples. These buoyancy-corrected values of the pre-test filter weighing are subsequently subtracted from the buoyancy-corrected values of the post-test weighing of the corresponding filter to determine the mass of PM emitted during the test.
8.1.12.2.2.   PM sample filter density
Different PM sample filter have different densities. The known density of the sample media shall be used, or one of the densities for some common sampling media shall be used, as follows:






(a)


For PTFE-coated borosilicate glass, a sample media density of 2 300 kg/m3 shall be used;










(b)


For PTFE membrane (film) media with an integral support ring of polymethylpentene that accounts for 95 per cent of the media mass, a sample media density of 920 kg/m3 shall be used;










(c)


For PTFE membrane (film) media with an integral support ring of PTFE, a sample media density of 2 144 kg/m3 shall be used.




8.1.12.2.3.   Air density
Because a PM balance environment shall be tightly controlled to an ambient temperature of (22 ± 1) °C and a dew point of (9,5 ± 1) °C, air density is primarily function of atmospheric pressure. Therefore a buoyancy correction is specified that is only a function of atmospheric pressure.
8.1.12.2.4.   Calibration weight density
The stated density of the material of the metal calibration weight shall be used.
8.1.12.2.5.   Correction calculation
The PM sample filter shall be corrected for buoyancy using the following equations:













(8-8)




where:








m
cor



=


PM sample filter mass corrected for buoyancy





m
uncor



=


PM sample filter mass uncorrected for buoyancy





ρ
air



=


density of air in balance environment





ρ
weight



=


density of calibration weight used to span balance





ρ
media



=


density of PM sample filter

















(8-9)




where:








p
abs



=


absolute pressure in balance environment





M
mix



=


molar mass of air in balance environment





R



=


molar gas constant





T
amb



=


absolute ambient temperature of balance environment




8.2.   Instrument validation for test
8.2.1.   Validation of proportional flow control for batch sampling and minimum dilution ratio for PM batch sampling
8.2.1.1.   Proportionality criteria for CVS
8.2.1.1.1.   Proportional flows
For any pair of flow-meters, the recorded sample and total flow rates or their 1 Hz means shall be used with the statistical calculations in Annex 4B, Appendix A.2, paragraph A.2.9. The standard error of the estimate, SEE, of the sample flow rate versus the total flow rate shall be determined. For each test interval, it shall be demonstrated that SEE was less than or equal to 3,5 per cent of the mean sample flow rate.
8.2.1.1.2.   Constant flows
For any pair of flow-meters, the recorded sample and total flow rates or their 1 Hz means shall be used to demonstrate that each flow rate was constant within ± 2,5 per cent of its respective mean or target flow rate. The following options may be used instead of recording the respective flow rate of each type of meter:






(a)


Critical-flow venturi option. For critical-flow venturis, the recorded venturi-inlet conditions or their 1 Hz means shall be used. It shall be demonstrated that the flow density at the venturi inlet was constant within ±2,5 per cent of the mean or target density over each test interval. For a CVS critical-flow venturi, this may be demonstrated by showing that the absolute temperature at the venturi inlet was constant within ±4 per cent of the mean or target absolute temperature over each test interval;










(b)


Positive-displacement pump option. The recorded pump-inlet conditions or their 1 Hz means shall be used. It shall be demonstrated that the flow density at the pump inlet was constant within ±2,5 per cent of the mean or target density over each test interval. For a CVS pump, this may be demonstrated by showing that the absolute temperature at the pump inlet was constant within ±2 per cent of the mean or target absolute temperature over each test interval.




8.2.1.1.3.   Demonstration of proportional sampling
For any proportional batch sample such as a bag or PM filter, it shall be demonstrated that proportional sampling was maintained using one of the following, noting that up to 5 per cent of the total number of data points may be omitted as outliers.
Using good engineering judgment, it shall be demonstrated with an engineering analysis that the proportional-flow control system inherently ensures proportional sampling under all circumstances expected during testing. For example, CFVs may be used for both sample flow and total flow if it is demonstrated that they always have the same inlet pressures and temperatures and that they always operate under critical-flow conditions.
Measured or calculated flows and/or tracer gas concentrations (e.g. CO2) shall be used to determine the minimum dilution ratio for PM batch sampling over the test interval.
8.2.1.2.   Partial flow dilution system validation
For the control of a partial flow dilution system to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample, a fast system response is required; this is identified by the promptness of the partial flow dilution system. The transformation time for the system shall be determined by the procedure in paragraph 8.1.8.6. and the related Figure 3.1. The actual control of the partial flow dilution system shall be based on the current measured conditions. If the combined transformation time of the exhaust flow measurement and the partial flow system is ≤ 0,3 s, online control shall be used. If the transformation time exceeds 0,3 s, look-ahead control based on a pre-recorded test run shall be used. In this case, the combined rise time shall be ≤ 1 s and the combined delay time ≤ 10 s. The total system response shall be designed as to ensure a representative sample of the particulates, q
mp,i
 (sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system), proportional to the exhaust mass flow. To determine the proportionality, a regression analysis of q
mp,i
 versus q
mew,i
 (exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis) shall be conducted on a minimum 5 Hz data acquisition rate, and the following criteria shall be met:






(a)


The correlation coefficient r
2 of the linear regression between q
mp,i and q
mew,i
 shall not be less than 0,95;










(b)


The standard error of estimate of q
mp,i on q
mew,i
 shall not exceed 5 per cent of q
mp maximum;










(c)



q
mp intercept of the regression line shall not exceed ±2 per cent of q
mp maximum.




Look-ahead control is required if the combined transformation times of the particulate system, t
50,P and of the exhaust mass flow signal, t
50,F are > 0,3 s. In this case, a pre-test shall be run and the exhaust mass flow signal of the pre-test be used for controlling the sample flow into the particulate system. A correct control of the partial dilution system is obtained, if the time trace of q
mew,pre of the pre-test, which controls q
mp, is shifted by a "look-ahead" time of t
50,P + t
50,F.
For establishing the correlation between q
mp,i
 and qmew,i
 the data taken during the actual test shall be used, with q
mew,i time aligned by t
50,F relative to q
mp,i
 (no contribution from t
50,P to the time alignment). The time shift between q
mew and q
mp is the difference between their transformation times that were determined in paragraph 8.1.8.6.3.2.
8.2.2.   Gas analyser range validation, drift validation and drift correction
8.2.2.1.   Range validation
If an analyser operated above 100 per cent of its range at any time during the test, the following steps shall be performed:
8.2.2.1.1.   Batch sampling
For batch sampling, the sample shall be re-analysed using the lowest analyser range that results in a maximum instrument response below 100 per cent. The result shall be reported from the lowest range from which the analyser operates below 100 per cent of its range for the entire test.
8.2.2.1.2.   Continuous sampling
For continuous sampling, the entire test shall be repeated using the next higher analyser range. If the analyser again operates above 100 per cent of its range, the test shall be repeated using the next higher range. The test shall be continued to be repeated until the analyser always operates at less than 100 per cent of its range for the entire test.
8.2.2.2.   Drift validation and drift correction
If the drift is within ±1 per cent, the data can be either accepted without any correction or accepted after correction. If the drift is greater than ±1 per cent, two sets of brake specific emission results shall be calculated for each pollutant, or the test shall be voided. One set shall be calculated using data before drift correction and another set of data calculated after correcting all the data for drift according to Appendices A.7.2 and A.8.2 of Annex 4B. The comparison shall be made as a percentage of the uncorrected results. The difference between the uncorrected and the corrected brake-specific emission values shall be within ±4 per cent of the uncorrected brake-specific emission values. If not, the entire test is void.
8.2.3.   PM sampling media (e.g. filters) preconditioning and tare weighing
Before an emission test, the following steps shall be taken to prepare PM sample filter media and equipment for PM measurements:
8.2.3.1.   Periodic verifications
It shall be made sure that the balance and PM-stabilization environments meet the periodic verifications in paragraph 8.1.12. The reference filter shall be weighed just before weighing test filters to establish an appropriate reference point (see section details of the procedure in paragraph 8.1.12.1.). The verification of the stability of the reference filters shall occur after the post-test stabilization period, immediately before the post-test weighing.
8.2.3.2.   Visual Inspection
The unused sample filter media shall be visually inspected for defects, defective filters shall be discarded.
8.2.3.3.   Grounding
Electrically grounded tweezers or a grounding strap shall be used to handle PM filters as described in paragraph 9.3.4.
8.2.3.4.   Unused sample media
Unused sample media shall be placed in one or more containers that are open to the PM-stabilization environment. If filters are used, they may be placed in the bottom half of a filter cassette.
8.2.3.5.   Stabilization
Sample media shall be stabilized in the PM-stabilization environment. An unused sample medium can be considered stabilized as long as it has been in the PM-stabilization environment for a minimum of 30 min, during which the PM-stabilization environment has been within the specifications of paragraph 9.3.4.
8.2.3.6.   Weighing
The sample media shall be weighed automatically or manually, as follows:






(a)


For automatic weighing, the automation system manufacturer's instructions shall be followed to prepare samples for weighing;










(b)


For manual weighing, good engineering judgment shall be used;










(c)


Optionally, substitution weighing is permitted (see paragraph 8.2.3.10.);










(d)


Once a filter is weighed it shall be returned to the Petri dish and covered.




8.2.3.7.   Buoyancy correction
The measured weight shall be corrected for buoyancy as described in paragraph 8.1.12.2.
8.2.3.8.   Repetition
The filter mass measurements may be repeated to determine the average mass of the filter using good engineering judgement and to exclude outliers from the calculation of the average.
8.2.3.9.   Tare-weighing
Unused filters that have been tare-weighed shall be loaded into clean filter cassettes and the loaded cassettes shall be placed in a covered or sealed container before they are taken to the test cell for sampling.
8.2.3.10.   Substitution weighing
Substitution weighing is an option and, if used, involves measurement of a reference weight before and after each weighing of a PM sampling medium (e.g. filter). While substitution weighing requires more measurements, it corrects for a balance's zero-drift and it relies on balance linearity only over a small range. This is most appropriate when quantifying total PM masses that are less than 0,1 per cent of the sample medium's mass. However, it may not be appropriate when total PM masses exceed 1 per cent of the sample medium's mass. If substitution weighing is used, it shall be used for both pre-test and post-test weighing. The same substitution weight shall be used for both pre-test and post-test weighing. The mass of the substitution weight shall be corrected for buoyancy if the density of the substitution weight is less than 2,0 g/cm3. The following steps are an example of substitution weighing:






(a)


Electrically grounded tweezers or a grounding strap shall be used, as described in paragraph 9.3.4.6.;










(b)


A static neutralizer shall be used as described in paragraph 9.3.4.6. to minimize static electric charge on any object before it is placed on the balance pan;










(c)


A substitution weight shall be selected that meets the specifications for calibration weights in paragraph 9.5.2. The substitution weight shall also have the same density as the weight that is used to span the microbalance, and shall be similar in mass to an unused sample medium (e.g. filter). If filters are used, the weight's mass should be about (80 to 100) mg for typical 47 mm diameter filters;










(d)


The stable balance reading shall be recorded and then the calibration weight shall be removed;










(e)


An unused sampling medium (e.g. a new filter) shall be weighed, the stable balance reading recorded and the balance environment's dew point, ambient temperature, and atmospheric pressure recorded;










(f)


The calibration weight shall be reweighed and the stable balance reading recorded;










(g)


The arithmetic mean of the two calibration-weight readings that were recorded immediately before and after weighing the unused sample shall be calculated. That mean value shall be subtracted from the unused sample reading, then the true mass of the calibration weight as stated on the calibration-weight certificate shall be added. This result shall be recorded. This is the unused sample's tare weight without correcting for buoyancy;










(h)


These substitution-weighing steps shall be repeated for the remainder of the unused sample media;










(i)


The instructions given in paragraphs 8.2.3.7. through 8.2.3.9. of this section shall be followed once weighing is completed.




8.2.4.   PM sample post-conditioning and total weighing
8.2.4.1.   Periodic verification
It shall be assured that the weighing and PM-stabilization environments have met the periodic verifications in paragraph 8.1.12.1. After testing is complete, the filters shall be returned to the weighing and PM-stabilization environment. The weighing and PM-stabilization environment shall meet the ambient conditions requirements in paragraph 9.3.4.4., otherwise the test filters shall be left covered until proper conditions have been met.
8.2.4.2.   Removal from sealed containers
In the PM-stabilization environment, the PM samples shall be removed from the sealed containers. Filters may be removed from their cassettes before or after stabilization. When a filter is removed from a cassette, the top half of the cassette shall be separated from the bottom half using a cassette separator designed for this purpose.
8.2.4.3.   Electrical grounding
To handle PM samples, electrically grounded tweezers or a grounding strap shall be used, as described in paragraph 9.3.4.5.
8.2.4.4.   Visual inspection
The collected PM samples and the associated filter media shall be inspected visually. If the conditions of either the filter or the collected PM sample appear to have been compromised, or if the particulate matter contacts any surface other than the filter, the sample may not be used to determine particulate emissions. In the case of contact with another surface; the affected surface shall be cleaned before proceeding.
8.2.4.5.   Stabilization of PM samples
To stabilize PM samples, they shall be placed in one or more containers that are open to the PM-stabilization environment, which is described in paragraph 9.3.4.3. A PM sample is stabilized as long as it has been in the PM-stabilization environment for one of the following durations, during which the stabilization environment has been within the specifications of paragraph 9.3.4.3.:






(a)


If it is expected that a filter's total surface concentration of PM will be greater than 0,353 μg/mm2, assuming a 400 μg loading on a 38 mm diameter filter stain area, the filter shall be exposed to the stabilization environment for at least 60 minutes before weighing;










(b)


If it is expected that a filter's total surface concentration of PM will be less than 0,353 μg/mm2, the filter shall be exposed to the stabilization environment for at least 30 minutes before weighing;










(c)


If a filter's total surface concentration of PM to be expected during the test is unknown, the filter shall be exposed to the stabilization environment for at least 60 minutes before weighing.




8.2.4.6.   Determination of post-test filter mass
The procedures in paragraph 8.2.3. shall be repeated (paragraphs 8.2.3.6. through 8.2.3.9.) to determine the post-test filter mass.
8.2.4.7.   Total mass
Each buoyancy-corrected filter tare mass shall be subtracted from its respective buoyancy-corrected post-test filter mass. The result is the total mass, m
total, which shall be used in emission calculations in Appendices A.7 and A.8.
9.   MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT
9.1.   Engine dynamometer specification
9.1.1.   Shaft work
An engine dynamometer shall be used that has adequate characteristics to perform the applicable duty cycle including the ability to meet appropriate cycle validation criteria. The following dynamometers may be used:






(a)


Eddy-current or water-brake dynamometers;










(b)


Alternating-current or direct-current motoring dynamometers;










(c)


One or more dynamometers.




9.1.2.   Transient cycle
Load cell or in-line torque meter may be used for torque measurements.
When using a load cell, the torque signal shall be transferred to the engine axis and the inertia of the dynamometer shall be considered. The actual engine torque is the torque read on the load cell plus the moment of inertia of the brake multiplied by the angular acceleration. The control system has to perform such a calculation in real time.
9.1.3.   Engine accessories
The work of engine accessories required to fuel, lubricate, or heat the engine, circulate liquid coolant to the engine, or to operate after-treatment devices shall be accounted for and they shall be installed in accordance with paragraph 6.3.
9.2.   Dilution procedure (if applicable)
9.2.1.   Diluent conditions and background concentrations
Gaseous constituents may be measured raw or dilute whereas PM measurement generally requires dilution. Dilution may be accomplished by a full flow or partial flow dilution system. When dilution is applied then the exhaust may be diluted with ambient air, synthetic air, or nitrogen. For gaseous emissions measurement the diluent shall be at least 15 °C. For PM sampling the temperature of the diluent is specified in paragraphs 9.2.2. for CVS and 9.2.3. for PFD with varying dilution ratio. The flow capacity of the dilution system shall be large enough to completely eliminate water condensation in the dilution and sampling systems. De-humidifying the dilution air before entering the dilution system is permitted, if the air humidity is high. The dilution tunnel walls may be heated or insulated as well as the bulk stream tubing downstream of the tunnel to prevent aqueous condensation.
Before a diluent is mixed with exhaust, it may be preconditioned by increasing or decreasing its temperature or humidity. Constituents may be removed from the diluent to reduce their background concentrations. The following provisions apply to removing constituents or accounting for background concentrations:






(a)


Constituent concentrations in the diluent may be measured and compensated for background effects on test results. See Appendices A.7-A.8 for calculations that compensate for background concentrations;










(b)


To account for background PM the following options are available:






(i)


For removing background PM, the diluent shall be filtered with high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters that have an initial minimum collection efficiency specification of 99,97 per cent (see paragraph 3.1. for procedures related to HEPA-filtration efficiencies);










(ii)


For correcting for background PM without HEPA filtration, the background PM shall not contribute more than 50 per cent of the net PM collected on the sample filter;










(iii)


Background correction of net PM with HEPA filtration is permitted without restriction.








9.2.2.   Full flow system
Full-flow dilution; constant-volume sampling (CVS). The full flow of raw exhaust is diluted in a dilution tunnel. Constant flow may be maintained by maintaining the temperature and pressure at the flow-meter within the limits. For non constant flow the flow shall be measured directly to allow for proportional sampling. The system shall be designed as follows (see Figure 9.1):






(a)


A tunnel with inside surfaces of stainless steel shall be used. The entire dilution tunnel shall be electrically grounded;










(b)


The exhaust system backpressure shall not be artificially lowered by the dilution air inlet system. The static pressure at the location where raw exhaust is introduced into the tunnel shall be maintained within ±1,2 kPa of atmospheric pressure;










(c)


To support mixing the raw exhaust shall be introduced into the tunnel by directing it downstream along the centreline of the tunnel. A fraction of dilution air maybe introduced radially from the tunnel's inner surface to minimize exhaust interaction with the tunnel walls;










(d)


Diluent. For PM sampling the temperature of the diluents (ambient air, synthetic air, or nitrogen as quoted in paragraph 9.2.1.) shall be maintained between 293 and 325 K (20 to 52°C) in close proximity to the entrance into the dilution tunnel.










(e)


The Reynolds number, Re, shall be at least 4 000 for the diluted exhaust stream, where Re is based on the inside diameter of the dilution tunnel. Re is defined in Appendices A.7-A.8. Verification of adequate mixing shall be performed while traversing a sampling probe across the tunnel's diameter, vertically and horizontally. If the analyser response indicates any deviation exceeding ±2 per cent of the mean measured concentration, the CVS shall be operated at a higher flow rate or a mixing plate or orifice shall be installed to improve mixing;










(f)


Flow measurement preconditioning. The diluted exhaust may be conditioned before measuring its flow rate, as long as this conditioning takes place downstream of heated HC or PM sample probes, as follows:






(i)


Flow straighteners, pulsation dampeners, or both of these maybe used;










(ii)


A filter maybe used;










(iii)


A heat exchanger maybe used to control the temperature upstream of any flow-meter but steps shall be taken to prevent aqueous condensation;














(g)


Aqueous condensation. To ensure that a flow is measured that corresponds to a measured concentration, either aqueous condensation shall be prevented between the sample probe location and the flow-meter inlet in the dilution tunnel or aqueous condensation shall be allowed to occur and humidity at the flow-meter inlet measured. The dilution tunnel walls or bulk stream tubing downstream of the tunnel may be heated or insulated to prevent aqueous condensation. Aqueous condensation shall be prevented throughout the dilution tunnel. Certain exhaust components can be diluted or eliminated by the presence of moisture;
For PM sampling, the already proportional flow coming from CVS goes through secondary dilution (one or more) to achieve the requested overall dilution ratio as shown in Figure 9.2 and mentioned in paragraph 9.2.3.2.;










(h)


The minimum overall dilution ratio shall be within the range of 5:1 to 7:1 and at least 2:1 for the primary dilution stage based on the maximum engine exhaust flow rate during the test cycle or test interval;










(i)


The overall residence time in the system shall be between 0,5 and 5 s, as measured from the point of diluent introduction to the filter holder(s);










(j)


The residence time in the secondary dilution system, if present, shall be at least 0,5 s, as measured from the point of secondary diluent introduction to the filter holder(s).




To determine the mass of the particulates, a particulate sampling system, a particulate sampling filter, a gravimetric balance, and a temperature and humidity controlled weighing chamber, are required.

Figure 9.1


Examples of full-flow dilution sampling configurations






Text of image

Note: Schematic representation only.
Exact confirmation with this schematic drawing is not required.
Legend
Contaminant filter
Particulate filter
Control valve
Sampling bag
Cyclonic separator
Flow meter
Pneumatic pump
Fan / Blower

9.2.3.   Partial flow dilution (PFD) system
9.2.3.1.   Description of partial flow system
A schematic of a PFD system is shown in Figure 9.2. It is a general schematic showing principles of sample extraction, dilution and PM sampling. It is not meant to indicate that all the components described in the figure are necessary for other possible sampling systems that satisfy the intent of sample collection. Other configurations which do not match these schematics are allowed under the condition that they serve the same purpose of sample collection, dilution, and PM sampling. These need to satisfy other criteria such as in paragraphs 8.1.8.6. (periodic calibration) and 8.2.1.2. (validation) for varying dilution PFD, and paragraph 8.1.4.5. as well as Table 8.2 (linearity verification) and paragraph 8.1.8.5.7. (verification) for constant dilution PFD.
As shown in Figure 9.2, the raw exhaust gas or the primary diluted flow is transferred from the exhaust pipe EP or from CVS respectively to the dilution tunnel DT through the sampling probe SP and the transfer line TL. The total flow through the tunnel is adjusted with a flow controller and the sampling pump P of the particulate sampling system (PSS). For proportional raw exhaust sampling, the dilution air flow is controlled by the flow controller FC1, which may use q
mew (exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis) or q
maw (intake air mass flow rate on wet basis) and q
mf (fuel mass flow rate) as command signals, for the desired exhaust split. The sample flow into the dilution tunnel DT is the difference of the total flow and the dilution air flow. The dilution air flow rate is measured with the flow measurement device FM1, the total flow rate with the flow measurement device of the particulate sampling system. The dilution ratio is calculated from these two flow rates. For sampling with a constant dilution ratio of raw or diluted exhaust versus exhaust flow (e.g.: secondary dilution for PM sampling), the dilution air flow rate is usually constant and controlled by the flow controller FC1 or dilution air pump.

Figure 9.2


Schematic of partial flow dilution system (total sampling type)













a


=


engine exhaust or primary diluted flow




b


=


optional




c


=


PM sampling




Components of Figure 9.2:







DAF


=


Dilution air filter – The dilution air (ambient air, synthetic air, or nitrogen) shall be filtered with a high-efficiency PM air (HEPA) filter.




DT


=


Dilution tunnel or secondary dilution system




EP


=


Exhaust pipe or primary dilution system




FC1


=


Flow controller




FH


=


Filter holder




FM1


=


Flow measurement device measuring the dilution air flow rate




P


=


Sampling pump




PSS


=


PM sampling system




PTL


=


PM transfer line




SP


=


Raw or dilute exhaust gas sampling probe




TL


=


Transfer line




Mass flow rates applicable only for proportional raw exhaust sampling PFD:








q
mew



=


Exhaust gas mass gas flow rate on wet basis





q
maw



=


Intake air mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mf



=


Fuel mass flow rate




9.2.3.2.   Dilution
The temperature of the diluents (ambient air, synthetic air, or nitrogen as quoted in paragraph 9.2.1.) shall be maintained between 293 and 325 K (20 to 52 °C) in close proximity to the entrance into the dilution tunnel.
De-humidifying the dilution air before entering the dilution system is permitted. The partial flow dilution system has to be designed to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample from the engine exhaust stream, thus responding to excursions in the exhaust stream flow rate, and introduce dilution air to this sample to achieve a temperature at the test filter as prescribed by paragraph 9.3.3.4.3. For this it is essential that the dilution ratio be determined such that the accuracy requirements of paragraph 8.1.8.6.1. are fulfilled.
To ensure that a flow is measured that corresponds to a measured concentration, either aqueous condensation shall be prevented between the sample probe location and the flow-meter inlet in the dilution tunnel or aqueous condensation shall be allowed to occur and humidity at the flow-meter inlet measured. The PFD system may be heated or insulated to prevent aqueous condensation. Aqueous condensation shall be prevented throughout the dilution tunnel.
The minimum dilution ratio shall be within the range of 5:1 to 7:1 based on the maximum engine exhaust flow rate during the test cycle or test interval.
The residence time in the system shall be between 0,5 and 5 s, as measured from the point of diluent introduction to the filter holder(s).
To determine the mass of the particulates, a particulate sampling system, a particulate sampling filter, a gravimetric balance, and a temperature and humidity controlled weighing chamber, are required.
9.2.3.3.   Applicability
PFD may be used to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample for any batch or continuous PM and gaseous emission sampling over any transient duty cycle, any steady-state duty cycle or any ramped-modal duty cycle.
The system may be used also for a previously diluted exhaust where, via a constant dilution-ratio, an already proportional flow is diluted (see Figure 9.2). This is the way of performing secondary dilution from a CVS tunnel to achieve the necessary overall dilution ratio for PM sampling.
9.2.3.4.   Calibration
The calibration of the PFD to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample is considered in paragraph 8.1.8.6.
9.3.   Sampling procedures
9.3.1   General sampling requirements
9.3.1.1.   Probe design and construction
A probe is the first fitting in a sampling system. It protrudes into a raw or diluted exhaust stream to extract a sample, such that it's inside and outside surfaces are in contact with the exhaust. A sample is transported out of a probe into a transfer line.
Sample probes shall be made with inside surfaces of stainless steel or, for raw exhaust sampling, with any non-reactive material capable of withstanding raw exhaust temperatures. Sample probes shall be located where constituents are mixed to their mean sample concentration and where interference with other probes is minimized. It is recommended that all probes remain free from influences of boundary layers, wakes, and eddies – especially near the outlet of a raw-exhaust tailpipe where unintended dilution might occur. Purging or back-flushing of a probe shall not influence another probe during testing. A single probe to extract a sample of more than one constituent may be used as long as the probe meets all the specifications for each constituent.
9.3.1.2.   Transfer lines
Transfer lines that transport an extracted sample from a probe to an analyser, storage medium, or dilution system shall be minimized in length by locating analysers, storage media, and dilution systems as close to the probes as practical. The number of bends in transfer lines shall be minimized and that the radius of any unavoidable bend shall be maximized.
9.3.1.3.   Sampling methods
For continuous and batch sampling, introduced in paragraph 7.2., the following conditions apply:






(a)


When extracting from a constant flow rate, the sample shall also be carried out at a constant flow rate;










(b)


When extracting from a varying flow rate, the sample flow rate shall be varied in proportion to the varying flow rate;










(c)


Proportional sampling shall be validated as described in paragraph 8.2.1.




9.3.2.   Gas sampling
9.3.2.1.   Sampling probes
Either single-port or multi-port probes are used for sampling gaseous emissions. The probes may be oriented in any direction relative to the raw or diluted exhaust flow. For some probes, the sample temperatures shall be controlled, as follows:






(a)


For probes that extract NOx from diluted exhaust, the probe's wall temperature shall be controlled to prevent aqueous condensation;










(b)


For probes that extract hydrocarbons from the diluted exhaust, a probe wall temperature is recommended to be controlled approximately 190 °C to minimize contamination.




9.3.2.2.   Transfer lines
Transfer lines with inside surfaces of stainless steel, PTFE, Viton™, or any other material that has better properties for emission sampling shall be used. A non-reactive material capable of withstanding exhaust temperatures shall be used. In-line filters may be used if the filter and its housing meet the same temperature requirements as the transfer lines, as follows:






(a)


For NOx transfer lines upstream of either an NO2-to-NO converter that meets the specifications of paragraph 8.1.11.5. or a chiller that meets the specifications of paragraph 8.1.11.4. a sample temperature that prevents aqueous condensation shall be maintained;










(b)


For THC transfer lines a wall temperature tolerance throughout the entire line of (191 ± 11) °C shall be maintained. If sampled from raw exhaust, an unheated, insulated transfer line may be connected directly to a probe. The length and insulation of the transfer line shall be designed to cool the highest expected raw exhaust temperature to no lower than 191 °C, as measured at the transfer line outlet. For dilute sampling a transition zone between the probe and transfer line of up to 0,92 m in length is allowed to transition the wall temperature to (191 ± 11) °C.




9.3.2.3.   Sample-conditioning components
9.3.2.3.1.   Sample dryers
9.3.2.3.1.1.   Requirements
The instrument that is used for removing moisture shall meet the minimum requirements in the following paragraph. The moisture content of 0,8 volume per cent H2O is used in equation (A.8-14).
For the highest expected water vapour concentration H
m, the water removal technique shall maintain CLD humidity at ≤ 5 g water/kg dry air (or about 0,8 volume per cent H2O), which is 100 per cent relative humidity at 3,9 °C and 101,3 kPa. This humidity specification is also equivalent to about 25 per cent relative humidity at 25 °C and 101,3 kPa. This may be demonstrated by measuring the temperature at the outlet of a thermal dehumidifier, or by measuring humidity at a point just upstream of the CLD.
9.3.2.3.1.2.   Type of sample dryers allowed and procedure to estimate moisture content after the dryer
Either type of sample dryer described in this paragraph to decrease the effects of water on gaseous emission measurements may be used.






(a)


If an osmotic-membrane dryer upstream of any gaseous analyser or storage medium is used, it shall meet the temperature specifications in paragraph 9.3.2.2. The dew point, T
dew, and absolute pressure, p
total, downstream of an osmotic-membrane dryer shall be monitored. The amount of water shall be calculated as specified in Appendices A.7-A.8 by using continuously recorded values of T
dew and p
total or their peak values observed during a test or their alarm set points. Lacking a direct measurement, the nominal p
total is given by the dryer's lowest absolute pressure expected during testing;










(b)


A thermal chiller upstream of a THC measurement system for compression-ignition engines may not be used. If a thermal chiller upstream of an NO2-to-NO converter or in a sampling system without an NO2-to-NO converter is used, the chiller shall meet the NO2 loss-performance check specified in paragraph 8.1.11.4. The dew point, T
dew, and absolute pressure, p
total, downstream of a thermal chiller shall be monitored. The amount of water shall be calculated as specified in Appendices A.7-A.8 by using continuously recorded values of T
dew and p
total or their peak values observed during a test or their alarm set points. Lacking a direct measurement, the nominal p
total is given by the thermal chiller's lowest absolute pressure expected during testing. If it is valid to assume the degree of saturation in the thermal chiller, T
dew based on the known chiller efficiency and continuous monitoring of chiller temperature, T
chiller may be calculated. If values of T
chiller are not continuously recorded, its peak value observed during a test, or its alarm setpoint, may be used as a constant value to determine a constant amount of water according to Appendices A.7-A.8. If it is valid to assume that T
chiller is equal to T
dew, T
chiller may be used in lieu of T
dew according to Appendices A.7-A.8. If it is valid to assume a constant temperature offset between T
chiller and T
dew, due to a known and fixed amount of sample reheat between the chiller outlet and the temperature measurement location, this assumed temperature offset value may be factored in emission calculations. The validity of any assumptions allowed by this paragraph shall be shown by engineering analysis or by data.




9.3.2.3.2.   Sample pumps
Sample pumps upstream of an analyser or storage medium for any gas shall be used. Sample pumps with inside surfaces of stainless steel, PTFE, or any other material having better properties for emission sampling shall be used. For some sample pumps, temperatures shall be controlled, as follows:






(a)


If a NOx sample pump upstream of either an NO2-to-NO converter that meets paragraph 8.1.11.5. or a chiller that meets paragraph 8.1.11.4. is used, it shall be heated to prevent aqueous condensation;










(b)


If a THC sample pump upstream of a THC analyser or storage medium is used, its inner surfaces shall be heated to a tolerance of (191 ± 11) °C.




9.3.2.4.   Sample storage media
In the case of bag sampling, gas volumes shall be stored in sufficiently clean containers that minimally off-gas or allow permeation of gases. Good engineering judgment shall be used to determine acceptable thresholds of storage media cleanliness and permeation. To clean a container, it may be repeatedly purged and evacuated and may be heated. A flexible container (such as a bag) within a temperature-controlled environment, or a temperature controlled rigid container that is initially evacuated or has a volume that can be displaced, such as a piston and cylinder arrangement, shall be used. Containers meeting the specifications in the following Table 9.1 shall be used.

Table 9.1


Gaseous Batch Sampling Container Materials







CO, CO2, O2, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, NO, NO2
 (4)



polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) (5) for example Tedlar™, polyvinylidene fluoride (5) for example Kynar™, polytetrafluoroethylene (6) for example Teflon™, or stainless steel (6)





THC, NMHC


Polytetrafluoroethylene (7) or stainless steel (7)





9.3.3.   PM sampling
9.3.3.1.   Sampling probes
PM probes with a single opening at the end shall be used. PM probes shall be oriented to face directly upstream.
The PM probe may be shielded with a hat that conforms with the requirements in Figure 9.3. In this case the pre-classifier described in paragraph 9.3.3.3. shall not be used.

Figure 9.3


Scheme of a sampling probe with a hat-shaped pre-classifier











Text of image

Cross-section

9.3.3.2.   Transfer lines
Insulated or heated transfer lines or a heated enclosure are recommended to minimize temperature differences between transfer lines and exhaust constituents. Transfer lines that are inert with respect to PM and are electrically conductive on the inside surfaces shall be used. It is recommended using PM transfer lines made of stainless steel; any material other than stainless steel will be required to meet the same sampling performance as stainless steel. The inside surface of PM transfer lines shall be electrically grounded.
9.3.3.3.   Pre-classifier
The use of a PM pre-classifier to remove large-diameter particles is permitted that is installed in the dilution system directly before the filter holder. Only one pre-classifier is permitted. If a hat shaped probe is used (see Figure 9.3), the use of a pre-classifier is prohibited.
The PM pre-classifier may be either an inertial impactor or a cyclonic separator. It shall be constructed of stainless steel. The pre-classifier shall be rated to remove at least 50 per cent of PM at an aerodynamic diameter of 10 μm and no more than 1 per cent of PM at an aerodynamic diameter of 1 μm over the range of flow rates for which it is used. The pre-classifier outlet shall be configured with a means of bypassing any PM sample filter so that the pre-classifier flow can be stabilized before starting a test. PM sample filter shall be located within 75 cm downstream of the pre-classifier's exit.
9.3.3.4.   Sample filter
The diluted exhaust shall be sampled by a filter that meets the requirements of paragraphs 9.3.3.4.1. to 9.3.3.4.4. during the test sequence.
9.3.3.4.1.   Filter specification
All filter types shall have a 0,3 μm DOP (di-octylphthalate) collection efficiency of at least 99,7 per cent. The sample filter manufacturer's measurements reflected in their product ratings may be used to show this requirement. The filter material shall be either:






(a)


Fluorocarbon (PTFE) coated glass fibre; or










(b)


Fluorocarbon (PTFE) membrane.




If the expected net PM mass on the filter exceeds 400 μg, a filter with a minimum initial collection efficiency of 98 per cent may be used.
9.3.3.4.2.   Filter size
The nominal filter size shall be 46,50 mm ± 0,6 mm diameter.
9.3.3.4.3.   Dilution and temperature control of PM samples
PM samples shall be diluted at least once upstream of transfer lines in case of a CVS system and downstream in case of PFD system (see paragraph 9.3.3.2. relating to transfer lines). Sample temperature is to be controlled to a (47 ± 5) °C tolerance, as measured anywhere within 200 mm upstream or 200 mm downstream of the PM storage media. The PM sample is intended to be heated or cooled primarily by dilution conditions as specified in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph 9.2.1.
9.3.3.4.4.   Filter face velocity
A filter face velocity shall be between 0,90 and 1,00 m/s with less than 5 per cent of the recorded flow values exceeding this range. If the total PM mass exceeds 400 μg, the filter face velocity may be reduced. The face velocity shall be measured as the volumetric flow rate of the sample at the pressure upstream of the filter and temperature of the filter face, divided by the filter's exposed area. The exhaust stack or CVS tunnel pressure shall be used for the upstream pressure if the pressure drop through the PM sampler up to the filter is less than 2 kPa.
9.3.3.4.5   Filter holder
To minimize turbulent deposition and to deposit PM evenly on a filter, a 12,5° (from centre) divergent cone angle to transition from the transfer-line inside diameter to the exposed diameter of the filter face shall be used. Stainless steel for this transition shall be used.
9.3.4.   PM-stabilization and weighing environments for gravimetric analysis
9.3.4.1.   Environment for gravimetric analysis
This section describes the two environments required to stabilize and weigh PM for gravimetric analysis: the PM stabilization environment, where filters are stored before weighing; and the weighing environment, where the balance is located. The two environments may share a common space.
Both the stabilization and the weighing environments shall be kept free of ambient contaminants, such as dust, aerosols, or semi-volatile material that could contaminate PM samples.
9.3.4.2.   Cleanliness
The cleanliness of the PM-stabilization environment using reference filters shall be verified, as described in paragraph 8.1.12.1.4.
9.3.4.3.   Temperature of the chamber
The temperature of the chamber (or room) in which the particulate filters are conditioned and weighed shall be maintained to within 22 °C ± 1 °C during all filter conditioning and weighing. The humidity shall be maintained to a dew point of 9,5 °C ± 1 °C and a relative humidity of 45 per cent ± 8 per cent. If the stabilization and weighing environments are separate, the stabilization environment shall be maintained at a tolerance of 22 °C ± 3 °C.
9.3.4.4.   Verification of ambient conditions
When using measurement instruments that meet the specifications in paragraph 9.4 the following ambient conditions shall be verified:






(a)


Dew point and ambient temperature shall be recorded. These values shall be used to determine if the stabilization and weighing environments have remained within the tolerances specified in paragraph 9.3.4.3. of this section for at least 60 min before weighing filters;










(b)


Atmospheric pressure shall be continuously recorded within the weighing environment. An acceptable alternative is to use a barometer that measures atmospheric pressure outside the weighing environment, as long as it can be ensured that the atmospheric pressure is always at the balance within ±100 Pa of the shared atmospheric pressure. A means to record the most recent atmospheric pressure shall be provided when each PM sample is weighed. This value shall be used to calculate the PM buoyancy correction in paragraph 8.1.12.2.




