Energy-efficient buildings : multi-annual roadmap for the contractual PPP under Horizon 2020.
Date: 2013-11-29
Institutions: Directorate-General for Research and Innovation
Subjects: European industrial area, building, building industry, building technique, energy saving, environmental protection, public-private partnership

ENERGY-
EFFICIENT 
BUILDINGS 

Multi-annual roadmap 
for the contractual PPP 
under Horizon 2020

Prepared by

Policy 
Research

EUROPEAN COMMISSION
Directorate-General for Research & Innovation
Directorate G - Industrial Technologies
Unit G.2 - ‘New forms of production’

Contact: José Lorenzo Vallés
European Commission
Oﬃce COV2 04/055
B-1049 Brussels
Tel. (32-2)29-91757
Fax (32-2)29-58046
E-mail: Jose-Lorenzo.Valles@ec.europa.eu
http://ec.europe.eu/research/industrial_technologies

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS
MULTI!ANNUAL ROADMAP
FOR THE CONTRACTUAL PPP UNDER HORIZON 2020

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Luxembourg: Publications Oﬃce of the European Union, 2013

ISBN 978-92-79-31239-7 
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Contents

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
List of acronyms and abbreviations ............................................................................................................................12
Deﬁnitions .....................................................................................................................................................................................12

3 
4 

Part I: Vision 2030 ..................................................................................................................................................................17
1 
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
2  Overall Vision till 2030 and PPP objectives ...................................................................................................19
2.1  Strategic and general objectives .......................................................................................................................19
2.2  Speciﬁc objectives ....................................................................................................................................................20
 Importance of the building sector for the European economy ......................................................... 21
 New economic, environmental and societal challenges for the EU building industry ........ 22
4.1  The critical role of refurbishment .....................................................................................................................22
4.2  Avoiding the risk of a market failure ...............................................................................................................23
 Research and Innovation to meet the EU decarbonisation goals ...................................................25
 The need to extend the ambition of the PPP EeB in Horizon 2020 ...............................................27
6.1  The need for a European approach through a PPP ...................................................................................27
6.2  The added value of continuing PPP EeB beyond 2013 ...........................................................................27
6.3  Compliance with article 19 of Horizon 2020 regulation ........................................................................29

5 
6 

Part II: Research and innovation strategy .....................................................................................................31
 Research and innovation issues: a value chain perspective ............................................................... 31
1 
2  Main drivers to meet the 2050 long term goals ........................................................................................37
 Main research and innovation areas: speciﬁc challenges, barriers and targets ...................39
3 
3.1  Design ............................................................................................................................................................................39
3.2  Structure .......................................................................................................................................................................43
3.3  Envelope .......................................................................................................................................................................45
3.4  Energy equipment ....................................................................................................................................................50
3.5  Construction process ..............................................................................................................................................56
3.6  Performance monitoring .......................................................................................................................................59
3.7  End of life .....................................................................................................................................................................63
3.8  Cross-cutting and Integration .............................................................................................................................64
 Implementation Plan: priorities, timeline, scale of resources and proposed investment 
distribution ...........................................................................................................................................................................68

4 

Part III: Expected impacts .............................................................................................................................................. 75
1  Expected impact on industry and society .......................................................................................................75
1.1  Industrial competitiveness and growth ..........................................................................................................75
1.2  Jobs and skills creation ..........................................................................................................................................78
1.3  Overall PPP impact at EU scale ..........................................................................................................................78
2  Monitoring impact: Key Performance Indicators ........................................................................................79
2.1  Level 1 KPIs .................................................................................................................................................................79
2.2  Level 2 KPIs ................................................................................................................................................................. 81
 Additionality to existing activities and European added value .........................................................83
3.1  Additionality to existing activities .....................................................................................................................83
3.2   Added value of action at EU level and of public intervention using EU research funds ..........84
3.3  Beneﬁt of a Contractual PPP in comparison to other options .............................................................89
 Ability to leverage additional industrial investments and monitoring of commitment ....90
International cooperation ...........................................................................................................................................94

4 
5 

3 

4

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

APPENDIX 1 — Information on the legal entity and suggested roles ........................... 95
PPP GOVERNANCE AND DIALOGUE WITH THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION ................................................95
E2BA INTERNAL GOVERNANCE ....................................................................................................................................96

APPENDIX 2 — Drivers per value chain’s element .......................................................................... 101
DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................................................. 101
STRUCTURE .........................................................................................................................................................................102
ENVELOPE ...........................................................................................................................................................................103
ENERGY EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................................104
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ...........................................................................................................................................104
PERFORMANCE MONITORING .....................................................................................................................................105
END OF LIFE ........................................................................................................................................................................105
CROSS-CUTTING AND INTEGRATION ......................................................................................................................106

APPENDIX 3 — Challenges per value chain’s element ................................................................109
DESIGN ..................................................................................................................................................................................109
STRUCTURE ......................................................................................................................................................................... 110
ENVELOPE ...........................................................................................................................................................................112
ENERGY EQUIPMENT ...................................................................................................................................................... 114
CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES ...................................................................................................................................... 116
PERFORMANCE MONITORING ..................................................................................................................................... 117
END OF LIFE ........................................................................................................................................................................ 119
CROSS-CUTTING AND INTEGRATION ......................................................................................................................120

APPENDIX 4 — Summary of cross-ETP priorities by Building-up project ............... 127

APPENDIX 5 — Summary of Technology Roadmap from ICT4E2B Forum ........... 133

APPENDIX 6 — Overview of the Materials Roadmap (SET PLAN) ...................................141

Executive Summary

This multiannual roadmap sets our vision and outlines our routes towards a high-tech build-
ing industry, which turns energy eﬃciency into a sustainable business. This roadmap 
is the backbone of a long term Research and Innovation programme with shared priorities 
openly agreed amongst the vast community of stakeholders across enlarged Europe. In line 
with Horizon 2020, this PPP aims at developing breakthrough aﬀordable solutions at building 
and district scale, connecting them at a larger scale to future smart cities and in a broader 
framework with all suitable instruments and initiatives along the innovation chain to create 
impact. This challenge based approach would ultimately beneﬁt all EU citizens and users as 
well as local public authorities. In this Executive Summary the key objectives, the priorities 
and the mechanisms for eﬀective monitoring of progress are provided, including the intended 
level of resources and industry commitment as well as the mechanisms for engagement of all 
stakeholders through an open, transparent and participatory governance model. This is fully 
in line with article 19 of the Horizon 2020 regulations.

A key European employer and contributor to quality of life

Worth at least EUR 1.2 trillion of yearly turnover (2011), the European construction sector, 
including its extended value chain (e.g. material and equipment manufacturers, construc-
tion and service companies), is the largest European single activity (9.6 % GDP) and big-
gest industrial employer (14.6 million direct operatives, 30.7 % of industrial employment, 
43.8 million indirect workers). The built environment aﬀects the quality of life and work of all 
EU-citizens.

6

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

A major energy consumer and CO2 producer

Buildings use 40 % of total EU energy consumption and generate 36 % of greenhouse 
gases in Europe. The construction sector is on its critical path to decarbonise the European 
economy by 2050, reducing its CO2 emissions by at least 80 % and its energy consumption 
by as much as 50 %. As the replacement rate of the existing stock is very small (1-2 % per 
year), acceleration is urgently needed. Simultaneously, this oﬀers a unique opportunity for 
sustainable business growth, provided that products and related services for both new and 
refurbished buildings are aﬀordable, non intrusive and of durable quality, in line with European 
Directives.

An SME driven sector not yet recovered from the ﬁnancial and economic crisis

Together with the 2050 targets, Directives are putting more constraints on a sector which is 
directly impacted by the ongoing ﬁnancial and economic crisis, taking into account that, 
although Europe has major industrial players, it is highly fragmented with over 95 % of SMEs. 
The turnover decreased signiﬁcantly during the crisis and has not yet recovered.

The need for (public-private) partnerships

The industry vision of becoming a high-tech building industry, turning energy eﬃciency into 
sustainable business, cannot be achieved by the industry alone as it requires:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Breakthrough multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral research eﬀorts across 

diﬀerent domains;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The mobilisation of a critical mass that is larger than industry can 

provide and the creation of innovative chains to speed up the development, 
demonstration and deployment of new technologies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A proactive approach between research and demonstration activities and 

innovative demand side measures in full synergy with EU wide policy initiatives, 
including among others the need to address EU business models, innovation 
friendly procurement, interoperability and standardisation to create a uniﬁed 
market.

General objective and scale of impact: research to accelerate, to recover and to 
become globally competitive

Within this framework, the Energy Eﬃcient Buildings Association (E2BA) acknowledges the 
proposal of the European Commission to include research and innovation activities in the 
Horizon 2020 proposal, in continuation with the current PPP EeB 1. Based on the successful 
achievements so far, its extension over 2014-2020 would allow to:

1  http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/energy-eﬃcient-buildings_en.html

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

7

(cid:98)(cid:553) Develop technologies and solutions enabling to speed up the reduction in 

energy use and GHG emission in line with the 2020 goals, e.g. through a higher 
renovation rate of the building stock at lower cost and to meet regulatory needs;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Develop energy eﬃciency solutions in order to turn the building industry into 
a knowledge-driven sustainable business, with higher productivity and higher-
skilled employees;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Develop innovative and smart systemic approaches for green buildings and 
districts, helping to improve the competitiveness of EU building industry by 
providing cost-eﬀective, user-friendly, healthy and safe products for smart cities.

This would ultimately create a solid foundation for continuous innovation in the building sector 
through sustainable partnerships, fostering an innovation eco-system across value chains, 
which is not project based with episodic innovation activities as current practices.

Speciﬁc objectives and key deliverables

Our speciﬁc Research and Innovation objectives are based on a clearly identiﬁed set of priori-
ties to develop, integrate and demonstrate at least 40 new technologies in:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Innovative construction e.g. building envelope, multi-target design, materials and 
pre-fabrication methods, approaches adapted to public buildings or commercial/
private-housing ones;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Systemic, cost-eﬀective, mass-customised, high-performing, and minimally 
invasive building-retroﬁtting solutions integrating innovative energy 
equipment and storage, to multiply at least by 2.5 by 2020 the yearly energy 
eﬃcient and high quality renovation rate with tangible beneﬁts for users;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Interactive sustainable buildings for energy neutrality/positivity in a block of 
buildings, for a further 15 % reduction at district and city scale in energy and 
emissions by 2020;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Performance monitoring tools to ensure energy eﬃciency during the service life, 
by providing the full performance predicted at the design phase and long-lasting 
quality to the end-user, in combination with durable components.

We envisage that new technologies would cover the whole segments of the value chain from 
design to end-of-life in line with the proposed budget breakdown and resources prioritisation.

Transforming energy eﬃciency into a sustainable business, by 2020 the PPP would contribute 
to:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Increase private investment in research & innovation up to 3 % of turnover;

(cid:98)(cid:553) 10 new types of high-skilled jobs implemented through knowledge transfer and 

training;

8

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reduce energy and CO2 respectively by 50 % and by 80 % compared to 2010 levels;

(cid:98)(cid:553) At least 100 demonstration buildings and districts would be retroﬁtted with 

ICT-based solutions and monitored to reduce up to 75 % in energy use and help 
standardisation and interoperability, and at least 10 000 dwellings would be 
engaged by 2020 through the project activities.

This would ultimately contribute on health and safety, both at work site as well as for occu-
pants, due to enhanced indoor environmental conditions.

The added value of action at Union level through a PPP

Energy eﬃciency in the built environment has a European dimension and cannot be solved on 
a Member State scale. Novel technologies and systemic solutions at EU scale are needed which 
leverage on research capabilities across diﬀerent Member States while being deployed and cus-
tomised at local scale, and this contractual PPP is indeed gathering all stakeholders. Harmonised 
standards and regulations are needed, enabled by pre-normative research and eﬀective metrics 
which would be diﬃcult to develop at the level of single Member States or with a market push 
approach by industry alone. To ensure such deployment, collaboration of the relevant industrial 
players is needed at an early stage of the innovation chain. A sizeable and stable long term 
multi-annual research and innovation strategy implemented through a PPP between industry 
and the EU Commission, with deﬁned priorities and a critical mass of resources is required 
to reduce risks, to stimulate solid and lasting partnerships as well as to accelerate innovation.

© Minerva Studio

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

9

A long-term industry commitment, leveraging additional investments to bring 
innovations to the market

In order to pave the way to create impact and make the step towards business creation, indus-
try would mobilise additional investments for industrial deployment of at least a factor of 4 
on top of EC ﬁnancial contribution to bring results to market. In this framework, the following 
targets and measures are set for exploitation of project results and their market take-up:

(cid:98)(cid:553) At least doubling the private resources allocated to demonstration targeting 

early adopters and to pilot implementation targeting fast followers;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Tripling the current level of investments in training by the supply chain and 
development of building skills (with at least 20 % of companies engaged in 
training against current 7 %);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Bringing innovative results to the market via systematic use of the whole 

set of funding tools, fostered through a large yearly conference (at least 300 
participants) to promote and monitor the use of cohesion funds within the 
broader smart specialisation strategy;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Implementing a cross-fertilisation platform which gathers all main public 
deliverables from projects, supporting clustering along main horizontal issues, as well 
as Yearly Project Review and four Yearly Technical Editions on cross-cutting issues;

Implementing programme monitoring through a yearly Impact and Project 
Review Workshop and appointment of a Third Party to assess the industry and 
sector investments;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Contribution to potential standards in building retroﬁtting, e.g. for large 

action in social/public buildings. Manage a Research and Innovation Forum for 
awareness and dissemination with at least 5 000 members to exchange research 
needs and best practices in innovation-friendly demand side measures (i.e. pre-
normative research, Regulations, Certiﬁcation and Standards, Procurement, Socio-
Economic Modelling and Planning, SME engagement).

Keeping track of progress and impact through focused KPIs

Two levels of Key Performance Indicators are proposed:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

‘Level 1’ KPIs address the implementation of the PPP and include:

 # New systems and technologies developed in the relevant sectors
 # Participation and beneﬁts for SMEs
 # Contribution to the reduction of energy use and CO2 emissions
 # Contribution to the reduction of waste
 # Contribution to the reduction in the use of material resources
 # New high-skilled proﬁles and new curricula developed
 # Private investment mobilised in relation to the PPP activities
 # Contributions to new standards

10

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553)

‘Level 2’ KPIs address the impact of projects funded under the PPP and include:

 # Scale of reduction in energy, material resources and waste
 # Project results taken-up for further investments (into higher TRLs)
 # Trainings for a higher quality workforce
 # Patents and activities leading to standardisation

Concerning the intermediate targets, we aim at a dissemination platform available at the end 
of 2014 while by 2015 training courses would be mapped across consortia and compared to 
training investments before entering PPP projects. Not later than 2016, a methodology for 
project clustering would be deﬁned and clustering initiatives would be launched, involving all 
running projects. Furthermore, by 2017 at least half of the intended demonstrators would 
have started implementation and at least one third would be undergoing validation activities 
through a shared methodology across projects. Impact on health and safety at work site and 
for occupants would be proven with full scale buildings. By 2018 at least 10 % of projects 
funded within the ﬁrst two calls would be undergoing an IPR protection process to secure 
patents on most innovative technologies and solutions.

The PPP as part of the whole EU strategy

Within the broader EU strategy towards a more energy eﬃcient built environment and sustain-
able construction, industry-led research and innovation activities should be complemented 
with eﬀective public mechanisms, such as lean and innovation friendly public procurement 
mechanisms, adoption of EU wide standards and promotion of regulations, as more ﬂexible 
regulations would improve the market adoption of innovative technologies. Although they are 
inherently complementary to the PPP, actions to convince and stimulate users to invest in 
energy eﬃciency are critical to make innovation happen and fulﬁl the ambition of a European 
building stock consisting of Zero-CO2 and energy positive neighbourhoods by 2050. In this way, 
a new dimension to the PPP is introduced, implementing People (job creation), Planet (energy, 
CO2 and climate) and Proﬁt (competitiveness) as the leading principle.

Open, transparent and participatory governance model

The Private side through E2BA is ready to get engaged with EC in the overall governance of 
the PPP, nominating experts for a Partnership Board as main instrument to ensure eﬀective 
cooperation and dialogue, following up the successful experience with the Ad Hoc Industrial 
Advisory Group in FP7. In order to ensure high openness and transparency and to ensure an 
adequate participation of all relevant stakeholders in the preparation of the inputs to the 
Commission, in addition to the democratic governance of the Association and the way to 
nominate representatives in the Partnership Board, the Association would implement other 
means, already used for the preparation of this Roadmap, such as:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The setting up of a network of National Liaison Points in Member States, in 

order to facilitate exchange of information between the European level and the 
National and Regional levels,

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

11

(cid:98)(cid:553) The development of large consultation processes on major document such as 
Roadmaps, through press releases and website announcements, e-mailings, 
information meetings…;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The organisation of dedicated workshops or webinars (possibly open to 

stakeholders from other sectors when appropriate), for example on speciﬁc 
technical topics, to prepare inputs on speciﬁc issues requested by the European 
Commission or on the initiative of the Association;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The support to the European Commission in the organisation of large Info Days 

open to the whole community of stakeholders.

This approach has proven very eﬀective and allowed a broad participation of organisations 
not members of E2BA in projects awarded within the period 2010-2013, where roughly 70 % 
of EC funding was awarded to non-E2BA members.

© ARUP

Energy Eﬃcient Buildings Association, an initiative of the European Construction 
Technology Platform
Energy-eﬃcient Building

12

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

List of acronyms and abbreviations

Building Information Modelling
Building Energy Management System

BIM: 
BEMS: 
BREAAM:  BRE Environmental Assessment Method
E2BA: 

EeB: 
ErP/EuP:  Energy related Products / Energy using Products
GHG: 
H2020: 
HQE: 
HVAC: 
ICT: 
IDM: 
IFC: 
IFD: 
IPMVP: 
KPI: 
LCA: 
LCC: 
MVD: 
PPP: 
RD&D: 
RFID: 
TRL: 

Green House Gases
Horizon 2020
Haute Qualité Environnementale (High Environmental Quality)
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
Information and Communication Technologies
Information Delivery Manual
Industry Foundation Classes
International Framework for Dictionaries
International Performance Measurement and Veriﬁcation Protocol
Key Performance Indicators
Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Cost
Model View Deﬁnitions
Public-Private Partnerships
Research, Development and Demonstration
Radio Frequency Identiﬁcation
Technology Readiness Level

Deﬁnitions

Active envelope
A package of technical solutions and associated control-command systems dedicated to the 
control and management of solar inputs or its thermal inertia.

Adaptable 2
The meaning of ‘adaptable’ is twofold:

1.  For a building/envelope/component, it means that it is designed in such a way 

that, over time, it can be readily transformed to accommodate uses for which it 
was not originally conceived and facilitate the conversion of rooms or buildings 
to new usage, the adaptation to the users’ evolution (people ageing), and the 
integration of new solutions (upcoming technologies).

2  See ‘Intelligent Building Envelopes — Architectural Concept & Applications for Day lighting Quality’, Annemie Wyckman, 2005.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

13

2.  An adaptable envelope is also able to adapt to a dynamic and intricate 

environment by measuring and processing multi-sources information (e.g. outdoor 
and indoor environment conditions, occupancy, behaviour of users and envelope 
performances) in order to respond to the building occupant’s instructions and to 
evolving environmental conditions in an appropriate timing and extent.

Barriers
The term ‘Barrier’ refers to any obstacle that prevents or slows down R & D investments by 
industry to meet the 2020 targets.

Building sector
In the context of this document, ‘building sector’ encompasses activities along the whole build-
ing value chain from design to end-of-life, which includes architects and engineering services, 
manufacturers of construction materials and technologies, onsite construction companies, 
property developers and facilities managers, energy companies as well as building users 
(households, oﬃces, …).

Challenges
The term ‘Challenge’ refers to any major breakthrough impacting the building sector and its 
enlarged value chain with regards to energy eﬃciency, and that must be faced by industry to 
meet the 2020 intermediate targets (required to support the 2050 vision): they reveal several 
urgent changes to be implemented by industry within the next ten years.

Construction sector
According to the statistical classiﬁcation of economic activities in the EU (NACE Rev 1.1), this 
sector covers ﬁve diﬀerent NACE groups which correspond to diﬀerent chronological stages 
of the construction process:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Demolition and site preparation (NACE Group 45.1);

(cid:98)(cid:553) General construction activities (NACE Group 45.2);

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Installation work (NACE Group 45.3);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Completion work (NACE Group 45.4);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Renting of construction equipment (NACE Group 45.5).

District 3
A set of connected buildings, public spaces, transport infrastructure, and networks (e.g. electricity, 
heating, cooling, water and wastewater, etc.), including inhabitants, building users and managers.

3  Source: CSTB.

14

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Drivers
The term ‘Driver’ refers to any endogenous or exogenous factor capable of triggering R & D 
investments by industry in view of achieving agreed 2020 targets.

Embodied energy
Total of all energy consumed in the processes associated with the production (and transport) 
of the materials and components that go into a building or structure.

Integration 4
Whole-building integration is in principle similar to the process used in the automotive indus-
try: ideally, every part would be designed and manufactured to work together to create high-
performance buildings. The process begins with computer simulated design to analyse building 
components and systems, and then integrates them so that the overall building performance 
is optimised. A systems integration approach enables advanced technologies to function more 
eﬃciently while still meeting the challenging reliability and cost requirements for buildings.

Neighbourhood 5
In this document, the term Neighbourhood refers to a group of adjacent buildings.

Reuse
In this document, the term ‘reuse’ has a broad sense which covers:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

the reuse of products and components as deﬁned in the Waste Framework 
Directive (2008/98/EC): any operation by which products or components are used 
again for the same purpose for which they were conceived;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The reuse of materials in producing the same or other materials: any recovery 

operation by which waste materials are reprocessed into products, materials or 
substances whether for the original or other purposes. It includes:

 # Recycling: in the strictest sense, to produce a fresh supply of the same 

material;

 # Down-cycling: to produce new materials /products of lesser quality and 

reduced functionality;

 # Up-cycling: to produce new materials /products of better quality or higher 

environmental value.

Smart City
A city is a network of connected districts. Six dimensions of ‘smartness’ can be identiﬁed 6: 
economy, people, governance, mobility, environment, and living. A city can therefore be deﬁned 

4  Source: NREL.

5  Source: CSTB.

6  From EU project ‘European Smart Cities’.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

15

as ‘smart’ when investments in human and social capital and traditional (transport) and mod-
ern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic development and a high 
quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance.

Targets
‘Target’ refers to intermediate performances typical of each of the value chain steps requiring 
industry’s R & D investments before 2020.

Targeted Areas
Speciﬁc research and innovation areas which are of relevance for this roadmap within a given 
Target

Use value or value for the user
The use value is the value that people derive from the direct use of a commodity (good or 
service). It depends on the utility delivered to the user as well as the user’s needs and knowl-
edge in a speciﬁed context.

User-centric
For a system, product or service, it refers to users having more control, more choices or more 
ﬂexibility than they might have had previously. Users include end-users (e.g. inhabitants, occu-
pants, tenants) as well as professional users (e.g. maintenance personnel, facility managers).

Vision
In this roadmap, the term ‘Vision’ refers to E2BA’s convictions of what the building industry 
and its enlarged value chain would be able to reach by 2050, thanks to the energy eﬃciency 
aspects of its activities from 2014 up to 2050.

© FJ Medrano

Part I: Vision 2030

1 

Introduction

The preparation of this Roadmap was driven by industry in the framework of the Ad-hoc 
Industrial Advisory Group 7 set-up within the running PPP EeB. The private sector is rep-
resented by E2BA, as industrial interlocutor of the European Commission in the PPP EeB, rep-
resented by DG RTD (Themes NMP and ENV), DG Energy and DG CONNECT. E2BA has started 
the review of the achievements of projects and updating of the PPP EeB Roadmap since mid 
2011 in order to set the research and innovation priorities beyond 2013 with a speciﬁc focus 
to the period 2014-2020.

The scope of this document is indeed to update the research and innovation priorities to 
align the industry long-term plans with the content of the Horizon 2020 proposal, where 
a clear research line on ‘Technologies for Energy eﬃcient Buildings’ was proposed by EC 8. In 
this framework an extensive review of running research and demonstration projects and major 
initiatives at EU scale such as the SET Plan (including the recent Materials Roadmap enabling 
low carbon energy technologies 9, 10, see Appendix 6), the Smart Cities European Innovation 
Partnership, the Intelligent Energy and Eco-innovation programmes under the CIP framework, 

7  http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/ad-hoc-eeb_en.html

8  http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/communication_from_the_commission_-_horizon_2020_-_the_fra-

mework_programme_for_research_and_innovation.pdf#view=ﬁt&pagemode=none

9  http://setis.ec.europa.eu/activities/materials-roadmap

10  http://ec.europa.eu/research/industrial_technologies/pdf/materials-roadmap-elcet-13122011_en.pdf

18

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

the InnoEnergy Knowledge and Innovation Community (KIC) running under the European Insti-
tute for Innovation and Technology (EIT), the Lead Market initiative and recent Communication 
on ‘Sustainable Construction’ by DG Enterprise as well as the Energy eﬃcient Roadmap and 
consultation on ‘Financial support for energy eﬃciency in buildings’ by DG Energy, to name 
a few. Inputs and contributions from key stakeholders were mobilised within the framework 
of the ICT4E2B Forum (www.ict4e2b.eu) and Building-Up (www.buildingup-e2b.eu) projects 
gathering experts from construction, energy as well as ICT domains, and relevant Euro-
pean Technology Platforms (i.e. European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP), Forest-Based 
Sector Technology Platform (FTP), European Technology Platform for Sustainable Chemistry 
(SusChem), European Technology Platform for Advanced Engineering Materials and Technolo-
gies (EUMAT), European Technology Platform for the future of Textiles and Clothing, Renewable 
Heat and Cooling Technology Platform, European Photovoltaic Technology Platform). They have 
been complemented by inputs and feedbacks received within an open consultation launched 
in early July 2012 and closed on October 1st 2012 as well as within a ﬁnal validation public 
process launched at the end of 2012.

In Part 1 the main drivers, pillars and strategic objectives at the basis of the roadmap are 
presented, highlighting the industry vision, the need to address the existing buildings stock 
and overcome a potential market failure through research and innovation on technologies and 
integrated solutions for buildings and districts.

In Part 2, speciﬁc challenges, barriers, targets and innovation drivers are presented for 
each area of the value chain concurring to the identiﬁcation of the research and innovation 
targets and priorities, focused on demand side reduction and building renovation. An overview 
of the investments associated with the broader implementation of the roadmap is provided. 
In line with the H2020 strategy, the identiﬁed priorities include all those horizontal non 
technological aspects that hinder innovation and which are instrumental to generate the 
expected impact in enlarged Europe.

In Part 3 the expected impact both from the economic, social and policy point of view is 
presented, highlighting for instance contributions to job creation and the implementation of the 
Innovation Union 11 strategy. KPIs and the expected logic to monitor progress are provided 
jointly with a preliminary analysis of the expected leverage eﬀect both on mobilised invest-
ments by industry to bring results to market as well as on those indirect aspects as training 
and eﬀective use of resources at local scale in line with the ‘smart specialisation’ strategy.

Appendix 1 provides an overview of the intended governance at the level of the PPP and E2BA 
to ultimately guarantee openness and transparency. Appendixes 2 and 3 provide a detailed 
description of the drivers and challenges per each element of the value chain. Appendices 4 
and 5 provide an overview of key priorities identiﬁed within the framework of the Building-Up 
and ICT4E2B Forum projects, respectively. Appendix 6 provides an overview of the Materials 
Roadmap Enabling Low Carbon Energy Technologies (within the Set Plan).

11  http://ec.europa.eu/research/innovation-union/index_en.cfm

PART I: VISION 2030

19

2  Overall Vision till 2030 and PPP objectives

2.1 

Strategic and general objectives

In line with H2020 strategic targets, our vision is to drive the creation of a high-tech building 
industry which turns energy eﬃciency into a sustainable business, extending the scope of 
the running and successful PPP EeB beyond 2013. Connecting construction industry to other 
built environment system suppliers and stakeholders would be the decisive step for Europe 
to reach its economic, social and environmental goals, contributing to the objectives of the 
Innovation Union. By creating and fostering this research driven paradigm shi$, EU companies 
would become competitive on a global level in the design, construction and operation of 
the built environment while sustaining local economies across EU-27 through job crea-
tion and skills enhancement, driven by the vast majority of SMEs active in the value chain.

In this framework, our strategic objectives are to:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Develop technologies and solutions enabling to speed up the reduction in 

energy use and GHG emission in line with the 2020 goals, e.g. through a higher 
renovation rate of the building stock at lower cost and to meet regulatory needs;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Develop energy eﬃciency solutions in order to turn the building industry into 
a knowledge-driven sustainable business, with higher productivity and higher-
skilled employees;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Develop innovative and smart systemic approaches for green buildings and 
districts, helping to improve the competitiveness of EU building industry by 
providing cost-eﬀective, user-friendly, healthy and safe products for smart cities.

This would ultimately create a solid foundation for continuous innovation in the building sector 
through sustainable partnerships, fostering an innovation eco-system across value chains, 
which is not project based with episodic innovation activities as current practices.

By 2030, increased and faster collective research and innovation would allow the European 
building sector to mutate into a mature, innovative and energy eﬃcient enabling industry:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Delivering new or refurbished, user centric and aﬀordable buildings/districts 
in line with EU2020 and national strategic objectives and commitments towards 
2050;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Working safely according to quality standards that encompass the whole life 

cycle of any building, thus guaranteeing durable building performances;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Valuing not only energy performances but also environmental, aesthetics, 

historic value, acoustics, safety, accessibility or comfort as purchase criteria for 
end users;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Committing to long term performance guaranteed contracts on the energy 

bills.

20

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

2.2 

Speciﬁc objectives

Our speciﬁc Research and Innovation objectives are to develop, integrate and demonstrate at 
least 40 new technologies by 2020 in:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Innovative construction e.g. building envelope, multi-target design, pre-
fabrication methods, approaches adapted to public buildings or commercial/
private-housing ones;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Systemic, cost-eﬀective, mass-customised, high-performing, and minimally 
invasive building-retroﬁtting solutions integrating innovative energy 
equipment and storage, to multiply at least by 2.5 the yearly energy eﬃcient 
and high quality renovation rate with tangible beneﬁts for users;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Interactive sustainable buildings for energy neutrality/positivity in a block of 
buildings, for a further 15 % reduction at district and city scale in energy and 
emissions by 2020;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Performance monitoring tools to ensure energy eﬃciency during the service life, 
by providing the full performance predicted at the design phase and long-lasting 
quality to the end-user, in combination with durable components.

Transforming energy eﬃciency into a sustainable business, by 2020 the PPP would contribute 
to:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Increase private investment in research & innovation up to 3 % of turnover 
associated with high quality and energy eﬃcient building retroﬁtting;

(cid:98)(cid:553) 10 new types of high-skilled jobs through knowledge transfer and training;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reduce energy and CO2 respectively by 50 % and by 80 % compared to 2010 

levels;

(cid:98)(cid:553) At least 100 demonstration buildings and districts would be retroﬁtted with 

ICT-based solutions and monitored to reduce up to 75 % in energy use and help 
standardisation and interoperability, and at least 10 000 dwellings would be 
engaged by 2020 through the project activities.

This would ultimately contribute on health and safety, both at work site as well as for occu-
pants, due to enhanced indoor environmental conditions.

PART I: VISION 2030

21

3 

 Importance of the building sector for the 
European economy

Construction is a lucrative sector for the European economy. The 2011 statistics from the 
European Construction Industry Federation (FIEC) 12 report that construction is the largest 
European single activity accounting for 9.6 % of the EU-27 GDP worth just above EUR 1.2 tril-
lion, when considering the extended value chain (e.g. the manufacture of construction products, 
architecture and engineering). It is the biggest European industrial employer accounting for 
30.7 % of industrial employment, directly involving nearly 15 million people within more than 
3 million enterprises, 95 % of which being SMEs with less than 20 people. FIEC estimates that 
43.8 million workers in the EU depend, directly or indirectly, on the construction sector. Yet, 
this sector remains fragmented, involving a large number of highly specialised skills, but 
with signiﬁcant regional market diﬀerences. Since 2007, the recent ﬁnancial and economic 
crisis has signiﬁcantly impacted on the activities in the construction sector.

