COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Impact Assessment
Date: 2013-09-11
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: competitiveness, freedom to provide services, innovation, job creation, new technology, regulation of telecommunications, single market, telecommunications industry, trans-European network













EUR-Lex - 52013SC0331 - EN











|



52013SC0331

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT Impact Assessment /* SWD/2013/0331 final */









 Executive Summary Sheet 
 Impact Assessment on the measures concerning the European Single Market for electronic communications and to achieve a Connected Continent 
               A. Need for Action 
 Why? What is the problem being addressed? 
 The Union is fragmented into distinct national markets lacking thus a genuine Single Market for electronic communications services. EU rules are implemented in diverging ways, raising barriers to entry and making it difficult and costly for operators to provide cross-border services. Fragmentation extends to all the vital sector-specific rules: authorisation to operate under consistent rules, access to key inputs for fixed or mobile business, rules on end-user protection; a major symptom is unjustified costs for communications across borders within the Union. Fragmentation is not only a sector-specific issue, it affects many other industries such as transport and cross border service providers (commerce, tourism, financial services). European operators cannot benefit sufficiently from economies of scale and new growth opportunities. They have not fully embraced opportunities offered by the internet. At the same time, consumers have less choice, less innovative quality services, and they still pay a high price when their calls cross borders or when they use data and voice communications while travelling in the Union. 
 What is this initiative expected to achieve? 
 The objective of the initiative is to enable the completion of a European Single Market for electronic communications. Removing the identified obstacles to the Single Market, by targeting the different types of known fragmentation in one single initiative, will foster greater competition, enable innovation in new services and applications. A Single Market will create opportunities for firms to operate on a bigger scale helping European operators to become more competitive global players and attract new market entrants. 
 What is the value added of action at the EU level? 
 Measures at EU level are necessary to tackle the current fragmentation by addressing the identified bottlenecks and enabling operators to benefit from regulatory consistency and common inputs in order to provide services on a pan-European basis. Measures at EU level would also lead to a reduction of administrative and regulatory burden, a consistently high level of consumer protection which would promote trust and confidence and a wider choice for users. 
               B. Solutions 
 What legislative and non-legislative policy options have been considered? Is there a preferred choice or not? Why? 
  Option 1 aims at fostering completion of the Single Market through regulatory coordination. It addresses the identified problems using recommendations (Art. TFEU 292 and Art. 19 of the Framework Directive) and through the foreseen review of elements of the regulatory framework for electronic communications services and networks e.g. the Universal Service Directive in 2014 and the Roaming Regulation in 2016. Option 2, the preferred option, consists of a set of integrated legislative with targeted measures to establish a complete Single Market in electronic communications services supported by enhanced EU coordination (by introducing a single EU authorisation for European electronic communications providers and provision of services on the basis of harmonised consumer protection rules, convergent regulatory remedies, access to common inputs such as spectrum, leased lines and bitstream and a single consumer space where roaming and cross-border charges are no longer an impediment and with guaranteed access to the open Internet). This option builds on the current regulatory framework, preserving its key features (e.g. market analysis, finding of dominance and imposition of ex ante remedies to ensure effective competition), progressively decreasing regulatory pressure if markets are proven to be competitive, and through targeted changes aims at achieving greater regulatory consistency especially for companies operating in more than one Member States and, at the same time, securing for the users the advantages of a connected Continent. Option 3 is identical to Option 2 in terms of measures but differs in the governance structure. Under this option, a single EU regulator would be established that would have responsibility for implementation and enforcement of pan-European services, including in the area of spectrum, where appropriate in cooperation with national regulators. 
 Who supports which option? 
