REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the implementation by the Member States of the Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA, 2008/947/JHA and 2009/829/JHA on the mutual recognition of judicial decisions on custodial sentences or measures involving deprivation of liberty, on probation decisions and alternative sanctions and on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention
Date: 2014-02-05
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: application of EU law, enforcement of ruling, judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the EU, mutual recognition principle, restriction of liberty













EUR-Lex - 52014DC0057 - EN











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52014DC0057

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the implementation by the Member States of the Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA, 2008/947/JHA and 2009/829/JHA on the mutual recognition of judicial decisions on custodial sentences or measures involving deprivation of liberty, on probation decisions and alternative sanctions and on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention /* COM/2014/057 final */









TABLE OF CONTENTS
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the implementation by the Member States of the
Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA, 2008/947/JHA and 2009/829/JHA on the mutual
recognition of judicial decisions on custodial sentences or measures involving
deprivation of liberty, on probation decisions and alternative sanctions and on
supervision measures as an alternative to provisional detention.............................................................................................................. 4
1........... Introduction.................................................................................................................. 4
2........... Background to the Framework
Decisions: a coherent and complementary legislative package      5
3........... State of play of implementation
and consequences of non-transposition.................... 6
4........... Preliminary evaluation on the
transposition laws received........................................... 7
4.1........ Role of the person concerned in
the transfer process................................................... 7
4.2........ Principle of mutual trust: in
principle no adaptation of the sentence........................... 8
4.3........ Subsequent decisions: differences
in the execution of the sentence............................ 9
4.4........ An obligation to accept a
transfer, unless grounds for refusal apply............................ 9
4.5........ Time limits.................................................................................................................. 10
4.6........ Link between Framework Decisions
and the European Arrest Warrant.................... 10
4.7........ Declarations on transitional
provision......................................................................... 11
5........... A new legal environment to
ensure that third pillar law is applied in practice........... 11
6........... Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 12
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL
on the implementation by the Member States
of the Framework Decisions 2008/909/JHA, 2008/947/JHA and 2009/829/JHA on the
mutual recognition of judicial decisions on custodial sentences or measures
involving deprivation of liberty, on probation decisions and alternative
sanctions and on supervision measures as an alternative to provisional
detention
1.           Introduction
In a common European area of justice based on
mutual trust, the EU has taken action to ensure that non-residents subject to
criminal proceedings are not treated differently from residents. This is
particularly important in view of the important number of EU citizens who are
imprisoned in other Member States.
It is in this spirit that the EU adopted in
2008 and 2009 three complementary Framework Decisions whose respective
transposition deadlines have expired:
–              
Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA[1] on the application of the
principle of mutual recognition to judgments imposing custodial sentences or
measures involving deprivation of liberty (Transfer of Prisoners) had to
be implemented by 5 December 2011. On the one hand, it allows a Member State to execute a prison sentence issued by another Member State against a person who
remains in the first Member State. On the other hand, it establishes a system
for transferring convicted prisoners back to the Member State of nationality or
habitual residence (or to another Member State with which they have close ties)
to serve their prison sentence.
–              
Council Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA[2] on the application of
the principle of mutual recognition of probation decisions and alternative
sanctions (Probation and Alternative Sanctions) had to be implemented by
6 December 2011. It applies to many alternatives to custody and to measures
facilitating early release (e.g. an obligation not to enter certain localities,
to carry out community service or instructions relating to residence or training
or professional activities). The probation decision or other alternative
sanction can be executed in another Member State, as long as the person
consents.
–              
Council Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA[3] on the application of
the principle of mutual recognition to decisions on supervision measures as an
alternative to provisional detention (European Supervision Order) had to
be implemented by 1 December 2012. It concerns provisional release in the pre-trial
stage. It will enable a non-custodial supervision (e.g. an obligation to remain
at a specified place or an obligation to report at specified times to a
specific authority) to be transferred from the Member State where the
non-resident is suspected of having committed an offence to the Member State
where he is normally resident. This will allow a suspected person to be subject
to a supervision measure in his home Member State until the trial takes place
in another Member State, instead of being placed into pre-trial detention.