The sector continues to experience a signiﬁcant reduction in the construction outputs. 
Eurostat reports that, when compared with February 2011, the output of February 2012 
dropped by 12.9 % in the Euro area and by 9.4 % in the EU-27 13.

Figure 1. EU-27 & EA-17 Construction output (production index14, 2000-2010, annual 
data, 2005=100, Source: Eurostat

110

105

100

95

90

85

80

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

EU-27 Construction

EA-17 Construction

12  FIEC latest available statistics, http://www.ﬁec.eu/Content/Default.asp?PageID=5

13  Source: Eurostat News Release 58/2012 – 18 April 2012.

14  The production index for construction is a business cycle indicator which measures monthly changes in the price adjusted output 
of construction. Despite its name the production index is not intended to measure production but should – in theory – reﬂect the 
development of value added.

22

4 

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

 New economic, environmental and societal 
challenges for the EU building industry

The construction sector is fully aware of a huge responsibility, being the highest energy con-
sumer in EU (about 40 %) and main contributor to GHG emissions (about 36 % of the EU’s total 
CO2 emissions and for about half of the CO2 emissions which are not covered by the Emission Trad-
ing System). In this framework, the building industry would be one of the key enablers of the 
2050 decarbonisation goal for the European economy. This goal links two European policies:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The energy policy: scenarios by 2050 show that a 40 % to 50 % reduction of the 
building ‘sector’ 15 energy consumption is mandatory by 2050, where fossil fuel 
heating represents a major share (60 %);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The climate policy: scenarios by 2050 show that the building ‘sector’ must target 
a reduction of at least 80 % of its CO2 emissions, accounting for about 1.4 Gtons 
of CO2 per year.

The implementation of the 2050 decarbonisation goals raises new grand European challenges 
for the building industry and the entire value chain (e.g. technology manufacturers, construc-
tion companies, energy service companies, etc.):

(cid:98)(cid:553) How to make the routes to reach the 2050 goals realistic when complying with 

intermediate targets by 2020 16?

(cid:98)(cid:553) How to reduce the risk of potential market failures ahead?

4.1 

The critical role of refurbishment

Tackling refurbishment of existing buildings (historic buildings included) is a top priority; 
it is expected that, by 2050, about half of the existing building stock in 2012 would be still 
operational. In 2011, the Buildings Performance Institute Europe’s (BPIE) 17 study emphasised 
the critical role of refurbishment, when considering various pathways to achieve the 2050 
building sector decarbonisation goals. The proposed pathways 18 diﬀer from one another by:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The speed at which buildings are refurbished (the refurbishment rate);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The level of energy or greenhouse gas emission savings that are achieved when 

refurbishing a building (the refurbishment depth).

15  Meaning the technology manufacturers, the construction companies, the energy companies and the building users.

16  1. A reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20 % below 1990 levels; 2. 20 % of EU energy consumption to come 
from renewable resources; 3.a 20 % reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, achieved by improving 
energy eﬃciency.

17  The institute was founded in 2010, by the ClimateWorks, the European Climate Foundation and the European Council for an 
Energy Eﬃcient Economy (ECEEE), providing analyses targeted at the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD).

18  There is at least one other vision, i.e. ‘Refurbishing Europe’ (Toﬁeld and Ingham, 2012), that presents a vision for the building 

sector, but it does not include alternative pathways.

PART I: VISION 2030

23

The BPIE study developed ﬁve scenarios that may or may not achieve the 2050 target for the 
building sector: only two work well – the Deep Scenario and the Two-Stage Scenario. When 
comparing these two scenarios with the current situation, it can be seen that:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Both rate and depth of refurbishment must at least double and even triple, 

compared to the currently observed situation;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The depth of refurbishment must start increasing before 2020 to avoid the 

need for a two-stage refurbishment process, which in turn would yield a higher 
share of zero energy buildings by 2050.

Table 1. Scenarios (Source: BPIE 2011)

Current

Deep Scenario

Two-Stage Scenario

Building sector GHG emissions reduction by 

2050 (compared to 2010 level)
Average depth of refurbishment
Average rate of refurbishment

72 %

9 %
1 %

90 %

68 %
2.5 %

91 %

71 %
3.3 %

Nevertheless, the BPIE study did not address the impact of a third critical parameter discussed 
earlier: the district dimension which could possibly relax either one of the above trajec-
tory parameters and innovation, allowing for cross building energy cooperation and/or smart 
energy generation and use within districts.

At any rate, deep refurbishment would be required, meaning:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Breakthrough technological and economic performance improvements for the 

building envelope (reduce the demand);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Proper downscaling/management of energy equipment (adjust to a lower 

demand without losing energy use eﬃciency);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Durable performance improvements (avoiding user’s misuses and/or building 

disorders).

A relevant aspect not considered in the BPIE report is the associated investment to these sce-
narios. Research and innovation are clearly needed to reduce the huge additional investment 
required to reach the renovation targets in terms of energy eﬃciency, which are measured 
over EUR 60 billion additional investment per year.

Finally, another aspect which the paper does not include but may hinder innovative and energy 
eﬃcient refurbishment is represented by the large number of micro and small enterprises 
involved in the refurbishment operations: it is well known that the uptake of innovative 
technologies by SMEs is rather slow due to limited economical and knowledge resources.

4.2 

Avoiding the risk of a market failure

The building sector is a highly regulated market. Figure 2 below summarises the European 
Directives which to-day shape the building industry.

24

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Figure 2. European regulations and policy strategies impacting the building industry

Policy orientations

2020

2030

...

2050

active

TBD

TBD

Energy
Prices

DG Climate Roadmap

DG Energy Roadmap

Energy Efficiency Plan (2011)

Energy Efficiency Directive

Products
and
services

Energy Taxation
Directive 2003/96/EC

EU Trading Scheme
Directive 2003/87/EC

Use of energy from
renewable sources
Directive 2009/28/EC

Labelling and Information
Directive 1992/75/EEC
Directive 2010/30/EU

Energy Efficiency
Directive 2012/27/EC

Building
industry

Legislation

Energy Performance of
Buildings
Directive 2010/31/EU

Additionally manifold national regulations have to be fulﬁlled, o$en diﬀering between the 
EU Member States. The measured rate of refurbishment today is still much lower than the 
one which should be observed to remain in line with the above future 2050 ambitions. Today 
buildings are renovated every 30 to 40 years on average 19, and every 60 to 80 years in the 
Mediterranean regions 20. Energy or greenhouse gas emission savings are rarely the main driv-
ers. Typical drivers include the end of the lifetime of building components and/or subsystems, 
the improvement of the living quality and comfort of the building, or even the improvement 
of the building appearance and economic value 21.

The probability of a market failure is therefore rising above all during this period of eco-
nomic crisis at global level: Reducing the probability of a major market failure requires that all 
the stakeholders of the building sector accelerate and deepen refurbishment, while keeping 
construction costs under control. Increased technological, social and business innovation is 
therefore needed now and in parallel to address several issues:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Most technology solutions are too expensive: volume eﬀects to reduce 

unit manufacturing costs cannot be obtained in a highly segmented building 

19  EC, 2012, European Commission, Directorate-General for Energy, Consultation Paper — Financial support for energy eﬃciency in 

buildings. Brussels, February 2012.

20  IREC 2012.Integrated Regional Benchmark Analysis. Work in progress within the MARIE project. Final report to be released by 

July 2012 (http://www.marie-medstrategic.eu/).

21  See for instance: 1) Jakob, M., 2007. The drivers of and barriers to energy eﬃciency in renovation decisions of single-family 

home-owners. CEPE Working Paper No 56 and 2) Caird, S., Roy, R., Herring, H., 2008. Improving the energy performance of UK 
households: Results from surveys of consumer adoption and use of low- and zero-carbon technologies. Energy Eﬃciency (2008) 
1:149–166.

PART I: VISION 2030

25

stock; technological innovation is still needed to ﬁnd solutions complying with 
constraints, such as aesthetics, acoustics, health at aﬀordable prices;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Construction processes lack productivity and quality: the most promising 
technologies would deliver savings if and only if their building integration is 
carried out properly and controlled step by step. Innovation on construction 
processes is needed to ﬁnd reliable and worker-centric approaches where existing 
gaps between performance by design and performance at commissioning are 
narrowed down;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Renewable energy sources have not yet reached mature integration into 

existing or new buildings to provide users with heat and/or electricity that are 
independent from fossil fuel uses. Innovation is still needed to optimise renewable 
energy impacts and uses at building and district level;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The refurbishment market (supply and demand) must be better understood:

 # What is basically traded in refurbishment? Energy savings are diﬃcult to 
quantify since they depend on the users’ behaviour. Moreover, several other 
building use values can hardly be monetised (acoustic comfort, indoor air 
quality, preservation of the historic value, improved accessibility ….);

 # How much is traded in refurbishment? Energy consumption is still poorly 
measured in buildings. The other use values (acoustic comfort, indoor air 
quality, preservation of historic value, etc.) can hardly, if ever, be measured;

 # How is refurbishment trade organised? A myriad of market players 
(fragmented in many micro and small industries) is involved, showing 
that refurbishment is not yet built around an industrial supply of services, 
purchased through a value appraisal which may go beyond mere energy 
savings.

(cid:98)(cid:553) Users must be engaged and their behaviour properly considered along the 

diﬀerent steps in the value chain.

5 

 Research and Innovation to meet the EU 
decarbonisation goals

Managing the above innovation pathways requires meeting three constraints, like in any tech-
nology development:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The time required to deliver innovative technologies and/or construction 

processes (fast);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The quality of the technologies and/or construction processes (durable energy 

eﬃciency and sustainable quality);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The total costs, including the external ones, required for developing and 

implementing the product or construction process (aﬀordable).

26ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGSThe classical ‘trilemma’ of technology development (see Figure 3) tells us that only two of the above constraints can be simultaneously considered.In this framework, public intervention at European level is needed to foster the research, development and deployment of innovative technologies and solutions in a partnership between industry and the public stakeholders. It allows supporting very early more innova-tion investments in parallel, transforming regulatory constraints into business opportunities with new SME driven value chain creation. It helps concentrating public support at developing a large portfolio of innovative services and products, which in turn must position this whole value chain into a virtuous circle much earlier and with a broader scope:(cid:98)(cid:553)The technology supply chain beneﬁts very early from appropriate business models to accelerate the refurbishment of the existing building stocks;(cid:98)(cid:553)Increased manufacturing volumes to meet both new and refurbished building demands help the supply chain keeping the costs and prices down;(cid:98)(cid:553)The demand for refurbishment services may then rise, since becoming more and more ﬁnancially attractive (and triggered by aﬀordable prices and value creation for the users that can go beyond mere energy savings). An increasing concern for the preservation of cultural heritage may also have a role to play in this context;(cid:98)(cid:553)SMEs which represent 95 % of the players in the value chain are engaged since the early stages, developing skills and know-how that would be instrumental to achieve the expected energy eﬃcient performance at building and operation stage.Figure 3. The speed/cost/quality trilemmaDurable qualityPART I: VISION 2030

27

6 

 The need to extend the ambition of the PPP 
EeB in Horizon 2020

6.1 

The need for a European approach through a PPP

Energy eﬃciency in the built environment has a European dimension and cannot be solved 
on a Member State scale. Novel technologies and systemic solutions at EU scale are needed 
which leverage on research capabilities across diﬀerent Member States while being deployed 
and customised at local scale, and this contractual PPP is indeed gathering all stakeholders. 
Harmonised standards and regulations are needed, enabled by pre-normative research and 
eﬀective metrics which would be diﬃcult to develop at the level of single Member States or 
with a market push approach by industry alone. To ensure such deployment, collaboration of 
the relevant industrial players is needed at an early stage of the innovation chain. A sizeable 
and stable long term multi-annual research and innovation strategy Implemented through 
a PPP between industry and the EU Commission, with deﬁned priorities and a critical mass 
of resources is required to reduce risks, to stimulate solid and lasting partnerships as well as 
to accelerate innovation.

6.2 

The added value of continuing EeB PPP beyond 2013

The PPP EeB was launched as part of the economic recovery plan in 2008. The PPP EeB used 
existing FP7 mechanisms whilst providing a mid-term approach to R & D activities. It brought 
together various Directorates Generals (DGs): DG Research and Innovation (RTD) (Nano, Materi-
als and Processes — NMP- and Environment — ENV-), DG Energy and DG CONNECT in close 
dialogue with industry. In this framework, a roadmap was built on the following pillars, namely: 
1) systemic approach; 2) exploitation of the potential at district level; 3) geo-clusters, 
conceived as virtual trans-national areas/markets where strong similarities are found, for 
instance, in terms of climate, culture and behaviour, construction typologies, economy and 
energy/resources price policies, Gross Domestic Product, but also types of technological solu-
tions (because of local demand-supply aspects) or building materials applied etc.

These pillars are deﬁnitely brought forward in this Research and Innovation Roadmap which 
indeed is strongly based on the long term programme deﬁned in 2009 22 around a ‘wave 
action’. In this ‘wave action’ plan, continuous, on-going research feeds successive waves of 
projects as stated here below. The knowledge gained in the ﬁrst ‘wave’ feeds in the second at 
the design stage, realising a continuous implementation process.

The roadmap is based therefore on the following logic:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Continuous, on-going research feeding successive ‘waves’ of projects (Design and 

Building followed by Operation) as stated here below;

22  PPP EeB ‘Research priorities for the deﬁnition of a multi-annual roadmap and longer term strategy’, July 2009.

28

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Figure 4. Wave action along the roadmap (D&B: Design and Building; O: Operation)

Years 01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

Wave 1

D & B

O

Wave 2

Wave 3

D & B

O

D & B

O

Continuous Research 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Knowledge gained in the ﬁrst ‘wave’ feeding also the second one at the design 
stage, realising a continuous implementation process (see Figure 4 below).

As a result of this ‘wave action’ industry expects to reach impact following a stepped approach, 
namely:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Step 1: Reducing the energy use of buildings and its negative impacts on 
environment through integration of existing technologies (main focus of the 
current PPP EeB);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Step 2: Buildings cover their own energy needs;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Step 3: Transformation of buildings into energy providers, preferably at district 

level.

The long term programme set by the industry tackles also the development of those enabling 
knowledge and technologies which are instrumental to achieve these targets, launching the 
required more fundamental and applied research actions. In this framework, the extension of 
the PPP EeB beyond 2013 would accelerate the innovation pace of the on-going projects 
while at the same time addressing those priorities which industry has identiﬁed as key for 
impact following up the ﬁrst ‘wave’ and have not yet been extensively covered so far.

The results and knowledge gained in the ﬁrst ‘wave’ of R & D project ﬁnanced within the PPP 
EeB till 2013 have created a solid foundation and would feed the next project waves, leading 
ultimately to full scale demonstration of integrated and standardised/interoperable solutions, 
a prerequisite to prepare scaling-up and replication. This analysis clearly shows an added 
value for the industry in teaming up with EC to bring forward the current PPP beyond 
2013, keeping the overall ambition to share a long term programme which would lead to 
growth and job creation while enabling the solution of relevant societal challenges.

 
PART I: VISION 2030

29

6.3 

Compliance with article 19 of Horizon 2020 regulation

This roadmap is the backbone of a long term Research and Innovation programme with shared 
priorities openly agreed amongst the vast community of stakeholders across enlarged Europe. 
In line with Horizon 2020, this PPP aims at developing breakthrough aﬀordable solutions at 
building and district scale, connecting them at a larger scale to future smart cities and in 
a broader framework with all suitable instruments and initiatives along the innovation chain 
to create impact. This challenge based approach would ultimately beneﬁt all EU citizens and 
users as well as local public authorities.

This is fully in line with the main criteria set in article 19 under Horizon 2020 regulation, 
as summarised in table 2.

Table 2. Compliance of the PPP with criteria under article 19 of H2020 regulation

CRITERIA

RELEVANCE

Energy eﬃciency in the built environment cannot be solved on 

a Member State scale: novel technologies and systemic solutions are 

Added value of action at Union level

needed, which are optimised leveraging on research at EU scale, but 

customised at local scale, and this contractual PPP is gathering all 

stakeholders
40 new technologies along the value chain, increase in private 

investment in research & innovation up to 3 % of turnover, 10 new 

types of high-skilled jobs through knowledge transfer and training, 
a reduction in energy and CO2 respectively by 50 % and by 80 % 
compared to 2010 levels, at least 100 demonstration buildings and 

districts retroﬁtted with ICT-based solutions and monitored to reduce 

up to 75 % in energy use and help standardisation, with at least 10 

000 dwellings engaged

Clear set of strategic and general objectives as well as speciﬁc 

objectives and deliverables

Scale of impact on industrial 

competitiveness, sustainable growth 

and socioeconomic issues

Long-term commitment from all 

partners based on a shared vision 

and clearly deﬁned objectives
Scale of the resources involved and 

the ability to leverage additional 

2.1 billion Europe ﬁnancial envelope, investments of at least a factor 

investments in research and 

of 4 by industry on top of EC contribution to bring results to market

innovation

Clear deﬁnition of roles for each 

of the partners and agreed key 

performance indicators

Setting up of a Partnership Board to get engage with EC in 

a continuous dialogue along implementation, open and transparent 

mechanisms for engagement of stakeholders beyond E2BA, clear set 

of KPIs to monitor PPP implementation and impact at project level

© FJ Medrano

Part II: Research and 
innovation strategy

1 

 Research and innovation issues: a value chain 
perspective

The innovation rationale proposed by industry is to extend the ambition of the running PPP 
EeB beyond 2013 in line with the 2030 vision to develop and to validate a set of innovative 
tools, technology and process components covering the whole value chain, having districts 
as a proper dimension to address. They would be integrated to meet future market conditions 
and opportunities at the larger city scale, thus:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Transforming barriers and regulatory constraints into innovation opportunities;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Fostering the creation of innovative supply chains, that become more user 
centric to cope with the diﬃculty of implementing refurbishment strategies 23;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reorganising and stimulating innovative procurement of buildings and ordering 
of technology/services with the integration of new smart grids technologies for 
single buildings as well as for whole districts (new buildings and existing stock).

Today’s fragmented nature of the construction chain still gives little freedom for innovations 
that are indispensable to shape a more sustainable built environment. Yet, collaborative project 

23  The subsectors by decreasing order of refurbishment diﬃculty are: condominiums, private houses, private commercial building, 

public oﬃce social housing building.

32

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Figure 5. Representation of the segmentation of the value chain

Design

Structure

Envelope

Energy
equipment

(cid:18)(cid:381)(cid:374)(cid:400)(cid:410)(cid:396)(cid:437)(cid:272)(cid:415)(cid:381)(cid:374)
process

Energy
Performance

End
of life

Design 

Technology building blocks 

Construction 
process 

Energy performance 
monitoring and 
management 

End of life 

Cross-cutting and Integration 

management in the construction sector has become a prerequisite to develop a building stock 
that is technically and economically optimised: this goes against centuries of working habits.

Moreover, the focus must be on creating value (not only in terms of economics, but also in 
terms of comfort, health, environment, etc.) for all the users involved. This requires new skills 
together with a major behavioural shi$ within the entire construction sector. Coalitions 24 must 
be created, which are dedicated to the collaboration among players from diﬀerent disciplines 
to contribute to the realisation of buildings and districts with energy-ambitious goals.

The whole value chain would be involved in this continuous optimisation process to cope with 
Europe’s strategic goals. The biggest eﬀorts must lie upon the refurbishment of the existing 
stock due to its quantity of CO2 emissions, taking into account the cultural heritage of Europe’s 
cities and the need to ﬁnd adequate solutions.

The energy transition and decarbonisation, sustainability and innovative solutions within 
smart districts and cities are integral parts of the following three major steps for the built 
environment:

Step 1:   From design to commissioning of new or refurbished buildings, the optimisation con-
sists in picking from a portfolio of material and energy equipment solutions, the ones 
which meet both a cost of ownership target and minimal potential GHG emissions 
over the foreseen life cycle.

Step 2: 

 During this life cycle, robust user-centric energy management systems ensure that the 
initial GHG emissions targets are continuously met thanks to continuous optimisation able 
to cope with changing climate conditions and to correct for or modify behaviours of users.

Step 3: 

 The next refurbishment involves another optimisation approach where the investment for 
refurbishment can be recovered through further savings on the cost of ownership. A num-
ber of diﬀerent new technologies would create new markets for aﬀordable solutions.

This optimisation approach requires that all the stakeholders perform according to quality 
rules where interfaces and responsibilities between any of them are transparently exchanged. 
The innovation process would be open to various technologies, materials or processes focus-
sing on valuable improvements. Interaction with other research areas especially the integra-
tion of supply systems for renewable energy including storage systems would be mandatory. 

24  ‘Energy Leap long term program’ TNO (2011).

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

33

Indeed novel Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as well as materials tech-
nologies would be key enablers throughout the whole value chain, from the design phase 
to the end of life.

An overview of the enabling role of ICT is provided in the ﬁgure below.

It is at the design stage that more than 80 % of the building performance is set both in terms 
of energy savings (generation when embedded in a zero energy district) and cost of owner-
ship over the life cycle before refurbishment. Yet, the relative gap between the design value 
for energy performance and the commissioning measured result is still too large (and would 
probably widen when the more stringent building code standards for 2020 are in place). A new 
regional and urban (master) planning of smart grids and cities promotes decisions at the 
design phase for better solutions. Thus, planning with a holistic approach for energy-eﬃcient 
and sustainable buildings and districts (new and refurbished) would be mandatory. Hereby, ICT 
technologies from true interoperability to decision support systems can be exploited.

Load bearing structural parts of a building can be mechanically and thermally optimised with 
sophisticated tools: the focus must be put on the embedded CO2 which is associated with the 
materials (e.g. concrete, various brickwork, steel, wood, etc.). This CO2 would become the most 

Figure 6. The pervasive role of ICT along the value chain

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New business models, processes & services
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Integration of buildings systems
Integration of buildings systems

Integration with mobility, infrastructures, smart cities & citizensens
Integration with mobility, infrastructures, smart cities & citiz

Integration with grids & local energy systems
Integration with grids & local energy systems

IT & communication infrastructures
IT & communication infrastructures

Knowledge sharing, awareness, education & training
Knowledge sharing, awareness, education & training

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
34

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

© FCC

prominent part of GHG emissions as the share of energy neutral building grows. Alternative 
construction processes (e.g. with signiﬁcantly lower embodied energy) would help to bind CO2. 
Hereby, renewable energies and sustainable cultivation plays a key role 25.

The envelope becomes the most critical part when it comes to energy eﬃcient buildings:

(cid:98)(cid:553) For new buildings, materials and energy equipment integration already allows 

reaching very low energy demand (e.g. based on a high heat resistance, 
high air tightness or integrated ventilation systems with connection to heat 
recovery systems). Yet, the investment costs have to be further reduced while 
taking care of several other design constraints (e.g. acoustics, ﬁre, seismic, 
air quality, adaptation requirements for ageing population...). In the long run, 
active envelopes could make buildings energy positive by, for instance, smartly 
managing solar ﬂuxes onto the building;

(cid:98)(cid:553) For refurbishment, the diversity of architectures, building types, categories, 

structures as well as climates in Europe requires a whole value chain innovation 
process where design, technology choice and construction are even more 
intertwined than for new buildings — special eﬀorts are likely to be necessary for 
cultural heritage buildings. The integration of the district dimension can allocate 
refurbishment performance settings to reach very ambitious zero energy districts. 
Overall, refurbishment depths must go beyond 70 % while valuing non- energy 
related beneﬁts to make the business models more attractive;

25  http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/fore/action_plan/index_en.htm

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

35

(cid:98)(cid:553) Prefabrication of envelope parts, multi-functionality and compact solutions 
presumably would signiﬁcantly reduce costs and produce new markets.

The energy equipment must adapt to the new smart grids and to lower unit energy 
demands from more energy eﬃcient buildings, which requires sizing down the current 
portfolio while keeping energy eﬃciency at the highest level possible as well as unit invest-
ment cost down. Beyond existing technologies, breakthrough solutions can be expected 
from heating/cooling systems combined with renewable energy sources, storage (heat 
and electricity) and building or district integrated solutions in combination with smart grid 
technologies. Interoperable systems which integrate all diﬀerent energy ﬂuxes like electric 
energy sources and sinks, heat sources (including waste heat) and sinks (including storage) 
and innovative control systems are required. The costs for diﬀerent energy sources would 
vary depending on supply and demand. Smart solutions would oﬀer best prices for inves-
tors and end-users.

Construction processes are now part of the critical path to reach the ﬁnal energy perfor-
mance: any defect can lead to disorders and even pathologies which hamper the durability of 
the building performance. Several complementary routes can be envisaged, with the envelope 
and the technical equipment at the heart of the integration process:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Prefabrication of standard units which facilitate ﬁeld integration;

(cid:98)(cid:553) New ﬁeld integration process with more detailed internal performance 

control following elementary construction steps. New sensors can help check 
intermediate performance steps before commissioning (ex: blower-door test 
in combination with thermal imaging for air tightness) which, in turn, require 
collective work in the ﬁeld;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Continuous improvement processes become part of a quality process which 

increases energy and comfort performances for new and refurbished buildings. 
RFID technology would improve productivity at the building site as well as the 
training of workers, e.g. on the impacts of a wrong installation on the buildings’ 
performance;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Starting at the design phase new standardised BIM exchange formats allow 

a continuous information ﬂow towards a computer aided construction process.

Performance monitoring and Continuous Optimisation (either before a refurbishment inter-
vention, either at commissioning and during the building life) is mandatory: it enables smart 
grid integration, allows users to oversee and control their own consumption and allows detect-
ing inappropriate operating conditions. Moreover, conditional maintenance approaches can 
bring added value in guaranteed performance contracts. New IT solutions such as Model 
Based Control and embedded sensors would come from other ﬁelds of use (transportation for 
instance) as pervasive technologies that would be user-centric. Performance management 
allows merging the best available technologies and processes to optimise both costs and 
performances of new or refurbished buildings. The ability to interact with smart grids would 
be mandatory. This implies not only connection capacities for energy supply including smart 
storage functionality, but also adaptable solutions for the buildings or districts themselves. 
The prediction of peak loads (e.g. by weather forecast) or support for low prices to load bat-
teries for e-mobility would be implemented. Any changes of the boundary conditions in terms 

36

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

of changing energy production, energy demands, load cases, etc. would be handled. New 
learning control systems or control systems based on human behaviour may be introduced. 
Mitigation strategies for climate change can be part of this strategy. All these technologies 
are based on ICT.

End of life: building demolition is an environmental issue which would grow under the pres-
sure of deeper refurbishment. It can be addressed, both at design (reusable components) and 
demolition levels (reusable materials). Selective deconstruction to reuse single components 
and LCA approaches should be pursued further. The building industry is already involved 
in signiﬁcant waste recovery (with a focus on concrete, metal and plastics). Innovation is 
expected in view of contributing both to the lowering of embodied energy/CO2 and resource 
eﬃciency.

Some of the ICT technologies have an even broader context for future new or refurbished 
buildings and districts:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Sensor networks are key components not only as standalone devices, but also 

embedded in smart Energy Consuming and Producing Products [EupP]. The vision 
of these devices includes growing embedded intelligence for instance product and 
repair information;

(cid:98)(cid:553) User awareness, occupancy modelling and decision support now become 

more complex in a scenario with variable prices for energy and changing supply 
and demand. Highly integrated solutions are planned at the design phase and 
inﬂuence even the buildings’ end of life;

(cid:98)(cid:553) True interoperability would reduce redundant information and information 

aﬀected with errors. Beginning at the design phase all components of the value 
chain can be enhanced by secure and long-term working data models and 
interfaces;

(cid:98)(cid:553) New data support systems provide reporting; data aggregation and statistical 
elaboration guidance and facilities (see www.concerto.eu). Regulation and 
standardisation e.g. for EPDs (Environmental Product Declarations) can beneﬁt 
from it.

The present roadmap provides dedicated innovation trajectories for each element of the value 
chain (see Figure 7): progressive market availability of technologies and processes would come 
from large scale demonstrations. They would show irrefutably that the minimum technical 
and maximum cost performances can be reached on time for the market demand, thanks to 
integration processes taking care of the global optimisation at building or even district level, 
and data sharing to help minimising the interface risks inherent to any such complex system 
optimisation process. Many challenges, barriers, targets and innovation drivers can be clus-
tered (e.g. design, envelope and the construction process) depending on a particular (market) 
situation. To simplify the structure of this document examples are given at the speciﬁc parts 
of the value chain.

Cross cutting and integration aspects create links along the value chain areas and address 
the vision of the buildings and districts as part of a smart community and innovation 
eco-system.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

37

Figure 7. Road mapping process

OVERALL VISION 2030 

SPECIFIC 
TARGETS 
& INNOVATION 
DRIVERS 

CLUSTERED 
TARGETS 
& INNOVATION 
DRIVERS 

SPECIFIC 
CHALLENGES 
& BARRIERS 

CLUSTERED 
CHALLENGES 
& BARRIERS 

SPECIFIC 
TARGETS 
& INNOVATION 
DRIVERS 

CROSS-CUTTING 
TARGETS 
& INNOVATION 
DRIVERS 

SPECIFIC 
CHALLENGES 
& BARRIERS 

CROSS-CUTTING 
AND 
INTEGRATION 
CHALLENGES 
& BARRIERS 

n
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Design 

Structure 

Envelope 

Energy 
equipment 

Construction 
process 

Perf. 
monitoring 

End  
of life 

Cross-
cutting 
and 
Integration 

2  Main drivers to meet the 2050 long term goals

The following drivers were identiﬁed as highly relevant for the whole value chain, namely:

(cid:98)(cid:553) GHG reduction: this implies the lowering of the energy demand during the use-
phase of the buildings (mainly envelope and HVAC-systems), the lowering of the 
amount of embodied energy in materials used during the construction process as 
well as lowering the energy demand for recycling;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Material availability and resource eﬃciency: due to the decreasing availability 
of some raw materials, accompanied by the growing public awareness to protect 
remaining resources, alternative solutions have to be identiﬁed and developed. 
Some renewable material sources would become more cost-eﬃcient and 
available for a growing number of buildings (e.g. multi story buildings), with direct 
impact in lowering embodied energy;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Increasing prices for energy: the pay-back time of investments in energy-
eﬃcient technologies depend on energy prices. Due to the fact that energy 
prices increased more than average, the market for such investments would 
rise not only in Europe. This oﬀers great opportunities for the building industry 
if it is prepared to deal with the requirements in diﬀerent regions. Yet, these 
technologies are not cost-eﬃcient enough for a refurbishment rate above 1 %.
Today the costs for energy rise for both owners and tenants disproportionately 
fast. This aﬀects the spending capacity of more and more EU citizens. Especially 
households with low income need aﬀordable living spaces in the nearer future. 
Energy-eﬃcient buildings and districts built with new cost-eﬃcient technologies 
would oﬀer this;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Improving the long-term values of buildings: energy-eﬃcient new buildings 
and refurbished buildings oﬀer monetary safety for long-term investments. 

 
 
 
38

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

A low energy demand makes them more independent from rising energy prices. 
Furthermore, comfort, health, and the fulﬁlling of social needs can be improved 
by investing in energy-eﬃciency. Other aspects like safety, cultural heritage or 
new possibilities for an ageing society can be part of it;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Mitigation strategies for climate change: buildings must be ready for climate 
change. Depending on regional aspects this includes changing energy demands 
for heating and cooling, changing material requirements or construction, 
durability for all kind of weather extremes;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Growing interaction between buildings or districts and grids/networks: 

building design would more and more beneﬁt from evolving electricity, heating 
and cooling distribution networks which integrate more decentralised and 
renewable energy sources, as well as emerging ﬂexibility in the consumers’ 
demand (demand response schemes). Electrical and thermal loads of building 
would less and less be a burden for the local grid (e.g. adding to the peak 
load). Rather, energy management systems in buildings would support energy 
management; thanks to the increased ﬂexibility in energy consumption 
behaviours – this includes e-mobility;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Integration with ICT technologies: various ICT-technologies oﬀer major 
improvements for planners, owners and end-users. Adaptable long-term data 
models need to be developed and should be available from the design phase to 
the end-of-life and inform about all necessary aspects in the diﬀerent phases 
of the building. Smart ICT would interact with the buildings’ supply systems, the 
monitoring systems and the occupants not only for heating cooling shading and 
lighting but also to interact with smart grid technologies e.g. for energy storage. 
End-users would beneﬁt from information about cost-eﬃcient energy supply but 
also from improvements concerning various social aspects;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Taking into account the whole life cycle: based on new ICT-models LCA and 
LCC would become standard procedures for energy-eﬃcient new buildings and 
refurbishment. European directives for material usage and safety would be part 
of optimisation within the planning process from the beginning design phase;

(cid:98)(cid:553) End of life improvements: today approximately ﬁve times more building material 
mass is used for new and refurbished buildings than disposed or recycled in the 
EU. Many valuable components or materials can be reused or recycled instead, 
but only in a few EU countries corresponding markets develop especially for 
valuable goods like metals.

