COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO and EU 2020 OBJECTIVES (required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC)
Date: 2013-10-09
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU Member State, Kyoto Protocol, climate change policy, disclosure of information, environmental statistics, greenhouse gas, reduction of gas emissions













EUR-Lex - 52013SC0410 - EN











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52013SC0410

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Accompanying the document REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO and EU 2020 OBJECTIVES (required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC) /* SWD/2013/0410 final */









COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT
Accompanying the document
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND
THE COUNCIL
PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE
KYOTO and EU 2020 OBJECTIVES 
(required under Article 21 of Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and
reporting greenhouse gas emissions and for reporting other information at
national and Union level relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No
280/2004/EC)
1.           Detailed analysis of emission trends in the main
sectors 
1.1.      Energy
supply and use, excluding transport
Table 1: GHG emissions from energy supply and use, excluding
transport (1990-2011)
   || Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2011 total GHG || Change 1990-2011 || Change 2000-2011 
 EU-15 || 60.8% || 57.9% || -18.7% || -13.5% 
 EU-28 || 63.2% || 59.2% || -23.5% || -12.2% 
Total GHG emissions from energy supply and use
decreased in the period 1990-2011 by 18.7 % in EU-15 and by 23.5 % in
EU-28. 
·       
Energy (excluding transport), responsible for about 60 %, is
the largest sector in terms of GHG emissions in the EU.
·       
CO2 emissions from electricity and
heat production are the largest key source in the EU-15 accounting for 24 % of total greenhouse gas emissions in 2011
and for 84 % of greenhouse gas emissions of the energy
industry sector. Between 1990 and 2011, CO2
emissions from electricity and heat production decreased by 9 % in the EU-15. Differences in the intensity of greenhouse gas
emissions of heat and electricity production between the Member States are to a
large extent explained by the mix of fuels combusted.
·       
CO2 emissions from public electricity
and heat production did not increase in line with fuel consumption. The main
explanatory factors at the EU-15 level during the past 20 years are fuel
switching from coal to natural gas and improvements in energy efficiency.
·       
Between 1990 and 2011 in the EU-28, greenhouse
gas emissions from energy industries increased in eight Member States
and fell in twelve. The highest absolute increases were in the Netherlands, Greece,  Spain and Finland. Germany and Poland had the largest part of reductions.
·       
The decoupling of fuel combustion and greenhouse
gas emissions is also observed in the EU-28. In 2011, natural gas and liquid fuels use decreased
strongly, whereas coal use increased, resulting in increased CO2
emissions per unit of fossil fuel energy generated. However, CO2
emissions fell because the increase in coal did not
offset the much bigger decrease in natural gas, and to a lesser degree in liquid fuels. The steady increase in
biomass use also served as a substitute for fossil fuels.
1.2.      Transport
Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2011) 
   || Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2011 total GHG || Change 1990-2011 || Change 2000-2011 
 EU-15 || 16.4 % || 21.9 % || 14.2 % || -3.9 % 
 EU-28 || 13.9 % || 20.2 % || 19.0 % || 1.3 % 
·       
Between 1990-2011 total GHG emissions from transport
increased by 16 % in the
EU-15 and by 20 % in the
EU-27. The trend of greenhouse gas emissions follows closely the trend of fuel
combustion. 
·       
CO2 emissions from road transport
is the second largest energy-related sector in both the
EU-15 and the EU-28. Between 1990 and 2011, CO2
emissions - mainly from fuel combustion - from road transportation increased by
15 % in the EU-15 and 21 % in the EU-28.
For the latest years, however, from 2010 to 2011 road transport emissions showed a decrease of 1% in both the EU-15 and the EU-28.
·       
In the EU-28, Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom were the largest contributors to the CO2-eq
emissions from road transport (65%). All Member States, except for Germany (-7.5 %), Lithuania (-3 %), Estonia and the UK, increased emissions from road
transportation between 1990 and 2011. The Member States with the highest
increases in absolute terms were Spain (+53 %), Poland (+156 %), Italy (+15 %) and France (+9 %). 
·       
Between 2009 and 2011 the total emissions from
road transport decreased in the EU-15 as well as in EU-28 due to lower
gasoline consumption that outweighed the moderate increase in diesel demand. This
decline was to a certain extent driven by the economic crisis. It is also the
outcome of new EU policies, like the regulations on CO2 emissions
from passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, the labelling of new cars
and also of the policies put in place by certain Member States, including
incentives to purchase low emission new cars and CO2 taxes. To a
lesser extent, increased use of biofuels also contributed to the lower road
transport emission trends.
·       
Emissions from international aviation and
maritime transport showed a slight increase (2.6%) in 2011 after three
consequtive years of decline. In 2010, the decline in emissions from international shipping had been much stronger, reflecting the severity of the economic recession and
lower freight transport. In 2011, the increase in international shipping
was also stronger, with emissions increasing by 7.5% in
EU-15. Since 1990 international aviation and maritime emissions
have grown very rapidly, reaching 6.5 % of total EU
greenhouse gas emissions.
·       
CO2 emissions from rail
transportation account for 0.14 % of total EU-15
GHG emissions in 2011 and 0.16 % of EU-28
emissions. Between 1990 and 2011, CO2
emissions from rail transportation decreased by 37 % in the EU-15 and 53% in the EU-28 due to the increasing use of
electricity compared to diesel. CO2 emissions from inland navigation account for 0.5 % of total EU-15 greenhouse gas
emissions in 2011. Between 1990 and 2011, CO2 emissions from navigation increased by 8 % in the EU-28.
1.3.      Agriculture

Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2011)
   || Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2011 total GHG || Change 1990-2011 || Change 2000-2011 
 EU-15 || 10.2 % || 10.2 % || -14.8 % || -10.6 % 
 EU-28 || 10.8 % || 10.1 % || -23.1 % || -8.7 % 
·       
In 2011, total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
were 14.8 % below
1990 levels. In the EU-28 emissions were 23.1 % below 1990 levels.
·       
Agriculture contributes to 10.2 % of total EU-15 GHG
emissions and 8.2 % of total EU-28 emissions. It remains
the non-energy related sectors with the highest emissions. The most important
GHGs from agriculture are N2O and CH4 accounting in the
EU-15 for 5.8 % and 4.4 % of the total GHG emissions respectively. 
·       
Enteric fermentation from cattle is the largest single
source of CH4 emissions in the EU-15 accounting for 2.8 % of
total GHG emissions in 2011. Between 1990 and 2011, CH4 emissions
from enteric fermentation from cattle declined by 15 % in the EU-15 and
13 % in the EU-28.
·       
N2O emissions from agricultural
soils account for 5.3 % of total EU-15 GHG emissions in 2011. N2O
emissions from this source decreased by 18 % between 1990 and 2011. All EU-15 Member
States show decreased emissions.
·       
The decrease in emissions is largely a
consequence of efficiency improvements (in particular more efficient fertiliser
use and increased animal productivity) and the reform of the EU common
agricultural policy (CAP) decoupling direct support from production,
strengthening the link to environmental legislation (cross-compliance),
introducing climate change objectives into the CAP (under the Health Check
Reform) and increasing support to climate friendly measures included in
agri-environmental programmes. Further, the implementation of the Nitrates
Directive has been enhanced.
1.4.      Industrial
processes
Table 4: GHG emissions from industrial processes (1990-2011)

   || Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2011 total GHG || Change 1990-2011 || Change 2000-2011 
 EU-15 || 8.3 % || 7.0 % || -28.3 % || -18.3 % 
 EU-28 || 8.2 % || 7.3 % || -27.5 % || -14.9 % 
·       
Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from industrial processes
(excluding combustion of fuels in industry) were in 2011 28.3 %
below 1990 levels. In the EU-28 emissions were 27.5 % below 1990 emissions.
·       
Industrial processes is the second largest non-energy sector contributing 7 % to total EU-15 GHG emissions in 2011. The most important GHGs from this sector are CO2 (4.5 % of total GHG emissions), HFCs (1.5 %) and N2O (0.2 %).
·       
In 2011, the emissions decreased
by 3 % compared to 2010. This followed the
previous increase in 2010 when industry was recovering from
the economic recession and significant reduction in
production experienced in 2009.
·       
Cement production
dominates the trend until 1997. Factors for declining emissions in the early
1990s were low economic activity and cement imports from Eastern European
countries. Between 1997 and 1999 the trend is dominated by reduction measures
in the adipic acid production in Germany, France and the UK. In addition, between 1998 and 1999 large reductions were achieved in the UK due to reduction measures in hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC) production. The
large decrease of emissions from cement production between 2007 and 2011 was
driven by reductions in demand as a consequence of the economic crisis. 
·       
A significant drop in the iron and steel
production as a consequence of the economic crisis was observed in 2009.
However, for this sector emissions increased again in 2010 and 2011 due to
economic recovery. 
·       
Large emission reductions occurred in adipic
acid production (N2O) mainly due to reduction measures in Germany, France, the  UK and Italy, and in production of halocarbons (HFCs) and SF6.
Additional N2O emission reductions were achieved in nitric acid
production. Large HFC emission increases can be observed from consumption of
halocarbons and SF6. 
1.5.      Waste
management 
Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2011) 
   || Share in 1990 total GHG || Share in 2011 total GHG || Change 1990-2011 || Change 2000-2011 
 EU-15 || 4.0 % || 2.8 % || -40.7 % || -29.1 % 
 EU-28 || 3.6 % || 2.9 % || -34.1 % || -24.2 % 
·       
In 2011 total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from waste
were 40.7 % below 1990
levels and 34.1 % below
1990 in EU-28.