The assessment of the numerous replies to the
Commission Green Paper of June 2011 on the application of EU criminal justice
legislation in the field of detention[4],
showed that the proper and timely implementation of the Framework Decisions should
have absolute priority.
The purpose of this report is therefore twofold:
firstly, to assess the state of implementation of the Framework Decisions
against the background of the powers of the Commission to start infringement
procedures as of 1 December 2014[5];
secondly, to provide a preliminary evaluation of the national transposition
laws already received by the Commission.
2.           Background
to the Framework Decisions: a coherent and complementary legislative package
Each year tens of thousands of EU citizens are
prosecuted for alleged crimes or convicted in another Member State of the European Union. Very often, criminal courts order the detention of non-residents
because there is a fear that they will not turn up for trial. A suspect who is
resident in the country would in a similar situation often benefit from a less
coercive supervision measure, such as reporting to the police or a travel
prohibition. 
The Framework Decisions have to be seen as a
package of coherent and complementary legislation that addresses the issue of
detention of EU citizens in other Member States and has the potential to lead
to a reduction in pre-trial detention or to facilitate social rehabilitation of
prisoners in a cross border context. There are in fact operational links between
the three Framework Decisions, but also between the Framework Decisions and the
Framework Decision on the European arrest warrant[6].
Proper implementation of the European
Supervision Order by all Member States will allow suspected persons who are
subject to a European arrest warrant to swiftly go back to their country of
residence while they are awaiting trial in another Member State. This will
avoid long pre-trial detention in a foreign country following the execution of
a European arrest warrant and before the actual trial takes place. Moreover, proper
implementation of the Probation and Alternative Sanctions will encourage
judges, who can be confident that a person will be properly supervised in
another Member State, to impose an alternative sanction to be executed abroad instead
of a prison sentence.
There is also a link between the European
Supervision Order and the Probation and Alternative Sanctions.
Indeed, once the accused person has already been sent back under the European
Supervision Order in the pre-trial stage and has shown that he complies
with conditions imposed upon him in the pre-trial stage, the judge will
naturally be more inclined to impose an alternative sanction (instead of
imprisonment) which can be executed abroad for the post-trial stage.
In addition, Article 25 of the Transfer of
Prisoners provides for a link to the European arrest warrant. This
provision, in conjunction with Article 4(6) and 5(3) of the European arrest warrant,
allows a Member State to refuse to surrender its nationals or residents or persons
staying in that Member State if that Member State undertakes to enforce the
prison sentence in accordance with the Transfer of Prisoners.
The full use of the potential of this
legislative package requires proper transposition of the Framework Decisions
into national legislation.
3.           State
of play of implementation
and consequences of non-transposition
At the time of writing, respectively 10, 14 and
16 Member States have not yet transposed the Framework Decisions more than 2 years
and 1 year after the implementation date. The Commission had received notifications
on the national transposition laws only from the following Member States:
–              
Transfer of Prisoners: from DK, FI, IT, LU and UK by the implementation date and
from AT, BE, CZ, FR, HR, HU, LV, MT, NL, PL, RO, SI and SK after the
implementation date.
–              
Probation and Alternative Sanctions: from DK and FI by the implementation date and from AT, BE,
BG, CZ, HR, HU, LV, NL, PL, RO, SI and SK after the implementation date.
–              
European Supervision Order: from DK, FI, LV and PL by the implementation date of
and from AT, CZ, HR, HU, NL, RO, SI and SK after the implementation date.
No notification has been received from the following Member States[7]:
–              
Transfer of Prisoners: BG,
CY, DE, EE, EL, ES, IE, LT, PT and SE..
–              
Probation and Alternative Sanctions: CY, DE, EE, EL, ES, FR, IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, PT, SE and UK.
–              
European Supervision Order: BE, BG, CY, DE, EE, EL, ES, FR,  IE, IT, LT, LU, MT, PT, SE and UK.
A table on the state of play of implementation
of the Framework Decisions can be found in the annexed Staff Working Document together
with a table with the declarations made by Member States in this context.