Energy independence and renewable energy as well as safety, comfort and indoor air quality 
could be considered as additional drivers. Speciﬁc drivers were identiﬁed for each area of the 
value chain and they are reported in Appendix 2.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

39

3 

 Main research and innovation areas: speciﬁc 
challenges, barriers and targets

3.1 

Design

Design Challenges and Barriers
The Design phase aﬀects all other parts of the value chain. The development of new innovative 
products may be connected to only some of these parts of the value chain. In the following 
table we provide an overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are provided in 
Appendix 3.

Challenge

Barriers

No proper tools for easy holistic planning of energy-

eﬃcient buildings exist for a number of building types, 

especially for refurbishment.

Technical/ 

Several so$ware products and lack of tool 

Technological

interoperability: exchange of error-free data from one 3D 

The design of energy/

resource eﬃcient 

buildings (new or 

to be refurbished) 

must involve all 

stake-holders within 

Industrial

n
g

i
s
e
D

a collaborative 

approach, allowing 

cost-eﬃcient solutions

Improving the 

planning process 

implies shared data, 

Economic

practices and tools 

Societal

with proper training 

and education

building-CAD to another is not possible at present;

Reliable material and equipment data base for holistic 

planning
So$ware vendors still hesitate to invest in BIM 

interoperability due to the lack of demand in having 

compatible BIM,

IFC, IFD, IDM/MVD limitations
Little realisation at district or city level for large scale 

improvements of the existing stock or new urban 

development at reasonable costs. Time constraints 

impact iterative design in terms of energy eﬃciency
Resistance to change

Considerations for cultural heritage buildings
Building Information Modelling makes responsibility 

Organisational

sharing fuzzy

Lack of Experts on combined BIM and IFC knowledge
Simpliﬁcation in approval procedures for building 

Regulatory

permissions of energy-eﬃcient districts.

IFC certiﬁcation suﬀers low quality

Regulating qualitative issues is diﬃcult

40

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Design Targets

Target 1:   A multi-scale cross-disciplinary holistic approach fostering interactions among 
players (including so$ware suite and training) is set up for the design of energy 
eﬃcient buildings and districts in Europe

By 2020, the design process would be able to integrate diﬀerent spatial dimensions from the 
building (micro scale) to the district, and to urban planning (macro scale), in order to optimise 
the design phase at a micro-scale and coordinate the integrated operational performance of 
the macro-components.

This multi-scale approach includes:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The interactions among players (contractors/architects/engineers with local 

governing bodies and institutions, utilities, and all stakeholders from cities and 
neighbourhoods);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The interactions among diﬀerent infrastructures of the environment (building, set 

of buildings, networks, (including grids), transport…);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Methodologies and tools that go beyond the building scale, for example new 

models of costs/beneﬁts analysis.

The change of mindsets supports integrated design and collaboration among architects, engi-
neers, contractors and material engineers. A robust design approach allows dealing with 
possible deviations in the whole design process. The attention to the acceptability of the 

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PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

41

innovative building products by end-user is of outmost importance. Education and training 
is a key pillar. Innovative learning-by-doing techniques must be developed to trigger the 
behavioural changes, since best practices and successful examples are already identiﬁed and 
available. Such innovative training techniques should lean on the learning possibilities related 
to simulation and gaming.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas (TA)’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA1.1: Eco-design tools for new buildings involving model-based CAD approaches 

and interoperable interface;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA1.2: Innovative training approaches to promote design tools for refurbishment;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA1.3: Eco design and resource eﬃcient approaches are implemented for all new 
technology development projects using LCA and European data bases allowing 
responsible sourcing.

Target 2:   A validated European cross-disciplinary ‘design for aﬀordable sustainability’ 
framework supports new and refurbished construction projects which minimise 
building GHG emissions AND their cost of ownership

A holistic approach must be developed to optimise both the GHG emissions and building 
costs 26, within a quality system, such as ISO 9000, supporting a continuous process improve-
ment mindset. A European collaborative framework, therefore, aims at promoting collaborative 
work and at setting up principles for design, engineering (envelope, HVAC-systems, ﬁttings, 
structure) and construction processes in order to:

(cid:98)(cid:553) For refurbishment:

 # Facilitate the interactions between players;
 # Provide guidelines to assess and evaluate the historic value of buildings;
 # Provide methodologies, tools and guidelines supporting refurbishment 

design for the diﬀerent buildings types and categories (including buildings of 
historical and cultural value), including structural upgrading and retroﬁt for 
safety issues (e.g. ﬁre, seismic, structural stability);

 # Intensify the certiﬁcation processes,;
 # Share information on the technological performances;
 # Develop business models.

(cid:98)(cid:553) For new buildings:

 # Reduce the overall CO2emissions and environmental impact of materials used 

in the whole building;

 # Reduce the buildings’ cost by using components, materials, or other equipment 

more eﬃciently (design and construction principles);

 # Simplify the assembly of all parts of the building during the construction 

process and provide smart grid / cities interaction;

26  A template for such a system born from industry initiatives is the Six Sigma framework introduced by General Electric in the late 

90’s in the USA.

42

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

 # Provide adaptability to changing demands on the utilisation;
 # Comply with building codes and standards (energy-eﬃciency, resistance to 

ﬁre, earthquakes, etc.).

(cid:98)(cid:553) For buildings end-of-life:

 # Select reuse, demolition or deconstruction options in a transparent way;
 # Take into account the dismantling issues at the building design stage, including 

LCA approaches 27;

 # Identify and disseminate good practices for recycling and deconstruction.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA2.1: Shared engineering and economic databases (materials, products, reference 

design solutions, building energy proﬁles, user group proﬁles) to support the 
minimisation of building GHG emissions and their cost of ownership (new and 
refurbished buildings, including buildings of historical and cultural value);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA2.2: Innovative design tools for refurbishment (from building to district, 

including those having an historical and cultural value) with improved design 
accuracy validated on large scale district refurbishment demonstration (to 
narrow the gap between design value and performance a"er building and district 
commissioning) and involving all stakeholders (including construction companies);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA2.3: Libraries of reference design solutions (including EE product catalogue, 
good practices, compliance with building codes) with semantic research tools.

Target  3:  Improved  collaborative  building  management  tools  integrating  the  whole 
lifecycle information from sourcing to building construction, refurbishing and end-of-life
Management tools are needed to support the integrated design and the collaborative work 
between architects, engineers and contractors, including the sharing of technical information 
on the building over its whole lifecycle. Such management tools include techniques and tools 
related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Building Information Modelling (BIM). Life Cycle 
Assessment and Life Cycle Costing (LCC) methods and tools must allow transparent and 
reliable evaluations of building design and end-of-life options. The most critical issues to be 
addressed by such tools encompass:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The development of an appropriate database;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The development of LCA and LCC synergies with BIM;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The comparative assessment of partial/total refurbishment options against 

demolition;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The comparative assessment of dismantling versus demolition, at the whole-
building level, also linking to broader dimensions such as the district scale;

27  The same idea applies at the building component level: designing for reuse/recycling.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

43

(cid:98)(cid:553) The acknowledgment of social parameters (such as preservation of cultural 

heritage);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The acknowledgment of reuse and recycling issues of the building material and 

components;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The aﬀordability of implementation.

In parallel, the use of BIM must be encouraged and expanded, as a support to information 
sharing and more intensive collaboration along the whole building value chain. BIM tools must 
show clear positive Return on Investment, and full interoperability, from design to construction 
and monitoring processes:

(cid:98)(cid:553) BIM cost and staﬀ investment must be balanced by clear beneﬁts, not only for 

contractors and constructors, but also for architects and engineers of the design 
stage, o$en bearing the BIM investment;

(cid:98)(cid:553) BIM tools must guarantee transparent and neutral simulations and assessments, 

i.e. certiﬁed evaluation of building options;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Synergies with other ICT tools and LCA tools would be made possible thanks to 
a full interoperability of BIM systems, not only for the design stage, but also for 
the construction and monitoring process.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA3.1: Enhanced BIM models based on standardised energy eﬃcient attributes and 

modelling of building energy proﬁles;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA3.2: Ontologies (data models) to describe materials, equipment and technology 

interfaces typical of building and district projects;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA3.3: Cost eﬀective BIM tools able to merge building models and building 

construction process management;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA3.4: BIM control and certiﬁcation methodologies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA3.5: Approaches to enforce the long term legal and contractual validity of 

building information models.

3.2 

Structure

Structure Challenges and Barriers
In the following table we provide an overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are 
provided in Appendix 3.

44

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Challenge

Barriers

E
R
U
T
C
U
R
T
S

(cid:98)(cid:553) The embodied 
CO2 of building 
structure 

materials must 

be signiﬁcantly 

lowered

(cid:98)(cid:553) The structure 

can be used as 

a thermal storage 

for smart heating 

or cooling

Reuse of existing structures to be equipped with innovative 

envelopes, ﬁttings and HVAC-systems instead of demolition

Technical/ 

Technological

Innovative structural materials with low embodied CO2 for new 
structures possessing same performance parameters that state-

Industrial

of-the-art technology and to be produced on a multi-million tons 

or m³ scale are not available
Characterisation methods and standards for eco construction 

materials are missing
The costs for demolition and new construction are easier to 

calculate than reuse and retroﬁtting

Economic

Costs of future low CO2 solutions need to be competitive with 
state-of-the art technology to enable market penetration

Costs of renovation may be very high in case of historic buildings
The trust of the construction sector towards new materials is 

poor;

Societal

Cultural heritage value may be underestimated

The contribution of structural engineers to energy eﬃciency is 

underestimated

Organisational

Structural eco products and solutions are lacking visibility

Codes and regulations need to evolve and become supportive 

regarding the reuse of existing structures and use of eco 

Regulatory

materials for new structures

Need to further raise awareness of regulations concerning the 

preservation of historic buildings

Structure Targets

Target 4: Reuse of existing structures with their embodied energy
Innovative solutions for the reuse of existing structures can prevent the demolition and the 
need to dispose or to down-cycle materials. In order to increase the retroﬁtting rate signiﬁ-
cantly it would be necessary to ﬁnd new solutions for economic reuse. If neither the envelope 
nor ﬁttings or HVAC-systems fulﬁl the requirements for an economical retroﬁtting nor com-
plete or partial dismantling is carried out, new construction procedures for the reuse of the 
structural parts would be introduced.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA4.1: Development of strategies to identify economic construction procedures for 

reuse of structures;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA4.2: Development of procedures to determine the structural load capacity of 

existing structures accurately, which are easy to use and cost-eﬃcient.

Target 5:   Aﬀordable, adaptable and durable structural systems have a low embodied 

CO2 content

Future materials must demonstrate a signiﬁcantly reduced level of embodied carbon via 
a systematic carbon footprint assessment based on life cycle approaches. The materials 
would also:

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

45

© Big Rolo Images

(cid:98)(cid:553) Demonstrate a good workability for an easy placement, installation and 

integration during the construction process: each component shall meet building 
integration requirements that make it easy to implement and interface in the 
structure subsystem and with the other subsystems (envelope in particular) 
during the construction process;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Be responsibly sourced 28;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Be non-toxic (low VOC and hazardous substances emissions level);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Be reusable or recyclable, including those derived from renewable resource-based 

materials;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Have a high durability and stability over very long periods of time.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Area’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA5.1: Development of novel cost competitive high volume and high performance 
eco-construction materials (including cement, concrete, gypsum, glass, steel, FRP 
materials, wood, to name a few) to cost eﬃciently cut down CO2 emissions of 
the construction sector and associated with low embodied carbon and improved 
resource eﬃciency.

3.3 

Envelope

Envelope Challenges and Barriers
Envelope is a critical element to reach the 2050 decarbonisation goals, indeed according to 
US DoE 29 estimation, the building envelope impacts 57 % of the building thermal loads. In 
the following table we provide an overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are 
provided in Appendix 3.

28  See BES 6001 certiﬁcation in the UK for example.

29  Building Technologies Program, Roadmap overview, Marc LaFrance, Buildings XI Conference DOE Roadmap Meeting, 

December 2010.

46

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Challenge

Barriers

E
P
O
L
E
V
N
E

(cid:98)(cid:553) Innovative materials 

Societal

(cid:98)(cid:553) A reliable multi-

objective envelope 

optimisation 

methodology allows 

integrating all 

envelope constraints 

for new and 

refurbished buildings

(cid:98)(cid:553) Performances keep 

improving in terms 

of insulation, costs, 

energy harvesting, 

building integration 

and building 

adaptability

and prefabricated 

components help 

improving energy & 

resource eﬃciency 

durably

(cid:98)(cid:553) Users are accounted 

for the delivery of the 

full energy perform-

ance potential of 

envelopes

(cid:98)(cid:553) full exploitation 

of diﬀerent climate 

potential

Technical/ 

Technological

Industrial

Meeting the design performances of integrated envelopes 

is still diﬃcult;

Assessing the contribution of each envelope component to 

the system performance over time is still diﬃcult;

The detection of users’ misbehaviour is very limited;

Data on material characteristics and energy needs are 

lacking
Industrialisation of building envelope solutions still very 

costly and prefabrication is under represented;

Characterisation methods and standards lack high volume / 

high performance eco construction materials;
The selection of envelope solutions is still driven by 

investment costs and building codes;

Integrating the envelope components is still costly to meet 

Economic

the ﬁnal performance targets;

Return on investment for refurbishment projects is not 

attractive;

High intrusiveness in refurbishment intervention;
Building owners are not open enough to make sustainable 

choices;

High intrusiveness in refurbishment intervention;

New multifunctional components require continuous 

education of cra$smen which is o$en not the case.

Limited awareness of cultural heritage value.
Lack of performance commitments on refurbishment 

contracts;

Skills on envelope design and selection to be raised;

Dispersed ownership in large housing/buildings prevents 

Organisational

from refurbishment;

Fragmented value chain o$en leads to non-optimal overall 

performance;

Building planners o$en have problems with innovative 

materials and components.
Diﬀerences in national standards slow components 

standardisation and prefabrication;

Guarantee and insurance schemes for refurbishment;

Regulatory

Regulations for public decision promote lowest prices, not 

best performances

Regulations for historic buildings preservation may be 

complex and it may vary considerably from country to 

country

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

47

Envelope Targets
Energy eﬃcient buildings would use envelopes that are well-performing in terms of heat trans-
fer and air tightness, durable, adaptable, user-centric and cost eﬀective. Envelopes become 
more resistant to external (i.e. climate, ﬁre, and natural hazards) and internal aggressions 
(moisture): they require less maintenance and allow for easier and better-quality maintenance 
work. Thermal bridges are addresses and the ageing of components is better understood which 
allows appraising their loss of performance over time.

Target 6:   Energy eﬃcient envelopes combine easy to integrate materials and components 

to lower building energy demand

Materials and components are critical to envelope both for insulating properties but also for anchor-
ing the resulting envelope on existing or new structural elements. Current technologies are not 
eﬃcient enough in terms of performance and costs, especially for refurbishment and cultural 
heritage where details and original aesthetics need to be kept (e.g. windows). Further research is 
needed to improve understanding of material and component behaviour in the whole life cycle and, 
as a consequence, to be able to produce corresponding products. Know-how is thus needed to help 
designers and construction companies to deﬁne more exactly the materials and components really 
needed to fulﬁl the needs of the works through service life modelling and design. Durability has 
to be evaluated in real installation conditions, as these may inﬂuence ﬁnal product performances. 
Mass manufacturing including pre-fabrication must be investigated to lower manufacturing costs 
and ease building integration processes, including aesthetics. Advanced and high-performance 
materials/products (i.e. concrete and composite products, steel-based products, ceramic products, 
tiles, bricks, nanotechnology-based insulation materials and coatings…) are needed mainly to reduce 
the building energy demand in the use-phase. Further actions are necessary to lower the content 
of embodied energy. New materials combining structural properties and/or thermal resistance/
inertia and/or light weight need to be developed. Solutions should address the well known problem 
of thermal bridges while taking into account overall resource eﬃciency issues along life cycle.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.1: Development of innovative super insulating materials and components, and 
associated manufacturing processes, for refurbishing existing buildings (including 
those of historical and cultural value) and new buildings:

 # new cost-eﬀective energy eﬃcient insulating materials from renewable sources 

or waste materials

 # materials with λ<0.03 W/mK based on nano-foams, silica aerogels or mineral 

foams, capable to both retain and reﬂect heat from inside or outside or 
integrate other functions with solutions for both new buildings and for 
energetic improvement of existing ones

 # bio-based materials like natural ﬁbres or foams for insulation with high durability
 # innovative materials for barriers, pipes etc. for easy integration and reduction 

of thermal bridges

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.2: New value chains for bio-based construction materials and bio-based 

treatments considering the complete life cycle;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.3: Improve technical properties (e.g. ﬁre resistance) for organic materials;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.4:Development of chemical coupling agents and binders;

48

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.5: New masonry based building components with integrated high-eﬃcient 

insulation materials;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.6: Low-CO2 advanced concrete available for durable building envelopes;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.7: Basement insulation, moisture protecting systems and new building 

materials for draining;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.8: Mass manufactured prefabricated modules for optimum cost, performance, 
product handling and personal safety during construction, both for new buildings 
and for refurbishing;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.9: Demonstration of photo-catalyst or other de-polluting materials to extend 
the life of construction materials (with e.g. automatic cleaning process) and at 
the same time substantially decrease the concentration of some air pollutants in 
urban air (COV, SOx, NOx), especially in conﬁned spaces such as canyon streets, 
tunnels and parking;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA6.10: Modular, ‘plug and play’, mass customised envelope solutions to ease 

construction processes and replacement of components (i.e. windows).

Target 7:   User  centric  envelopes  maximise  the  envelope  value,  including  improved 

aesthetics, acoustic and lighting comfort, quality of indoor environment

Envelopes demonstrate usability and ﬂexibility to contribute to improved health and comfort, 
while taking into account use values which reinforces users’ acceptance:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The adaptation to the users’ evolution (people ageing) and users’ behaviour;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The reduction of the intrusiveness of façade retroﬁtting activities in order to 

maintain the general building functionalities and reducing the impact for the user.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA7.1: Technologies and methods to understand and maximise user acceptance of 
adaptable envelopes in new and existing buildings (including buildings of historical 
and cultural value), addressing for instance air quality, moisture control, ventilation 
control or automated blinds, with interrelated issues of summer overheating, air-
tightness and indoor air quality;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA7.2: Techniques to minimise the Volatile and Semi-volatile Organic Compound 
(VOC, SVOC) content of building materials (in the production phase and the 
use-phase).

Target 8:  Envelopes are adaptable to a dynamic and complex environment
The envelope functional characteristics enable the building envelope to adapt to a dynamic 
and complex environment during its lifetime 30 (‘Perception, Reasoning, Action’). Envelopes also 

30  See Intelligent Building Envelopes — Architectural Concept & Applications for Day lighting Quality, Annemie Wyckman, 2005.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

49

facilitate the future renovation or conversion of the whole or part of the building fostering 
creativity and an active role of architects and engineers at design stage:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The capability of adapting to diﬀerent shapes, façade conditions, building 
orientations and general conditions of the building along its lifetime;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The conversion of rooms, or buildings, to new usage;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The possibility to integrate new solutions (upcoming technologies) and systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The capability of dynamic adaptation or self-adaptation, which becomes also 

crucial due to:

 # Current weather and building load situation, taking into account the actual 

user’s preferences.

 # Changing use patterns, including new users, or family instead of single users.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.1: Development and manufacturing of envelope improving and optimising 

natural light and ventilation inside building;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.2: Development and manufacturing of energy storing converting materials 
(e.g., Phase Change Materials and switchable glazing (e.g. thermochromic, 
photochromic or electrochromic) combined with PV in glazing panes);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.3: Development of semi permeable insulation membranes and pigments with 

adaptable absorption reﬂection spectrum, Façade component with changing IR absorp-
tion and reﬂection on demand in combination with insulation and switchable U-values;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.4: New testing procedures to measure material performances (e.g. with 

reference also to adaptive performances), including a wide range of expected 
exposure conditions;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.5: Seamless system integration of ICT components used to optimise the real 

time performance of envelopes;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.6: Improved ﬂexible and durable façade systems with movable sun barriers;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.7: Full scale demonstrations of adaptable envelope integration in building 

refurbishment projects, including smart insulation materials (e.g. aerogels, vacuum 
insulation panels or other innovative materials);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA8.8: Full scale demonstrations of adaptable envelope integration in district 

refurbishment project.

Target 9:   Envelopes are able to integrate generation and conversion of incoming solar 

radiation

Both PV and thermal conversion can be smartly integrated to recover further solar incoming 
radiation, together with storage solutions. Façades can then be made active or reactive to 

50

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

signals from energy management systems. System integration must then be based on inter-
operable IT systems and interfaced with building energy management systems, smart grids 
or smart cities.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA9.1: Smart building envelopes capable of adapting their energy generation and 

storage to external condition;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA9.2: Integration of existing and innovative PV components (e.g. OPV, DSSC) into 

building envelopes;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA9.3: System integration of ‘thermally activated’ material to reduce energy 

consumption;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA9.4: Interaction with smart grid/city systems.

3.4 

Energy equipment

Energy Equipment Challenges and Barriers
Envelope and energy equipment are synergically integrated into building design. Building enve-
lope and energy equipment would progressively merge to ensure optimised energy manage-
ment. The envelope, controlled by innovative BEMS, can store and release energy to minimise 
energy peak demand. In the following table we provide an overview of the main challenges 
and barriers. Details are provided in Appendix 3.

© FCC

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

51

Challenge

Barriers

Technical/ 

Technological

(cid:98)(cid:553) Interconnected 

energy equipment 

is deployed in 

existing and 

new buildings 

to contribute to 

Industrial

E
R
U
T
C
U
R
T
S

global energy 

performance

(cid:98)(cid:553) The 

socioeconomic 

aspects of energy 

management are 

taken into account 

to make sure that 

high performance 

buildings are used 

properly

Eﬃcient storage systems for electrical and thermal power 

are missing

Energy equipment is insuﬃciently interoperable

Energy eﬃcient heating, cooling and generating systems 

are diﬃcult to integrate in smart cities environments

The actual performance and robustness of advanced 

BEMS with interconnected energy equipment is unclear

Standard technological components are missing to ensure 

data security and conﬁdentiality

Operation of thermal storage systems against networks is 

not properly optimised
Industrialisation costs to reach mass market
Trustworthy energy saving potential not yet operational.

Economic

Flexible pricing systems for changing demand and supply 

of both thermal and electrical grids are missing.
End-users must understand and exploit new pricing 

models for changing thermal and electric energy supply 

and demand.

Public acceptance of smart metering

Societal

Public acceptance of mechanical equipment (e.g. 

ventilation system, automatic lighting, …)

End-users behaviour is poorly understood

Limited awareness of cultural heritage buildings and 

districts speciﬁc issues
The variety of equipment suppliers with no interoperable 

Organisational

solutions

Regulatory

Installers lacking dedicated knowledge
European legislation at district level probably needed

The future legislation on data protection is uncertain

Energy Equipment Targets

Target 10:   Energy eﬃcient, interoperable, self-diagnostic and scalable storage, HVAC, 
lighting and energy solutions in line with energy consumption standards are 
available for integration into new and refurbished buildings

Eﬀective and aﬀordable storage systems are most crucial for all future energy supply systems 
based on an increasing amount of ﬂuctuating supply from renewable energies. These systems 
are interconnected with heat or electricity generators of diﬀerent size for single buildings to 
districts or cities. Furthermore, their storage capacity varies according to speciﬁc needs. Energy 
consuming equipment as heating systems and HVAC in general, for example, become more 
and more energy eﬃcient either for new or refurbished buildings (commercial or residential, 
including buildings of historical or cultural value) but they have to be sized down and re-opti-
mised since less operational energy is needed in energy eﬃcient buildings. Energy equipment 
needs to be designed to an optimal energy eﬃcient level depending on supply and demand 
of energy with integrated storage systems. When considering residential buildings, speciﬁc 
attention must be paid ﬁrst to heating, domestic hot water and then to cooling, for instance 

52

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

using a scaled-down heating system based on heat pumps at full load is more eﬃcient than 
under-using an oversised fossil boiler partly loaded. However, depending on the equipment 
and application, the optimal size would vary: in some cases maximising the operating time 
at peak load is best, in other cases maximising the operating time at part load provides eﬃ-
ciency (turbo compressors in modern chillers). The development of district heating and cooling 
networks is another pathway which deserves more attention, when addressing district issues 
(e.g. district heating optimised for space heating (40°C) or for domestic hot water (60°C). In 
this framework, the potential of renewable energy sources or integrated solutions (i.e. heat 
pumps, geothermal, solar or biomass, possibly combined with Organic Rankine Cycles or other 
low temperature heat recovery technologies) should be better exploited at district scale. This 
may include the possible integration with existing networks (i.e. electric, heating or cooling) 
and waste heat recovery from industrial facilities.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.1: Building integrated electrical storage (building and district level);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.2: Building integrated thermal storage (at building and district level);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.3: Space and domestic hot water heating systems integrated at building and 
district level (including for instance Hybrid heat pumps or Thermo-electrical heat 
pumps) combined with storage;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.4:Cooling systems integrated at building level and district level (including 

Heat pumps and storage);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.5: Combined Heat and Power systems integrated at building and district 

levels, fully exploiting the renewable energy potential;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.6: Flexible and active demand to optimise local production/consumption 

strategies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.7: Renewable energy production (heating, cooling, electricity) integrated at 

building level;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.8: Renewable energy production (heating, cooling, electricity) integrated at 

district level (incl. heat networks);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.9: Building integrated Ventilation systems with heat recovery (air quality, air 

tightness);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.10: Heat management and optimisation (high/low temperature systems) 
at district level (e.g. exploiting ICT or waste heat recovery technologies — e.g. 
Organic Rankine Cycles — from industrial facilities);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.11: Low GHG refrigerants;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA10.12: Building integrated ﬂexible lighting system using LEDs or OLEDs.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

53

Target 11:   Minimum European energy performance standards, certiﬁcation and labelling 
schemes are applied to building-integrated, interoperable energy using and 
energy generating equipment

The deployment of energy eﬃcient Energy using Products in buildings implies that independ-
ent information perceived as trustworthy, comparable and unbiased supports their uptake. 
The provision of objective information on the performance (and guarantee of performance) of 
available technologies can boost customers’ acceptance and accelerate deployment. Reliable, 
tailor-made, ‘easy to understand’ information for end-users is therefore important. Stand-
ardised national and international testing and evaluation procedures for speciﬁc technologies 
would also increase understanding among developers, architects and installers and accelerate 
the maturity of the industry more broadly. In line with European directives (such as the EPBD 
Directive 2010/31/EC which provides minimum energy performance requirements and a set 
of standards) and programmes (e.g. the Environmental Veriﬁcation programme), European 
certiﬁcation schemes are harmonised and adaptable for diﬀerent regions /climate conditions. 
They include:

(cid:98)(cid:553) HVAC components, in particular systems for space heating and, to some extent, 

for air cooling systems, whose demand is increasing, and which currently typically 
use refrigerants with very high global warming potential;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Hot domestic water systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Lighting;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Direct current networks inside buildings and with connection to new grids to 
reduce losses by eliminating AC/DC conversion and increase level of control;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy storage equipment (electricity, heat and cool).

Objective and transparent labelling 31 of energy related products needs to be accelerated, 
in order to build on the impacts of the EU Appliance Labelling 32. More stringent European 
standards might also be envisaged in order to maximise the energy eﬃciency of energy 
consuming equipment. Standards should be revised from time to time to provide European 
manufacturers with the needed stimulus to take the lead in the development of more eﬃ-
cient appliances (i.e. appliances ﬁtting the highest eﬃciency class), thereby increasing their 
worldwide competitiveness 33.

31  This labelling should be in line in the ErP Directive 2009/125/EC and Energy Labelling directive 2010/30/EU. The consistency and 
harmonisation of the rules set up by the EPBD, Energy Labelling and ErP Directives is however a prerequisite to ensure the eﬀecti-
veness of such labelling.

32  An evaluation of the impact of the EU appliance-labelling scheme showed a dramatic shi$ in the eﬃciency of refrigerators sold 
in the EU in the ﬁrst decade of its standards and labelling programme (Bertoldi, P., 2000: The European strategy for reducing 
standby losses in consumer electronics: status and results. In Proceeding of the ACEEE 2000 Summer Study on Energy Eﬃciency 
in Buildings, Washington D.C.).

33  For example, Japan imposes stringent energy eﬃciency standards on equipment through its ‘Top Runner Programme’ by distinctly 

setting the target values based on the most energy-eﬃcient model on the market at the time of the value-setting process.

54

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA11.1: Development of novel methodologies to set up more stringent and 
ambitious standards with a continuous improvement approach for diﬀerent 
regions/climate conditions across Europe;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA11.2: Benchmarking and calculation tools to deliver information to decision-
makers (architects, engineers, professional builders) on energy performance of 
diﬀerent technologies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA11.3: Harmonise test procedures and eﬃciency labelling schemes to facilitate 

trade and transparency about the performances of energy using products.

Target 12:   User-centric multi-scale BEMS allow improving the level of users’ awareness 

and optimising energy demand at buildings and district levels

BEMS implement holistic approaches in managing energy related systems (intelligent HVAC, 
lighting, smart plugs, local generation, energy storage, etc.), accounting for the diﬀerent reac-
tion times, and in synergy with the envelope. These novel and interoperable BEMS ensure that 
building systems are coupled for maximum energy eﬃciency (energy optimal coordination 
algorithms) without forgetting to limit peak demand on the grid, which either reduces the 
bill or maximises the revenues in case of positive energy buildings. The BEMS interact with 
users to depict how energy has been spent or produced, providing continuous improvement 
directions to the stakeholders. Ambient intelligence and intuitive users’ interfaces take into 
account users’ behaviours and tolerate users’ behaviour changes. They are applicable to new 
and existing buildings, including those of historical and cultural value.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can 
be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553)  TA12.1:Multi-parameter (light, temperature, air quality, 
moisture, instrumentation of HVAC, …) low cost sensors 
for BEMS integration;

(cid:98)(cid:553)  TA12.2: Standardised functionalities for sensors and 
actuators to allow ‘plug & play’ of new devices (e.g. 
motorised shutters) and self-reconﬁguration of sensor 
networks;

(cid:98)(cid:553)  TA12.3: Robust, resilient and reconﬁgurable sensor 

networks;

(cid:98)(cid:553)  TA12.4: Building embedded sensors;

(cid:98)(cid:553)  TA12.5: Interoperable and adaptable BEMS able to 

optimise energy use spatially (at a building and district 
level) and temporally with predicting capability (energy 
loads forecast);

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R
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PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

55

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA12.6: Interoperable smart meters able to measure, record and visualise all kinds 
of energy consumption (incl. building generated energy supply, water and heat-
transfer ﬂuids);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA12.7: Standard transmission protocols to ensure reliability, security and privacy 

of data streams;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA12.8: User-centric interfaces measuring the use value, with associated 

acceptance studies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA12.9: Smart consumption display to motivate users at reducing their energy 
needs through behavioural changes and/or good practices implementation.