9.3.4.5.   Installation of balance
The balance shall be installed as follows:






(a)


Installed on a vibration-isolation platform to isolate it from external noise and vibration;










(b)


Shielded from convective airflow with a static-dissipating draft shield that is electrically grounded.




9.3.4.6.   Static electric charge
Static electric charge shall be minimized in the balance environment, as follows:






(a)


The balance is electrically grounded;










(b)


Stainless steel tweezers shall be used if PM samples shall be handled manually;










(c)


Tweezers shall be grounded with a grounding strap, or a grounding strap shall be provided for the operator such that the grounding strap shares a common ground with the balance;










(d)


A static-electricity neutralizer shall be provided that is electrically grounded in common with the balance to remove static charge from PM samples.




9.4.   Measurement instruments
9.4.1.   Introduction
9.4.1.1.   Scope
This paragraph specifies measurement instruments and associated system requirements related to emission testing. This includes laboratory instruments for measuring engine parameters, ambient conditions, flow-related parameters, and emission concentrations (raw or diluted).
9.4.1.2.   Instrument types
Any instrument mentioned in this annex shall be used as described in the annex itself (see Table 8.2 for measurement quantities provided by these instruments). Whenever an instrument mentioned in this annex is used in a way that is not specified, or another instrument is used in its place, the requirements for equivalency provisions shall apply as specified in paragraph 5.1.3. Where more than one instrument for a particular measurement is specified, one of them will be identified by the Type Approval Authority upon application as the reference for showing that an alternative procedure is equivalent to the specified procedure.
9.4.1.3.   Redundant systems
Data from multiple instruments to calculate test results for a single test may be used for all measurement instruments described in this paragraph, with prior approval of the Type Approval Authority. Results from all measurements shall be recorded and the raw data shall be retained, as described in paragraph 5.3 of this annex. This requirement applies whether or not the measurements are actually used in the calculations.
9.4.2.   Data recording and control
The test system shall be able to update data, record data and control systems related to operator demand, the dynamometer, sampling equipment, and measurement instruments. Data acquisition and control systems shall be used that can record at the specified minimum frequencies, as shown in Table 9.2 (this table does not apply to discrete mode testing).

Table 9.2


Data recording and control minimum frequencies









Applicable test protocol section


Measured values


Minimum command and control frequency


Minimum recording frequency




7.6.


Speed and torque during an engine step-map


1  Hz


1 mean value per step




7.6.


Speed and torque during an engine sweep-map


5  Hz


1 Hz means




7.8.3.


Transient duty cycle reference and feedback speeds and torques


5  Hz


1 Hz means




7.8.2.


Steady-state and ramped-modal duty cycle reference and feedback speeds and torques


1  Hz


1  Hz




7.3.


Continuous concentrations of raw analysers


N/A


1  Hz




7.3.


Continuous concentrations of dilute analysers


N/A


1  Hz




7.3.


Batch concentrations of raw or dilute analysers


N/A


1 mean value per test interval




7.6.
8.2.1.


Diluted exhaust flow rate from a CVS with a heat exchanger upstream of the flow measurement


N/A


1  Hz




7.6.
8.2.1.


Diluted exhaust flow rate from a CVS without a heat exchanger upstream of the flow measurement


5  Hz


1 Hz means




7.6.
8.2.1.


Intake-air or exhaust flow rate (for raw transient measurement)


N/A


1 Hz means




7.6.
8.2.1.


Dilution air if actively controlled


5  Hz


1 Hz means




7.6.
8.2.1.


Sample flow from a CVS with a heat exchanger


1  Hz


1  Hz




7.6.
8.2.1.


Sample flow from a CVS without a heat exchanger


5  Hz


1 Hz mean




9.4.3.   Performance specifications for measurement instruments
9.4.3.1.   Overview
The test system as a whole shall meet all the applicable calibrations, verifications, and test-validation criteria specified in paragraph 8.1., including the requirements of the linearity check of paragraphs 8.1.4. and 8.2. Instruments shall meet the specifications in Table 9.2 for all ranges to be used for testing. Furthermore, any documentation received from instrument manufacturers showing that instruments meet the specifications in Table 9.2 shall be kept.
9.4.3.2.   Component requirements
Table 9.3 shows the specifications of transducers of torque, speed, and pressure, sensors of temperature and dew point, and other instruments. The overall system for measuring the given physical and/or chemical quantity shall meet the linearity verification in paragraph 8.1.4. For gaseous emissions measurements, analysers may be used, that have compensation algorithms that are functions of other measured gaseous components, and of the fuel properties for the specific engine test. Any compensation algorithm shall only provide offset compensation without affecting any gain (that is no bias).

Table 9.3


Recommended performance specifications for measurement instruments











Measurement instrument


Measured quantity symbol


Complete system rise time


Recording update frequency


Accuracy (3)



Repeatability (3)





Engine speed transducer


n


1  s


1 Hz means


2,0 % of pt, or 0,5 % of max


1,0 % of pt, or 0,25 % of max




Engine torque transducer


T


1  s


1 Hz means


2,0 % of pt, or 1,0 % of max


1,0 % of pt, or 0,5 % of max




Fuel flow-meter
(Fuel totalizer)


 


5 s
(N/A)


1 Hz
(N/A)


2,0 % of pt, or 1,5 % of max


1,0 % of pt, or 0,75 % of max




Total diluted exhaust meter (CVS) (With heat exchanger before meter)


 


1 s
(5 s)


1 Hz means
(1 Hz)


2,0 % of pt, or 1,5 % of max


1,0 % of pt, or 0,75 % of max




Dilution air, inlet air, exhaust, and sample flow-meters


 


1  s


1 Hz means of 5 Hz samples


2,5 % of pt, or 1,5 % of max


1,25 % of pt, or 0,75 % of max




Continuous gas analyser raw


x


2,5  s


2  Hz


2,0 % of pt, or 2,0 % of meas.


1,0 % of pt, or 1,0 % of meas.




Continuous gas analyser dilute


x


5  s


1  Hz


2,0 % of pt, or 2,0 % of meas.


1,0 % of pt, or 1,0 % of meas.




Continuous gas analyser


x


5  s


1  Hz


2,0 % of pt, or 2,0 % of meas.


1,0 % of pt, or 1,0 % of meas.




Batch gas analyser


x


N/A


N/A


2,0 % of pt, or 2,0 % of meas.


1,0 % of pt, or 1,0 % of meas.




Gravimetric PM balance


mPM



N/A


N/A


See 9.4.11.


0,5  μg




Inertial PM balance


mPM



5  s


1  Hz


2,0 % of pt, or 2,0 % of meas.


1,0 % of pt, or 1,0 % of meas.




9.4.4.   Measurement of engine parameters & ambient conditions
9.4.4.1.   Speed and torque sensors
9.4.4.1.1.   Application
Measurement instruments for work inputs and outputs during engine operation shall meet the specifications in this paragraph. Sensors, transducers, and meters meeting the specifications in Table 9.3 are recommended. Overall systems for measuring work inputs and outputs shall meet the linearity verifications in paragraph 8.1.4.
9.4.4.1.2.   Shaft work
Work and power shall be calculated from outputs of speed and torque transducers according to paragraph 9.4.4.1. Overall systems for measuring speed and torque shall meet the calibration and verifications in paragraphs 8.1.7. and 8.1.4.
Torque induced by the inertia of accelerating and decelerating components connected to the flywheel, such as the drive shaft and dynamometer rotor, shall be compensated for as needed, based on good engineering judgment.
9.4.4.2.   Pressure transducers, temperature sensors, and dew point sensors
Overall systems for measuring pressure, temperature, and dew point shall meet the calibration in paragraph 8.1.7.
Pressure transducers shall be located in a temperature-controlled environment, or they shall compensate for temperature changes over their expected operating range. Transducer materials shall be compatible with the fluid being measured.
9.4.5.   Flow-related measurements
For any type of flow-meter (of fuel, intake-air, raw exhaust, diluted exhaust, sample), the flow shall be conditioned as needed to prevent wakes, eddies, circulating flows, or flow pulsations from affecting the accuracy or repeatability of the meter. For some meters, this may be accomplished by using a sufficient length of straight tubing (such as a length equal to at least 10 pipe diameters) or by using specially designed tubing bends, straightening fins, orifice plates (or pneumatic pulsation dampeners for the fuel flow-meter) to establish a steady and predictable velocity profile upstream of the meter.
9.4.5.1.   Fuel flow-meter
Overall system for measuring fuel flow shall meet the calibration in paragraph 8.1.8.1. In any fuel flow measurement it shall be accounted for any fuel that bypasses the engine or returns from the engine to the fuel storage tank.
9.4.5.2.   Intake-air flow-meter
Overall system for measuring intake-air flow shall meet the calibration in paragraph 8.1.8.2.
9.4.5.3.   Raw exhaust flow-meter
9.4.5.3.1.   Component requirements
The overall system for measuring raw exhaust flow shall meet the linearity requirements in paragraph 8.1.4. Any raw-exhaust meter shall be designed to appropriately compensate for changes in the raw exhaust's thermodynamic, fluid, and compositional states.
9.4.5.3.2.   Flow-meter response time
For the purpose of controlling of a partial flow dilution system to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample, a flow-meter response time faster than indicated in Table 9.3 is required. For partial flow dilution systems with online control, the flow-meter response time shall meet the specifications of paragraph 8.2.1.2.
9.4.5.3.3.   Exhaust cooling
Exhaust cooling upstream of the flow-meter is permitted with the following restrictions:






(a)


PM shall not be sampled downstream of the cooling;










(b)


If cooling causes exhaust temperatures above 202 °C to decrease to below 180 °C, NMHC shall not be sampled downstream of the cooling;










(c)


If cooling causes aqueous condensation, NOx shall not be sampled downstream of the cooling unless the cooler meets the performance verification in paragraph 8.1.11.4.;










(d)


If cooling causes aqueous condensation before the flow reaches a flow-meter, T
dew and pressure p
total shall be measured at the flow-meter inlet. These values shall be used in emission calculations according to Appendices A.7-A.8.




9.4.5.4.   Dilution air and diluted exhaust flow-meters
9.4.5.4.1.   Application
Instantaneous diluted exhaust flow rates or total diluted exhaust flow over a test interval shall be determined by using a diluted exhaust flow-meter. Raw exhaust flow rates or total raw exhaust flow over a test interval may be calculated from the difference between a diluted exhaust flow-meter and a dilution air meter.
9.4.5.4.2.   Component requirements
The overall system for measuring diluted exhaust flow shall meet the calibration and verifications in paragraphs 8.1.8.4. and 8.1.8.5. The following meters may be used:






(a)


For constant-volume sampling (CVS) of the total flow of diluted exhaust, a critical-flow venturi (CFV) or multiple critical-flow venturis arranged in parallel, a positive-displacement pump (PDP), a subsonic venturi (SSV), or an ultrasonic flow-meter (UFM) may be used. Combined with an upstream heat exchanger, either a CFV or a PDP will also function as a passive flow controller by keeping the diluted exhaust temperature constant in a CVS system;










(b)


For the Partial Flow Dilution (PFD) system the combination of any flow-meter with any active flow control system to maintain proportional sampling of exhaust constituents may be used. The total flow of diluted exhaust, or one or more sample flows, or a combination of these flow controls may be controlled to maintain proportional sampling.




For any other dilution system, a laminar flow element, an ultrasonic flow-meter, a subsonic venturi, a critical-flow venturi or multiple critical-flow venturis arranged in parallel, a positive-displacement meter, a thermal-mass meter, an averaging Pitot tube, or a hot-wire anemometer may be used.
9.4.5.4.3.   Exhaust cooling
Diluted exhaust upstream of a dilute flow-meter may be cooled, as long as all the following provisions are observed:






(a)


PM shall not be sampled downstream of the cooling;










(b)


If cooling causes exhaust temperatures above 202 °C to decrease to below 180 °C, NMHC shall not be sampled downstream of the cooling;










(c)


If cooling causes aqueous condensation, NOx shall not be sampled downstream of the cooling unless the cooler meets the performance verification in paragraph 8.1.11.4.;










(d)


If cooling causes aqueous condensation before the flow reaches a flow-meter, dew point, T
dew and pressure p
total shall be measured at the flow-meter inlet. These values shall be used in emission calculations according to Appendices A.7-A.8.




9.4.5.5.   Sample flow-meter for batch sampling
A sample flow-meter shall be used to determine sample flow rates or total flow sampled into a batch sampling system over a test interval. The difference between two flow-meters may be used to calculate sample flow into a dilution tunnel e.g. for partial flow dilution PM measurement and secondary dilution flow PM measurement. Specifications for differential flow measurement to extract a proportional raw exhaust sample is given in paragraph 8.1.8.6.1. and the calibration of differential flow measurement is given in paragraph 8.1.8.6.2.
Overall system for the sample flow-meter shall meet the calibration in paragraph 8.1.8.
9.4.5.6.   Gas divider
A gas divider may be used to blend calibration gases.
A gas divider shall be used that blends gases to the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. and to the concentrations expected during testing. Critical-flow gas dividers, capillary-tube gas dividers, or thermal-mass-meter gas dividers may be used. Viscosity corrections shall be applied as necessary (if not done by gas divider internal software) to appropriately ensure correct gas division. The gas-divider system shall meet the linearity verification in paragraph 8.1.4.5. Optionally, the blending device may be checked with an instrument which by nature is linear, e.g. using NO gas with a CLD. The span value of the instrument shall be adjusted with the span gas directly connected to the instrument. The gas divider shall be checked at the settings used and the nominal value shall be compared to the measured concentration of the instrument.
9.4.6.   CO and CO2 measurements
A non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyser shall be used to measure CO and CO2 concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust for either batch or continuous sampling.
The NDIR-based system shall meet the calibration and verifications in paragraph 8.1.9.1.
9.4.7.   Hydrocarbon measurements
9.4.7.1.   Flame-ionization detector
9.4.7.1.1.   Application
A heated flame-ionization detector (FID) analyser shall be used to measure hydrocarbon concentrations in raw or diluted exhaust for either batch or continuous sampling. Hydrocarbon concentrations shall be determined on a carbon number basis of one, C1. Methane and non-methane hydrocarbon values shall be determined as described in paragraph 9.4.7.1.4. Heated FID analysers shall maintain all surfaces that are exposed to emissions at a temperature of 191 ± 11 °C.
9.4.7.1.2.   Component requirements
The FID-based system for measuring THC or CH4 shall meet all of the verifications for hydrocarbon measurement in paragraph 8.1.10.
9.4.7.1.3.   FID fuel and burner air
FID fuel and burner air shall meet the specifications of paragraph 9.5.1. The FID fuel and burner air shall not mix before entering the FID analyser to ensure that the FID analyser operates with a diffusion flame and not a premixed flame.
9.4.7.1.4.   Methane
FID analysers measure total hydrocarbons (THC). To determine non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), methane, CH4, shall be quantified either with a non-methane cutter and a FID analyser as described in paragraph 9.4.7.2., or with a gas chromatograph as described in paragraph 9.4.7.3. For a FID analyser used to determine NMHC, its response factor to CH4, RF
CH4, shall be determined as described in paragraph 8.1.10.1. NMHC-related calculations are described in Appendices A.7-A.8.
9.4.7.1.5.   Assumption on methane
Instead of measuring methane, it is allowed to assume that 2 per cent of measured total hydrocarbons is methane, as described in Appendices A.7-A.8.
9.4.7.2.   Non-methane cutter
9.4.7.2.1.   Application
A non-methane cutter may be used to measure CH4 with a FID analyser. A non-methane cutter oxidizes all non-methane hydrocarbons to CO2 and H2O. A non-methane cutter may be used for raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling.
9.4.7.2.2.   System performance
Non-methane-cutter performance shall be determined as described in paragraph 8.1.10.3. and the results shall be used to calculate NMHC emission in A.7 and A.8.
9.4.7.2.3.   Configuration
The non-methane cutter shall be configured with a bypass line for the verification described in paragraph 8.1.10.3.
9.4.7.2.4.   Optimization
A non-methane cutter may be optimised to maximize the penetration of CH4 and the oxidation of all other hydrocarbons. A sample may be humidified and a sample may be diluted with purified air or oxygen (O2) upstream of non-methane cutter to optimize its performance. Any sample humidification and dilution shall be accounted for in emission calculations.
9.4.7.3.   Gas chromatograph
Application: A gas chromatograph may be used to measure CH4 concentrations of diluted exhaust for batch sampling. While also a non-methane cutter may be used to measure CH4, as described in paragraph 9.4.7.2. a reference procedure based on a gas chromatograph shall be used for comparison with any proposed alternate measurement procedure under paragraph 5.1.3.
9.4.8.   NOx measurements
Two measurement instruments are specified for NOx measurement and either instrument may be used provided it meets the criteria specified in paragraph 9.4.8.1. or 9.4.8.2., respectively. The chemiluminescent detector shall be used as the reference procedure for comparison with any proposed alternate measurement procedure under paragraph 5.1.3. of this annex.
9.4.8.1.   Chemiluminescent detector
9.4.8.1.1.   Application
A chemiluminescent detector (CLD) coupled with an NO2-to-NO converter is used to measure NOx concentration in raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling.
9.4.8.1.2.   Component requirements
The CLD-based system shall meet the quench verification in paragraph 8.1.11.1. A heated or unheated CLD may be used, and a CLD that operates at atmospheric pressure or under a vacuum may be used.
9.4.8.1.3.   NO2-to-NO converter
An internal or external NO2-to-NO converter that meets the verification in paragraph 8.1.11.5. shall be placed upstream of the CLD, while the converter shall be configured with a bypass to facilitate this verification.
9.4.8.1.4.   Humidity effects
All CLD temperatures shall be maintained to prevent aqueous condensation. To remove humidity from a sample upstream of a CLD, one of the following configurations shall be used:






(a)


A CLD connected downstream of any dryer or chiller that is downstream of an NO2-to-NO converter that meets the verification in paragraph 8.1.11.5.;










(b)


A CLD connected downstream of any dryer or thermal chiller that meets the verification in paragraph 8.1.11.4.




9.4.8.1.5.   Response time
A heated CLD may be used to improve CLD response time.
9.4.8.2.   Non-dispersive ultraviolet analyser
9.4.8.2.1.   Application
A non-dispersive ultraviolet (NDUV) analyser is used to measure NOx concentration in raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling.
9.4.8.2.2.   Component requirements
The NDUV-based system shall meet the verifications in paragraph 8.1.11.3.
9.4.8.2.3.   NO2-to-NO converter
If the NDUV analyser measures only NO, an internal or external NO2-to-NO converter that meets the verification in paragraph 8.1.11.5. shall be placed upstream of the NDUV analyser. The converter shall be configured with a bypass to facilitate this verification.
9.4.8.2.4.   Humidity effects
The NDUV temperature shall be maintained to prevent aqueous condensation, unless one of the following configurations is used:






(a)


An NDUV shall be connected downstream of any dryer or chiller that is downstream of an NO2-to-NO converter that meets the verification in paragraph 8.1.11.5;










(b)


An NDUV shall be connected downstream of any dryer or thermal chiller that meets the verification in paragraph 8.1.11.4.




9.4.9.   O2 measurements
A paramagnetic detection (PMD) or magneto pneumatic detection (MPD) analyser shall be used to measure O2 concentration in raw or diluted exhaust for batch or continuous sampling.
9.4.10.   Air-to-fuel ratio measurements
A Zirconia (ZrO2) analyser may be used to measure air-to-fuel ratio in raw exhaust for continuous sampling. O2 measurements with intake air or fuel flow measurements may be used to calculate exhaust flow rate according to Appendices A.7-A.8.
9.4.11.   PM measurements with gravimetric balance
A balance shall be used to weigh net PM collected on sample filter media.
The minimum requirement on the balance resolution shall be equal or lower than the repeatability of 0,5 microgram recommended in Table 9.3. If the balance uses internal calibration weights for routine spanning and linearity verifications, the calibration weights shall meet the specifications in paragraph 9.5.2.
The balance shall be configured for optimum settling time and stability at its location.
9.5.   Analytical gases and mass standards
9.5.1.   Analytical gases
Analytical gases shall meet the accuracy and purity specifications of this section.
9.5.1.1.   Gas specifications
The following gas specifications shall be considered:






(a)


Purified gases shall be used to zero measurement instruments and to blend with calibration gases. Gases with contamination no higher than the highest of the following values in the gas cylinder or at the outlet of a zero-gas generator shall be used:






(i)


2 per cent contamination, measured relative to the mean concentration expected at the standard. For example, if a CO concentration of 100,0 μmol/mol is expected, then it would be allowed to use a zero gas with CO contamination less than or equal to 2,000 μmol/mol;










(ii)


Contamination as specified in Table 9.4, applicable for raw or dilute measurements;










(iii)


Contamination as specified in Table 9.5, applicable for raw measurements.

Table 9.4


Contamination limits, applicable for raw or dilute measurements [μmol/mol = ppm (3.2.)]








Constituent


Purified Synthetic Air (4)



Purified N2
 (4)





THC (C1 equivalent)


≤ 0,05 μmol/mol


≤ 0,05 μmol/mol




CO


≤ 1 μmol/mol


≤ 1 μmol/mol




CO2



≤ 10 μmol/mol


≤ 10 μmol/mol




O2



0,205 to 0,215 mol/mol


≤ 2 μmol/mol




NOx



≤ 0,02 μmol/mol


≤ 0,02 μmol/mol





Table 9.5


Contamination limits, applicable for raw measurements [μmol/mol = ppm (3.2.)]








Constituent


Purified Synthetic Air (5)



Purified N2
 (5)





THC (C1 equivalent)


≤ 1 μmol/mol


≤ 1 μmol/mol




CO


≤ 1 μmol/mol


≤ 1 μmol/mol




CO2



≤ 400 μmol/mol


≤ 400 μmol/mol




O2



0,18 to 0,21 mol/mol


—




NOx



≤ 0,1 μmol/mol


≤ 0,1 μmol/mol


















(b)


The following gases shall be used with a FID analyser:






(i)


FID fuel shall be used with an H2 concentration of (0,39 to 0,41) mol/mol, balance He. The mixture shall not contain more than 0,05 μmol/mol THC;










(ii)


FID burner air shall be used that meets the specifications of purified air in paragraph (a) of this paragraph;










(iii)


FID zero gas. Flame-ionization detectors shall be zeroed with purified gas that meets the specifications in paragraph (a) of this paragraph, except that the purified gas O2 concentration may be any value;










(iv)


FID propane span gas. The THC FID shall be spanned and calibrated with span concentrations of propane, C3H8. It shall be calibrated on a carbon number basis of one (C1);










(v)


FID methane span gas. If a CH4 FID is always spanned and calibrated with a non-methane cutter, then the FID shall be spanned and calibrated with span concentrations of methane, CH4. It shall be calibrated on a carbon number basis of one (C1);














(c)


The following gas mixtures shall be used, with gases traceable within ± 1,0 per cent of the international and/or national recognized standards true value or of other gas standards that are approved:






(i)


CH4, balance purified synthetic air and/or N2 (as applicable);










(ii)


C2H6, balance purified synthetic air and/or N2 (as applicable);










(iii)


C3H8, balance purified synthetic air and/or N2 (as applicable);










(iv)


CO, balance purified N2;










(v)


CO2, balance purified N2;










(vi)


NO, balance purified N2;










(vii)


NO2, balance purified synthetic air;










(viii)


O2, balance purified N2;










(ix)


C3H8, CO, CO2, NO, balance purified N2;










(x)


C3H8, CH4, CO, CO2, NO, balance purified N2.














(d)


Gases of species other than those listed in sub-paragraph (c) of this paragraph may be used (such as methanol in air, which may be used to determine response factors), as long as they are traceable to within ± 3,0 per cent of the international and/or national recognized standards true value, and meet the stability requirements of paragraph 9.5.1.2.;










(e)


Own calibration gases may be generated using a precision blending device, such as a gas divider, to dilute gases with purified N2 or purified synthetic air. If the gas dividers meet the specifications in paragraph 9.4.5.6., and the gases being blended meet the requirements of sub-paragraphs (a) and (c) of this paragraph, the resulting blends are considered to meet the requirements of this paragraph 9.5.1.1.




9.5.1.2.   Concentration and expiration date
The concentration of any calibration gas standard and its expiration date specified by the gas supplier shall be recorded.






(a)


No calibration gas standard may be used after its expiration date, except as allowed by sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph.










(b)


Calibration gases may be relabelled and used after their expiration date if it is approved in advance by Type Approval Authority.




9.5.1.3.   Gas transfer
Gases shall be transferred from their source to analysers using components that are dedicated to controlling and transferring only those gases.
The shelf life of all calibration gases shall be respected. The expiration date of the calibration gases stated by the manufacturer shall be recorded.
9.5.2.   Mass standards
PM balance calibration weights that are certified as international and/or national recognized standards-traceable within 0,1 per cent uncertainty shall be used. Calibration weights may be certified by any calibration lab that maintains international and/or national recognized standards-traceability. It shall be made sure that the lowest calibration weight has no greater than ten times the mass of an unused PM-sample medium. The calibration report shall also state the density of the weights.


(1)  Specific symbols are found in annexes.

(2)  The numbering of this annex is consistent with the numbering of the NRMM gtr 11. However, some sections of the NRMM gtr are not needed in this annex.

(3)  For further understanding of the prime power definition, see figure 2 of ISO 8528 1:2005.

(1)  Perform calibrations and verifications more frequently, according to measurement system manufacturer instructions and good engineering judgment.

(2)  The CVS verification is not required for systems that agree within ±2 per cent based on a chemical balance of carbon or oxygen of the intake air, fuel, and diluted exhaust.

(4)  As long as aqueous condensation in storage container is prevented.

(5)  Up to 40 °C.

(6)  Up to 202 °C.

(7)  At (191 ± 11) °C.

(3)  Accuracy and repeatability are all determined with the same collected data, as described in 9.4.3., and based on absolute values. "pt." refers to the overall mean value expected at the emission limit; "max." refers to the peak value expected at the emission limit over the duty cycle, not the maximum of the instrument's range; "meas." refers to the actual mean measured over the duty cycle.

(4)  It is not required that these levels of purity are international and/or national recognized standards-traceable.

(5)  It is not required that these levels of purity are international and/or national recognized standards-traceable.



Appendix A.1
(Reserved)




Appendix A.2

Statistics

A.2.1.   Arithmetic mean
The arithmetic mean, 

, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-1)




A.2.2.   Standard deviation
The standard deviation for a non-biased (e.g., N–1) sample, σ, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-2)




A.2.3.   Root mean square
The root mean square, rms
y, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-3)




A.2.4.   t-test
It shall be determined if the data passes a t-test by using the following equations and tables:






(a)


For an unpaired t-test, the t statistic and its number of degrees of freedom, v, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-4)











(A.2-5)














(b)


For a paired t-test, the t statistic and its number of degrees of freedom, v, shall be calculated as follows, noting that the εi
 are the errors (e.g., differences) between each pair of y
refi
 and yi
:





















(A.2-6)














(c)


Table A.2.1 of this paragraph shall be used to compare t to the t
crit values tabulated versus the number of degrees of freedom. If t is less than t
crit, then t passes the t-test.

Table A.2.1


Critical t values versus number of degrees of freedom, v









v


Confidence




 


90 per cent


95 per cent




1


6,314 


12,706 




2


2,920 


4,303 




3


2,353 


3,182 




4


2,132 


2,776 




5


2,015 


2,571 




6


1,943 


2,447 




7


1,895 


2,365 




8


1,860 


2,306 




9


1,833 


2,262 




10


1,812 


2,228 




11


1,796 


2,201 




12


1,782 


2,179 




13


1,771 


2,160 




14


1,761 


2,145 




15


1,753 


2,131 




16


1,746 


2,120 




18


1,734 


2,101 




20


1,725 


2,086 




22


1,717 


2,074 




24


1,711 


2,064 




26


1,706 


2,056 




28


1,701 


2,048 




30


1,697 


2,042 




35


1,690 


2,030 




40


1,684 


2,021 




50


1,676 


2,009 




70


1,667 


1,994 




100


1,660 


1,984 




1000+


1,645 


1,960 




Linear interpolation shall be used to establish values not shown here.




A.2.5.   F-test
The F statistic shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-7)












(a)


For a 90 per cent confidence F-test, Table 2 of this paragraph is used to compare F to the F
crit90 values tabulated versus (N-1) and (N
ref-1). If F is less than F
crit90, then F passes the F-test at 90 per cent confidence;












(b)


For a 95 per cent confidence F-test, Table 3 of this paragraph is used to compare F to the F
crit95 values tabulated versus (N-1) and (N
ref-1). If F is less than F
crit95, then F passes the F-test at 95 per cent confidence.





Table A.2.2


Critical F values, F
crit90, versus N-1 and N
ref-1 at 90 per cent confidence


























N-1


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


20 


24 


30 


40 


60 


120 


1 000 +





N
ref-1


 




1 


39,86 


49,50 


53,59 


55,83 


57,24 


58,20 


58,90 


59,43 


59,85 


60,19 


60,70 


61,22 


61,74 


62,00 


62,26 


62,52 


62,79 


63,06 


63,32 




2 


8,526 


9,000 


9,162 


9,243 


9,293 


9,326 


9,349 


9,367 


9,381 


9,392 


9,408 


9,425 


9,441 


9,450 


9,458 


9,466 


9,475 


9,483 


9,491 




3 


5,538 


5,462 


5,391 


5,343 


5,309 


5,285 


5,266 


5,252 


5,240 


5,230 


5,216 


5,200 


5,184 


5,176 


5,168 


5,160 


5,151 


5,143 


5,134 




4 


4,545 


4,325 


4,191 


4,107 


4,051 


4,010 


3,979 


3,955 


3,936 


3,920 


3,896 


3,870 


3,844 


3,831 


3,817 


3,804 


3,790 


3,775 


3,761 




5 


4,060 


3,780 


3,619 


3,520 


3,453 


3,405 


3,368 


3,339 


3,316 


3,297 


3,268 


3,238 


3,207 


3,191 


3,174 


3,157 


3,140 


3,123 


3,105 




6 


3,776 


3,463 


3,289 


3,181 


3,108 


3,055 


3,014 


2,983 


2,958 


2,937 


2,905 


2,871 


2,836 


2,818 


2,800 


2,781 


2,762 


2,742 


2,722 




7 


3,589 


3,257 


3,074 


2,961 


2,883 


2,827 


2,785 


2,752 


2,725 


2,703 


2,668 


2,632 


2,595 


2,575 


2,555 


2,535 


2,514 


2,493 


2,471 




8 


3,458 


3,113 


2,924 


2,806 


2,726 


2,668 


2,624 


2,589 


2,561 


2,538 


2,502 


2,464 


2,425 


2,404 


2,383 


2,361 


2,339 


2,316 


2,293 




9 


3,360 


3,006 


2,813 


2,693 


2,611 


2,551 


2,505 


2,469 


2,440 


2,416 


2,379 


2,340 


2,298 


2,277 


2,255 


2,232 


2,208 


2,184 


2,159 




10 


3,285 


2,924 


2,728 


2,605 


2,522 


2,461 


2,414 


2,377 


2,347 


2,323 


2,284 


2,244 


2,201 


2,178 


2,155 


2,132 


2,107 


2,082 


2,055 




11 


3,225 


2,860 


2,660 


2,536 


2,451 


2,389 


2,342 


2,304 


2,274 


2,248 


2,209 


2,167 


2,123 


2,100 


2,076 


2,052 


2,026 


2,000 


1,972 




12 


3,177 


2,807 


2,606 


2,480 


2,394 


2,331 


2,283 


2,245 


2,214 


2,188 


2,147 


2,105 


2,060 


2,036 


2,011 


1,986 


1,960 


1,932 


1,904 




13 


3,136 


2,763 


2,560 


2,434 


2,347 


2,283 


2,234 


2,195 


2,164 


2,138 


2,097 


2,053 


2,007 


1,983 


1,958 


1,931 


1,904 


1,876 


1,846 




14 


3,102 


2,726 


2,522 


2,395 


2,307 


2,243 


2,193 


2,154 


2,122 


2,095 


2,054 


2,010 


1,962 


1,938 


1,912 


1,885 


1,857 


1,828 


1,797 




15 


3,073 


2,695 


2,490 


2,361 


2,273 


2,208 


2,158 


2,119 


2,086 


2,059 


2,017 


1,972 


1,924 


1,899 


1,873 


1,845 


1,817 


1,787 


1,755 




16 


3,048 


2,668 


2,462 


2,333 


2,244 


2,178 


2,128 


2,088 


2,055 


2,028 


1,985 


1,940 


1,891 


1,866 


1,839 


1,811 


1,782 


1,751 


1,718 




17 


3,026 


2,645 


2,437 


2,308 


2,218 


2,152 


2,102 


2,061 


2,028 


2,001 


1,958 


1,912 


1,862 


1,836 


1,809 


1,781 


1,751 


1,719 


1,686 




18 


3,007 


2,624 


2,416 


2,286 


2,196 


2,130 


2,079 


2,038 


2,005 


1,977 


1,933 


1,887 


1,837 


1,810 


1,783 


1,754 


1,723 


1,691 


1,657 




19 


2,990 


2,606 


2,397 


2,266 


2,176 


2,109 


2,058 


2,017 


1,984 


1,956 


1,912 


1,865 


1,814 


1,787 


1,759 


1,730 


1,699 


1,666 


1,631 




20 


2,975 


2,589 


2,380 


2,249 


2,158 


2,091 


2,040 


1,999 


1,965 


1,937 


1,892 


1,845 


1,794 


1,767 


1,738 


1,708 


1,677 


1,643 


1,607 




21 


2,961 


2,575 


2,365 


2,233 


2,142 


2,075 


2,023 


1,982 


1,948 


1,920 


1,875 


1,827 


1,776 


1,748 


1,719 


1,689 


1,657 


1,623 


1,586 




20 


2,949 


2,561 


2,351 


2,219 


2,128 


2,061 


2,008 


1,967 


1,933 


1,904 


1,859 


1,811 


1,759 


1,731 


1,702 


1,671 


1,639 


1,604 


1,567 




23 


2,937 


2,549 


2,339 


2,207 


2,115 


2,047 


1,995 


1,953 


1,919 


1,890 


1,845 


1,796 


1,744 


1,716 


1,686 


1,655 


1,622 


1,587 


1,549 




24 


2,927 


2,538 


2,327 


2,195 


2,103 


2,035 


1,983 


1,941 


1,906 


1,877 


1,832 


1,783 


1,730 


1,702 


1,672 


1,641 


1,607 


1,571 


1,533 




25 


2,918 


2,528 


2,317 


2,184 


2,092 


2,024 


1,971 


1,929 


1,895 


1,866 


1,820 


1,771 


1,718 


1,689 


1,659 


1,627 


1,593 


1,557 


1,518 




26 


2,909 


2,519 


2,307 


2,174 


2,082 


2,014 


1,961 


1,919 


1,884 


1,855 


1,809 


1,760 


1,706 


1,677 


1,647 


1,615 


1,581 


1,544 


1,504 




27 


2,901 


2,511 


2,299 


2,165 


2,073 


2,005 


1,952 


1,909 


1,874 


1,845 


1,799 


1,749 


1,695 


1,666 


1,636 


1,603 


1,569 


1,531 


1,491 




28 


2,894 


2,503 


2,291 


2,157 


2,064 


1,996 


1,943 


1,900 


1,865 


1,836 


1,790 


1,740 


1,685 


1,656 


1,625 


1,593 


1,558 


1,520 


1,478 




29 


2,887 


2,495 


2,283 


2,149 


2,057 


1,988 


1,935 


1,892 


1,857 


1,827 


1,781 


1,731 


1,676 


1,647 


1,616 


1,583 


1,547 


1,509 


1,467 




30 


2,881 


2,489 


2,276 


2,142 


2,049 


1,980 


1,927 


1,884 


1,849 


1,819 


1,773 


1,722 


1,667 


1,638 


1,606 


1,573 


1,538 


1,499 


1,456 




40 


2,835 


2,440 


2,226 


2,091 


1,997 


1,927 


1,873 


1,829 


1,793 


1,763 


1,715 


1,662 


1,605 


1,574 


1,541 


1,506 


1,467 


1,425 


1,377 




60 


2,791 


2,393 


2,177 


2,041 


1,946 


1,875 


1,819 


1,775 


1,738 


1,707 


1,657 


1,603 


1,543 


1,511 


1,476 


1,437 


1,395 


1,348 


1,291 




120 


2,748 


2,347 


2,130 


1,992 


1,896 


1,824 


1,767 


1,722 


1,684 


1,652 


1,601 


1,545 


1,482 


1,447 


1,409 


1,368 


1,320 


1,265 


1,193 




1 000 +


2,706 


2,303 


2,084 


1,945 


1,847 


1,774 


1,717 


1,670 


1,632 


1,599 


1,546 


1,487 


1,421 


1,383 


1,342 


1,295 


1,240 


1,169 


1,000 








Table A.2.3


Critical F values, F
crit95, versus N-1 and N
ref-1 at 95 per cent confidence


























N-1


1 


2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 


8 


9 


10 


12 


15 


20 


24 


30 


40 


60 


120 


1 000 +





N
ref-1


 