Framework Decisions have to be implemented by
Member States as is the case with any other element of the EU acquis. By
their nature, Framework Decisions are binding upon the Member States as to the
result to be achieved, but it is a matter for the national authorities to
choose the form and method of implementation. Framework Decisions do not entail
direct effect. However, the principle of conforming interpretation is binding
in relation to Framework Decisions adopted in the context of Title VI of the
former Treaty on European Union[8].
The non-implementation of the Framework
Decisions by some Member States is very problematic since those Member States who
have properly implemented the Framework Decisions cannot benefit from their co-operation
provisions in their relations with those Member States who did not implement
them in time. Indeed, the principle of mutual recognition, which is the cornerstone
of the judicial area of justice, requires a reciprocal transposition; it cannot
work if instruments are not implemented correctly in the two Member States
concerned. As a consequence, when cooperating with a Member State who did not implement in time, even those Member States who did so will have to continue
to apply the corresponding conventions of the Council of Europe when
transferring EU prisoners or sentences to other Member States. 
4.           Preliminary
evaluation of the transposition laws received
During Experts' meetings with Member States, it
became clear that some issues and legal provisions need further attention. This
was also confirmed by a preliminary analysis of the implementing legislation of
Member States already received by the Commission. 
This report therefore focuses on selected
Articles that form the core part of the Framework Decisions in the light of their
aims. Since this report covers the three Framework Decisions, the Articles are
grouped by subject matter.
As this is a preliminary evaluation, it is too
early to draw general conclusions on the quality of implementation. This is
also due to the fact that many Member States have not yet complied with their
obligation to transpose the Framework Decisions. 
Moreover, Member States have little practical
experience in the application of the Framework Decisions so far. At the time of
writing, the Commission had received limited indicative information on the
practical application of the Framework Decisions from three Member States (BE,
FI and NL). The limited figures available show that the Transfer of
Prisoners is already used whereas no transfers have yet taken place under Probation
and Alternative Sanctions and European Supervision Order. 
The efforts of the Member States that
implemented the Framework Decisions in time should be underlined and the
comments relating to those Member States should be understood in the light of
the approach of the Commission to provide assistance in the implementation
process. 
4.1.        Role
of the person concerned in the transfer process
(Article 6 Transfer of Prisoners, Article 5
Probation and Alternative Sanctions and Article 9 European Supervision Order)
Because of the importance of social
rehabilitation as a leading principle of the Framework Decisions, Member States’
implementing legislation must ensure that the person concerned is properly consulted
in transfer decisions. 
However, Article 6 Transfer of Prisoners provides
for the possibility of transfer without the consent of the sentenced person
under certain circumstances. As this is a new aspect in comparison to the
Council of Europe Convention of 1983[9],
it is important that Member States have properly transposed this provision. The
implementing legislation should provide for a transfer of the sentenced person
without his consent only in the three limited circumstances as indicated in
this Article. There should as a minimum be provisions on the taking into
account the opinion of the sentenced person (where he is still in the issuing
State); on giving information to the sentenced person; on consultation between
the Competent Authorities; and on the possibility for the authorities of the
executing State to give a reasoned opinion.
From a preliminary analysis of the Member
States’ implementing legislation, it appears that it is not always expressly
provided for that the person should be notified and that he should be given an
opportunity to state his opinion, which needs to be taken into account.
Under the Probation and Alternative
Sanctions consent of the sentenced person is always required, unless the
person has returned to the executing State, when his consent is implied. This
is important as this Framework Decision cannot be used against the will of the
person concerned. The reason for this is that this Framework Decision only
comes into play if the person has already been released in the issuing State
and wants to return as a free person to his home country and is ready to
cooperate with the supervising authorities. The same applies to the European
Supervision Order which relates to the pre-trial stage where the person is
still presumed innocent. 
The Commission will assess whether Member
States correctly set out in their implementing legislation an effective procedure
to give a role to the sentenced person in the transfer process. 