 There is a large degree of convergence on the urgent need to overcome the identified fragmentation of the Single Market for electronic communications services. However views differ on how best to achieve this, depending on the interests of different stakeholder groups. Some stakeholders (notably incumbent operators) argue for far-reaching change, including greater consistency of regulatory approaches, both in fixed and mobile networks, more predictability and continuity, as well as a more significant deregulation. Some operators have expressed concerns about the impact of certain elements of these proposals, notably on roaming and international calls, on their revenues. Other parts of the industry (including access seekers) argue for better implementation and more consistency in the provision of “virtual” access products. All telecom operators agree on the need to improve coordination in spectrum policy in order to free more spectrum for broadband service in a regulatory environment that favours stability and investments. Consumer organisations argue for removing artificial costs (e.g. for roaming) arising whenever consumers use services when they cross borders. Many service providers (transport, navigation, logistic) also argue in favour of the end of roaming charges in order to develop innovative business models. They also insist on removing discrimination resulting from blocking and throttling of services. Industry users, large as well as SMEs, including web entrepreneurs and start-up's, stress the importance of access to high-quality connectivity for competitiveness, allowing them for example to reap the benefits of cloud computing and machine-to-machine communications services applications. Growing concerns are voices about the lack of broadband coverage and congestion of mobile networks. In a policy debate held in the Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council of 6 June 2013, a considerable number of Delegations supported the objective of completion of a Single Telecoms Market, with an emphasis i.a. on ensuring vigorous competition, promoting better choice for consumers, addressing net neutrality, tackling roaming in a proportionate way, ensuring greater regulatory consistency, avoiding regulatory arbitrage and ensuring closer coordination of national spectrum approaches. A large number of delegations expressed concerns about centralising policy through a single European regulator and/or central EU authorisation and assignment of spectrum. The European Parliament has already held three meetings to discuss the forthcoming proposals. MEPs in particular highlighted the need as part of a true Single Market for electronic communications services to eliminate roaming, to introduce clear and stringent rules on net neutrality and ensure a high level of consumer protection. MEPs have also stressed the need for realism and for assessing new proposals in terms of expectations and time constraints. 
               C. Impacts of the Preferred Option 
 What are the benefits of the preferred option (if any, otherwise main ones)? 
 The major direct benefit of a Single Market for electronic communications services is estimated to be of the order of €110bn p.a. Moreover, the positive spill-over effects on other sectors are expected to be several tens of billions of potential gains p.a. The benefit of the preferred option, relative to the others, is that it builds upon existing legislation and governance and that it is focused on the essential aspects of the identified problems of fragmentation, without undue centralisation, and is therefore a realistic approach to achieving these benefits more rapidly and more surely than the other options. The preferred option is a pragmatic answer to compelling problems in particular with regard to spectrum ensuring timely availability to avoid congestion or the collapse of networks. Firstly, directly related sectors such as telecoms equipment manufacturing, application developers and content industry are set to immediately benefit from a more dynamic European telecoms market. Secondly, sectors like the automotive industry, the logistics sector or the energy sector will benefit from enhanced connectivity in the Single Market and productivity gains through e.g. ubiquitous cloud applications, connected objects and possibilities for integrated service provision for different parts of the company. Thirdly, public administrations and general services such as in particular the health sector are also due to benefit from wider availability of eGovernment and eHealth services. E-Health in particular has the potential to deliver better quality care at much lower costs. Finally, European consumers would benefit from more choice, more innovative and better quality services. The preferred option can attain the desired objective without creating new administrative burdens. 
 What are the costs of the preferred option (if any, otherwise main ones)? 
 The proposed simplified regulatory regime would not generate regulatory and administrative costs to companies; on the contrary it would lower them. Some measures may result in a reduction of some revenue stream for operators. If roaming and intra-EU calls were provided at the level of domestic rates, an annual revenue loss of 1.650 million EUR resulting from loss of roaming revenues and a 700 million EUR decrease on revenue linked to international calls is estimated in a worst case scenario (i.e. when no account is taken of effects of price elasticity or reasonable use criterion for roaming). Therefore in reality the impacts are likely much smaller. In addition, a loss of operator's revenues would have taken place anyway, notably as a result of the roaming regulation (which requires that the difference between national and international roaming approaches zero by 2016) and of increasing competition as well as technological change (for example, Voice over IP). On the other hand, the framework will enable new sources of revenue to be tapped, better conditions to use spectrum and economies of scale to be exploited. 