1 


161,4 


199,5 


215,7 


224,5 


230,1 


233,9 


236,7 


238,8 


240,5 


241,8 


243,9 


245,9 


248,0 


249,0 


250,1 


251,1 


252,2 


253,2 


254,3 




2 


18,51 


19,00 


19,16 


19,24 


19,29 


19,33 


19,35 


19,37 


19,38 


19,39 


19,41 


19,42 


19,44 


19,45 


19,46 


19,47 


19,47 


19,48 


19,49 




3 


10,12 


9,552 


9,277 


9,117 


9,014 


8,941 


8,887 


8,845 


8,812 


8,786 


8,745 


8,703 


8,660 


8,639 


8,617 


8,594 


8,572 


8,549 


8,526 




4 


7,709 


6,944 


6,591 


6,388 


6,256 


6,163 


6,094 


6,041 


5,999 


5,964 


5,912 


5,858 


5,803 


5,774 


5,746 


5,717 


5,688 


5,658 


5,628 




5 


6,608 


5,786 


5,410 


5,192 


5,050 


4,950 


4,876 


4,818 


4,773 


4,735 


4,678 


4,619 


4,558 


4,527 


4,496 


4,464 


4,431 


4,399 


4,365 




6 


5,987 


5,143 


4,757 


4,534 


4,387 


4,284 


4,207 


4,147 


4,099 


4,060 


4,000 


3,938 


3,874 


3,842 


3,808 


3,774 


3,740 


3,705 


3,669 




7 


5,591 


4,737 


4,347 


4,120 


3,972 


3,866 


3,787 


3,726 


3,677 


3,637 


3,575 


3,511 


3,445 


3,411 


3,376 


3,340 


3,304 


3,267 


3,230 




8 


5,318 


4,459 


4,066 


3,838 


3,688 


3,581 


3,501 


3,438 


3,388 


3,347 


3,284 


3,218 


3,150 


3,115 


3,079 


3,043 


3,005 


2,967 


2,928 




9 


5,117 


4,257 


3,863 


3,633 


3,482 


3,374 


3,293 


3,230 


3,179 


3,137 


3,073 


3,006 


2,937 


2,901 


2,864 


2,826 


2,787 


2,748 


2,707 




10 


4,965 


4,103 


3,708 


3,478 


3,326 


3,217 


3,136 


3,072 


3,020 


2,978 


2,913 


2,845 


2,774 


2,737 


2,700 


2,661 


2,621 


2,580 


2,538 




11 


4,844 


3,982 


3,587 


3,357 


3,204 


3,095 


3,012 


2,948 


2,896 


2,854 


2,788 


2,719 


2,646 


2,609 


2,571 


2,531 


2,490 


2,448 


2,405 




12 


4,747 


3,885 


3,490 


3,259 


3,106 


2,996 


2,913 


2,849 


2,796 


2,753 


2,687 


2,617 


2,544 


2,506 


2,466 


2,426 


2,384 


2,341 


2,296 




13 


4,667 


3,806 


3,411 


3,179 


3,025 


2,915 


2,832 


2,767 


2,714 


2,671 


2,604 


2,533 


2,459 


2,420 


2,380 


2,339 


2,297 


2,252 


2,206 




14 


4,600 


3,739 


3,344 


3,112 


2,958 


2,848 


2,764 


2,699 


2,646 


2,602 


2,534 


2,463 


2,388 


2,349 


2,308 


2,266 


2,223 


2,178 


2,131 




15 


4,543 


3,682 


3,287 


3,056 


2,901 


2,791 


2,707 


2,641 


2,588 


2,544 


2,475 


2,403 


2,328 


2,288 


2,247 


2,204 


2,160 


2,114 


2,066 




16 


4,494 


3,634 


3,239 


3,007 


2,852 


2,741 


2,657 


2,591 


2,538 


2,494 


2,425 


2,352 


2,276 


2,235 


2,194 


2,151 


2,106 


2,059 


2,010 




17 


4,451 


3,592 


3,197 


2,965 


2,810 


2,699 


2,614 


2,548 


2,494 


2,450 


2,381 


2,308 


2,230 


2,190 


2,148 


2,104 


2,058 


2,011 


1,960 




18 


4,414 


3,555 


3,160 


2,928 


2,773 


2,661 


2,577 


2,510 


2,456 


2,412 


2,342 


2,269 


2,191 


2,150 


2,107 


2,063 


2,017 


1,968 


1,917 




19 


4,381 


3,522 


3,127 


2,895 


2,740 


2,628 


2,544 


2,477 


2,423 


2,378 


2,308 


2,234 


2,156 


2,114 


2,071 


2,026 


1,980 


1,930 


1,878 




20 


4,351 


3,493 


3,098 


2,866 


2,711 


2,599 


2,514 


2,447 


2,393 


2,348 


2,278 


2,203 


2,124 


2,083 


2,039 


1,994 


1,946 


1,896 


1,843 




21 


4,325 


3,467 


3,073 


2,840 


2,685 


2,573 


2,488 


2,421 


2,366 


2,321 


2,250 


2,176 


2,096 


2,054 


2,010 


1,965 


1,917 


1,866 


1,812 




22 


4,301 


3,443 


3,049 


2,817 


2,661 


2,549 


2,464 


2,397 


2,342 


2,297 


2,226 


2,151 


2,071 


2,028 


1,984 


1,938 


1,889 


1,838 


1,783 




23 


4,279 


3,422 


3,028 


2,796 


2,640 


2,528 


2,442 


2,375 


2,320 


2,275 


2,204 


2,128 


2,048 


2,005 


1,961 


1,914 


1,865 


1,813 


1,757 




24 


4,260 


3,403 


3,009 


2,776 


2,621 


2,508 


2,423 


2,355 


2,300 


2,255 


2,183 


2,108 


2,027 


1,984 


1,939 


1,892 


1,842 


1,790 


1,733 




25 


4,242 


3,385 


2,991 


2,759 


2,603 


2,490 


2,405 


2,337 


2,282 


2,237 


2,165 


2,089 


2,008 


1,964 


1,919 


1,872 


1,822 


1,768 


1,711 




26 


4,225 


3,369 


2,975 


2,743 


2,587 


2,474 


2,388 


2,321 


2,266 


2,220 


2,148 


2,072 


1,990 


1,946 


1,901 


1,853 


1,803 


1,749 


1,691 




27 


4,210 


3,354 


2,960 


2,728 


2,572 


2,459 


2,373 


2,305 


2,250 


2,204 


2,132 


2,056 


1,974 


1,930 


1,884 


1,836 


1,785 


1,731 


1,672 




28 


4,196 


3,340 


2,947 


2,714 


2,558 


2,445 


2,359 


2,291 


2,236 


2,190 


2,118 


2,041 


1,959 


1,915 


1,869 


1,820 


1,769 


1,714 


1,654 




29 


4,183 


3,328 


2,934 


2,701 


2,545 


2,432 


2,346 


2,278 


2,223 


2,177 


2,105 


2,028 


1,945 


1,901 


1,854 


1,806 


1,754 


1,698 


1,638 




30 


4,171 


3,316 


2,922 


2,690 


2,534 


2,421 


2,334 


2,266 


2,211 


2,165 


2,092 


2,015 


1,932 


1,887 


1,841 


1,792 


1,740 


1,684 


1,622 




40 


4,085 


3,232 


2,839 


2,606 


2,450 


2,336 


2,249 


2,180 


2,124 


2,077 


2,004 


1,925 


1,839 


1,793 


1,744 


1,693 


1,637 


1,577 


1,509 




60 


4,001 


3,150 


2,758 


2,525 


2,368 


2,254 


2,167 


2,097 


2,040 


1,993 


1,917 


1,836 


1,748 


1,700 


1,649 


1,594 


1,534 


1,467 


1,389 




120 


3,920 


3,072 


2,680 


2,447 


2,290 


2,175 


2,087 


2,016 


1,959 


1,911 


1,834 


1,751 


1,659 


1,608 


1,554 


1,495 


1,429 


1,352 


1,254 




1 000 +


3,842 


2,996 


2,605 


2,372 


2,214 


2,099 


2,010 


1,938 


1,880 


1,831 


1,752 


1,666 


1,571 


1,517 


1,459 


1,394 


1,318 


1,221 


1,000 




A.2.6.   Slope
The least-squares regression slope, a
1y, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-8)




A.2.7.   Intercept
The least-squares regression intercept, a
0y, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-9)




A.2.8.   Standard estimate of error
The standard estimate of error, SEE, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-10)




A.2.9.   Coefficient of determination
The coefficient of determination, r
2, shall be calculated as follows:













(A.2-11)








Appendix A.3

1980 international gravity formula

The acceleration of Earth's gravity, a
g, varies depending on the location and a
g is calculated for a respective latitude, as follows:



 (A.3-1)
where:

θ= Degrees north or south latitude




Appendix A.4

Carbon flow check

A.4.1.   Introduction
All but a tiny part of the carbon in the exhaust comes from the fuel, and all but a minimal part of this is manifest in the exhaust gas as CO2. This is the basis for a system verification check based on CO2 measurements.
The flow of carbon into the exhaust measurement systems is determined from the fuel flow rate. The flow of carbon at various sampling points in the emissions and particulate sampling systems is determined from the CO2 concentrations and gas flow rates at those points.
In this sense, the engine provides a known source of carbon flow, and observing the same carbon flow in the exhaust pipe and at the outlet of the partial flow PM sampling system verifies leak integrity and flow measurement accuracy. This check has the advantage that the components are operating under actual engine test conditions of temperature and flow.
Figure A.4.1 shows the sampling points at which the carbon flows shall be checked. The specific equations for the carbon flows at each of the sample points are given in the following paragraphs.

Figure A.4.1


Measuring points for carbon flow check




A.4.2.   Carbon flow rate into the engine (location 1)
The carbon mass flow rate into the engine q

mCf [kg/s] for a fuel CH
α
O
ε
 is given by:













(A.4-1)




where:

qmf

= fuel mass flow rate [kg/s]
A.4.3.   Carbon flow rate in the raw exhaust (location 2)
The carbon mass flow rate in the exhaust pipe of the engine q

mCe [kg/s] shall be determined from the raw CO2 concentration and the exhaust gas mass flow rate:













(A.4-2)




where:







c
CO2,r




=


wet CO2 concentration in the raw exhaust gas [per cent]




c
CO2,a




=


wet CO2 concentration in the ambient air [per cent]




qmew




=


exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]




M
e




=


molar mass of exhaust gas [g/mol]




If CO2 is measured on a dry basis it shall be converted to a wet basis according to paragraph A.7.3.2. or A.8.2.2.
A.4.4.   Carbon flow rate in the dilution system (location 3)
For the partial flow dilution system, the splitting ratio also needs to be taken into account. The carbon flow rate in an equivalent dilution system q

mCp [kg/s] (with equivalent meaning equivalent to a full flow system where the total flow is diluted) shall be determined from the dilute CO2 concentration, the exhaust gas mass flow rate and the sample flow rate; the new equation is identical to equation A.4-2, being only supplemented by the dilution factor 

.













(A.4-3)




where:







c
CO2,d




=


wet CO2 concentration in the dilute exhaust gas at the outlet of the dilution tunnel [per cent]




c
CO2,a




=


wet CO2 concentration in the ambient air [per cent]




qmdew




=


diluted sample flow in the partial flow dilution system [kg/s]




qmew




=


exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]




qmp




=


sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system [kg/s]




M
e




=


molar mass of exhaust gas [g/mol]




If CO2 is measured on a dry basis, it shall be converted to wet basis according to paragraph A.7.3.2. or A.8.2.2.
A.4.5.   Calculation of the molar mass of the exhaust gas
The molar mass of the exhaust gas shall be calculated according to equation (A.8-15) (see paragraph A.8.2.4.2.)
Alternatively, the following exhaust gas molar masses may be used:

M
e (diesel)
= 28,9 g/mol




Appendix A.5
(Reserved)




Appendix A.6
(Reserved)




Appendix A.7

Molar based emission calculations

A.7.0.   Symbol conversion
A.7.0.1.   General symbols








Appendix A.7 (1)



Appendix A.8


Unit


Quantity





A



 


m2



Area





A
t



 


m2



Venturi throat cross-sectional area





a
0




b, D
0



t.b.d. (7)



y intercept of the regression line, PDP calibration intercept





a
1




m



t.b.d. (7)



Slope of the regression line





β




r
D



m/m


Ratio of diameters





C



 


—


Coefficient





C
d




C
d



—


Discharge coefficient





C
f



 


—


Flow coefficient





d




d



m


Diameter





DR




r
d



—


Dilution ratio (2)






e




e



g/kWh


Brake specific basis





e
gas




e
gas



g/kWh


Specific emission of gaseous components





e
PM




e
PM



g/kWh


Specific emission of particulates





f



 


Hz


Frequency





f
n




n



min-1, s-1



Rotational frequency (shaft)





γ



 


—


Ratio of specific heats





K



 


 


Correction factor





K
s




X
0



s/rev


PDP slip correction factor





k
Dr




k
Dr



—


Downward adjustment factor




 



k
h



 


Humidity correction factor for NOx






k
r




k
r



—


Multiplicative regeneration factor





k
Ur




k
Ur



—


Upward adjustment factor





μ




μ



kg/(m·s)


Dynamic viscosity





M




M



g/mol


Molar mass (3)






M
gas
 (4)




M
gas



g/mol


Molar mass of gaseous components





m




m



kg


Mass












q
m



kg/s


Mass rate





ν



 


m2/s


Kinematic viscosity





N



 


 


Total number in series





n



 


mol


Amount of substance











 


mol/s


Amount of substance rate





P




P



kW


Power





p




p



kPa


Pressure





p
abs




p
p



kPa


Absolute pressure





p
H2O




p
r



kPa


Water vapour pressure





PF




1 – E



per cent


Penetration fraction (E = conversion efficiency)












qV




m3/s


Volume flow rate





ρ




ρ



kg/m3



Mass density





r



 


—


Ratio of pressures





Ra


 


μm


Average surface roughness





Re
#




Re



—


Reynolds number





RH%




RH



per cent


Relative humidity





σ




σ



—


Standard deviation





S



 


K


Sutherland constant





T




T
a



K


Absolute temperature





T




T



°C


Temperature





T



 


N·m


Engine torque





t




t



s


Time




Δt



Δt



s


Time interval





V




V



m3



Volume












qV




m3/s


Volume rate





W




W



kWh


Work





W
act




W
act



kWh


Actual cycle work of the test cycle





WF




WF



—


Weighing factor





w




w



g/g


Mass fraction





X
 (5)




c



mol/mol, per cent vol


Amount of substance mole fraction (6)/concentration (also in μmol/mol = ppm)











 


mol/mol


Flow-weighted mean concentration





y



 


—


Generic variable











 


—


Arithmetic mean





Z



 


—


Compressibility factor




A.7.0.2.   Subscripts







Appendix A.7


Appendix A.8 (8)



Quantity




abs


 


Absolute quantity




act


act


Actual quantity




air


 


Air, dry




atmos


 


Atmospheric




bkgnd


 


Background




C


 


Carbon




cal


 


Calibration quantity




CFV


 


Critical flow venturi




cor


 


Corrected quantity




dil


 


Dilution air




dexh


 


Diluted exhaust




dry


 


Dry quantity




exh


 


Raw exhaust




exp


 


Expected quantity




eq


 


Equivalent quantity




fuel


 


Fuel




 



i



Instantaneous measurement (e.g.: 1 Hz)





i



 


An individual of a series




idle


 


Condition at idle




in


 


Quantity in




init


 


Initial quantity, typically before an emission test




max


 


Maximum (i.e. peak) value




meas


 


Measured quantity




min


 


Minimum value




mix


 


Molar mass of air




out


 


Quantity out




part


 


Partial quantity




PDP


 


Positive displacement pump




raw


 


Raw exhaust




ref


 


Reference quantity




rev


 


Revolution




sat


 


Saturated condition




slip


 


PDP slip




smpl


 


Sampling




span


 


Span quantity




SSV


 


Subsonic venturi




std


 


Standard quantity




test


 


Test quantity




total


 


Total quantity




uncor


 


Uncorrected quantity




vac


 


Vacuum quantity




weight


 


Calibration weight




wet


 


Wet quantity




zero


 


Zero quantity




A.7.0.3.   Symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components (used also as a subscript)







Appendix A.7


Appendix A.8


Quantity




Ar


Ar


Argon




C1


C1


Carbon 1 equivalent hydrocarbon




CH4



CH4



Methane




C2H6



C2H6



Ethane




C3H8



C3H8



Propane




CO


CO


Carbon monoxide




CO2



CO2



Carbon dioxide




DOP


DOP


Di-octylphthalate




H


 


Atomic hydrogen




H2



 


Molecular hydrogen




HC


HC


Hydrocarbon




H2O


H2O


Water




He


 


Helium




N


 


Atomic nitrogen




N2



 


Molecular nitrogen




NMHC


NMHC


Non-methane hydrocarbon




NOx



NOx



Oxides of nitrogen




NO


NO


Nitric oxide




NO2



NO2



Nitrogen dioxide




O


 


Atomic oxygen




PM


PM


Particulate matter




S


 


Sulphur




A.7.0.4.   Symbols and abbreviations for the fuel composition







Appendix A.7 (9)



Appendix A.8 (10)



Quantity





wC

 (12)




w
C
 (12)



Carbon content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





wH





wH




Hydrogen content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





wN





wN




Nitrogen content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





wO





wO




Oxygen content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





wS





wS




Sulphur content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





α




α



Atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (H/C)





β




ε



Atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) (11)






γ




γ



Atomic sulphur-to-carbon ratio (S/C)





δ




δ



Atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio (N/C)




A.7.0.5.   Symbols for chemical balance used in Appendix A.7








x
dil/exh



=


Amount of dilution gas or excess air per mole of exhaust





x
H2Oexh



=


Amount of water in exhaust per mole of exhaust





x
Ccombdry



=


Amount of carbon from fuel in the exhaust per mole of dry exhaust





x
H2Oexhdry



=


Amount of water in exhaust per dry mole of dry exhaust





x
prod/intdry



=


Amount of dry stoichiometric products per dry mole of intake air





x
dil/exhdry



=


Amount of dilution gas and/or excess air per mole of dry exhaust





x
int/exhdry



=


Amount of intake air required to produce actual combustion products per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust





x
raw/exhdry



=


Amount of undiluted exhaust, without excess air, per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust





x
O2intdry



=


Amount of intake air O2 per mole of dry intake air





x
CO2intdry



=


Amount of intake air CO2 per mole of dry intake air





x
H2Ointdry



=


Amount of intake air H2O per mole of dry intake air





x
CO2int



=


Amount of intake air CO2 per mole of intake air





x
CO2dil



=


Amount of dilution gas CO2 per mole of dilution gas





x
CO2dildry



=


Amount of dilution gas CO2 per mole of dry dilution gas





x
H2Odildry



=


Amount of dilution gas H2O per mole of dry dilution gas





x
H2Odil



=


Amount of dilution gas H2O per mole of dilution gas





x
[emission]meas



=


Amount of measured emission in the sample at the respective gas analyser





x
[emission]dry



=


Amount of emission per dry mole of dry sample





x
H2O[emission]meas



=


Amount of water in sample at emission-detection location





x
H2Oint



=


Amount of water in the intake air, based on a humidity measurement of intake air




A.7.1.   Basic parameters and relationships
A.7.1.1.   Dry air and chemical species
This annex uses the following values for dry air composition:








x
O2airdry



=


0,209445 mol/mol





x
CO2airdry



=


0,000375 mol/mol




This annex uses the following molar masses or effective molar masses of chemical species:








M
air



=


28,96559 g/mol (dry air)





M
Ar



=


39,948 g/mol (argon)





M
C



=


12,0107 g/mol (carbon)





M
CO



=


28,0101 g/mol (carbon monoxide)





M
CO2



=


44,0095 g/mol (carbon dioxide)





M
H



=


1,00794 g/mol (atomic hydrogen)





M
H2



=


2,01588 g/mol (molecular hydrogen)





M
H2O



=


18,01528 g/mol (water)





M
He



=


4,002602 g/mol (helium)





M
N



=


14,0067 g/mol (atomic nitrogen)





M
N2



=


28,0134 g/mol (molecular nitrogen)





M
NMHC



=


13,875389 g/mol (non-methane hydrocarbon (1))





M
NOx



=


46,0055 g/mol (oxides of nitrogen (2))





M
O



=


15,9994 g/mol (atomic oxygen)





M
O2



=


31,9988 g/mol (molecular oxygen)





M
C3H8



=


44,09562 g/mol (propane)





M
S



=


32,065 g/mol (sulphur)





M
THC



=


13,875389 g/mol (total hydrocarbon (1))




This annex uses the following molar gas constant R for ideal gases:





This annex uses the following ratios of specific heats 

 for dilution air and diluted exhaust:








γ
air



=


1,399 (ratio of specific heats for intake air or dilution air)





γ
dil



=


1,399 (ratio of specific heats for diluted exhaust)





γ
dil



=


1,385 (ratio of specific heats for raw exhaust)




A.7.1.2.   Wet air
This section describes how to determine the amount of water in an ideal gas:
A.7.1.2.1.   Vapour pressure of water
The vapour pressure of water p
H2O [kPa] for a given saturation temperature condition, T
sat [K], shall be calculated as follows:






(a)


For humidity measurements made at ambient temperatures from 0 to 100 °C or for humidity measurements made over super-cooled water at ambient temperatures from – 50 to 0 °C:













(A.7-1)




where:








p
H2O



=


vapour pressure of water at saturation temperature condition [kPa]





T
sat



=


saturation temperature of water at measured condition [K]














(b)


For humidity measurements made over ice at ambient temperatures from (-100 to 0) °C:













(A.7-2)




where:

Tsat
= saturation temperature of water at measured condition [K]




A.7.1.2.2.   Dew point
If humidity is measured as a dew point, the amount of water in an ideal gas x
H2O [mol/mol] shall be obtained as follows:













(A.7-3)




where:








x
H2O



=


amount of water in an ideal gas [mol/mol]





p
H2O



=


vapour pressure of water at the measured dew point, T
sat=T
dew [kPa]





p
abs



=


wet static absolute pressure at the location of dew point measurement [kPa]




A.7.1.2.3.   Relative humidity
If humidity is measured as a relative humidity RH%, the amount of water of an ideal gas x
H2O [mol/mol] is calculated as follows:













(A.7-4)




where:








RH%



=


relative humidity [per cent]





p
H2O



=


water vapour pressure at 100 per cent relative humidity at the location of relative humidity measurement, T
sat=T
amb [kPa]





p
abs



=


wet static absolute pressure at the location of relative humidity measurement [kPa]




A.7.1.3.   Fuel properties
The general chemical formula of fuel is CHαOβSγNδ with α atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (H/C), β atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C), γ atomic sulphur-to-carbon ratio (S/C) and δ atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio (N/C). Based on this formula the carbon mass fraction of fuel w
C can be calculated. In case of diesel fuel the simple formula CH
α
O
β
 may be used. Default values for fuel composition may be used as follows:
Table A.7.1

Default values of atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, α, atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio, β, and carbon mass fraction of fuel, w
C for diesel fuels








Fuel


Atomic hydrogen and oxygen-to-carbon ratios
CHαOβ



Carbon mass concentration, wC

[g/g]




Diesel


CH1,85O0



0,866 




A.7.1.4.   Total HC and non-methane HC concentration
A.7.1.4.1.   THC determination and THC/CH4 initial contamination corrections








(a)


If THC emissions are required to be determined, x
THC[THC-FID] shall be calculated by using the initial THC contamination concentration x
THC[THC-FID]init from paragraph 7.3.1.2. as follows:













(A.7-5)




where:








x
THC[THC-FID]cor



=


THC concentration corrected for contamination [mol/mol]





x
THC[THC-FID]uncorr



=


THC uncorrected concentration [mol/mol]





x
THC[THC-FID]init



=


initial THC contamination concentration [mol/mol]
















(b)


For the NMHC determination described in paragraph A.7.1.4.2., x
THC[THC-FID] shall be corrected for initial HC contamination using equation (A.7-5). The initial contamination of the CH4 sample train may be corrected using equation (A.7-5), substituting in CH4 concentrations for THC.




A.7.1.4.2.   NMHC determination
To determine NMHC concentration, x
NMHC, one of the following shall be used:






(a)


If CH4 is not measured, NMHC concentrations may be determined as follows:
The background corrected mass of NMHC shall be compared to background corrected mass of THC. If the background corrected mass of NMHC is greater than 0,98 times the background corrected mass of THC, the background corrected mass of NMHC shall be taken as 0,98 times the background corrected mass of THC. If the NMHC calculations are omitted, the background corrected mass of NMHC shall be taken as 0,98 times the background corrected mass of THC;










(b)


For non-methane cutters, x
NMHC shall be calculated using the non-methane cutter's penetration fractions (PF) of CH4 and C2H6 from paragraph 8.1.10.3., and using the HC contamination and dry-to-wet corrected THC concentration x
THC[THC-FID]cor as determined in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph of A.7.1.4.1.:






(i)


The following equation for penetration fractions determined using an NMC configuration as outlined in paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.1. shall be used:













(A.7-6)




where:








x
NMHC



=


concentration of NMHC





x
THC[THC-FID]cor



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the THC FID during sampling while bypassing the NMC





x
THC[NMC-FID]



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination (optional) and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the NMC FID during sampling through the NMC





RF
CH4[THC-FID]



=


response factor of THC FID to CH4, according to paragraph 8.1.10.1.4.





RFPF
C2H6[NMC-FID]



=


non-methane cutter combined ethane response factor and penetration fraction, according to paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.1.














(ii)


For penetration fractions determined using an NMC configuration as outlined in paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.2., the following equation shall be used:













(A.7-7)




where:








x
NMHC



=


concentration of NMHC





x
THC[THC-FID]cor



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the THC FID during sampling while bypassing the NMC





PF
CH4[NMC-FID]



=


non-methane cutter CH4 penetration fraction, according to paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.2.





x
THC[NMC-FID]



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination (optional) and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the NMC FID during sampling through the NMC





PF
C2H6[NMC-FID]



=


non-methane cutter ethane penetration fraction, according to paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.2.














(iii)


For penetration fractions determined using an NMC configuration as outlined in paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.3., the following equation shall be used:













(A.7-8)




where:








x
NMHC



=


concentration of NMHC





x
THC[THC-FID]cor



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the THC FID during sampling while bypassing the NMC





PF
CH4[NMC-FID]



=


non-methane cutter CH4 penetration fraction, according to paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.3.





x
THC[NMC-FID]



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination (optional) and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the NMC FID during sampling through the NMC





RFPF
C2H6[NMC-FID]



=


non-methane cutter combined ethane response factor and penetration fraction, according to paragraph 8.1.10.3.4.3.





RF
CH4[THC-FID]



=


response factor of THC FID to CH4, according to paragraph 8.1.10.1.4.


















(c)


For a gas chromatograph, x
NMHC shall be calculated using the THC analyser's response factor (RF) for CH4, from paragraph 8.1.10.1.4., and the HC contamination and dry-to-wet corrected initial THC concentration x
THC[THC-FID]cor as determined in paragraph (a) above as follows:













(A.7-9)




where:








x
NMHC



=


concentration of NMHC





x
THC[THC-FID]cor



=


concentration of THC, HC contamination and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the THC FID





x
CH4



=


concentration of CH4, HC contamination (optional) and dry-to-wet corrected, as measured by the gas chromatograph FID





RF
CH4[THC-FID]



=


response factor of THC-FID to CH4









A.7.1.4.3.   Approximation of NMHC from THC
NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon) emissions can be approximated as 98 percent of THC (total hydrocarbon).
A.7.1.5.   Flow-weighted mean concentration
In some paragraphs of this annex, it may be necessary to calculate a flow-weighted mean concentration to determine the applicability of certain provisions. A flow-weighted mean is the mean of a quantity after it is weighted proportional to a corresponding flow rate. For example, if a gas concentration is measured continuously from the raw exhaust of an engine, its flow-weighted mean concentration is the sum of the products of each recorded concentration times its respective exhaust molar flow rate, divided by the sum of the recorded flow rate values. As another example, the bag concentration from a CVS system is the same as the flow-weighted mean concentration because the CVS system itself flow-weights the bag concentration. A certain flow-weighted mean concentration of an emission might be already expected based on previous testing with similar engines or testing with similar equipment and instruments.
A.7.2.   Chemical balances of fuel, intake air, and exhaust
A.7.2.1.   General
Chemical balances of fuel, intake air and exhaust may be used to calculate flows, the amount of water in their flows, and the wet concentration of constituents in their flows. With one flow rate of either fuel, intake air or exhaust, chemical balances may be used to determine the flows of the other two. For example, chemical balances along with either intake air or fuel flow to determine raw exhaust flow may be used.
A.7.2.2.   Procedures that require chemical balances
Chemical balances are required to determine the following:






(a)


The amount of water in a raw or diluted exhaust flow, x
H2Oexh, when the amount of water to correct for the amount of water removed by a sampling system is not measured;










(b)


The flow-weighted mean fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust, x
dil/exh, when dilution air flow is not measured to correct for background emissions. It has to be noted that if chemical balances are used for this purpose, the exhaust is assumed to be stoichiometric, even if it is not.




A.7.2.3.   Chemical balance procedure
The calculations for a chemical balance involve a system of equations that require iteration. The initial values of up to three quantities shall be guessed: the amount of water in the measured flow, x
H2Oexh, fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust (or excess air in the raw exhaust), x
dil/exh, and the amount of products on a C1 basis per dry mole of dry measured flow, x
Ccombdry. Time-weighted mean values of combustion air humidity and dilution air humidity in the chemical balance may be used; as long as combustion air and dilution air humidity remain within tolerances of ± 0,0025 mol/mol of their respective mean values over the test interval. For each emission concentration, x, and amount of water x
H2Oexh, it shall be determined their completely dry concentrations, α
dry and x
H2Oexhdry. It shall also be used fuel's atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, a, oxygen-to-carbon ratio, β and carbon mass fraction of fuel, w
C. For the test fuel, α and β or the default values in Table 7.1 may be used.
Use the following steps to complete a chemical balance:






(a)


Measured concentrations such as, x
CO2meas, x
NOmeas, and x
H2Oint, shall be converted to dry concentrations by dividing them by one minus the amount of water present during their respective measurements; for example: x
H2OxCO2meas, x
H2OxNOmeas, and x
H2Oint. If the amount of water present during a "wet" measurement is the same as the unknown amount of water in the exhaust flow, x
H2Oexh, it has to be iteratively solved for that value in the system of equations. If only total NOx are measured and not NO and NO2 separately, good engineering judgement shall be used to estimate a split in the total NOx concentration between NO and NO2 for the chemical balances. The molar concentration of NOx, x
NOx, may be assumed to be 75 per cent NO and 25 per cent NO2. For NO2 storage aftertreatment systems, x
NOx may be assumed to be 25 per cent NO and 75 per cent NO2. For calculating the mass of NOx emissions, the molar mass of NO2 for the effective molar mass of all NOx species, regardless of the actual NO2 fraction of NOx, shall be used;










(b)


Equations (A.7-10 to A.7-26) in paragraph (d) of this paragraph A.7.2.3. have to be entered into a computer program to iteratively solve for x
H2Oexh, x
Ccombdry and x
dil/exh. Good engineering judgment shall be used to guess initial values for x
H2Oexh, x
Ccombdry, and x
dil/exh. Guessing an initial amount of water that is about twice the amount of water in the intake or dilution air is recommended. Guessing an initial value of x
Ccombdry as the sum of the measured CO2, CO, and THC values is recommended. Guessing an initial x
dil between 0,75 and 0,95 (0,75 < xdil < 0,95), such as 0,8 is also recommended. Values in the system of equations shall be iterated until the most recently updated guesses are all within ±1 per cent of their respective most recently calculated values;










(c)


The following symbols and subscripts are used in the equation system of sub-paragraph (c) of this paragraph where x unit is mol/mol:






Symbol


Description





xdil/exh




Amount of dilution gas or excess air per mole of exhaust





xH2Oexh




Amount of H2O in exhaust per mole of exhaust





xCcombdry




Amount of carbon from fuel in the exhaust per mole of dry exhaust





xH2Oexhdry




Amount of water in exhaust per dry mole of dry exhaust





xprod/intdry




Amount of dry stoichiometric products per dry mole of intake air





x
dil/exhdry



Amount of dilution gas and/or excess air per mole of dry exhaust





x
int/exhdry



Amount of intake air required to produce actual combustion products per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust





x
raw/exhdry



Amount of undiluted exhaust, without excess air, per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust





x
O2intdry



Amount of intake air O2 per mole of dry intake air; x
O2intdry = 0,209445 mol/mol may be assumed





x
CO2intdry



Amount of intake air CO2 per mole of dry intake air. x
CO2intdry = 375 μmol/mol may be used, but measuring the actual concentration in the intake air is recommended





x
H2Ointdry



Amount of the intake air H2O per mole of dry intake air





x
CO2int



Amount of intake air CO2 per mole of intake air





x
CO2dil



Amount of dilution gas CO2 per mole of dilution gas





x
CO2dildry



Amount of dilution gas CO2 per mole of dry dilution gas. If air is used as diluent,

x
CO2dildry = 375 μmol/mol may be used, but measuring the actual concentration in the intake air is recommended





x
H2Odildry



Amount of dilution gas H2O per mole of dry dilution gas





x
H2Odil



Amount of dilution gas H2O per mole of dilution gas





x
[emission]meas



Amount of measured emission in the sample at the respective gas analyser





x
[emission]dry



Amount of emission per dry mole of dry sample





x
H2O[emission]meas



Amount of water in sample at emission-detection location. These values shall be measured or estimated according to paragraph 9.3.2.3.1.





x
H2Oint



Amount of water in the intake air, based on a humidity measurement of intake air





α



Atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) (CHα Oβ) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption





β



Atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio of the mixture of fuel(s) (CHα Oβ) being combusted, weighted by molar consumption














(d)


The following equations shall be used to iteratively solve for x
dil/exh, x
H2Oexh and x
Ccombdry:













(A.7-10)











(A.7-11)











(A.7-12)











(A.7-13)











(A.7-14)









(A.7-15)





(A.7-16)













(A.7-17)











(A.7-18)











(A.7-19)











(A.7-20)











(A.7-21)











(A.7-22)











(A.7-23)











(A.7-24)











(A.7-25)











(A.7-26)








At the end of the chemical balance, the molar flow rate

 is calculated as specified in paragraphs A.7.3.3. and A.7.4.3.
A.7.2.4.   NOx correction for humidity
All the NOx concentrations, including dilution air background concentrations, shall be corrected for intake-air humidity using the following equation:













(A.7-27)




where:








x
NOxuncor



=


uncorrected NOx molar concentration in the exhaust gas [μmol/mol]





x
H2O



=


amount of water in the intake air [mol/mol]




A.7.3.   Raw gaseous emissions
A.7.3.1.   Mass of gaseous emissions
To calculate the total mass per test of gaseous emission m
gas [g/test], its molar concentration shall be multiplied by its respective molar flow and by exhaust gas molar mass; then integration over test cycle shall be performed:













(A.7-28)




where:








M
gas



=


molar mass of the generic gaseous emission [g/mol]











=


instantaneous exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]





x
gas



=


instantaneous generic gas molar concentration on a wet basis [mol/mol]





t



=


time [s]




Since equation (A.7-28) has to be solved by numerical integration, it is transformed in:













(A.7-29)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


instantaneous exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]





x
gasi



=


instantaneous generic gas molar concentration on a wet basis [mol/mol]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





N



=


number of measurements [-]




General equation may be modified according to which measurement system is used, batch or continuous sampling, and if a varying rather than a constant flow rate is sampled.






(a)


For continuous sampling, in the general case of varying flow rate, the mass of the gaseous emission m
gas [g/test] shall be calculated by means of the following equation:













(A.7-30)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


instantaneous exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]





x
gasi



=


instantaneous gaseous emission molar fraction on a wet basis [mol/mol]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





N



=


number of measurements [-]














(b)


Still for continuous sampling but in the particular case of constant flow rate the mass of the gaseous emission m
gas [g/test] shall be calculated by means of the following equation:













(A.7-31)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]











=


mean gaseous emission molar fraction on a wet basis [mol/mol]





Δt



=


time duration of test interval














(c)


For the batch sampling, regardless the flow rate is varying or constant, the equation (A.7-30) can be simplified as follows:













(A.7-32)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


instantaneous exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]











=


mean gaseous emission molar fraction on a wet basis [mol/mol]





F



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





N



=


number of measurements [-]








A.7.3.2.   Dry-to-wet concentration conversion
Parameters of this paragraph are obtained from the results of the chemical balance calculated in paragraph A.7.2. The following relation exists between gas molar concentrations in the measured flow x
gasdry and x
gas [mol/mol] expressed on a dry and wet basis respectively:













(A.7-33)











(A.7-34)




where:








x
H2O



=


molar fraction of water in the measured flow on a wet basis [mol/mol]





x
H2Odry



=


molar fraction of water in the measured flow on a dry basis [mol/mol]




For gaseous emissions a removed water correction shall be performed for the generic concentration x [mol/mol] as follows:













(A.7-35)




where:








x
[emission]meas



=


molar fraction of emission in the measured flow at measurement location [mol/mol]





x
H2O[emission]meas



=


amount of water in the measured flow at the concentration measurement [mol/mol]





x
H2Oexh



=


amount of water at the flow-meter [mol/mol]




A.7.3.3.   Exhaust gas molar flow rate
The flow rate of the raw exhaust gases can be directly measured or can be calculated based on the chemical balance of paragraph A.7.2.3. Calculation of raw exhaust molar flow rate is performed from measured intake air molar flow rate or fuel mass flow rate. The raw exhaust molar flow rate can be calculated from the sampled emissions,

, based on the measured intake air molar flow rate,

, or the measured fuel mass flow rate,

, and the values calculated using the chemical balance in paragraph A.7.2.3. It shall be solved for the chemical balance in paragraph A.7.2.3. at the same frequency that

 or

 is updated and recorded.