Target 13:   Dynamic  Energy  management  systems  and  management  protocols  are 
available to optimise energy generation, storage and distribution at district 
level

Individual homes and buildings optimisation should be considered within their district dimen-
sion in order to address the building-grid interactions and reduce the urban heat island eﬀects. 
Whereas urban heat island eﬀects could be tackled through district and building design (land 
use, surfaces and shading eﬀects), protocols, interoperable systems and interfaces to local 
energy networks (heating and cooling, electricity) need to be developed to manage the energy 
demand (using the potential ﬂexibility of the usages), to dynamically optimise the distribution 
of locally generated and stored energy and to minimise imports from the grid, in particular 
during peak hours. Energy pooling and sharing has to be eﬀective at a district level as well as 
at a subsystem level (i.e. between groups of buildings).

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA13.1: Development and demonstration of multi-scale real time optimisation 
tools (ﬂat, building, district, city-wide level) including peak load management, 
demand-side management, building- and grid-integrated thermal and electrical 
energy storage, having the potential for energy storage pooling and local energy 
generation (based on reliable data model for neighbourhood/district level energy 
systems);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA13.2: Holistic control strategies based on building simulation tools;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA13.3: Development and demonstration of Direct Current building electricity 

networks;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA13.4: Modelling district energy consumption and building interactions for 

instance with Cloud computing;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA13.5: Demonstration of systems and protocols to optimise energy storage and 
production at district level, involving possibly district energy market places and 
participation of large prosumers to local markets.

56

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

3.5 

Construction process

Construction Challenges and Barriers
In the following table we provide an overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are 
provided in Appendix 3.

s
e
s
s
e
c
o
r
P

n
o

i
t
c
u
r
t
s
n
o
C

Challenge

Barriers

(cid:98)(cid:553) Worker-centric construction 

Technical/ 

Methods for energy related self-inspection are 

processes are durable, 

adaptable, with better 

productivity and are able 

to cope with the increasing 

Technological

Industrial

still lacking
The construction industry is not yet fully ready for 

prefabrication away from the construction site
Upfront investment costs are high for new 

complexity of buildings

Economic

construction technologies

(cid:98)(cid:553) Quality driven construction 

processes involving skilled 

workers are developed to 

Refurbishing costs are high
Concerns about health and safety of the workers 

may slow down the pace of the refurbishing 

improve the predictability of 

Societal

process

energy performance

(cid:98)(cid:553) The construction process 

becomes a more collective 

process

(cid:98)(cid:553) Lean Management of 

the construction process in 

particular in retroﬁtting case

Compatibility of processes with buildings of 

historical value
The building sector is slow to adopt new 

Organisational

technologies and lacks the skilled workforce to 

meet the refurbishment rate

Regulatory

Harmonised building codes and regulations

Construction Processes Targets
Construction processes of energy eﬃcient buildings ought to be durable, adaptable, and 
worker-centric. The increasing productivity of construction companies shall counterbalance 
the increasing complexity of the construction of energy eﬃcient buildings.

Target 14:   Self-inspection techniques support the commitment of each worker to meet 

intermediate performance targets for the built environment

Each player of the construction value chain must ensure that its share of work ﬁts into a qual-
ity framework deﬁned collectively at the design level. Self-inspection and quality checks are 
implemented to guarantee the ﬁnal thermal, acoustic and energy performance of the building 
which would be quantiﬁed during commissioning. Undamaged thermal insulation layers and 
the air tightness of buildings must be reported as well as fully functional building services 
equipment.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA14.1: Techniques to measure the contribution of each critical component to 
thermal insulation, air-tightness and building services equipment in energy 
eﬃcient construction;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA14.2: Development of standardised self-testing sensors/meters and 

performance veriﬁcation procedures (air-tightness testing, thermal survey with IR 
cameras and spectral imaging approaches, etc.)

 
PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

57

©
k
a
r
n
i
z
z

Target 15:   Interoperable, safe and cost-eﬀective solutions and quality driven management 

approaches help workers meet more stringent quality criteria

ICT-assisted construction processes expand since their adoption is facilitated by workers that 
are used to play familiar with electronic game-devices having intrinsic user-friendliness. These 
worker-centric solutions make use of smart interfaces implemented in robust smart-phones or 
tablets, involving cloud computing and ubiquitous wireless web access. A broader adoption of 
robust RFID (Radio Frequency Identiﬁcation) technologies could signiﬁcantly improve quality 
control mechanisms. Such solutions should allow increased productivity, increased reliability 
(reduced errors) and improved safety for the workers: they indeed include interoperable infor-
mation systems and shared databases to describe the building’s main features, and collect 
quality control information at intermediate milestones of the construction process.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA15.1: Cost eﬀective innovative ICT-based technologies (e.g. based on robust 

smartphones and tablets, cameras for 3D scanning, RFID, spectral imaging etc.) 
to deliver building data in real time to the workers involved in the construction 
process (model-based design and production planning integrating information 
ﬂows across the value network, ﬂexible project team management, contract 
conﬁguration and management);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA15.2: Innovative construction processes to provide workers with safer and 
healthier environments (for instance asbestos handling during refurbishment 
processes).

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA15.3: Lean Construction Management of refurbishment works, to improve 

communication among involved stakeholders, reduce costs and improve quality.

 
58

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Target 16:   Advanced and automated processes that favour the use of prefabricated 
modular solutions are available to ease new building and refurbishing high 
performance works

Building components could, when relevant, be prefabricated in factories to gain on construc-
tion time, to improve health and safety at work and to reduce the embodied energy of the 
building. This is particularly adapted to refurbishment, where parts of the new envelope can be 
pre-assembled oﬀ-site: it can borrow from mass customisation techniques already available 
for windows. Prefabricated parts can be monitored in combination with a Building Information 
Model so that their location and guidelines for integration and installation are made readily 
available to all the parties involved. New processes would need to be developed, tested and 
implemented considering the use of dedicated handling tools, enhanced scanning technol-
ogy to collect spectral and geometric information as well as automated machines which are 
deployed in parallel to assist workers in reducing time to deploy and increasing quality stand-
ards. These new processes would require additional training and deﬁnition of new emerging 
risks.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA16.1: Cost eﬀective innovative automated/robotised construction tools for 

refurbishing applications and new constructions;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA16.2: Mobile factories (portable manufacturing facilities, placed near the 

construction site);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA16.3: Tracking systems (e.g. RFID, WSN, or with barcode/QR code etc.) for 

material and product implementation in new or existing buildings, including those 
of historical or cultural value.

Target 17:   Setting up of appropriate training schemes to continuously improve worker 

skills

All parties of the construction process are continuously provided with certiﬁed education and 
training schemes: the qualiﬁed worker base is expanded in order to meet the demand for 
a workforce specialised in energy-eﬃcient buildings. A special attention is paid to SMEs to 
ensure that, as companies, they meet the appropriate qualiﬁcation expected by contractors. 
Training techniques are developed to:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Promote collaborative work within the construction sector;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Make people responsible for the quality level of their work (understanding the 

importance of air tightness, minimisation of thermal bridges, etc.);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Train on the appropriate use of self-inspection techniques;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Train on component integration and ﬁnishes to help with future building reuse or 

deconstruction.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA17.1: Training and education platforms (using ICT-enabled tools) to provide 
certiﬁed construction training sanctioned by new skills evaluation processes;

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

59

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA17.2: Development and implementation of builder certiﬁcation schemes, 

targeting construction SMEs.

3.6 

Performance monitoring

Performance monitoring Challenges and Barriers
Measurements would be integrated as part of the buildings and districts monitoring and as 
management technologies. The performance monitoring and management are fundamental 
requirements for future smart grid/cities technologies. In the following table we provide an 
overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are provided in Appendix 3.

Challenge

Barriers

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy performance would be 

monitored steadily at the building and 

wider district levels over long period of 

times, combined with safety, security, 

comfort and any other monitoring 

system

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building and district energy 

performance is continuously optimised 

to meet performance criteria and 

evolving user’s requirement and 

Technical/ 

Technological

behaviour (including load forecast)

Economic

g
n

i
r
o
t
i

n
o
m
e
c
n
a
m
r
o
f
r
e
P

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reduce the excess of unused, 

diﬃcult to understand and not 

accessible information and data on 

real energy performance of buildings

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy performance based contracts 

grow steadily

(cid:98)(cid:553) The actual performances of 

energy eﬃcient buildings and 

districts are used as benchmarks by 

the construction sector for future 

constructions and refurbishments

Low cost and low maintenance sensors and 

systems are still lacking

The connection to greater units at district or 

city level does not exist yet

Energy performance monitoring systems 

with advanced functionalities are not yet 

available

Energy equipment is insuﬃciently 

interoperable
Innovative energy performance monitoring 

equipment is too expensive
Public acceptability of performance 

monitoring is lacking

The use value and behaviour of end-users 

Societal

is poorly understood

Energy performance need to cope with 

other monitoring and management aspects, 

including those related to buildings of 

cultural value

Legislation to frame appropriate energy 

metering in buildings is needed

(cid:98)(cid:553) Monitoring system commissioning 

Regulatory

European legislation on energy 

and building continuous 

management and trading at district level is 

commissioning through the monitoring 

needed

system

Performance Monitoring Targets

Target 18:   A European framework on energy performance metering and analysis, going 
beyond the IPMVP standard (International Performance Measurement and 
Veriﬁcation Protocol) favours guaranteed performance contracts:
Common indicators, metering technologies and data analysis methods need to be developed 
to measure and investigate building performance at commissioning and beyond. Such guide-
lines are required at European level to promote guaranteed performance contracts in view of 
securing pathways towards sustainable building decarbonisation and enhanced well-being by 

 
60

PPP ENERGY&EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

© il-fede

2050. This European wide approach must go beyond the IPMVP methodology which is very 
US centric and proved to be ineﬀective in certain applications.

The energy performance metering and analysis system shall be integrated within the existing 
systems (safety, security, comfort, etc.) in order to optimise the whole system and would moni-
tor the user’s behaviour to enable performance-based contracts. The integration of all existing 
monitoring systems reduces the cost and increases the synergies among all systems, allowing 
a more reliable and robust system. By considering the user in the monitoring of the building, 
a major key factor inﬂuencing the overall energy performance of the building, performance-
based contracts reduce risks and facilitate implementation.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA18.1: Monitoring of envelope and energy equipment performances in new or 

existing buildings (including those of historical or cultural value);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA18.2: Eﬃcient and practical means of measuring and monitoring the IEQ (Indoor 
Environment Quality, including CO2 — as an indicator for air quality and triggering 
the air exchange rate — as well as global temperature, humidity, glare eﬀects, 
VOC, SVOC, bacteria, fungi, etc.);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA18.3: Performance indicators at European level allowing comparisons among 
regulations, user/client requirements, design models and real-life data, including 
end user behaviour and end-user perception (indoor environment including air 
quality, ventilation, lighting, etc.);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA18.4: Performance indicators at European level allowing comparisons among 

regulations, design models and real life data for district energy eﬃciency 
performance.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

61

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA18.5: Post Occupancy Evaluation to standardise ﬁnal user surveys and collected 

data elaboration/presentation.

Target 19:   Conditional maintenance techniques are deployed to maximise building energy 

use eﬃciency

Condition-based maintenance requires extensive instrumentation of energy equipment 34, and 
data processing tools at BEMS level to produce real-time diagnosis of building working condi-
tions and energy performances. It would become part of performance guarantee contracts, 
which may be also envisaged at district level for cooperative buildings. Strategies and business 
models for eﬃcient and cost eﬀective maintenance, such as performance-driven condition-
based maintenance, need to be developed and implemented, taking into consideration the 
scaling-up and replication issues brought by national regulatory schemes.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA19.1: Development of self-diagnosis subsystems (sensors and algorithms) 

leading to conditional maintenance improvement, based on LCC optimisation of 
subsystems (energy equipment, envelope) or systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA19.2: Development of virtual reality approaches to make diagnosis, 

maintenance and repair more eﬃcient.

Target 20:   A European approach is implemented to measure, monitor and compare the 
energy performances and use values of energy eﬃcient buildings in Europe: 
it uses a European observatory on energy performance involving a European 
wide database

A European observatory on the building stock is established with the goal to measure and 
monitor energy performance, the use value of energy eﬃcient buildings and of building-
integrated technologies or services.

This use value can be appraised through ‘in vitro’ or ‘in vivo’ approaches and depends, inter 
alia, on utility (i.e. the perceived beneﬁt), usability and acceptability:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Testing labs and facilities need to be networked all over Europe to undertake 
‘in vitro’ studies on the use value of energy eﬃcient solutions and assess how 
it is related to cultural and climatic speciﬁcities. Experimental methodologies 
for ‘in vitro’ validation have to be developed, and should be based on modular 
testing facilities, able to reproduce a wide variety of living habitats and boundary 
conditions;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

‘In vivo’ experiments (or pilot sites) with adequate panels of real life end-
users need to be developed in parallel. These pilot sites would measure the 
actual impact of the energy eﬃcient solutions on users’ behaviour and would 
integrate the users’ feedback with respect to these various solutions. Using 
methodologies similar to clinical studies (e.g. placebo groups), the pilots would 
directly involve end-users sorted by proﬁles (age, activity, type of building, etc.). 

34  Conditional maintenance also calls for improved defect forecasting/diagnosis using fault detection sensors.

62

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The investigation should help determine the optimal strategies to obtain long-
lasting eco-behaviours.

Based on best practices and repositories available, the observatory 35 would monitor energy 
performance and would create a European wide database of real life results on new and refur-
bished buildings, tracking progress towards the achievement of 2020 and 2050 targets. This 
observatory keeps an updated track record database, including accurate and useful building 
speciﬁcations in order to establish a knowledge base that would record and centralise energy 
performance data and global cost data of exemplary buildings that are representative of 
larger segments of the stock. Each record would include comprehensive information about 
the building speciﬁcations and usage. Knowledge on the building stock and its dynamics (i.e. 
medium-long trends in new construction, renovation and demolition activities) would constitute 
the scientiﬁc background for eﬀective policy-making and allowing monitoring the progress of 
such policies and addressing adjustments where necessary.

Roadmaps for building stock renovation can be set up with optimised level of incentives to 
attain macroeconomic optimality. Market strategies can be developed based on the observa-
tory’s database by addressing the most relevant solution sets and type-age groups of buildings 
that would undergo renovation in a given area in a given period, hence facilitating customised 
mass production and industrialisation. This knowledge base would also serve as reference 
data to crosscheck results from building simulation tools, but also as calibration/performance 
objective for future real constructions. This observatory would also foster an online community 
to share and rank energy information to compare performance data 36.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA20.1: ‘Wiki-like’ database to report on R & D, demonstrations and real life 

results, dealing with energy eﬃcient buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA20.2: Development and demonstration of energy performance monitoring 

systems at district level;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA20.3: Development of monitoring tools able to discriminate the contribution of 
design, technologies, construction process and user behaviour from the overall 
building energy performance;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA20.4: Development of standard protocols for ‘in vitro’ and ‘in vivo’ use-value 

measurements of energy eﬃcient building;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA20.5: European network of use-value measurement laboratories.

35  A similar approach is used by the DoE in the USA, which yearly publishes an annual building book, next to best practices which 

implies that the proposed approach makes use of modern communication technologies.

36  ICT supported Energy Eﬃciency in Construction – Strategic Research Roadmap and Implementation Recommendations, 2010, 

REEB consortium.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

63

3.7 

End of life

End of life Challenges and Barriers
In the following table we provide an overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are 
provided in Appendix 3.

Challenge

Barriers

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building deconstruction 

practices must evolve 

from demolition to 

selective demolition and 

Technical/ 

deconstruction/ dismantling, 

Technological

introducing novel solutions

(cid:98)(cid:553) The choice between 

demolition/deconstruction or 

rehabilitation must be based 

Economic

on informed decision-making 

E
F
I
L

F
O
D
N
E

S

’

G
N

I

D
L
I

U
B

processes

(cid:98)(cid:553) Sustainable and proﬁtable 

exit markets must be created 

and enabled the reuse or 

recycled materials

Technical solutions for producing construction 

materials and prefabricated elements based on 

recycled material (like-to-like applications) are 

uncommon

Cost-eﬃcient technologies are lacking

‘Contaminating’ ﬁnishes limit dismantling and reuse

Changes in material characteristics prevent from 

recycling and reuse
Deconstruction/dismantling is costly
Lack of a certiﬁcation scheme for reusing

Aesthetics of ageing components

Organisational

A coherent supply chain is missing for reclaimed 

materials

Average lack of skills in Europe to implement 

deconstruction

End of life Target

Target 21:   Innovative  paths  allow  increasing  the  further  utilisation  of  construction 

components and materials

End-of-life innovation must be in line with the target of the Waste Framework Directive 
2008/98/EC to be achieved by 2020: 70 % by weight of construction and demolition waste 
preparing for reuse, recycling and other type of recovery 37. This requires:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Technical solutions and markets for large scale reuse and recycling of 

construction materials and components/elements in ‘like to like’ (equal value) 
applications (including for example refurbishing energy equipment or reusing in 
another building or another country where there is a need for energy equipment);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Cost eﬀective separation technologies for composite construction materials;

(cid:98)(cid:553) New certiﬁcation and insurance systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Demonstrations as examples of good practices in recycling and reuse;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Innovative ﬁnancial support schemes.

37  EC Waste Directive related abstract: ‘the preparing for reuse, recycling and other material recovery, including backﬁlling operations 
using waste to substitute other materials, of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste excluding naturally occurring 
material deﬁned in category 17 05 04 in the list of waste shall be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight.’

 
 
 
64

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Achieving that target and promoting viable business models requires:

(cid:98)(cid:553) A clear procedure for the characterisation of waste materials and components in 
order to acknowledge their ability to be reused or recycled in new components or 
for applications in sectors outside the building industry;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The development of procedures for the assessment of the durability and long-

term performance of recycled materials;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The development of speciﬁc design rules and construction procedures based on 
recycled and/or reused components from within or beyond the building sector.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA21.1: Waste collection, separation and reaction techniques in order to increase 

the reuse of the building waste into recycled composites;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA21.2: Optimal re-usability or recyclability of diﬀerent types of products, 

including deconstruction;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA21.3: Development of construction materials and elements (incl. prefabricate) 
containing a high level of recycled materials and recycled components leading 
to CO2 savings, energy savings and higher resource eﬃciency, which ultimately 
contribute to a resource-eﬃcient and climate change resilient economy;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA21.4: Development of new materials and processes based on LCA/LCC 
to account for environmental and sanitary impacts of disassembling: a) 
Environmental & health impacts of dismantling to be in LCC/CCA; b) materials and 
processes with no environmental/health impact and easy to disassemble.

3.8 

Cross-cutting and Integration

Cross-cutting and Integration Challenges and Barriers
Beyond the challenges identiﬁed at each step of the value chain, some critical issues are 
related to the integration of these steps of the value chain altogether. Indeed, cross disciplinary 
approaches must be further developed, allowing the transfer and sharing of good practices 
and eﬃcient tools along the value chain, either addressing market, technology, quality or any 
other aspect. Also, system integration of innovative technology components would become 
the critical process to meet ambitious energy eﬃciency in the building sector, addressing both 
new and existing buildings/districts (including those of historical and cultural value). Current 
integration processes can take care of validated prototypes coming from the on-going PPP 
EeB. Yet, new integration processes are needed to implement large scale demonstrations up 
to 2025, but also to minimise industrialisation costs of the validated solutions up to 2025. In 
the following table we provide an overview of the main challenges and barriers. Details are 
provided in Appendix 3.

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

65

Challenge

Barriers

(cid:98)(cid:553) Research and innovation must be better linked to speed up 

Coordination among architects, 

the market uptake of promising solutions ( = pre-normative 

engineering means and construction 

research)

(cid:98)(cid:553) Standardisation

(cid:98)(cid:553) Comparable labelling (with respect to diﬀerent regions)

(cid:98)(cid:553) Major social, demographic and climate evolutions by 2050 

must be anticipated

(cid:98)(cid:553) The use value of buildings based on an in-depth 

companies can be improved
Performance-based construction 

contracts are diﬃcult to settle down 

within national legal frameworks
Technology costs are high and 

productivity is decreasing
Current LCA methods and tools suﬀer 

understanding of users’ behaviour must be scientiﬁcally 

limitations (data bases on markets 

assessed and taken into account over the whole building life 
cycle

and technologies)
A conservative attitude and ‘silo-

(cid:98)(cid:553) A holistic optimisation framework is required to minimise 
CO2 emission, energy consumption and cost of ownership, 
where Life Cycle Assessment supports decision-making stage 

of the building value chain

based’ thinking is still prevailing in the 

building sector

(cid:98)(cid:553) The deployment of Building Information Models and Building 

Eco-responsibility is perceived as 

Automation (BASCS) makes planning and realisation and 

a burden

utilisation of energy eﬃcient solutions more cost-eﬃcient and 

Lack of knowledge about building 

enables the engagement of constructors and manufacturers

lifecycle energy management and 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Resource eﬃciency in buildings must integrate a district 

dimension with smart grids

diﬃculty to adapt new technological 

solutions to existing buildings.

(cid:98)(cid:553) The shi$ in mind set required for collaborative optimisation 

should be supported by innovative education and training 

Too much property protocols and 

communications standards coexisting 

G
N

I
T
T
U
C

S
S
O
R
C

techniques

(cid:98)(cid:553) Innovation processes dealing with the whole building 

value chain are able to facilitate the integration of novel 

technologies and construction processes

(cid:98)(cid:553) Networked cooperation involving laboratories to accelerate 

innovation

(cid:98)(cid:553) Increase citizen awareness on Energy Eﬃciency

in the market.

Access to the knowledge generated 

in all the ﬁelds related to energy 

eﬃciency in buildings.

Cross Cutting and Integration Targets

Target 22:   A supply chain of adaptable refurbishment solutions is structured taking into 

account the use value of building users in districts

Pre-fabricated solutions used as conﬁgurable ‘templates’ are available for adaptation into 
dedicated refurbishment applications. These solutions, based on ‘reusable’ designs, can be 
customised to account for local speciﬁcities (climate conditions, geographical constraints, cul-
tural habits, architectural and aesthetical coherence at district level including historic value) 
or regulations. A trade-oﬀ must be found between the possibilities of standardising to reduce 
manufacturing and construction costs, and the level of adaptability that such solutions must 
have to comply with local speciﬁcities. The use value of buildings for inhabitants and users 
has to be taken into account at building and district level: users’ feedback on diﬀerent criteria, 
such as wellbeing, comfort, accessibility and aesthetics in refurbished buildings, is required to 
make refurbishments speciﬁcations and adaptable solutions more robust (‘user-proof’) and 

 
66

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

more ﬂexible (e.g. better adaptability to the constraints, comfort tolerance adapted to the 
local culture, etc.).

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA22.1: Full scale demonstration of deep building refurbishment based on mass 

customised envelopes for the diﬀerent building/construction types;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA22.2: Decision tools to choose refurbishment versus demolition processes based 
on LCA/LCC optimisation, addressing where relevant historical and cultural values;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA22.3: Generic building stock dynamic modelling to optimise refurbishment 

roadmaps.

Target 23:   The systemic integration of components and sub-systems (e.g. structure, 
envelope, energy equipment in a smart grid/city environment) covers the 
whole building value chain

All links at the building value chain (such as, design at district level, servicing the district, 
design at building level, building, management of buildings and built-up areas, refurbishment) 
contribute to the energy performance of buildings, including those of historical and cultural 
value. Between these components, diﬀerent companies, professions and authorities play 
a role. Speciﬁc points of interest are the connections between undertakings and economic 
operators, working within the context of the Single European Market, and the authorities, 
working primarily within a context of national law. Diﬀerent innovations are necessary to 
bridge these contexts in a way that promotes energy eﬃciency of buildings and districts. 
Transferring these innovations between contexts may contribute to the integration of com-
ponents and sub-systems.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA23.1: Collaborative platform for concurrent building engineering (design, 

construction, commissioning, service life, refurbishment, end of life);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA23.2: Optimal integration processes of components and subsystems to reduce 

construction costs and risks;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA23.3: Envelope design tools involving a dynamic multi criteria (incl. use value 
e.g. thermal, visual and acoustic comfort) optimisation of building integrated 
envelope, coupled with HVAC, to minimise the cost of ownership while enhancing 
indoor health and wellness;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA23.4: Probabilistic tools to model/predict the ageing performance of complex 

refurbishment projects under European climatic conditions;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA23.5: Probabilistic tools to model/predict the ageing performance of zero energy 

buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA23.6: Models and experimental tests capable of assessing the ageing properties 

of construction materials and components (including envelopes).

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

67

Target 24:   Cross-cutting innovation topics are addressed to speed up innovation take-up 
at Member State level (pre-normative research, procurement management, 
standardisation, energy labelling)

Integration covers more than technology and business model issues. National programmes 
show that pre-normative activities, public procurement management and standardisation 
issues would be raised and would require dedicated collective approaches. Energy Labelling in 
all aspects of the built environment would also form a major focal area for the research and 
innovation activities in order to be brought to the EU citizen as an eﬀective awareness raising 
tool to gain public acceptance and engagement.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA24.1: Demonstrations of concurrent building engineering which are sustainable 

and aﬀordable (new building and refurbishment);

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA24.2: Develop and disseminate innovations for the better integration of the 

value chain in bridging the Single European Market with contexts of national laws;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA24.3 Review the mechanisms used in the various Member States in relation to 

energy labelling and its eﬀect, develop an intelligent and well balanced portfolio of 
mechanisms to raise public awareness, set regulations, codes and practices, ﬁscal 
and ﬁnancial tooling.

Target 25:   Integration Technologies allows the full interoperability among stakeholders 

and systems

The dynamic nature of design projects requires parallel processes, smooth workﬂow and tight 
control. There are applications to give support to all these needs and allowing diﬀerent proﬁles of 
experts work together in a project with no diﬃculty related to coordination of processes and the 
shared control of the entire project. These kinds of applications oﬀer smart workﬂows that are 
synchronised automatically depending on the status of the project without any help. Data models 
and real-time communication protocols are standardised in order to allow all the stakeholders to 
develop their devices without problems at the moment to plug them and make them work together.

Devices from diﬀerent producers are in use at the moment when plugging them, because all the 
devices inside and outside the buildings share the same protocols. Other domains protocols and 
standards are integrated as needs and applications of buildings would increase. The information 
from diﬀerent stakeholders is shared between them using inter-organisational knowledge plat-
forms, where the information is organised by term and which oﬀers an easy way to be consulted.

The following research and innovation ‘Targeted Areas’ can be identiﬁed:

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA25.1: Systems integration from building to neighbourhood level;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA25.2: Centralised application able to control parallel processes done by diﬀerent 

kinds of experts works in a project;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA25.3: Development of protocols and communications standards that ﬁt better 

with the needs of the vendors and the existing devices;

(cid:98)(cid:553) TA25.4: Development of a knowledge sharing platform among construction, 

energy and ICT stakeholders.

68

4 

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

 Implementation Plan: priorities, timeline, 
scale of resources and proposed investment 
distribution

The proposed roadmap is intended as a guideline from industry for the implementation of 
an ambitious research and innovation programme in the period 2014-2020. It has been 
structured as a natural continuation of the successful PPP EeB within the Recovery Plan in 
line with its original long term strategy and ‘wave action’ strategy: demonstrations followed 
by industrialisation by industry would allow integration in our built environment and future 
smart cities in line with industry 2030 vision highlighted in Part 1.

Based on the detailed analysis of the challenges along the value chain, the targets identiﬁed 
in Chapter 3 have been clustered and articulated along three main lines:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Breakthrough acceleration of building stock renovation (including cultural 

heritage buildings) through research on innovative construction and systemic, cost 
attractive, mass-customised, prefabricated, high-performing, geo-clustered and 
minimally invasive solutions, integrating energy equipment and storage, to multiply 
by at least 2.5 the yearly energy eﬃcient and high quality renovation rate by 2020;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Interactive and sustainable buildings for energy neutrality/positivity in a block 
of buildings, delivering pan-European innovative approaches for a further 15 % 
reduction at district and city scale in energy and emissions by 2020;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Ensuring energy performance as predicted at design phase and long-lasting 

quality to the end-user with long term Energy Performance Contracts including 
guaranteed savings, end-user satisfaction and cost-optimality, through cross 
disciplinary, collaborative, holistic design approaches, ICT enabled solutions and 
durable and reliable materials, components, structures and equipment; adaptable 
and worker-centric construction processes; performance monitoring for feedback 
information.

Adopting these leading principles as the starting point, we have identiﬁed a focused and limited 
set of R & D priorities needed to create the desired breakthrough acceleration and implemen-
tation in the market. Sixteen priorities in diﬀerent positions in the value chain have been 
identiﬁed, wherein ICT plays a key enabling role, namely:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Design, with focus on: 1) Integrated — holistic — multi-target design; 2) Tools 

to disclose existing knowledge and technologies (e.g. ICT BIM);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Structure, with focus on: 3) Safety, Sustainability, adaptability and 

aﬀordability of structures;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building envelope, with focus on: 4) energy and environmental (including 
embodied energy/CO2) performance of the full envelope, requiring speciﬁcally 
technological breakthroughs with respect to compact (robust, ultrathin, high 
performing) thermal insulation, considering minimised air inﬁltration losses, 
for cost eﬀective application in existing building (including cultural heritage 

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

69

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buildings); 5) prefabrication, as a crucial step to guaranteed energy performance; 
6) multifunctional and adaptive components, surfaces and ﬁnishes to create 
added energy functionality and durability;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy equipment and systems, with focus on: 7) Advanced heating/cooling 

and domestic hot water solutions, including renewable energy sources, focusing 
on sustainable generation as well as on heat recovery, primarily dedicated to the 
most promising solutions requiring large scale application; 8) Thermal storage 
(including both heat and cold) as a major breakthrough on building and district 
level, referring both to compactness as a main requirement for the existing stock, 
and the balance between diﬀerent kinds of storage; 9) Distributed/decentralised 
energy generation at district level, addressing the key requirement of ﬁnding 
smart solutions for grid-system interactions on a large scale. ICT smart networks 
would form a key component in such solutions;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Construction Processes, with focus on: 10) ICT aided construction; 11) 

Improving delivered energy performance; 12) automated construction tools;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Performance monitoring and management, wherein ICT plays a dominant 

role, with particular focus on: 13) ICT interoperability, actually being a cross-
cutting issue for all priority areas; 14) Smart Energy Management system (i.e. 
the portfolio of ﬂexible actions aiming to reduce the gap between predicted and 
actual energy performance), including occupancy modelling, fast and reproducible 
assessment of designed or actual performance, and continuous monitoring and 
control during service life; 15) Knowledge sharing (i.e. Open data standards 
allowing collaboration among stakeholders and interoperability among systems);

(cid:98)(cid:553) End of life, with focus on: 16) Decision-support on renovation or new buildings 
and associated solutions (taking into account the speciﬁc issues related to 
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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The centre of gravity is in the building envelope, energy equipment and performance moni-
toring and management. The recommended priority areas were elaborated considering time, 
budget (assimilating technology maturity) and activity type (Research and Development or 
Demonstration) as indicators for prioritisation.

In this roadmap, demonstration has diﬀerent forms and sizes. Small scale demonstration 
(at lab scale for instance, delivering the proof of concept) should inherently be connected to 
applied research and development actions. Large scale demonstration targeting early adop-
ters, and initial implementation targeting fast followers, however, addresses the systems per-
formance on a large scale level by deﬁnition, o$en involving population (end-user) behaviour.

They involve far bigger eﬀorts and are accompanied by substantial investments, with high 
ﬁnancial risk in the former and somewhat lesser risk in the latter case. Such actions that 
would pave the way to large scale market uptake are not considered within the R & D context, 
but require synergy with other instruments eﬀectively stimulating investments in innovative 
technology, while mitigating the ﬁnancial risks, as cohesion funds for instance (see Part 3).

The speciﬁcation and validation parts in these actions are nevertheless clear innovation tasks 
in the H2020 context and as such have been duly considered while structuring the document. 
Cross cutting and Integration aspects are mainly associated to each element of the value 
chain, in particular under demonstration and innovation activities.

Table 3 provides an overview of the budget associated to the key priorities, associated 
targets and activity type per each element of the value chain.

