COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Executive Summary to the Impact Assessment Accompanying the document PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION on a Quality Framework for Traineeships
Date: 2013-12-04
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: fight against unemployment, first job, job mobility, market access, professional experience, student mobility, traineeship, working conditions, youth employment, youth unemployment













EUR-Lex - 52013SC0496 - EN











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52013SC0496

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Executive Summary to the Impact Assessment Accompanying the document PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL RECOMMENDATION on a Quality Framework for Traineeships /* SWD/2013/0496 final */









COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
Executive Summary to the Impact Assessment
Accompanying the document
PROPOSAL FOR A COUNCIL
RECOMMENDATION
on a Quality Framework for
Traineeships

1.           Introduction
Over
the last two decades, traineeships have become an important entry point into
the labour market for young people[1].
Although they are increasingly a standard feature of our labour markets, their
spread has been accompanied by growing concerns about the learning content and
the working conditions they provide. To effectively facilitate access
to employment, traineeships must offer quality learning content, adequate
working conditions and should not be a low cost replacement for regular jobs.
Following repeated calls
by the European Parliament[2]
and the European Council[3],
the Commission last year launched consultations with social partners and
announced that it would present a Quality Framework for Traineeships (QFT) by
the end of 2012[4].
The Impact Assessment
aims to identify and analyse which policy options could increase the share of
quality traineeships, notably by providing standards for best practice and by
discouraging substandard placements. The Impact Assessment builds upon the
Analytical Document presented by the Commission in December 2012 in the context
of the social partner consultation[5]
on a QFT. It adds previously unavailable data on the number and quality of
traineeships, provides new evidence linking quality problems with poorer
employment prospects for the trainees concerned and puts forward proposals for
a QFT that effectively enhances trainees’ employability. New proposals on
transparency are aimed at making it easier for young people to differentiate quality
traineeships from substandard ones.
2.           Consultations and stakeholders’ views about the main problems affecting traineeships
Public
consultation
The Commission has
consulted with a wide range of stakeholders on the problems related to
traineeships and possible solutions. The results of these consultations were extensively
reported upon in the above-mentioned Analytical Document.
In the 2012 public
consultations, trade unions, NGOs, youth organisations, educational
institutions and most individual respondents generally supported a Commission
initiative. While employer organisations, chambers of commerce and Member States supported the initiative in general, they often referred to the need to keep
the framework sufficiently flexible to take into account the diversity of
national practices.
As regards the elements
to be included in a future QFT, most respondents agreed with the Commission’s
analysis (traineeship contracts, clear objectives and content, placement duration,
adequate social security/remuneration, etc.). Businesses and some employers’
organisations argued that remuneration and social protection issues do not fall
under EU competence.
Consultation with social
partners
A two-stage social
partner consultation on the QFT initiative took place between October 2012 and
February 2013. The EU social partners did not initiate negotiations on a possible
agreement under Article 154 TFEU; therefore the Commission decided to present
its own initiative, taking into account the views expressed in the
consultation. The European social partners’ Framework of Actions on Youth
Employment (June 2013) noted the Commission’s intention to draw up a proposal
for a Council Recommendation on a European QFT. Following a consultation of
SMEs through the UEAPME in 2012, an SME survey was conducted between March and
June 2013 to investigate the quality of traineeships provided by SMEs (from an
employer perspective), as well as examine the compliance costs of potential QFT
measures.
3.           Problem Definition
3.1.        Regulatory
framework
The Traineeship study
maps the regulatory framework for traineeships and points out that it varies
widely both among the different types of traineeships and across Member States.
At one end, France regulates all types of traineeships by law, while in
countries such as Bulgaria and the UK there is no specific legal framework for
trainees. Less than half of the Member States have provisions on duration,
remuneration or social protection coverage. In 11 Member States there are still
legal and administrative barriers to trainees coming from another Member State, hampering the development of transnational traineeships.
More generally, there
are as yet no internationally agreed standards on the characteristics that
traineeships should have in order to be considered good quality.
3.2.        Problem definition
Both the public consultation and the
Traineeship study list a range of problems currently affecting traineeships in
the EU. There are two main problem areas for potential EU-level intervention: insufficient
learning content and unsatisfactory working conditions.