(a)

Crankcase flow rate. The raw exhaust flow can be calculated based on



 or



 only if at least one of the following is true about crankcase emission flow rate:





(i)


The test engine has a production emission-control system with a closed crankcase that routes crankcase flow back to the intake air, downstream of intake air flow-meter;










(ii)


During emission testing open crankcase flow is routed to the exhaust according to paragraph 6.10;










(iii)


Open crankcase emissions and flow are measured and added to brake-specific emission calculations;










(iv)


Using emission data or an engineering analysis, it can be demonstrated that neglecting the flow rate of open crankcase emissions does not adversely affect compliance with the applicable standards;














(b)


Molar flow rate calculation based on intake air.
Based on

, exhaust gas molar flow rate

[mol/s] shall be calculated as follows:













(A.7-36)




where:














=


raw exhaust molar flow rate from which emissions are measured [mol/s]











=


intake air molar flow rate including humidity in intake air [mol/s]





x
int/exhdry



=


amount of intake air required to produce actual combustion products per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust [mol/mol]





x
raw/exhdry



=


amount of undiluted exhaust, without excess air, per mole of dry (raw or diluted) exhaust [mol/mol]





x
H2Oexhdry



=


amount of water in exhaust per mole of dry exhaust [mol/mol]














(c)


Molar flow rate calculation based on fuel mass flow rate
Based on

,

 [mol/s] shall be calculated as follows:













(A.7-37)




where:














=


raw exhaust molar flow rate from which emissions are measured











=


fuel flow rate including humidity in intake air [g/s]





w
C



=


carbon mass fraction for the given fuel [g/g]





x
H2Oexhdry



=


amount of H2O per dry mole of measured flow [mol/mol]





M
C



=


molecular mass of carbon 12,0107 g/mol





x
Ccombdry



=


amount of carbon from fuel in the exhaust per mole of dry exhaust [mol/mol]








A.7.4.   Diluted gaseous emissions
A.7.4.1.   Emission mass calculation and background correction
Equations for the calculation of gaseous emissions mass m
gas [g/test] as a function of molar emissions flow rates are as follows:






(a)


Continuous sampling, varying flow rate













(see A.7-29)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


instantaneous exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]





m
gasi




=


instantaneous generic gas molar concentration on a wet basis [mol/mol]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





N



=


number of measurements [-]




Continuous sampling, constant flow rate













(see A.7-31)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]











=


mean gaseous emission molar fraction on a wet basis [mol/mol]





Δt



=


time duration of test interval














(b)


Batch sampling, regardless varying flow or constant rate is the following equation shall be used:













(see A.7-32)




where:








M
gas



=


generic emission molar mass [g/mol]











=


instantaneous exhaust gas molar flow rate on a wet basis [mol/s]











=


mean gaseous emission molar fraction on a wet basis [mol/mol]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





N



=


number of measurements [-]














(c)


In case of diluted exhaust gases calculated values for mass of the pollutants shall be corrected by subtracting the mass of background emissions, due to dilution air:






(i)

Firstly, the molar flow rate of dilution air



 [mol/s] shall be determined over the test interval. This may be a measured quantity or a quantity calculated from the diluted exhaust flow and the flow-weighted mean fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust, 



;









(ii)


The total flow of dilution air n
airdil [mol] shall be multiplied by the mean concentration of background emission. This may be a time-weighted mean or a flow-weighted mean (e.g., a proportionally sampled background). The product of n
airdil and the mean concentration of a background emission is the total amount of a background emission;










(iii)


If the result is a molar quantity, it shall be converted to a mass of the background emission m
bkgnd [g] by multiplying it by emission molar mass, M
gas [g/mol];










(iv)


Total background mass shall be subtracted from total mass to correct for background emissions;










(v)


The total flow of dilution air may be determined by a direct flow measurement. In this case, the total mass of background shall be calculated, using the dilution air flow, n
airdil. The background mass shall be subtracted from the total mass. The result shall be used in brake-specific emission calculations;










(vi)

The total flow of dilution air may be determined from the total flow of diluted exhaust and a chemical balance of the fuel, intake air, and exhaust as described in paragraph A.7.2. In this case, the total mass of background shall be calculated, using the total flow of diluted exhaust, n
dexh. Then this result shall be multiplied by the flow-weighted mean fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust, 



.



Considering the two cases (v) and (vi), the following equations shall be used:










 or 






(A.7-38)











(A.7-39)




where:








m
gas



=


total mass of the gaseous emission [g]





m
bkgnd



=


total background masses [g]





m
gascor



=


mass of gas corrected for background emissions [g]





M
gas



=


molecular mass of generic gaseous emission [g/mol]





x
gasdil



=


gaseous emission concentration in dilution air [mol/mol]





n
airdil



=


dilution air molar flow [mol











=


flow-weighted mean fraction of dilution air in diluted exhaust [mol/mol]











=


gas fraction of background [mol/mol]





n
dexh



=


total flow of diluted exhaust [mol]








A.7.4.2.   Dry-to wet concentration conversion
The same relations for raw gases (paragraph A.7.3.2.) shall be used for dry-to-wet conversion on diluted samples. For dilution air a humidity measurement shall be performed with the aim to calculate its water vapour fraction x
H2Odildry [mol/mol]:













(see A.7-21)




where:


x
H2Odil
= water molar fraction in the dilution air flow [mol/mol]
A.7.4.3.   Exhaust molar flow rate






(a)


Calculation via chemical balance;
The molar flow rate

 [mol/s] can be calculated based on fuel mass flow rate

:













(see A.7-37)




where:














=


raw exhaust molar flow rate from which emissions are measured











=


fuel flow rate including humidity in intake air [g/s]





w
C



=


carbon mass fraction for the given fuel [g/g]





x
H2Oexhdry



=


amount of H2O per dry mole of measured flow [mol/mol]





M
C



=


molecular mass of carbon 12,0107 g/mol





x
Ccombdry



=


amount of carbon from fuel in the exhaust per mole of dry exhaust [mol/mol]














(b)


Measurement
The exhaust gas molar flow rate may be measured by means of three systems:






(i)

PDP molar flow rate. Based upon the speed at which the Positive Displacement Pump (PDP) operates for a test interval, the corresponding slope a
1, and intercept, a
0 [-], as calculated with the calibration procedure of Appendix 1 to this annex, shall be used to calculate molar flow rate



 [mol/s] as follows:












(A.7-40)




where:













(A.7-41)




where:








a
1



=


calibration coefficient [m3/s]





a
0



=


calibration coefficient [m3/rev]





p
in, pout



=


inlet/outlet pressure [Pa]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol K)]





T
in



=


inlet temperature [K]





V
rev



=


PDP pumped volume [m3/rev]





f
n.,PDP



=


PDP speed [rev/s]














(ii)

SSV molar flow rate. Based on the C
d versus R
e
# equation determined according to Appendix 1 of this annex, the Sub-Sonic Venturi (SSV) molar flow rate during an emission test



 [mol/s] shall be calculated as follows:












(A.7-42)




where:








p
in



=


inlet pressure [Pa]





A
t



=


Venturi throat cross-sectional area [m2]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol K)]





T
in



=


inlet temperature [K]





Z



=


compressibility factor





M
mix



=


molar mass of diluted exhaust [kg/mol]





C
d



=


discharge coefficient of the SSV [-]





C
f



=


flow coefficient of the SSV [-]














(iii)

CFV molar flow rate. To calculate the molar flow rate through one venturi or one combination of venturis, its respective mean C
d and other constants, determined according to the Appendix 1 to this annex, shall be used. The calculation of its molar flow rate



 [mol/s] during an emission test follows:












(A.7-43)




where:








p
in



=


inlet pressure [Pa]





A
t



=


Venturi throat cross-sectional area [m2]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol K)]





T
in



=


inlet temperature [K]





Z



=


compressibility factor





M
mix



=


molar mass of diluted exhaust [kg/mol]





C
d



=


discharge coefficient of the CFV [-]





C
f



=


flow coefficient of the CFV [-]












A.7.4.4.   Determination of particulates
A.7.4.4.1.   Sampling






(a)


Sampling from a varying flow rate:
If a batch sample from a changing exhaust flow rate is collected, a sample proportional to the changing exhaust flow rate shall be extracted. The flow rate shall be integrated over a test interval to determine the total flow. The mean PM concentration 

 (which is already in units of mass per mole of sample) shall be multiplied by the total flow to obtain the total mass of PM m
PM [g]:













(A.7-44)




where:














=


instantaneous exhaust molar flow rate [mol/s]











=


mean PM concentration [g/mol]





Δti




=


sampling interval [s]














(b)


Sampling from a constant flow rate
If a batch sample from a constant exhaust flow rate is collected, the mean molar flow rate from which the sample is extracted shall be determined. The mean PM concentration shall be multiplied by the total flow to obtain the total mass of PM m
PM[g]:













(A.7-45)




where:














=


exhaust molar flow rate [mol/s]











=


mean PM concentration [g/mol]





Δt



=


time duration of test interval [s]




For sampling with a constant dilution ratio (DR), m
PM [g] shall be calculated using the following equation:













(A.7-46)




where:








m
PMdil



=


PM mass in dilution air [g]





DR



=


dilution ratio [-] defined as the ratio between the mass of the emission m and the mass of diluted exhaust m
dil/exh (

).
The dilution ratio DR can be expressed as a function of x
dil/exh:













(A.7-47)












A.7.4.4.2.   Background correction
The same approach as that of paragraph A.7.4.1. shall be applied to correct the mass of PM for the background. Multiplying 

 by the total flow of dilution air, the total background mass of PM (m
PMbkgnd [g]) is obtained. Subtraction of total background mass from total mass gives background corrected mass of particulates m
PMcor [g]:













(A.7-48)




where:








m
PMuncor



=


uncorrected PM mass [g]











=


mean PM concentration in dilution air [g/mol]





n
airdil



=


dilution air molar flow [mol]




A.7.5.   Cycle work and specific emissions
A.7.5.1.   Gaseous emissions
A.7.5.1.1.   Transient and ramped modal cycle
Reference is made to paragraphs A.7.3.1. and A.7.4.1. for raw and diluted exhaust respectively. The resulting values for power P
i [kW] shall be integrated over a test interval. The total work W
act [kWh] is calculated as follows:













(A.7-49)




where:








P
i



=


instantaneous engine power [kW]





n
i



=


instantaneous engine speed [min-1]





T
i



=


instantaneous engine torque [N·m]





W
act



=


actual cycle work [kWh]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





N



=


number of measurements [-]




The specific emissions e
gas [g/kWh] shall be calculated in the following ways depending on the type of test cycle.













(A.7-50)




where:








m
gas



=


total mass of emission [g/test]





W
act



=


cycle work [kWh]




In case of the transient cycle, the final test result e
gas [g/kWh] shall be a weighted average from cold start test and hot start test by using:













(A.7-51)




In case of an infrequent (periodic) exhaust regeneration (paragraph 6.6.2.), the specific emissions shall be corrected with the multiplicative adjustment factor k
r (equation (6-4)) or with the two separate pairs of adjustment additive factors k
Ur (upward factor of equation (6-5)) and k
Dr (downward factor of equation (6-6)).
A.7.5.1.2.   Steady-state discrete-mode cycle
The specific emissions e
gas [g/kWh] are calculated as follows:













(A.7-52)




where:














=


mean emission mass flow rate for the mode i [g/h]





P
i



=


engine power for the mode i [kW] with 

 (see paragraphs 6.3. and 7.7.1.2.)





WF
i



=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]




A.7.5.2.   Particulate emissions
A.7.5.2.1.   Transient and ramped modal cycles
The particulate specific emissions shall be calculated with equation (A.7-50) where e
gas [g/kWh] and m
gas [g/test] are substituted by e
PM [g/kWh] and m
PM [g/test] respectively:













(A.7-53)




where:








m
PM



=


total mass of particulates emission, calculated according to paragraph A.8.3.4. [g/test]





W
act



=


cycle work [kWh]




The emissions on the transient composite cycle (i.e. cold phase and hot phase) shall be calculated as shown in paragraph A.7.5.1.
A.7.5.2.2.   Steady state discrete-mode cycle
The particulate specific emission e
PM
 [g/kWh] shall be calculated in the following way:
A.7.5.2.2.1.   For the single-filter method













(A.7-54)




where:








P
i



=


engine power for the mode i [kW] with 

 (see paragraphs 6.3. and 7.7.1.2.)





WF
i



=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]











=


particulate mass flow rate [g/h]




A.7.5.2.2.2.   For the multiple-filter method













(A.7-55)




where:








P
i



=


engine power for the mode i [kW] with 

 (see paragraphs 6.3. and 7.7.1.2.)





WF
i



=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]











=


particulate mass flow rate at mode i [g/h]




For the single-filter method, the effective weighing factor, WF
effi, for each mode shall be calculated in the following way:













(A.7-56)




where:








m
smpldexhi



=


mass of the diluted exhaust sample passed 
through the particulate sampling filters at mode i
 [kg]





m
smpldexh



=


mass of the diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filters [kg]











=


equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate at mode i [kg/s]











=


average equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate [kg/s]




The value of the effective weighing factors shall be within ± 0,005 (absolute value) of the weighing factors listed in Annex 5.


(1)  See subscripts; e.g.:

 for mass rate of dry air or

 for fuel mass rate.

(2)  Dilution ratio rd in Appendix A.8 and DR in Appendix A.7: different symbols but same meaning and same equations. Dilution factor D in Appendix A.8 and x
dil/exh in Appendix A.7: different symbols but same physical meaning; equation (A.7-47) shows the relationship between x
dil/exh and DR.

(3)  See paragraph A.7.1.1. of this section for the values to use for molar masses. In the cases of NOx and HC, the Regulations specify effective molar masses based on assumed speciation rather than actual speciation.

(4)  See symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components.

(5)  See specific symbols in the table of chemical balance.

(6)  The mole fractions for THC and NMHC are expressed on a C1 equivalent basis.

(7)  

t.b.d.= to be defined.

(8)  In Appendix A.8 the meaning of subscript is determined by the associated quantity; for example, the subscript "d" can indicate a dry basis as in "c
d = concentration on dry basis", dilution air as in "p
d = saturation vapour pressure of the dilution air" or "k
w,d = dry to wet correction factor for the dilution air", dilution ratio as in "r
d". This is the reason why the column of Appendix A.8 is nearly empty.

(9)  Referred to a fuel with chemical formula CHαOβSγNδ


(10)  Referred to a fuel with chemical formula CHαOεNδSγ


(11)  Attention should be paid to the different meaning of symbol β in the two emissions calculation appendices: in Appendix A.8 it refers to a fuel having the chemical formula CHαSγNδOε (i.e. the formula CβHαSγNδOε where β = 1, assuming one carbon atom per molecule), while in Appendix A.7 it refers to the oxygen-to-carbon ratio with CHαOβSγNδ. Then β of Appendix A.7 corresponds to ε of Appendix A.8.

(12)  Mass fraction w accompanied by the symbol of the chemical component as a subscript.

(1)  The effective molar masses of THC and NMHC are defined by an atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, α, of 1,85;

(2)  The effective molar mass of NOx is defined by the molar mass of nitrogen dioxide, NO2.




Appendix A.7.1

Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration

This Appendix 1 describes the calculations for calibrating various flow-meters. Paragraph A.7.6.1. of this Appendix 1 first describes how to convert reference flow-meter outputs for use in the calibration equations, which are presented on a molar basis. The remaining paragraphs describe the calibration calculations that are specific to certain types of flow-meters.
A.7.6.1.   Reference meter conversions
The calibration equations in this section use molar flow rate,

, as a reference quantity. If the adopted reference meter outputs a flow rate in a different quantity, such as standard volume rate,

, actual volume rate,

, or mass rate,

, the reference meter output shall be converted to a molar flow rate using the following equations, noting that while values for volume rate, mass rate, pressure, temperature, and molar mass may change during an emission test, they should be kept as constant as practical for each individual set point during a flow-meter calibration:













(A.7–57)




where:














=


reference molar flow rate [mol/s]











=


reference volume flow rate, corrected to a standard pressure and a standard temperature [m3/s]











=


reference volume flow rate, at the actual pressure and temperature [m3/s]











=


reference mass flow [g/s]





p
std



=


standard pressure [Pa]





p
act



=


actual pressure of the gas [Pa]





T
std



=


standard temperature [K]





T
act



=


actual temperature of the gas [K]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol · K)]





M
mix



=


molar mass of the gas [g/mol]




A.7.6.2.   PDP calibration calculations
For each restrictor position, the following values shall be calculated from the mean values determined in paragraph 8.1.8.4., as follows:






(a)


PDP volume pumped per revolution, V
rev (m3/rev):













(A.7–58)




where:














=


mean value of reference molar flow rate [mol/s]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol · K)]











=


mean inlet temperature [K]











=


mean inlet pressure [Pa]











=


mean rotational speed [rev/s]














(b)


PDP slip correction factor, Ks [s/rev]:













(A.7-59)




where:














=


mean reference molar flow rate [mol/s]











=


mean inlet temperature [K]











=


mean inlet pressure [Pa]











=


mean outlet pressure [Pa]











=


mean PDP revolution speed [rev/s]





R



=


molar gas constant [J/(mol · K)]














(c)


A least-squares regression of PDP volume pumped per revolution, V
rev, versus PDP slip correction factor, K
s, shall be performed by calculating slope, a
1, and intercept, a
0, as described in Annex 4B Appendix A.2;










(d)


The procedure in sub-paragraphs (a) through (c) of this paragraph shall be repeated for every speed that PDP is operated;










(e)

The following table illustrates these calculations for different values of 



:
Table A.7.2


Example of PDP calibration data














 [rev/min]





 [rev/s]

a1 [m3/min]


a1 [m3/s]


a0 [m3/rev]




755,0 


12,58 


50,43 


0,8405 


0,056 




987,6 


16,46 


49,86 


0,831 


–0,013 




1 254,5 


20,9 


48,54 


0,809 


0,028 




1 401,3 


23,355 


47,30 


0,7883 


–0,061 














(f)


For each speed at which the PDP is operated, the corresponding slope, a
1, and intercept, a
0, shall be used to calculate flow rate during emission testing as described in paragraph A.7.4.3.(b)




A.7.6.3.   Venturi governing equations and permissible assumptions
This section describes the governing equations and permissible assumptions for calibrating a venturi and calculating flow using a venturi. Because a subsonic venturi (SSV) and a critical-flow venturi (CFV) both operate similarly, their governing equations are nearly the same, except for the equation describing their pressure ratio, r (i.e., r
SSV versus r
CFV). These governing equations assume one-dimensional isentropic inviscid compressible flow of an ideal gas. In paragraph A.7.6.3.(d), other assumptions that may be made are described. If the assumption of an ideal gas for the measured flow is not allowed, the governing equations include a first-order correction for the behaviour of a real gas; namely, the compressibility factor, Z. If good engineering judgment dictates using a value other than Z = 1, an appropriate equation of state to determine values of Z as a function of measured pressures and temperatures may be used, or specific calibration equations may be developed based on good engineering judgment. It shall be noted that the equation for the flow coefficient, C
f, is based on the ideal gas assumption that the isentropic exponent, γ, is equal to the ratio of specific heats, c
p/c
V
. If good engineering judgment dictates using a real gas isentropic exponent, an appropriate equation of state to determine values of γ as a function of measured pressures and temperatures may be used, or specific calibration equations may be developed. Molar flow rate,

 [mol/s], shall be calculated as follows:













(A.7–60)




where:








C
d



=


Discharge coefficient, as determined in paragraph A.7.6.3.(a) [-]





C
f



=


Flow coefficient, as determined in paragraph A.7.6.3.(b) [-]





A
t



=


Venturi throat cross-sectional area [m2]





p
in



=


Venturi inlet absolute static pressure [Pa]





Z



=


Compressibility factor [-]





M
mix



=


Molar mass of gas mixture [kg/mol]





R



=


Molar gas constant J/(mol · K)





T
in



=


Venturi inlet absolute temperature [K]










(a)


Using the data collected in paragraph 8.1.8.4., C
d is calculated using the following equation:













(A.7–61)




where:














=


reference molar flow rate [mol/s]




Other symbols as per equation (A.7-60).










(b)



C
f shall be determined using one of the following methods:






(i)


For CFV flow-meters only, CfCFV is derived from the following table based on values for β (ratio of venturi throat to inlet diameters) and γ (ratio of specific heats of the gas mixture), using linear interpolation to find intermediate values:

Table A.7.3



C
fCFV versus β and γ for CFV flow-meters









C
fCFV






β




γ
exh = 1,385



γ
dexh = γ
air = 1,399




0,000 


0,6822 


0,6846 




0,400 


0,6857 


0,6881 




0,500 


0,6910 


0,6934 




0,550 


0,6953 


0,6977 




0,600 


0,7011 


0,7036 




0,625 


0,7047 


0,7072 




0,650 


0,7089 


0,7114 




0,675 


0,7137 


0,7163 




0,700 


0,7193 


0,7219 




0,720 


0,7245 


0,7271 




0,740 


0,7303 


0,7329 




0,760 


0,7368 


0,7395 




0,770 


0,7404 


0,7431 




0,780 


0,7442 


0,7470 




0,790 


0,7483 


0,7511 




0,800 


0,7527 


0,7555 




0,810 


0,7573 


0,7602 




0,820 


0,7624 


0,7652 




0,830 


0,7677 


0,7707 




0,840 


0,7735 


0,7765 




0,850 


0,7798 


0,7828 














(ii)


For any CFV or SSV flow-meter, the following equation may be used to calculate C
f:













(A.7-62)




where:








γ



=


isentropic exponent [-]. For an ideal gas, this is the ratio of specific heats of the gas mixture, cp
/c
V







r



=


pressure ratio, as determined in sub-paragraph (c)(3) of this section





β



=


ratio of venturi throat to inlet diameters


















(c)


The pressure ratio r shall be calculated as follows:






(i)


For SSV systems only, r
SSV is calculated using the following equation:













(A.7-63)




where:








Δp
SSV



=


differential static pressure; venturi inlet minus venturi throat [Pa]














(ii)


For CFV systems only, r
CFV shall be calculated iteratively using the following equation:













(A.7-64)


















(d)


Any of the following simplifying assumptions of the governing equations may be made, or good engineering judgment may be used to develop more appropriate values for testing:






(i)


For emission testing over the full ranges of raw exhaust, diluted exhaust and dilution air, the gas mixture may be assumed to behave as an ideal gas: Z = 1;










(ii)


For the full range of raw exhaust a constant ratio of specific heats of γ = 1,385 may be assumed;










(iii)


For the full range of diluted exhaust and air (e.g., calibration air or dilution air), a constant ratio of specific heats of γ = 1,399 may be assumed;










(iv)


For the full range of diluted exhaust and air, the molar mass of the mixture, M
mix [g/mol], may be considered as a function only of the amount of water in the dilution air or calibration air, x
H2O, determined as described in paragraph A.7.1.2., as follows:













(A.7-65)




where:








M
air



=


28,96559 g/mol





M
H2O



=


18,01528 g/mol





x
H2O



=


amount of water in the dilution or calibration air [mol/mol]














(v)


For the full range of diluted exhaust and air, a constant molar mass of the mixture, M
mix, may be assumed for all calibration and all testing as long as assumed molar mass differs no more than ± 1 per cent from the estimated minimum and maximum molar mass during calibration and testing. This assumption may be made if sufficient control of the amount of water in calibration air and in dilution air is ensured, or if sufficient water is removed from both calibration air and dilution air. The following table gives examples of permissible ranges of dilution air dew point versus calibration air dew point.





Table A.7.4


Examples of dilution air and calibration air dew points at which a constant M
mix may be assumed








If calibration Tdew (°C) is…


the following constant Mmix (g/mol) is assumed


for the following ranges of Tdew (°C) during emission tests (1)





dry


28,96559 


dry to 18




0 


28,89263 


dry to 21




5 


28,86148 


dry to 22




10 


28,81911 


dry to 24




15 


28,76224 


dry to 26




20 


28,68685 


– 8 to 28




25 


28,58806 


12 to 31




30 


28,46005 


23 to 34








A.7.6.4   SSV calibration






(a)


Molar based approach. To calibrate an SSV flow-meter the following steps shall be performed:






(i)


The Reynolds number, Re
#, for each reference molar flow rate, shall be calculated using the throat diameter of the venturi, d
t. Because the dynamic viscosity, μ, is needed to compute Re
#, a specific viscosity model may be used to determine μ for calibration gas (usually air), using good engineering judgment. Alternatively, the Sutherland three-coefficient viscosity model may be used to approximate μ:













(A.7–66)




where:








d
t



=


diameter of the SSV throat [m]





M
mix



=


mixture molar mass [kg/mol]











=


reference molar flow rate [mol/s]




and, using the Sutherland three-coefficient viscosity model:













(A.7-67)




where:








μ



=


Dynamic viscosity of calibration gas [kg/(m · s)]





μ
0



=


Sutherland reference viscosity[kh/(m · s)]





S



=


Sutherland constant [K]





T
0



=


Sutherland reference temperature [K]





T
in



=


Absolute temperature at the venturi inlet [K]





Table A.7.5


Sutherland three-coefficient viscosity model parameters











Gas (2)



μ0



T0



S


Temp range within ± 2 per cent error


Pressure limit




 


kg /(m · s)


K


K


K


kPa




Air


1,716 × 10-5



273 


111 


170 to 1 900 


≤ 1 800 




CO2



1,370 × 10-5



273 


222 


190 to 1 700 


≤ 3 600 




H2O


1,12 × 10-5



350 


1 064 


360 to 1 500 


≤ 10 000 




O2



1,919 × 10-5



273 


139 


190 to 2 000 


≤ 2 500 




N2



1,663 × 10-5



273 


107 


100 to 1 500 


≤ 1 600 














(ii)


An equation for Cd versus Re
# shall be created, using paired values of (Re
#, C
d). C
d is calculated according to equation (A.7-61), with Cf obtained from equation (A.7-62), or any mathematical expression may be used, including a polynomial or a power series. The following equation is an example of a commonly used mathematical expression for relating C
d and Re
#;













(A.7-68)














(iii)


A least-squares regression analysis shall be performed to determine the best-fit coefficients to the equation and calculate the equation's regression statistics, the standard estimate error SEE and the coefficient of determination r
2, according to Annex 4B, Appendix A.2;










(iv)

If the equation meets the criteria of



 (or



) and r
2 ≥ 0,995, the equation may be used to determine C
d for emission tests, as described in A.7.4.3.(b);









(v)


If the SEE and r
2 criteria are not met, good engineering judgment may be used to omit calibration data points to meet the regression statistics. At least seven calibration data points shall be used to meet the criteria;










(vi)


If omitting points does not resolve outliers, corrective action shall be taken. For example, another mathematical expression for the C
d versus Re
# equation shall be selected, leaks are to be checked, or the calibration process has to be repeated. If the process shall be repeated, tighter tolerances shall be applied to measurements and more time for flows to stabilize shall be allowed;










(vii)


Once the equation meets the regression criteria, the equation may be used only to determine flow rates that are within the range of the reference flow rates used to meet the C
d versus Re
# equation's regression criteria.








A.7.6.5.   CFV calibration






(a)


Molar based approach. Some CFV flow-meters consist of a single venturi and some consist of multiple venturis, where different combinations of venturis are used to meter different flow rates. For CFV flow-meters that consist of multiple venturis, either calibration of each venturi independently to determine a separate discharge coefficient, C
d, for each venturi, or calibration of each combination of venturis as one venture may be performed. In the case where a combination of venturis is calibrated, the sum of the active venturi throat area is used as A
t, the square root of the sum of the squares of the active venturi throat diameters as d
t and the ratio of the venturi throat to inlet diameters as the ratio of the square root of the sum of the active venturi throat diameters (d
t) to the diameter of the common entrance to all of the venturis (D). To determine the C
d for a single venturi or a single combination of venturis, the following steps shall be performed:






(i)


With the data collected at each calibration set point, an individual C
d for each point shall be calculated using equation (A.7-60);










(ii)


The mean and standard deviation of all the C
d values shall be calculated according to equations (A.2-1) and (A.2-2);










(iii)


If the standard deviation of all the C
d values is less than or equal to 0,3 per cent of the mean C
d, then the mean C
d shall be used in equation (A.7-43), and the CFV shall be used only down to the lowest r measured during calibration;













(A.7-69)














(iv)


If the standard deviation of all the C
d values exceeds 0,3 per cent of the mean C
d, the C
d values corresponding to the data point collected at the lowest r measured during calibration shall be omitted;










(v)


If the number of remaining data points is less than seven, corrective action shall be taken by checking calibration data or repeating the calibration process. If the calibration process is repeated, checking for leaks, applying tighter tolerances to measurements and allowing more time for flows to stabilize, is recommended;










(vi)


If the number of remaining C
d values is seven or greater, the mean and standard deviation of the remaining C
d values shall be recalculated;










(vii)


If the standard deviation of the remaining C
d values is less than or equal to 0,3 per cent of the mean of the remaining C
d, that mean C
d shall be used in equation (A.7-43) and the CFV values only down to the lowest r associated with the remaining C
d shall be used;










(viii)


If the standard deviation of the remaining C
d still exceeds 0,3 per cent of the mean of the remaining C
d values, the steps in sub-paragraph (a) (iv) through (viii) of this section shall be repeated.










(1)  Range valid for all calibration and emission testing over the atmospheric pressure range (80 000 to 103 325) kPa.

(2)  Tabulated parameters only for the pure gases, as listed, shall be used. Parameters to calculate viscosities of gas mixtures shall not be combined.




Appendix A.7.2

Drift correction

A.7.7.1.   Scope and frequency
The calculations in this Appendix 2 are performed to determine if gas analyser drift invalidates the results of a test interval. If drift does not invalidate the results of a test interval, the test interval's gas analyser responses shall be corrected for drift according to this Appendix 2. The drift-corrected gas analyser responses shall be used in all subsequent emission calculations. The acceptable threshold for gas analyser drift over a test interval is specified in paragraph 8.2.2.2.
A.7.7.2.   Correction principles
The calculations in this Appendix 2 utilize a gas analyser's responses to reference zero and span concentrations of analytical gases, as determined sometime before and after a test interval. The calculations correct the gas analyser's responses that were recorded during a test interval. The correction is based on an analyser's mean responses to reference zero and span gases, and it is based on the reference concentrations of the zero and span gases themselves. Validation and correction for drift shall be performed as follows:
A.7.7.3.   Drift validation
After applying all the other corrections–except drift correction–to all the gas analyser signals, brake-specific emissions shall be calculated according to paragraph A.7.5. of Annex 4B, Appendix A.7. Then all gas analyser signals shall be corrected for drift according to this appendix. Brake-specific emissions shall be recalculated using all of the drift-corrected gas analyser signals. The brake-specific emission results shall be validated and reported before and after drift correction according to paragraph 8.2.2.2.
A.7.7.4.   Drift correction
All gas analyser signals shall be corrected as follows:






(a)

Each recorded concentration, x
i, shall be corrected for continuous sampling or for batch sampling, 



;









(b)


Correction for drift shall be done using the following equation:





where:


x
idriftcor
= concentration corrected for drift [μmol/mol]


x
refzero
= reference concentration of the zero gas, which is usually zero unless known to be otherwise [μmol/mol]


x
refspan
= reference concentration of the span gas [μmol/mol]


x
prespan
= pre-test interval gas analyser response to the span gas concentration [μmol/mol]


x
postspan
= post-test interval gas analyser response to the span gas concentration [μmol/mol]


x
i or 


= concentration recorded, i.e. measured, during test, before drift correction [μmol/mol]


x
prezero
= pre-test interval gas analyser response to the zero gas concentration [μmol/mol]


x
postzero
= post-test interval gas analyser response to the zero gas concentration [μmol/mol]










(c)


For any pre-test interval concentrations, concentrations determined most recently before the test interval shall be used. For some test intervals, the most recent pre-zero or pre-span might have occurred before one or more previous test intervals;










(d)


For any post-test interval concentrations, concentrations determined most recently after the test interval shall be used. For some test intervals, the most recent post-zero or post-span might have occurred after one or more subsequent test intervals;










(e)


If any pre-test interval analyser response to the span gas concentration, x
prespan, is not recorded, x
prespan shall be set equal to the reference concentration of the span gas: x
prespan = x
refspan;










(f)


If any pre-test interval analyser response to the zero gas concentration, x
prezero, is not recorded, x
prezero shall be set equal to the reference concentration of the zero gas: x
prezero = x
refzero;










(g)


Usually the reference concentration of the zero gas, x
refzero, is zero: x
refzero = 0 μmol/mol. However, in some cases it might be known that x
refzero has a non-zero concentration. For example, if a CO2 analyser is zeroed using ambient air, the default ambient air concentration of CO2, which is 375 μmol/mol, may be used. In this case, x
refzero = 375 μmol/mol. When an analyser is zeroed using a non-zero x
refzero, the analyser shall be set to output the actual x
refzero concentration. For example, if x
refzero = 375 μmol/mol, the analyser shall be set to output a value of 375 μmol/mol when the zero gas is flowing to the analyser.








Appendix A.8

Mass based emission calculations

A.8.0.   Symbol conversion
A.8.0.1.   General symbols








Appendix A.8


Appendix A.7


Unit


Quantity





b, D
0




a
0



t.b.d. (3)



y intercept of the regression line





m




a
1



t.b.d. (3)



Slope of the regression line





A/F
st



 


—


Stoichiometric air to fuel ratio





C
d




C
d



—


Discharge coefficient





c




x



ppm, % vol


Concentration (μmol/mol = ppm)





c
d




1



ppm, % vol


Concentration on dry basis





c
w




1



ppm, % vol


Concentration on wet basis





c
b




1



ppm, % vol


Background concentration





D




x
dil



—


Dilution factor (2)






D
0



 


m3/rev


PDP calibration intercept





d




d



m


Diameter





d
V



 


m


Throat diameter of venturi





e




e



g/kWh


Brake specific basis





e
gas




e
gas



g/kWh


Specific emission of gaseous components





e
PM




e
PM



g/kWh


Specific emission of particulates





E



1 – PF



per cent


Conversion efficiency (PF = Penetration fraction)





F
s



 


—


Stoichiometric factor





f
c



 


—


Carbon factor




H


 


g/kg


Absolute humidity





K
V



 









CFV calibration function





k
f



 


m3/kg fuel


Fuel specific factor





k
h



 


—


Humidity correction factor for NOx, diesel engines





k
Dr




k
Dr



—


Downward adjustment factor





k
r




k
r



—


Multiplicative regeneration factor





k
Ur




k
Ur



—


Upward adjustment factor





k
w,a



 


—


Dry to wet correction factor for the intake air





k
w,d



 


—


Dry to wet correction factor for the dilution air





k
w,e



 


—


Dry to wet correction factor for the diluted exhaust gas





k
w,r



 


—


Dry to wet correction factor for the raw exhaust gas





μ




μ



kg/(m · s)


Dynamic viscosity





M




M



g/mol


Molar mass (3)






M
a




1



g/mol


Molar mass of the intake air





M
e




1



g/mol


Molar mass of the exhaust





M
gas




M
gas



g/mol


Molar mass of gaseous components





m




m



kg


Mass





q
m










kg/s


Mass rate





m
d




1



kg


Mass of the dilution air sample passed through the particulate sampling filters





m
ed




1



kg


Total diluted exhaust mass over the cycle





m
edf




1



kg


Mass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas over the test cycle





m
ew




1



kg


Total exhaust mass over the cycle





m
f




1



mg


Particulate sample mass collected





m
f,d




1



mg


Particulate sample mass of the dilution air collected





m
gas




m
gas



g


Mass of gaseous emissions over the test cycle





m
PM




m
PM



g


Mass of particulate emissions over the test cycle





m
se




1



kg


Exhaust sample mass over the test cycle





m
sed




1



kg


Mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the dilution tunnel





m
sep




1



kg


Mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters





m
ssd



 


kg


Mass of secondary dilution air





n




f
n



min–1



Engine rotational speed





n
p



 


r/s


PDP pump speed





P




P



kW


Power





p




p



kPa


Pressure





p
a



 


kPa


Dry atmospheric pressure





p
b



 


kPa


Total atmospheric pressure





p
d



 


kPa


Saturation vapour pressure of the dilution air





p
p




p
abs



kPa


Absolute pressure





p
r




p
H2O



kPa


Water vapour pressure





p
s



 


kPa


Dry atmospheric pressure




1 – E



PF



per cent


Penetration fraction





q
mad








 (1)


kg/s


Intake air mass flow rate on dry basis





q
maw




 (1)



kg/s


Intake air mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mCe




 (1)



kg/s


Carbon mass flow rate in the raw exhaust gas





q
mCf




 (1)



kg/s


Carbon mass flow rate into the engine





q
mCp




 (1)



kg/s


Carbon mass flow rate in the partial flow dilution system





q
mdew




 (1)



kg/s


Diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mdw




 (1)



kg/s


Dilution air mass flow rate on wet basis





q
medf




 (1)



kg/s


Equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mew




 (1)



kg/s


Exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis





q
mex




 (1)



kg/s


Sample mass flow rate extracted from dilution tunnel





q
mf




 (1)



kg/s


Fuel mass flow rate





q
mp




 (1)



kg/s


Sample flow of exhaust gas into partial flow dilution system





qV











m3/s


Volume flow rate





q

VCVS




 (1)



m3/s


CVS volume rate





q
Vs




 (1)



dm3/min


System flow rate of exhaust analyser system





qVt





 (1)



cm3/min


Tracer gas flow rate





ρ




ρ



kg/m3



Mass density





ρ
e



 


kg/m3



Exhaust gas density





r
d




DR



—


Dilution ratio (2)






RH



 


per cent


Relative humidity





r
D




β



m/m


Ratio of diameters (CVS systems)





r
p



 


—


Pressure ratio of SSV





Re




Re#




—


Reynolds number





б




б



—


Standard deviation





T




T



°C


Temperature





T
a



 


K


Absolute temperature





t




t



s


Time




Δt



Δt



s


Time interval





u



 


—


Ratio between densities of gas component and exhaust gas





V




V



m3



Volume





qV











m3/s


Volume rate





V
0



 


m3/r


PDP gas volume pumped per revolution





W




W



kWh


Work





W
act




W
act



kWh


Actual cycle work of the test cycle





WF




WF



—


Weighing factor





w




w



g/g


Mass fraction





X
0




K
s



s/rev


PDP calibration function


















 


Arithmetic mean




A.8.0.2.   Subscripts







Appendix A.8 (4)



Appendix A.7


Quantity




act


act


Actual quantity





i



 


Instantaneous measurement (e.g.: 1 Hz)




 



i



An individual of a series




A.8.0.3.   Symbols and abbreviations for the chemical components (used also as a subscript)







Appendix A.8


Appendix A.7


Quantity




Ar


Ar


Argon




C1


C1


Carbon 1 equivalent hydrocarbon




CH4



CH4



Methane




C2H6



C2H6



Ethane




C3H8



C3H8



Propane




CO


CO


Carbon monoxide




CO2



CO2



Carbon dioxide




DOP


DOP


Di-octylphthalate




HC


HC


Hydrocarbon




H2O


H2O


Water




NMHC


NMHC


Non-methane hydrocarbon




NOx



NOx



Oxides of nitrogen




NO


NO


Nitric oxide




NO2



NO2



Nitrogen dioxide




PM


PM


Particulate matter




S


S


Sulphur




A.8.0.4.   Symbols and abbreviations for the fuel composition







Appendix A.8 (5)



Appendix A.7 (6)



Quantity





wC

 (8)




wC

 (8)



Carbon content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





w
H




w
H



Hydrogen content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





w
N




w
N



Nitrogen content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





w
O




w
O



Oxygen content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





w
S




w
S



Sulphur content of fuel, mass fraction [g/g] or [per cent mass]





α




α



Atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio (H/C)





ε




β



Atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) (7)






γ




γ



Atomic sulphur-to-carbon ratio (S/C)





δ




δ



Atomic nitrogen-to-carbon ratio (N/C)




A.8.1.   Basic Parameters
A.8.1.1.   Determination of methane and non-methane HC concentration
The calculation of NMHC and CH4 depends on the calibration method used. The FID for the measurement without NMC, shall be calibrated with propane. For the calibration of the FID in series with NMC, the following methods are permitted:






(a)


Calibration gas – propane; propane bypasses NMC,










(b)


Calibration gas – methane; methane passes through NMC




The concentration of NMHC (c
NMHC [-]) and CH4 (c
CH4 [-]) shall be calculated as follows for sub-paragraph (a):













(A.8-1a)











(A.8-2a)




The concentration of NMHC and CH4 shall be calculated as follows for sub-paragraph (b):













(A.8-1b)











(A.8-2b)




where:








c
HC(w/NMC)



=


HC concentration with sample gas flowing through the NMC [ppm]





c
HC(w/oNMC)



=


HC concentration with sample gas bypassing the NMC [ppm]





RF
CH4[THC-FID]



=


methane response factor as determined in paragraph 8.1.10.1.4. [-]





E
CH4



=


methane efficiency, as determined in paragraph 8.1.10.3. [-]





E
C2H6



=


ethane efficiency, as determined in paragraph 8.1.10.3. [-]




If RFCH4[THC-FID] < 1,05, it may be omitted in equations A.8-1a, A.8-1b
and A.8-2b.
NMHC (non-methane hydrocarbon) emissions can be approximated as 98 percent of THC (total hydrocarbon).
A.8.2.   Raw gaseous emissions
A.8.2.1.   Gaseous emissions
A.8.2.1.1.   Steady state tests
The emission rate of a gaseous emission q
mgas,i
 for each mode i of the steady state test shall be calculated. The concentration of the gaseous emission shall be multiplied by its respective flow:













(A.8-3)












q
mgas,I



=


emission rate in mode i of the steady state test [g/h]





k



=


1 for c
gasr,w,i in [ppm] and k = 10 000 for c
gasr,w,i in [per cent vol]





k
h



=


NOx correction factor [-], only to be applied for the NOx emission calculation (see paragraph A.8.2.2.)





u
gas



=


component specific factor or ratio between densities of gas component and exhaust gas [-]; to be calculated with equations (A.8-12) or (A.8-13)





q
mew,I



=


exhaust gas mass flow rate in mode i on a wet basis [kg/s]





c
gas,I



=


emission concentration in the raw exhaust gas in mode i, on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]




A.8.2.1.2.   Transient and ramped modal cycles tests
The total mass per test of a gaseous emission m
gas [g/test] shall be calculated by multiplication of the time aligned instantaneous concentrations and exhaust gas flows and integration over the test cycle according to the following equation:













(A.8-4)




where:








f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]





k
h



=


NOx correction factor [-], only to be applied for the NOx emission calculation





k



=


1 for c
gasr,w,i in [ppm] and k = 10 000 for c
gasr,w,i
 in [per cent vol]





u
gas



=


component specific factor [-] (see paragraph A.8.2.4.)