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PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

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Table 3. Proposed distribution of budget per Priority are as well as activity type

Core area

Priority

Activity Type

Corresponding 
Target 

Research & 
Development

Demo and 
innovation 
(i.e. suppport 
actions)

Budget (%)

Design

Structure

Envelope  
(incl.  
ﬁnishes)

Energy 
equipment

Construction 
process

Performance 
monitoring 

Design (average)

Integrated (holistic) design

1; 2; 23

Tools to disclose existing 
knowledge and technolo-
gies (e.g. ICT BIM)

Structure (average)

Sustainability, adapt-
ability and aﬀordability of 
structures

Envelope (average)

Energy and environmental 
performance of the full 
envelope

2

4; 5

6; 7; 8; 23

Prefabrication

6

45%

40%

50%

70%

70%

65%

60%

50%

Multifunctional and adap-
tive components, surfaces 
and ﬁnishes

Energy equipment (average)

6; 7; 8; 9; 22

80%

Thermal storage

10

Distributed/decentralised 
generation on a district 
level
Advanced heating and 
cooling, domestic hot water 
including heat recovery
Construction process 
(average)

10;13; 25

10

ICT aided construction

16; 25

Improving delivered energy 
performance
Automated Construction 
Tools
Performance & Monitoring 
(average)

14; 15; 17

16

ICT systems interoperability

12; 25

Open data standards

20

Prediction = reality (incl. 

12; 18; 19; 

occupancy modelling)

20

60%

80%

40%

50%

39%

40%

30%

60%

50%

40%

50%

60%

50%

50%

55%

60%

50%

30%

30%

35%

40%

50%

20%

40%

20%

60%

50%

61%

60%

70%

40%

50%

60%

50%

40%

50%

50%

10%

5%

5%

2.5%

2.5%

30%

15%

5%

10%

25%

10%

5%

10%

10%

3%

5%

2%

20%

7.5%

5%

7.5%

2.5%

2.5%

End of Life

End of Life (average)

Innovative solutions 

and decision-support on 

21; 22

renovation or new building

Average weighting across all areas

55.9%

44.1%

100%

72

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Targets (and associated Targeted Areas as better speciﬁed in Chapter 3) behind each priority are 
highly interrelated and interdependent, in particular in a single priority, highlighting the impor-
tance of integration. In addition, for some Targets it would be needed to have repeated/recur-
ring calls, taking account of the expected lead time to bring innovations to maturity and the 
results emerging from funded projects in the current and possibly future PPP. Table 4 summarise 
an industry point of view and suggestions for any future possible launch of calls, providing an 
overview of the priorities and the proposed timeline to address them in the period 2014-20.

An overall budget of EUR 2.1 billion over 2014-2020 is proposed to support this programme 
which is equally shared between industry and the European Commission. This budget proposal 
is based on the available elements of the EC proposal concerning Horizon 2020, the ﬁnancial 
envelope and ambition of the running PPP EeB and associated industry mobilisation and 
investments to address the priorities jointly identiﬁed in the dialogue with the public side. This 
ambition in terms of resources is in line with the additional industrial investments that would 
be progressively needed to bring the prototypes and demonstrators resulting from such new 
innovation activities to the market. An average leverage factor of 4 is expected, a ﬁgure 
based on a dedicated analysis of each value chain segment and of past experiences by E2BA 
members, as better detailed in Part 3.

The research and innovation intensity of both the seven value chain steps was sized for the 
period 2014-2020 as a function of the expected impacts and of the projects launched or to 
be launched during FP7 (see Figure 8).

It must be emphasised that a large industry funding is expected in the Envelope, Energy equip-
ment and performance monitoring and management, with design and construction processes 
being a relevant slice: the innovations would be tested on real life buildings (both new and 
refurbished, with probably districts concerned by a combination of both) for which EC funds 
would cover only the innovative part of the real life project. Cross cutting and integration 
activities would be tackled in each step of the value chain and by each large demonstra-
tion project that would be later on launched.

Figure 8. Proposal for a breakdown of the PPP budget beyond 2013 along the value chain

2,5%

10,0%

2,5%

20,0%

Design

Structure

Envelope (incl. ﬁnishes)

Energy equipment

Contruction process

Performance monitoring &
management

10,0%

30,0%

End of life

25,0%

PART II: RESEARCH AND INNOVATION STRATEGY

73

Table 4. Overview of priorities distributed along time

Core area

Priority

Short Term 
(2014-16)

Medium term 
(2017-18)

Long term 
(2019-20)

Integrated (holistic) design

’

Design

Structure

Envelope  
(incl. ﬁnishes)

Energy  
equipment

Tools to disclose existing 
knowledge and technologies 
(e.g. ICT BIM)
Sustainability, adaptability and 
aﬀordability of structures
Energy and environmental per-
formance of the full envelope

Prefabrication

Multifunctional and adaptive 
components, surfaces and 
ﬁnishes

Thermal storage

Distributed/decentralised 
energy generation on a district 
level
Advanced heating and cooling, 
domestic hot water including 
renewable energy sources and 
heat recovery

ICT aided construction

Construction 
process

Improving delivered energy 
performance

Automated Construction Tools

ICT systems interoperability

Open data standards

Prediction = reality (incl. 
occupancy modelling)
Innovative solutions and 
decision-support on renovation 
or new building

Performance 
monitoring 

End of Life

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

’

The relevant funding allocated to R & D projects demonstrates the need to address signiﬁ-
cant barriers where a close collaboration between large industrial players, SMEs and Research 
Organisations is instrumental for successful deployment. These include proof of concept dem-
onstrations for speciﬁc applications to attract additional industrial engagement and extend the 
range of products and applications in the market. This would help to further develop technology, 
reduce investment risks and thus lay the foundations needed for sustainable commercialisation.

Over 44 % of the total budget proposed would be concerned with demonstrations, address-
ing every step of the value chain. This is in line with the industry leadership and ambitions of 
the PPP as well as Horizon 2020 overall objectives to bring innovations close to the market, 
tackling also non technological barriers. The main goal of a demonstration action is indeed to 
validate technology. This validation gives industry insights on the unique selling points of their 
technology and basically addresses the question under what conditions the users are willing to 
invest in energy eﬃcient technology, oﬀering economic and ecological savings. Without such an 

74

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

assessment individual industrial players would need to invest in technology without knowing 
whether they can build a proﬁtable business around it. In view of the fact that the construction 
sector is highly disperse, such actions do not serve solely the needs of the partners involved 
in the demonstration action, but they would also be highly relevant for all players in the built 
environment. The individual early adopters and the fast followers participating in these actions 
would proﬁt immediately of the economic and ecological beneﬁts oﬀered by the innovative 
technology. European, national and regional authorities would get more reliable information 
on where to focus on in their policies, tax measures and funding instruments in order to realise 
the energy and climate targets set for 2020 and 2050.

In E2BA view, the demonstration action is not a goal in itself but should be followed by dissem-
ination actions and training of the work force active in the built environment. Industry should 
clearly take the lead to address these priority actions. As anticipated, a substantial part of the 
budget is indeed dedicated to Cross Cutting and Integration issues addressing technological 
and non technological horizontal aspects addressing the need for programme level actions on 
Regulations, Labelling and Standards (e.g. Target 11 in Chapter 3), Pre-normative Research, 
Socio-Economic Modelling and Planning, Technology Monitoring and Assessment, Lifecycle 
Analysis, support to SME engagement, setting up a monitoring platform at programme level, 
addressing interoperability, to name a few. These cross-cutting and integration aspects would 
be in most cases addressed at the level of each single project to be mobilised while in very 
speciﬁc cases they would be addressed with dedicated CSA projects. In particular the follow-
ing CSAs are identiﬁed as highly relevant:

(cid:98)(cid:553) A KPI top down cross cutting action, providing reporting, data aggregation and 
statistical elaboration guidance and facilities. It should take advantage of the 
KPI existing from the CONCERTO action (www.concerto.eu) that has already been 
running since FP6. A single Technical Monitoring Database (TMD) would provide 
the synergy between all EeB projects, including the FP7 projects ﬁnishing when 
H2020 starts. Similar outcomes from the CIP programme like ‘eemeasure’ (http://
eemeasure.clicksandlinks.com/eemeasure/generalUser/) could be mainstreamed. 
It would provide inputs for LCA standardisation and regulation;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A cross-cutting action on interoperability of ICT systems.

Part III: Expected impacts

1 

Expected impact on industry and society

1.1 

Industrial competitiveness and growth

Some of the large actors in the diﬀerent sub-sectors of the industry (e.g., architects and 
engineering companies), currently operate across European borders and even in international 
markets, while other actors in the value chain mainly operate in national or local markets. As 
a result, the diﬀerent actors face very diﬀerent challenges with regard to competitive -
ness, as highlighted by Ecorys 38. While the overall construction sector in the EU27 grew con-
siderably prior to the beginning of the ﬁnancial crisis both in terms of persons employed (just 
below 3 % per year during the period from 2000 to 2007 with lower rates in Manufacturing 
of construction materials and higher rates in Professional construction services), productivity 
levels were relatively stagnant. According to the Ecorys report, a number of factors are likely 
to inﬂuence the future competitiveness of the building sector (in a 10-year perspective) and 
to improve quality and productivity:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Access to a more qualiﬁed labour force, thanks to training eﬀorts;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Access to ﬁnance and new ﬁnancial models;

38  Ecorys (2011), FWC Sector Competitiveness Studies N° B1/ENTR/06/054 – Sustainable Competitiveness of the Construction Sector. 

Final report.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) Closer customer and end user relations and process innovation;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Professionalisation of the clients;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Access to applied research and technology transfer such as new technologies, 

materials, smart and eco-eﬃcient solutions and buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) New service models to complement actual construction, retroﬁtting and 

renovation activities, which allow taking into account the upfront investment 
more eﬃciently;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Modularisation and pre-assembling of critical components (envelopes, energy 

equipment);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Coordination across players to achieve lean construction;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Future growth markets outside the EU that can be addressed by European 

industry.

European industries are still in a leading position for space and water heating, but not for 
cooling applications. The PPP would prepare them to address future market needs where 
equipment must be sized down to address lower demand proﬁles. European industries are 
leading in the ﬁeld of ICT for energy management, but are threatened by the Japanese and US 
competition. The PPP would prepare them to address multi scale BEMS markets covering single 
houses/apartments, buildings and districts. The European cement and construction materi-
als industry must face competition from growing countries like China. Setting new standards 
on the CO2 footprint of such materials should give a new leading edge at world level for the 

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PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

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European industry. As highlighted by the Ecorys report, investments in new technology and 
innovation are potentially a major driver for increasing the competitiveness of European 
construction companies: productivity increases by using ICT, innovative building products 
and new construction methods, together with parallel trainings to improve the worker skills. 
Beyond current economic growth, which would generate a demand for new energy eﬃcient 
buildings, a mature refurbishment market required to meet the 2050 decarbonisation goals 
leads approximately to an additional EUR 60 billion/year ambitions 39 at least over the next 
35 years.

Meeting such ambitious challenges has three direct consequences on trade issues:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy eﬃciency in Europe becomes a proﬁtable business;

(cid:98)(cid:553) European manufacturers and constructors locate added value in Europe based on 
sound business models which foreign industry has hard times to comply with due 
to stringent European quality and performance standards;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy service and/or construction companies are able to take long term energy 

guarantee contracts that shape new behaviours from building end-users.

This means that aﬀordable innovative solutions are commercially available for refurbishment 
before 2025 in order to both increase the rate of refurbishment and the deeper refurbishment 
objectives as anticipated in Part 1.

Europe is not on track to achieve its energy eﬃciency goals by 2020. Two recent studies 40 
indicate that the cost-eﬀective energy savings potential in the building sector (i.e. covering 
both residential and non-residential buildings and estimated to be 65 Mtoe) corresponds to 
a cumulated investment need of approximately EUR 587 billion for the period 2011-2020. This 
translates into an investment need of around EUR 60 billion per year to realise this savings 
potential 41 which represents an extra 5 % of the annual turnover which means an enormous 
challenge for the building sector. Clearly the present PPP aims at structuring a building refur-
bishment market in Europe as from 2030. It also initiates certiﬁcation procedures to promote 
a market for the recycling/reuse of scrapped pieces of buildings. Last but not least, it makes 
the implementation of energy performance guaranteed contracts a unique approach to commit 
the value chain players into durable performances for new or refurbished buildings By selling 
new performance standards for structural materials and energy equipment, Europe is able 
to take the lead at world level 42. Moreover it stresses the needs for increased productivity 
of the construction players which is a major challenge when observing the past trends over 
2000-2010 when productivity decreased.

39  Eichhammer, W. et al.: Study on the Energy Savings Potentials in EU Member States, Candidate Countries and EEA Countries. 2009.

40  Wesselink, B. et al.: Energy Savings 2020 – How to triple the impact of energy saving policies in Europe. Report to the European 

Climate Foundation, 2010.

41  Consultation Paper: ‘Financial Support for Energy Eﬃciency in Buildings’.

42  See for example the ALCIMED study (2012, in French) highlighting the importance of standards and certiﬁcations in China and the 

recent developments on Green Building certiﬁcation; and the analyses by Global Construction Perspectives and Oxford Economics.

78

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

1.2 

Jobs and skills creation

The construction industry accounts for more than 10 % of the EU’s GDP and according to 
FIEC data employs 20 million people in large, medium and small enterprises. Construction is 
indeed a key sector for job creation: every job created in the construction sector generates 
two further jobs in related sectors 43. According to the BPIE study 44, a slow but constant 
increase in the renovation rates would generate on average 400 000 jobs annually by 2020, 
and a fast ramping up would lead to an average 600 000 jobs each year. The deep scenario 
would create up to 1 million jobs. This is in line with the recent consultation by DG Energy on 
‘Financial support for energy eﬃciency in buildings’ highlighting the fact that, although o$en 
diﬃcult to quantify exactly, increasing the level of investment in building energy eﬃciency 
would also have a strong eﬀect on job creation. For example, the United Nations Environment 
Programme (UNEP) in its 2011 Green Economy Report 45states that ‘investments in improved 
energy eﬃciency in buildings could generate an additional 2 to 3.5 million jobs in Europe and 
the United States alone’.

The French Ministry for Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development and Spatial Planning esti-
mates that for every EUR 1 million of investment in property-related thermal renovation, 14.2 
jobs are created or maintained in the ﬁeld of energy performance-related work 46. Applying 
these numbers to the above-identiﬁed investment need of EUR 60 billion per year would 
result in the creation or retention of around 850 000 jobs per year in the EU. Similar ﬁg-
ures can be found in the Impact Assessment of the Energy Directive where a more realistic 
assessment in the Energy Eﬃciency Plan estimated the employment potential to up to 2 million 
jobs based on data from the building sector. As the construction sector is in general highly 
locally oriented 47, this means that job creation in this sector would have a high impact 
on local employment. The availability of a long term roadmap and the possible extension of 
the PPP EeB beyond 2013 would have a positive eﬀect on increasing nationally funded pro-
grammes and private research investment, even to the extent of encouraging multi-national 
enterprises to maintain research and innovation eﬀorts in the EU rather than move them 
elsewhere and promote inward investment from outside of the EU. A key feature of the con-
struction sector is indeed that employment generated is indeed rather local and this would 
provide a clear boost to local economies which are struggling in the crisis time, thus fostering 
smart specialisation.

1.3 

Overall PPP impact at EU scale

As a result of PPP implementation, the following table summarises the expected beneﬁts 
brought by an energy-eﬃcient building value chain to building users and EU society as a whole, 

43  Communication from the Commission ‘The Competitiveness of the Construction Industry’, COM(97) 539 of 4/11/1997.

44  BPIE (2011) Europe’s buildings under the microscope.

45  Green Economy Report 2011, United Nations Environment Programme.

46  Plan européen pour la relance économique COM(2008) 800 ﬁnal Mesure No 6: Améliorer l’eﬃcacité énergétique dans les 

bâtiments. Reprogrammation des programmes opérationnels régionaux des Fonds structurels en faveur des logements sociaux. 
Evaluation a Mi-Parcours 2009–2011 — France, L’Union Social pour l’Habitat, May 2011.

47  Ecorys (2011)FWC Sector Competitiveness Studies N° B1/ENTR/06/054 – Sustainable Competitiveness of the Construction Sector

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

79

with respect to Sustainability, Security of Supply and Competitive markets parameters for the 
EU Climate and Energy policies.

Table 5. Overall PPP EeB impact mapped against EU policies

EU Climate &Energy policy

Overall PPP EeB impact

Sustainability

Security of 
Supply

Competitive 
markets

Higher building renovation rate

Lower costs, higher quality and higher productivity 

throughout the value chain
Transformation of the building sector to a knowledge and 

technology driven sector
Reduced embodied CO2 per M2 of new ﬂoor space
Cost-eﬀective, user-friendly, healthy and safe products 

and solutions at district and city scale

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

2  Monitoring impact: Key Performance Indicators

Fast implementation and performance feedback are keys issues of the PPP, and represent 
a major pillar in building up the long term strategy expected as a natural continuation of the 
running PPP EeB. Monitoring and proper reactive actions are then major components. Both 
are included in what industry has called a ‘wave action’, as better introduced in Part 1. In this 
‘wave action’ plan, continuous, on-going research feeds successive waves of projects. The 
knowledge gained in the ﬁrst ‘wave’ feeds in the second at the design stage, realising a con-
tinuous implementation process.

It is proposed to implement all the validated technology or process prototypes within real 
life demonstrations allowing the assessment of the programme progress with the help of an 
appropriate set of KPIs. Two levels of Key Performance Indicators are proposed as described 
in the following.

2.1 

Level 1 KPIs

In line with the strategic objectives and directions described within the Overall Vision (see 
Chapter 2 in Part 1), it is possible to identify a set of KPIs level 1, that enables the evaluation 
of the implementation of the overall PPP goals. They would enable the monitoring of the PPP 
progress and measuring how the speciﬁc research and innovation objectives deﬁned by 2020 
are met. From this point of view the KPIs are related to three main aspects:

1.  Realised physical examples and their potential (energy) impact: This focuses 
on the number of concrete example projects (at building and district level) and 
the impact thereof on the total primary energy usage and the number of market-
accepted concepts that are available:

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

 # Direct: the number of realised energy eﬃcient buildings/districts, subsidised 

through the programme, multiplied by the reduction of primary energy usage 
with respect to the reference buildings/districts;

 # Indirect: potential reduction in primary energy usage when the developed 

concepts are applied on all similar building types to which the concepts can be 
applied.

The latter is more important than the former, because of the current phase in the transition 
curve and because it illustrates the potential impact.

 # Market demand (% market share): The level of demand from building 

(complex) owners (including housing organisations) for the building concepts 
developed through the programme;

 # Market supply (% market share): The number of innovative coalitions that is 

actively oﬀering/promoting the available building concepts.

2.  Improved market conditions: in line with the removed barriers and developed 

stimuli through the PPP. Underneath this there are aspects such as:

 # Knowledge disclosure: the level to which the knowledge platforms (set up 
under the PPP, such as clustered communities of projects to share best 
practices, forums, …), and knowledge carriers (performance-driven building 
methodology, toolkits, example ‘booklets’, etc.) are actively used;

 # Number of successful examples: where (new) forms of value-driven approach 

resulted in the creation/(re)valuation of building and district concepts with high 
performance levels (ranging from 45 %, 60 % to 80 % reduction of primary 
energy usage);

 # Performance driven building process: successful approaches/measures 
through which the diﬀerence between the energy performance level as 
designed and the energy performance as realised is minimised. This may 
consider also the amount of projects using the performance drive building 
methodology, as developed in our programme;

 # Regulations: (number of) successful examples of projects, where adaptation 

of local (and/or national) rules and regulations contributed to building owners 
adopting and realising innovative building concepts;

 # Finance opportunity: available and applied ﬁnancing constructions with which 
higher (energy) performance levels can be funded (without subsidies) and 
the number of times they were applied, as a result of the innovations funded 
within the PPP.

3.  Created market dynamic: In the end the success should be visible by the fact 
that a substantial part of the market actors are making business through 
the outcome of the PPP, either directly as partner in the programme (the 
frontrunners) or indirectly using the outcome provided by the frontrunners (the 
early adaptors):

 # Number of coalitions actively working with the Energy leap ambition levels 

and (building and district) concepts;

 # The building (surface area) portfolio of those coalitions.

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

81

KPI level 1 comprise:

 # New systems and technologies developed in the relevant sectors
 # Participation and beneﬁts for SMEs
 # Contribution to the reduction of energy use and CO2 emissions
 # Contribution to the reduction of waste
 # Contribution to the reduction in the use of material resources
 # New high-skilled proﬁles and new curricula developed
 # Private investment mobilised in relation to the PPP activities
 # Contributions to new standards

2.2 

Level 2 KPIs

Level 2 KPIs are associated to the expected impact of each project to be mobilised in the 
framework of the PPP. We have identiﬁed the following general indicators:

 # Scale of reduction in energy, material resources and waste
 # Project results taken-up for further investments (into higher TRLs)
 # Trainings for a higher quality workforce
 # Patents and activities leading to standardisation

More speciﬁc KPIs level 2 for the diﬀerent segments of the value chain are detailed in the table 
below, associating the expected beneﬁts for the players in the value chain.

Table 6. Speciﬁc KPls level 2 for the diﬀerent segments of the value chain

Segment of the 
value chain

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

Expected beneﬁts for the players  
in the value chain

(cid:98)(cid:553) More reliable design tools

(cid:98)(cid:553) The gap between building performance 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Higher quality in the construction process

DESIGN

by design and built performance at 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Good the ﬁrst time: commissioning is 

commissioning is narrowed down to a value 

made faster and cheaper

consistent with energy performance contracts

STRUCTURE

(cid:98)(cid:553) The embodied CO2 content per m² of useful 
ﬂoor area due to construction materials in 

building structures reduced by at least a factor 

of 2

(cid:98)(cid:553) New envelope solutions that maintain 

architectural ﬂexibility respond to integration 

constraints (seismic, acoustic, air quality, …) 

ENVELOPE

while improving annual energy performance 

of buildings by at least 50 % when compared 

against building of same type and function 

(measured in kWh/m² ﬂoor area/year)

(cid:98)(cid:553) ICT platforms and interoperable tools for 

integrated design

(cid:98)(cid:553) New standards for suitable construction 

materials that put European manufacturers 

as world leaders

(cid:98)(cid:553) Prefabricated solutions to reduce 

investments at constant quality

(cid:98)(cid:553) Durable high performance solutions 

for new buildings that minimises cost of 

ownership

(cid:98)(cid:553) Active envelope available at aﬀordable 

costs

(cid:98)(cid:553) Refurbishment processes involving 

standard envelope conﬁgurations built on 

purpose

82

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Segment of the 
value chain

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs)

(cid:98)(cid:553) Financially attractive zero energy districts 

possible

(cid:98)(cid:553) CO2 neutral energy districts ﬁnancially 
attractive in Europe when combining 2020 

Expected beneﬁts for the players  
in the value chain

(cid:98)(cid:553) Zero energy building as a standard for 

ENERGY 

EQUIPMENT

CONSTRUCTION 

PROCESS

PERFORMANCE 

MONITORING

END OF LIFE

building standards and renewable energy use

new buildings (oﬃce, housing)

(cid:98)(cid:553) Widespread uses of energy performance 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Refurbishment strategies for existing 

certiﬁcates for all major energy equipment 

districts that are attractive ﬁnancially: ICT 

(50 % of all equipment purchased A+ or 
equivalent)

is a cheap investment to maximise energy 
eﬃciency at district level at aﬀordable 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Supply of energy a$er refurbishment 

investments

ensured at least by 50 % from renewable or 

(cid:98)(cid:553) European standards for interoperability 

waste energy sources

of equipment that facilitate their seamless 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reduction of diﬀerence between peak power 

integration within BEMS

demand and minimum night time demand by 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Innovative high eﬃcient systems 

50 %

dedicated to space and water heating

(cid:98)(cid:553) Real time optimisation of energy demand 

and supply using intelligent energy 

management systems
(cid:98)(cid:553) Reduction by 80 % of the number of 

failing commissioning for new and renovated 

buildings

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reduction of the average deep 

refurbishment works duration by at least 20 %
(cid:98)(cid:553) By 2020, 15 % of all refurbishment 

contracts are performance guaranteed 

contracts

(cid:98)(cid:553) Full scale, real life demonstrations show that 

reusable/recycled building components can be 

part of future viable business models for the 

building sector
(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy eﬃcient building technologies ready 

for mass-market: 1) Sound business models 

with end-users ready to purchase innovations 

based on criteria which may go beyond energy 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Higher construction productivity for both 

refurbishment and new buildings

(cid:98)(cid:553) Durable energy performance for new and 

refurbished buildings, leading to improved 
control of building ownership costs and CO2 
footprints

(cid:98)(cid:553) Recyclability/reusability criteria deﬁned 

to launch business models on reliable 

sound grounds

savings (comfort, accessibility, aesthet-ics, 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Higher productivity of players along the 

….); 2) Scalability/replication of innovations 

value chain

proven via full-scale demonstrations; 3) 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Validated business models to ensure 

INTEGRATION

Harmonisation of performance standards at 

replication before 2025

EU level

(cid:98)(cid:553) Large scale demonstrations integrates 

at least 50 % of the R & D project outputs 

performed at EU level

(cid:98)(cid:553) The construction sector ready to increase 
productivity over the next thirty years (0.5 % 

average year)

(cid:98)(cid:553) Industrialisation costs of validated 

technologies under control

(cid:98)(cid:553) Industrial making before 2025

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

83

The overall logic of the KPIs is presented in the Figure below.

Figure 9. Overview of the KPls logic

EU 2020 
Energy/   
climate
policy
g
oals

Programme 
definition

translate into

PPP
Programme 
Objectives 
and 
Modalities

translate into

Project 
Selection
Criteria

translate into

Project 
Selection

Programme 
Evaluation

Project 
Objectives

translate into

Project 
Attainments

Project
Monitoring  and 
Evaluation

translate into

Long-term
Impacts

3 

 Additionality to existing activities and 
European added value

3.1 

Additionality to existing activities

This roadmap aims at providing research and innovation priorities for the period 2014-2020 
with the ultimate goal of accelerating the pace of innovation towards aﬀordable energy 
eﬃcient building, at a time where the economic and ﬁnancial crisis addressed within the 
Recovery Plan is still there and limits the investment capabilities of the whole sector and 
extended value chain, whereas ambitions set forth by 2050 require breakthrough changes 
coming from each of the players in the value chain.

Public funding, even though very low when compared to the overall turnover of the construc-
tion sector, aims at circumventing a possible market failure when imposing long term energy 
eﬃciency ambitions to the sector:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

It sends signals on the role of innovation to develop technologies and processes 
able to make the whole building sector an enabler of low energy buildings;

It supports collaborative approaches instead of single isolated developer project 
to make purchasers and providers understand that a systemic approach to 
reducing building energy demand is a prerequisite to meet the deadlines set by 
the 2050 decarbonisation goals;

 
84

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553)

It allows for more innovative technology and business models to be tested 
in parallel thus giving manufacturers and constructors access to more viable 
options in view of facing both new construction and refurbishment scenarios 
beyond 2020.

In this framework, there are three components of additionality:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Input Additionality: the PPP EeB clearly showed that collaborative Research and 
Innovation activities around an industry led programme in close dialogue with 
diﬀerent EC services would not have been launched without public support, at ﬁrst 
due to the on-going economic and ﬁnancial crisis, but also because of the peculiar 
nature of the sector and its extended value chain. These conditions apply also 
today and despite the successful achievements so far it can be observed that 
a critical mass has not yet been reached;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Process Additionality: the innovation process is managed and implemented in 

a more eﬃcient way due to the value chain approach, this is a clear improvement 
in this current roadmap that is well aligned to the Horizon 2020 objectives while 
addressing additional research areas not fully covered in the running PPP EeB;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Output Additionality: the partners have drawn pathways to meet the 2050 

decarbonisation goals, whatever economic scenarios may be faced by investors 
over 2020-2050. This means a European refurbishment technology roadmap and 
the tests of various business models which all address the guarantee that energy 
performance at commissioning would be kept durable over the life cycle of the 
new building or the refurbishment. It brings direct beneﬁts to the participants and 
to the building sector as a whole, showing that the barriers against aﬀordable 
energy eﬃcient buildings are not insurmountable.

The intended extension of the running PPP EeB in line with the present Research and Innova-
tion Roadmap represents an additional and fully complementary pillar of the broader Smart 
Cities and Communities strategy aimed at demonstrating available technologies or their 
innovative combinations in large projects up to city scale meeting available non technological 
barriers. The ambition of this Research & Innovation Roadmap is indeed to fully comple-
ment this vision by developing innovative technologies and solutions which are validated 
at buildings and districts scale to be tested in the larger Cities framework when available. It 
is important to notice that the intended extension of the current non technological barriers is 
tackled from the early stages of the innovation chain to speed up implementation in line with 
the overall Horizon 2020 ambition, as shown in Figure 10 below.

3.2 

 Added value of action at EU level and of public intervention using EU 
research funds

Signiﬁcant EU public funds have already been directed to research activities for energy 
eﬃciency in buildings within the running PPP EeB, contributing to build a large community 
of stakeholders which is growing call by call. The participation of industry exceeds 50 % with 
SMEs involvement at the level of 30 %. Yet a critical mass is not reached to self-propagate. 
The innovative technologies needed to boost energy eﬃcient buildings are unlikely to be com-
mercially available as quickly as is desirable especially for buildings renovation. Still there 

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

85

Figure 10. Additionality and complementary of PPP EeB beyond 2013 within the frame-
work of the broader Smart Cities strategy

Smart Cities

Available 
technologies or 
their innovative 
combinations

Large Scale 
Deployment 
Projects
(at City level)

Standards, 
Regulations, 
Procurement, 

R&D

Buildings or 
districts 
demo scale

Novel solutions

PPP

is a danger that energy eﬃcient buildings development does not meet with the energy and 
environmental mandates due to the lack of standardised cost eﬀective technologies and 
solutions and business models. Further EU wide public intervention is needed to avoid 
a market failure: very high constraints on building performance while the players are not 
able to meet aﬀordability before 2025, which means that the 2050 deadline is unrealistic. 
Public intervention allows investigating innovative solutions in a more parallel way, thus 
giving industry more options to address economic scenarios over a very long period of 
time (2020-2050).

Tackling these challenges within the framework of a coordinated eﬀort at EU level between 
industry and the European Commission is justiﬁed by:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The research needed which is o$en so complex that no single company or 

public research institution can perform it alone;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The absence of an agreed long-term budget plan and strategic technical and 
market objectives to encourage industry and the research community to commit 
more of their own resources would slow down the pace of innovation;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The sub-optimal application of funds leaving gaps and overlaps in a fragmented 

research coverage;

(cid:98)(cid:553) An insuﬃcient volume of funds for an integrated and continuous programme 

covering fundamental research, applied research and large-scale EU-level 
demonstrations;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The fact that the European energy eﬃcient buildings value chain is dispersed 
across diﬀerent countries and activity areas (public and private promoters, 
designers and architects, construction companies, technology developers and 
providers, SMEs, Research Organisations) which restricts the exchange and 
pooling of knowledge and experience;

86

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) The fact that technical breakthroughs are needed to improve the cost 

eﬀectiveness, the performance, the reliability and durability of materials, 
components and systems for Energy Eﬃcient Buildings and Districts to meet the 
expectations of potential customers.

The conclusion that might reasonably be drawn from the foregoing discussion is that there 
is a clear European added value in extending the current PPP EeB beyond 2013 as a EU 
wide continuous research and demonstration programme to allow large industrial companies 
and SMEs, including those in the new Member States, to collaborate between themselves and 
with other stakeholders, working towards shared short, medium and long-term objectives in 
the diﬀerent areas of the value chain. Without public and private research and innovation 
investments at European level in a focused and coherent industrial programme accompanied 
by longer-term research taking account of industrial development priorities, eﬀorts addressing 
the research bottlenecks and the search for technological breakthroughs would continue in 
a scattered and unstructured manner.