4.2.        Principle
of mutual trust: in principle no adaptation of the sentence 
(Article 8 Transfer of Prisoners, Article 9
Probation and Alternative Sanctions and Article 13 European Supervision Order)
It is important to find the right balance
between respect of the sentence originally imposed and the legal traditions of
Member States so that conflicts that could adversely affect the functioning of
the Framework Decisions do not arise. As the Framework Decisions are based on
mutual trust in other Member States' legal systems, the decision of the judge
in the issuing State should be respected and, in principle, there should be no
revision or adaptation of this decision. Only where the duration or nature of
the sentence is not compatible with the national law of the executing State
(such as a statutory maximum sentence), may the sentence be adapted. However,
the adapted sentence must correspond as closely as possible to the original
sentence. An adaptation cannot aggravate the sentence passed in the issuing
State in terms of its nature or duration. 
Some Member States widened the possibilities of
adaptation by adding additional conditions (PL, LV). This opens the possibility
for the executing State to assess whether the sentence imposed in the issuing
State corresponds to the sentence that would normally have been imposed for
this offence in the executing State. This is contrary to the aims and spirit of
the Framework Decisions.
With respect to non-custodial sentences, the Probation
and Alternative Sanctions ensures that an alternative sanction can be
transferred even if this type of sanction would not be imposed for a similar
offence in the Member State of execution. Moreover, as Member States have to
provide for at least the probation measures and alternative sanctions as
mentioned in Article 4(1) of this Framework Decision, a positive side effect
will be the promotion and approximation of alternatives to detention in the
different Member States. A preliminary assessment of the legislations shows
that some Member States have not implemented all mandatory measures (BG, PL).
The same applies to the European Supervision
Order under which Member States have to provide at least for the six
mandatory measures as mentioned in Article 8(1). HU only allows for the
transfer of three supervision measures.
4.3.        Subsequent
decisions: differences in the execution of the sentence
(Article 17 Transfer of Prisoners, Article
14 Probation and Alternative Sanctions and Article 18 European Supervision
Order)
How much time the sentenced person will
actually spend in prison depends largely on the provisions on early and
conditional release in the executing State. The differences between Member
States are considerable in this respect: in some Member States the sentenced
person is released after two thirds of the sentence, in others after one third
of the sentence.
Article 17 of the Transfer of
Prisoners provides that the enforcement of a sentence including the grounds
for early and conditional release shall be governed by the law of the executing
State. However, this Member State must inform, upon request, the Member State that imposed the original sentence of the executing States’ rules on early or
conditional release. If the issuing State fears that transfer would lead to what
they would regard as a premature release, it may decide not to transfer the person
concerned and to withdraw the certificate. It is therefore important that
Member States have properly implemented this duty to provide this information
upon request before transfer and execution of the sentence, which is not the
case in some Member States’ implementing legislation. 
The Commission will encourage the exchange of
information on early and conditional release through databases in cooperation
with Member States and stakeholders.
4.4.        An
obligation to accept a transfer, unless grounds for refusal apply
(Article 9 Transfer of Prisoners, Article 11
Probation and Alternative Sanctions and Article 15 European Supervision Order)
One of the new aspects of the Framework
Decisions is that they impose in principle an obligation to accept requests for
transfer. This comes from the principle of mutual recognition upon which the Framework
Decisions are based and is reflected in the provision common to the Framework
Decisions that the executing State shall recognise a judgment which has
been forwarded by the issuing State. Transfers can only be refused in limited
circumstances, namely if the grounds for refusal as mentioned in the different Framework
Decisions apply. On the contrary, there is no obligation for the issuing State
to forward a judgment (see Article 4(5) Transfer of Prisoners). 
A preliminary analysis of the implementing
legislation in the Member States shows that wide variations exist in the
transposition of the grounds for refusal. Some Member States have not
implemented all grounds for refusal as indicated in the Framework Decisions
(HU, LU, NL, DK, LV) others have added additional grounds (AT, BE, DK). Some
Member States have correctly implemented the grounds for refusal as optional
for the competent authority (FI, LV, BG), others have implemented them as
mandatory (AT, IT, MT, SK) and in a third group the final result consists of a
mix of optional and mandatory grounds (BE, DK, HU, LU, NL, PL). 
Implementing additional grounds for refusal and
making them mandatory seem to be both contrary to the letter and spirit of the Framework
Decisions.