N


=


number of measurements [-]





q
mew,i




=


instantaneous exhaust gas mass flow rate on a wet basis [kg/s]





c

gas,i




=


instantaneous emission concentration in the raw exhaust gas, on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]




The following paragraphs show how the needed quantities (c
gas,i
, u
gas and q
mew,i
) shall be calculated.
A.8.2.2.   Dry-to wet concentration conversion
If the emissions are measured on a dry basis, the measured concentration c
d on dry basis shall be converted to the concentration c
w on a wet basis according to the following general equation:













(A.8-5)




where:








k
w



=


dry-to-wet conversion factor [-]





c
d



=


emission concentration on a dry basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]




For complete combustion, the dry-to-wet conversion factor for raw exhaust gas is written as k
w,a [-] and shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-6)




where:








H
a



=


intake air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]





q
mf,I



=


instantaneous fuel flow rate [kg/s]





q
mad,I



=


instantaneous dry intake air flow rate [kg/s]





p
r



=


water pressure after cooler [kPa]





p
b



=


total barometric pressure [kPa]





w
H



=


hydrogen content of the fuel [per cent mass]





k
f



=


combustion additional volume [m3/kg fuel]




with:













(A.8-7)




where:








w
H



=


hydrogen content of fuel [per cent mass]





w
N



=


nitrogen content of fuel [per cent mass]





w
O



=


oxygen content of fuel [per cent mass]




In the equation (A.8-6), the ratio p
r / p
b may be assumed:













(A.8-8)




For incomplete combustion (rich fuel air mixtures) and also for emission tests without direct air flow measurements, a second method of k
w,a calculation is preferred:













(A.8-9)




where:








c
CO2



=


concentration of CO2 in the raw exhaust gas, on a dry basis [per cent vol]





c
CO



=


concentration of CO in the raw exhaust gas, on a dry basis [ppm]





p
r



=


water pressure after cooler [kPa] (see equation (A.8-9))





p
b



=


total barometric pressure [kPa] (see equation (A.8-9))





α



=


molar carbon to hydrogen ratio [-]





k
w1



=


intake air moisture [-]

















(A.8-10)




A.8.2.3.   NOx correction for humidity and temperature
As the NOx emission depends on ambient air conditions, the NOx concentration shall be corrected for ambient air temperature and humidity with the factors k
h [-] given in the following equation. This factor is valid for a humidity range between 0 and 25 g H2O/kg dry air.













(A.8-11)




where:


H
a
= humidity of the intake air [g H2O/kg dry air]
A.8.2.4.   Component specific factor u

A.8.2.4.1.   Tabulated values
Applying some simplifications (assumption on the λ value and on intake air conditions as shown in the following table) to the equations of paragraph A.8.2.4.2. figures for u
gas can be calculated (see paragraph A.8.2.1.). The u
gas values are given in Table A.8.1.

Table A.8.1


Raw exhaust gas u and component densities (the u figures are calculated for emission concentration expressed in ppm)













Gas


NOx



CO


HC


CO2



O2



CH4






ρ
gas [kg/m3]


2,053 


1,250 


0,621 


1,9636 


1,4277 


0,716 




Fuel



ρ
e [kg/m3]


Coefficient u
gas at λ = 2, dry air, 273 K, 101,3 kPa




Diesel


1,2939 


0,001587 


0,000966 


0,000479 


0,001518 


0,001103 


0,000553 




A.8.2.4.2.   Calculated values
The component specific factor, u
gas,i, can be calculated by the density ratio of the component and the exhaust or alternatively by the corresponding ratio of molar masses:













(A.8-12)




or













(A.8-13)




where:








M
gas



=


molar mass of the gas component [g/mol]





M
e,i



=


instantaneous molar mass of the wet raw exhaust gas [g/mol]





ρ
gas



=


density of the gas component [kg/m3]





ρ
e,I



=


instantaneous density of the wet raw exhaust gas [kg/m3]




The molar mass of the exhaust, M
e,i
 shall be derived for a general fuel composition CHαOεNδSγ under the assumption of complete combustion, as follows:





(A.8-14)
where:








q
mf,i



=


instantaneous fuel mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]





q
maw,i



=


instantaneous intake air mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]





α



=


molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio [-]





δ



=


molar nitrogen-to-carbon ratio [-]





ε



=


molar oxygen-to-carbon ratio [-]





γ



=


atomic sulphur-to-carbon ratio [-]





H
a



=


intake air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]





M
a



=


dry intake air molecular mass = 28,965 g/mol




The instantaneous raw exhaust density ρ
e,i [kg/m3] shall be derived as follows:













(A.8-15)




where:








q
mf,I



=


instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
mad,I



=


instantaneous dry intake air mass flow rate [kg/s]





H
a



=


intake air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]





k
f



=


combustion additional volume [m3/kg fuel] (see equation A.8-7)




A.8.2.5.   Mass flow rate of the exhaust gas
A.8.2.5.1.   Air and fuel measurement method
The method involves measurement of the air flow and the fuel flow with suitable flow-meters. The calculation of the instantaneous exhaust gas flow q
mew,i [kg/s] shall be as follows:













(A.8-16)




where:








q
maw,i



=


instantaneous intake air mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
mf,i



=


instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s]




A.8.2.5.2.   Tracer measurement method
This involves measurement of the concentration of a tracer gas in the exhaust. The calculation of the instantaneous exhaust gas flow q
mew,i [kg/s] shall be as follows:













(A.8-17)




where:








q
Vt



=


tracer gas flow rate [m3/s]





c
mix,I



=


instantaneous concentration of the tracer gas after mixing [ppm]





ρ
e



=


density of the raw exhaust gas [kg/m3]





c
b



=


background concentration of the tracer gas in the intake air [ppm]




The background concentration of the tracer gas c
b may be determined by averaging the background concentration measured immediately before the test run and after the test run. When the background concentration is less than 1 per cent of the concentration of the tracer gas after mixing c
mix,i
 at maximum exhaust flow, the background concentration may be neglected.
A.8.2.5.3.   Air flow and air to fuel ratio measurement method
This involves exhaust mass calculation from the air flow and the air to fuel ratio. The calculation of the instantaneous exhaust gas mass flow q
mew,i
 [kg/s] is as follows:













(A.8-18)




with:













(A.8-19)









(A.8-20)
where:








q
maw,I



=


wet intake air mass flow rate [kg/s]





A/F
st



=


stoichiometric air-to-fuel ratio [-]





λ
I



=


instantaneous excess air ratio [-]





c
Cod



=


concentration of CO in the raw exhaust gas on a dry basis [ppm]





c
CO2d



=


concentration of CO2 in the raw exhaust gas on a dry basis [per cent]





c
HCw



=


concentration of HC in the raw exhaust gas on a wet basis [ppm C1]





α



=


molar hydrogen-to-carbon ratio [-]





δ



=


molar nitrogen-to-carbon ratio [-]





ε



=


molar oxygen-to-carbon ratio [-]





γ



=


atomic sulphur-to-carbon ratio [-]




A.8.2.5.4.   Carbon balance method, 1 step-procedure
The following 1-step formula can be used for the calculation of the wet exhaust mass flow rate q
mew,i [kg/s]:













(A.8-21)




with the carbon factor fc [-] given by:













(A.8-22)




where:








q
mf,i




=


instantaneous fuel mass flow rate [kg/s]





w
C



=


carbon content of fuel [per cent mass]





H
a



=


intake air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]





k
fd



=


combustion additional volume on a dry basis [m3/kg fuel]





c
CO2d



=


dry CO2 concentration in the raw exhaust [per cent]





c
CO2d,a



=


dry CO2 concentration in the ambient air [per cent]





c
Cod



=


dry CO concentration in the raw exhaust [ppm]





c
HCw



=


wet HC concentration in the raw exhaust [ppm]




and factor k
fd [m3/kg fuel] that is calculated on a dry basis by subtracting the water formed by combustion from k
f :













(A.8-23)




where:








k
f



=


fuel specific factor of equation (A.8-7) [m3/kg fuel]





w
H



=


hydrogen content of fuel [per cent mass]




A.8.3.   Diluted gaseous emissions
A.8.3.1.   Mass of the gaseous emissions
A.8.3.1.1.   Full flow dilution measurement (CVS)
The exhaust mass flow rate shall be measured with a constant volume sampling (CVS) system, which may use a positive displacement pump (PDP), a critical flow venturi (CFV) or a subsonic venturi (SSV).
For systems with constant mass flow (i.e. with heat exchanger), the mass of the pollutants m
gas [g/test] shall be determined from the following equation:













(A.8-24)




where:








u
gas



=


ratio between density of exhaust component and density of air, as given in Table A.8.2 or calculated with equation (A.8-35) [-]





c
gas



=


mean background corrected concentration of the component on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol] respectively





k
h



=


NOx correction factor [-], only to be applied for the NOx emission calculation





k



=


1 for c
gasr,w,i in [ppm], k = 10 000 for c
gasr,w,i in [per cent vol]





m
ed



=


total diluted exhaust gas mass over the cycle [kg/test]




For systems with flow compensation (without heat exchanger), the mass of the pollutants m
gas [g/test] shall be determined by calculation of the instantaneous mass emissions, by integration and by background correction according to the following equation:













(A.8-25)




where:








c
e



=


emission concentration in the diluted exhaust gas, on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]





c
d



=


emission concentration in the dilution air, on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]





m
ed,i




=


mass of the diluted exhaust gas during time interval i [kg]





m
ed



=


total mass of diluted exhaust gas over the cycle [kg]





u
gas



=


tabulated value from Table A.8.2 [-]





D



=


dilution factor (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]





k
h



=


NOx correction factor [-], only to be applied for the NOx emission calculation





k



=


1 for c in [ppm], k = 10 000 for c in [per cent vol]




The concentrations c
gas, c
e and c
d can be either values measured in a batch sample (bag, but not allowed for NOx and HC) or be averaged by integration from continuous measurements. Also m
ed,i has to be averaged by integration over the test cycle.
The following equations show how the needed quantities (c
e, u
gas and m
ed) shall be calculated.
A.8.3.2.   Dry-to wet concentration conversion
All concentrations in paragraph A.8.3.2. shall be converted using equation (A.8-5) (

).
A.8.3.2.1.   Diluted exhaust gas
All concentrations measured dry shall be converted to wet concentrations by applying one of the following two equations:













(A.8-26)




or













(A.8-27)




where:








k
w,e



=


dry-to-wet conversion factor for the diluted exhaust gas [-]





α



=


molar hydrogen to carbon ratio of the fuel [-]





c
CO2w



=


concentration of CO2 in the diluted exhaust gas on a wet basis [per cent vol]





c
CO2d



=


concentration of CO2 in the diluted exhaust gas on a dry basis [per cent vol]




The dry to wet correction factor k
w2 takes into consideration the water content of both intake air and dilution air:













(A.8-28)




where:








H
a



=


intake air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]





H
d



=


dilution air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]





D



=


dilution factor (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]




A.8.3.2.2.   Dilution factor
The dilution factor D [-] (which is necessary for the background correction and the k
w2 calculation) shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-29)




where:








F
S



=


stoichiometric factor [-]





c
CO2,e



=


concentration of CO2 in the diluted exhaust gas on a wet basis [per cent vol]





c
HC,e



=


concentration of HC in the diluted exhaust gas on a wet basis [ppm C1]





c
CO,e



=


concentration of CO in the diluted exhaust gas on a wet basis [ppm]




The stoichiometric factor shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-30)




where:


α
= molar hydrogen to carbon ratio in the fuel [-]
Alternatively, if the fuel composition is not known, the following stoichiometric factors may be used: F
S (diesel) = 13.4
If a direct measurement is made of the exhaust gas flow, the dilution factor D [-] may be calculated as follows:













(A.8-31)




where:








q
VCVS



=


volumetric flow rate of diluted exhaust gas [m3/s]





q
Vew



=


volumetric flow rate of raw exhaust gas [m3/s]




A.8.3.2.3.   Dilution air













(A.8-32)




with













(A.8-33)




where:


H
d
= dilution air humidity [g H2O/kg dry air]
A.8.3.2.4.   Determination of the background corrected concentration
The average background concentration of the gaseous pollutants in the dilution air shall be subtracted from measured concentrations to get the net concentrations of the pollutants. The average values of the background concentrations can be determined by the sample bag method or by continuous measurement with integration. The following equation shall be used:













(A.8-34)




where:








c
gas



=


net concentration of the gaseous pollutant [ppm] or [per cent vol]





c
gas,e



=


emission concentration in the diluted exhaust gas, on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]





c
d



=


emission concentration in the dilution air, on a wet basis [ppm] or [per cent vol]





D



=


dilution factor (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]




A.8.3.3.   Component specific factor u
The component specific factor u
gas of diluted gas can either be calculated by the following equation or be taken from Table A.8.2; in Table A.8.2 the density of the diluted exhaust gas has been assumed equal to air density.













(A.8-35)




where:








M
gas



=


molar mass of the gas component [g/mol]





M
d,w



=


molar mass of diluted exhaust gas [g/mol]





M
da,w



=


molar mass of dilution air [g/mol]





M
r,w



=


molar mass of raw exhaust gas [g/mol]





D



=


dilution factor (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]





Table A.8.2


Diluted exhaust gas u values and component densities (the u figures are calculated for emission concentration expressed in ppm)













Gas


NOx



CO


HC


CO2



O2



CH4






ρ
gas [kg/m3]


2,053 


1,250 


0,621 


1,9636 


1,4277 


0,716 




Fuel



ρ
e [kg/m3]


Coefficient u
gas at λ = 2, dry air, 273 K, 101,3 kPa




Diesel


1,293 


0,001588 


0,000967 


0,000480 


0,001519 


0,00110 


0,000553 




A.8.3.4.   Exhaust gas mass flow calculation
A.8.3.4.1.   PDP-CVS system
The calculation of the mass of the diluted exhaust [kg/test] over the cycle is as follows, if the temperature of the diluted exhaust med is kept within ± 6 K over the cycle by using a heat exchanger:













(A.8-36)




where:








V
0



=


volume of gas pumped per revolution under test conditions [m3/rev]





n
P



=


total revolutions of pump per test [rev/test]





p
p



=


absolute pressure at pump inlet [kPa]











=


average temperature of the diluted exhaust gas at pump inlet [K]




1,293 kg/m3



=


air density at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa




If a system with flow compensation is used (i.e. without heat exchanger), the mass of the diluted exhaust gas m
ed,i [kg] during the time interval shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-37)




where:








V
0



=


volume of gas pumped per revolution under test conditions [m3/rev]





p
p



=


absolute pressure at pump inlet [kPa]





n
P,i



=


total revolutions of pump per time interval i [rev/Δt]











=


average temperature of the diluted exhaust gas at pump inlet [K]




1,293 kg/m3



=


air density at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa




A.8.3.4.2.   CFV-CVS system
The calculation of the mass flow over the cycle m
ed [g/test] is as follows, if the temperature of the diluted exhaust is kept within ± 11 K over the cycle by using a heat exchanger:













(A.8-38)




where:








t



=


cycle time [s]





K
V



=


calibration coefficient of the critical flow venturi for standard conditions 








p
p



=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet [kPa]





T



=


absolute temperature at venturi inlet [K]




1,293 kg/m3



=


air density [ ] at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa




If a system with flow compensation is used (i.e. without heat exchanger), the mass of the diluted exhaust gas m
ed,i [kg] during the time interval shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-39)




where:







Δt
i



=


time interval of the test [s]





K
V



=


calibration coefficient of the critical flow venturi for standard conditions 








p
p



=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet [kPa]





T



=


absolute temperature at venturi inlet [K]




1,293 kg/m3



=


air density at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa




A.8.3.4.3.   SSV-CVS system
The calculation of the diluted exhaust gas mass over the cycle m
ed [kg/test] shall be as follows, if the temperature of the diluted exhaust is kept within ± 11K over the cycle by using a heat exchanger:













(A.8-40)




where:







1,293 kg/m3



=


air density at 273,15 K and 101,325 kPa




Δt



=


cycle time [s]





q
VSSV



=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,325 kPa, 273,15 K) [m3/s]




with













(A.8-41)




where:








A
0



=












d
V



=


diameter of the SSV throat [mm]





C
d



=


discharge coefficient of the SSV [-]





p
p



=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet [kPa]





T
in



=


temperature at the venturi inlet [K]





r
p



=


ratio of the SSV throat to inlet absolute static pressure, 

 [-]





r
D



=


ratio of the SSV throat diameter to the inlet pipe inner diameter 

 [-]




If a system with flow compensation is used (i.e. without heat exchanger), the mass of the diluted exhaust gas med,i
 [kg] during the time interval shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-42)




where:







1,293 kg/m3



=


air density at 273.15 K and 101,325 kPa




Δti




=


time interval [s]





q
VSSV



=


volumetric flow rate of the SSV [m3/s]




A.8.3.5.   Calculation of particulates emission
A.8.3.5.1.   Transient and ramped modal cycles
The particulate mass shall be calculated after buoyancy correction of the particulate sample mass according to paragraph 8.1.12.2.5.
A.8.3.5.1.1.   Partial flow dilution system
The calculation for double dilution system is shown in paragraph A.8.3.5.1.2.
A.8.3.5.1.1.1.   Calculation based on sample ratio
The particulate emission over the cycle m
PM [g] shall be calculated with the following equation:













(A.8-43)




where:








m
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle [mg]





r
s



=


average sample ratio over the test cycle [-]




with:













(A.8-44)




where:








m
se



=


sample mass of raw exhaust over the cycle [kg]





m
ew



=


total mass of raw exhaust over the cycle [kg]





m
sep



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters [kg]





m
sed



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the dilution tunnel [kg]




In case of the total sampling type system, m
sep and m
sed are identical.
A.8.3.5.1.1.2.   Calculation based on dilution ratio
The particulate emission over the cycle m
PM [g] shall be calculated with the following equation:













(A.8-45)




where:








m
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle [mg]





m
sep



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters [kg]





m
edf



=


mass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas over the cycle [kg]




The total mass of equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass over the cycle m
edf [kg] shall be determined as follows:













(A.8-46)











(A.8-47)











(A.8-48)




where:








q
medf,i



=


instantaneous equivalent diluted exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
mew,i



=


instantaneous exhaust mass flow rate on a wet basis [kg/s]





r
d,I



=


instantaneous dilution ratio [-]





q
mdew,i



=


instantaneous diluted exhaust mass flow rate on a wet basis [kg/s]





q
mdw,i



=


instantaneous dilution air mass flow rate [kg/s]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]




N


=


number of measurements [-]




A.8.3.5.1.2.   Full flow dilution system
The mass emission shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-49)




where:








m
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle [mg]





m
sep



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters [kg]





m
ed



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas over the cycle [kg]




with













(A.8-50)




where:








m
set



=


mass of double diluted exhaust gas through particulate filter [kg]





m
ssd



=


mass of secondary dilution air [kg]




A.8.3.5.1.3.   Background correction
The particulate mass m
PM,c [g] may be background corrected as follows:













(A.8-51)




where:








m
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle [mg]





m
sep



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters [kg]





m
sd



=


mass of dilution air sampled by background particulate sampler [kg]





m
b



=


mass of collected background particulates of dilution air [mg]





m
ed



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas over the cycle [kg]





D



=


dilution factor (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]




A.8.3.5.2.   Calculation for steady-state discrete-mode cycles
A.8.3.5.2.1.   Dilution system
All calculations shall be based upon the average values of the individual modes i during the sampling period.








(a)


For partial-flow dilution, the equivalent mass flow of diluted exhaust gas shall be determined by means of the system with flow measurement shown in Figure 9.2:













(A.8-52)











(A.8-53)




where:








q
medf



=


equivalent diluted exhaust mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
mew



=


exhaust mass flow rate on a wet basis [kg/s]





r
d



=


dilution ratio [-]





q
mdew



=


diluted exhaust mass flow rate on a wet basis [kg/s]





q
mdw



=


dilution air mass flow rate [kg/s]
















(b)


For full-flow dilution systems q
mdew is used as q
medf.




A.8.3.5.2.2.   Calculation of the particulate mass flow rate
The particulate emission flow rate over the cycle q
mPM [g/h] shall be calculated as follows:






(a)


For the single-filter method













(A.8-54)











(A.8-55)











(A.8-56)




where:








q
mPM



=


particulate mass flow rate [g/h]





m
f



=


particulate mass sampled over the cycle [mg]











=


average equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]





q
medfi



=


equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis at mode i [kg/s]





WF
i



=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]





m
sep



=


mass of diluted exhaust gas passing the particulate collection filters [kg]





m
sepi



=


mass of diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filter at mode i [kg]




N


=


number of measurements [-]














(b)


For the multiple-filter method













(A.8-57)




where:








q
mPMi




=


particulate mass flow rate for the mode i [g/h]





m
fi




=


particulate sample mass collected at mode i [mg]





q
medfi




=


equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis at mode i [kg/s]





m
sepi




=


mass of diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filter at mode i [kg]








The PM mass is determined over the test cycle by summation of the average values of the individual modes i during the sampling period.
The particulate mass flow rate q
mPM [g/h] or q
mPMi
 [g/h] may be background corrected as follows:






(a)


For the single-filter method













(A.8-58)




where:








q
mPM



=


particulate mass flow rate [g/h]





m
f



=


particulate sample mass collected [mg]





m
sep



=


mass of diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filter [kg]





m
f,d



=


particulate sample mass of the dilution air collected [mg]





m
d



=


mass of the dilution air sample passed through the particulate sampling filters [kg]





D
i



=


dilution factor at mode i (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]





WF
i



=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]











=


average equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]














(b)


For the multiple-filter method













(A.8-59)




where:








q
mPM



=


particulate mass flow rate [g/h]





m
fi




=


particulate sample mass collected at mode i [mg]





m
f,d



=


particulate sample mass of the dilution air collected [mg]





q
medfi




=


equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis at mode i [kg/h]





m
sepi




=


mass of diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filter at mode i [kg]





m
d



=


mass of the dilution air sample passed through the particulate sampling filters [kg]





D



=


dilution factor (see equation (A.8-29) of paragraph A.8.3.2.2.) [-]











=


average equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate on wet basis [kg/s]




If more than one measurement is made, mf,d/md shall be replaced with 

.




A.8.4.   Cycle work and specific emissions
A.8.4.1.   Gaseous emissions
A.8.4.1.1.   Transient and ramped modal cycles
Reference is made to paragraphs A.8.2.1. and A.8.3.1. for raw and diluted exhaust respectively. The resulting values for power P [kW] shall be integrated over a test interval. The total work W
act [kWh] is calculated as follows:













(A.8-60)




where:








P
i



=


instantaneous engine power [kW]





n
i



=


instantaneous engine speed [min-1]





T
i



=


instantaneous engine torque [Nm]





W
act



=


actual cycle work [kWh]





f



=


data sampling rate [Hz]




N


=


number of measurements [-]




The specific emissions e
gas [g/kWh] shall be calculated in the following ways depending on the type of test cycle.













(A.8-61)




where:








m
gas



=


total mass of emission [g/test]





W
act



=


cycle work [kWh]




In case of the transient cycle, the final test result e
gas [g/kWh] shall be a weighted average from cold start test and hot start test by using:













(A.8-62)




In case of an infrequent (periodic) exhaust regeneration (paragraph 6.6.2.), the specific emissions shall be corrected with the multiplicative adjustment factor k
r (equation (6-4)) or with the two separate pairs of adjustment additive factors k
Ur (upward factor of equation (6-5)) and k
Dr (downward factor of equation (6-6)).
A.8.4.1.2.   Steady-state discrete-mode cycle
The specific emissions e
gas [g/kWh] are calculated as follows:













(A.8-63)




where:








q
mgas,i



=


mean emission mass flow rate for the mode i [g/h]





P
i



=


engine power for the mode i [kW] with 

 (see paragraphs 6.3 and 7.7.1.2.)





WF
i



=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]




A.8.4.2.   Particulate emissions
A.8.4.2.1.   Transient and ramped modal cycles
The particulate specific emissions shall be calculated with equation (A.8-61) where e
gas [g/kWh] and m
gas [g/test] are substituted by e
PM [g/kWh] and m
PM [g/test] respectively:













(A.8-64)




where:








m
PM



=


total mass of particulates emission, calculated according to paragraph A.8.3.5. [g/test]





W
act



=


cycle work [kWh]




The emissions on the transient composite cycle (i.e. cold phase and hot phase) shall be calculated as shown in paragraph A.8.4.1.
A.8.4.2.2.   Steady state discrete-mode cycle
The particulate specific emission e
PM [g/kWh] shall be calculated in the following way:






(a)


For the single-filter method













(A.8-65)




where:








Pi




=


engine power for the mode i [kW] with 

 (see paragraphs 6.3. and 7.7.1.2.)





WFi




=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]





q
mPM



=


particulate mass flow rate [g/h]














(b)


For the multiple-filter method













(A.8-66)




where:








Pi




=


engine power for the mode i [kW] with 

 (see paragraphs 6.3. and 7.7.1.2.)





WFi




=


weighing factor for the mode i [-]





q
mPMi



=


particulate mass flow rate at mode i [g/h]








For the single-filter method, the effective weighing factor, WF
ei, for each mode shall be calculated in the following way:













(A.8-67)




where:








m
sepi



=


mass of the diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filters at mode i [kg]











=


average equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate [kg/s]





q
medfi



=


equivalent diluted exhaust gas mass flow rate at mode i [kg/s]





m
sep



=


mass of the diluted exhaust sample passed through the particulate sampling filters [kg]




The value of the effective weighing factors shall be within ± 0,005 (absolute value) of the weighing factors listed in Annex 5.


(1)  See subscripts; e.g.:

 for mass rate of dry air,

 for fuel mass rate, etc.

(2)  Dilution ratio rd in Appendix A.8 and DR in Appendix A.7: different symbols but same meaning and same equations. Dilution factor D in Appendix A.8 and x
dil in Appendix A.7: different symbols but same physical meaning;
equation (A.7-47) shows the relationship between x
dil and DR.

(3)  t.b.d. = to be defined

(4)  In Appendix A.8 the meaning of subscript is determined by the associated quantity; for example, the subscript "d" can indicate a dry basis as in "c
d = concentration on dry basis", dilution air as in "p
d = saturation vapour pressure of the dilution air" or "k
w,d = dry to wet correction factor for the dilution air", dilution ratio as in "r
d".

(5)  Referred to a fuel with chemical formula CHαOεNδSγ


(6)  Referred to a fuel with chemical formula CHαOβSγNδ


(7)  Attention should be paid to the different meaning of symbol β in the two emissions calculation appendices: in Appendix A.8 it refers to a fuel having the chemical formula CHαSγNδOε (i.e. the formula CβHαSγNδOε where β = 1, assuming one carbon atom per molecule), while in Appendix A.7 it refers to the oxygen-to-carbon ratio with CHαOβSγNδ. Then β of Appendix A.7 corresponds to ε of Appendix A.8.

(8)  Mass fraction w accompanied by the symbol of the chemical component as a subscript.




Appendix A.8.1

Diluted exhaust flow (CVS) calibration

A.8.5.   Calibration of CVS system
The CVS system shall be calibrated by using an accurate flow-meter and a restricting device. The flow through the system shall be measured at different restriction settings, and the control parameters of the system shall be measured and related to the flow.
Various types of flow-meters may be used, e.g. calibrated venturi, calibrated laminar flow-meter, calibrated turbine meter.
A.8.5.1.   Positive displacement pump (PDP)
All the parameters related to the pump shall be simultaneously measured along with the parameters related to a calibration venturi which is connected in series with the pump. The calculated flow rate (in m3/s at pump inlet, absolute pressure and temperature) shall be plotted versus a correlation function which is the value of a specific combination of pump parameters. The linear equation which relates the pump flow and the correlation function shall be determined. If a CVS has a multiple speed drive, the calibration shall be performed for each range used.
Temperature stability shall be maintained during calibration.
Leaks in all the connections and ducting between the calibration venturi and the CVS pump shall be maintained lower than 0,3 per cent of the lowest flow point (highest restriction and lowest PDP speed point).
The airflow rate (q

VCVS) at each restriction setting (minimum 6 settings) shall be calculated in standard m3/s from the flow-meter data using the manufacturer's prescribed method. The airflow rate shall then be converted to pump flow (V
0) in m3/rev at absolute pump inlet temperature and pressure as follows:













(A.8-68)




where:








q

VCVS



=


airflow rate at standard conditions (101,325 kPa, 273,15 K) [m3/s]





T



=


temperature at pump inlet [K]





p
p



=


absolute pressure at pump inlet [kPa]





n



=


pump speed [rev/s]




To account for the interaction of pressure variations at the pump and the pump slip rate, the correlation function (X
0) [s/rev] between pump speed, pressure differential from pump inlet to pump outlet and absolute pump outlet pressure shall be calculated as follows:













(A.8-69)




where:







Δp
p



=


pressure differential from pump inlet to pump outlet [kPa]





p
p



=


absolute outlet pressure at pump outlet [kPa]





n



=


pump speed [rev/s]




A linear least-square fit shall be performed to generate the calibration equation as follows:













(A.8-70)




with D
0 [m3/rev] and m [m3/s], intercept and slope respectively, describing the regression line.
For a CVS system with multiple speeds, the calibration curves generated for the different pump flow ranges shall be approximately parallel, and the intercept values (D
0) shall increase as the pump flow range decreases.
The calculated values from the equation shall be within ± 0,5 per cent of the measured value of V
0. Values of m will vary from one pump to another. Particulate influx over time will cause the pump slip to decrease, as reflected by lower values for m. Therefore, calibration shall be performed at pump start-up, after major maintenance, and if the total system verification indicates a change of the slip rate.
A.8.5.2.   Critical flow venturi (CFV)
Calibration of the CFV is based upon the flow equation for a critical venturi. Gas flow is a function of venturi inlet pressure and temperature.
To determine the range of critical flow, K
V shall be plotted as a function of venturi inlet pressure. For critical (choked) flow, K
V will have a relatively constant value. As pressure decreases (vacuum increases), the venturi becomes unchoked and K
V decreases, which indicates that the CFV is operated outside the permissible range.
The airflow rate (q

VCVS) at each restriction setting (minimum 8 settings) shall be calculated in standard m3/s from the flow-meter data using the manufacturer's prescribed method. The calibration coefficient 

 shall be calculated from the calibration data for each setting as follows:













(A.8-71)




where:








q

VSSV



=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,325 kPa, 273,15 K) [m3/s]





T



=


temperature at the venturi inlet [K]





p
p



=


absolute pressure at venturi inlet [kPa]




The average K
V and the standard deviation shall be calculated. The standard deviation shall not exceed ± 0,3 per cent of the average K
V.
A.8.5.3.   Subsonic venturi (SSV)
Calibration of the SSV is based upon the flow equation for a subsonic venturi. Gas flow is a function of inlet pressure and temperature, pressure drop between the SSV inlet and throat, as shown in equation (A.8-41).
The airflow rate (q

VSSV) at each restriction setting (minimum 16 settings) shall be calculated in standard m3/s from the flow-meter data using the manufacturer's prescribed method. The discharge coefficient shall be calculated from the calibration data for each setting as follows:













(A.8-72)




where:








A
0



=












q

VSSV



=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,325 kPa, 273,15 K) [m3/s]





T
in,V



=


temperature at the venturi inlet [K]





d
V



=


diameter of the SSV throat [mm]





r
p



=





 [-]





r
D



=


ratio of the SSV throat diameter, d
V, to the inlet pipe inner diameter D [-]




To determine the range of subsonic flow, C
d shall be plotted as a function of Reynolds number Re, at the SSV throat. The Re at the SSV throat shall be calculated with the following equation:













(A.8-73)




with













(A.8-74)




where:








A
1



=












q

VSSV



=


air flow rate at standard conditions (101,325 kPa, 273,15 K) [m3/s]





d
V



=


diameter of the SSV throat [mm]





μ



=


absolute or dynamic viscosity of the gas [kg/(m · s)]





b



=


1,458 × 106 (empirical constant) [kg/(m · s · K0,5)]





S



=


110,4 (empirical constant) [K]




Because q
VSSV is an input to the Re equation, the calculations shall be started with an initial guess for q
VSSV or C
d of the calibration venturi, and repeated until q

VSSV converges. The convergence method shall be accurate to 0,1 per cent of point or better.
For a minimum of sixteen points in the region of subsonic flow, the calculated values of C
d from the resulting calibration curve fit equation shall be within ± 0,5 per cent of the measured C
d for each calibration point.




Appendix A.8.2

Drift correction

A.8.6.   Calculations in this appendix are performed as described in Appendix A.7.2 to Appendix A.7 to Annex 4B.













(A.8-75)




where:








c
idriftcor



=


concentration corrected for drift [ppm]





c
refzero



=


reference concentration of the zero gas, which is usually zero unless known to be otherwise [ppm]





c
refspan



=


reference concentration of the span gas [ppm]





c
prespan



=


pre-test interval gas analyser response to the span gas concentration [ppm]





c
postspan



=


post-test interval gas analyser response to the span gas concentration [ppm]




c
i or 






=


concentration recorded, i.e. measured, during test, before drift correction [ppm]





c
prezero



=


pre-test interval gas analyser response to the zero gas concentration [ppm]





c
postzero



=


post-test interval gas analyser response to the zero gas concentration [ppm]










ANNEX 5

TEST CYCLES

1.   Test cycles
1.1.   Steady-state discrete-mode testing








(a)


For variable-speed engines, the following 8-mode cycle (1) shall be followed in dynamometer operation on the test engine:








Mode Number


Engine Speed


Torque [per cent]


Weighing Factor




1


Rated (*1) or reference (*2)



100 


0,15 




2


Rated (*1) or reference (*2)



75 


0,15 




3


Rated (*1) or reference (*2)



50 


0,15 




4


Rated (*1) or reference (*2)



10 


0,10 




5


Intermediate


100 


0,10 




6


Intermediate


75 


0,10 




7


Intermediate


50 


0,10 




8


Idle


—


0,15 
















(b)


For constant-speed engines, the following 5-mode cycle (2) shall be followed in dynamometer operation on the test engine:








Mode Number


Engine Speed


Torque [per cent]


Weighing Factor




1


Rated


100 


0,05 




2


Rated


75 


0,25 




3


Rated


50 


0,30 




4


Rated


25 


0,30 




5


Rated


10 


0,10 




The load figures are percentage values of the torque corresponding to the prime power (3) rating defined as the maximum power available during a variable power sequence, which may be run for an unlimited number of hours per year, between stated maintenance intervals and under the stated ambient conditions, the maintenance being carried out as prescribed by the manufacturer.