These objectives cannot be suﬃciently achieved by the Member States because the scale 
of the challenge exceeds the capacity of any Member State to act alone. The pooling and coor-
dination of research and development eﬀorts at EU level stand for a better chance of success, 
given the trans-national nature of the technologies and systemic solutions to be developed, 
and also given the need to achieve ﬁnally the critical mass of players and resources. The 
intervention of the European Commission would help to rationalise research programmes and 
ensure inter-operability of the developed systems not only through common pre-normative 
research to support the preparation of standards but also through the de-facto standardisa-
tion which would arise from the close research cooperation and the trans-national demon-
stration projects. This standardisation would open a wider market and promote competition. 
This Research & Innovation Roadmap is conceived to encourage the Member States to pursue 
complementary initiatives at national level, in the spirit of reinforcing the European Research 
Area — indeed the intention of the extension of the PPP EeB initiative beyond 2013 is to lev-
erage these national and regional programmes to make best use of the combined eﬀorts for 

© Antony McAulay

87PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTSlocal deployment and replication. A clear added value at European scale is also associated with the intended innovation model mobilised along the value chain as well as the innovation chain, as illustrated in the Figure below where the contribution of the research and innovation activi-ties within the framework of the extended PPP EeB beyond 2013 are integrated with larger demonstration projects expected as part of the overall Horizon 2020 strategy and Innovation Union objectives and tools, including European Innovation Partnerships.Indeed our roadmap to extend the PPP EeB beyond 2013 foresees an integrated approach along the innovation chain in line with the Horizon 2020 ambition, where non technological activities are properly addressed, such as:Social and behavioural aspects:(cid:98)(cid:553)More accurate and better understanding of the potential for change and the most appropriate ways to communicate it;(cid:98)(cid:553)Involvement of civil society organisations of all kinds in the process of spreading awareness and acceptance on the necessary changes, particularly those that aﬀect lifestyles and behaviour;(cid:98)(cid:553)Guidelines for improvement of individual behaviours, to raise awareness and concern;(cid:98)(cid:553)Promoting change in collective behaviours, tackling large groups.Standardisation aspects:(cid:98)(cid:553)Pre-normative research towards standardisation of components and systems that shall complain with building codes, electrical normative and grid integration (when applicable);(cid:98)(cid:553)Possible barriers in existing standards and legislation would be analyzed;Figure 11. The intended innovation model and the associated European Added ValueEffectivenessOperationalprototypes workingunderreal life conditionsEfficacyAppropriation of innovations by  the construction value chainEfficiencyPotentialbenefitson  performance and costsDevelopmentand demonstrationIndustrialisationNational deploymentEuropeanreplicationTechnology suppliersand contractorsThe extendedconstruction value chainContractorsPlayersInnovation maturityEuropeanAddedvalueBuilding ownerand usersResearchUniversitiesResearchcentersMockupsJOB CREATIONTECH. TRANSFER,NEW SKILLS88

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) Activities would be developed within national and international certiﬁcation 

bodies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The standardisation of components and systems developed would contribute to 
a wider uptake of the technologies by SMEs as well as a wider deployment in the 
market;

(cid:98)(cid:553) R & D eﬀort in standardisation would allow moving from small to mass 

production, therefore reducing costs, while integrating the whole value chain and 
user and customer requirements.

Business model aspects, which concern the fact that the building market is characterised by 
its diversity, complexity and high fragmentation of the value chain with very diﬀerent views 
concerning energy:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Local Authorities inﬂuence the value chain through policies but high levels of 

energy performance are o$en compromised by cost considerations,

(cid:98)(cid:553) Capital Providers are more focused on the short term and reduction of energy 

consumption is not part of their concerns;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Developers (Designers, Engineers, Contractors, Materials and Equipment 

Suppliers) as primary actors of the construction are focussed in the short term, 
and would care about energy eﬃciency only when implemented in the programme 
or when it is a key factor in the buying decision,;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Investors who rent buildings have recently started to consider energy-saving 
measures as a long term valuable investment;

(cid:98)(cid:553) End Users are o$en the most sensitive to energy savings but very o$en are not in 

the position to commit the necessary investment;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Therefore, new business models must be developed to take into account clients 
and users requirements, the entire supply chain, legal and ﬁnancial framework, 
technical aspects, geographical and local features and the whole life cycle;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The use of the ﬁnancing instruments like the Risk Sharing Financing Facility, the 
European Investment Bank (EIB) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and 
Development (EBRD) would be reinforced as well as private industrial banks at 
European, national and regional level.

Pre-commercial Procurement, Procurement of Innovation and Sustainable Procurement in 
the Energy Eﬃcient Buildings market, is a major driver for increasing the innovation level in 
the Energy Eﬃcient Buildings market, where advanced procurement models have to established, 
implemented and used, mainly by Public Administrations. This is indeed complicated by the peculiar 
value chain of the construction sector, where many innovations come from the industry of products 
and components and are then applied at the construction level. The involvement in this roadmap-
ping exercise of organisations active in the EIT KIC Innoenergy initiative has also contributed 
to properly consider links with the innovation triangle to enable synergy and possible future 
closer collaborations which leverage on new skills and entrepreneurship to take advantage of 

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

89

the huge market opportunities which could be generated by a joint long term strategy between 
industry and the public side. Ultimately the PPP would address the FP6 and FP7 barrier to bring 
the results to market and the European paradox where most of our promising results are exploited 
elsewhere where innovation friendly environments are in place, including support to large scale 
pre-commercial demo-projects. In our view the intended mix of R & D and small to large scale 
demo projects would allow reaching the critical mass needed in terms of research and innova-
tion to self-sustain the transition to an energy eﬃcient built environment, radically shi$ing the 
innovation trajectory. This would fully exploit synergy with the current portfolio of project results, 
future projects in key enabling technology areas as well as major initiatives as Smart Cities EIP. 
In this framework, there is a clear win-win opportunity in joining eﬀorts between the public 
and private sides within the PPP. Responses to identiﬁed socioeconomic challenges require 
a very signiﬁcant degree of innovation which is ﬁrst and foremost based on solutions enabled 
by solutions for the energy eﬃciency of buildings. EU and Member States public authorities can 
trigger and support such developments by proactively establishing regulatory frameworks that 
set standardised targets for the industry that focus on achieving appropriate solutions in speciﬁc 
critical areas, supported by stimulus packages to accelerate the development and diﬀusion of 
required innovative technologies and processes within a deﬁned time horizon.

3.3 

Beneﬁt of a Contractual PPP in comparison to other options

The Framework Programme for research and demonstration plus national and regional eﬀorts, 
supported by Technology Platforms (to provide strategic directions and priorities), has to be con-
sidered very seriously as it has served the community well for more than 20 years. Nevertheless, 
eﬀorts in this domain would result fragmented across a number of diﬀerent FP7 themes, which 
are overseen by diﬀerent programme committees, each with diﬀerent priorities, giving rise to 
operational diﬃculties in coordinating calls and diﬃculties in feeding back results from demon-
stration actions to re-focus research priorities. The Framework Programme is scale limited to 
provide a satisfactory answer to all challenges and opportunities presented in this document, not 
being conceived to maintain continuous calls on energy eﬃciency 
in buildings and districts, although we acknowledge the simpli-
ﬁcations proposed by EC in the Horizon 2020 proposal and the 
foreseen integration of other successful instruments such as the 
Competitiveness and Innovation Programme’s (CIP), the Intelligent 
Energy for Europe and ICT Policy Support Programme as well as 
EIT and other funding tools from EIB and private sources. A lack of 
continuity and strategic technical and policy focus can give rise to 
knowledge gaps and overlapping eﬀort, an inconsistent approach, 
and an over-emphasis on new, untested technologies. Even with 
support from Technology Platforms, the research portfolio might 
leave critical technologies under-funded or unaddressed. A major 
issue for industry is the unpredictability of funding levels, which is 
critical for long-term investment planning. They need well-deﬁned 
strategic goals and a sustained, stable funding regime to raise 
conﬁdence in private sector investors.

Establishing a Public Private Partnership on Energy Eﬃcient 
Buildings in the form of a Contractual Partnership is the 
option preferred by industry and the stakeholders collec-
tively. Industry prefers an action with a strategically-managed 

© ARUP

90

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

route from research through development and demonstration to market deployment and it 
also favours a pre-deﬁned budget as this allows industry to make long-term investment 
plans. This would also encourage conﬁdence in industry to engage in the necessary longer-
term projects in cooperation with basic research organisations. Under the present concept 
for a Contractual PPP, the energy eﬃcient buildings supply and value chains (industry, SMEs, 
research organisations, public and private promoters, standardisation bodies, users…) in consul-
tation with the European Commission, would take the leading role in deﬁning the programme 
priorities and timelines, set against commercialisation targets for cost and performance, with 
milestones and KPIs to take strategic decisions and mobilise additional investments. 
Although the PPP initiative would apply the general principles of the Framework Programme 
regarding equal treatment, openness and transparency, there is scope for a more dynamic 
and eﬃcient implementation.

The following beneﬁts are expected from the extension of the running PPP EeB beyond 2013, 
based on lessons learnt and experiences gained so far:

(cid:98)(cid:553) A critical mass of players is created faster to face the critical issues raised by 

the 2050 goals;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The whole value chain of players is involved in the management of the 

programme with the concerned EC Directorates;

(cid:98)(cid:553) New players (both large groups and SMEs) join the collective Research and 

Innovation projects to contribute to the new innovation waves;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Increased visibility for new business models and integration activities in 
support of both new and refurbished buildings having low energy demand proﬁles;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A refurbishment roadmap managed by both the EC and industry, in accordance 

with the most recent ﬁndings 48 at EU level.

4 

 Ability to leverage additional industrial 
investments and monitoring of commitment

According to the 2011 Industrial R & D Scoreboard 49, the private R & D investment made by the 
industry of the building sector has been so far limited in comparison to other industries where 
a closer collaboration along the value chain is in place and is driving investments in product/
process and service innovation, such as the automobile industry (EUR 30 billion , 4,7 % of net 
sales for the automobile industry). In buildings and construction in general, the scattered nature 
of the industry does not allow a precise tracking of all investments along the value chain 

48  ‘How to refurbish all buildings by 2050? ’ THINK Topic 7, Final report, June 2012.

49  http://iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu/research/scoreboard_2011.htm

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

91

and during the diﬀerent steps of the innovation chain. If we consider oﬃcial ﬁgures from the 
Industrial R & D Scoreboard, we may have the following very conservative estimates:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The R & D investment in 2010 of the ‘Construction and materials’ industry 
amounted to EUR 1 405 million (0.6 % of net sales, ﬁgures calculated for 
34 companies);

(cid:98)(cid:553) With regards to the ‘Household goods and home construction’, R & D investment 

amounted to EUR 1 377 milliomn (2.1 % of net sales, ﬁgures calculated for 
19 companies);

(cid:98)(cid:553) R & D investment was higher for ‘Electrical components and equipment’ 

(EUR 5 903, 4.6 % of net sales, ﬁgures calculated for 30 companies), however only 
part of this amount is allocated to the building sector.

The extension of the PPP EeB beyond 2013 with its expected ambition in terms of public and 
private resources is expected to trigger industrial research and innovation investments in line 
with the innovation model presented earlier, which is expected ultimately to generate leverage 
for additional private investments:

(cid:98)(cid:553) During real life demonstrations in support of the validation of integration processes;

(cid:98)(cid:553) During the industrialisation phases which remain indispensable on the industry side 

to reach the ﬁrst sales of commercial products or services.

In line with the commitment already shown within the Recovery Plan PPP EeB, industry would 
indeed commit substantial resources in the period 2014-20. The following targets and meas-
ures are set for exploitation of project results and their market take-up:

(cid:98)(cid:553) At least doubling the private resources allocated to demonstration targeting 

early adopters and to pilot implementation targeting fast followers;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Tripling the current level of investments in training by the supply chain and 

development of building skills (with at least 20 % of companies engaged in training 
against current 7 %);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Bringing innovative results to the market via systematic use of the whole set 

of funding tools, fostered through a large conference (at least 300 participants) 
yearly to promote and monitor the use of cohesion funds within the broader smart 
specialisation strategy;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Implementing a cross-fertilisation platform which gathers all main public 
deliverables from projects, supporting clustering along main horizontal issues, as 
well as Yearly Project Review and four Yearly Technical Editions on cross-cutting 
issues;

Implementing programme monitoring through a yearly Impact and Project Review 
Workshop and appointment of a Third Party to assess the industry and sector 
investments;

92

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) Contribution to potential standards in building retroﬁtting, e.g. for large action in 
social/public buildings. Manage a Research and Innovation Forum for awareness 
and dissemination with at least 5000 members to exchange research needs and 
best practices in innovation-friendly demand side measures (i.e. pre-normative 
research, Regulations, Certiﬁcation and Standards, Procurement, Socio-Economic 
Modelling and Planning, SME engagement).

Concerning the intermediate targets, we aim at a dissemination platform available at the 
end of 2014 while by 2015 training courses would be mapped across consortia and compared 
to training investments before entering PPP projects. Not later than 2016, a methodology for 
project clustering would be deﬁned and clustering initiatives would be launched, involving all 
running projects. Furthermore, by 2017 at least half of the intended demonstrators would 
have started implementation and at least one third would be undergoing validation activities 
through a shared methodology across projects. Impact on health and safety at work site and 
for occupants would be proven with full scale buildings. By 2018 at least 10 % of projects 
funded within the ﬁrst two calls would be undergoing an IPR protection process to secure 
patents on most innovative technologies and solutions.

Quantifying the leverage factor is a highly complex task considering the scattered nature of 
the value chain today and the diﬀerent business models and value propositions of the players, 
with diﬀerent levels of involvement along the innovation chain. A case study on gas absorption 
heat pumps for commercial buildings (Robur SpA, see Figure 12) suggests that the leverage 
factor of public funding for such private investment can be as high as 8, leading to a signiﬁ-
cant burden for the industry before reaching signiﬁcant revenues out of innovative products.

In line with the proposed budget breakdown provided in Part 2, the following table reports an 
estimate made by E2BA on the investments required to bring the results to market associ-
ated with each element of the value chain. This estimate is based on the proposed budget of 
EUR 2 100 for the extension of the PPP EeB beyond 2013.

Figure 12. Leverage factor: an example

Investment

Pre-compe(cid:415)(cid:415)ve development

Compe(cid:415)(cid:415)ve development

Robur SpA

Time

Public Funding

PART III: EXPECTED IMPACTS

93

Table 7. Expected leverage factor for each element of the value chain

 % of total Research 
and Innovation

Total Research and 
Innovation investments 
(pre-competitive) — 
(million EUR)

Industrialisation 
(competitive) 
investments —  
(million EUR)

Design
Structure
Envelope
Energy equipment
Construction processes
Performance monitoring
End of life
TOTAL

10.0 %
2.5 %
30.0 %
25.0 %
10.0 %
20.0 %
2.5 %

210.0
52.5
630.0
525.0
210.0
420.0
52.5
2100.0

680
260
2480
3020
650
1020
140
8250

The expected leverage factor (excluding the direct leverage coming from real life demonstra-
tions which would support the real life validation of innovative technologies and processes) 
is therefore evaluated to be conservatively a factor 4. This is conﬁrmed if we analyse the 
funding evolution as projects evolve, tracing both private and public investments. Funding 
sources indeed evolve from public to private moving along the TRL scale with large eﬀorts 
deployed by industry in integration (see Figure below).

Structural Funds are indeed needed to complement ﬁnancial needs in terms of deployment 
and replication of the developed technologies. Once a solution ﬁt for use can be speciﬁed, 
based on the demonstration and validation actions within the PPP, there is still a need for 
a European wide implementation of the results. The present Structural and Cohesion Funds 
are highly suited to alleviate the ﬁnancial risk taken by the early adapters of new technology. 
The fast followers, taking less risk, could be stimulated to invest in innovative technology by 
implementing European Investment Bank instruments mitigating the ﬁnancial risks with 
favourable loan conditions.

Ultimately it would be the industry that would make the major part of the total project 
investment for scaling up and going to market (TRL 7 to 9), exploiting additional mecha-
nisms beyond the PPP and Horizon 2020, as cohesion funds or eventually EIB instruments. 
There are also several other elements which should be considered when considering industry 
commitment and leverage factors. For instance industry is committed to increase the cur-
rent investments in training as this is a critical aspect when it comes to deploy the intended 
innovative solutions to be developed in the years to come.

Because industry commits a signiﬁcant share of resources with an expected leverage factor 
of at least 4, the set of leading indicators would include industry investments along the 
innovation chain at two diﬀerent levels:

(cid:98)(cid:553) At the sector level: based on macroeconomic and balance sheet data, an 
independent Third Party would assess ‘the ratio between innovation 
investments by the representative sample of industrial stakeholders engaged 
in PPP projects and the EC investments in the PPP’ which should be above 4;

50  Source EMIRI.

94

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Figure 13. Overall synergy between private and public investments, highlighting indus-
try leverage factor 50

t
r
o
ff
E

g
n

i

d
n
u
F

Indus try

Indus try

MS  / R egions
E C  – Horizon2020

E IB  / P rivate 
Inves tors

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

T R L

B as ic
P rinc iples
Obs erved

Tec hnology
C onc ept
F ormulated

E xperimental
P roof of
C onc ept

Tec hnology
V alidation
in L ab

Tec h. V alid. in 
R elevant
E nvironment

Demo in
R elevant
E nvironment

Demo in
Operational
E nvironment

S ys tem
C omplete and 
Qualified

S uc c es s ful
Mis s ion
Operations

C ollaborative R es earc h

Demons tration

Deployment

(cid:98)(cid:553) At the project level: in contracts to be signed with EC by each project, the leading 
principle, as far as exploitation is concerned, should be that ‘the ratio between 
industrial consortium partners investments and the EC funding’ should be above 4.

5 

International cooperation

International cooperation is an important element of the overall strategy as the challenges 
highlighted in the document are shared by each government and economic block. Taking into 
account IPR issues and priorities which may impact on European competitiveness, there are 
several horizontal areas which would beneﬁt from synergies with similar programmes and 
initiatives at worldwide level. This would require for instance benchmarking with other pro-
grammes implemented in US, Australia, Russia, etc.

APPENDIX 1 — Information 
on the legal entity and 
suggested roles

PPP GOVERNANCE AND DIALOGUE WITH THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION

The Partnership Board
Within a contractual Public-Private Partnership, E2BA is committed to continue a close dia-
logue with the European Commission services by getting engaged in a Partnership Board to 
facilitate the advisory role of the Private Side. In this framework, E2BA would nominate their 
representatives for the Partnership Board, to be then appointed by the Commission subject 
to its own procedures.

In line with the modus operandi set up and successfully implemented in the framework of the 
ad hoc Industrial Advisory Group within the PPP under the Recovery Plan, the Association would 
propose to the European Commission to appoint the members of the Steering Committee and 
Scientiﬁc Council of the Association (see details below) as representatives of the Private Side. 
This proposal would ensure:

(cid:98)(cid:553) A perfect coherence between the governance of the Association and the 

representation of the private side in the Partnership Board;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A proper representation of the wider community of stakeholders, with 
representatives of key industries, including SMEs, research centres and 
universities;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A high degree of continuity and collective memory, even if according to 

availabilities of Members a variable composition may be observed and if an 
adapting of attendees along their proﬁles may be needed to match speciﬁc needs 
of meetings;

96

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) A perfect handover of the advisory role of the Scientiﬁc Council to the Steering 

Committee at the level of the Partnership Board in order to guarantee 
a continuity between the decisions taken within the Association and the advisory 
role of the private side within the Partnership Board;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A coherent responsiveness of the private side representatives in line with the 

views of the private side conveyed through the Association:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The possibility to engage ad-hoc (non E2BA members) experts, including 

representatives of municipalities or municipal associations, as foreseen in the 
statute for the Scientiﬁc Council membership

Openness and transparency
In order to ensure high openness and transparency and to ensure the adequate involvement 
of all relevant stakeholders in the preparation of the inputs to the Commission, in addition 
to the democratic governance of the Association and the way to nominate representatives in 
the Partnership Board, the Association would implement other means, already used for the 
preparation of this Roadmap.

These would include, for instance:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The setting up of a network of National Liaison Points in Member States, in 

order to facilitate exchange of information between the European level and the 
National and Regional levels;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The development of large consultation processes on major document such as 
Roadmaps, through press releases and website announcements, e-mailings, 
information meetings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The organisation of dedicated workshops or webinars (possibly open to 

stakeholders from other sectors when appropriate), for example on speciﬁc 
technical topics, to prepare inputs on speciﬁc issues requested by the European 
Commission or on the initiative of the Association;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The support to the European Commission in the organisation of large Info Days 

open to the whole community of stakeholders.

This approach has proven very eﬀective and allowed a broad participation of organisations 
not members of E2BA in projects awarded within the period 2010-2013, where roughly 70 % 
of EC funding was awarded to non E2BA members.

E2BA INTERNAL GOVERNANCE

E2BA Foundation
In the framework of the Recovery Plan launched by President Barroso in November 2008, a non 
proﬁt association was created in 2009 by the Construction Industry, under the umbrella of 
the European Construction Technology Platform (ECTP) in order to enter into a Public Private 
Partnership with the European Commission. The Energy Eﬃcient Buildings Association (E2BA) is 

APPENDIX 1 ) INFORMATION ON THE LEGAL ENTITY AND SUGGESTED ROLES

97

ruled by the Belgian law as an A.i.s.b.l. (Association internationale sans but lucratif) registered 
on April 24, 2009 and its oﬃce is located in Brussels.

The Association has an aim, without search for any proﬁt, to contribute to foster cooperation 
in the ﬁeld of research, development and innovation in the domain of energy eﬃciency in 
buildings.

As a grouping of stakeholders of the sector, especially industry, research institutes and uni-
versities, the objectives of E2BA A.i.s.b.l. include:

a.  Seeking to ensure the coherence of the position of these actors in order to 

contribute to reaching the objectives of the European Union;

b.  Seeking to generate a favourable environment in Europe for education, research, 

development and innovation in the ﬁeld of energy eﬃciency in buildings;

c.  Deﬁnition of a roadmap to contribute to the deﬁnition of the R & D Programme of 

the European Union in this ﬁeld;

d.  Advising on a regular basis to the content of the calls for R & D Project proposals;

e.  Contributing to the coordination of the projects and dissemination of their outputs.

© .shock

98

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The Association was set up by nine Founding Members, representative of the main categories 
of industrial stakeholders (not only from the construction sector) from all around Europe 
(France, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden and Italy): 3 contractors, 1 electric 
utility, 3 suppliers and 2 engineering and design companies.

The Association quickly engaged more than 150 members across the whole value chain from 
contractors to equipment suppliers, from material producers to energy suppliers, including 
engineering and architect consultants as well as ESCOs and facility managers, and of course 
representatives from the public research side, to name a few. Regional clusters and represent-
atives of end-users and public owners also engaged within the activities of the Association.

Membership of the Association
The Association is open to any organisation active in the ﬁeld of energy eﬃciency in buildings, 
districts and cities. Four categories of Members are deﬁned:

A.  Members: large industrial and commercial enterprises or related associations;

B.  Members: universities and public or private non-proﬁt research institutes or 

related associations;

C.  Members: micro, small or medium sized enterprises or related associations

D.  Members: public or private organisations active in the promotion of construction 
or renovation of buildings, including associations, public or private constituencies 
and municipalities.

New Members are admitted by the General Assembly by simple majority.

Financial Resources of the Association
Financial resources of the Association may consist of any income, including mainly up to now 
the annual contributions of the Members. The amount of the annual contribution is determined 
by the General Assembly and may be diﬀerentiated between categories of Members and their 
sizes. So far, the annual contribution has ranged from EUR 1 000 (SMEs, Universities…) up to 
EUR 10 000 (large companies).

Organisation of the Association and Management Bodies
The governance of the Association is ensured by:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The General Assembly

(cid:98)(cid:553) The Steering Committee

(cid:98)(cid:553) The Executive Board of the Steering Committee that included a Presidium.

(cid:98)(cid:553) A Scientiﬁc Committee that guarantees the pertinence of the orientations and 

decisions of the association on the scientiﬁc side.

(cid:98)(cid:553) A General Secretariat that ensures the operational implementation of the 

decisions.

APPENDIX 1 ) INFORMATION ON THE LEGAL ENTITY AND SUGGESTED ROLES

99

General Assembly
All Members have voting rights (proportional to the paid contributions) at the General Assembly 
(at least annual meeting) which has all powers in the Association.

Steering Committee
The Steering Committee is the body entrusted with the management of the Association, in 
accordance with the guidance given by the General Assembly and with resolutions adopted 
by it. It is comprised of two Colleges: the College of the nine Founding Members, who are 
members by right, and the College of the 21 ‘Elected Members’. The Founding Members could 
make available their seat, which would be then occupied through an open election. The College 
of the 21 ‘Elected Members’ is composed as follows:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Nine Members A,

(cid:98)(cid:553) Five Members B,

(cid:98)(cid:553) Four Members C,

(cid:98)(cid:553) Three Members D.

These Members are elected every two years by the General Assembly on the basis of binding 
nominations decided by each of the four categories of Members.

Every Member of the Steering Committee has one vote. Decisions shall be passed by a majority 
of at least three quarters, with a needed quorum of two thirds.

Executive Board
The Executive Board is in charge of the execution of the decisions taken by the Steering Com-
mittee and it assures the day-to-day management of the association.

The Executive Board has nine Members elected by the Steering Committee for a period of 
two years. The Executive Board meets every 1 to 2 months. It is chaired by a President and 2 
Vice-Presidents elected from among its Members for a period of two years.

All decisions are taken by an absolute majority with a quorum of two thirds.

Scientiﬁc Council
The Scientiﬁc Council is an advisory body to the Steering Committee. It guarantees the quality 
and pertinence of the decisions of the bodies in charge of the governance of the Association 
on the scientiﬁc level.

The Scientiﬁc Council is composed of at least 10 Members of the Association appointed by 
the Steering Committee. B Members should have the majority of seats. The current composi-
tion of the Scientiﬁc Council is kept at this minimum level of Members in order to ensure an 
eﬃcient work.

© Marcin Chodorowski

APPENDIX 2 — Drivers per 
value chain’s element

DESIGN

Emerging standards for BIM (Building Information Modelling) deployment 51
The IFC format is becoming an oﬃcial ISO/IS 16739 International Standard. In complement, the 
IFD (International Framework for Dictionaries) Library and the IDM/MVD (Information Delivery 
Manual/ Model View Deﬁnitions) approach are also on their way towards ISO standardisation. 
This provides further grounds for in-depth cross-disciplinary collaboration and information 
sharing. Public clients are supporting IFC 52, helping leading so$ware vendors to increase their 
investment on the matter. Though, the deployment of IFC in BIM is a long-term trend that 
would really succeed only far beyond 2020, and conditioned by large investment from the 
BIM vendors.

Recognised market value of LCA-based green building certiﬁcation 53
The most widely recognised environmental assessment methodologies in the construction 
industry (e.g. BREEAM, HQE) use LCA approaches. So far, LCA databases applicable for the 

51  In general, to be able to share information, three speciﬁcations must be in place: 

(cid:98)(cid:553)(cid:31)(cid:76)(cid:553)(cid:67)(cid:86)(cid:65)(cid:70)(cid:63)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:63)(cid:82)(cid:10)(cid:553)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:527)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:553)(cid:38)(cid:45)(cid:53)(cid:553)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:553)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:63)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:63)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:553)(cid:6)(cid:39)(cid:36)(cid:33)(cid:553)(cid:71)(cid:81)(cid:553)(cid:81)(cid:83)(cid:65)(cid:70)(cid:553)(cid:63)(cid:553)(cid:81)(cid:78)(cid:67)(cid:65)(cid:71)(cid:527)(cid:65)(cid:63)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:7)(cid:12) 
(cid:98)(cid:553)(cid:31)(cid:553)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:68)(cid:67)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:76)(cid:65)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:74)(cid:71)(cid:64)(cid:80)(cid:63)(cid:80)(cid:87)(cid:10)(cid:553)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:553)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:527)(cid:76)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:53)(cid:38)(cid:31)(cid:50)(cid:553)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:63)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:553)(cid:85)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:63)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:63)(cid:80)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:553)(cid:6)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:39)(cid:36)(cid:34)(cid:553)(cid:42)(cid:71)(cid:64)(cid:80)(cid:63)(cid:80)(cid:87)(cid:7)(cid:12) 
(cid:98)(cid:553)(cid:39)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:63)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:553)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:79)(cid:83)(cid:71)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:75)(cid:67)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:10)(cid:553)(cid:66)(cid:67)(cid:527)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:69)(cid:553)(cid:53)(cid:38)(cid:39)(cid:33)(cid:38)(cid:553)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:68)(cid:77)(cid:80)(cid:75)(cid:63)(cid:82)(cid:71)(cid:77)(cid:76)(cid:553)(cid:82)(cid:77)(cid:553)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:63)(cid:80)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:53)(cid:38)(cid:35)(cid:44)(cid:553)(cid:6)(cid:82)(cid:70)(cid:67)(cid:553)(cid:39)(cid:34)(cid:43)(cid:13)(cid:43)(cid:52)(cid:34)(cid:7)(cid:12)

52  However a new exchange format based on the new semantic web data language might prove more adapted than IFC.

53  OPEN HOUSE — Benchmarking and mainstreaming building sustainability in the EU based on transparency and openness (open 
source and availability) from model to implementation. The overall objective of OPEN HOUSE is to develop and to implement 
a common European transparent building assessment methodology, complementing the existing ones, for planning and construc-
ting sustainable buildings by means of an open approach and technical platform. This project receives funding from the European 
Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement No 244130 (OPEN HOUSE). http://www.openhouse-fp7.eu

102

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

whole Europe are still of limited quality, and at least a decade is needed to build adequate 
databases at European level.

Integrated design and improved modelling tools, which may help reduce the gap 
between calculated and measured performances
Integrated design and improved modelling tools make building performance more predictable 
and easier to optimise at the design stage. The increasing IT culture among project managers 
paves the way to more extensive use of modelling and simulation tools as decision support 
processes.

Societal beneﬁts, safety, comfort and health improvement
Energy eﬃcient design leads to thermally improved building envelope with excellent thermal 
resistance and optimal thermal inertia, resulting in healthier indoor environment and higher 
thermal comfort for occupants. Buildings which favour day-lighting and natural ventilation 
are shown to increase staﬀ productivity and retention 54. CABA 55 indicated a few years ago 
that while, on average, the cost of an oﬃce infrastructure amounts to USD 10/square foot, 
the yearly cost of the work force amounts to USD 100/square foot. In their recent report on 
the Solid-State Lighting market, Goldman Sachs pointed out that 90 % of the oﬃce cost is 
related to productivity, while energy savings make only a small fraction of the remaining 10 %. 
Hence, the quality of the working environment in oﬃces, schools, factories by far outnumbers 
the savings in energy 56 and should become one of the major drivers next to energy eﬃciency.

STRUCTURE

Coherent GHG emissions abatement
In line with Europe’s 20-20-20 target 57, EU greenhouse gas emissions have to be cut by at least 
20 % below 1990 levels by 2020. Yet, CO2 emissions are still steadily increasing: the increasing 
demand for cement (already more than 3 billion tons/y worldwide) as well as concrete con-
tributes to the on-going increase of worldwide CO2 emissions, although the ﬁrst R & D eﬀorts 
have been successful. The development and successful market introduction of cement and 
concrete with signiﬁcantly reduced embodied CO2 is a major lever to cut down CO2 emissions 
of the construction industry on a European and worldwide level and to move towards a low 
carbon economy in general. Further on, other construction materials or mix material solutions 
(wood, steel, concrete, ...) can provides a way to reduce the construction industry CO2 emissions 
while providing energy eﬃcient and comfortable surroundings in urban areas.

54  ‘Rethinking the Design Process’, Energy Studies in Buildings Laboratory, University of Oregon, and Konstrukt 2006.

55  Bright Green Buildings: Convergence of Green and Intelligent Buildings; CABA; 2008Most remarks pointing in the same direction 

seem to be triggered by this publication.

56  See also Kosonen, R. and Tan, F.: Assessment of productivity loss in air-conditioned buildings using PMV index. In: Energy and 

Buildings — An international journal devoted to investigations of energy use and eﬃciency in buildings, Vol. 36 (2004), Issue 10, 
Elsevier, p. 987–993.

57  The ‘20-20-20’ targets are a series of demanding climate and energy targets to be met by 2020. These are: A reduction in 

EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20 % below 1990 levels; 20 % of EU energy consumption to come from renewable 
resources; a 20 % reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved by improving energy eﬃciency.

APPENDIX 2 ) DRIVERS PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

103

Raw material availability, which pushes for improved resource eﬃciency, increased 
recycling, and increased use of alternative raw materials
Due to the decreasing availability of some raw materials, accompanied by the growing public 
awareness to protect remaining resources, alternative solutions have to be identiﬁed and 
developed, such renewable resource-based materials and biotechnology based materials and 
treatments.