·       
Waste is the third largest
non-energy sector in the EU, contributing by around 3%
to total GHG emissions. In 2011, emissions decreased by
2.4 % compared to 2010 both
in the EU-15 and the EU-28s.
·       
CH4 emissions from solid waste
disposal on land decreased by respectively 47 % between
1990 and 2011 in the EU-15 and 38,5 % in the
EU-28. However only fourteen Member States reduced their emissions from this
source. Croatia, Cyprus, Czech republic, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Spain did not.
·       
Between 1990 and 2011,
CH4 emissions from managed landfills declined by 47 % in the EU-15 and 40 % in the EU-28. Nine Member States
reduced their emissions from this source during that period. However Spain, France, Portugal, Poland Italy, Greece and Hungary did not. In 2011,
CH4 emissions from landfills in the EU-28 decreased by 3.5 % compared to 2010. A main driving force of
CH4 emissions from managed waste disposal on land is the amount of
biodegradable waste going to landfills. In addition, CH4 emissions from landfills are
influenced by the amount of CH4 recovered and utilised (combustion of biogas for electricity and/or
heat generation) or flared. The share of CH4 recovery has increased
significantly in EU since 1990.
·       
The Member States with the highest emissions
from managed waste disposal on land in 2011 were UK, Germany, Spain and Italy. These four Member States accounted for 60 % of EU-28 emissions in
2011. The largest reductions in absolute terms during 1990 and 2011 were
reported by the UK and Germany, while emissions from France increased over the
same period of time. The emission reductions are partly due to the
implementation of the landfill directive or similar legislation in the Member
States.
2.         GHG emissions in the EU candidate countries
Iceland
ratified the UNFCCC in June 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in May 2002 committing
itself to keep the increase of GHG emissions within 10 % compared to the
base year (1990). Iceland's GHG emissions between 1990 and 2011 increased by
26 % and in 2011 were 4 % lower than in 2010. The
economy grew during the same period of time. This trend is
explained by Iceland’s participation in the EU ETS, the increase of fuel excice
duties in 2009 and the introduction of vehicle taxation in 2010.
According to the 5th National Communication and taking into account
decision 14/CP.7 (allowing Iceland to exclude emissions
from the heavy industry from the commitment level under the Kyoto Protocol in
the period 2008-2012), Iceland is on track to meet its Kyoto target. 
Turkey
became an Annex I Party to the UNFCCC in May 2004 and ratified the Kyoto
Protocol in May 2009 (however Turkey has no GHG
reduction commitment). Turkey’s first National Communication to the UNFCCC was
submitted in January 2007. According to the recent GHG inventory, Turkey’s
emissions amounted to 422.42 MtCO2-eq in 2011.
Emissions increase of 97.6 % compared to 188 MtCO2-eq.
in 1990. The emissions also increased by 5 % between 2010 and 2011.
Between 1990 and 2011, per capita GHG emissions have increased in Turkey.
However, with a 5.7 tonnes CO2-eq per capita, emissions in Turkey remain
significantly below the average EU of 9 tonnes. Turkey's emissions intensity is
20 % higher than in the EU. 
The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia became a
Party to the UNFCCC in January 1998 and ratified the
Kyoto Protocol in November 2004. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia is
considered a developing country under the Convention and its Protocol. In
January 2009 the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia submitted to the UNFCCC
secretariat its 2nd National Communication, including inventory of
GHG emissions for 1990-2002. According to available data for 2005, total GHG
emissions decreased by around 19 % since 1990. In 2005, CO2
emissions per capita are at level of 5.7 tonnes CO2-eq and GDP per capita amounted to 2300 €.
Currently, there is no GHG projections for the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia.
Montenegro became a party to the UNFCCC in 2006 and
ratified the Kyoto Protocol in 2007. It submitted its initial national communication
in May 2010 which provides GHG
inventory for 1990 and 2003. Between 1990 and 2003 total GHG emissions
(excluding LULUCF) increased by around 4.9 %. 
The Republic of Serbia is a non-Annex 1 Party to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and has ratified the Kyoto Protocol. Serbia submitted its Initial National Communication in November 2010, with GHG inventories
for 1990 and 1998, as well as projections for 2012 and for 2015. Its total GHG
emissions - not taking into account the amounts removed by forests - decreased
by around 17.9 % between 1990 and 1998. When the amounts removed by
forests are taken into account, the decrease is estimated at 22.2 %. Serbia is currently preparing its second national communication to the UNFCCC. An
up-to-date inventory of GHG emissions is not available. The Country has begun
preparations for the Second National Communication (to cover GHG emissions for
2000 - 2010). 
Figure 1: GHG total emissions and
emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries
Note: no 2010 data available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2005 data come from the EDGAR database 
Source: UNFCCC submissions, EDGAR database (see: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php)
Table 6: GHG emissions in CO2
equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets for 2008–12 
 Country || 1990 || Base year (1) || EU burden-sharing or Kyoto target || EU burden-sharing or Kyoto target || GHG emissions 2008-2012 || Change 2008-2012 relative to base year || GHG emissions 2011 || Change 2011 relative to base year 
 Mt CO2 || Mt CO2 || Mt CO2 || % || Mt CO2 || % || Mt CO2 || % 
 Austria || 78,2 || 79,0 || 68,8 || -13,0% || 83,0 || 4,9% || 82,8 || 5% 
 Belgium || 143,1 || 145,7 || 134,8 || -7,5% || 126,8 || -13,0% || 120,2 || -18% 
 Bulgaria || 109,5 || 132,6 || 122,0 || -8,0% || 62,7 || -52,7% || 66,1 || -50% 
 Croatia || 31,6 || 31,3 || 29,8 || -5,0% || 28,7 || -8,5% || 28,3 || -10% 
 Cyprus || 6,1 || no target || no target || no target || 9,4 || 54,4% || 9,2 || 50% 
 Czech Republic || 196,0 || 194,2 || 178,7 || -8,0% || 134,8 || -30,6% || 133,5 || -31% 
 Denmark (3) || 68,7 || 69,3 || 55,8 || -21,0% || 58,7 || -15,3% || 56,2 || -19% 
 Estonia || 40,5 || 42,6 || 39,2 || -8,0% || 19,6 || -54,1% || 21,0 || -51% 
 Finland || 70,4 || 71,0 || 71,0 || 0,0% || 67,8 || -4,5% || 67,0 || -6% 
 France || 556,4 || 563,9 || 563,9 || 0,0% || 504,8 || -10,5% || 485,5 || -14% 
 Germany || 1250,3 || 1232,4 || 973,6 || -21,0% || 935,5 || -24,1% || 916,5 || -26% 
 Greece || 104,6 || 107,0 || 133,7 || 25,0% || 120,3 || 12,4% || 115,0 || 8% 
 Hungary || 99,0 || 115,4 || 108,5 || -6,0% || 67,7 || -41,3% || 66,1 || -43% 
 Ireland || 55,2 || 55,6 || 62,8 || 13,0% || 61,2 || 10,1% || 57,5 || 3% 
 Italy || 519,0 || 516,9 || 483,3 || -6,5% || 497,1 || -3,8% || 488,8 || -5% 
 Latvia || 26,3 || 25,9 || 23,8 || -8,0% || 11,4 || -55,8% || 11,5 || -56% 
 Lithuania || 48,8 || 49,4 || 45,5 || -8,0% || 22,0 || -55,4% || 21,6 || -56% 
 Luxembourg || 12,9 || 13,2 || 9,5 || -28,0% || 12,1 || -8,3% || 12,1 || -8% 
 Malta || 2,0 || no target || no target || no target || 3,0 || 51,4% || 3,0 || 51% 
 Netherlands || 211,8 || 213,0 || 200,3 || -6,0% || 199,5 || -6,4% || 194,4 || -9% 
 Poland || 457,0 || 563,4 || 529,6 || -6,0% || 391,8 || -30,5% || 399,4 || -29% 
 Portugal || 61,0 || 60,1 || 76,4 || 27,0% || 73,0 || 21,3% || 70,0 || 16% 
 Romania || 244,4 || 278,2 || 256,0 || -8,0% || 124,3 || -55,3% || 123,3 || -56% 
 Slovakia || 71,8 || 72,1 || 66,3 || -8,0% || 45,4 || -37,1% || 45,3 || -37% 
 Slovenia || 18,4 || 20,4 || 18,7 || -8,0% || 19,8 || -2,8% || 19,5 || -4% 
 Spain || 282,8 || 289,8 || 333,2 || 15,0% || 361,4 || 24,7% || 350,5 || 21% 
 Sweden || 72,8 || 72,2 || 75,0 || 4,0% || 61,6 || -14,6% || 61,4 || -15% 
 United Kingdom || 767,3 || 776,3 || 679,3 || -12,5% || 584,2 || -24,8% || 552,6 || -29% 
 EU-15 || 4254,5 || 4265,5 || 3924,3 || -8,0% || 3746,9 || -12,2% || 3630,7 || -15% 
 EU-28 || 5606,1 || 5.799,22 || no target || no target || 4687,5 || -19,2% || 4578,5 || -21% 
(1) For EU-15 the base year for carbon
dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide is 1990; for the fluorinated gases 12 Member
States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990. As the EU-15 inventory is the sum of Member States’ inventories,
the EU-15 base year estimates for fluorinated gas emissions are the sum of 1995
emissions for 12 Member States and 1990 emissions for Austria, France and
Italy. The EU-15 base year emissions also include emissions from deforestation
for the Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide,
methane and nitrous oxide for Bulgaria is 1988, for Hungary is the average of
1985-1987, for Slovenia 1986, for Poland 1988, for Romania 1989; for the
fluorinated gases Slovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year and Romania 1989
all other central and eastern European members states have selected 1995. 1990
values have taken considered fo Cyprus and Malta. 