1.2.   Steady-state ramped-modal testing








(a)


For variable-speed engines, the following 9-mode duty cycle applies in case of ramped-modal testing:








RMC mode


Time in mode [s]


Engine speed (1), (3)



Torque (per cent) (2), (3)











1a


Steady-state






126 


Warm idle


0 










1b


Transition






20 


Linear transition (2)


Linear transition










2a


Steady-state






159 


Intermediate


100 










2b


Transition






20 


Intermediate


Linear transition










3a


Steady-state






160 


Intermediate


50 










3b


Transition






20 


Intermediate


Linear transition










4a


Steady-state






162 


Intermediate


75 










4b


Transition






20 


Linear transition


Linear transition










5a


Steady-state






246 


Rated


100 










5b


Transition






20 


Rated


Linear transition










6a


Steady-state






164 


Rated


10 










6b


Transition






20 


Rated


Linear transition










7a


Steady-state






248 


Rated


75 










7b


Transition






20 


Rated


Linear transition










8a


Steady-state






247 


Rated


50 










8b


Transition






20 


Linear transition


Linear transition










9


Steady-state






128 


Warm idle


0 
















(b)


For constant-speed engines, the following 5-mode duty cycle applies in case of ramped-modal testing:








RMC mode


Time in mode [s]


Engine speed


Torque (per cent) (4), (5)











1a


Steady-state






53 


Engine governed


100 










1b


Transition






20 


Engine governed


Linear transition










2a


Steady-state






101 


Engine governed


10 










2b


Transition






20 


Engine governed


Linear transition










3a


Steady-state






277 


Engine governed


75 










3b


Transition






20 


Engine governed


Linear transition










4a


Steady-state






339 


Engine governed


25 










4b


Transition






20 


Engine governed


Linear transition










5


Steady-state






350 


Engine governed


50 








1.3.   Transient cycle








(a)


For variable-speed engines, the following full transient (variable speed and variable load) engine dynamometer schedule applies:







Time
s


Norm. Speed
%


Norm. Torque
%




1 


0 


0 




2 


0 


0 




3 


0 


0 




4 


0 


0 




5 


0 


0 




6 


0 


0 




7 


0 


0 




8 


0 


0 




9 


0 


0 




10 


0 


0 




11 


0 


0 




12 


0 


0 




13 


0 


0 




14 


0 


0 




15 


0 


0 




16 


0 


0 




17 


0 


0 




18 


0 


0 




19 


0 


0 




20 


0 


0 




21 


0 


0 




22 


0 


0 




23 


0 


0 




24 


1 


3 




25 


1 


3 




26 


1 


3 




27 


1 


3 




28 


1 


3 




29 


1 


3 




30 


1 


6 




31 


1 


6 




32 


2 


1 




33 


4 


13 




34 


7 


18 




35 


9 


21 




36 


17 


20 




37 


33 


42 




38 


57 


46 




39 


44 


33 




40 


31 


0 




41 


22 


27 




42 


33 


43 




43 


80 


49 




44 


105 


47 




45 


98 


70 




46 


104 


36 




47 


104 


65 




48 


96 


71 




49 


101 


62 




50 


102 


51 




51 


102 


50 




52 


102 


46 




53 


102 


41 




54 


102 


31 




55 


89 


2 




56 


82 


0 




57 


47 


1 




58 


23 


1 




59 


1 


3 




60 


1 


8 




61 


1 


3 




62 


1 


5 




63 


1 


6 




64 


1 


4 




65 


1 


4 




66 


0 


6 




67 


1 


4 




68 


9 


21 




69 


25 


56 




70 


64 


26 




71 


60 


31 




72 


63 


20 




73 


62 


24 




74 


64 


8 




75 


58 


44 




76 


65 


10 




77 


65 


12 




78 


68 


23 




79 


69 


30 




80 


71 


30 




81 


74 


15 




82 


71 


23 




83 


73 


20 




84 


73 


21 




85 


73 


19 




86 


70 


33 




87 


70 


34 




88 


65 


47 




89 


66 


47 




90 


64 


53 




91 


65 


45 




92 


66 


38 




93 


67 


49 




94 


69 


39 




95 


69 


39 




96 


66 


42 




97 


71 


29 




98 


75 


29 




99 


72 


23 




100 


74 


22 




101 


75 


24 




102 


73 


30 




103 


74 


24 




104 


77 


6 




105 


76 


12 




106 


74 


39 




107 


72 


30 




108 


75 


22 




109 


78 


64 




110 


102 


34 




111 


103 


28 




112 


103 


28 




113 


103 


19 




114 


103 


32 




115 


104 


25 




116 


103 


38 




117 


103 


39 




118 


103 


34 




119 


102 


44 




120 


103 


38 




121 


102 


43 




122 


103 


34 




123 


102 


41 




124 


103 


44 




125 


103 


37 




126 


103 


27 




127 


104 


13 




128 


104 


30 




129 


104 


19 




130 


103 


28 




131 


104 


40 




132 


104 


32 




133 


101 


63 




134 


102 


54 




135 


102 


52 




136 


102 


51 




137 


103 


40 




138 


104 


34 




139 


102 


36 




140 


104 


44 




141 


103 


44 




142 


104 


33 




143 


102 


27 




144 


103 


26 




145 


79 


53 




146 


51 


37 




147 


24 


23 




148 


13 


33 




149 


19 


55 




150 


45 


30 




151 


34 


7 




152 


14 


4 




153 


8 


16 




154 


15 


6 




155 


39 


47 




156 


39 


4 




157 


35 


26 




158 


27 


38 




159 


43 


40 




160 


14 


23 




161 


10 


10 




162 


15 


33 




163 


35 


72 




164 


60 


39 




165 


55 


31 




166 


47 


30 




167 


16 


7 




168 


0 


6 




169 


0 


8 




170 


0 


8 




171 


0 


2 




172 


2 


17 




173 


10 


28 




174 


28 


31 




175 


33 


30 




176 


36 


0 




177 


19 


10 




178 


1 


18 




179 


0 


16 




180 


1 


3 




181 


1 


4 




182 


1 


5 




183 


1 


6 




184 


1 


5 




185 


1 


3 




186 


1 


4 




187 


1 


4 




188 


1 


6 




189 


8 


18 




190 


20 


51 




191 


49 


19 




192 


41 


13 




193 


31 


16 




194 


28 


21 




195 


21 


17 




196 


31 


21 




197 


21 


8 




198 


0 


14 




199 


0 


12 




200 


3 


8 




201 


3 


22 




202 


12 


20 




203 


14 


20 




204 


16 


17 




205 


20 


18 




206 


27 


34 




207 


32 


33 




208 


41 


31 




209 


43 


31 




210 


37 


33 




211 


26 


18 




212 


18 


29 




213 


14 


51 




214 


13 


11 




215 


12 


9 




216 


15 


33 




217 


20 


25 




218 


25 


17 




219 


31 


29 




220 


36 


66 




221 


66 


40 




222 


50 


13 




223 


16 


24 




224 


26 


50 




225 


64 


23 




226 


81 


20 




227 


83 


11 




228 


79 


23 




229 


76 


31 




230 


68 


24 




231 


59 


33 




232 


59 


3 




233 


25 


7 




234 


21 


10 




235 


20 


19 




236 


4 


10 




237 


5 


7 




238 


4 


5 




239 


4 


6 




240 


4 


6 




241 


4 


5 




242 


7 


5 




243 


16 


28 




244 


28 


25 




245 


52 


53 




246 


50 


8 




247 


26 


40 




248 


48 


29 




249 


54 


39 




250 


60 


42 




251 


48 


18 




252 


54 


51 




253 


88 


90 




254 


103 


84 




255 


103 


85 




256 


102 


84 




257 


58 


66 




258 


64 


97 




259 


56 


80 




260 


51 


67 




261 


52 


96 




262 


63 


62 




263 


71 


6 




264 


33 


16 




265 


47 


45 




266 


43 


56 




267 


42 


27 




268 


42 


64 




269 


75 


74 




270 


68 


96 




271 


86 


61 




272 


66 


0 




273 


37 


0 




274 


45 


37 




275 


68 


96 




276 


80 


97 




277 


92 


96 




278 


90 


97 




279 


82 


96 




280 


94 


81 




281 


90 


85 




282 


96 


65 




283 


70 


96 




284 


55 


95 




285 


70 


96 




286 


79 


96 




287 


81 


71 




288 


71 


60 




289 


92 


65 




290 


82 


63 




291 


61 


47 




292 


52 


37 




293 


24 


0 




294 


20 


7 




295 


39 


48 




296 


39 


54 




297 


63 


58 




298 


53 


31 




299 


51 


24 




300 


48 


40 




301 


39 


0 




302 


35 


18 




303 


36 


16 




304 


29 


17 




305 


28 


21 




306 


31 


15 




307 


31 


10 




308 


43 


19 




309 


49 


63 




310 


78 


61 




311 


78 


46 




312 


66 


65 




313 


78 


97 




314 


84 


63 




315 


57 


26 




316 


36 


22 




317 


20 


34 




318 


19 


8 




319 


9 


10 




320 


5 


5 




321 


7 


11 




322 


15 


15 




323 


12 


9 




324 


13 


27 




325 


15 


28 




326 


16 


28 




327 


16 


31 




328 


15 


20 




329 


17 


0 




330 


20 


34 




331 


21 


25 




332 


20 


0 




333 


23 


25 




334 


30 


58 




335 


63 


96 




336 


83 


60 




337 


61 


0 




338 


26 


0 




339 


29 


44 




340 


68 


97 




341 


80 


97 




342 


88 


97 




343 


99 


88 




344 


102 


86 




345 


100 


82 




346 


74 


79 




347 


57 


79 




348 


76 


97 




349 


84 


97 




350 


86 


97 




351 


81 


98 




352 


83 


83 




353 


65 


96 




354 


93 


72 




355 


63 


60 




356 


72 


49 




357 


56 


27 




358 


29 


0 




359 


18 


13 




360 


25 


11 




361 


28 


24 




362 


34 


53 




363 


65 


83 




364 


80 


44 




365 


77 


46 




366 


76 


50 




367 


45 


52 




368 


61 


98 




369 


61 


69 




370 


63 


49 




371 


32 


0 




372 


10 


8 




373 


17 


7 




374 


16 


13 




375 


11 


6 




376 


9 


5 




377 


9 


12 




378 


12 


46 




379 


15 


30 




380 


26 


28 




381 


13 


9 




382 


16 


21 




383 


24 


4 




384 


36 


43 




385 


65 


85 




386 


78 


66 




387 


63 


39 




388 


32 


34 




389 


46 


55 




390 


47 


42 




391 


42 


39 




392 


27 


0 




393 


14 


5 




394 


14 


14 




395 


24 


54 




396 


60 


90 




397 


53 


66 




398 


70 


48 




399 


77 


93 




400 


79 


67 




401 


46 


65 




402 


69 


98 




403 


80 


97 




404 


74 


97 




405 


75 


98 




406 


56 


61 




407 


42 


0 




408 


36 


32 




409 


34 


43 




410 


68 


83 




411 


102 


48 




412 


62 


0 




413 


41 


39 




414 


71 


86 




415 


91 


52 




416 


89 


55 




417 


89 


56 




418 


88 


58 




419 


78 


69 




420 


98 


39 




421 


64 


61 




422 


90 


34 




423 


88 


38 




424 


97 


62 




425 


100 


53 




426 


81 


58 




427 


74 


51 




428 


76 


57 




429 


76 


72 




430 


85 


72 




431 


84 


60 




432 


83 


72 




433 


83 


72 




434 


86 


72 




435 


89 


72 




436 


86 


72 




437 


87 


72 




438 


88 


72 




439 


88 


71 




440 


87 


72 




441 


85 


71 




442 


88 


72 




443 


88 


72 




444 


84 


72 




445 


83 


73 




446 


77 


73 




447 


74 


73 




448 


76 


72 




449 


46 


77 




450 


78 


62 




451 


79 


35 




452 


82 


38 




453 


81 


41 




454 


79 


37 




455 


78 


35 




456 


78 


38 




457 


78 


46 




458 


75 


49 




459 


73 


50 




460 


79 


58 




461 


79 


71 




462 


83 


44 




463 


53 


48 




464 


40 


48 




465 


51 


75 




466 


75 


72 




467 


89 


67 




468 


93 


60 




469 


89 


73 




470 


86 


73 




471 


81 


73 




472 


78 


73 




473 


78 


73 




474 


76 


73 




475 


79 


73 




476 


82 


73 




477 


86 


73 




478 


88 


72 




479 


92 


71 




480 


97 


54 




481 


73 


43 




482 


36 


64 




483 


63 


31 




484 


78 


1 




485 


69 


27 




486 


67 


28 




487 


72 


9 




488 


71 


9 




489 


78 


36 




490 


81 


56 




491 


75 


53 




492 


60 


45 




493 


50 


37 




494 


66 


41 




495 


51 


61 




496 


68 


47 




497 


29 


42 




498 


24 


73 




499 


64 


71 




500 


90 


71 




501 


100 


61 




502 


94 


73 




503 


84 


73 




504 


79 


73 




505 


75 


72 




506 


78 


73 




507 


80 


73 




508 


81 


73 




509 


81 


73 




510 


83 


73 




511 


85 


73 




512 


84 


73 




513 


85 


73 




514 


86 


73 




515 


85 


73 




516 


85 


73 




517 


85 


72 




518 


85 


73 




519 


83 


73 




520 


79 


73 




521 


78 


73 




522 


81 


73 




523 


82 


72 




524 


94 


56 




525 


66 


48 




526 


35 


71 




527 


51 


44 




528 


60 


23 




529 


64 


10 




530 


63 


14 




531 


70 


37 




532 


76 


45 




533 


78 


18 




534 


76 


51 




535 


75 


33 




536 


81 


17 




537 


76 


45 




538 


76 


30 




539 


80 


14 




540 


71 


18 




541 


71 


14 




542 


71 


11 




543 


65 


2 




544 


31 


26 




545 


24 


72 




546 


64 


70 




547 


77 


62 




548 


80 


68 




549 


83 


53 




550 


83 


50 




551 


83 


50 




552 


85 


43 




553 


86 


45 




554 


89 


35 




555 


82 


61 




556 


87 


50 




557 


85 


55 




558 


89 


49 




559 


87 


70 




560 


91 


39 




561 


72 


3 




562 


43 


25 




563 


30 


60 




564 


40 


45 




565 


37 


32 




566 


37 


32 




567 


43 


70 




568 


70 


54 




569 


77 


47 




570 


79 


66 




571 


85 


53 




572 


83 


57 




573 


86 


52 




574 


85 


51 




575 


70 


39 




576 


50 


5 




577 


38 


36 




578 


30 


71 




579 


75 


53 




580 


84 


40 




581 


85 


42 




582 


86 


49 




583 


86 


57 




584 


89 


68 




585 


99 


61 




586 


77 


29 




587 


81 


72 




588 


89 


69 




589 


49 


56 




590 


79 


70 




591 


104 


59 




592 


103 


54 




593 


102 


56 




594 


102 


56 




595 


103 


61 




596 


102 


64 




597 


103 


60 




598 


93 


72 




599 


86 


73 




600 


76 


73 




601 


59 


49 




602 


46 


22 




603 


40 


65 




604 


72 


31 




605 


72 


27 




606 


67 


44 




607 


68 


37 




608 


67 


42 




609 


68 


50 




610 


77 


43 




611 


58 


4 




612 


22 


37 




613 


57 


69 




614 


68 


38 




615 


73 


2 




616 


40 


14 




617 


42 


38 




618 


64 


69 




619 


64 


74 




620 


67 


73 




621 


65 


73 




622 


68 


73 




623 


65 


49 




624 


81 


0 




625 


37 


25 




626 


24 


69 




627 


68 


71 




628 


70 


71 




629 


76 


70 




630 


71 


72 




631 


73 


69 




632 


76 


70 




633 


77 


72 




634 


77 


72 




635 


77 


72 




636 


77 


70 




637 


76 


71 




638 


76 


71 




639 


77 


71 




640 


77 


71 




641 


78 


70 




642 


77 


70 




643 


77 


71 




644 


79 


72 




645 


78 


70 




646 


80 


70 




647 


82 


71 




648 


84 


71 




649 


83 


71 




650 


83 


73 




651 


81 


70 




652 


80 


71 




653 


78 


71 




654 


76 


70 




655 


76 


70 




656 


76 


71 




657 


79 


71 




658 


78 


71 




659 


81 


70 




660 


83 


72 




661 


84 


71 




662 


86 


71 




663 


87 


71 




664 


92 


72 




665 


91 


72 




666 


90 


71 




667 


90 


71 




668 


91 


71 




669 


90 


70 




670 


90 


72 




671 


91 


71 




672 


90 


71 




673 


90 


71 




674 


92 


72 




675 


93 


69 




676 


90 


70 




677 


93 


72 




678 


91 


70 




679 


89 


71 




680 


91 


71 




681 


90 


71 




682 


90 


71 




683 


92 


71 




684 


91 


71 




685 


93 


71 




686 


93 


68 




687 


98 


68 




688 


98 


67 




689 


100 


69 




690 


99 


68 




691 


100 


71 




692 


99 


68 




693 


100 


69 




694 


102 


72 




695 


101 


69 




696 


100 


69 




697 


102 


71 




698 


102 


71 




699 


102 


69 




700 


102 


71 




701 


102 


68 




702 


100 


69 




703 


102 


70 




704 


102 


68 




705 


102 


70 




706 


102 


72 




707 


102 


68 




708 


102 


69 




709 


100 


68 




710 


102 


71 




711 


101 


64 




712 


102 


69 




713 


102 


69 




714 


101 


69 




715 


102 


64 




716 


102 


69 




717 


102 


68 




718 


102 


70 




719 


102 


69 




720 


102 


70 




721 


102 


70 




722 


102 


62 




723 


104 


38 




724 


104 


15 




725 


102 


24 




726 


102 


45 




727 


102 


47 




728 


104 


40 




729 


101 


52 




730 


103 


32 




731 


102 


50 




732 


103 


30 




733 


103 


44 




734 


102 


40 




735 


103 


43 




736 


103 


41 




737 


102 


46 




738 


103 


39 




739 


102 


41 




740 


103 


41 




741 


102 


38 




742 


103 


39 




743 


102 


46 




744 


104 


46 




745 


103 


49 




746 


102 


45 




747 


103 


42 




748 


103 


46 




749 


103 


38 




750 


102 


48 




751 


103 


35 




752 


102 


48 




753 


103 


49 




754 


102 


48 




755 


102 


46 




756 


103 


47 




757 


102 


49 




758 


102 


42 




759 


102 


52 




760 


102 


57 




761 


102 


55 




762 


102 


61 




763 


102 


61 




764 


102 


58 




765 


103 


58 




766 


102 


59 




767 


102 


54 




768 


102 


63 




769 


102 


61 




770 


103 


55 




771 


102 


60 




772 


102 


72 




773 


103 


56 




774 


102 


55 




775 


102 


67 




776 


103 


56 




777 


84 


42 




778 


48 


7 




779 


48 


6 




780 


48 


6 




781 


48 


7 




782 


48 


6 




783 


48 


7 




784 


67 


21 




785 


105 


59 




786 


105 


96 




787 


105 


74 




788 


105 


66 




789 


105 


62 




790 


105 


66 




791 


89 


41 




792 


52 


5 




793 


48 


5 




794 


48 


7 




795 


48 


5 




796 


48 


6 




797 


48 


4 




798 


52 


6 




799 


51 


5 




800 


51 


6 




801 


51 


6 




802 


52 


5 




803 


52 


5 




804 


57 


44 




805 


98 


90 




806 


105 


94 




807 


105 


100 




808 


105 


98 




809 


105 


95 




810 


105 


96 




811 


105 


92 




812 


104 


97 




813 


100 


85 




814 


94 


74 




815 


87 


62 




816 


81 


50 




817 


81 


46 




818 


80 


39 




819 


80 


32 




820 


81 


28 




821 


80 


26 




822 


80 


23 




823 


80 


23 




824 


80 


20 




825 


81 


19 




826 


80 


18 




827 


81 


17 




828 


80 


20 




829 


81 


24 




830 


81 


21 




831 


80 


26 




832 


80 


24 




833 


80 


23 




834 


80 


22 




835 


81 


21 




836 


81 


24 




837 


81 


24 




838 


81 


22 




839 


81 


22 




840 


81 


21 




841 


81 


31 




842 


81 


27 




843 


80 


26 




844 


80 


26 




845 


81 


25 




846 


80 


21 




847 


81 


20 




848 


83 


21 




849 


83 


15 




850 


83 


12 




851 


83 


9 




852 


83 


8 




853 


83 


7 




854 


83 


6 




855 


83 


6 




856 


83 


6 




857 


83 


6 




858 


83 


6 




859 


76 


5 




860 


49 


8 




861 


51 


7 




862 


51 


20 




863 


78 


52 




864 


80 


38 




865 


81 


33 




866 


83 


29 




867 


83 


22 




868 


83 


16 




869 


83 


12 




870 


83 


9 




871 


83 


8 




872 


83 


7 




873 


83 


6 




874 


83 


6 




875 


83 


6 




876 


83 


6 




877 


83 


6 




878 


59 


4 




879 


50 


5 




880 


51 


5 




881 


51 


5 




882 


51 


5 




883 


50 


5 




884 


50 


5 




885 


50 


5 




886 


50 


5 




887 


50 


5 




888 


51 


5 




889 


51 


5 




890 


51 


5 




891 


63 


50 




892 


81 


34 




893 


81 


25 




894 


81 


29 




895 


81 


23 




896 


80 


24 




897 


81 


24 




898 


81 


28 




899 


81 


27 




900 


81 


22 




901 


81 


19 




902 


81 


17 




903 


81 


17 




904 


81 


17 




905 


81 


15 




906 


80 


15 




907 


80 


28 




908 


81 


22 




909 


81 


24 




910 


81 


19 




911 


81 


21 




912 


81 


20 




913 


83 


26 




914 


80 


63 




915 


80 


59 




916 


83 


100 




917 


81 


73 




918 


83 


53 




919 


80 


76 




920 


81 


61 




921 


80 


50 




922 


81 


37 




923 


82 


49 




924 


83 


37 




925 


83 


25 




926 


83 


17 




927 


83 


13 




928 


83 


10 




929 


83 


8 




930 


83 


7 




931 


83 


7 




932 


83 


6 




933 


83 


6 




934 


83 


6 




935 


71 


5 




936 


49 


24 




937 


69 


64 




938 


81 


50 




939 


81 


43 




940 


81 


42 




941 


81 


31 




942 


81 


30 




943 


81 


35 




944 


81 


28 




945 


81 


27 




946 


80 


27 




947 


81 


31 




948 


81 


41 




949 


81 


41 




950 


81 


37 




951 


81 


43 




952 


81 


34 




953 


81 


31 




954 


81 


26 




955 


81 


23 




956 


81 


27 




957 


81 


38 




958 


81 


40 




959 


81 


39 




960 


81 


27 




961 


81 


33 




962 


80 


28 




963 


81 


34 




964 


83 


72 




965 


81 


49 




966 


81 


51 




967 


80 


55 




968 


81 


48 




969 


81 


36 




970 


81 


39 




971 


81 


38 




972 


80 


41 




973 


81 


30 




974 


81 


23 




975 


81 


19 




976 


81 


25 




977 


81 


29 




978 


83 


47 




979 


81 


90 




980 


81 


75 




981 


80 


60 




982 


81 


48 




983 


81 


41 




984 


81 


30 




985 


80 


24 




986 


81 


20 




987 


81 


21 




988 


81 


29 




989 


81 


29 




990 


81 


27 




991 


81 


23 




992 


81 


25 




993 


81 


26 




994 


81 


22 




995 


81 


20 




996 


81 


17 




997 


81 


23 




998 


83 


65 




999 


81 


54 




1 000 


81 


50 




1 001 


81 


41 




1 002 


81 


35 




1 003 


81 


37 




1 004 


81 


29 




1 005 


81 


28 




1 006 


81 


24 




1 007 


81 


19 




1 008 


81 


16 




1 009 


80 


16 




1 010 


83 


23 




1 011 


83 


17 




1 012 


83 


13 




1 013 


83 


27 




1 014 


81 


58 




1 015 


81 


60 




1 016 


81 


46 




1 017 


80 


41 




1 018 


80 


36 




1 019 


81 


26 




1 020 


86 


18 




1 021 


82 


35 




1 022 


79 


53 




1 023 


82 


30 




1 024 


83 


29 




1 025 


83 


32 




1 026 


83 


28 




1 027 


76 


60 




1 028 


79 


51 




1 029 


86 


26 




1 030 


82 


34 




1 031 


84 


25 




1 032 


86 


23 




1 033 


85 


22 




1 034 


83 


26 




1 035 


83 


25 




1 036 


83 


37 




1 037 


84 


14 




1 038 


83 


39 




1 039 


76 


70 




1 040 


78 


81 




1 041 


75 


71 




1 042 


86 


47 




1 043 


83 


35 




1 044 


81 


43 




1 045 


81 


41 




1 046 


79 


46 




1 047 


80 


44 




1 048 


84 


20 




1 049 


79 


31 




1 050 


87 


29 




1 051 


82 


49 




1 052 


84 


21 




1 053 


82 


56 




1 054 


81 


30 




1 055 


85 


21 




1 056 


86 


16 




1 057 


79 


52 




1 058 


78 


60 




1 059 


74 


55 




1 060 


78 


84 




1 061 


80 


54 




1 062 


80 


35 




1 063 


82 


24 




1 064 


83 


43 




1 065 


79 


49 




1 066 


83 


50 




1 067 


86 


12 




1 068 


64 


14 




1 069 


24 


14 




1 070 


49 


21 




1 071 


77 


48 




1 072 


103 


11 




1 073 


98 


48 




1 074 


101 


34 




1 075 


99 


39 




1 076 


103 


11 




1 077 


103 


19 




1 078 


103 


7 




1 079 


103 


13 




1 080 


103 


10 




1 081 


102 


13 




1 082 


101 


29 




1 083 


102 


25 




1 084 


102 


20 




1 085 


96 


60 




1 086 


99 


38 




1 087 


102 


24 




1 088 


100 


31 




1 089 


100 


28 




1 090 


98 


3 




1 091 


102 


26 




1 092 


95 


64 




1 093 


102 


23 




1 094 


102 


25 




1 095 


98 


42 




1 096 


93 


68 




1 097 


101 


25 




1 098 


95 


64 




1 099 


101 


35 




1 100 


94 


59 




1 101 


97 


37 




1 102 


97 


60 




1 103 


93 


98 




1 104 


98 


53 




1 105 


103 


13 




1 106 


103 


11 




1 107 


103 


11 




1 108 


103 


13 




1 109 


103 


10 




1 110 


103 


10 




1 111 


103 


11 




1 112 


103 


10 




1 113 


103 


10 




1 114 


102 


18 




1 115 


102 


31 




1 116 


101 


24 




1 117 


102 


19 




1 118 


103 


10 




1 119 


102 


12 




1 120 


99 


56 




1 121 


96 


59 




1 122 


74 


28 




1 123 


66 


62 




1 124 


74 


29 




1 125 


64 


74 




1 126 


69 


40 




1 127 


76 


2 




1 128 


72 


29 




1 129 


66 


65 




1 130 


54 


69 




1 131 


69 


56 




1 132 


69 


40 




1 133 


73 


54 




1 134 


63 


92 




1 135 


61 


67 




1 136 


72 


42 




1 137 


78 


2 




1 138 


76 


34 




1 139 


67 


80 




1 140 


70 


67 




1 141 


53 


70 




1 142 


72 


65 




1 143 


60 


57 




1 144 


74 


29 




1 145 


69 


31 




1 146 


76 


1 




1 147 


74 


22 




1 148 


72 


52 




1 149 


62 


96 




1 150 


54 


72 




1 151 


72 


28 




1 152 


72 


35 




1 153 


64 


68 




1 154 


74 


27 




1 155 


76 


14 




1 156 


69 


38 




1 157 


66 


59 




1 158 


64 


99 




1 159 


51 


86 




1 160 


70 


53 




1 161 


72 


36 




1 162 


71 


47 




1 163 


70 


42 




1 164 


67 


34 




1 165 


74 


2 




1 166 


75 


21 




1 167 


74 


15 




1 168 


75 


13 




1 169 


76 


10 




1 170 


75 


13 




1 171 


75 


10 




1 172 


75 


7 




1 173 


75 


13 




1 174 


76 


8 




1 175 


76 


7 




1 176 


67 


45 




1 177 


75 


13 




1 178 


75 


12 




1 179 


73 


21 




1 180 


68 


46 




1 181 


74 


8 




1 182 


76 


11 




1 183 


76 


14 




1 184 


74 


11 




1 185 


74 


18 




1 186 


73 


22 




1 187 


74 


20 




1 188 


74 


19 




1 189 


70 


22 




1 190 


71 


23 




1 191 


73 


19 




1 192 


73 


19 




1 193 


72 


20 




1 194 


64 


60 




1 195 


70 


39 




1 196 


66 


56 




1 197 


68 


64 




1 198 


30 


68 




1 199 


70 


38 




1 200 


66 


47 




1 201 


76 


14 




1 202 


74 


18 




1 203 


69 


46 




1 204 


68 


62 




1 205 


68 


62 




1 206 


68 


62 




1 207 


68 


62 




1 208 


68 


62 




1 209 


68 


62 




1 210 


54 


50 




1 211 


41 


37 




1 212 


27 


25 




1 213 


14 


12 




1 214 


0 


0 




1 215 


0 


0 




1 216 


0 


0 




1 217 


0 


0 




1 218 


0 


0 




1 219 


0 


0 




1 220 


0 


0 




1 221 


0 


0 




1 222 


0 


0 




1 223 


0 


0 




1 224 


0 


0 




1 225 


0 


0 




1 226 


0 


0 




1 227 


0 


0 




1 228 


0 


0 




1 229 


0 


0 




1 230 


0 


0 




1 231 


0 


0 




1 232 


0 


0 




1 233 


0 


0 




1 234 


0 


0 




1 235 


0 


0 




1 236 


0 


0 




1 237 


0 


0 




1 238 


0 


0 




A graphical display of the NRTC dynamometer schedule is shown below



NRTC dynamometer schedule









(1)  Identical to C1 cycle as described in paragraph 8.3. of ISO 8178-4: 2007 (corr. 2008).

(*1)  Denormalization speed (n
denorm) shall be used in place of rated speed for engines tested according to Annex 4B and is defined in paragraph 7.7.1.1. of Annex 4B. In this case (n
denorm) shall also be used in place of rated speed when determining the intermediate speed.

(*2)  Reference speed is only optionally applicable for engines tested according to Annex 4A and is defined in paragraph 4.3.1. of Annex 4A.

(2)  Identical to D2 cycle as described in paragraph 8.4. of ISO 8178-4: 2007 (corr. 2008).

(3)  For a better illustration of the prime power definition, see figure 2 of ISO 8528-1: 2005.

(1)  Speed terms as per footnote of the steady-state discrete mode test.

(2)  The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at the commanded engine speed.

(3)  Advance from one mode to the next within a 20 s transition phase. During the transition phase, command a linear progression from the torque setting of the current mode to the torque setting of the next mode, and simultaneously command a similar linear progression for engine speed if there is a change in speed setting

(4)  The percent torque is relative to maximum test torque.

(5)  Advance from one mode to the next within a 20 s transition phase. During the transition phase, command a linear progression from the torque setting of the current mode to the torque setting of the next mode.





ANNEX 6

Technical characteristics of reference fuel prescribed for approval tests and to verify conformity of production
                   (1)


Table 1


For power bands D to G








 


Limits and Units (2)
 (3)



Test Method




Cetane Number (5)



min. 45 (8)

max. 50


ISO 5165




Density at 15 °C


min. 835 kg/m3

max. 845 kg/m3
 (11)



ISO 3675, ASTM D4052




Distillation (4) 95 % point


Maximum 370 °C


ISO 3405




Viscosity at 40 °C


Minimum 2,5 mm2/s
Maximum 3,5 mm2/s


ISO 3104




Sulphur content


Minimum 0,1 % mass (10)

Maximum 0,2 % mass (9)



ISO 8754, EN 24260




Flash Point


Minimum 55 °C


ISO 2719




CFPP


Minimum -
Maximum +5 °C


EN 116




Copper corrosion


Maximum 1


ISO 2160




Conradson carbon residue
(10 per cent DR)


Maximum 0,3 % mass


ISO 10370




Ash content


Maximum 0,01 % mass


ASTM D482 (12)





Water content


Maximum 0,05 % mass


ASTM D95, D1744




Neutralization (strong acid) number


Minimum 0,20 mg KOH/g


 




Oxidation stability (6)



Maximum 2,5 mg/100 ml


ASTM D2274




Additives (7)



 


 








Table 2


For power bands H to K










Parameter


Unit


Limits (13)



Test Method




minimum


maximum




Cetane number (14)



 


52,0 


54,0 


EN-ISO 5165




Density at 15 °C


kg/m3


833 


837 


EN-ISO 3675




Distillation:


 


 


 


 




50 per cent point


°C


245 


—


EN-ISO 3405




95 per cent point


°C


345 


350 


EN-ISO 3405










—


Final boiling point






°C


—


370 


EN-ISO 3405




Flash point


°C


55 


—


EN 22719




CFPP


°C


—


–5 


EN 116




Viscosity at 40 °C


mm2/s


2,5 


3,5 


EN-ISO 3104




Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons


per cent m/m


3,0 


6,0 


IP 391




Sulphur content (15)



mg/kg


—


300 


ASTM D 5453




Copper corrosion


 


—


class 1


EN-ISO 2160




Conradson carbon residue
(10 per cent DR)


per cent m/m


—


0,2 


EN-ISO 10370




Ash content


per cent m/m


—


0,01 


EN-ISO 6245




Water content


per cent m/m


—


0,05 


EN-ISO 12937




Neutralization (strong acid) number


mg KOH/g


—


0,02 


ASTM D 974




Oxidation stability (16)



mg/ml


—


0,025 


EN-ISO 12205








Table 3


For power bands L to P and Q and R










Parameter


Unit


Limits (17)



Test Method




minimum


maximum




Cetane number (18)



 


 


54,0 


EN-ISO 5165




Density at 15 °C


kg/m3


833 


865 


EN-ISO 3675




Distillation:


 


 


 


 




50 per cent point


°C


245 


—


EN-ISO 3405




95 per cent point


°C


345 


350 


EN-ISO 3405










—


Final boiling point






°C


—


370 


EN-ISO 3405




Flash point


°C


55 


—


EN 22719




CFPP


°C


—


–5 


EN 116




Viscosity at 40 °C


mm2/s


2,3 


3,3 


EN-ISO 3104




Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons


per cent m/m


3,0 


6,0 


IP 391




Sulphur content (19)



mg/kg


—


10 


ASTM D 5453




Copper corrosion


 


—


class 1


EN-ISO 2160




Conradson carbon residue
(10 per cent DR)


per cent m/m


—


0,2 


EN-ISO 10370




Ash content


per cent m/m


—


0,01 


EN-ISO 6245




Water content


per cent m/m


—


0,02 


EN-ISO 12937




Neutralization (strong acid) number


mg KOH/g


—


0,02 


ASTM D 974




Oxidation stability (20)



mg/ml


—


0,025 


EN-ISO 12205




Lubricity (HFRR wear scar diameter at 60 °C)


μm


—


400 


CEC F-06-A-96




FAME


prohibited






(1)  All fuel characteristics and limit values are to be kept under review in light of trends in the markets.

(2)  If it is required to calculate thermal efficiency of an engine or vehicle, the calorific value of the fuel can be calculated from:





where:






 


d is the density at 15 °C










 


x is the proportion by mass of water (%/100)










 


y is the proportion by mass of ash (%/100)










 


s is the proportion by mass of sulphur (%/100)





(3)  The values quoted in the specification are "true values". In establishment of their limit values the terms of ASTM D3244 "Defining a basis for petroleum produce quality disputes" have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility).
Notwithstanding this measure, which is necessary for statistical reasons, the manufacturer of fuel should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the question as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ASTM D3244 should be applied.

(4)  The figures quoted show the evaporated quantities (percentage recovered + percentage loss).

(5)  The range of cetane is not in accordance with the requirement of a minimum range of 4R. However, in cases of dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms in ASTM D3244 can be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to achieve the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations.

(6)  Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited. Advice should be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life.

(7)  This fuel should be based straight run and cracked hydrocarbon distillate components only; desulphurization is allowed. It shall not contain any metallic additives or cetane improver additives.

(8)  Lower values are permitted, in which case the cetane number of the reference fuel used is to be reported.

(9)  Higher values are permitted, in which case the sulphur content of the reference fuel used is to be reported.

(10)  To be kept under constant review in the light of trends in the markets. For the purpose of the initial approval of an engine on request of the applicant, a 0,05 per cent mass nominal sulphur level (minimum 0,03 per cent mass) is permissible, in which case the measured particulate level shall be corrected upward to the average value that is nominally specified for fuel sulphur content (0,15 per cent mass) per the equation below:





where:







PTadj



=


adjusted PT value (g/kWh)




PT


=


measured weighted specific emissions value for particulate emission (g/kWh)




SFC


=


weighted specific fuel consumption (g/kWh) calculated according to the formula as below




NSLF


=


average of the nominal specification of sulphur content mass fraction (i.e. 0,15 %/100)




FSF


=


fuel sulphur content mass fraction (%/100)




Equation for the calculation of the weighted specific fuel consumption:












where: 








For the purpose of conformity of production assessments in accordance with paragraph 7.4.2., the requirements shall be met using reference fuel which complies with the minimum/maximum level of 0,1/0,2 per cent mass.

(11)  Higher values are permitted up to 855 kg/m3, in which case the density of the reference fuel used is to be reported. For the purpose of conformity of production assessments in accordance with paragraph 7.4.2., the requirements shall be met using reference fuel which complies with the minimum/maximum level of 835/845 kg/m3.

(12)  To be replaced by EN/ISO 6245 with effect of the date of implementation.

(13)  The values quoted in the specifications are "true values". In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259 "Petroleum products – Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test" have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility).
Notwithstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer of fuels should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied.

(14)  The range for the cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO 4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations.

(15)  The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the test shall be reported.

(16)  Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited. Advice should be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life.

(17)  The values quoted in the specifications are "true values". In establishment of their limit values the terms of ISO 4259 "Petroleum products – Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test" have been applied and in fixing a minimum value, a minimum difference of 2R above zero has been taken into account; in fixing a maximum and minimum value, the minimum difference is 4R (R = reproducibility).
Notwithstanding this measure, which is necessary for technical reasons, the manufacturer of fuels should nevertheless aim at a zero value where the stipulated maximum value is 2R and at the mean value in the case of quotations of maximum and minimum limits. Should it be necessary to clarify the questions as to whether a fuel meets the requirements of the specifications, the terms of ISO 4259 should be applied.