Competition with China for world material standards
The competition from the Chinese cement industry is growing: it is important for Europe that 
innovative construction materials for large volume applications and related manufacturing 
processes leading to drastically reduced embodied CO2 are developed in order to maintain 
and improve the European competitiveness and to preserve and create jobs in this industrial 
sector. Driving the implementation of new world standards would contribute realising this.

ENVELOPE

The development of mass customisation and standardisation
Recent market trends show a shi$ towards mass customisation and standardisation 58 (modular 
homes, prefabricated building components). Factory-made modules, produced in a controlled 
industrial environment, facilitate the proper integration of modules during the construction 
phase, allowing a better achievement of the building performance targets at commissioning 
and during its life time and a reduction of the ﬁnal cost.

The use value of envelopes, which goes beyond energy performance
Envelope technologies provide the user with additional value (higher thermal comfort due 
to more friendly wall surface temperatures, high eﬃcient insulation, aesthetics, acoustics, 
cultural heritage preservation, safety, climate robustness, lighting, visual comfort, air quality, 
user friendliness): they increase the overall value of the building in operations and lead to 
more attractive refurbishment.

The new functionalities brought by innovative materials
Innovative structural materials bring additional functionalities: composites, composites and 
ultra-thin or elastic multifunctional ceramics or other insulation materials; nanotechnologies 
for new materials and surface properties which improve durability and reduce maintenance 
needs.

The new functionalities brought by ICT
ICT, beyond the spread of Building Information Modelling and simulation platforms, allows 
for a better structuring and sharing of the building’s technical information, and an improved 
simulation and consequent analysis of the envelope performances (embedded sensors for 
life-long monitoring and control of envelope subsystems).

58  See Building Envelope Technology Roadmap, a 20-year industry plan for building envelopes, DoE, 2001.

104

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

© Marcin Chodorowski

ENERGY EQUIPMENT

World Competition for heating and cooling equipment
The global market for heating and cooling is very large, the yearly market for cooling is worth 
as much as USD 70 billion in 2008 59. The value of the residential boiler market in 22 EU 
countries was estimated to be EUR 5.6 billion in 2004 (at manufacturers’ prices, not installed 
costs). OECD countries dominate the market for space and water heating, but not for cooling, 
or for individual technologies. China leads the world for the annual installed capacity of solar 
thermal systems and residential (room/unitary) air conditioners.

Increasing needs for energy management at district level
The growing importance of locally generated electricity (e.g. PV systems), of corresponding stor-
age devices and e-mobility requiring local charging stations would increase the need for a holis-
tic energy management approach at building and district level. There is economic evidence that 
energy consumption optimisation at constant or improved level of comfort must be performed 
at district level, where a combination of old and new buildings (interconnected through electricity 
and/or heat networks) can be managed more eﬃciently in terms of costs and resources. ICT and 
smart metering can therefore be used to automate the control of larger energy use systems, 
such as street and building lighting, heat pumps, chillers, and many types of industrial machines.

CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

Growing IT and sustainable culture amongst the construction workers
The new generation of professionals has been playing and learning with computers and video 
games (and now smart phones and tablets) and is more aware of the sustainable principles. 

59  EIA (2011).Technology Roadmap. Energy-eﬃcient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment.

APPENDIX 2 ) DRIVERS PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

105

This increasing IT and sustainable culture among workers paves the way to an extensive 
use of modelling and simulation tools which facilitate the construction process and ensure 
quality, using low-cost high-impact technologies (low power sensors networks allowing data 
gathering in real time and communication among workers, new materials, resource eﬃcient 
technologies, etc).

Managing productivity growth despite the increasing complexity of the construction pro-
cesses of energy eﬃcient buildings

The increasing complexity of building construction processes may have a negative impact on 
the players’ productivity, which in turn drives construction costs up. A holistic approach of pro-
ductivity must be encouraged leaning on training, real time information exchanges, dedicated 
tooling to assist workers and quality frameworks which support self-inspection of work done 
at critical milestones of unit work processes.

PERFORMANCE MONITORING

The ‘Smart Cities’ EIP 60
This initiative is dedicated to demonstrating commercial-scale solutions in a small number of 
locations, thus supporting European cities and communities to meet their commitments in, for 
example, the ﬁelds of energy, transport, air quality or climate change mitigation. Measures on 
buildings and local energy networks are the major components of the initiative.

The mindset change from professionals: from ‘best eﬀort’ to ‘commitment contracts’
National refurbishment targets in line with Europe’s 2020 energy savings targets are initial-
ised with the support of professional organisations 61. They know that a change of mindset is 
needed at contract level: usual ‘best eﬀort’ approaches would be progressively replaced by 
‘commitment contracts’, including energy refurbishment contracts. Insurance systems have 
started implementing the appropriate legal framework on which construction companies can 
lean to sign future contracts.

Overcoming poor building operations on a daily basis
The use of data recording and analysis would show a hierarchy of areas of improvement for 
building operations and maintenance.

END OF LIFE

Public sector procurement
Government procurement procedures would increasingly ‘kick-start’ the reclaimed materials 
market by specifying that some percentage of the materials within its new buildings must be 
made from reclaimed sources. This evolution can be observed in the Netherlands and may 

60  http://ec.europa.eu/research/horizon2020/pdf/proposals/communication_from_the_commission_-_horizon_2020_-_the_fra-

mework_programme_for_research_and_innovation.pdf#view=ﬁt&pagemode=none

61  See for instance RAGE 2012 in France where a collective approach of new standard implementation is producing the new sections 

of the building code which will deal with high performance buildings.

106

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

be expected to be followed in other countries in the future. This would provide a large buyer 
arena for reused materials, encouraging the growth of a large-scale market.

Costs and charges
Increasing charges on mining virgin raw materials, such as the aggregate levy tax in the UK, 
contribute to generate markets for construction materials based on recycled materials. Price 
increases for virgin raw materials arising from their increasing scarcity have started contrib-
uting — in some cases — to a similar trend. For sand and coarse aggregates, this trend is 
frequently accelerated by increasing challenges in opening new quarries.

Creating new value-added markets from waste materials
The success of the existing quality assurance/control systems on recycling of building materi-
als (for instance European Quality Association for Recycling 62 shows that there is a potential 
for the building recycling market provided that the quality of recycled parts is guaranteed.

Resource management
By 2020 the renovation and construction of buildings would have to reach high resource eﬃ-
ciency levels according to the European Commission Roadmap to a Resource Eﬃcient Europe 
(COM (2011) 571). The management of waste building materials and their reuse or recycling 
is indeed of primary importance to alleviate the decreasing availability of certain raw materi-
als and avoid their further depletion, as well as to diminish the quantity of ultimate waste 
sent to landﬁlls.

CROSS-CUTTING AND INTEGRATION

EC regulations
According to the European Commission Roadmap to a Resource Eﬃcient Europe (COM 
(2011) 571), the renovation and construction of buildings and infrastructure would be made 
to high resource eﬃciency levels by 2020. The life-cycle approach would be widely applied; 
all new buildings would be nearly zero-energy and highly material eﬃcient and policies for 
renovating the existing building stock would be in place so that it is cost-eﬃciently refurbished 
at a rate of 2 % per year. 70 % of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste would 
be recycled (Waste Framework Directive). The Directive on energy performance of build-
ings (2010/31/EC) leads to national obligations in terms of building energy performances and 
monitoring, which clearly push for improved building envelope taking into account energy eﬃ-
ciency strategies and related economic evaluations. The Energy Eﬃciency Directive, repealing 
Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (COM (2011) 370) proposes a new set of measures 
for increased Energy Eﬃciency to ﬁll the gap and put back the EU on track. The proposal for 
this new directive brings forward measures to step up Member States eﬀorts to use energy 
more eﬃciently at all stages of the energy chain — from the transformation of energy and its 
distribution to its ﬁnal consumption, therefore including the building sector. The Construction 
Products Regulation (305/2011/EU) aims at ensuring reliable information on construction 
products in relation to their performances. This is achieved by providing a ‘common technical 
language’, oﬀering uniform assessment methods of the performance of construction products. 
The revision of the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/EC has consolidated the primary role 

62  The European Quality Association for Recycling e.V. (EQAR) is the European roof organization of national quality protection organi-

zations and producers of quality-controlled recycled building materials from the EU Member States.

APPENDIX 2 ) DRIVERS PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

107

of waste prevention. The revised Directive laid down a ﬁve-step hierarchy of waste manage-
ment options: Waste prevention; Preparing for reuse; Recycling; Recovery (including energy 
recovery); and Safe disposal, as a last resort. With regards to building, the directive states that 
‘the preparing for reuse, recycling and other material recovery, including backﬁlling operations 
using waste to substitute other materials, of non-hazardous construction and demolition waste 
excluding naturally occurring material deﬁned in category 17 05 04 in the list of waste shall 
be increased to a minimum of 70 % by weight.’

The strive for cost reduction
The building’s energy performances depend for a large part on the choices made on the enve-
lope: return on investment optimisation requires innovative approaches and public acceptance/
support to ease the upfront cost issue. New business models with performance guarantee 
contracts can provide more favourable funding schemes for refurbishment. Another signiﬁcant 
source for cost reduction is the optimisation of energy ﬂows during building operation, from 
the building level up to the district dimension (through electricity and/or heat and/or cooling 
networks, and load peak management), relying on Building Energy Management Systems that 
can optimise consumption, CO2 emissions, operating costs, and user comfort. Last, the resort to 
reclaimed materials should allow cost savings, as they should be cheaper than the new ones, 
provided that there is suﬃcient information to guarantee quality as well as ease-of-location. 
Networks such as SalvoWeb 63 are starting to link buyers and sellers; however a more detailed 
database with quality-assurance would allow reclaimed products to compete with new ones.

The potential market associated with refurbishment over 2015-2050
There is a massive market potential for refurbishment in the next decades: however all the 
active market forces do not see this market with similar eyes, since refurbishment is still very 
shallow. Let us recall such antagonist forces as the need for skill improvement in the construc-
tion sector to tackle deep refurbishment at aﬀordable prices, the lack of upfront investment 
capabilities form ﬂat owners without public support or the supply push approach of energy 
equipment which favour replacement of old units with the promise of fats energy savings at 
lower upfront costs, which in turn inhibit deep refurbishment for another 15 years.

The changing behaviour of end-users and consumers with regards to environmental 
impact, comfort and energy price
The behaviour of end-users and consumers is rapidly evolving, as shown by the increasing 
awareness of environmental issues (e.g. climate change), the growing concern regarding haz-
ardous substances (e.g. VOC emissions and indoor air quality), the importance given to comfort 
at work and at home, and the raising awareness that energy eﬃciency is a way to save money. 
Demographic trends also need to be taken into account (e.g. ageing of the European popula-
tion). Among the end-users’ drivers, one may mention:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Ageing ‘traditional’ clients with increased needs in terms of accessibility and 

practicability, and new needs for refurbishment which could encompass energy 
optimisation;

(cid:98)(cid:553) More and more demanding customers and end-users, able to compare 

construction services and products prices on Internet;

63  http://www.salvoweb.com/

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553)

‘Flexible customers’ who are ready to modify their energy consumption behaviour 
(to support peak load management) in exchange of economic incentives based on 
clear price signals

(cid:98)(cid:553) A growing interest in eco-construction materials (for good acoustic performance, 
to reduce the emission of hazardous substances, reduce allergies and improve air 
quality, etc.) and local sourcing;

(cid:98)(cid:553) DIY 64 ‘experts’ who prefer to do part of the construction works by themselves and 

like to ‘customise’ and adapt their home to their changing needs;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Organisations in commercial and oﬃces buildings that require an increasing level 

of comfort, ergonomics and safety.

Another dimension is to be taken into account: the concept of ‘sustainable sourcing’, address-
ing the environmental and societal impact of the extraction and transformation of construction 
materials (i.e. resource depletion, energy consumption and CO2 emissions). Sustainable sourcing 
is increasingly requested in public procurements together with corporate responsibility, which 
has to be demonstrated by the construction industry. It is a very clear driver in some countries 
(e.g. The Netherlands) and is also becoming in important asset in other European countries.

The needs to better link building codes, real life practices and worker skills

The new building standards require new building codes but also new worker skills. It requires 
training, quality control via self-inspection which is not yet a standard practice.

The changing behaviour of research centres willing to better network in order to address 
innovation challenges

Pre-normative research, benchmarking of construction processes, standardisation and inter-
operability of IT tools are topics which could be covered at a faster pace once such Research 
Centres are networked to address them.

64  Do It Yourself.

APPENDIX 3 — Challenges 
per value chain’s element

DESIGN

The design of energy/resource eﬃcient buildings (new or to be refurbished) must involve 
all stakeholders within a collaborative approach, allowing cost-eﬃcient solutions
Design approaches integrate all aspects of energy-eﬃciency and sustainability from the begin-
ning to the end-of-life to cope with the various new challenges. Energy/resource eﬃcient 
building design must account for climate and country-dependence of building codes. Building 
design is impacted by climate, national regulations, the interactions between stakeholders, and 
the way they share responsibilities. An optimal design would progressively include the district/
smart cities dimension. District morphology, local micro climates in urban areas, electrical/
heating network conﬁgurations, connections with neighbour buildings for energy management, 
phasing with other local works inﬂuences the optimal design. The assessment of design options 
requires taking account of three physical levels:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building’s operation (in particular its energy performances on the long term), 
maintenance and end of life (including options from knock down to selective or 
full deconstruction, refurbishment and conversion);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building components’ reuse, and recycling potential, (including options from 
knock down to selective or full deconstruction, refurbishment, preservation and 
conversion);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building material durability and recycling potential.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The complex multi-criteria optimisation process covers:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The environmental impact (minimisation of CO2 emissions and embodied CO2/

energy);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The value for the user (internalising aesthetics, accessibility, increased comfort 

and productivity, preservation of cultural heritage, public health).

Improving the planning process implies shared data, practices and tools with proper 
training and education
Design approaches move from a conventional, linear process (going from architect to engineer-
ing bureaus and construction contractors), to a more collective, yet iterative, approach which 
appears indispensable to complete the optimal design, commonly called integrated design. 
Commonly collaborative design tools with easy to use interfaces and long-time data formats 
are required. A knowledge-based approach to collaborative design allows designers access-
ing the right information and provides performances of real cases, thanks to:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Interoperable databases to manage economic assessment;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building Information Modelling and Building Automation tools that are cost 

eﬀective and interoperable thanks to a new exchange format based on the new 
semantic web data language (eventually replacing the IFC 65 open standards);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Harmonised Life Cycle Assessment methods at the whole-building level and up to 

district scale.

The necessary shi$ in mindsets requires innovation in education and training practices in 
order to foster:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Collaboration between architect, engineers and contractors for resource 

eﬃcient designs and the planning of the preparation/interaction with smart grid 
technologies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Collaboration between contractors and structural engineers to favour innovation 

at material level.

STRUCTURE

The embodied CO2 of building structure materials must be signiﬁcantly lowered
85-95 % of the overall embodied CO2 of construction materials used in the building structural 
parts build up prior to leaving the factory gates. Sources of signiﬁcant CO2 emissions include 
mining and processing of the raw materials and the related logistics. In the case of cement 
clinker production more than 60 % of the released CO2 is due to the decarbonisation of the 
raw materials and responsible for more than 500 kg CO2/t of cement clinker produced. The 
remaining 5-15 % of the embodied CO2 of the materials used in the building structure relates 

65  IFC: Industry Foundation Classes.

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

111

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to the construction, maintenance and demolition of the building 66. For some oﬃce buildings, 
it is reported 67 that the embodied CO2 of the structure’s building materials (concrete and 
reinforcement steel) represents the largest part of the building’s total embodied CO2, varying 
from 68 % to 70 % (typically concrete accounts for two thirds of this amount and steel rein-
forcement for a third). Future technical solutions must have a low level of embodied carbon 
while meeting performance requirements such as workability, strength development and long 
term durability to ensure that structural engineers specify the use of such materials. Various 
approaches exist to lower the embodied carbon of construction materials:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Cement and concrete with low embodied CO2: cement production accounts for 
an estimated 5 % (or more) of the world’s CO2 emissions 68. Although concrete 
has relatively low embodied carbon content, it is massively used worldwide and 
therefore has the highest total GHG emissions: cement is manufactured at the 

66  Berge, B. (2009) The ecology of building materials, 2nd edn. Architectural Press, Oxford.

67  Dimoudi, A., Tompa, C. (2008) Energy and environmental indicators related to construction of ofﬁce buildings Resources Conserva-

tion and Recycling 53:86–95.

68  WBSCD and EIA (2009). Cement Technology Roadmap 2009: Carbon emissions reductions up to 2050.

 
 
112

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

annual rate of over 3 billion tons per year 69, enough to produce over 10 billion 
cubic meters — around 25 billion tons — of concrete 70;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Use of timber (or other renewable-based materials including biotechnology-

based materials and treatments for paints and adhesives) for the construction of 
individual homes, but also multi-storey buildings, in areas where it is adequate, 
for example areas with large wood resources located in reasonable proximity to 
the construction site, or timber harvested in forests where sustainable forestry is 
practised;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building materials, which are entirely or partly based on raw materials extracted 

close to the building site (local sourcing), may contribute to minimising 
transportation related CO2 emissions;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Use of reclaimed materials, especially steel sections and concrete, from 

demolition sites.

The structure can be used as a thermal storage for smart heating or cooling
Depending on the integration with smart grid technologies the mass of the structure can be 
utilised especially for short term thermal storage. Buﬀering of peaks prevent grid overloads 
and minimises the thermal energy supply systems (cost reduction).

ENVELOPE

A reliable multi-objective envelope optimisation methodology allows integrating all 
envelope constraints for new and refurbished buildings
Envelope design constraints include energy performance, acoustics, ﬁre resistance, indoor 
air quality, thermal comfort, legislation, aesthetics, cultural heritage, preservation, seismic, 
availability of products, regional diﬀerences, etc. and, of course, costs and energy harvesting. 
Envelope optimisation implies searching for complex trade–oﬀs between conﬂictive objectives 
(insulation and acoustics, air tightness and humidity, daylight and thermal insulation, or more 
generally energy consumption, comfort and energy harvesting). A wide range of methodologies 
and tools 71 are under development. They are yet diﬃcult to benchmark (diﬀerent coverage — 
for instance only HVAC optimisation- or diﬀerent objectives -energy eﬃciency, CO2 reduction, 
environmental impact reduction…) with no data on robustness and cost eﬃciency. A systemic 
approach should therefore be encouraged to optimise the integration of new materials and 
components in the envelope.

69  World statistical review 1999 – 2009, CEMBUREAU. Cement production, trade and consumption data.

70  http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/cement/mcs-2012-cemen.pdf and van Oss & Padovani (2003) Cement Manu-
facture and the Environment Part II: Environmental Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Industrial Ecology 7(1):93–126.

71  See for instance Generic multi-objective optimization method of indoor and envelope systems’ control, Boithias et all, 2012; or 

Optimization method for building envelope design to minimize carbon emissions of building operational energy consumption using 
orthogonal experimental design, Zhu et all, 2012.

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

113

Performances keep improving in terms of insulation, costs, energy harvesting, building 
integration and building adaptability. 
The technical and unit cost performances of each envelope are a compromise between embod-
ied CO2, the insulation performance targets for the building over its life time and the potential 
energy harvesting. Each envelope component must meet speciﬁc building integration require-
ments to ensure air tightness and minimise thermal bridges, whatever the building’s age, all 
of it is optimised in terms of ﬁnal costs and energy harvesting. Energy harvesting optimisation 
takes into consideration other functionalities of building envelope components, such as natural 
light control which also impacts the general energy eﬃciency of the building, which is indeed 
the ﬁnal aim. The performance of each component is controllable, which allows guaranteeing its 
contribution to the overall building performance improvement by having implemented a holistic 
and integrative approach in the design of the building components (energy harvesting systems 
are also integrated in the general energy systems of the building). Envelope components must 
favour easy dismantling, replacement and repair, reuse, and recycling. Building envelopes con-
tribute signiﬁcantly to the energy performance but also to indoor quality and comfort, in con-
nection with the Building Energy Management Systems (BEMS). The ‘smart building envelope’ 
would ‘adapt to its environment by means of perception, reasoning and action’ 72, namely:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Handling variations (i.e. provide an acceptable response to regular variations 73, 

unanticipated events, changes in priorities and performance criteria, variations in 
its own envelope performances over time);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Handling conﬂict (anticipating the eﬀect of an action on all other tasks to be 

performed, and implementing multi criteria optimisation);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Handling occupant behaviour (adapt to user needs and behaviour, and to the 

eﬀects of their presence).

This also implies a substantial improvement in building management systems to operate in 
a more eﬃcient and integrated way with the whole building.

Innovative materials and prefabricated components help improving energy & resource 
eﬃciency durably
Innovative materials and components contribute to the reduction of embodied energy and 
manufacturing cost reduction. They include:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Better insulation materials: novel insulation solutions are thinner, cheaper and 
easier to integrate. They rely on innovative technologies such as intelligent 
materials, nanofoams, aerogels vacuum insulation panels, multi-material 
composites, or include biomass, new insulation products based on cellulose and 
nanocellulose ﬁbres, functionalised heavy clay, that can be developed to improve 
the building hygrothermal performance;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Radiation control (cool roofs,) for example by using smart pigments;

72  See Intelligent Building Envelopes — Architectural Concept & Applications for Day lighting Quality, Annemie Wyckman, 2005.

73  Integration of day lighting and daylight/solar control is of particular importance as artiﬁcial lighting is responsible for approxima-

tely a third of the primary energy demand of an oﬃce building.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Improved glazing materials and components e.g. for switchable glazing (smart 
windows);

Improved solid construction materials and components, e.g. concrete based on 
composite cement used in connection with innovative insulation solutions is 
another possible approach to improve energy and resource eﬃciency;

Improved light weight construction materials, e.g. prefabricated timber 
construction elements (Reference: TES-ENERGY-FAÇADE an EU-funded research 
project see www.tesenergyfacade.com.);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Multi-functional components, e.g. with integrated ventilation ducts for ventilation 

with heat recovery systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Timber elements for urban energy eﬃcient multi-storey buildings: wood and 

timber elements are both lightweight and fast to assembly thus reducing building 
times and providing comfortable and cost-eﬀective way to produce multi-storey 
buildings at aﬀordably.

Users are accounted for the delivery of the full energy performance potential of 
envelopes
An optimum must be found between comfort (thermal, visual, acoustics …) and primary energy 
demand. Envelope can indeed bring more than energy savings to building end-users 74. Simi-
larly, the façade components of the building can be aﬀected by the user behaviour having at 
the end impact in the energy performance. The user therefore must be taken into account not 
only as a passive element being aﬀected by the general performance of the envelope, but 
also as an active part through behavioural patterns. In case of façade solutions for retroﬁtting 
activities, solutions are deployed in buildings with low impact in the user behaviour 75 causing 
low intrusiveness in the general functionalities of the building. Learning platforms or other 
ways of information for end-users are required for high acceptance of these new technologies.

ENERGY EQUIPMENT

Interconnected  energy  equipment  are  deployed  in  existing  and  new  buildings  to 
contribute to global energy performance
The energy system is facing a paradigm change: while previously energy was produced when 
needed, in the future energy would be used, as much as possible, when it is available from 
renewable sources. Energy storage would also play an increasingly important role, saving 
cheaply produced energy to be used at high demand times of the day. This kind of sys-
tem change needs adaptations in energy networks, management systems and also in appli-
ances, energy equipment and their control systems. Within each building, energy consuming 

74  For instance, following to refurbishing, the degradation in only one aspect of a user’s environment is likely to outweigh all achie-

ved improvements, in terms of users’ perception of beneﬁts. (A Climatic Envelope Extension of an Oﬃce Building – Perception and 
Reality of the Change in Environmental Conditions, Jentsch et all, 2006).

75  For example, in a district composed of buildings with mainly active envelopes, moving façade components of other buildings and 
the resulting glints can cause discomfort and push occupants to shade their own rooms, then impacting the energy performance 
of their own building envelope.

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

115

equipment (ventilation, space heating and cooling, domestic hot water and lighting) would 
be appliances with individual high energy performances: they are integrated, interconnected 
and controlled in order to optimise their eﬃciency in real time. Ventilation systems would 
be eﬃcient and air quality monitored in real time with heat recovery systems, independent 
humidity control, and linked to heating and cooling generators. The whole building would be 
supervised by networked intelligence able to collect data from all connected devices and to 
combine them to eﬃciently control HVAC, lighting, hot water systems, local energy generation 
and storage — a smart grid interaction.

Future buildings would be able to communicate with each other and their environment. They 
would manage the energy use taking into consideration the availability of local renewable 
resources and the more proﬁtable periods for network connections. BEMS (Building Energy 
Management System) control would be able to manage the gap between demand and avail-
ability periods, by taking advantage of inertia in heating and cooling systems and by using 
energy storage equipment. Low temperature thermal networks at district level would contribute 
to manage the mismatch between local centralised generation and instant demand, allowing 
bidirectional exchange with generation, storage, and demand. Systems capable of operating 
with low temperature networks would be used. Thermal storage systems, both passive, such 
as wall mass, and active, such as hot water storage, or thermo-chemical heat which stores 
heat with very low losses in chemical bonds (using for example phase change materials), would 
become one of the most crucial technologies to manage the gap between renewable energy 
systems supply and energy demand. Short term, (days), mid-term (weeks) and long term (sea-
sonal) storage systems are required. The interaction with smart grids would also help to oﬀer 
lower costs when enough energy for heating, cooling and electricity is available. Future buildings 
could also use direct current networks and beneﬁt from removing unnecessary transformation 
losses between AC networks and DC equipment and electricity storage batteries.

Addressing this challenge implies a prompt market take-up of such technologies by all the 
players of the building value chain (from architects to installers and building owners).

The socioeconomic aspects of energy management are taken into account to make 
sure that high performance buildings are used properly
Intelligent control systems take into account end-users’ needs and wishes, being designed to 
ensure:

(cid:98)(cid:553) User acceptance (individual or collective), driven by the added value to the user;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Coherence between investment costs and the purchasing power of customers;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Demographic trends (ageing of the population);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Changes in consumer behaviour (increasing environmental awareness, growing IT 

culture);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Possible rebound eﬀects.

Energy labelling of energy equipment would be eﬀective at European level, and would have 
the trust of the market and of the users as it improves the transparency of the equipment 
performance and maximise comfort, energy performance and reliability. The labels are key 
communication media to raise user awareness of energy eﬃciency.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

Worker-centric construction processes are durable, adaptable, with better productivity 
and are able to cope with the increasing complexity of buildings
It is to drive construction costs down (while improving the energy eﬃciency and durability of 
buildings) that construction processes have to be durable, adaptable, while ready for increased 
complexity. ‘Worker-centricity’ is of paramount importance to ensure higher productivity and 
to expand on a pool of qualiﬁed workers.

Quality driven construction processes involving skilled workers are developed to improve 
the predictability of energy performance
Construction of energy eﬃcient buildings must be quality driven. Poor and unreliable construc-
tion processes would compromise the ﬁnal performance of the building, despite all eﬀorts 
done during the design and the structure and envelope engineering steps, and would impact 
the operational phase as well. The increasing complexity of the construction process involves 
a variety of skills and expertise located in various company sizes (from SMEs to multination-
als) that have diﬀerent roles and responsibilities in each of the construction processes. This 
segmented approach makes quality level diﬃcult to be met. Appropriate education and train-
ing are needed to create a virtuous circle: a qualiﬁed worker base ready to meet the potential 
deployment growth of energy-eﬃcient buildings, and skilled intermediate management to 
improve construction quality are of paramount importance.

Although construction is naturally based on a sequence of works (foundations ﬁrst, then the 
structure, walls, roof, etc.), complementary skills may work in parallel for some elements (in 
particular for the envelope). More transversal skills (e.g. thermal, acoustics and/or cultural 
heritage expertise) must be promoted within the construction sector, in particular for the mid-
dle management. Procedures of control and inspection, and innovative construction processes 
have to be developed in order to achieve the expected energy parameters at commissioning 
stage.

The construction process becomes a more collective process
Ensuring high energy eﬃciency in buildings would require moving from a conventional, usually 
not interconnected, construction value chain to a seamless one where players work collectively. 
This value chain encourages innovation and self-inspection of workers at intermediate 
milestones using irrefutable techniques to validate the quality of past work and results. User 

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APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

117

involvement in renovation processes would require special attention, in particular when a deep 
retroﬁtting is required. Social aspects are becoming very relevant and are a critical factor 
for project success. In parallel, new low intrusive techniques and the utilisation of tools and 
technologies that speed up construction processes with high quality standards are required.

Best eﬀort contracts are replaced by performance guarantee contracts
On  top  of  the  quality  challenge,  the  construction  sector  has  to  meet  a  guarantee  of 
performance:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Guarantee measured energy performance to meet pre-set contractual values;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Guarantee measured performances related to comfort and health (thermal 

comfort, acoustics, indoor air quality and accessibility in particular).

Shared building construction tools and practices are deployed
Increased collaboration between players during the construction phase would rely on shared 
tools, data and practices in order

(cid:98)(cid:553) To meet the guarantee of performance;

(cid:98)(cid:553) To increase the reliability and productivity of the construction process.

Common tools have to be developed for technical information storage and exchange and con-
tractual obligations. Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools must prove to be cost eﬀective 
and interoperable enough in order to overcome contractors’ resistance to change. User-centric 
interfaces must be developed accordingly. There is a trend to go for prefabricated components 
in the construction sector (e.g. precast or prefabricated structural components, preassem-
bled parts of the envelope). This technology transition, compared to traditional construction 
processes, aims at further reducing costs and at increasing quality standards: it requires the 
development of new processes and possibly automated tools, which have to demonstrate their 
cost-eﬀectiveness. Finally, shared tools and practices have to demonstrate that they lead to 
a high level of occupational safety. For example, multi-users scaﬀoldings that stay on the site 
during the whole construction duration are cost-eﬀective and ensure an improved safety for 
workers as well as reduced nuisance to the neighbourhood, in particular for refurbishing works. 
Prefabricated components can also lead to health and safety beneﬁts.

PERFORMANCE MONITORING

Energy performance is monitored steadily at the building and wider district levels over long 
period of times, combined with safety, security, comfort and any other monitoring system
Standardised methods and indicators are available to assess and benchmark the energy 
performance of buildings, systems and components. Performance audits and continuous com-
missioning are supported by recorded data of real time performance. A key challenge would 
be to better understand the dynamic changes in energy use. Sensing techniques, possibly 
coupled with dynamic building and district simulation models, should allow for the allocation 
of performance contributions between the critical components, as well as the impacts of the 
user habits:

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553) The envelope performance should be measured according to key energy criteria: 

air inﬁltration, heat conduction including bridging and solar heat gains;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Energy equipment should be monitored using an appropriate level of sub 

metering;

(cid:98)(cid:553)

It is necessary to measure the weather conditions or to have access to these data 
to understand the buildings / districts performance.

The uncertainty of measurements and monitoring data should be carefully evaluated to quan-
tify the impacts both on energy management decision-making processes and on energy refur-
bishing design. Low-cost sensor networks and measurement technologies should be used to 
accurately represent energy and comfort parameters. Energy performance monitoring systems 
are integrated in any other existing system and sensor in order to exploit potential synergies 
between the systems leading to a more cost-eﬀective solution in a smart city environment.

The  building  and  district  energy  performance  is  continuously  optimised  to  meet 
performance criteria and evolving user’s requirement and behaviour (including load 
forecast)
Multi-criteria smart building and district management systems are implemented to con-
tinuously adapt the performance of the building to the constraints (occupancy, weather, 
user behaviour, etc.), thereby making sure that energy eﬃciency does not compromise other 
performance criteria (occupant’s comfort, health, wellbeing and security), as well as the 
building’s functionality. Comfort tolerances are set up to maximise the optimisation poten-
tial (for example the building does not operate at a constant indoor temperature, but within 
a ‘comfort zone’). This is achieved by simulation based control of the building linked in real 
time with BEMS which sample and predict the best whole building outcome every few min-
utes. End-users should also be part of this optimisation process: new multimodal context-
aware interfaces and devices would make the in-house network as ‘user-friendly’ as possible, 
thanks to a right combination of intelligent and interoperable (manual) services, relying on 
new techniques of man-machine interactions (ambient intelligence, augmented/dual real-
ity, tangible interfaces, robots, etc.). ‘User-proof’ solutions are implemented to make such 
systems robust enough. A building integrated approach implies that the user is taken into 
account in the design constraints of new or refurbished buildings. Feedback on criteria, such 
as comfort, accessibility and acoustics in energy eﬃcient buildings, cultural heritage value, 
are therefore required to make also new buildings/refurbishments speciﬁcations more robust 
and gain more ﬂexibility.