On the question as to whether the application
of the grounds for refusal should be optional for the competent authorities,
who will take the decision on recognition and enforcement, the text of the Framework
Decisions clearly states that the competent authority "may" refuse to
recognise the judgment and enforce the sentence if the grounds for refusal
apply. This wording indicates that the competent authority should have the
discretion to decide on a case by case basis whether or not to apply a ground
for refusal taking into account the social rehabilitation aspect which
underpins all three Framework Decisions. The grounds for refusal should
therefore be implemented as optional for the competent authority. 
This approach is in the spirit of the Framework
Decisions, which require that the transfer must enhance the prospects of social
rehabilitation and may take place at the explicit request of the accused or
sentenced person. In such a case, an obligation to refuse such a transfer
because one of the grounds for refusal applies would normally not be in the
interest of the sentenced person himself. 
4.5.        Time
limits
(Article 12 Transfer of Prisoners, Article
12 Probation and Alternative Sanctions and Article 12 European Supervision
Order)
The Framework Decisions establish a new
simplified and more effective system for the transfer of sentences to
facilitate and accelerate judicial cooperation. Therefore, they provide for
fixed time-limits for a transfer to take place.
The time limits should be implemented by the Member
States in such a way that as a general rule, the final decision, including an
appeal procedure, is completed within the set time limit. Exceeding the time
limit may only occur in exceptional circumstances.
Although it is common cause that all Member
States should ensure that sentenced persons can access legal rights and
remedies in accordance with their national law, AT, HU and LV did not make
provision in their implementing legislation for a maximum time limit for
court's decisions in appeal procedures on transfers.
Member States should ensure that incorporating
remedies in their system should be balanced with the importance of respecting
the time limits in the Framework Decisions[10].
4.6.        Link
between Framework Decisions and the European arrest warrant 
(Article 25 Transfer of Prisoners and
Article 21 European Supervision Order)
Article 25 of the Transfer of Prisoners in
conjunction with Article 4(6) and 5(3) of the European arrest warrant allows
a Member State to refuse to surrender a person under a European arrest warrant (or
allow for a surrender under the condition that the person has to be returned to
that Member State) where the requested person is a national, a resident or is
staying in that Member State if that Member State undertakes to enforce the
prison sentence in accordance with the Transfer of Prisoners.
Some Member States did not indicate in their
implementing legislation that their domestic provisions transposing the Transfer
of Prisoners should apply in the above situations (DK, HU, LU, LV, MT and SK). AT only provides for this possibility when the surrender request relates to
its own nationals. Instead of respecting the obligation to enforce the sentence
as it has been imposed in the issuing State, NL has reserved the right to
make an assessment as to whether the custodial sentence imposed corresponds to
the sentence which would have been imposed in the Netherlands for this offence.
This seems to be contrary to the letter and spirit of the Framework Decisions.
Article 21 of the European Supervision Order
provides for the possibility to issue a European arrest warrant to bring back
the person once he is required to stand trial or if he is required to return
because he does not fulfil the conditions as imposed by the European
Supervision Order. Not all Member States have implemented Article 21 (HU, LV and PL). 
This is to be regretted given the fact that by
its nature a European Supervision Order would be very useful to allow persons
awaiting trial for relatively minor offences to go home. In recognition of this
reality, Article 21 of the European Supervision Order expressly
dispenses with the normal European arrest warrant requirement that the offence
for which the European arrest warrant is issued is punishable by a custodial
sentence for a maximum period of at least 12 months[11].
4.7.        Declarations
on transitional provision
(Article 28 Transfer of Prisoners)
Article 28 of the Transfer of Prisoners
allows Member States, on the adoption of the Framework Decision, to make a
declaration indicating that, with respect to final judgments issued before a
specified date (which can be no later than 5 December 2011), they will continue
to apply the existing legal instruments on the transfer of sentenced persons.
The date of adoption of this Framework Decisions was 27 November 2008.
It appears from the information as sent to the
Commission that four Member States (IE, MT, NL and PL) have made such
declarations. However, according to the latest information received by the
Commission IE, MT and PL have done so after the date of adoption of this
Framework Decision, i.e. 27 November 2008. In the Commission's view, these
declarations are not valid and the time limitation should be removed by Member
States from their existing or proposed implementing legislation forthwith.