1) The learning content problem relates
to complaints that trainees are put to work doing menial tasks instead of
receiving meaningful training. This is not only an ethical issue — if too many
traineeships provide insignificant learning, they may acquire a bad reputation,
undermining their effectiveness in smoothing young people’s transitions from
school to employment.
2) The working conditions issue relates
to complaints such as long working hours, lack of coverage for health and
safety or occupational risks, lack of clarity on the applicable rules and
regulations, equal treatment, etc.
In the remainder of the analysis, we define
as substandard those traineeships that are unsatisfactory with respect
to either learning content or working conditions.
In addition to the previous two problems,
stakeholders highlighted the issue that a large number of traineeships are
unpaid or offer compensation that does not cover trainees’ basic living costs.
This creates an equal access problem[6].
Furthermore, the fact that an increasing number of traineeships are unpaid
could create a trend in the labour market where employers replace paid workers
with trainees[7].
The issue of pay or compensation itself will not be addressed at EU level for
subsidiarity reasons. Yet, more transparency would allow the labour market to
function more efficiently.
While there seem to be no complaints about
the low number of domestic traineeships, there is a low number of transnational
traineeships. This appears to be an important missed opportunity in terms of
reducing youth unemployment through mobility, as transnational traineeships
could be a key facilitator of employment abroad and many vacancies cannot be
filled on the local job market.
How common are quality problems?
A Eurobarometer survey was conducted among 13 000
people in the EU and Croatia about their traineeship experience.
The answers made it possible to quantify
the key quality elements identified by the Traineeship study. The survey found
that while the majority of traineeships were of sufficient quality, a
significant minority were not. In particular, 18 % of traineeships were
reported to have insufficient learning content, while in one in four cases
working conditions (excluding pay) were not comparable with those of regular
employees in terms of working hours, leave conditions, etc. Overall, 30 %
of traineeships were found to be deficient in terms of either learning content
or working conditions. Traineeships were often found to fall short on both counts[8].
Regarding transnational traineeships, only
9 % of all traineeships take place in another country. Uncertainty about
conditions abroad plays an important role in preventing the development of the
transnational traineeship market: according to the Eurobarometer survey,  38 %
of those who did not undertake a traineeship abroad, but would have liked to,
indicated that lack of information was the main obstacle.
The econometric analysis of the
Eurobarometer results found that those who had done a substandard
traineeship were significantly less likely to find a job afterwards. Quality
traineeships not only clearly translate into a higher chance of being offered a
work contract by the same organisation, but are also associated with lower unemployment
risks later.
The data confirmed the link between quality
and the intention to hire. The best quality traineeships are typically offered
by host organisations aiming to hire personnel. It also explains the strong
correlation between quality and pay — pay signals that the host organisation is
willing to ‘go the extra mile’.
3.3.        Problem drivers
The causes
for the existence of substandard traineeships relate to both the supply and the
demand side. On the supply side, the host organisation may offer substandard
traineeships because it does not know how to ensure quality (unintentional
low quality); alternatively, the supply of substandard traineeships may be
intentional and due to a conscious profit maximisation strategy. The problem
drivers differ depending on the case.
As regards unintentional low quality, the
SME test results consistently show that many SMEs do not apply the quality
elements identified by the Traineeship study, and yet the greater majority of
them declare that they would not find it problematic to implement them. It is
impossible to measure exactly the proportion of unintentional
substandard traineeships, but on the basis of the SME
test results, we might quantify it tentatively at between 20% and 35% of those
traineeships that are insufficient in learning content. 
On the demand side, the main reason that candidates apply for substandard traineeships
is lack of transparency (information asymmetry). The quality of the
traineeship is difficult to assess before it is started, and once begun, the
trainee has neither the possibility nor the incentive to complain. Hence, the
traineeship market can be described as being characterised by an equilibrium in
which a certain share of traineeships is substandard. 
4.           Legal basis and
subsidiarity
Legal basis
The legal basis for
this initiative is Article 153 TFEU, whereby the Union shall support and
complement Member States’ activities in the field of, inter alia,
working conditions, social security and the social protection of workers, as
well as in the integration of persons excluded from the labour market and in
combating social exclusion.