 How will businesses, SMEs and micro-enterprises be affected? 
 The preferred option – by removing obstacles to such connectivity – enhances productivity and provides new business opportunities to all. Under the new rules it will be much easier for web services providers to purchase the suitable quality of connectivity fitting for the services provided, whilst the overall quality of access to the internet will improve in Europe serving all suppliers and users of internet based services. 
 Will there be significant impacts on national budgets and administrations? 
 The choice of a Regulation as legislative instrument would not imply any transposition or implementation costs for public authorities. For administrations, the long term impact of the proposed measures would also be generally beneficial as higher revenues from spectrum will increase tax income over time. However, there might be some shortcomings in case best practices are not followed. Enhanced regulatory co-ordination between authorities is unlikely to require additional resources. 
 Will there be other significant impacts? 
 A Single Market for electronic communications services underpins the digital Single Market and therefore the positive effects will spill over into the wider digital economy. 
               D. Follow Up 
 When will the policy be reviewed? 
 The Commission will evaluate, after four years, the impact of the proposed measures, with a view to proposing appropriate adjustments, if necessary. 
Table of Contents 
Executive Summary Sheet 1
A. Need for Action. 1
B. Solutions. 1
C. Impacts of the
Preferred Option. 2
D. Follow Up. 4
Impact Assessment Report 7
1.     INTRODUCTION.. 7
2.     PROCEDURAL ISSUES AND CONSULTATION OF
INTERESTED PARTIES.. 9
2.1.      Introduction. 9
2.2.      Consultation and Expertise. 9
2.3.      Opinion of the Impact Assessment Board. 12
3.     PROBLEM DEFINITION AND SOURCES OF
REGULATORY FRAGMENTATION.. 13
3. 1.     Barriers to the Single Market through
National Authorisation Regimes linked with inconsistency in regulatory
approaches implemented by National Regulatory Authorities. 16
3. 2.     Lack of co-ordination in spectrum
assignments and regulatory uncertainty as to the availability of frequencies
that severely hinders the roll-out of Next Generation Wireless Networks. 18
3.3   Lack of pan-European Virtual Network Access
and Inputs (wholesale products which allow the provision of services using the
network of another operator) with consistent service interoperability levels  22
3. 4.     Evidence of market fragmentation on
consumer interests: high costs of roaming and international calls, blocking or
throttling of services and uneven levels of consumer protection. 23
4.     MANIFESTATION OF THE IDENTIFIED PROBLEMS
AND STAKEHOLDERS AFFECTED   26
4.1.      Single Market fragmentation affecting
ICT user industries. 26
4.2.      Single Market fragmentation affecting
European consumers. 28
4.3.      Single Market fragmentation affecting
telecom operators. 33
4.4   Single Market fragmentation affecting
telecoms equipment and device manufacturers. 36
5      Justification for EU Action. 36
5.1.      Single Market Perspective and
Subsidiarity. 36
5.2.      Proportionality. 38
5.3   Legal Basis. 38
6.     Objectives. 39
6.1   General Objective. 39
6.2   Specific Objectives. 41
6.2.1    Specific Objective 1. 41
6.2.2    Specific Objective 2. 41
6.2.3    Specific Objective 3. 41
6.2.4    Specific Objective 4. 42
7.     Policy Options. 42
7.1   Baseline Scenario. 43
7.2   Option 1. 43
7.3   Option 2. 44
7.4   Option 3. 52
8.     Analysis of Impacts. 53
8.1   Methodology. 53
8.2   General Impacts of the Single Market for
Electronic Communications. 54
8.2.1    Effects
on Telecoms Markets. 54