(18)  The range for the cetane number is not in accordance with the requirements of a minimum range of 4R. However, in the case of a dispute between fuel supplier and fuel user, the terms of ISO 4259 may be used to resolve such disputes provided replicate measurements, of sufficient number to archive the necessary precision, are made in preference to single determinations.

(19)  The actual sulphur content of the fuel used for the Type I test shall be reported.

(20)  Even though oxidation stability is controlled, it is likely that shelf life will be limited. Advice should be sought from the supplier as to storage conditions and life.





ANNEX 7

INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT AND AUXILIARIES








Number


Equipment and auxiliaries


Fitted for emission test




1


Inlet system


 




Inlet manifold


Yes




Crankcase emission control system


Yes




Air flow-meter


Yes




Air filter


Yes (1)





Inlet silencer


Yes (1)





Induction-heating device of inlet manifold


Yes, standard production equipment. If possible to be set in the most favourable condition




2


Exhaust system


 




Exhaust aftertreatment


Yes




Exhaust manifold


Yes




Connecting pipes


Yes (2)





Silencer


Yes (2)





Tail pipe


Yes (2)





Exhaust brake


No (3)





Pressure charging device


Yes




3


Fuel supply pump


Yes (4)





4


Fuel injection equipment


 




Prefilter


Yes




Filter


Yes




Pump


Yes




High-pressure pipe


Yes




Injector


Yes




Electronic control unit, sensors, etc.


Yes




Governor/control system


Yes




Automatic full-load stop for the control rack depending on atmospheric conditions


Yes




5


Liquid-cooling equipment


 




Radiator


No




Fan


No




Fan cowl


No




Water pump


Yes (5)





Thermostat


Yes (6)





6


Air cooling


 




Cowl


No (7)





Fan or Blower


No (7)





Temperature-regulating device


No




7


Electrical equipment


 




Generator


Yes (8)





8


Pressure charging equipment


 




Compressor driven either directly by the engine and/or by the exhaust gases


Yes




Charge air cooler


Yes (7), (9)





Coolant pump or fan (engine-driven)


No (7)





Coolant flow control device


Yes




9


Auxiliary test-bed fan


Yes, if necessary




10


Anti-pollution device


Yes




11


Starting equipment


Yes or test bed equipment (10)





12


Lubricating oil pump


Yes




13


Certain auxiliaries whose definition is linked with the operation of the machine and which may be mounted on the engine shall be removed for the test.
The following non-exhaustive list is given as an example:






(i)


air compressor for brakes










(ii)


power steering compressor










(iii)


suspension compressor










(iv)


air-conditioning system.






No






(1)  The complete inlet system shall be fitted as provided for the intended application:






(i)


where there is a risk of an appreciable effect on the engine power;










(ii)


when the manufacturer requests that this should be done.




In other cases, an equivalent system may be used and a check should be made to ascertain that the intake pressure does not differ by more than 100 Pa from the upper limit specified by the manufacturer for a clean air filter.

(2)  The complete exhaust system shall be fitted as provided for the intended application:






(i)


where there is a risk of an appreciable effect on the engine power;










(ii)


when the manufacturer requests that this should be done.




In other cases, an equivalent system may be installed provided the pressure measured does not differ by more than 1 000 Pa from the upper limit specified by the manufacturer.

(3)  If an exhaust brake is incorporated in the engine, the throttle valve shall be fixed in the fully open position.

(4)  The fuel feed pressure may be adjusted, if necessary, to reproduce the pressure existing in the particular engine application (particularly when a ‘fuel return’ system is used).

(5)  The cooling-liquid circulation shall be operated by the engine water pump only. Cooling of the liquid may be produced by an external circuit, such that the pressure loss of this circuit and the pressure at the pump inlet remain substantially the same as those of the engine cooling system.

(6)  The thermostat may be fixed in the fully open position.

(7)  When the cooling fan or blower is fitted for the test, the power absorbed shall be added to the results, except for cooling fans of air cooled engines directly fitted on the crankshaft. The fan or blower power shall be determined at the speeds used for the test either by calculation from standard characteristics or by practical tests.

(8)  Minimum power of the generator: the electrical power of the generator shall be limited to that necessary for operation of accessories which are indispensable for engine operation. If the connection of a battery is necessary, a fully charged battery in good condition shall be used.

(9)  Charge air-cooled engines shall be tested with charge air cooling, whether liquid - or air-cooled, but if the manufacturer prefers, a test bench system may replace the air cooler. In either case, the measurement of power at each speed shall be made with the maximum pressure drop and the minimum temperature drop of the engine air across the charge air cooler on the test bench system as those specified by the manufacturer.

(10)  The power for electrical or other starting systems shall be provided from the test bed.





ANNEX 8

DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS

1.   VERIFYING THE DURABILITY OF CI ENGINES OF POWER BANDS H TO P
This annex shall apply to CI engines for power bands H to P only.
1.1.   Manufacturers shall determine a Deterioration Factor (DF) value for each regulated pollutant for all engine families of power bands H to P. Such DFs shall be used for type approval and production line testing.
1.1.1.   Test to establish DFs shall be conducted as follows:
1.1.1.1.   The manufacturer shall conduct durability tests to accumulate engine operating hours according to a test schedule that is selected on the basis of good engineering judgement to be representative of in-use engine operation in respect to characterising emission performance deterioration. The durability test period should typically represent the equivalent of at least one quarter of the emission durability period (EDP).
Service accumulation operating hours may be acquired through running engines on a dynamometer test bed or from actual in-field machine operation. Accelerated durability tests can be applied whereby the service accumulation schedule is performed at a higher load factor than typically experienced in the field. The acceleration factor relating the number of engine durability test hours to the equivalent number of EDP hours shall be determined by the engine manufacturer based on good engineering judgement.
During the period of the durability test, no emission sensitive components can be serviced or replaced other than to the routine service schedule recommended by the manufacturer.
The test engine, subsystems, or components to be used to determine exhaust emission DFs for an engine family, or for engine families of equivalent emission control system technology, shall be selected by the engine manufacturer on the basis of good engineering judgement. The criterion is that the test engine should represent the emission deterioration characteristics of the engine families that will apply the resulting DF values for type approval. Engines of different bore and stroke, different configuration, different air management systems, different fuel systems can be considered as equivalent in respect to emissions deterioration characteristics if there is a reasonable technical basis for such determination.
DF values from another manufacturer can be applied if there is a reasonable basis for considering technology equivalence with respect to emissions deterioration, and evidence that the tests have been carried according to the specified requirements.
Emissions testing shall be performed according to the procedures defined in this Regulation for the test engine after initial run-in but before any service accumulation test, and at the completion of the durability test. Emission tests can also be performed at intervals during the service accumulation test period, and applied in determining the deterioration trend.
1.1.1.2.   The service accumulation tests or the emissions tests performed to determine deterioration need not be witnessed by the Type Approval Authority.
1.1.1.3.   Determination of DF values from durability tests
An additive DF is defined as the value obtained by subtraction of the emission value determine at the beginning of the EDP, from the emissions value determined to represent the emission performance at the end of the EDP.
A multiplicative DF is defined as the emission level determined for the end of the EDP divided by the emission value recorded at the beginning of the EDP.
Separate DF values shall be established for each of the pollutants covered by the legislation. In the case of establishing a DF value relative to the NOx + HC standard, for an additive DF, this is determined based on the sum of the pollutants notwithstanding that a negative deterioration for one pollutant may not offset deterioration for the other. For a multiplicative NOx + HC DF, separate HC and NOx DFs shall be determined and applied separately when calculating the deteriorated emission levels from an emissions test result before combining the resultant deteriorated NOx and HC values to establish compliance with the standard.
In cases where the testing is not conducted for the full EDP, the emission values at the end of the EDP is determined by extrapolation of the emission deterioration trend established for the test period, to the full EDP.
When emissions test results have been recorded periodically during the service accumulation durability testing, standard statistical processing techniques based on good practice shall be applied to determine the emission levels at the end of the EDP; statistical significance testing can be applied in the determination of the final emissions values.
If the calculation results in a value of less than 1,00 for a multiplicative DF, or less than 0,00 for an additive DF, then the DF shall be 1,0 or 0,00, respectively.
1.1.1.4.   A manufacturer may, with the approval of the Type Approval Authority, use DF values established from results of durability tests conducted to obtain DF values for certification of on-road HD CI engines. This will be allowed if there is technological equivalency between the test on-road engine and the non-road engine families applying the DF values for certification. The DF values derived from on-road engine emission durability test results must be calculated on the basis of EDP values defined in paragraph 3.
1.1.1.5.   In the case where an engine family uses established technology, an analysis based on good engineering practices may be used in lieu of testing to determine a deterioration factor for that engine family subject to approval of the Type Approval Authority.
1.2.   DF information in approval applications
1.2.1.   Additive DFs shall be specified for each pollutant in an engine family approval application for CI engines not using any after-treatment device.
1.2.2.   Multiplicative DFs shall be specified for each pollutant in an engine family approval application for CI engines using an after-treatment device.
1.2.3.   The manufacturer shall furnish the Type Approval Authority on request with information to support the DF values. This would typically include emission test results, service accumulation schedule, maintenance procedures together with information to support engineering judgements of technological equivalency, if applicable.
2.   VERIFYING THE DURABILITY OF CI ENGINES OF POWER BANDS Q TO R
2.1   General
2.1.1.   This paragraph shall apply to CI engines of power band Q to R. At the request of the manufacturer, it may also be applied to CI engines of power bands H to P as an alternative to the requirements in paragraph 1 of this annex.
2.1.2.   This paragraph 2. details the procedures for selecting engines to be tested over a service accumulation schedule for the purpose of determining deterioration factors for stage IV engine type approval and conformity of production assessments. The deterioration factors shall be applied in accordance with paragraph 2.4.7. to the emissions measured according to Annex 4B to this Regulation.
2.1.3.   The service accumulation tests or the emissions tests performed to determine deterioration need not be witnessed by the Type Approval Authority.
2.1.4.   This paragraph 2. also details the emission-related and non-emission-related maintenance that should be or may be carried out on engines undergoing a service accumulation schedule. Such maintenance shall conform to the maintenance performed on in-service engines and communicated to owners of new engines.
2.1.5.   At the request of the manufacturer, the Type Approval Authority may allow the use of deterioration factors that have been established using alternative procedures to those specified in paragraphs 2.4.1. to 2.4.5. In this case, the manufacturer must demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Type Approval Authority that the alternative procedures that have been used are no less rigorous than those contained in paragraphs 2.4.1 to 2.4.5.
2.2.   Reserved
2.3.   Selection of engines for establishing emission durability period deterioration factors
2.3.1.   Engines shall be selected from the engine family defined in Annex 1B of this Regulation for emission testing to establish emission durability period deterioration factors.
2.3.2.   Engines from different engine families may be further combined into families based on the type of exhaust after-treatment system utilised. In order to place engines with different cylinder configuration but having similar technical specifications and installation for the exhaust after-treatment systems into the same engine after-treatment system family, the manufacturer shall provide data to the Type Approval Authority that demonstrates that the emissions reduction performance of such engine systems is similar.
2.3.3.   One engine representing the engine-after-treatment system family, as determined in accordance with paragraph 2.3.2., shall be selected by the engine manufacturer for testing over the service accumulation schedule defined in paragraph 2.4.2., and shall be reported to the Type Approval Authority before any testing commences.
2.3.3.1.   If the Type Approval Authority decides that the worst case emissions of the engine-after-treatment system family can be characterised better by another engine then the test engine shall be selected jointly by the Type Approval Authority and the engine manufacturer.
2.4.   Establishing emission durability period deterioration factors
2.4.1.   General
Deterioration factors applicable to an engine-after-treatment system family are developed from the selected engines based on a service accumulation schedule that includes periodic testing for gaseous and particulate emissions over the NRSC and NRTC tests.
2.4.2.   Service accumulation schedule
Service accumulation schedules may be carried out at the choice of the manufacturer by running a machine equipped with the selected engine over an "in-service" accumulation schedule or by running the selected engine over a "dynamometer service" accumulation schedule.
2.4.2.1.   In-service and dynamometer service accumulation








2.4.2.1.1.


The manufacturer shall determine the form and duration of the service accumulation and the ageing cycle for engines in a manner consistent with good engineering practice.












2.4.2.1.2.


The manufacturer shall determine the test points where gaseous and particulate emissions will be measured over the hot NRTC and NRSC cycles. The minimum number of test points shall be three, one at the beginning, one approximately in the middle and one at the end of the service accumulation schedule.












2.4.2.1.3.


The emission values at the start point and at the emission durability period endpoint calculated in accordance with paragraph 2.4.5.2. shall be within the limit values applicable to the engine family, but individual emission results from the test points may exceed those limit values.












2.4.2.1.4.


At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, only one test cycle (either the hot NRTC or NRSC cycle) needs to be run at each test point, with the other test cycle run only at the beginning and at the end of the service accumulation schedule.












2.4.2.1.5.


In the case of constant speed engines only the NRSC cycle shall be run at each test point.












2.4.2.1.6.


Service accumulation schedules may be different for different engine-after-treatment system families.












2.4.2.1.7.


Service accumulation schedules may be shorter than the emission durability period, but shall not be shorter than the equivalent of at least one quarter of the relevant emission durability period specified in paragraph 3 of this annex.












2.4.2.1.8.


Accelerated ageing by adjusting the service accumulation schedule on a fuel consumption basis is permitted. The adjustment shall be based on the ratio between the typical in-use fuel consumption and the fuel consumption on the ageing cycle, but fuel consumption on the ageing cycle must not exceed typical in-use fuel consumption by more than 30 per cent.












2.4.2.1.9.


At the request of the manufacturer and with the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, alternative methods of accelerated ageing may be permitted.












2.4.2.1.10.


The service accumulation schedule shall be fully described in the application for type-approval and reported to the Type Approval Authority before the start of any testing.




2.4.2.2.   If the Type Approval Authority decides that additional measurements need to be performed between the points selected by the manufacturer it shall notify the manufacturer. The revised service accumulation schedule shall be prepared by the manufacturer and agreed by the Type Approval Authority.
2.4.3.   Engine testing
2.4.3.1.   Engine system stabilisation








2.4.3.1.1.


For each engine-after-treatment system family, the manufacturer shall determine the number of hours of machine or engine running after which the operation of the engine-after-treatment system has stabilised. If requested by the Type Approval Authority the manufacturer shall make available the data and analysis used to make this determination. As an alternative, the manufacturer may select to run the engine or machine between 60 and 125 hours or the equivalent time on the ageing cycle to stabilise the engine-after-treatment system.












2.4.3.1.2.


The end of the stabilisation period determined in paragraph 2.4.3.1.1. shall be deemed to be the start of the service accumulation schedule.




2.4.3.2.   Service accumulation testing








2.4.3.2.1.


After stabilisation, the engine shall be run over the service accumulation schedule selected by the manufacturer, as described in paragraph 2.3.2. At the periodic intervals in the service accumulation schedule determined by the manufacturer, and, where appropriate, also stipulated by the Type Approval Authority in accordance with paragraph 2.4.2.2., the engine shall be tested for gaseous and particulate emissions over the hot NRTC and NRSC cycles.
The manufacturer may select to measure the pollutant emissions before any exhaust after-treatment system separately from the pollutant emissions after any exhaust after-treatment system.
In accordance with paragraph 2.4.2.1.4., if it has been agreed that only one test cycle (hot NRTC or NRSC) be run at each test point, the other test cycle (hot NRTC or NRSC) shall be run at the beginning and end of the service accumulation schedule.
In accordance with paragraph 2.4.2.1.5., in the case of constant speed engines only the NRSC cycle shall be run at each test point.












2.4.3.2.2.


During the service accumulation schedule, maintenance shall be carried out on the engine according to paragraph 2.5.












2.4.3.2.3.


During the service accumulation schedule, unscheduled maintenance on the engine or machine may be performed, for example if the manufacturer's normal diagnostic system has detected a problem that would have indicated to the machine operator that a fault had arisen.




2.4.4.   Reporting
2.4.4.1.   The results of all emission tests (hot NRTC and NRSC) conducted during the service accumulation schedule shall be made available to the Type Approval Authority. If any emission test is declared to be void, the manufacturer shall provide an explanation of why the test has been declared void. In such a case, another series of emission tests shall be carried out within the following 100 hours of service accumulation.
2.4.4.2.   The manufacturer shall retain records of all information concerning all the emission tests and maintenance carried out on the engine during the service accumulation schedule. This information shall be submitted to the Type Approval Authority along with the results of the emission tests conducted over the service accumulation schedule.
2.4.5.   Determination of deterioration factors
2.4.5.1.   For each pollutant measured over the hot NRTC and NRSC cycles at each test point during the service accumulation schedule, a "best fit" linear regression analysis shall be made on the basis of all test results. The results of each test for each pollutant shall be expressed to the same number of decimal places as the limit value for that pollutant, as applicable to the engine family, plus one additional decimal place.
In accordance with paragraph 2.4.2.1.4. or paragraph 2.4.2.1.5., if only one test cycle (hot NRTC or NRSC) has been run at each test point, the regression analysis shall be made only on the basis of the test results from the test cycle run at each test point.
At the request of the manufacturer and with the prior approval of the Type Approval Authority, non linear regression is permitted.
2.4.5.2.   The emission values for each pollutant at the start of the service accumulation schedule and at the emission durability period end point that is applicable for the engine under test shall be calculated from the regression equation. If the service accumulation schedule is shorter than the emission durability period, the emission values at the emission durability period end point shall be determined by extrapolation of the regression equation as determined in paragraph 2.4.5.1.
In the case that emission values are used for engine families in the same engine-after-treatment family but with different emission durability periods, then the emission values at the emission durability period end point shall be recalculated for each emission durability period by extrapolation or interpolation of the regression equation as determined in paragraph 2.4.5.1.
2.4.5.3.   The deterioration factor (DF) for each pollutant is defined as the ratio of the applied emission values at the emission durability period end point and at the start of the service accumulation schedule (multiplicative deterioration factor).
At the request of the manufacturer and with the prior approval of the Type Approval Authority, an additive DF for each pollutant may be applied. The additive DF is defined as the difference between the calculated emission values at the emission durability period end point and at the start of the service accumulation schedule.
An example for determination of DFs by using linear regression is shown in figure 1 for NOx emission.
Mixing of multiplicative and additive DFs within one set of pollutants is not permitted.
If the calculation results in a value of less than 1,00 for a multiplicative DF, or less than 0,00 for an additive DF, then the deterioration factor shall be 1,0 or 0,00, respectively.
In accordance with paragraph 2.4.2.1.4., if it has been agreed that only one test cycle (hot NRTC or NRSC) be run at each test point and the other test cycle (hot NRTC or NRSC) run only at the beginning and end of the service accumulation schedule, the deterioration factor calculated for the test cycle that has been run at each test point shall be applicable also for the other test cycle.

Figure 1


Example of DF determination




2.4.6.   Assigned deterioration factors
2.4.6.1.   As an alternative to using a service accumulation schedule to determine DFs, engine manufacturers may select to use the following assigned multiplicative DFs:









Test cycle


CO


HC


NOx



PM




NRTC


1,3 


1,3 


1,15 


1,05 




NRSC


1,3 


1,3 


1,15 


1,05 




Assigned additive DFs are not given. It is not permitted to transform the assigned multiplicative DFs into additive DFs.
Where assigned DFs are used, the manufacturer shall present to the Type Approval Authority robust evidence that the emission control components can reasonably be expected to have the emission durability associated with those assigned factors. This evidence may be based upon design analysis, or tests, or a combination of both.
2.4.7.   Application of deterioration factors
2.4.7.1.   The engines shall meet the respective emission limits for each pollutant, as applicable to the engine family, after application of the deterioration factors to the test result as measured in accordance with Annex 4B to this Regulation (cycle-weighted specific emission for particulate and each individual gas). Depending on the type of DF, the following provisions apply:






(a)


Multiplicative: (cycle weighted specific emission) * DF ≤ emission limit










(b)


Additive: (cycle weighted specific emission) + DF ≤ emission limit




2.4.7.2.   For a multiplicative NOx+HC DF, separate HC and NOx DFs shall be determined and applied separately when calculating the deteriorated emission levels from an emissions test result before combining the resultant deteriorated NOx and HC values to establish compliance with the emission limit.
2.4.7.3.   The manufacturer may select to carry across the DFs determined for an engine-after-treatment system family to an engine system that does not fall into the same engine-after-treatment system family. In such cases, the manufacturer shall demonstrate to the Type Approval Authority that the engine system for which the engine-after-treatment system family was originally tested and the engine system for which the DFs are being carried across have similar technical specifications and installation requirements on the machine and that the emissions of such engine or engine system are similar.
In the case that DFs are carried across to an engine system with a different emission durability period, then the DFs shall be recalculated for the applicable emission durability period by extrapolation or interpolation of the regression equation as determined in paragraph 2.4.5.1.
2.4.7.4.   The DF for each pollutant for each applicable test cycle shall be recorded in the test result document set out in Appendix 1 to Annex 2 to this Regulation.
2.4.8.   Checking of conformity of production
2.4.8.1.   Conformity of production for emissions compliance is checked on the basis of paragraph 7. of this Regulation.
2.4.8.2.   The manufacturer may select to measure the pollutant emissions before any exhaust after-treatment system at the same time as the type-approval test is being performed. In so doing, the manufacturer may develop informal DFs separately for the engine and for the after-treatment system that may be used by the manufacturer as an aid to end of production line auditing.
2.4.8.3.   For the purposes of type-approval, only the DFs determined in accordance with paragraph 2.4.5. or 2.4.6. shall be recorded in the test result document set out in Appendix 1 to Annex 2 to this Regulation.
2.5.   Maintenance
For the purpose of the service accumulation schedule, maintenance shall be performed in accordance with the manufacturer's manual for service and maintenance.
2.5.1.   Emission-related scheduled maintenance
2.5.1.1.   Emission-related scheduled maintenance during engine running, undertaken for the purpose of conducting a service accumulation schedule, must occur at equivalent intervals to those that shall be specified in the manufacturer's maintenance instructions to the owner of the machine or engine. This maintenance schedule may be updated as necessary throughout the service accumulation schedule provided that no maintenance operation is deleted from the maintenance schedule after the operation has been performed on the test engine.
2.5.1.2.   The engine manufacturer shall specify for the service accumulation schedules any adjustment, cleaning, maintenance (where necessary) and scheduled exchange of the following items:






(a)


Filters and coolers in the exhaust gas re-circulation system










(b)


Positive crankcase ventilation valve, if applicable










(c)


Fuel injector tips (only cleaning is permitted)










(d)


Fuel injectors










(e)


Turbocharger










(f)


Electronic engine control unit and its associated sensors and actuators










(g)


Particulate after-treatment system (including related components)










(h)


NOx after-treatment system (including related components)










(i)


Exhaust gas re-circulation system, including all related control valves and tubing










(j)


Any other exhaust after-treatment system.




2.5.1.3.   Critical emission-related scheduled maintenance shall only be performed if intended to be performed in-use and the requirement to perform such maintenance is to be communicated to the owner of the machine.
2.5.2.   Changes to scheduled maintenance
2.5.2.1.   The manufacturer shall submit a request to the Type Approval Authority for approval of any new scheduled maintenance that it wishes to perform during the service accumulation schedule and subsequently to recommend to owners of machines and engines. The request shall be accompanied by data supporting the need for the new scheduled maintenance and the maintenance interval.
2.5.3.   Non-emission-related scheduled maintenance
2.5.3.1.   Non-emission-related scheduled maintenance which is reasonable and technically necessary (for example oil change, oil filter change, fuel filter change, air filter change, cooling system maintenance, idle speed adjustment, governor, engine bolt torque, valve lash, injector lash, adjustment of the tension of any drive-belt, etc.) may be performed on engines or machines selected for the service accumulation schedule at the least frequent intervals recommended by the manufacturer to the owner (for example not at the intervals recommended for severe service).
2.5.4.   Repair
2.5.4.1.   Repairs to the components of an engine system selected for testing over a service accumulation schedule shall be performed only as a result of component failure or engine system malfunction. Repair of the engine itself, the emission control system or the fuel system is not permitted except to the extent defined in paragraph 2.5.4.2.
2.5.4.2.   If the engine itself, the emission control system or the fuel system fail during the service accumulation schedule, the service accumulation shall be considered void, and a new service accumulation shall be started with a new engine system, unless the failed components are replaced with equivalent components that have been subject to a similar number of hours of service accumulation.
3.   EMISSION DURABILITY PERIOD FOR ENGINES OF POWER BANDS H TO R
3.1.   Manufacturers shall use the emission durability period in Table 1 of this paragraph.

Table 1


Emission durability period for CI Engines (hours) of power bands H to R







Category
(power band)


Emission durability period
(hours)




≤ 37 kW
(constant speed engines)


3 000 




≤ 37 kW
(variable speed engines)


5 000 




> 37 kW


8 000 









ANNEX 9

REQUIREMENTS TO ENSURE THE CORRECT OPERATION OF NOx CONTROL MEASURES

1.   INTRODUCTION
This annex sets out the requirements to ensure the correct operation of NOx control measures. It includes requirements for engines that rely on the use of a reagent in order to reduce emissions.
2.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
The engine system shall be equipped with a NOx Control Diagnostic system (NCD) able to identify the NOx control malfunctions (NCMs) considered by this annex. Any engine system covered by this paragraph shall be designed, constructed and installed so as to be capable of meeting these requirements throughout the normal life of the engine under normal conditions of use. In achieving this objective, it is acceptable that engines which have been used in excess of the useful life period as specified in paragraph 3.1. of Annex 8 to this Regulation show some deterioration in the performance and the sensitivity of the NOx Control Diagnostic system (NCD), such that the thresholds specified in this annex may be exceeded before the warning and/or inducement systems are activated.
2.1.   Required information
2.1.1.   If the emission control system requires a reagent, the characteristics of that reagent, including the type of reagent, information on concentration when the reagent is in solution, operational temperature conditions and reference to international standards for composition and quality must be specified by the manufacturer, in paragraph 2.2.1.13. of Appendix 1 and in paragraph 2.2.1.13. of Appendix 3 to Annex 1A to this Regulation.
2.1.2.   Detailed written information fully describing the functional operation characteristics of the operator warning system in paragraph 4. and of the operator inducement system in paragraph 5. shall be provided to the Type Approval Authority at the time of type-approval.
2.1.3.   The manufacturer shall provide installation documents that, when used by the OEM, will ensure that the engine, inclusive of the emission control system that is part of the approved engine type, when installed in the machine, will operate, in conjunction with the necessary machinery parts, in a manner that will comply with the requirements of this annex. This documentation shall include the detailed technical requirements and the provisions of the engine system (software, hardware, and communication) needed for the correct installation of the engine system in the machine.
2.2.   Operating conditions
2.2.1.   The NOx control diagnostic system shall be operational at the following conditions:






(a)


Ambient temperatures between 266 K and 308 K (-7 °C and 35 °C);










(b)


All altitudes below 1 600 m;










(c)


Engine coolant temperatures above 343 K (70 °C).




This paragraph shall not apply in the case of monitoring for reagent level in the storage tank where monitoring shall be conducted under all conditions where measurement is technically feasible (for instance, under all conditions when a liquid reagent is not frozen).
2.3.   Reagent freeze protection
2.3.1.   It is permitted to use a heated or a non-heated reagent tank and dosing system. A heated system shall meet the requirements of paragraph 2.3.2. A non-heated system shall meet the requirements of paragraph 2.3.3.
2.3.1.1.   The use of a non-heated reagent tank and dosing system shall be indicated in the written instructions to the owner of the machine.
2.3.2.   Reagent tank and dosing system
2.3.2.1.   If the reagent has frozen, the reagent shall be available for use within a maximum of 70 minutes after the start of the engine at 266 K (- 7 °C) ambient temperature.
2.3.2.2.   Design criteria for a heated system
A heated system shall be so designed that it meets the performance requirements set out in this paragraph when tested using the procedure defined.








2.3.2.2.1.


The reagent tank and dosing system shall be soaked at 255 K (- 18 °C) for 72 hours or until the reagent becomes solid, whichever occurs first.












2.3.2.2.2.


After the soak period in paragraph 2.3.2.2.1., the machine/engine shall be started and operated at 266 K (- 7 °C) ambient temperature or lower as follows:






(a)


10 to 20 minutes idling;










(b)


Followed by up to 50 minutes at no more than 40 per cent of rated load.
















2.3.2.2.3.


At the conclusion of the test procedure in paragraph 2.3.2.2.2., the reagent dosing system shall be fully functional.




2.3.2.3.   Evaluation of the design criteria may be performed in a cold chamber test cell using an entire machine or parts representative of those to be installed on a machine or based on field tests.
2.3.3.   Activation of the operator warning and inducement system for a non-heated system
2.3.3.1.   The operator warning system described in paragraph 4. shall be activated if no reagent dosing occurs at an ambient temperature ≤ 266 K (- 7 °C).
2.3.3.2.   The severe inducement system described in paragraph 5.4. shall be activated if no reagent dosing occurs within a maximum of 70 minutes after engine start at an ambient temperature ≤ 266 K (- 7 °C).
2.4.   Diagnostic requirements
2.4.1.   The NOx Control Diagnostic system (NCD) shall be able to identify the NOx control malfunctions (NCMs) considered by this annex by means of Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs) stored in the computer memory and to communicate that information off-board upon request.
2.4.2.   Requirements for recording Diagnostic Trouble Codes (DTCs)
2.4.2.1.   The NCD system shall record a DTC for each distinct NOx Control Malfunction (NCM).
2.4.2.2.   The NCD system shall conclude within 60 minutes of engine operation whether a detectable malfunction is present. At this time, a "confirmed and active" DTC shall be stored and the warning system be activated according to paragraph 4.
2.4.2.3.   In cases where more than 60 minutes running time is required for the monitors to accurately detect and confirm a NCM (e.g. monitors using statistical models or with respect to fluid consumption on the machine), the Type Approval Authority may permit a longer period for monitoring provided the manufacturer justifies the need for the longer period (for example by technical rationale, experimental results, in house experience, etc.).
2.4.3.   Requirements for erasing Diagnostic trouble codes (DTCs)






(a)


DTCs shall not be erased by the NCD system itself from the computer memory until the failure related to that DTC has been remedied.










(b)


The NCD system may erase all the DTCs upon request of a proprietary scan or maintenance tool that is provided by the engine manufacturer upon request, or using a pass code provided by the engine manufacturer.




2.4.4.   An NCD system shall not be programmed or otherwise designed to partially or totally deactivate based on age of the machine during the actual life of the engine, nor shall the system contain any algorithm or strategy designed to reduce the effectiveness of the NCD system over time.
2.4.5.   Any reprogrammable computer codes or operating parameters of the NCD system shall be resistant to tampering.
2.4.6.   NCD engine family
The manufacturer is responsible for determining the composition of an NCD engine family. Grouping engine systems within an NCD engine family shall be based on good engineering judgment and be subject to approval by the Type Approval Authority.
Engines that do not belong to the same engine family may still belong to the same NCD engine family.
2.4.6.1.   Parameters defining an NCD engine family
An NCD engine family is characterized by basic design parameters that shall be common to engine systems within the family.
In order that engine systems are considered to belong to the same NCD engine family, the following list of basic parameters shall be similar:






(a)


Emission control systems;










(b)


Methods of NCD monitoring;










(c)


Criteria for NCD monitoring;










(d)


Monitoring parameters (e.g. frequency).




These similarities shall be demonstrated by the manufacturer by means of relevant engineering demonstration or other appropriate procedures and subject to the approval of the Type Approval Authority.
The manufacturer may request approval by the Type Approval Authority of minor differences in the methods of monitoring/diagnosing the NCD system due to engine system configuration variation, when these methods are considered similar by the manufacturer and they differ only in order to match specific characteristics of the components under consideration (e.g. size, exhaust flow, etc.); or their similarities are based on good engineering judgment.
3.   MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS








3.1.


The manufacturer shall furnish or cause to be furnished to all owners of new engines or machines written instructions about the emission control system and its correct operation.
These instructions shall state that if the emission control system is not functioning correctly, the operator will be informed of a problem by the operator warning system and that activation of the operator inducement system as a consequence of ignoring this warning will result in the machine being unable to conduct its mission.












3.2.


The instructions shall indicate requirements for the proper use and maintenance of engines in order to maintain their emissions performance, including, where relevant, the proper use of consumable reagents.












3.3.


The instructions shall be written in a clear and non-technical manner using the same language as is used in the operator's manual on the non-road mobile machinery or engine.












3.4.


The instructions shall specify whether consumable reagents have to be refilled by the operator between normal maintenance intervals. The instructions shall also specify the required reagent quality. They shall indicate how the operator should refill the reagent tank. The information shall also indicate a likely rate of reagent consumption for the engine type and how often it should be replenished.












3.5.


The instructions shall state that use of, and refilling of, a required reagent of the correct specifications is essential in order for the engine to comply with the requirements for the issuing of the type approval for that engine type.












3.6.


The instructions shall explain how the operator warning and inducement systems work. In addition, the consequences, in terms of performance and fault logging, of ignoring the warning system and not replenishing the reagent or rectifying the problem shall be explained.




4.   OPERATOR WARNING SYSTEM








4.1.


The machine shall include an operator warning system using visual alarms that informs the operator when a low reagent level, incorrect reagent quality, interruption of dosing or a malfunction of the type specified in paragraph 9. has been detected that will lead to activation of the operator inducement system if not rectified in a timely manner. The warning system shall remain active when the operator inducement system described in paragraph 5. has been activated.












4.2.


The warning shall not be the same as the warning used for the purposes of signalling a malfunction or other engine maintenance, though it may use the same warning system.












4.3.


The operator warning system may consist of one or more lamps, or display short messages, which may include, for example, messages indicating clearly:






(a)


The remaining time before activation of the low-level and/or severe inducements;










(b)


The amount of low-level and/or severe inducement, for example the amount of torque reduction;










(c)


The conditions under which machine disablement can be cleared.




Where messages are displayed, the system used for displaying these messages may be the same as the one used for other maintenance purposes.












4.4.


At the choice of the manufacturer, the warning system may include an audible component to alert the operator. The cancelling of audible warnings by the operator is permitted.












4.5.


The operator warning system shall be activated as specified in paragraphs 2.3.3.1., 6.2., 7.2., 8.4., and 9.3. respectively.












4.6.


The operator warning system shall be deactivated when the conditions for its activation have ceased to exist. The operator warning system shall not be automatically deactivated without the reason for its activation having been remedied.












4.7.


The warning system may be temporarily interrupted by other warning signals providing important safety related messages.












4.8.


Details of the operator warning system activation and deactivation procedures are described in Appendix 2 of this annex.












4.9.


As part of the application for type-approval under this Regulation, the manufacturer shall demonstrate the operation of the operator warning system, as specified in Appendix 2 of this annex.




5.   OPERATOR INDUCEMENT SYSTEM
5.1.   The machine shall incorporate an operator inducement system based on one of the following principles:






5.1.1.


A two-stage inducement system starting with a low-level inducement (performance restriction) followed by a severe inducement (effective disablement of machine operation);










5.1.2.


A one-stage severe inducement system (effective disablement of machine operation) activated under the conditions of a low-level inducement system as specified in paragraphs 6.3.1., 7.3.1., 8.4.1., and 9.4.1.




5.2.   Upon prior approval of the Type Approval Authority, the engine may be fitted with a means to disable the operator inducement during an emergency declared by a national or regional government, their emergency services or their armed services.
5.3.   Low-level inducement system








5.3.1.


The low-level inducement system shall be activated after any of the conditions specified in paragraphs 6.3.1., 7.3.1., 8.4.1., and 9.4.1. has occurred.












5.3.2.


The low-level inducement system shall gradually reduce the maximum available engine torque across the engine speed range by at least 25 per cent between the peak torque speed and the governor breakpoint as shown in Figure 1. The rate of torque reduction shall be a minimum of 1 per cent per minute.












5.3.3.


Other inducement measures that are demonstrated to the Type Approval Authority as having the same or greater level of severity may be used.





Figure 1


Low-level inducement torque reduction scheme




5.4.   Severe inducement system








5.4.1.


The severe inducement system shall be activated after any of the conditions specified in paragraphs 2.3.3.2., 6.3.2., 7.3.2., 8.4.2., and 9.4.2. has occurred.












5.4.2.


The severe inducement system shall reduce the machine's utility to a level that is sufficiently onerous as to cause the operator to remedy any problems related to paragraphs 6. to 9. The following strategies are acceptable:






5.4.2.1.


Engine torque between the peak torque speed and the governor breakpoint shall be gradually reduced from the low-level inducement torque in figure 1 by a minimum of 1 per cent per minute to 50 per cent of maximum torque or lower and engine speed shall be gradually reduced to 60 per cent of rated speed or lower within the same time period as the torque reduction, as shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2


Severe inducement torque reduction scheme




50 % torque 0.6*nrated

M [Nm]
50 % torque










5.4.2.2.


Other inducement measures that are demonstrated to the Type Approval Authority as having the same or greater level of severity may be used.








5.5.   In order to account for safety concerns and to allow for self-healing diagnostics, use of an inducement override function for releasing full engine power is permitted, provided it






(a)


Is active for no longer than 30 minutes, and










(b)


Is limited to 3 activations during each period that the operator inducement system is active.




5.6.   The operator inducement system shall be deactivated when the conditions for its activation have ceased to exist. The operator inducement system shall not be automatically deactivated without the reason for its activation having been remedied.
5.7.   Details of the operator inducement system activation and deactivation procedures are described in Appendix 2 of this annex.
5.8.   As part of the application for type-approval under this Regulation, the manufacturer shall demonstrate the operation of the operator inducement system, as specified in Appendix 2 of this annex.
6.   REAGENT AVAILABILITY
6.1.   Reagent level indicator
The machine shall include an indicator that clearly informs the operator of the level of reagent in the reagent storage tank. The minimum acceptable performance level for the reagent indicator is that it shall continuously indicate the reagent level whilst the operator warning system referred to in paragraph 4. is activated. The reagent indicator may be in the form of an analogue or digital display, and may show the level as a proportion of the full tank capacity, the amount of remaining reagent, or the estimated operating hours remaining.
6.2.   Activation of the operator warning system








6.2.1.


The operator warning system specified in paragraph 4. shall be activated when the level of reagent goes below 10 per cent of the capacity of the reagent tank or a higher percentage at the choice of the manufacturer.