Subsidiarity
As regards the benefits of standardisation,
an EU-wide solution would present several advantages:
·        
The quality guidelines adopted or proposed by
different bodies in different countries appear quite similar. The main differences
are in remuneration and the presence of certain compulsory or binding elements,
such as limitations on successive traineeships, which are usually absent from
voluntary charters. This suggests that there is no great need to adapt quality
standards to local conditions.
·        
Second, an EU-wide solution would have benefits
in terms of trainee mobility. Young people would find it easier to accept a
traineeship in another country if the existing standard practices or rules provided
them with a clear understanding of what to expect.
·        
Third, experience shows that, on account of
coordination problems, the definition of internationally accepted quality
standards would occur faster if supranational institutions adopted a
coordinating and supporting role. The EU is best placed for this, as there
seems to be little or no spontaneous development of international quality
standards.
Member States could independently adopt
measures to improve the quality of traineeships. In practice, however, they
have repeatedly called upon the Commission to adopt a QFT (for example, see the
conclusions of three recent European Councils: December 2012, February 2013 and
June 2013).
In a situation of diverging regulatory
frameworks, it would help to have a common understanding of what a traineeship
is and of its minimum standards. This would help to shape Member States’
policies and regulatory approaches. In this way, the
EU could give concrete support to Member States in implementing the Europe 2020
employment guideline nr 8, in particular ‘enacting schemes to help recent
graduates find initial employment or further education and training
opportunities, including apprenticeships, and intervene rapidly when young
people become unemployed.’ This would address one key obstacle for cross-border
mobility — the lack of information in an area of great regulatory fragmentation
— and the Recommendation would help to underpin the support provided by
ERASMUS+.
5.           Policy Objectives
The general objectives
of an initiative in this domain are the following:
 (1) Improve the
quality of traineeships, in order to increase the contribution of traineeships
to successful education-to-work transitions;
 (2) Reduce mismatches
in the European labour market by promoting the development of transnational
traineeships.
In order to meet these
general objectives, the following specific objectives have been chosen:
 (1) Increase the share
of quality traineeships;
 (2) Discourage abusive
practices while keeping the compliance costs for Host Organisations (HOs)
limited;
 (3) Enhance
information on and facilitate access to transnational traineeships. 
The operational
objectives are:
 (1) Provide a
framework / standards / guidelines that Member States, HOs, social partners or
other entities can use as a reference for actions to foster the development of
quality traineeships and facilitate transnational traineeships;
 (2) Ensure the
effective take-up of this framework / these standards or guidelines in EU
policy instruments, notably the Youth Employment Initiative (YEI), the European
Semester process and EU financial programmes.  
6.           Policy coherence and contribution to Europe 2020 objectives
In 2010 the Europe 2020
flagship initiative 'Youth on the Move' announced that the Commission would
propose a quality framework for traineeships. The Youth Opportunities
Initiative of 2011 and the Employment Package, as well as the Youth Employment
Package of 2012 confirmed this commitment. Quality traineeships are also an
integral part of the Youth Guarantee concept and therefore their development is
a key objective of the 2013 Youth Employment Initiative.
Guidelines on
traineeships appear particularly useful for countries with little experience or
tradition of working in partnership with business. A QFT would help the
Commission to monitor progress on the above recommendations and suggest further
action to Member States where needed.
Furthermore, a
standardised EU solution will support the extension of EURES to apprenticeships
and traineeships, as requested by the European Council conclusions of 28/29
June 2012. Similarly, quality requirements for traineeships are needed to
ensure the effectiveness of traineeships offered in the context of the Youth
Guarantee (see Council Recommendation of 22 April 2013).
7.           Policy options
Table 1 Overview of options
 Option number || Name || Type || Short description 
 0 || Baseline || - || No policy change 
 1 || Information website || Information || Creation of an information website for trainees with all regulations and types of traineeships per Member State 
 2 || Voluntary quality label || Information || Quality label for traineeships on a completely voluntary basis 
 3a || Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships ‘basic’ (QFT ‘basic’) || Guideline || A traineeship agreement would have to be signed between the trainee and the HO. The agreement would have to include information on objectives, learning content and monitoring, duration, remuneration or compensation, and social security coverage. 