Reduce the excess of unused, diﬃcult to understand and not accessible information 
and data on real energy performance of buildings
The existing information on real energy performance of buildings is currently either not acces-
sible and diﬃcult to understand due to excess of data (in most cases not useful data) or is too 
fragmented, resulting on data management systems which are not used or poorly interpret-
able. The ﬁnal aim of any monitoring systems is to gather the minimum necessary data to pro-
vide information to the management system that are able to optimise the general performance 
of all systems in the building to produce the minimum energy demand and maximum ﬁnancial 
return from all renewable energy sources present in the building. Demonstration of research 
developments is fragmented and not comprehensive, resulting in incomparable results. Test 
bed demonstration sites require a common approach and data monitoring strategy to make 
the resulting information useful for the research community.

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

119

Energy performance based contracts grow steadily
The actual building energy performance in operation would be compared with the designed 
performance and the commissioning performance. Contracts should have clearly deﬁned terms 
and liabilities, in order to:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Provide a clear deﬁnition of the guaranteed energy performance and 
standardised reliable methods and tools to measure and monitor it;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Prevent from potential negative rebound eﬀects;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Anticipate issues related to end-user’s behaviour (in particular ‘Do It Yourself’), 

since end-users may tamper with the energy equipment or the envelope, beyond 
the contractor’s control.

The  actual  performances  of  energy  eﬃcient  buildings  and  districts  are  used  as 
benchmarks by the construction sector for future constructions and refurbishments
Feedbacks and lessons learned from the energy eﬃcient buildings and districts in operation 
should be used to support energy eﬃcient deployment within the building sector. Techniques 
are therefore needed to measure and maximise the use value of new technologies and com-
ponents within the building value chain: a high use value should accelerate the deployment 
of energy eﬃcient solutions.

END OF LIFE

Building deconstruction practices must evolve from demolition to selective demolition 
and deconstruction/dismantling
When considering the destruction of a building, the common practice was the full demolition, 
mainly through knock-down. In the perspective of resource eﬃciency and sustainability of 
buildings, building destruction practices must evolve towards more sustainable approaches:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building deconstruction (or dismantling) should allow for a high rate of reuse 
of building components and the recycling of building materials, but at high 
additional costs;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Selective deconstruction allows reusing and recycling only partially, (but the most 

critical components and material), at limited extra expenses.

The choice between demolition/deconstruction or rehabilitation must be based on 
informed decision-making processes
Selecting rehabilitation or demolition/deconstruction of a building is a complex process. It 
must be backed by reliable energy consumption estimations, taking into account the expected 
energy/resource performances of the rehabilitated building, the embodied energy/resources 
of the materials and process costs for construction and demolition/deconstruction, the reuse/
recycling potential of building components material. Life Cycle Assessment and Life Cycle 
Costing approaches must provide the appropriate support. As mentioned in the design phase, 
the rehabilitation or conversion of a building into a new use depends on the direct building 
environment. In particular, the district level must be considered in the optimisation process: 
connection with neighbour buildings, (particularly important in the case of districts of historic 
value) existence of energy infrastructures, phasing with other rehabilitation works.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

Sustainable and proﬁtable exit markets must be created and enabled for reuse or 
recycled materials
Stating that the whole building value chain must integrate reuse and recycling considerations 
in its assessment processes relies on a fundamental assumption: reused parts and recycled 
material would indeed be reused and recycled. Today, the market for reused parts and recy-
cled is very limited, very far from what is requested to reach the objectives of the EC Waste 
Directive in 2020.

This is clearly due to:

(cid:98)(cid:553) A lack of technical solutions enabling a more widespread use of recycled material 
in like-to-like applications, e.g. concrete for structural applications (multi-storey 
dwellings) based on large volume fractions of recycled concrete ﬁne (i.e. sand) 
and coarse aggregates;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Missing cost-eﬀective technological solutions to separate composite construction 

materials, such as (ﬁbre) reinforced concrete;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Limited consideration of ‘easiness to deconstruct’ during the design phase;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A lack of insurance schemes to guarantee the performances of recycled products 
and material over time. Such measures are compulsory to allow for the recycled 
markets uptake.

A second aspect related to recycling practices is the acceptability, which can play either in 
favour of or against recycling and reuse. The use of recycled products and material can be 
perceived as ‘fashionable’ and support the trend. But in parallel aesthetical considerations can 
also prevent from reuse (‘second hand’ appearance).

CROSS-CUTTING AND INTEGRATION

Research and innovation must be better linked to speed up the market uptake of 
promising solutions ( = pre-normative research)
The energy transition 76 in the building sector is slowed down by obstacles that are linked with 
technology, processes and the integration of technology and process. Innovation implementa-
tion is therefore critical, and the driver should be the realisation of increasingly more ambitious 
energy concepts in successive waves, allowing the diﬀerent players to learn from past waves, 
to prepare for the next wave and to scale up and replicate building projects both in terms of 
quantity and quality. A key success factor for this transition process itself lies in the new role 
of individuals, from construction managers to skill workers, to foster collective approaches of 
building construction and refurbishment.

76  Energy Transition of a Sector in the Netherlands, I.J. Opstelten, Dr R. Weterings, Drs. F.A. Versteeg Energy research Centre of the 

Netherlands, TNO, FORGOOD (2009).

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

121

Standardisation
Key challenges include:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Various building codes and other regulatory standards exist across Europe. Better 

coordination would open wider markets for innovative products;

(cid:98)(cid:553) EPDs (European Product Declarations) would show all relevant data in 

a standardised manner for quick integration in product databases for ecological 
data. Regularly updates are mandatory, e.g. if changes of the assessment occur. 
All major ecological, social and cultural aspects have to be part of it, when 
corresponding eﬀects exist (impartial checking);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Harmonised BIM and BACS Standards.

Comparable labelling (with respect to diﬀerent regions)
A new European mechanism for energy labelling of buildings, building components (materials, 
envelope components, energy equipment) and associated processes (construction) must be 
found. Regional aspects (diﬀerent climates) must be considered.

Major social, demographic and climate evolutions by 2050 must be anticipated
Energy eﬃcient buildings of the future would have to anticipate and adapt to major changes, 
such as:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Climate change;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A growing and increasingly urban population (resulting in a urban sprawl issue);

(cid:98)(cid:553) A growing concern for the preservation of historic value areas;

(cid:98)(cid:553) An ageing population with changing needs (e.g. accessibility, ageing in place);

(cid:98)(cid:553) An economy undergoing frequent crises and impacting the purchasing power;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A shi$ from building ownership to renting;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Smarter technologies and growing ICT culture.

The use value of buildings based on an in-depth understanding of users’ behaviour 
must be scientiﬁcally assessed and taken into account over the whole building life cycle
A better monitoring, analysis and modelling (especially in the design phase) of end users’ 
behaviours is required to make new buildings/refurbishments speciﬁcations more robust 
(‘user-proof’), to possibly inﬂuence users’ patterns and to give more ﬂexibility and adaptabil-
ity in order to cope with demographic trends. This relates to the diﬀerent values that users 
give to a building (perception of comfort, usefulness and usability of solutions and services, 
perception of historic value, acceptance of new technologies and building constraints, etc). 
In particular, refurbishment projects must deal with complex users’ perceptions. Managing 

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

occupants’ expectations and perceptions of beneﬁts 77 can reveal quite diﬃcult. Analysing and 
modelling the user’s behaviour and perception of the building value would rely on collecting:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Data on use value coming from ﬁeld experience (i.e. from the management of 

existing buildings);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Feedback on constraints, such as comfort, preservation of historic value, 

accessibility and acoustics in energy eﬃcient buildings.

New techniques need also to be validated and spread to address quantiﬁed assessment issues:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Experimental methodologies for ‘in vitro’ validation (modular testing facilities, 

able to reproduce a wide variety of living habitat boundary conditions);

(cid:98)(cid:553)

In vivo experiments with adequate panels of real life end-users, to assess the 
implication and adoption by the end users under quasi real life conditions and to 
measure acceptance levels.

A  holistic  optimisation  framework  is  required  to  minimise  CO2  emission,  energy 
consumption and cost of ownership, where Life Cycle Assessment supports decision-
making a teach stage of the building value chain
Optimising the energy/resource performances of a building, taking account of all the processes 
and material/components involved, over its full lifetime, is a very complex, multi-criteria opti-
misation issue. The assessment of various building design options requires considering in 
parallel three physical levels:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building material level, where durability issues, embodied CO2 and recycling 

potential, must be addressed;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building component level, where the component reuse is the main challenge;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The whole-building level, in operation (with its energy performances monitored 

and optimised on the long term), including maintenance (durability and ageing of 
components) and up to the end of life (with the various options from knock down 
to selective or full deconstruction, refurbishment, preservation and conversion).

A key concept for CO2/resource optimisation is the embodied energy. In recent decades the 
operational energy in buildings (lighting, heating, cooling, etc.) was accepted to be the major 
part while the embodied energy represented only a small fraction (10-15 %). Consequently, 
much eﬀort was made towards the reduction of the operational energy by increasing the 
energy eﬃciency of buildings. However, as the target is to signiﬁcantly reduce operational 
energy, the percentage of the embodied energy in the total energy of buildings would becomes 
increasingly important and therefore life cycle approaches need to be considered when devel-
oping new materials, components and processes that consider CO2, energy, water and other 
sustainable principles. The critical issue for design ‘eco-optimisation’ is therefore to arbitrage 

77  For instance, following to refurbishing, the degradation in only one aspect of a user’s environment is likely to outweigh all achie-

ved improvements, in terms of users’ perception of beneﬁts. (A Climatic Envelope Extension of an Oﬃce Building – Perception and 
Reality of the Change in Environmental Conditions, Jentsch et all, 2006).

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

123

between the expected operational performances of the building solution, and the embodied 
energy of all material, components and processes involved. This impacts numerous steps of 
the building value chain, as described below. During the design phase, the following must be 
taken into account:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The performance of building system as a whole;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The integration of reused or recycled material in the building;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The reusability/recyclability potential of the components and material that would 

compose the building;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building’s refurbishment or conversion possibilities when reaching its end of 

life (‘the greenest building is the one that is already built’ 78;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The building’s dismantling possibilities so as to ease the reuse of components 

(‘design to dismantle’).

At the level of the structure and envelope of the building, this translates into:

(cid:98)(cid:553) The sustainability of the materials/components fabrication processes (concrete, 

cement, wood, glazing, insulation materials);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The durability of the materials and components (including stability of properties 

over time) and their sustainability (renewable, biodegradable materials);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The recyclability and reusability of the materials and components;

(cid:98)(cid:553) The content in recycled material (for instance from building wastes used in 

structural materials);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The embodied CO2 of the respective material/system solutions;

In this context of issues, geopolymer materials seems to be suitable for the substitution of 
traditional building materials, because of their greater durability and capacity of employ many 
wastes and by-products as raw materials.

(cid:98)(cid:553) The real performances of the integrated envelope (diﬀerent from the sum of the 

performances of the single components);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The preservation of the cultural heritage in case of refurbishing (a real 

challenge for structural engineers who must partner with owners, architects and 
developers);

(cid:98)(cid:553) The source of procurement (local sourcing to minimise transportation).

78  Elefante, Carl (2007). The Greenest Building Is…One That Is Already Built. Forum Journal. Vol 21, No 4.

124

PPP ENERGY&EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

© davis

It implies that structural engineers and material engineers have to work together: for the time 
being, the material manufacturer is generally involved too late in the construction process to 
inform on the selection of the structural materials. At the construction stage, more eﬃcient 
construction practices must be developed to reduce material requirements, and minimise 
CO2 emissions during the transport of materials and the construction process: new ways of 
constructing have to be invented (e.g. optimise between oﬀsite prefabricating and onsite con-
struction to optimise CO2 and cost). At the building’s end of life, reliable evaluation methods 
and tools are required to arbitrage between ‘knock down’, (selective) deconstruction, preser-
vation of historic value elements and rehabilitation. Overall, enabling the proper optimisation 
of CO2/resource in buildings requires to be backed by a set of tools and methodologies that 
allow comparing alternative building design options data bases against their costs of owner-
ship and possibly additional value streams. Life Cycle Thinking provides a series of tools that 
ease this complex task of integrating sustainability concepts all along the building value chain. 
Life Cycle Assessment 79 in particular is recognised to provide the best framework currently 
available for assessing the potential environmental impacts of components and systems. It 
however requires a harmonised set of approaches: existing approaches should be benchmarked 
before being ﬁnally adapted to ensure they are reliable, aﬀordable, and widespread amongst 
the stakeholders.

The deployment of Building Information Models and Building Automation (BASCS) 
makes planning and realisation and utilisation of energy eﬃcient solutions more cost-
eﬃcient and enable the engagement of constructors and manufacturers
Key challenges include:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Manufacturers would strive for cost reduction through standardisation and 

prefabrication of complete subsystems at factory level, a trend which has shown 
tremendous cost reductions at increased performance;

79  http://lct.jrc.ec.europa.eu

APPENDIX 3 ) CHALLENGES PER VALUE CHAIN’S ELEMENT

125

(cid:98)(cid:553) Constructors would favour creativity and dedicated solutions to take into account 
the speciﬁcations of each building and the use value of the occupants: the return 
on investment might not be then the only purchase criterion;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Engineering bureaus may be in a position to oﬀer both options which diﬀerentiate 

by architectural options.

At any rate, it would be the integration of technologies into a reliable construction process 
that would deliver the performance expected by design, within the value constraints imposed 
by the ﬁnal client.

Resource eﬃciency in buildings must integrate a district dimension with smart grids
When seeking for optimisation, the building process would have to go beyond the building 
scale and integrate also the district level, which can bring both constraints and opportunities 
for synergy. Buildings can indeed collaborate at a district/neighbourhood scale and interact 
at a city-wide level with the smart grid and energy networks. District morphology, ultra local 
micro climates in urban areas, district electrical, heating and cooling networks, connection 
with neighbour buildings for optimised energy management (with energy trading and energy 
storage pooling), support to peak load shaving for the electricity grid, time phasing with other 
works are as many elements that can inﬂuence the building design and performance optimi-
sation. The right balance also has to be found between a highly decentralised electricity pro-
duction and a centralised micro-production. To promote an integrated and coherent approach 
and reduce construction costs, construction processes should likewise have, when relevant, 
a district dimension. Here district means either a geographical district, or a ‘virtual’ district, i.e. 
buildings belonging to the same category (e.g. governmental buildings). The district approach 
allows the contractor implementing standardised construction processes to tend towards mass 
production, with only minor customisations required. Even the urban planning scale can be 
considered with regards to energy ﬂow management: buildings with complementary energy 
demands may be located close to each other and/or designed to fulﬁl multiple functions. 
GIS 80 and Spatial Data Infrastructure can help to consider a broader dimension. This would 
require ﬂexible and robust solutions as well as intense collaboration between institutions at 
local/regional level (city management, governmental bodies, energy agencies …) based on 
a systemic optimisation of energy resources/waste needs at district level. Finally, one must 
note that even end users’ behaviours can be impacted by the district dimension: for instance, 
reactive facades in the surroundings can cause discomfort to the occupants of a building and 
lead to misbehaviours.

The shi" in mind set required for collaborative optimisation should be supported by 
innovative education and training techniques
Training and education would be a critical way to:

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Improve the collaboration between architects, engineers and contractors for 
resource eﬃcient design, and between contractors and structural engineers to 
favour innovation at material level;

80  Geographical Information System.

126

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Increase the level of skills in the diﬀerent professions, so as to deal with new 
technologies, tools and methods, preservation of any potential historic value and 
integration needs;

Increase the level of responsibilities of the diﬀerent stakeholders by addressing 
contractual issues, and spreading insurance and performance guarantee 
approaches;

Improve the awareness of the public with regards to energy/resource eﬃciency 
issues, thus increasing their acceptability by end-users.

Innovation processes dealing with the whole building value chain are able to facilitate 
the integration of novel technologies and construction processes
Integration can be facilitated by several innovative ways of addressing the diﬀerent steps of 
the building life cycle. Let us mention for instance:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Pre-normative research;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Standardisation;

(cid:98)(cid:553) A European mechanism for energy labelling of buildings, building components 

(materials, envelope components, energy equipment) and associated processes 
(construction);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Public procurement improvements.

Networked cooperation involving laboratories to accelerate innovation
The national dimension of building codes and regulations prevent researchers and innovators 
to learn from each other on the basis of real construction experiences. The European dimension 
of technology and construction process optimisation would beneﬁt from intense networking 
at all points in the value chain so that good and poor experience can be shared to accelerate 
innovation processes.

APPENDIX 4 — Summary 
of cross-ETP priorities by 
Building-up project

The Building Up Roadmap includes eight Cross-Platform (CP) collaboration areas in research 
and innovation considered of interest by several ETPs and having high impact for the energy 
eﬃciency in the built environment. These are the following:

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP1. Performance Based Approach for building components, including sustainable 

design, Life Cycle Analysis;

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP2. Multi-material composites;

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP3. Healthy indoor environment (including air quality, ventilation, lighting, 

acoustic performance);

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP4. Electricity generation and storage materials and systems (e.g. storage 

systems including building integrated energy technologies);

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP5. Thermal generation and storage materials and systems (e.g. storage systems 

including building integrated energy technologies);

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP6. Advanced thermal insulation construction materials for new buildings and 

existing buildings (e.g. aerogel, nanofoams, vacuum insulation panels);

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP7. Building materials recyclability and reuse of components;

(cid:98)(cid:553) CP8. Renewable resource-based products.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The following tables report 2020 targets and research and innovation topics for each identi-
ﬁed cross-platform area.

TARGETS

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION TOPICS

CP1 Performance Based Approach for building components, including sustainable design, Life Cycle Analysis

(cid:98)(cid:553) Agreement on common understanding (boundaries) and 

handing back to national standards;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Common methodology based on existing Life Cycle Analysis 

1)   All building components meet an eco-

/LCA studies (CEN TC 350 based);

design approach (including LCA) covering 

the whole chain of the building life 

(material production, construction, use, 

recycling);

2)   To assure higher energy eﬃciency and 

advanced building performance (e.g. 

acoustic, seismic, etc.).

CP2 Multi material and composites
1)   To provide multifunctional materials 

from:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Assembling of materials and/

or components having diﬀerent 

functions to obtain new elements 

enabling the exploitation of these 

diﬀerent functionalities;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Producing composite materials 

enabling to exploit new 

functionalities;

2)   To increase the use of building waste into 

recycled composites;

3)   To develop composites consisting of 

renewable source matrix and ﬁbre 

materials.

(cid:98)(cid:553) Systemic approach for all energy usages (energy, water…) 

taking into account their mutual interaction;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Link with future modiﬁcations of Eco-design EU directive;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Design tools for optimisation of buildings and building 

components;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building design tools for architects allowing for real time 

building eco-design;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Development of new devices for reduction of water 

consumption.

(cid:98)(cid:553) Low-cost processing technologies for composite materials 

production and for components assembling;

(cid:98)(cid:553) New production processes for ﬁbres — easy application 

methods;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Bio-mimetic technologies: need for better understanding of 

surface interaction on nano scale; Multi-scale modelling from 

atom to system; development of Chemical coupling agents 

and binders.

APPENDIX 4 ) SUMMARY OF CROSS&ETP PRIORITIES BY BUILDING&UP PROJECT

129

TARGETS

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION TOPICS

CP3 Healthy and comfortable indoor environment (including air quality, ventilation, lighting, acoustic, etc.)

(cid:98)(cid:553) New and accurate IEQ assessment and planning tools;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Better understanding of VOC release. Better control over 

acoustics. Better control over moisture;

1)   Availability of validated planning and 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Empirical and reliable epidemiological data on correlation 

measuring tools for Indoor Environmental 

between buildings and human health;

Quality;

2)   To improve comfort levels in buildings 

and houses, including historical 

buildings through highly energy-eﬃcient 

and ﬁnancially aﬀordable internal 

components;

3)   Active functions are integrated into the 

building;

4)   All used materials have near zero harmful 

emissions (e.g. Reducing the Volatile 

Organic Compound (VOC) content of 

building materials).

(cid:98)(cid:553) Improved aesthetic room concept

(cid:98)(cid:553) Low-E insulating glazing, coatings, vacuum glazing and 

aerogel for reduced U value. Electrochromic, thermochromic 

or photochromic properties for G value control;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Multifunctional glazing;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Improvement of building material properties in order to 

maximise human comfort;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Establishing a methodological guide for the energetic 

rehabilitation of historic buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Eﬃcient, comfortable indoor lighting (Flexible Lighting based 

on LEDs — Development of LED integrated coated textiles);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Materials/systems with integrated failure warning;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Reducing the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content of 

building materials.

CP4 Electric generation and storage materials and systems (e.g. storage systems including building 
integrated energy technologies)

1)   System and components need to be 

for new existing materials (e.g. with reference also to 

(cid:98)(cid:553) New testing procedures, identiﬁcation of new performances 

optimised (cost and energy) and their 

performance evaluated correctly. Tools 

for modelling new energy generating 

system performances need to be 

designed and developed;

2)   Availability of new technologies and 

systems for electric energy storage and 

electric generation.

adaptive performances);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Holistic, intelligent & predictive energy control systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Fuel cells for static applications;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Smart grid solutions to fully enable distributed energy 

generation. Demand response solutions to fully exploit 

energy production at local level;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building Integrated PV, producing energy to be stored in 

either batteries or hydrogen through electrolysis.

CP5 Thermal generation and storage materials and systems (e.g. storage systems including building 
integrated energy technologies)
1)   Advancement to total building integration 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Need for modelling behaviour and properties of building 

(e.g. in plaster, windows, tiles, etc.): to 

increase aesthetics and integration 

ﬂexibility, eﬃciency, cost, quality 

insurance, plug and play development. 

Market implementation;

2)   Availability of new technologies, systems 

and processes for energy storage and 

heating and cooling management;

3)   Further development of advanced 

nanotechnology.

integrated thermal technology (e.g. Development of ﬂexible 

high eﬃciency solar thermal collectors);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Validation of thermal energy generation through advanced 
modelling tools;

(cid:98)(cid:553) To explore the potential for demand side management 

opportunities associated with the storage of energy in the 

thermal mass of buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Research on new technologies for chemical composition of 

storage materials and eﬃcient integration of existing ones.

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ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

TARGETS

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION TOPICS

CP6 Advanced thermal insulation construction materials for new buildings and existing buildings
(cid:98)(cid:553) Development of new cost-eﬀective energy-eﬃcient 

1)   Availability of insulation materials with 

highly enhanced properties (λ < 0.03 

W/m*k, improved durability, low cost, 

recyclability) especially for retroﬁtting;

2)   Availability of components with very high 

insulated materials, eco innovative, easy 

to install.

insulating materials from renewable sources or waste 

materials;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Development of materials that enable to create insulation 

materials with active properties;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Evolution of materials with λ < 0.03 W/m*k (e.g. nanofoams 

or silica aerogels);

(cid:98)(cid:553) Cost-eﬀective large volume manufacturing

(cid:98)(cid:553) Cost-eﬀective analysis on pilot test demonstration in 

public/administrative buildings

(cid:98)(cid:553) To determine the environmental tradeoﬀs between using 

insulation and sophisticated building techniques to control 

indoor climate in buildings with energy using heating/cooling 

and ventilation systems;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Integration of insulated materials in traditional products 

for large application; innovative solution for retroﬁt; thermal 

insulation, with good vapour permeability;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Improved material combinations in a layered and structured 

facade construction, IR absorption and reﬂection on demand 

in combination with insulation and switchable U-values.

CP7 Building materials recyclability and reuse of components

1)   Reduction of the amount of down cycling, 

considering cost and energy issues;

2)   Design implementation of recycling and 

reuse of materials and techniques in 

construction;

3)   Establishment of deconstruction 

processes and guidelines for existing 

buildings.

(cid:98)(cid:553) Development of solutions to recycle and reuse the light 

part of construction materials, including thermal recycling; 

Increase the uptake by the manufacturing chain;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Research on the recyclability of diﬀerent types of 

demolition products;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Better adhesives and other methods allowing disassembly 

of boded structures / assemblies;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Optimisation of recyclability properties of materials for new 

buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building concepts with high fraction of material 

replacement where needed; clear separation of functionality 

layers in buildings;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Building concepts with very low resource input: low 

emissions recycling options;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Speciﬁc trainings to companies and end-users in order to 

improve recycling and re-using skills and techniques;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Information management and traceability.

APPENDIX 4 ) SUMMARY OF CROSS&ETP PRIORITIES BY BUILDING&UP PROJECT

131

TARGETS

RESEARCH AND INNOVATION TOPICS

CP8 Renewable resource-based products
1)   Availability of renewable (bio-based) 

construction materials and systems 

as alternatives to fossil and mineral 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Creation of new value chains considering the complete life 

cycle (possibility of re-using etc.);

based products for sheathings as 

(cid:98)(cid:553) Optimisation of natural ﬁbres for insulations in order to 

well as advanced insulation products 

ensure durability;

with improved performance and 

cost-eﬀectiveness;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Advanced research on biotechnology and new bio-based 

materials such as plastics for barriers, pipes etc. and foams 

2)   Availability of bio-based treatments such 

for insulation;

as paints, adhesives and modiﬁcation for 

high performance renewable products.

(cid:98)(cid:553) Creation of new value chains.

© Silvano Rebai

APPENDIX 5 — Summary 
of Technology Roadmap 
from ICT4E2B Forum

The roadmap for ICT supported energy eﬃciency of buildings can be summarised in simple 
terms as follows:

(cid:98)(cid:553) Short term: ICT enables the connectivity and interoperability of individual 

buildings and networks and is used to ensure that existing and new buildings 
meet the current and emerging requirements for energy eﬃciency deﬁned in 
relation to the surrounding infrastructure and climate;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Medium term: Design, production, retroﬁtting, operation, use and demolition 
are empowered and enabled by re-conﬁguration, optimisation, and access to 
real-time information, decision support and interoperability with easy to use 
interfaces;

(cid:98)(cid:553) Long term: ICT enables and supports new business models and processes 

driven by energy eﬃciency. Buildings have evolved from energy consumers to 
‘prosumers’ (producer + consumer).

134

ENERGY!EFFICIENT BUILDINGS

The roadmap is structured in ﬁve main technology areas:

Main category

Subcategory

1.   Tools for EE design and production

2.   Intelligent control

(cid:98)(cid:553) Design

(cid:98)(cid:553) Production management

(cid:98)(cid:553) Modelling

(cid:98)(cid:553) Performance estimation
(cid:98)(cid:553) Automation & control

(cid:98)(cid:553) Monitoring

(cid:98)(cid:553) Quality of service

(cid:98)(cid:553) Wireless sensor networks
(cid:98)(cid:553) Performance management

3.   User awareness & decision support

(cid:98)(cid:553) Visualisation of energy use

4.   Energy management & trading

(cid:98)(cid:553) District energy management

(cid:98)(cid:553) Behavioural change
(cid:98)(cid:553) Building energy management

5.   Integration technologies

(cid:98)(cid:553) Smart grids and the built environment
(cid:98)(cid:553) Process integration

(cid:98)(cid:553) System integration

(cid:98)(cid:553) Knowledge sharing

(cid:98)(cid:553)

Interoperability & standards

The following ﬁgures depict the speciﬁc roadmaps developed per each technology area.

APPENDIX 5 ) SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FROM ICT4E2B FORUM

135

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APPENDIX 5 ) SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FROM ICT4E2B FORUM

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F

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
© Pavel Losevsky

APPENDIX 6 — Overview 
of the Materials Roadmap 
(SET PLAN)

T0                           T0+3    T0+4        T0+5  

T0+10

Structural 
Elements

Finishes
and
envelope

Glazed
component
-
Light 
directing 
elements

Insulation

Novel 
materials

R&D on cement/concrete production  processes to reduce embodied Energy/Carbon; on advanced
and high-performance concrete and steel-based  products to reduce building  Operational Energy/Carbon
and on advanced methods for evaluation of material durability    

Manufacturing plant for cement/concrete 
production at industrial scale

Technology testing for durability evaluation methods, 
applied to energy efficient structural materials 

- Long-term target zero-emission cement
- Insulation and thermal properties increased by: 
* 20-25 % for concrete
* 30-40 % for steel-based products

R&D on advanced production  processes for ceramic products to reduce embodied Energy/Carbon,
On advanced and high-performance ceramic products to reduce building  Operational Energy/Carbon,  advanced 
and on high-performance materials and products for internal finishes 

Manufacturing plant for ceramic and glass materials 
production with reduced embodied energy/carbon

For ceramics production: 
20 % specific reduction in embodied energy/CO2 
production time and costs reduced by 50 %
Insulation and storage capabilities increased by
*20-30% for ceramics
*at least 30 % for advanced materials

R&D on advanced production  processes for glass production  to reduce embodied Energy/Carbon  and 
On advanced and high-performance windows (glass, frames) to reduce building  Operational Energy/Carbon 

For glass production:
Decrease in total manufacturing energy demand > 25%
up to 100% reduction in CO2 emissions
>50% reduction in NOx emissions 
For window:
Overall U-value improved with no cost increase

R&D on advanced production  processes for traditional and bio-based insulation  materials to reduce embodied 
Energy/Carbon; on advanced and high-performance nanotechnology-based  insulation  materials and coatings 
to reduce building  Operational Energy/Carbon  and on new materials and new insulation  products

Manufacturing of 
advanced 
biobased 
insulation 
materials 

Manufacturing plant for traditional 
insulation materials production 

Technology testing of the new materials 
and products for envelope, finishes, windows and insulation 

For traditional insulation materials:
20 % reduction in embodied energy/CO2 
For bio-based insulation materials: 
Thermal conductivity down to 0.02-0.03 Wm-1K-1 
For nanotechnology:
Reduction of cost by at least 30-40 %

R&D on new manufacturing concepts for large volume Energy/Carbon  intensive building  materials and on 
super insulation  properties of cost-effective materials to minimize building  Operational Energy/Carbon 

Minimization of embodied Energy/Carbon in 
total building material production and
maximization of insulation/storage properties  

Research
infrastructure

2 facilities: Simulation  centre for energy-efficient multi-functional  building  materials 
and Centre of Excellence for energy-efficient ceramic materials

European Commission

ENERGY-EFFICIENT BUILDINGS 
Multi-annual roadmap for the contractual PPP under Horizon 2020

Luxembourg: Publications Oﬃce of the European Union

2013 — 141 pp. — 17.6 x 25.0 cm

ISBN 978-92-79-31239-7
doi:10.2777/29993

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With a  yearly turnover above € 1.2 trillion in 2011, the European construction sector, including its extended value chain (e.g. material and equipment manufacturers, construction and service companies), is the largest European single activity (10% of GDP) and the biggest industrial employer. Moreover, the built environment aﬀects the quality of life and work of all EU-citizens. Since buildings use 40 % of total EU energy consumption and generate 36% of greenhouse gases in Europe, by reducing its CO2 emissions by at least 80% and its energy consumption by as much as 50%, the construction sector is today on its critical path to help decarbonise the European economy by 2050.This multiannual roadmap for the years 2014-2020 sets a vision and outlines routes towards a high-tech building industry, which turns energy eﬃciency into a sustainable business. This roadmap proposes research and innovation priorities openly agreed amongst the wide community of stakeholders across Europe, a$er an extensive public consultation.The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) on Energy-eﬃcient Buildings launched in December 2008 under the European Economic Recovery Plan managed to attract high industrial participation and helped to innovate the building sector. Under the new EU framework programme Horizon 2020, a contractual PPP on Energy-eﬃcient Buildings will aim to develop aﬀordable breakthrough technologies and solutions at building and district scale, facilitating the road towards future smart cities.KI-02-13-267-EN-Cdoi:10.2777/29993