(2) Approximate data
Table 7a: Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with inventory emission and 2012 approximate
data emissions
 Member State ||  Base-year emissions (BY) || Kyoto or burden-sharing target || Total emissions || Total allowed emissions of non-ETS sectors (approxi-mation) || Non-ETS emissions || Removals (-) or emissions (+) from carbon sink activities || Issuance of credits (ERUs) under joint implementation || Use of Kyoto mechanisms at government level || Non-ETS emissions, with carbon sink removals and use of Kyoto mechanisms 
 Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Gap between emissions and target || Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Annual average 2008-2012 || Gap between emissions and target ||  % of 1990 emissions 
 Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % change from BY || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % change from BY || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % of BY emissions || Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. ||  % of BY emissions 
 Austria || 79,0 || 68,8 || -13,0% || 83,0 || 4,9% || 36,3 || 53,1 || 16,8 || 21,2% || -1,2 || -1,5% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -16,0 || -20,2% || 35,9 || -0,5 || -0,6% || -0,6% 
 Belgium || 145,7 || 134,8 || -7,5% || 126,8 || -13,0% || 76,3 || 78,6 || 2,3 || 1,6% || 0,2 || 0,2% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -5,9 || -4,0% || 72,9 || -3,4 || -2,3% || -2,4% 
 Bulgaria || 132,6 || 122,0 || -8,0% || 62,7 || -52,7% || 82,3 || 26,9 || -55,3 || -41,7% || -0,5 || -0,4% || -1,6 || -1,2% || 1,4 || 1,1% || 29,4 || -52,9 || -39,9% || -48,3% 
 Croatia || 31,3 || 29,8 || -5,0% || 28,7 || -8,5% || 29,8 || 28,7 || -1,1 || -3,5% || -0,7 || -2,3% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 27,9 || -1,8 || -5,8% || -5,7% 
 Cyprus (2) || 5,3 || no target || no target || 9,4 || 78,4% || n.a. || 4,4 || na || na || na || na || 0,0 || Na || na || na || #VALUE! || na || na || na 
 Czech Republic || 194,2 || 178,7 || -8,0% || 134,8 || -30,6% || 92,1 || 60,2 || -31,9 || -16,4% || -1,3 || -0,7% || -0,9 || -0,4% || 25,0 || 12,9% || 84,7 || -7,4 || -3,8% || -3,8% 
 Denmark (1) || 69,3 || 55,8 || -21,0% || 58,7 || -15,3% || 31,2 || 35,3 || 4,1 || 5,9% || -1,8 || -2,6% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -2,4 || -3,5% || 31,1 || -0,1 || -0,2% || -0,2% 
 Estonia || 42,6 || 39,2 || -8,0% || 19,6 || -54,1% || 26,1 || 6,2 || -19,9 || -46,7% || 0,4 || 1,0% || -0,2 || -0,5% || 14,7 || 34,5% || 21,6 || -4,5 || -10,6% || -11,2% 
 Finland || 71,0 || 71,0 || 0,0% || 67,8 || -4,5% || 33,5 || 32,6 || -0,9 || -1,3% || -0,6 || -0,8% || -0,2 || -0,3% || -1,0 || -1,4% || 31,1 || -2,3 || -3,3% || -3,3% 
 France || 563,9 || 563,9 || 0,0% || 504,8 || -10,5% || 426,9 || 392,8 || -34,1 || -6,0% || -3,2 || -0,6% || -1,5 || -0,3% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 391,1 || -35,8 || -6,3% || -6,4% 
 Germany || 1.232,4 || 973,6 || -21,0% || 935,5 || -24,1% || 529,3 || 483,7 || -45,6 || -3,7% || -10,0 || -0,8% || -2,4 || -0,2% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 476,2 || -53,1 || -4,3% || -4,3% 
 Greece || 107,0 || 133,7 || 25,0% || 120,3 || 12,4% || 65,4 || 57,5 || -7,8 || -7,3% || -0,6 || -0,6% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 56,9 || -8,5 || -7,9% || -8,1% 
 Hungary || 115,4 || 108,5 || -6,0% || 67,7 || -41,3% || 82,4 || 44,5 || -37,9 || -32,8% || -2,2 || -1,9% || -1,5 || -1,3% || 4,0 || 3,5% || 47,7 || -34,6 || -30,0% || -35,0% 
 Ireland || 55,6 || 62,8 || 13,0% || 61,2 || 10,1% || 41,9 || 43,7 || 1,8 || 3,3% || -3,4 || -6,1% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -1,9 || -3,5% || 38,4 || -3,5 || -6,3% || -6,3% 
 Italy || 516,9 || 483,3 || -6,5% || 497,1 || -3,8% || 281,5 || 303,9 || 22,4 || 4,3% || -16,8 || -3,2% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -2,0 || -0,4% || 285,1 || 3,6 || 0,7% || 0,7% 
 Latvia || 25,9 || 23,8 || -8,0% || 11,4 || -55,8% || 19,2 || 8,6 || -10,6 || -41,0% || -1,2 || -4,5% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 8,1 || 31,2% || 15,5 || -3,7 || -14,3% || -14,1% 
 Lithuania || 49,4 || 45,5 || -8,0% || 22,0 || -55,4% || 36,9 || 16,1 || -20,8 || -42,0% || -1,1 || -2,3% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 14,1 || 28,6% || 29,1 || -7,7 || -15,7% || -15,9% 
 Luxembourg || 13,2 || 9,5 || -28,0% || 12,1 || -8,3% || 7,0 || 10,0 || 3,0 || 22,6% || 0,1 || 0,4% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -2,8 || -21,3% || 7,2 || 0,2 || 1,7% || 1,7% 
 Malta (2) || 2,0 || no target || no target || 3,0 || 48,4% || n.a. || 1,1 || na || na || na || na || 0,0 || Na || na || na || #VALUE! || na || na || na 
 Netherlands || 213,0 || 200,3 || -6,0% || 199,5 || -6,4% || 112,8 || 118,3 || 5,5 || 2,6% || 0,4 || 0,2% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -9,2 || -4,3% || 109,5 || -3,3 || -1,5% || -1,6% 
 Poland || 563,4 || 529,6 || -6,0% || 391,8 || -30,5% || 323,9 || 192,9 || -131,0 || -23,3% || -8,4 || -1,5% || -2,8 || -0,5% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 187,2 || -136,7 || -24,3% || -29,9% 
 Portugal || 60,1 || 76,4 || 27,0% || 73,0 || 21,3% || 44,3 || 46,5 || 2,1 || 3,5% || -9,8 || -16,3% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -1,6 || -2,7% || 35,0 || -9,3 || -15,5% || -15,3% 
 Romania || 278,2 || 256,0 || -8,0% || 124,3 || -55,3% || 181,8 || 72,4 || -109,4 || -39,3% || -3,0 || -1,1% || -0,8 || -0,3% || 2,6 || 0,9% || 72,8 || -109,0 || -39,2% || -44,6% 
 Slovakia || 72,1 || 66,3 || -8,0% || 45,4 || -37,1% || 33,7 || 23,0 || -10,7 || -14,9% || -0,4 || -0,5% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 8,4 || 11,7% || 31,0 || -2,7 || -3,8% || -3,8% 
 Slovenia || 20,4 || 18,7 || -8,0% || 19,8 || -2,8% || 10,5 || 11,7 || 1,2 || 5,7% || -1,3 || -6,5% || 0,0 || 0,0% || -1,0 || -4,9% || 9,3 || -1,2 || -5,7% || -6,3% 
 Spain || 289,8 || 333,2 || 15,0% || 361,4 || 24,7% || 181,4 || 223,3 || 42,0 || 14,5% || -11,3 || -3,9% || -0,1 || 0,0% || -38,8 || -13,4% || 173,3 || -8,1 || -2,8% || -2,9% 
 Sweden || 72,2 || 75,0 || 4,0% || 61,6 || -14,6% || 52,9 || 41,9 || -10,9 || -15,2% || -2,1 || -2,9% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 39,8 || -13,1 || -18,1% || -18,0% 
 United Kingdom || 776,3 || 679,3 || -12,5% || 584,2 || -24,8% || 433,9 || 346,9 || -87,0 || -11,2% || -3,6 || -0,5% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 0,0 || 0,0% || 343,3 || -90,6 || -11,7% || -11,8% 
 EU-15 || 4.265,5 || 3.924,3 || -8,0% || 3.746,9 || -12,2% || 2.357,4 || 2.268,2 || -89,2 || -2,1% || -63,9 || -1,5% || -4,2 || -0,1% || -81,7 || -1,9% || 2.126,8 || -230,6 || -5,4% || -5,4% 
 EU-27 || 5.767,1 || no target || no target || 4.658,9 || not applicable || n.a. || 2.736,1 || na || na || -82,9 || -1,4% || -12,0 || -0,2% || -4,3 || -0,1% || 2.660,8 || na || na || na 
 EU-28 || 5.767,1 || no target || no target || 4.687,5 || not applicable || n.a. || 2.764,8 || na || na || -83,7 || -1,5% || -12,0 || -0,2% || -4,3 || -0,1% || 2.688,8 || na || na || na 
((1) Denmark's burden-sharing target and allowed non-ETS emissions include a base-year
compensation of 1 million AAUs per year of the first commitment period.