6.2.2.


The warning provided shall be sufficiently clear, in conjunction with the reagent indicator, for the operator to understand that the reagent level is low. When the warning system includes a message display system, the visual warning shall display a message indicating a low level of reagent (for example "urea level low", "AdBlue level low", or "reagent low").












6.2.3.


The operator warning system does not initially need to be continuously activated (for example a message does not need to be continuously displayed), however activation shall escalate in intensity so that it becomes continuous as the level of the reagent approaches empty and the point where the operator inducement system will come into effect is approached (for example frequency at which a lamp flashes). It shall culminate in an operator notification at a level that is at the choice of the manufacturer, but sufficiently more noticeable at the point where the operator inducement system in paragraph 6.3 comes into effect than when it was first activated.












6.2.4.


The continuous warning shall not be easily disabled or ignored. When the warning system includes a message display system, an explicit message shall be displayed (for example "fill up urea", "fill up AdBlue", or "fill up reagent"). The continuous warning may be temporarily interrupted by other warning signals providing important safety related messages.












6.2.5.


It shall not be possible to turn off the operating warning system until the reagent has been replenished to a level not requiring its activation.




6.3.   Activation of the operator inducement system








6.3.1.


The low-level inducement system described in paragraph 5.3. shall be activated if the reagent tank level goes below 2,5 per cent of its nominally full capacity or a higher percentage at the choice of the manufacturer.












6.3.2.


The severe inducement system described in paragraph 5.4. shall be activated if the reagent tank is empty (that is, when the dosing system is unable to draw further reagent from the tank) or at any level below 2,5 per cent of its nominally full capacity at the discretion of the manufacturer.












6.3.3.


Except to the extent permitted by paragraph 5.5., it shall not be possible to turn off the low-level or severe inducement system until the reagent has been replenished to a level not requiring their respective activation.




7.   REAGENT QUALITY MONITORING
7.1.   The engine or machine shall include a means of determining the presence of an incorrect reagent on board a machine.








7.1.1.


The manufacturer shall specify a minimum acceptable reagent concentration CDmin, which results in tailpipe NOx emissions not exceeding a threshold of 0,9 g/kWh.












7.1.1.1.


The correct value of CDmin shall be demonstrated during type approval by the procedure defined in Appendix 3 of this annex and recorded in the extended documentation package as specified in 5.3. of this Regulation.












7.1.2.


Any reagent concentration lower than CDmin shall be detected and be regarded, for the purpose of paragraph 7.1., as being incorrect reagent.












7.1.3.


A specific counter ("the reagent quality counter") shall be attributed to the reagent quality. The reagent quality counter shall count the number of engine operating hours with an incorrect reagent.












7.1.3.1.


Optionally, the manufacturer may group the reagent quality failure together with one or more of the failures listed in paragraphs 8. and 9. into a single counter.












7.1.4.


Details of the reagent quality counter activation and deactivation criteria and mechanisms are described in Appendix 2 of this annex.




7.2.   Activation of the operator warning system
When the monitoring system confirms that the reagent quality is incorrect, the operator warning system described in paragraph 4. shall be activated. When the warning system includes a message display system, it shall display a message indicating the reason of the warning (for example "incorrect urea detected", "incorrect AdBlue detected", or "incorrect reagent detected").
7.3.   Activation of the operator inducement system








7.3.1.


The low-level inducement system described in paragraph 5.3. shall be activated if the reagent quality is not rectified within a maximum of 10 engine operating hours after the activation of the operator warning system described in paragraph 7.2.












7.3.2.


The severe inducement system described in paragraph 5.4. shall be activated if the reagent quality is not rectified within a maximum of 20 engine operating hours after the activation of the operator warning system in described paragraph 7.2.












7.3.3.


The number of hours prior to activation of the inducement systems shall be reduced in case of a repetitive occurrence of the malfunction according to the mechanism described in Appendix 2 of this annex.




8.   REAGENT DOSING ACTIVITY
8.1.   The engine shall include a means of determining interruption of dosing.
8.2.   Reagent dosing activity counter








8.2.1.


A specific counter shall be attributed to the dosing activity (the "dosing activity counter"). The counter shall count the number of engine operating hours which occur with an interruption of the reagent dosing activity. This is not required where such interruption is demanded by the engine ECU because the machine operating conditions are such that the machine's emission performance does not require reagent dosing.












8.2.1.1.


Optionally, the manufacturer may group the reagent dosing failure together with one or more of the failures listed in paragraphs 7. and 9. into a single counter.












8.2.2.


Details of the reagent dosing activity counter activation and deactivation criteria and mechanisms are described in Appendix 2 of this annex.




8.3.   Activation of the operator warning system
The operator warning system described in paragraph 4. shall be activated in the case of interruption of dosing which sets the dosing activity counter in accordance with paragraph 8.2.1. When the warning system includes a message display system, it shall display a message indicating the reason of the warning (e.g. "urea dosing malfunction", "AdBlue dosing malfunction", or "reagent dosing malfunction").
8.4.   Activation of the operator inducement system








8.4.1.


The low-level inducement system described in paragraph 5.3. shall be activated if an interruption in reagent dosing is not rectified within a maximum of 10 engine operating hours after the activation of the operator warning system in paragraph 8.3.












8.4.2.


The severe inducement system described in paragraph 5.4. shall be activated if an interruption in reagent dosing is not rectified within a maximum of 20 engine operating hours after the activation of the operator warning system in paragraph 8.3.












8.4.3.


The number of hours prior to activation of the inducement systems shall be reduced in case of a repetitive occurrence of the malfunction according to the mechanism described in Appendix 2 of this annex.




9.   MONITORING FAILURES THAT MAY BE ATTRIBUTED TO TAMPERING
9.1.   In addition to the level of reagent in the reagent tank, the reagent quality, and the interruption of dosing, the following failures shall be monitored because they may be attributed to tampering:






(a)


Impeded EGR valve;










(b)


Failures of the NOx Control Diagnostic (NCD) system, as described in paragraph 9.2.1.




9.2.   Monitoring requirements
9.2.1.   The NOx Control Diagnostic (NCD) system shall be monitored for electrical failures and for removal or deactivation of any sensor that prevents it from diagnosing any other failures mentioned in paragraphs 6. to 8. (component monitoring).
A non-exhaustive list of sensors that affect the diagnostic capability are those directly measuring NOx concentration, urea quality sensors, ambient sensors and sensors used for monitoring reagent dosing activity, reagent level, or reagent consumption.
9.2.2.   EGR valve counter








9.2.2.1.


A specific counter shall be attributed to an impeded EGR valve. The EGR valve counter shall count the number of engine operating hours when the DTC associated to an impeded EGR valve is confirmed to be active.












9.2.2.1.1.


Optionally, the manufacturer may group the impeded EGR valve failure together with one or more of the failures listed in paragraphs 7., 8. and 9.2.3. into a single counter.












9.2.2.2.


Details of the EGR valve counter activation and deactivation criteria and mechanisms are described in Appendix 2 of this annex.




9.2.3.   NCD system counter(s)








9.2.3.1.


A specific counter shall be attributed to each of the monitoring failures considered in paragraph 9.1 (ii). The NCD system counters shall count the number of engine operating hours when the DTC associated to a malfunction of the NCD system is confirmed to be active. Grouping of several faults into a single counter is permitted.












9.2.3.1.1.


Optionally, the manufacturer may group the NCD system failure together with one or more of the failures listed in paragraphs 7., 8. and 9.2.2. into a single counter.












9.2.3.2.


Details of the NCD system counter(s) activation and deactivation criteria and mechanisms are described in Appendix 2 of this annex.




9.3.   Activation of the operator warning system
The operator warning system described in paragraph 4. shall be activated in case any of the failures specified in paragraph 9.1. occur, and shall indicate that an urgent repair is required. When the warning system includes a message display system, it shall display a message indicating the reason of the warning (for example "reagent dosing valve disconnected", or "critical emission failure").
9.4.   Activation of the operator inducement system
9.4.1.   The low-level inducement system described in paragraph 5.3. shall be activated if a failure specified in paragraph 9.1. is not rectified within a maximum of 36 engine operating hours after the activation of the operator warning system in paragraph 9.3.
9.4.2.   The severe inducement system described in paragraph 5.4. shall be activated if a failure specified in paragraph 9.1. is not rectified within a maximum of 100 engine operating hours after the activation of the operator warning system in paragraph 9.3.
9.4.3.   The number of hours prior to activation of the inducement systems shall be reduced in case of a repetitive occurrence of the malfunction according to the mechanism described in Appendix 2 of this annex.
9.5.   As an alternative to the requirements in paragraph 9.2., the manufacturer may use a NOx sensor located in the exhaust gas. In this case,






(a)


The NOx value shall not exceed a threshold of 0,9 g/kWh;










(b)


Use of a single failure "high NOx - root cause unknown" may be used;










(c)


Paragraph 9.4.1. shall read "within 10 engine hours";










(d)


Paragraph 9.4.2. shall read "within 20 engine hours".







Appendix 1

Demonstration requirements

1.   GENERAL
The compliance to the requirements of this annex shall be demonstrated during type-approval by performing, as illustrated in Table 1 and specified in this paragraph:






(a)


A demonstration of the warning system activation;










(b)


A demonstration of the low level inducement system activation, if applicable;










(c)


A demonstration of the severe inducement system activation.





Table 1


Illustration of the content of the demonstration process according to the provisions in paragraphs 3. and 4.







Mechanism


Demonstration Elements




Warning system activation specified in paragraph 3. of this appendix








—


2 activation tests (incl. lack of reagent)










—


Supplementary demonstration elements, as appropriate








Low-level inducement activation specified in paragraph 4. of this appendix








—


2 activation tests (incl. lack of reagent)










—


Supplementary demonstration elements, as appropriate










—


1 torque reduction test








Severe inducement activation specified in paragraph 4.6. of this appendix








—


2 activation tests (incl. lack of reagent)










—


Supplementary demonstration elements, as appropriate








2.   ENGINE FAMILIES AND NCD ENGINE FAMILIES
The compliance of an engine family or an NCD engine family with the requirements of this appendix may be demonstrated by testing one of the members of the considered family, provided the manufacturer demonstrates to the Type Approval Authority that the monitoring systems necessary for complying with the requirements of this annex are similar within the family.
2.1.   The demonstration that the monitoring systems for other members of the NCD family are similar may be performed by presenting to the approval authorities such elements as algorithms, functional analyses, etc.
2.2.   The test engine is selected by the manufacturer in agreement with the Type Approval Authority. It may or may not be the parent engine of the considered family.
2.3.   In the case where engines of an engine family belong to an NCD engine family that has already been type-approved according to paragraph 2.1. (Figure 3), the compliance of that engine family is deemed to be demonstrated without further testing, provided the manufacturer demonstrates to the authority that the monitoring systems necessary for complying with the requirements of this annex are similar within the considered engine and NCD engine families.

Figure 3


Previously demonstrated conformity of an NCD engine family




3.   DEMONSTRATION OF THE WARNING SYSTEM ACTIVATION
3.1.   The compliance of the warning system activation shall be demonstrated by performing two tests: lack of reagent, and one failure category considered in paragraphs 7. to 9. of this annex.
3.2.   Selection of the failures to be tested
3.2.1.   For the purpose of demonstrating the activation of the warning system in case of a wrong reagent quality, a reagent shall be selected with a dilution of the active ingredient at least as dilute as that communicated by the manufacturer according to the requirements of paragraph 7. of this annex
3.2.2.   For the purpose of demonstrating the activation of the warning system in case of failures that may be attributed to tampering, and are defined in paragraph 9. of this annex, the selection shall be performed according to the following requirements:






3.2.2.1.


The manufacturer shall provide the Type Approval Authority with a list of such potential failures.










3.2.2.2.


The failure to be considered in the test shall be selected by the Type Approval Authority from this list referred to in paragraph 3.2.2.1.




3.3.   Demonstration
3.3.1.   For the purpose of this demonstration, a separate test shall be performed for each of the failures considered in paragraph 3.1.
3.3.2.   During a test, no failure shall be present other than the one addressed by the test.
3.3.3.   Prior to starting a test, all DTC shall have been erased.
3.3.4.   At the request of the manufacturer, and with the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, the failures subject to testing may be simulated.
3.3.5.   Detection of failures other than lack of reagent
For failures other than lack of reagent, once the failure installed or simulated, the detection of that failure shall be performed as follows:






3.3.5.1.


The NCD system shall respond to the introduction of a failure selected as appropriate by the Type Approval Authority in accordance to the provisions of this appendix. This is considered to be demonstrated if activation occurs within two consecutive NCD test-cycles according to paragraph 3.3.7.
When it has been specified in the monitoring description and agreed by the Type Approval Authority that a specific monitor needs more than two NCD test-cycles to complete its monitoring, the number of NCD test-cycles may be increased to 3 NCD test-cycles.
Each individual NCD test-cycle in the demonstration test may be separated by an engine shut-off. The time until the next start-up shall take into consideration any monitoring that may occur after engine shut-off and any necessary condition that must exist for monitoring to occur at the next start up.










3.3.5.2.


The demonstration of the warning system activation is deemed to be accomplished if, at the end of each demonstration test performed according to paragraph 3.2.1, the warning system has been properly activated and the DTC for the selected failure has got the "confirmed and active" status.




3.3.6.   Detection in case of lack of reagent availability
For the purpose of demonstrating the activation of the warning system in case of lack of reagent availability, the engine system shall be operated over one or more NCD test cycles at the discretion of the manufacturer.








3.3.6.1.


The demonstration shall start with a level of reagent in the tank to be agreed between the manufacturer and the Type Approval Authority, but representing not less than 10 per cent of the nominal capacity of the tank.












3.3.6.2.


The warning system is deemed to have performed in the correct manner if the following conditions are met simultaneously:






(a)


The warning system has been activated with a reagent availability greater or equal to 10 per cent of the capacity of the reagent tank, and










(b)


The "continuous" warning system has been activated with a reagent availability greater or equal to the value declared by the manufacturer according to the provisions of paragraph 6. of this annex.








3.3.7.   NCD test cycle








3.3.7.1.


The NCD test cycle considered in this paragraph 10 for demonstrating the correct performance of the NCD system is the hot NRTC cycle.












3.3.7.2.


On request of the manufacturer and with approval of the Type Approval Authority, an alternative NCD test-cycle can be used (e.g. the NRSC) for a specific monitor. The request shall contain elements (technical considerations, simulation, test results, etc.) demonstrating:






(a)


The requested test-cycle results in a monitor that will run in real world driving, and










(b)


The applicable NCD test-cycle specified in paragraph 3.3.7.1. is shown to be less appropriate for the considered monitoring.








3.4.   The demonstration of the warning system activation is deemed to be accomplished if, at the end of each demonstration test performed according to paragraph 3.3., the warning system has been properly activated.
4.   DEMONSTRATION OF THE INDUCEMENT SYSTEM ACTIVATION
4.1.   The demonstration of the inducement system activation shall be done by tests performed on an engine test bench.
4.1.1.   Any components or sub-systems not physically mounted on the engine system, such as, but not limited to, ambient temperature sensors, level sensors, and operator warning and information systems, that are required in order to perform the demonstrations shall be connected to the engine system for that purpose, or shall be simulated, to the satisfaction of the Type Approval Authority.
4.1.2.   If the manufacturer chooses, and subject to the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, the demonstration tests may be performed on a complete machine or machinery either by mounting the machine on a suitable test bed or by running it on a test track under controlled conditions.
4.2.   The test sequence shall demonstrate the activation of the inducement system in case of lack of reagent and in case of one of the failures defined in paragraphs 7., 8., or 9. of this annex.
4.3.   For the purpose of this demonstration,






(a)


The Type Approval Authority shall select, in addition to the lack of reagent, one of the failures defined in paragraphs 7., 8. or 9. of this annex that has been previously used in the demonstration of the warning system activation;










(b)


The manufacturer shall, in agreement with the Type Approval Authority, be permitted to accelerate the test by simulating the achievement of a certain number of operating hours;










(c)


The achievement of the torque reduction required for low-level inducement may be demonstrated at the same time as the general engine performance approval process performed in accordance with this Regulation. Separate torque measurement during the inducement system demonstration is not required in this case;










(d)


The severe inducement shall be demonstrated according to the requirements of paragraph 4.6 of this appendix.




4.4.   The manufacturer shall, in addition, demonstrate the operation of the inducement system under those failure conditions defined in paragraphs 7., 8. or 9. of this annex which have not been chosen for use in demonstration tests described in paragraphs 4.1. to 4.3.
These additional demonstrations may be performed by presentation to the Type Approval Authority of a technical case using evidence such as algorithms, functional analyses, and the result of previous tests.
4.4.1.   These additional demonstrations shall in particular demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Type Approval Authority the inclusion of the correct torque reduction mechanism in the engine ECU.
4.5.   Demonstration test of the low level inducement system
4.5.1.   This demonstration starts when the warning system or when appropriate "continuous" warning system has been activated as a result of the detection of a failure selected by the Type Approval Authority.
4.5.2.   When the system is being checked for its reaction to the case of lack of reagent in the tank, the engine system shall be run until the reagent availability has reached a value of 2,5 per cent of the nominal full capacity of the tank or the value declared by the manufacturer in accordance with paragraph 6.3.1. of this annex at which the low-level inducement system is intended to operate.








4.5.2.1.


The manufacturer may, with the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, simulate continuous running by extracting reagent from the tank, either while the engine is running or is stopped.




4.5.3.   When the system is checked for its reaction in the case of a failure other than a lack of reagent in the tank, the engine system shall be run for the relevant number of operating hours indicated in Table 3 of this appendix or, at the choice of the manufacturer, until the relevant counter has reached the value at which the low-level inducement system is activated.
4.5.4.   The demonstration of the low-level inducement system shall be deemed to be accomplished if, at the end of each demonstration test performed according to paragraphs 4.5.2. and 4.5.3., the manufacturer has demonstrated to the Type Approval Authority that the engine ECU has activated the torque reduction mechanism.
4.6.   Demonstration test of the severe inducement system
4.6.1.   This demonstration shall start from a condition where the low-level inducement system has been previously activated and may be performed as a continuation of the tests undertaken to demonstrate the low-level inducement system.
4.6.2.   When the system is checked for its reaction in the case of lack of reagent in the tank, the engine system shall be run until the reagent tank is empty, or has reached the level below 2,5 per cent of the nominal full capacity of the tank at which the manufacturer has declared to activate the severe inducement system.








4.6.2.1.


The manufacturer may, with the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, simulate continuous running by extracting reagent from the tank, either while the engine is running or is stopped.




4.6.3.   When the system is checked for its reaction in the case of a failure that is not a lack of reagent in the tank, the engine system shall then be run for the relevant number of operating hours indicated in Table 3 of this appendix or, at the choice of the manufacturer, until the relevant counter has reached the value at which the severe inducement system is activated.
4.6.4.   The demonstration of the severe inducement system shall be deemed to be accomplished if, at the end of each demonstration test performed according to paragraphs 4.6.2. and 4.6.3., the manufacturer has demonstrated to the Type Approval Authority that the severe inducement mechanism considered in this annex has been activated.
4.7.   Alternatively, if the manufacturer chooses, and subject to the agreement of the Type Approval Authority, the demonstration of the inducement mechanisms may be performed on a complete machine in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 5.4., either by mounting the machine on a suitable test bed or by running it on a test track under controlled conditions.
4.7.1.   The machine shall be operated until the counter associated with the selected failure has reached the relevant number of operating hours indicated in Table 3 of this appendix or, as appropriate, until either the reagent tank is empty or, has reached the level below 2,5 per cent of the nominal full capacity of the tank at which the manufacturer has chosen to activate the severe inducement system.




Appendix 2

Description of the operator warning and inducement activation and deactivation mechanisms

1.   TO COMPLEMENT THE REQUIREMENTS SPECIFIED IN THIS ANNEX CONCERNING THE WARNING AND INDUCEMENT ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION MECHANISMS, THIS APPENDIX 2 SPECIFIES THE TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR AN IMPLEMENTATION OF THOSE ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION MECHANISMS.
2.   ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION MECHANISMS OF THE WARNING SYSTEM
2.1.   The operator warning system shall be activated when the diagnostic trouble code (DTC) associated with a NCM justifying its activation has the status defined in Table 2 of this appendix.

Table 2


Activation of the operator warning system







Failure type


DTC status for activation of the warning system




poor reagent quality


confirmed and active




interruption of dosing


confirmed and active




impeded EGR valve


confirmed and active




malfunction of the monitoring system


confirmed and active




NOx threshold, if applicable


confirmed and active




2.2.   The operator warning system shall be deactivated when the diagnostic system concludes that the malfunction relevant to that warning is no longer present or when the information including DTCs relative to the failures justifying its activation is erased by a scan tool.
2.2.1   Requirements for erasing "NOx control information"
2.2.1.1.   Erasing/resetting "NOx control information" by a scan-tool
On request of the scan tool, the following data shall be erased or reset to the value specified in this appendix from the computer memory (see Table 3).

Table 3


Erasing/resetting "NOx control information" by a scan-tool








NOx control information


Erasable


Resetable




all DTCs


X


 




the value of the counter with the highest number of engine operating hours


 


X




the number of engine operating hours from the NCD counter(s)


 


X




2.2.1.2.   NOx control information shall not be erased by disconnection of the machine's battery(s).
2.2.1.3.   The erasing of "NOx control information" shall only be possible under "engine-off" conditions.
2.2.1.4.   When "NOx control information" including DTCs are erased, any counter reading associated with these failures and which is specified in this annex shall not be erased, but reset to the value specified in the appropriate paragraph of this annex.
3.   ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION MECHANISM OF THE OPERATOR INDUCEMENT SYSTEM








3.1.


The operator inducement system shall be activated when the warning system is active and the counter relevant to the type of NCM justifying its activation has reached the value specified in Table 4 of this appendix.












3.2.


The operator inducement system shall be deactivated when the system no longer detects a malfunction justifying its activation, or if the information including the DTCs relative to the NCMs justifying its activation has been erased by a scan tool or maintenance tool.












3.3.


The operator warning and inducement systems shall be immediately activated or deactivated as appropriate according to the provisions of paragraph 6 of this annex after assessment of the reagent quantity in the reagent tank. In that case, the activation or deactivation mechanisms shall not depend upon the status of any associated DTC.




4.   COUNTER MECHANISM
4.1.   General








4.1.1.


To comply with the requirements of this annex, the system shall contain at least 4 counters to record the number of hours during which the engine has been operated while the system has detected any of the following:






(a)


An incorrect reagent quality;










(b)


An interruption of reagent dosing activity;










(c)


An impeded EGR valve;










(d)


A failure of the NCD system according to paragraph 9.1. (b) of this annex.
















4.1.1.1.


Optionally, the manufacturer may use one or more counters for grouping the failures indicated in paragraph 4.1.1.












4.1.2.


Each of the counters shall count up to the maximum value provided in a 2 byte counter with 1 hour resolution and hold that value unless the conditions allowing the counter to be reset to zero are met.












4.1.3.


A manufacturer may use a single or multiple NCD system counters. A single counter may accumulate the number of hours of 2 or more different malfunctions relevant to that type of counter, none of them having reached the time the single counter indicates.












4.1.3.1.


When the manufacturer decides to use multiple NCD system counters, the system shall be capable of assigning a specific monitoring system counter to each malfunction relevant according to this annex to that type of counters.




4.2.   Principle of counters mechanism








4.2.1.


Each of the counters shall operate as follows:






4.2.1.1.


If starting from zero, the counter shall begin counting as soon as a malfunction relevant to that counter is detected and the corresponding diagnostic trouble code (DTC) has the status defined in Table 2.










4.2.1.2.


In case of repeated failures, one of the following provisions shall apply at the choice of the manufacturer:






(a)


If a single monitoring event occurs and the malfunction that originally activated the counter is no longer detected or if the failure has been erased by a scan tool or a maintenance tool, the counter shall halt and hold its current value. If the counter stops counting when the severe inducement system is active, the counter shall be kept frozen at the value defined in Table 4 of this appendix or a value of greater than or equal to the counter value for severe inducement minus 30 minutes.










(b)


The counter shall be kept frozen at the value defined in Table 4 of this appendix or a value greater than or equal to the counter value for severe inducement minus 30 minutes.














4.2.1.3.


In the case of a single monitoring system counter, that counter shall continue counting if a NCM relevant to that counter has been detected and its corresponding Diagnostic trouble code (DTC) has the status "confirmed and active". It shall halt and hold one of the values specified in paragraph 4.2.1.2, if no NCM that would justify the counter activation is detected or if all the failures relevant to that counter have been erased by a scan tool or a maintenance tool.

Table 4


Counters and inducement










 


DTC status for first activation of the counter


counter value for low-level inducement


counter value for severe inducement


Frozen value held by the counter




reagent quality counter


confirmed and active


≤ 10 hours


≤ 20 hours


≥ 90 % of counter value for severe inducement




dosing counter


confirmed and active


≤ 10 hours


≤ 20 hours


≥ 90 % of counter value for severe inducement




EGR valve counter


confirmed and active


≤ 36 hours


≤ 100 hours


≥ 95 % of counter value for severe inducement




monitoring system counter


confirmed and active


≤ 36 hours


≤ 100 hours


≥ 95 % of counter value for severe inducement




NOx threshold, if applicable


confirmed and active


≤ 10 hours


≤ 20 hours


≥ 90 % of counter value for severe inducement














4.2.1.4.


Once frozen, the counter shall be reset to zero when the monitors relevant to that counter have run at least once to completion of their monitoring cycle without having detected a malfunction and no malfunction relevant to that counter has been detected during 40 engine operating hours since the counter was last held (see Figure 4).










4.2.1.5.


The counter shall continue counting from the point at which it had been held if a malfunction relevant to that counter is detected during a period when the counter is frozen (see Figure 4).








5.   ILLUSTRATION OF THE ACTIVATION AND DEACTIVATION AND COUNTER MECHANISMS
5.1.   This paragraph illustrates the activation and deactivation and counter mechanisms for some typical cases. The figures and descriptions given in paragraphs 5.2., 5.3. and 5.4. are provided solely for the purposes of illustration in this annex and should not be referenced as examples of either the requirements of this Regulation or as definitive statements of the processes involved. The counter hours in figures 6 and 7 refer to the maximum severe inducement values in Table 4. For simplification purposes, for example, the fact that the warning system will also be active when the inducement system is active has not been mentioned in the illustrations given.

Figure 4


Reactivation and resetting to zero of a counter after a period when its value has been frozen




Counter
Failure
5.2.   Figure 5 illustrates the operation of the activation and deactivation mechanisms when monitoring the reagent availability for five cases:
Use case 1: the operator continues operating the machine in spite of the warning until machine operation is disabled.
Refilling case 1 ("adequate" refilling): the operator refills the reagent tank so that a level above the 10 per cent threshold is reached. Warning and inducement are de-activated.
Refilling cases 2 and 3 ("inadequate" refilling): The warning system is activated. The level of warning depends on the amount of available reagent.
Refilling case 4 ("very inadequate" refilling): The low level inducement is activated immediately.

Figure 5


Reagent availability




Inducement
Level of reagent
5.3.   Figure 6 illustrates three cases of wrong reagent quality:
Use case 1: the operator continues operating the machine in spite of the warning until machine operation is disabled.
Repair case 1 ("bad" or "dishonest" repair): after disablement of the machine, the operator changes the quality of the reagent, but soon after, changes it again for a poor quality one. The inducement system is immediately reactivated and machine operation is disabled after 2 engine operating hours.
Repair case 2 ("good" repair): after disablement of the machine, the operator rectifies the quality of the reagent. However some time afterwards, he refills again with a poor quality reagent. The warning, inducement and counting processes restart from zero.

Figure 6


Filling with poor reagent quality




Counter
Inducement
Wrong urea
5.4.   Figure 7 illustrates three cases of failure of the urea dosing system. This figure also illustrates the process that applies in the case of the monitoring failures described in paragraph 9. of this annex.
Use case 1: the operator continues operating the machine in spite of the warning until machine operation is disabled.
Repair case 1 ("good" repair): after disablement of the machine, the operator repairs the dosing system. However some time afterwards, the dosing system fails again. The warning, inducement and counting processes restart from zero.
Repair case 2 ("bad" repair): during the low-level inducement time (torque reduction), the operator repairs the dosing system. Soon after, however, the dosing system fails again. The low-level inducement system is immediately reactivated and the counter restarts from the value it had at the time of repair.

Figure 7


Failure of the reagent dosing system




Counter
Inducement
Dosing system not working




Appendix 3

Demonstration of the minimum acceptable reagent concentration CDmin










1.


The manufacturer shall demonstrate the correct value of CDmin during type approval by performing the hot part of the NRTC cycle using a reagent with the concentration CDmin.












2.


The test shall follow the appropriate NCD cycle(s) or manufacturer defined pre-conditioning cycle, permitting a closed loop NOx control system to perform adaptation to the quality of the reagent with the concentration CDmin.












3.


The pollutant emissions resulting from this test shall be lower than the NOx threshold specified in paragraph 7.1.1. of this annex.










ANNEX 10

DETERMINATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS



Appendix 1

Determination of CO2 emissions for engines of power bands up to P

1.   INTRODUCTION
1.1.   This appendix sets out the provisions and test procedures for reporting CO2 emissions for all power bands up to P. If the manufacturer, based on the option indicated in paragraph 5.2. of this Regulation, chooses to use the procedure of Annex 4B, Appendix 2 of this annex shall apply.
2.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1.   CO2 emissions shall be determined over the applicable test cycle specified in paragraph 1.1 of Annex 4A in accordance with paragraph 3. (NRSC) or paragraph 4. (hot start NRTC), respectively, of Annex 4A to this Regulation. For power bands L to P, CO2 emissions shall be determined over the hot start NRTC test cycle.
2.2.   The test results shall be reported as cycle averaged brake specific values and expressed in the unit of g/kWh.
2.3.   If, at the choice of the manufacturer, the NRSC is operated as a ramped modal cycle, either the references to the NRTC laid down in this appendix or the requirements of Appendix 2 of this annex shall apply.
3.   DETERMINATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS
3.1.   Raw measurement
This paragraph applies, if CO2 is measured in the raw exhaust gas.
3.1.1.   Measurement
CO2 in the raw exhaust gas emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyser in accordance with paragraph 1.4.3.2. (NRSC) or paragraph 2.3.3.2. (NRTC), respectively, of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
The measurement system shall meet the linearity requirements of paragraph 1.5. of Appendix 2 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
The measurement system shall meet the requirements of paragraph 1.4.1. (NRSC) or paragraph 2.3.1. (NRTC), respectively, of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
3.1.2.   Data evaluation
The relevant data shall be recorded and stored in accordance with paragraph 3.7.4. (NRSC) or paragraph 4.5.7.2. (NRTC), respectively, of Annex 4A to this Regulation.
3.1.3.   Calculation of cycle averaged emission
If measured on a dry basis, the dry/wet correction in accordance with paragraph 1.3.2. (NRSC) or paragraph 2.1.2.2. (NRTC), respectively, of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation shall be applied.
For the NRSC, the mass of CO2 (g/h) shall be calculated for each individual mode in accordance with paragraph 1.3.4. of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation. The exhaust gas flows shall be determined in accordance with paragraphs 1.2.1. to 1.2.5. of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
For the NRTC, the mass of CO2 (g/test) shall be calculated in accordance with paragraph 2.1.2.1. of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation. The exhaust gas flow shall be determined in accordance with paragraph 2.2.3. of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
3.2.   Dilute measurement
This paragraph applies, if CO2 is measured in the dilute exhaust gas.
3.2.1.   Measurement
CO2 in the dilute exhaust gas emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyser in accordance with paragraph 1.4.3.2. (NRSC) or paragraph 2.3.3.2. (NRTC), respectively, of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation. Dilution of the exhaust shall be done with filtered ambient air, synthetic air or nitrogen. The flow capacity of the full flow system shall be large enough to completely eliminate water condensation in the dilution and sampling systems.
The measurement system shall meet the linearity requirements of paragraph 1.5. of Appendix 2 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
The measurement system shall meet the requirements of paragraph 1.4.1. (NRSC) or paragraph 2.3.1. (NRTC), respectively, of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
3.2.2.   Data evaluation
The relevant data shall be recorded and stored in accordance with paragraph 3.7.4. (NRSC) or paragraph 4.5.7.2. (NRTC), respectively, of Annex 4A to this Regulation.
3.2.3.   Calculation of cycle averaged emission
If measured on a dry basis, the dry/wet correction in accordance with paragraph 1.3.2. (NRSC) or paragraph 2.1.2.2. (NRTC), respectively, of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation shall be applied.
For the NRSC, the mass of CO2 (g/h) shall be calculated for each individual mode in accordance with paragraph 1.3.4. of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation. The diluted exhaust gas flows shall be determined in accordance with paragraph 1.2.6. of Appendix 1 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
For the NRTC, the mass of CO2 (g/test) shall be calculated in accordance with paragraph 2.2.3. of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation. The diluted exhaust gas flow shall be determined in accordance with paragraph 2.2.1. of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
Background correction shall be applied in accordance with paragraph 2.2.3.1.1. of Appendix 3 to Annex 4A to this Regulation.
3.3.   Calculation of brake specific emissions
3.3.1.   NRSC
The brake specific emissions e
CO2
 (g/kWh) shall be calculated as follows:





where





and






 



CO2 mass,I
 is the mass of CO2 of the individual mode (g/h)










 



Pm,i
 is the measured power of the individual mode (kW)










 



PAE,i
 is the power of the auxiliaries of the individual mode (kW)










 



WF,i
 is the weighting factor of the individual mode




3.3.2.   NRTC
The cycle work needed for the calculation of brake specific CO2 emissions shall be determined in accordance with paragraph 4.6.2. of Annex 4A to this Regulation.
The brake specific emissions e
CO2
 (g/kWh) shall be calculated as follows:





where






 



m
CO2, hot is the CO2 mass emissions of the hot start NRTC (g)










 



W
act, hot is the actual cycle work of the hot start NRTC (kWh)








Appendix 2

Determination of CO2 emissions for power bands Q and R

1.   INTRODUCTION
The provisions and test procedures for reporting CO2 emissions for power bands Q to R set out in this appendix shall apply. If the manufacturer, based on the option indicated in paragraph 5.2. of this Regulation, chooses to use the procedure of Annex 4B to this Regulation, the provisions and test procedures for reporting CO2 emissions set out in this appendix 2 shall apply.
2.   GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
2.1.   CO2 emissions shall be determined over the hot start NRTC test cycle in accordance with paragraph 7.8.3. of Annex 4B.
2.2.   The test results shall be reported as cycle averaged brake specific values and expressed in the unit of g/kWh.
3.   DETERMINATION OF CO2 EMISSIONS
3.1.   Raw measurement
This paragraph applies, if CO2 is measured in the raw exhaust gas.
3.1.1.   Measurement
CO2 in the raw exhaust gas emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyser in accordance with paragraph 9.4.6. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
The measurement system shall meet the linearity requirements of paragraph 8.1.4. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
The measurement system shall meet the requirements of paragraph 8.1.9. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
3.1.2.   Data evaluation
The relevant data shall be recorded and stored in accordance with paragraph 7.8.3.2. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
3.1.3.   Calculation of cycle averaged emission
If measured on a dry basis, the dry/wet correction in accordance with paragraph A.8.2.2. of Appendix 8 or paragraph A.7.3.2. of Appendix 7 to Annex 4B to this Regulation shall be applied to the instantaneous concentration values before any further calculation is done.
The mass of CO2 (g/test) shall be calculated by multiplication of the time aligned instantaneous CO2 concentrations and exhaust gas flows and integration over the test cycle in accordance with either of the following:






(a)


Paragraph A.8.2.1.2. and paragraph A.8.2.5. of Appendix 8 to Annex 4B, by using the u values of CO2 from table A.8.1. or calculating the u values in accordance with paragraph A.8.2.4.2. of Appendix 8 to Annex 4B to this Regulation;










(b)


Paragraph A.7.3.1. and paragraph A.7.3.3. of Appendix 7 to Annex 4B to this Regulation.




3.2.   Dilute measurement
This paragraph applies, if CO2 is measured in the dilute exhaust gas.
3.2.1.   Measurement
CO2 in the dilute exhaust gas emitted by the engine submitted for testing shall be measured with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) analyser in accordance with paragraph 9.4.6. of Annex 4B to this Regulation. Dilution of the exhaust shall be done with filtered ambient air, synthetic air or nitrogen. The flow capacity of the full flow system shall be large enough to completely eliminate water condensation in the dilution and sampling systems.
The measurement system shall meet the linearity requirements of paragraph 8.1.4. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
The measurement system shall meet the requirements of paragraph 8.1.9. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
3.2.2.   Data evaluation
The relevant data shall be recorded and stored in accordance with paragraph 7.8.3.2. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
3.2.3.   Calculation of cycle averaged emission
If measured on a dry basis, the dry/wet correction in accordance with paragraph A.8.3.2. of Appendix 8 or paragraph A.7.4.2. of Appendix 7 to Annex 4B to this Regulation shall be applied to the instantaneous concentration values before any further calculation is done.
The mass of CO2 (g/test) shall be calculated by multiplication of the CO2 concentrations and the diluted exhaust gas flows in accordance with either of the following:






(a)


Paragraph A.8.3.1. and paragraph A.8.3.4. of Appendix 8 to Annex 4B to this Regulation, by using the u values of CO2 from table A.8.2. or calculating the u values in accordance with paragraph A.8.3.3. of Appendix 8 to Annex 4B;










(b)


Paragraph A.7.4.1. and paragraph A.7.4.3. of Appendix 7 to Annex 4B to this Regulation.




Background correction shall be applied in accordance with paragraph A.8.3.2.4. of Appendix 8 or paragraph A.7.4.1. of Appendix 8 to Annex 4B to this Regulation.
3.3.   Calculation of brake specific emissions
The cycle work needed for the calculation of brake specific CO2 emissions shall be determined in accordance with paragraph 7.8.3.4. of Annex 4B to this Regulation.
The brake specific emissions eCO2 (g/kWh) shall be calculated as follows:





where






 


mCO2, hot is the CO2 mass emissions of the hot start NRTC (g)










 


Wact, hot is the actual cycle work of the hot start NRTC (kWh).