8.2.2    Effects on Other Sectors and on the Ecosystem.. 70
8.2.3    Effects on Different Member States. 71
8.2.4    Impacts on GDP.. 73
8.2.5    Social Impacts of the Single Market 74
8.2.6    Administrative impacts. 76
8.3   Evaluation of Policy Options. 76
8.3.1    Impacts of Option 1. 76
8.3.2    Impacts of Option 2. 76
8.3.3    Impacts of Option 3. 76
9.     Choice of the Preferred Option. 76
9.1   Baseline Scenario. 76
9.2   Option 1. 76
9.3   Option 2. 76
9.4   Option 3. 76
9.5   Risk Assessment of the Preferred Option. 76
10.   Monitoring and Evaluation. 76
10.1     Specific Objective 1. 76
10.2     Specific Objective 2. 76
10.3     Specific Objective 3. 76
10.4     Specific Objective 4. 76
References. 76
Glossary. 76
Annexes. 76
Annex I – Detailed
Overview of the Consultation of Stakeholders and other EU Institutions  76
1.     Public Events Organised by the
Commission. 76
2.     Other Public Events. 76
3.     Comments of Stakeholders on specific
elements of the package. 76
4.     Discussions with Other EU Institutions. 76
4.1.      The Council of Ministers. 76
4.2.      The European Parliament 76
5.     Relevant Public Consultations, EP
Resolutions and Citizens' Initiatives on Related Subjects/Specific Measures. 76
Annex II – European
Consumer Consultative Group (ECCG) Meeting 11-12 June 2013 (Sub-Group on the
Provision of Internet Services) - Operational Recommendations. 76
1.     Clarity and Understanding of the
Information Provided to Consumers. 76
2.     Contract Terms, Usage and Switching. 76
3.     Quality of the Service - Complaints. 76
4.     Enforcement 76
5.     Net Neutrality. 76
6.     Roaming. 76
Annex III – Examples of
Regulatory Divergence in the Electronic Communications Sector  76
1.     General Authorisation. 76
2.     Access Regulation. 76
2.1.      Regulated Markets. 76
2.2.      Access Obligations. 76
2.3.      Non-Discrimination Obligations in Key
Wholesale Broadband Markets. 76
2.4.      Costing Methodologies in the Key
Wholesale Broadband Markets. 76
3.     Authorisation and Spectrum Management -
Harmonised Bands for Wireless Broadband  76
4.     Net Neutrality and Consumer Issues. 76
Annex IV - Overview of the
Market for Electronic Communication Services, 2013. 76
1.     Developments in the Electronic
Communications Sector. 76
1.1   Deployment of Broadband. 76
1.2   Mobile Services. 76
1.3   Marketing Strategies and Broadband Pricing. 76
2.     Competitiveness in the Sector. 76
2.1   Revenues. 76
2.2   Average Revenues in the Mobile Services
Sector 76
2.3   Market Share. 76
Annex V – Methodological
Annex. 76
1.     Steps Towards a Truly Internal Market
for e-Communication. 76
2.     The Socio-Economic Impact of Bandwidth. 76
Annex VI - Incoming
roaming calls. 76
Annex VII - Input from
RSPG concerning spectrum for wireless broadband. 76
Annex VIII – International
calls. 76

List of
Figures
Figure 1 – Investment Trends - Wireless CAPEX in US,
Canada, Europe (Local Currency, 2002 = 100) 14
Figure 2 – Main European
Operators' Footprint through Separate National Operations. 15
Figure 3 – Number of
Mobile Operators in Different EU Countries. 20
Figure 4 – Structure of
Multi-Site/Multi-National Business Operations. 26
Figure 5 – Difficulties
with Sourcing Fit-for-Purpose MCS/MNC Solutions. 27
Figure 6 – Experience with
Obtaining Multiple Offers for MCS/MNC.. 27
Figure 7 – Number of
Connected Devices. 28
Figure 8 – High
Differences between Price Levels in the EU.. 30
Figure 9 – Price
Disparities in Various Electronic Communication Segments. 31
Figure 10 – Average
Delivered Broadband Speed (Mbps) 32
Figure 11 – US vs. Europe
4G Population Coverage. 33
Figure 13 – Global Fixed
Traffic 2010-2018. 34
Figure 16 - Domestic
Capex/Sales of EU Incumbents vs International (2006-12) 35