(2) No commitment
under the Kyoto Protocol, therefore no base year and no emission target. 1990
emissions are used in the column "base year".
(3) Projection data
(4) If no MS overachievement is taken into account.
Table 7b: Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with inventory
emission and 2012 approximate data emissions with Kyoto Mechanisms, carbon
sinks and the impact of the EU-ETS cap
   || Base year emissions || Total emissions || With Kyoto mechanisms || With carbon sink removals and use of Kyoto mechanisms || With carbon sink removals, use of Kyoto mechanisms and impact of the EU ETS cap ||   
 Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year || Annual average 2008–2012 || change from base year ||   ||   
 Mt CO2-eq. || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || % || Mt CO2-eq. || % ||   ||   
 EU-15 || 4.265,5 || 3.746,9 || -12,2% || 3.665,2 || -14,1% || 3.605,5 || -15,5% || 3.693,7 || -13,4% ||   ||   
 EU-28 || 5.799,2 || 4.658,9 || -19,7% || 4.654,5 || -19,7% || 4.583,6 || -21,0% || 4.734,7 || -18,4% ||   ||   
 EU-28 (1990) || 5.606,1 || 4.687,5 || -16,4% || 4.683,2 || -16,5% || 4.612,2 || -17,7% || 4.763,4 || -15,0% ||   ||   
Notes: Finland, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden
already provided proxy 2012 data. This data is used here. For all other Member
States, 2012 non-ETS emissions are assumed equal to 2011 non-ETS emissions.
Therefore for 2012 total emissions = 2012 ETS verified emissions + 2011 non-ETS
emissions The assessment of progress towards Kyoto targets is based on average
2008–2012.
Table 8: Comparison of historic GHG
emissions and AAUs budgets
   || Burden sharing or KP target || cumulative AAU budget 2008-2012 || Cumulative total GHG emissions 2008-2012 || Cumulative use of sink activities 2008-2012 || Cumulative gap between relevant AAU budget including sink activities, issued ERUs and emissions* 
 Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || Mt CO2 eq || % 
 Austria || 68,8 || 343,9 || 414,8 || -3,5 || 77,7 || 22,6% 
 Belgium || 134,8 || 674,0 || 634,1 || 1,1 || 12,6 || 1,9% 
 Bulgaria || 122,0 || 610,0 || 313,6 || -2,7 || -271,3 || -44,5% 
 Croatia || 29,8 || 148,8 || 143,3 || -3,6 || -9,1 || -6,1% 
 Cyprus || no target || no target || 47,0 || NA || no target || no target 
 Czech Republic || 178,7 || 893,5 || 674,2 || -6,5 || -161,9 || -18,1% 
 Denmark || 55,8 || 278,8 || 293,5 || -8,9 || 11,5 || 4,1% 
 Estonia || 39,2 || 196,1 || 97,8 || 2,1 || -96,3 || -49,1% 
 Finland || 71,0 || 355,0 || 339,2 || -2,9 || -6,6 || -1,9% 
 France (1) || 563,9 || 2.819,6 || 2.523,9 || -16,1 || -178,8 || -6,3% 
 Germany (1) || 973,6 || 4.868,1 || 4.677,4 || -49,9 || -265,7 || -5,5% 
 Greece || 133,7 || 668,7 || 601,4 || -3,2 || -42,4 || -6,3% 
 Hungary || 108,5 || 542,4 || 338,7 || -11,1 || -193,2 || -35,6% 
 Ireland || 62,8 || 314,2 || 306,2 || -17,0 || -7,8 || -2,5% 
 Italy || 483,3 || 2.416,3 || 2.485,6 || -83,9 || 27,9 || 1,2% 
 Latvia || 23,8 || 119,2 || 57,2 || -5,9 || -58,9 || -49,5% 
 Lithuania || 45,5 || 227,3 || 110,1 || -5,6 || -109,4 || -48,1% 
 Luxembourg || 9,5 || 47,4 || 60,4 || 0,3 || 15,1 || 31,9% 
 Malta || no target || no target || 15,2 || NA || no target || no target 
 Netherlands || 200,3 || 1.001,3 || 997,4 || 1,8 || 29,5 || 3,0% 
 Poland || 529,6 || 2.648,2 || 1.959,0 || -42,2 || -683,4 || -25,8% 
 Portugal || 76,4 || 381,9 || 364,9 || -49,0 || -38,5 || -10,1% 
 Romania || 256,0 || 1.279,8 || 621,3 || -15,1 || -557,8 || -43,6% 
 Slovakia || 66,3 || 331,4 || 226,8 || -1,8 || -55,5 || -16,8% 
 Slovenia || 18,7 || 93,6 || 98,9 || -6,6 || -0,8 || -0,9% 
 Spain || 333,2 || 1.666,2 || 1.806,8 || -56,7 || 153,5 || 9,2% 
 Sweden || 75,0 || 375,2 || 307,9 || -10,6 || -65,3 || -17,4% 
 United Kingdom || 679,3 || 3.396,5 || 2.921,0 || -18,2 || -453,0 || -13,3% 
 EU-15 || 3.924,3 || 19.621,4 || 18.734,4 || -319,4 || -744,6 || -3,8% 
 EU-28 || no target || no target || 23.437,6 || -418,3 || no target || no target 
Notes:
(1. For Germany and France corrections for
allocated allowances have been included. Germany distributed additional 8.1 Mt
in 2008 to finance its auctioning mechanism and in 2009 and 2010 Germany
received 4 Mt from operators due to back requirements that are not inluded in
the CITL. France distributed in 2008 and 2009 additional 9.4 Mt to operators
that are not included in the CITL. In 2011 the CITL data showed additional 9.6
Mt that are yet not included in the EEA EU ETS viewer.               
3.         List
of legal acts recently adopted
Implementation of the climate and energy package:
(1)                   
EU ETS Registry – Union Registry: Commission Regulation
(EU) No 389/2013 of 2 May 2013 establishing a Union Registry pursuant to
Directive 2003/87/EC and of the Council, Decisions No 280/2004/EC and No
406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and repealing
Commission Regulations (EU) No 920/2010 and No 1193/2011.
(2)                   
Monitoring Mechanism: Regulation (EU) No 525/2013 of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 21 May 2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse
gas emissions and for reporting other information at national and Union level
relevant to climate change and repealing Decision No 280/2004/EC.
(3)                   
LULUCF: Decision
No 529/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on
accounting rules on greenhouse gas emissions and removals resulting from
activities relating to land use, land-use change and forestry and on
information concerning actions relating to those activities.
(4)                   
Effort Sharing Decision: 2013/162/EU Commission Decision of 26 March 2013 on determining
Member States’ annual emission allocations for the period from 2013 to 2020
pursuant to Decision No 406/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the
Council.
Other:
(5)                   
Aviation and the EU ETS: Decision No 377/2013/EU of the European Parliament and of the
Council of 24 April 2013 derogating temporarily from Directive 2003/87/EC
establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the
Community. 
(6)                   
CO2 and cars: Commission Regulation (EU) No 397/2013 of 30 April 2013 amending
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 as regards the monitoring of CO2
emssions from new passenger cars. 
Commission Implementing
Decision 013/128/EU of 13 March 2013 on the approval of the use of light
emitting diodes in certain lighting functions of an M1 vehicle as an innovative technology for reducing CO2
emissions from passenger cars pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the
European Parliament and of the Council.
Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 396/2013 of 30 April 2013 amending Regulation (EU)
No 1014/2010 as regards certain requirements for the monitoring of CO2
emissions from new passenger cars.
Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 114/2013 of 6 November 2012 supplementing Regulation (EU)
No 510/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to
rules for the application for a derogation from the specific CO2
emissions targets for new light commercial vehicles. 
(7)                   
Energy efficiency: Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency, amending Directives 2009/125/EC and
2010/30/EU and repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC.
Table 9: Summary of implemented and
planned policies and measures 
Cross-cutting measures
 Policies and measures ‘Cross-cutting’ || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments 
 EU Emission Trading Scheme || In force 
 Revised Monitoring Mechanism Regulation || Adopted and in force since 8 July 2013 
 Link Kyoto flexible mechanisms to emissions trading || In force. In June the Commission has prepared a draft Regulation specifying the maximum limits up to which operators under the EU ETS may use eligible credits from the Kyoto Protocol’s flexible mechanisms for compliance with emission limits from 2013 to 2020 
Energy Supply
 Policies and measures ‘Energy supply’ || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments 
 Promotion of electricity from RES-E (2001) || In force 
 (New) Renewable energy Directive (Directive 2009/28/EC) || In force 
 CCS Directive || In force 
 NER 300 laying down criteria and measures for the financing of commercial demonstration projects for CCS and innovative renewable energy technologies under the revised EU ETS || Under the first call for proposals, the Commission made funding awards in December 2012 for a total value of € 1.2 billion to 23 renewable energy projects. Second call for proposals ongoing, award decision planned for mid-2014 
 Directive on promotion of cogeneration || In force until mid-2014. Repealed by the new Energy Efficiency Directive. 