 3b || Council Recommendation on a QFT with enhanced transparency (QFT + transparency) || Guideline || Information on pay / compensation in the vacancy notice + transparency requirements on hiring policy for unpaid traineeships 
 4 || Directive on a QFT + enhanced transparency || Regulation || Same as 3b but in the form of a directive 
8.           Analysis of impacts
8.1.        Option 0 — Baseline
Looking at developments
on the ground, limited headway has been made towards the spontaneous
development and adoption of global or EU-wide quality standards. Member State initiatives are scarce, and although there is a European Quality Charter on
Internships and Apprenticeships, it has been drawn up by youth organisations
under the umbrella of the European Youth Forum, and its acceptance by
businesses is limited. In the absence of further national or more widely
accepted international initiatives to enhance the quality of traineeships, the
overall proportion of substandard traineeships is likely to increase owing to
the effects of the crisis, or at best stay constant.
8.2.        Option
1 — Information website
Option 1
consists of creating an information website containing complete, detailed and
regularly updated information on the rules and regulations applicable to all
types of traineeships, in each Member State. The website, possibly set up within the EURES portal, would include links to the relevant
authorities in Member States.
This tool addresses one aspect of the lack of
information problem, i.e. the lack of general information on existing national
regulation. However, it neither provides any information on the quality of
specific traineeship positions on offer nor real incentives to HOs to improve the
quality of their traineeships. Hence, the impact of this option on traineeship
quality is positive but modest, as greater awareness of rights has been shown to
be of limited effectiveness on domestic traineeships. It might have a stronger impact
on stimulating transnational traineeships, owing to the greater difficulty of
finding information for foreign countries. Overall, this measure could be used to
complement other solutions, rather than as a stand-alone option. While this
option has limited effectiveness (as it is unlikely to change the balance
between substandard and quality traineeships) and efficiency, it is consistent
with the mobility objective.
8.3.        Option 2 — Voluntary quality label
Option 2 consists
of setting up a quality label at EU level to certify that HOs that voluntarily
apply for it adhere to certain quality standards. The criteria for the award of
the quality label could vary significantly by country or sector; alternatively,
one could seek to define similar or even identical criteria for the entire EU.
The quality principles could be developed
in cooperation with social partners, specifying minimum standards for the
format, learning content and working conditions of the traineeship. By voluntarily
committing to respect the principles, HOs could present themselves as ‘fair to
trainees’ or similar. The quality label could also include commitments on
remuneration and social security coverage.
This non-regulatory approach has the merit
of encouraging and guiding HOs by providing a reference for quality standards
while its voluntary nature ensures that the compliance burden for HOs would
remain acceptable. This option might also stimulate cross-border traineeships.
The main disadvantage of this option is the
risk that few organisations will bother to apply for the label, as demand for
traineeships outstrips supply. The take-up rate for existing examples of
quality labels is currently extremely low: in Italy, a few dozen companies have
applied for the OK stage label, representing a take-up rate of about 1 in 10 000.
The situation does not seem to differ elsewhere; hence this option appears
ineffective.
Overall, in terms of
effectiveness
this option should help the development of transnational traineeships, but is
unlikely to change the balance between substandard and quality traineeships. On the other hand, the option can be considered
efficient given the relatively low cost.
8.4.        Option 3 — Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework
for Traineeships
This measure would
consist of a Commission proposal for a Council Recommendation on a Quality
Framework for Traineeships (QFT) to be transposed by Member States in national
practice and/or the national legal system. The recommendation would ask Member
States to ensure that a written traineeship agreement is made compulsory, which
is currently not the case in many Member States. The agreement would include a
series of straightforward elements that have been shown to increase the quality
of the traineeship experience, such as the identification of learning
objectives, a mentor, working conditions, etc.
Two sub-options are proposed: in option 3a,
the Council Recommendation would only consist of ‘basic’ quality guidelines. In
option 3b, the content of the QFT is strengthened by including additional
transparency requirements that will generate incentives for quality
traineeships and/or disincentives for substandard traineeships.
8.4.1.     Option 3a — Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework
for Traineeships ‘basic’
The QFT would
require both parties to conclude a written traineeship agreement. The elements for inclusion represent a middle-of-the-road approach
compared to those that have been introduced in a series of recent initiatives by
various types of bodies.