5.           A
new legal environment to ensure that third pillar law is applied in practice
The Framework Decisions which have been adopted
under the so-called "third pillar" have been agreed upon unanimously
by all Member States who committed themselves to implement them before the
expiry of the transposition date.
Member States have therefore created a legal
order which is binding upon them as in other areas of EU law, even if no
enforcement mechanism is available until the expiry of the transitional period
under Protocol 36 to the Lisbon Treaty.
It is common cause that the executive force of
EU law, including measures adopted under the third pillar, cannot vary from one
  Member State to another depending on the level of implementation into the
national legal order, without jeopardizing the attainment of effective judicial
cooperation.
As of 1 December 2014, the Court of Justice of
the EU will have full jurisdiction, including preliminary rulings on the
interpretation of legislation, in the area of police cooperation and judicial
cooperation in criminal matters. The Commission as well as Member States will be entitled to launch infringement proceedings against those Member States that
have not implemented or not correctly implemented EU law.
These new opportunities will be particularly
relevant for the most important pieces of legislation predating the Lisbon
Treaty in the area of criminal justice, to which the Commission considers the
three Framework Decisions belong.
6.           Conclusion
While recognising the efforts made by some
Member States to date, the level of implementation of these three important
pieces of legislation is far from satisfactory.
The objective of developing an area of freedom,
security and justice for all EU citizens as laid down in Article 3 of the
Treaty on European Union cannot be achieved if Member States do not properly implement
the instruments they all agreed upon. 
The partial and incomplete transposition of the
Framework Decisions hampers the application of the principle of mutual recognition
in the area of criminal justice. It moreover breaches the legitimate
expectations of EU citizens as they lose a precious tool to reduce the negative
impact on their lives if they are suspected or accused in another Member State, in particular those citizens who are subject to a European arrest warrant in
the pre-trial stage. At the same time the objective of the Framework Decisions
to ensure that justice is served while enhancing the social rehabilitation of
the suspected or accused person cannot be achieved.
Finally, late implementation is to be regretted
as the Framework Decisions have the potential to lead to a reduction in prison
sentences imposed by judges to non-residents. This could not only reduce
prison overcrowding and thereby improve detention conditions, but also – as a
consequence – allow for considerable savings for the budgets spent by Member
States on prisons.
Keeping in mind the power of the Commission to
start infringement proceedings as of 1 December 2014, it is of utmost
importance for all Member States to consider this Report and to provide all
further relevant information to the Commission, in order to fulfil their
obligations under the Treaty. In addition, the Commission encourages those
Member States that have signalled that they are preparing relevant legislation
to enact and give notification of these national measures as soon as possible.
The Commission urges all those Member States that have not yet done so to take swift
measures to implement these Framework Decisions to the fullest extent.
Furthermore, it invites those that have transposed it incorrectly to review and
align their national implementation legislation with the provisions of the Framework
Decisions.
[1]               Council Framework Decision 2008/909/JHA adopted on 27
November 2008 (OJ L 327, 5.12.2008, p. 27).
[2]               Council Framework Decision 2008/947/JHA adopted on 27
November 2008 (OJ L 337, 16.12.2008, p.102).
[3]               Council Framework Decision 2009/829/JHA adopted on 23
October 2009 (OJ L 294, 11.11.2009, p. 20).
[4]               COM (2011) 327 final: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/newsroom/criminal/opinion/110614_en.htm.
[5]               Date of expiry of the transitional period under
Protocol 36 to the Lisbon Treaty (see section 5).
[6]               Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June
2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (European arrest warrant), OJ L 190, 18.7.2002, p. 1. 
[7]               Some Member States informed the Commission of the
process of preparing relevant legislation at national level. However, none of
these Member States adopted the legislation or notified the Commission before
December 2013. 
[8]               See judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU, 16
June 2005, Case C-105/03, Pupino.
[9]               The Additional Protocol of 1997 to this Convention already
provided for the transfer of prisoners without their consent in limited
circumstances. However, this Protocol was not ratified by all Member States.
[10]             See judgment of the Court of Justice of the EU, 30 May
2013, Case C-168/13 PPU, Jeremy F. v. Premier ministre.
[11]             See Article 2(1) of the European arrest warrant.