 Further measures on renewable heat (including biomass action plan) || Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005, over 20 further actions planned. Renewable heat included in proposed new Directive on renewable energy 
 Intelligent Energy for Europe: programme for renewable energy || Programme for policy support in renewable energy 
 Developing the internal energy market || Amendments to a number of directives to continue to help complete the internal energy market. 
 Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || 6 European Industrial Initiatives and 10 Integrated Research Programmes that address the development and market roll-out of new generation of renewable energy, carbon capture and storage, nuclear and smart grids technologies are in force since 2010/11. At EU level these initiatives are supported by FP7. 
Energy demand
 Policies and measures ‘Energy demand’ || Stage of implementation / timetable /comments 
 New Energy Efficiency Directive || Adopted in October 2012. To be implemented by mid-2014. 
 Directive on the energy performance of buildings || Replaced by the recast Directive below.   
 Directive on the energy performance of buildings (recast) || Adopted in May 2010 with implementation deadline by June 2012. 
 Directive on ecodesign requirements for energy-related products Directive on labelling of the consumption of energy and other resources by energy-related products || Product policy under implementation. 14 implementing measures adopted on ecodesign and 9 on energy labelling. Some 20-30 more measures are expected by 2014/2015. 
 Regulation on the labelling of tyres with respect to fuel efficiency and other essential parameters || Product policy under implementation 
 Regulation on energy efficiency labelling programme for office equipment (Energy Star) || Product policy under implementation 
 Directive on energy end use efficiency and energy services || In force until mid-2014. Afterwards to be (almost fully) replaced by the new Energy Efficiency Directive; National Energy Efficiency Action Plans adopted in all EU-27. 
 Action Plan on Energy efficiency as a follow-up to the Green Paper || Launched Oct 2006. Identifies 10 priority actions to help achieving the to 20% energy efficiency target of 368 Mtoe primary energy savings in 2020 (or 740 MtCO2-eq). Reinforced in March 2011 (see below). 
 Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 || Launched March 2011. Aims at closing the gap to the 20% energy efficiency target in 2020 
 Action under the Industrial emission directive || Reference document on Best Available Techniques regarding Energy Efficiency finalised. 
 Intelligent Energy for Europe programme (incl. Covenant of Mayors, ELENA) || Programme for policy support in energy efficiency 
 European Energy Efficiency Fund || Launched in July 2011. Estimated investment potential of EUR 265 million for energy efficiency, renewables and sustainable urban transport projects. 
 Public procurement || EU Handbook developed for guidance for increased energy efficient public procurement 
 Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || Launch in 2012 of the Smart Cities and Communities European Innovation Partnership addressing the demand side of low carbon technologies in energy, transport and ICT sectors. 
Transport
 Policies and measures ‘Transport’ || Stage of implementation / timetable / comments 
 Strategy on CO2 from light duty vehicles; Regulation on CO2 emissions from passenger cars, Regulation on CO2 emissions from light commercial vehicles, car labelling directive ||   Labelling: in force Regulations in force and implementing measures almost completed. The Commission made proposals for review of the two Regulations 
 Fuel quality Directive || First implemented in 1998. Revised in 2009 and amended in 2011 
 Directive on the promotion of transport bio-fuels || Repealed, Replaced by the Renewable Energy Directive (Directive 2009/28/EC). 
  Initiative on fair and efficient road pricing, revising Directive 1999/62/EC and Directive 2004/52/EC ||  Proposal under preparation by the Commission 
 Infrastructure charging for heavy goods (revised Eurovignette) || Adopted (Directive 2011/76/EU) 
 Proposal for a Directive revising Directive 96/53/EC on maximum weights and dimensions || Proposal adopted by the Commission. 
 Shifting the balance of transport modes || Package of measures in implementation 
 Fuel taxation ||   In force Review of the Energy Tax Directive under special legislative procedure with unanimity. 
 Directive on mobile air conditioning systems: HFCs || In force 
 Inclusion of Aviation in EU ETS || Adopted. Includes all flights since 1/01/2012. In April 2013 a Commission decision was adopted to exempt from enforcement flights into and out of Europe operated in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The general legislation continues to apply to all flights within Europe 
 Strategy on Integrating maritime transport emissions in the EU's greenhouse gas reduction policies || Adopted. In June 2013 the Commission proposed a Regulation which would establish an EU-wide system for the monitoring, reporting and verification of CO2 emissions from large ships starting in 2018 
 Public procurement of vehicles (Clean vehicles directive 2009/33/EC) || In force 
 Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || One Joint technology Initiative on Fuel cells and Hydrogen in force since 2009 and one European Industrial Initiative and Integrated Research Programme on bioenergy in force since 2010/11. At EU level these initiatives are supported by FP7. 
Industry & non CO2 gases
 Policies and measures ‘Industry’ || Stage of implementation / timetable / comments 
 Regulation on fluorinated gases (including Directive on mobile air conditioning systems) || In force. In November 2012 the Commission proposed a new Regulation aiming at further reducing emissions from this sector 
 IPPC & non-CO2 gases || In force 
 In 2008 the Directive was codified and in 2010 amended by the Industrial Emissions Directive 
Waste
 Policies and measures ‘Waste’ || Stage of implementation / timetable / comments 
 Landfill Directive || In force 
 Waste Framework Directive || Adopted. Launched December 2005, including a revision of the original waste directive of 1975, revised in 2008. 
 Thematic Strategy on waste || Launched in 2005 
   Directive 2012/19/EU on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) || In force. Revised directive in 2012.   
Integration Research & Development
 Policies and measures || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments 
 R&D framework Program || In force. Under the 7th Framework program (FP7), which runs from 2007 to 2013, a budget of 50.5 billion euros will be allocated over the entire period. Over 2.3 billion to energy related R&D activities. Upcoming Horizon 2020 programme (2014-2020) under co-decision 
 Competitiveness and Innovation Framework Programme (CIP) || CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with a total budget of 3.6 billion euros. The CIP is divided in three operational programmes two of which are related to energy and climate change. 
 Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan || In force since 2007 and implemented at EU level through FP7. 
Integration
Cohesion Policy
 Policies and measures || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments 
 Integration climate change in structural funds &cohesion funds || For the budgetary period 2007-13 sustainable transport, adaptation, renewable energy and energy efficiency have been indentified as eligible areas for support. For period 2014-2020, ongoing co-decision process on new programme 
Agriculture
 Policies and measures ‘Agriculture’ || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments 
 CAP reforms (2003 and 2008 Health Check Reform) || Adopted. Major reforms of the CAP were implemented in 2000, 2003 and 2008. 
 Reduction of CH4 and N2O from animal manure || Possibility for support through Rural development programmes 
 N2O from soils || Possibility for support through Rural development programmes and from an improved implementation of the nitrates Directive 
 CAP reform post 2013 || For period 2014-2020, ongoing co-decision process on new programme 
Forests
and soils
 Policies and measures ‘Forests’ || Stage of implementation /timetable /comments 
 Decision on accounting rules and action plans on greenhouse gas emissions and removals resulting from activities related to land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) || Adopted and in force since 8 July 2013. First accounting period will end in 2020, with full accounting for agricultural and forest lands from 2021 onwards. National actions to be communicated by mid-2014. In the Decision, Member States agreed to improve monitoring, reporting and verification of agricultural soil carbon pools in a non-binding way as from 2015. Broader environmental and productive aspects are addressed via the 2013-2020 Common Agricultural Policy and the proposed Soil Thematic Strategy. 
 Proposed soil directive || Under co-decision.   
 EU Forest Strategy and EU Forest Action Plan || Implemented. The Forest Action Plan was presented in June 2006. Its timeframe was 2006-2011. It builds on the EU’s Forestry Strategy adopted in 1998. The EU Forestry Strategy and the EU Forest Action Plan are currently being revised and a new EU Forest Strategy is foreseen for Spring 2013. 
 Afforestation and reforestation: - Afforestation programmes - Natural forest expansion || Possibility for support through forestry scheme of rural development. New forest related measures are proposed by the Commission to be introduced in rural development policy post 2014. 
 Restoration of forests damaged by natural disasters, fires, pests damage and forest fire prevention action || Possibility for support through Rural development programmes, specific measure for restoring forestry potential and introduction of prevention actions 
 Forest management (various measures) || Possibility for support through forestry scheme of rural development, dependent on national implementation. 