Box 1 Key quality elements identified in the
Traineeship study
 The Traineeship study surveyed the situation in all EU-27 Member States and for all types of traineeships with the aim of pinpointing best practices, starting from the principle that a quality traineeship should enable the trainee to acquire practical skills geared to labour market needs and complementary to the trainee’s theoretical studies, in order to enhance the trainee’s employability. A number of principles characterise a quality traineeship. One fundamental point is the presence of a mandatory traineeship agreement. A quality traineeship should be based on an agreement between the trainee and the host organisation (i.e. company, public agency, etc.). In this respect it is worth noting that the 2013 Eurobarometer survey on traineeships reports that only 62 % of trainees signed a written agreement[9]. The traineeship agreement should cover the following elements, identified by the study as the most important: •              Objectives, content and monitoring: Traineeships should enable the trainee to acquire practical skills complementary to his or her theoretical studies. The guidelines of the study require that the validity of the educational content is ensured by a personal supervisor or mentor assigned to each trainee by the host organisation. The supervisor’s role is to guide the trainee through the assigned tasks, monitor progress, and explain general work processes and techniques. The guidelines also require that the supervisor provides an evaluation of the trainee’s performance in the form of a short final evaluation (of 1 to 2 pages), which may take the form of a letter of reference. •              Duration: Open-market traineeships should generally not last longer than six months. This recommendation, however, is not applicable to the mandatory post-graduation professional training of doctors, lawyers, teachers and the like, which exist in most Member States and tend to be both longer and highly regulated[10]. •              Working conditions: The agreement should specify the working hours and rights to holidays, as well as rules on sick leave; •              Remuneration/cost compensation: If there is a mutual benefit for both the host organisation and the trainee in terms of knowledge transfer and learning, unpaid traineeships may be appropriate. Hence, the quality guideline only stipulates that the written agreement specifies clearly what, if any, compensation or remuneration is offered. •              Social security provisions: Social insurance provisions applying to the trainee must be clear to all parties involved, particularly the health insurance coverage and the insurance against workplace accidents. In most Member States, students are provided with social insurance by the state or their educational institution, and are therefore insured against health risks and accidents during their traineeships. However, if the trainee is no longer a student the situation may not be so clear. If the traineeship is covered by an employment contract, employer and employee need to meet insurance obligations as stipulated by labour law in the country concerned. If this is not the case, the contractual arrangement should specify insurance schemes to be paid by the host organisation or the trainee.   Source: Traineeship study, p. 127 (European Commission, 2012) 
This option would entail
the risk that some employers would stop providing traineeship places in the
future, should they come to realise that the traineeship places they had offered
were not of good quality. They might consider that certain elements of the
quality framework (e.g. specifying the learning content) would result in too
high a cost for the traineeship. However, this potential negative impact —
given the manageable implementation costs — appears more theoretical than real,
and in any case may be offset by an increase in quality traineeships (clear
conditions as to what is expected in terms of traineeship quality may encourage
employers to improve their offer).
One important question that
remains is the effectiveness of the impact on substandard traineeships owing to
enforcement problems. Furthermore, regulatory solutions are likely to be least effective
in Member States with weaker enforcement mechanisms, which may be exactly those
where the need is greatest.
Overall, a quality
framework endorsed at European and national level would in all likelihood lead
to a reasonable improvement in the quality and transparency of traineeships in
the medium term. The QFT is a proportionate EU level action that can contribute
to achieving the intended objective. In terms of effectiveness, a QFT basic
option could help the development of transnational traineeships but will not
substantially change the balance between substandard and quality traineeships.
As far as efficiency is concerned, compliance costs are low and diminishing
over time. From a coherence point of view, uneven implementation may not be
consistent with the mobility objective.
8.4.2.     Option 3b —
Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships with enhanced transparency
This option would add to the QFT as spelled
out above new transparency requirements. Traineeship vacancy notices would have
to indicate whether or not the traineeship is paid and, if it is paid, the
level of remuneration or compensation.
Furthermore, HOs offering unpaid traineeships
would, at the time of concluding the traineeship agreement, have to disclose
information about their recruitment policies; specifically, they would have to
disclose the number of trainees that were offered a paid work contract at the
end of their traineeship[11]
[12].
This option is aimed at improving the
functioning of the traineeship market by improving its transparency. HOs sometimes
lure prospective candidates with attractive-sounding traineeships, but avoid revealing
information about the financial conditions until late on in the selection
process, when candidates have already made a substantial effort to get selected
and are in a weak position psychologically to negotiate or refuse a low-paying
proposition. The Eurobarometer survey found that this was actually the most
frequent case (46 % as opposed to 42 % of cases in which compensation
was clearly indicated).  