Table 10: Key figures of the emissions trading scheme for 2008-2012, for EU-27(1)
   || Number of installations (2) || Freely allocated allowances (MtCO2-eq. / year) ||   || Verified emissions (MtCO2-eq. / year) ||   || Difference between verified emissions and allocated allowances (%) (3) 
   || 2008-12 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || Accum. 2008-2012 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || Accum. 2008-2012 || 2008 || 2009 || 2010 || 2011 || 2012 || 2008-2012 
 1. Combustion installations || 7.594 || 1.254 || 1.264 || 1.284 || 1.299 || 1.326 || 6.426 || 1.495 || 1.365 || 1.398 || 1.364 || 1.356 || 6.978 || 19,2% || 8,1% || 8,9% || 5,0% || 2,2% || 8,6% 
 2. Mineral oil refineries || 156 || 152 || 152 || 157 || 156 || 159 || 777 || 154 || 145 || 142 || 140 || 134 || 716 || 1,1% || -5,0% || -9,4% || -10,3% || -15,3% || -7,9% 
 3. Coke ovens || 23 || 23 || 23 || 23 || 23 || 23 || 113 || 21 || 16 || 20 || 20 || 17 || 93 || -6,9% || -30,1% || -12,8% || -13,7% || -25,5% || -17,8% 
 4. Metal ore roasting or sintering || 30 || 22 || 22 || 22 || 22 || 22 || 110 || 18 || 11 || 13 || 13 || 12 || 68 || -19,8% || -49,8% || -39,9% || -40,4% || -44,2% || -38,8% 
 5. Pig iron or steel || 240 || 185 || 185 || 185 || 186 || 186 || 927 || 133 || 95 || 114 || 113 || 112 || 568 || -27,9% || -48,4% || -38,6% || -39,1% || -39,8% || -38,8% 
 6. Cement clinker or lime || 562 || 210 || 213 || 214 || 214 || 214 || 1.065 || 189 || 152 || 153 || 151 || 140 || 785 || -9,9% || -28,9% || -28,6% || -29,3% || -34,5% || -26,3% 
 7. Glass including glass fibre || 438 || 25 || 26 || 26 || 26 || 26 || 129 || 23 || 19 || 20 || 21 || 20 || 103 || -9,7% || -23,8% || -20,9% || -20,6% || -24,6% || -20,0% 
 8. Ceramic products by firing || 1.099 || 19 || 19 || 19 || 19 || 18 || 94 || 14 || 9 || 9 || 9 || 8 || 49 || -27,9% || -52,3% || -52,9% || -51,9% || -56,9% || -48,4% 
 9. Pulp, paper and board || 819 || 39 || 39 || 40 || 40 || 41 || 199 || 32 || 28 || 30 || 29 || 28 || 146 || -18,2% || -29,2% || -25,0% || -28,3% || -31,4% || -26,5% 
 99. Other activity opted-in || 569 || 23 || 24 || 21 || 24 || 26 || 117 || 23 || 20 || 20 || 25 || 20 || 108 || -0,8% || -16,8% || -2,7% || 5,1% || -20,0% || -7,3% 
 All EU installations || 11.529 || 1.951 || 1.967 || 1.990 || 2.008 || 2.042 || 9.958 || 2.100 || 1.860 || 1.920 || 1.885 || 1.848 || 9.614 || 7,7% || -5,4% || -3,5% || -6,1% || -9,5% || -3,5% 
Notes:
(1) Please note that due to changes in the
application of the scope (i.e. the coverage by the EU ETS of installations or
emissions) in some Member States between the 2005-2007 and the 2008-2012
trading period, one can not perfectly compare data (whether it is
allocated allowances or verified emissions) that relate on the one hand to
the 2005-2007 trading period, and on the other hand to the 2008-2012
trading period.
(2) All installations which have
participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already
closed. 
(3) Positive value = emissions above free
allocation. Negative value = emissions below free allocation.
Source:  EEA EU ETS data viewer (June 2012)
Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs(1)
   || 2005-2007 average emissions || 2008-2012 ETS issued: Free Allowances + Auctions || Freely allocated allowances average 2008-2012 || 2008 verified emissions || 2009 verified emissions || 2010 verified emissions || 2011 verified emissions || 2012 verified emissions || 2008 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || 2009 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || 2010 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || 2011 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || 2012 verified emissions compared to average annual EU ETS cap || Share of EU ETS in total GHG emissions in 2008-2012 || Share of CER in total verified emissions 2008-2012 || Share of ERU in total verified emissions 2008-2012 
 Mt CO2-eq. / year || 
 Austria || 32,9 || 32,5 || 32,1 || 32,1 || 27,4 || 30,9 || 30,6 || 28,4 || -1,2% || -15,7% || -4,7% || -5,7% || -12,5% || 36,1% || 6,0% || 3,3% 
 Belgium || 59,5 || 58,5 || 56,6 || 55,5 || 46,2 || 50,1 || 46,2 || 43,0 || -5,2% || -21,0% || -14,3% || -21,0% || -26,5% || 38,6% || 5,7% || 2,2% 
 Bulgaria (3) || 39,2 || 39,7 || 39,7 || 38,3 || 32,0 || 33,5 || 40,0 || 35,1 || -3,6% || -19,4% || -15,6% || 0,7% || -11,8% || 57,3% || 5,5% || 7,6% 
 Cyprus || 5,2 || 5,5 || 5,5 || 5,6 || 5,4 || 5,1 || 4,6 || 4,4 || 1,9% || -2,0% || -7,6% || -15,9% || -19,9% || 17,6% || 7,1% || 3,4% 
 Czech Republic || 84,6 || 86,6 || 86,1 || 80,4 || 73,8 || 75,6 || 74,2 || 69,3 || -7,2% || -14,8% || -12,7% || -14,3% || -20,0% || 55,6% || 5,3% || 5,0% 
 Denmark || 30,0 || 24,5 || 24,0 || 26,5 || 25,5 || 25,3 || 21,5 || 18,2 || 8,2% || 3,8% || 3,0% || -12,5% || -25,9% || 40,8% || 4,3% || 6,4% 
 Estonia || 13,6 || 13,1 || 13,1 || 13,5 || 10,4 || 14,5 || 14,8 || 13,5 || 3,4% || -20,8% || 10,8% || 13,0% || 3,4% || 69,3% || 0,7% || 3,4% 
 Finland || 40,5 || 37,5 || 37,5 || 36,2 || 34,4 || 41,3 || 35,1 || 29,5 || -3,7% || -8,5% || 10,0% || -6,5% || -21,4% || 52,9% || 7,0% || 2,3% 
 France (4) || 133,0 || 137,0 || 137,0 || 124,1 || 111,1 || 115,7 || 105,4 || 103,5 || -9,4% || -18,9% || -15,6% || -23,1% || -24,5% || 22,4% || 10,1% || 3,4% 
 Germany (4) || 491,1 || 444,3 || 400,3 || 472,9 || 428,3 || 454,9 || 450,3 || 452,6 || 6,4% || -3,6% || 2,4% || 1,4% || 1,9% || 48,2% || 7,5% || 5,9% 
 Greece || 71,3 || 68,3 || 64,6 || 69,9 || 63,7 || 59,9 || 58,8 || 61,4 || 2,2% || -6,9% || -12,3% || -13,9% || -10,1% || 51,9% || 5,3% || 3,6% 
 Hungary || 27,7 || 26,1 || 24,6 || 27,2 || 22,4 || 23,0 || 22,5 || 21,3 || 4,3% || -14,2% || -12,0% || -14,0% || -18,6% || 34,6% || 6,0% || 2,4% 
 Ireland (2) || 21,8 || 21,0 || 20,9 || 20,4 || 17,2 || 17,4 || 15,8 || 16,9 || -2,8% || -17,9% || -17,2% || -24,8% || -19,4% || 28,5% || 4,2% || 3,3% 
 Italy || 232,5 || 201,7 || 201,7 || 220,7 || 184,9 || 191,5 || 190,0 || 179,1 || 9,4% || -8,3% || -5,1% || -5,8% || -11,2% || 38,9% || 6,9% || 3,0% 
 Latvia || 2,9 || 4,6 || 4,6 || 2,7 || 2,5 || 3,2 || 2,9 || 2,7 || -40,3% || -45,8% || -29,4% || -36,3% || -40,3% || 24,8% || 8,3% || 3,3% 
 Lithuania || 6,4 || 8,6 || 7,9 || 6,1 || 5,8 || 6,4 || 5,6 || 5,7 || -29,0% || -32,7% || -25,6% || -34,8% || -33,5% || 27,1% || 11,3% || 11,7% 
 Luxembourg || 2,6 || 2,5 || 2,5 || 2,1 || 2,2 || 2,3 || 2,1 || 2,0 || -15,7% || -12,3% || -9,5% || -17,6% || -20,1% || 17,8% || 7,5% || 0,1% 
 Malta || 2,0 || 2,1 || 2,1 || 2,0 || 1,9 || 1,9 || 1,9 || 2,1 || -5,8% || -11,5% || -12,4% || -9,9% || -4,2% || 64,1% || 0,0% || 11,0% 
 Netherlands || 82,9 || 87,5 || 84,3 || 83,5 || 81,0 || 84,7 || 80,0 || 76,4 || -4,5% || -7,3% || -3,1% || -8,6% || -12,6% || 40,9% || 4,3% || 2,7% 
 Poland || 212,4 || 205,8 || 205,7 || 204,1 || 191,2 || 199,7 || 203,0 || 196,6 || -0,8% || -7,1% || -2,9% || -1,3% || -4,4% || 50,4% || 6,5% || 3,1% 
 Portugal || 34,3 || 32,0 || 32,0 || 29,9 || 28,3 || 24,2 || 25,0 || 25,2 || -6,7% || -11,8% || -24,6% || -21,9% || -21,2% || 36,4% || 7,6% || 3,4% 
 Romania (3) || 69,6 || 74,2 || 74,1 || 63,8 || 49,1 || 47,3 || 51,2 || 47,9 || -14,0% || -33,9% || -36,2% || -30,9% || -35,5% || 42,2% || 6,1% || 6,3% 
 Slovak Republic || 26,9 || 32,5 || 32,5 || 25,3 || 21,6 || 21,7 || 22,2 || 20,9 || -22,1% || -33,6% || -33,3% || -31,7% || -35,7% || 49,3% || 8,7% || 0,3% 
 Slovenia || 8,9 || 8,2 || 8,2 || 8,9 || 8,1 || 8,1 || 8,0 || 7,6 || 7,8% || -1,9% || -1,1% || -2,8% || -7,4% || 41,4% || 3,7% || 11,5% 
 Spain || 189,5 || 151,9 || 151,9 || 163,5 || 136,9 || 121,5 || 132,7 || 135,6 || 7,6% || -9,8% || -20,0% || -12,6% || -10,7% || 38,0% || 12,1% || 3,4% 
 Sweden || 21,1 || 22,2 || 22,2 || 20,1 || 17,5 || 22,7 || 19,9 || 18,2 || -9,4% || -21,1% || 2,2% || -10,4% || -18,0% || 32,1% || 8,1% || 2,2% 
 UKKingdom || 276,4 || 245,4 || 220,9 || 265,1 || 231,9 || 237,4 || 220,9 || 231,2 || 8,0% || -5,5% || -3,3% || -10,0% || -5,8% || 40,6% || 4,7% || 1,9% 
 EU-27 || 2.219 || 2.074 || 1.992 || 2.100 || 1.860 || 1.920 || 1.885 || 1.848 || 1,3% || -10,3% || -7,4% || -9,1% || -10,9% || 41,0% || 6,9% || 3,9% 
Notes: (1) Please note that due to changes in the application
of the scope (i.e. the coverage by the EU ETS of installations or
emissions) in some Member States between the 2005-2007 and the 2008-2012
trading period, one can not perfectly compare the verified emissions data
that relate on the one hand to the 2005-2007 trading period, and on the
other hand to the 2008-2012 trading period. Data on the EU ETS cap may differ from final values yet
to be determined by the European Commission due to the fact that issues such as
the treatment of the new entrant reserves are still pending. (2) For Ireland,
the ETS cap is reduced by the expected leftover units in the new entrants'
reserve at the end of the trading period which will not be distributed to
operators but used for Kyoto compliance. (3) For Romania and Bulgaria data for
2007 is added on top of EU-25 2005-2007 average and not divided by three for
2005-2007 average. (4) For Germany and France corrections for allocated
allowances have been included. In 2009 and 2010 Germany received 4 Mt from
operators due to back requirements that are not inluded in the CITL. France
distributed in 2008 and 2009 additional 9.4 Mt to operators that are not
included in the CITL. In 2011 the CITL data showed additional 9.6 Mt that are
yet not included in the EEA EU ETS viewer.
Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer, CITL, UNFCCC
Table 12:
Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms
 Member State || Planned use of Kyoto mechanisms || Type of Kyoto mechanisms (IET, CDM, JI)(1) || Achievement of Kyoto target planned through domestic action only || Intended use of flexible mechanisms (AAUs, CERs + ERUs) at government level || Budget 
 [Mt CO2 eq. per year] || [Mio € for 2008-2012] 
 Austria || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 16,0 || 611 
 Belgium || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 5,9 || 241 
 Bulgaria || Yes || IET, JI || Yes || -1,4 || - 
 Croatia || No || - || Yes || - || - 
 Cyprus || not applicable || - || - || - || - 
 Czech Republic || yes || - || Yes || -25,0 || - 
 Denmark || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 2,4 || 188 
 Estonia || Yes || JI, IET || Yes || -14,7 || - 
 Finland || No ||  JI, CDM || Yes || - || - 
 France || No || - || Yes || - || - 
 Germany || No || - || Yes || - || - 
 Greece || No || - || Yes || - || - 
 Hungary || Yes || - || Yes || -4,0 || - 
 Ireland || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,9 || 290 
 Italy || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 2,0 || - 
 Latvia || Yes || JI, IET || Yes || -8,1 || -191 
 Lithuania || Yes || JI || Yes || -14,1 || - 
 Luxembourg || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 2,8 || 150 
 Malta || not applicable || - || - || - || - 
 Netherlands || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 9,2 || 365 
 Poland || Yes || IET, JI || Yes || - || - 
 Portugal || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,6 || 125 
 Romania || Yes || IET, JI || Yes || -2,6 || - 
 Slovakia || Yes || IET, JI || Yes || -8,4 || - 
 Slovenia || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 1,0 || 80 
 Spain || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 38,8 || 382 
 Sweden || No || - || Yes || - || - 
 United Kingdom || No || - || Yes || - || - 
 EU-15 || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 80,7 || 2351 
 EU-27 || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 3,3 || 2431 
 EU-28 || Yes || IET, JI, CDM || No || 3,3 || 2431 
Notes: 
(1) IET:
International Emissions Trading; JI: Joint Implementation; CDM: Clean
Development Mechanism.
(2) The figures for
budget do not include the revenue from the sale of AAUs
(3) Cyprus and Malta
have no emissions targets for the period 2008-2012 under the Kyoto Protocol.
Source: Questionnaires submitted under the greenhouse gas
Monitoring Mechanism
Table 13:
Projected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first
commitment period
   || Article 3.3 || Article 3.4 || Total used for calculation (2008-2012) 
   || Net carbon stock change during 2008–2012 || Election of activities(1) || Forest Management (2) || Cropland Management || Grazing Land Management || Revegetation || Average net carbon stock change during 2008-2011 
   || [Mt CO2 per year] ||   || [Mt CO2 per year] 
 Austria || -1,2 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || -1,2 
 Belgium || 0,2 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || 0,2 
 Bulgaria || -0,5 || None || NA,NO || NA,NO || NA,NO || NA,NO || 0,0 || -0,5 
 Croatia (2) || 0,2 || FM || -1,2 || NA || NA || NA || -1,2 || -1,0 
 Cyprus || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || 0,0 
 Czech Republic || -0,1 || FM || -1,2 || NA || NA || NA || -1,2 || -1,3 
 Denmark (2,4) || 0,0 || FM, CM, GM || -0,2 || -1,6 || 0,0 || NA || -1,8 || -1,8 
 Estonia || 0,4 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || 0,4 
 Finland (2) || 3,6 || FM || -4,2 || NA || NA || NA || -4,2 || -0,6 
 France (2,4) || 4,9 || FM || -8,2 || NA || NA || NA || -8,2 || -3,2 
 Germany || -5,4 || FM || -4,5 || NA || NA || NA || -4,5 || -10,0 
 Greece || -0,3 || FM || -0,3 || NA || NA || NA || -0,3 || -0,6 
 Hungary (2,4) || -1,1 || FM || -1,1 || NA || NA || NA || -1,1 || -2,2 
 Ireland || -3,4 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || -3,4 
 Italy || -6,6 || FM || -10,2 || NA || NA || NA || -10,2 || -16,8 
 Latvia (2) || 0,1 || FM || -1,3 || NA || NA || NA || -1,3 || -1,2 
 Lithuania || -0,1 || FM || -1,0 || NA || NA || NA || -1,0 || -1,1 
 Luxembourg || 0,1 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || 0,1 
 Malta || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || 0,0 
 Netherlands || 0,4 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || 0,4 
 Poland || -5,4 || FM || -3,0 || NA || NA || NA || -3,0 || -8,4 
 Portugal || -2,6 || FM, CM, GM || -0,7 || -4,0 || -2,5 || NA || -7,2 || -9,8 
 Romania (2) || 0,5 || FM, Revegetation || -4,6 || NA || NA || 1,0 || -3,5 || -3,0 
 Slovakia || -0,4 || None || NA || NA || NA || NA || 0,0 || -0,4 
 Slovenia (2) || 0,2 || FM || -1,6 || NA || NA || NA || -1,6 || -1,3 
 Spain || -6,3 || FM, CM || -2,5 || -2,5 || NA || NA || -5,0 || -11,3 
 Sweden (2) || 1,8 || FM || -3,9 || NA || NA || NA || -3,9 || -2,1 
 United Kingdom || -2,3 || FM || -1,4 || NA || NA || NA || -1,4 || -3,6 
 EU-15 (3) || -17,1 || FM, CM, GM || -36,1 || -8,2 || -2,4 || 0,0 || -46,7 || -63,9 
 EU-27 (3) || -23,6 || FM, CM, GM, Revegetation || -49,8 || -8,2 || -2,4 || 1,0 || -59,4 || -83,0 
 EU-28 (3) || -23,3 || FM, CM, GM, Revegetation || -51,0 || -8,2 || -2,4 || 1,0 || -60,6 || -84,0 
Note:
Consistent with the reporting of emission
inventories a negative sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+'
for emissions. NA: not applicable; NE: not estimated. 
(1) FM: Forest Management; CM: Cropland
Management; GM: Grazing Land Management. The sum for EU-15 and EU-27 includes
emissions and removals from Article 3.4 actvities as indicated by Member States
with application of the cap for Forest Management. Note that the net carbon
stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.3 activities plus net carbon
stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.4 activities for EU-15 and
EU-27 does not result in their totals, as net emissions from Art. 3.3 in
Finland and Sweden could be completely compensated with net removals from Art.
3.4 in these Member States.
(2) If Parties have net emissions from 3.3
activities AR and D, then they can increase their FM cap by this amount of net
emissions. This occurs for Sweden, Finland, France (to a smaller extent in
Romania, Netherlands, Belgium, Slovenia)
(3) The sum for EU-15 and EU-27 includes
emissions and removals from Article 3.4 actvities as indicated by Member States
with application of the cap for Forest Management. Note that the net carbon
stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.3 activities plus net carbon
stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.4 activities for EU-15 and
EU-27 does not result in their totals, as net emissions from Art. 3.3 in
Finland and Sweden could be completely compensated with net removals from Art.
3.4 in these Member States.
(4) According to Art. 3.3 and 3.4 Denmark,
France and Hungary have decided to choose the annual accounting.
Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under
the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism; The European Community's initial
report under the Kyoto Protocol (EEA Technical report No 10/2006); Initial
reports under the Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; Decisions 16/CMP.1 and
8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties
to the Kyoto Protocol.
Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emissions (tCO2-eq.)
per capita of Member States for 1990 and 2011
Source: EEA
Table 14: comparison of EU-28 GHG total
emissions and projections under the Kyoto Protocol and under the Climate and
Energy Package
The EU uniteral 20% reduction commitment by
2020 includes also CO2 emissions from international flights from the
EU. The Kyoto Protocol covers only GHG emissions from domestic
aviation. The table below presents the quantitative differences. Reductions
achieved by the EU-28, so far, when the emissions from international aviation
are also taken into account, amount to -16.9 % compared to 1990 levels.
When excluding international aviation, the reduction amounts to -18.3%.
Emissions (MtCO2-eq.) covered by the Kyoto Protocol 
   || 1990 || 2005 || 2011 || 2020 
 Total GHG emissions || 5606.0 || 5159.6 || 4578.5 ||   
 Of which domestic aviation || 13.9 || 18.8 || 16.3 
 Projections as compilation of MS data, WEM scenario || 4360.6(1) 
 -20% compared to Kyoto base year(2) || 4639.4 
Emissions (MtCO2-eq.) covered by the Climate and Energy
Package
   || 1990 || 2005 || 2011 || 2020 
 Total GHG emissions || 5675.6 || 5291.0 || 4713.8 ||   
 of which domestic aviation || 13.9 || 18.8 || 16.3 
 of which international aviation CO2(3) || 69.6 || 131.4 || 135.3 
 Projections as compilation of MS data, complemented by PRIMES/GAINS (4) || 4512.2 
 -20 % compared to 1990 || 4540.5 
Note: (1) This projected value is based on aggregated national
projections for 2013, gap-filled by the 2013 EU projections with implemented
measures based on PRIMES and GAINS models where necessary. (2) The Kyoto base year emissions is
different from 1990 emissions level and amount to 5799.2 Mt CO2 eq.
( 3) figures for emissions from domestic aviation cover CO2, CH4,
N2O; figures for emissions from international aviation cover CO2
only. (4) National projections as under (1), international aviation estimated
based on the 2013 EU projections with implemented measures based on PRIMES and
GAINS models.
Table 15: The implementation of the EU Strategy on adaptation to
climate change
The EU Adaptation Strategy adopted in April
2013 foresees 8 actions in order to achieve its key objectives of promoting
action by Member States, 'climate-proofing' action at EU level and better
informed decision-making.
 Action || EU action – status and planned 
 Action 1: Encourage all Member States to adopt comprehensive adaptation strategies. || As of June 2013, 15 Member States have adopted an adaptation strategy Guidelines for the development of adaptation strategies have been published as part of the EU Adaptation Strategy First discussions with Member States on a list of performance indicators for the adaptation preparedness scoreboard are envisaged for the end of 2013. 
 Action 2: Provide LIFE funding to support capacity building and step up adaptation action in Europe. (2013-2020). || LIFE work programme is to be discussed with Member States in the course of 2013 
 Action 3: Introduce adaptation in the Covenant of Mayors framework (2013/2014). || A call for tender on “Mainstreaming of climate change adaptation at the local level: launch of a climate change adaptation initiative for cities within the framework of the Covenant of Mayors” was published in April 2013. The selection process is expected to be carried out during the second half of 2013. 
 Action 4: Bridge the knowledge gap. || A state of play on knowledge gaps in adaptation is under preparation, in contact with relevant Commission departments, to be discussed with relevant stakeholders and Member States in 2014. The relevant findings will feed into the programming of Horizon 2020. Horizon 2020 will also address some of the knowledge gaps identified, considering also ongoing research of the 7th Framework Programme. Additional work is under preparation with the Commission’s Joint Research Center on how to close gaps in the biophysical and economic assessment of climate change impacts, with a focus on droughts, coastal areas, ecosystems, as well as on the economic impacts of climate change in the rest of the world and their repercussions for the EU. In 2013, the Commission will produce a cross-sectoral EU overview of natural and man-made risks. The final report of a service contract Assessing the spillover effects in the EU of the adverse effects of climate change in the rest of the world, in particular the EU’s Neighbourhood countries will be finalised during the second half of 2013. 
 Action 5: Further develop Climate-ADAPT as the ‘one-stop shop’ for adaptation information in Europe. || The Commission works together with the European Environment Agency to implement this action. The Climate-ADAPT resources are permanently and regularly updated with new uploadings, improvements to the information available, updating of national pages, etc. A service contract has further developed the platform's IT tools and functionalities in 2013. Also, the Commission’s Joint Research Center is developing mapping tools to facilitate visualization of information. Dissemination and capacity building amongst key stakeholders was promoted through a service contract in 2013. A new contract for dissemination and exchange of adaptation knowledge will further enhance Climate-ADAPT's role across the EU. A first meeting was organised in June 2013 on the links between national adaptation platforms and Climate-ADAPT. It will be followed by a second meeting in October 2013. A Commission’s service contract “Sharing of Best Practices on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in a Context of Adaptation to Climate Change in Coastal Areas” considers option for coordination and integration of the OURCOAST database with other platforms like Climate-ADAPT Discussions between the Commission and relevant stakeholders are ongoing on the preparation of a Copernicus Climate service, and its future integration in Climate-ADAPT A process has been developed for stakeholder involvement following the adoption of the EU strategy on adaptation to climate change. One of its dimensions concerns adaptation at the regional level. The results of this exercise will feed into Climate-ADAPT. 
 Action 6: Facilitate the climate-proofing of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the Cohesion Policy and the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP). || A Commission Staff Working document on principles and recommendations on how to integrate climate change adaptationconsiderations under the 2014-2020 European Maritime and Fisheries Fund operational programmes is currently under preparation. 
 Action 7: Ensuring more resilient infrastructure. || A draft mandate (titled "Standards for a European infrastructure that is resilient to climate change") addressed to European Standardisation Organisations (CEN/CENELEC/ETSI) is under consultation with relevant stakeholders A Commission’s Communication on “Green Infrastructure (GI) — Enhancing Europe’s Natural Capital” was adopted on May 6, 2013 (COM(2013) 249 final). Commission’s guidance on integrating climate change and biodiversity into Strategic Environmental Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment have been published (See http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/pdf/SEA%20Guidance.pdf and http://ec.europa.eu/environment/eia/pdf/EIA%20Guidance.pdf) 
 Action 8: Promote insurance and other financial products for resilient investment and business decisions. || An online public consultation on the Green Paper on the Insurance of Natural and Man-made Disasters took place from 16.04.2013 to 15.07.2013. A report on the results of the public consultation is expected for the second half of 2013. A process has been developed for stakeholder involvement following the adoption of the EU strategy on adaptation to climate change. One of its dimensions concerns the insurance sector and commercial banks. The results of this exercise will notably be disseminated via Climate-ADAPT. 
Technical notes
(1)                   
The six corresponding legislative acts were
published in the Official Journal of the European Union in June 2009 (5.06.2009
L 40), and are already in force.
Directive 2009/29/EC expands, strengthens and improves the functioning of the EU ETS
post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year
to reach -21% in 2020 (comparing to 2005 levels). The auctioning system of
allowances will be increased and ambitious ex-ante benchmark for free
allocation will be introduced. Industrial installations not subject to carbon
leakage will be required to buy 20% of allowances in 2013 rising to 70% in 2020
and 100% in 2027, while those identified to be exposed to the risk of carbon
leakage will receive 100% of the quantity determined by benchmarks for free.
Use of offset credits from outside of the EU is allowed but this amount remains
below half of the reduction effort in order to ensure a sufficient level of
emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Decision 406/2009/EC sets national commitments to reduce GHG emissions which are outside
the scope of the EU ETS (small-scale emitters: transport, buildings,
agriculture, waste), which represent some 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU.
The decision sets legally binding annual targets in the period 2013-2020 for
each MS ensuring that by 2020 emissions from these sectors will be reduced at
EU level by 10% comparing to 2005 levels. The efforts (targets ranging from
-20% to +20%) are shared between MS according to differences in GDP per capita.
Less wealthy Member States will be allowed to increase their emissions in
non-ETS sectors by up to 20% above 2005 levels. These targets do, however,
still represent a cap on their emissions and will still require a reduction
effort compared to business as usual. By contrast, the wealthier Member States,
with GDP/capita above the EU average, will have to reduce emissions, up to a
maximum figure of -20% below 2005. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Directive 2009/28/EC
on the promotion of the use of renewable energy sets legally binding targets
for each Member State in order to reach the EU target of 20% share of renewable
energy in the EU’s final energy consumption and 10% share in transport by 2020.
(OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Directive 2009/31/EC on geological storage of CO2 provides a legal framework
to manage possible environmental risks and liability issues and includes a
long-term incentive for investment in demonstration projects to capture and
geologically store CO2. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 sets standards for CO2 emissions from new passenger
cars, which will ensure that emissions from the new car fleet are reduced to an
average of 130g CO2/km by 2015. A stringent long-term target of 95g
CO2/km by 2020 was also set. Estimate of total GHG emission savings
per year amounts to 50 Mt CO2 eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)
Fuel quality directive 2009/30/EC puts an obligation on suppliers to reduce greenhouse gas emission
from entire fuel production chain by 6% by 2020. A review in 2012 will consider
increasing the target to 10% by 2020. Estimate of total GHG emission savings
per year amounts to 62.5 Mt CO2-eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140)