The measure is simple, has practically no compliance
costs for legitimate traineeships and discourages unscrupulous practices. It is
expected to have a tangible impact. General acceptance for publishing the
remuneration conditions in the vacancy notice should be high, given the close
to 90 % acceptance in the SME test. Acceptance for the transparency
requirement on hiring policies will probably be lower given its innovative
nature; nevertheless, its compliance costs are negligible. This option’s
effectiveness is rated positively given that it is expected to have tangible
effects. It is also efficient as it involves practically no compliance costs
for legitimate traineeships.
8.5.        Option 4 — Directive on a Quality Framework for
Traineeships
Content-wise, this option would be the same
as Option 3b, i.e. a Commission proposal for a QFT with transparency
requirements, but in contrast to option 3b, the Commission proposal would take
the form of a directive based on Article 153 2(b) TFEU.
The effectiveness of a directive can be
rated as positive, as its effects are likely to be tangible. Similarly, it would
appear to be an efficient solution involving practically no compliance costs
for legitimate traineeships while discouraging unscrupulous practices. From a
coherence point of view, EU-wide implementation would ensure better consistency
with the mobility objective. In spite of these advantages, this option appears to
be less proportionate than a Council recommendation. Making the choice between
a Council recommendation and a directive depends on an assessment of the
relative importance of devolved decisions at the lowest possible level, the
need to use mobility to fully exploit the possibilities offered by the Single
Market to reduce youth unemployment, and the balance between the need to
approve measures quickly and the benefit of wide, simultaneous adoption across
the EU. On balance, there is no need to aim for full harmonisation of the
different national traineeship laws. A Council recommendation is therefore the
preferred option, with the possibility of resorting to a directive later on should
the Council Recommendation proves insufficient in mobilising Member State
action.
9.           Monitoring
The biggest challenge
to monitoring the impact of the envisaged options on developing the
traineeships market is the lack of relevant statistics in the area of
traineeships. Steps have already been taken at administrative level by DG Employment
to address this issue by adding a traineeships module to the Eurostat Labour
Force Survey (LFS). This could however take some three years. In the meantime,
a follow-up Eurobarometer survey could be organised, for monitoring purposes,
at a suitable interval after new rules on traineeships are adopted. The format
of the 2013 Eurobarometer survey on traineeships is a good basis for a future
monitoring survey as it provides detailed information on the quality of
traineeships. Analysing the impact on employment outcomes would, however,
require a longitudinal survey. The feasibility of such a survey should be
discussed with Eurostat when inclusion of the module in the LFS is more
advanced.
Commission services
will also need to monitor the adoption of new regulations in the Member States following
approval of a Council recommendation or of a directive.
Furthermore, the European Semester coordination mechanisms together with the
Youth Guarantee implementation mechanisms could also be applied to monitoring
the implementation of a Council Recommendation on traineeships.
[1]               According to the 2013 Eurobarometer survey (Flash
Eurobarometer 378), 74 % more respondents underwent a traineeship than an
apprenticeship; the share was 77 % more than a student job and 43 %
more than those who had none of these experiences. Source: Commission
elaboration of Eurobarometer Volume B, responses to Q1, p. 1.
[2]               EP 2009/2221(INI), 6.7.2010.
[3]               EC Conclusions of December 2012, February 2013 and
June 2013.
[4]               SWD(2012)407 final, Brussels 5.12.2012.
[5]               SWD(2012)407 final, Brussels 5.12.2012.
[6]               According to the UK’s Low Pay Commission in its
report on National Minimum Wage (2011), a traineeship is increasingly becoming
a precondition for a job.
[7]               The UK’ Low Pay Commission writes in its 2013 report
about ‘widespread non-payment of the minimum for positions that appear to be
work’.
[8]               As regards no or low pay, about half of traineeships
are unpaid and a further 25 % do not provide enough compensation to cover
basic living costs.
[9]               Flash Eurobarometer 378, section 2.1.3, p. 36.
[10]             Likewise, the study excludes from this recommendation
the so-called ‘traineeship programmes’ for recruitment at higher levels of
management.
[11]             For simplicity and other reasons, this applies only to appointments
that take place in the same location as traineeships.
[12]             It should be noted that, as with all other options,
this would not apply to traineeships organised by schools, universities and
other learning institutions prior to graduation.