Figure 17 – Global Total
Traffic in Mobile Networks, 2007-2012. 35
Figure 18 – Telecom
Equipment Providers’ Performance (Total Returns) 36
Figure 19 – Economic
Benefits for Business Communication Services of a Single Market for Electronic
Communications. 72
Figure 20 – Consumer
Surplus by Scenario (Western Europe) 76
Figure 21 – Consumer
Surplus by Scenario (Central and Eastern Europe) 76
Figure 22
– Impact of the Single Market on GDP by Option. 76
Figure 23
– Broadband Penetration (Subscriptions/Population),
January 2013. 76
Figure 24
– Mobile Subscribers & Penetration Rate at EU Level, Oct. 2004 – Oct. 2011. 76
Figure 25
– Voice Traffic on Fixed and Mobile Networks, 2005-2010. 76
Figure 26
– Mobile Broadband Penetration – All Active Users, January 2013. 76
Figure 27
– Bundled Offers Penetration (Subscriptions/Population), July 2012. 76
Figure 28
– Broadband Retail Prices, Stand Alone Offers, 12 to 30 Mbps, 2012. 76
Figure 30
– Electronic communications sector revenues, 2011. 76
Figure 31
– Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Mobile Communications, 2011. 76
Figure 32
– Average Revenue per Minute (in €-cents) in Mobile Communications, 2011. 76
Figure 33
– Fixed Broadband Lines – Operator Market Shares, January 2013. 76
Figure 34
– Mobile Subscribers: Operator Market Shares, October 2012. 76
Figure 35
– Wholesale & Retail roaming financial transaction. 76
List of Tables
Table 1 – LTE subscriptions worldwide (in thousands) 18
Table 2 – Prices for
Spectrum in the EU.. 20
Table 3 – Examples of
Prices of International Mobile Calls for Different Operators (per minute) 31
Table 4 – Problem Drivers
and Objectives. 40
Table 5: Annual Revenue
Loss Resulting from the Introduction of RLAH in a Static Scenario with Fixed
Roaming Volumes. 64
Table 6 – Impact of
Limiting Price Differentials between Domestic and Intra-EU International Calls  68
Table 7 – Summary of
Impacts from Different Policy Options. 76
Table 8 – Input on
spectrum policy for wireless broadband. 76
Table 9 – Illustrative
tariffs for international calls in the EU.. 76
Impact
Assessment Report
              1.       INTRODUCTION
In the face of the deep crisis affecting its economy and society,
Europe needs to tap into new sources of growth in areas that will reinstate its
competitiveness, drive innovation and create new job opportunities. At a moment
in time when the world evolves towards an Internet economy, directly affecting
all sectors, from traditional services such as banking and insurance to retail
commerce, industrial production and energy supply, Information and Communications
Technologies (ICT) needs to be fully recognized as a source of the smart,
sustainable and inclusive growth envisaged in the Europe 2020 Strategy. 
As one of its Europe 2020 flagship
initiatives, the Digital Agenda for Europe[1]
(DAE) defines a set of ambitious targets to ensure that Europe taps the
benefits of the digital economy, notably that by 2020, all Europeans should
have access to high-speed broadband networks offering at least speeds of 30 Mb
per second, and that 50% of Europeans should enjoy speeds in excess of 100 Mb
per second. These targets recognize that the availability of high-speed
networks in Europe is the foundation for the digital economy to flourish. 
Consistent with these agreed policy
objectives, the 2013 Spring European Council stressed the importance of the
digital Single Market for growth and, in its conclusions, included the need for
concrete measures to be presented by the Commission in time for the October
European Council to establish a Single Market for Information and Communications
Technology as early as possible. The initiative discussed in this Impact
Assessment responds to this challenge. 
Not long ago, Europe was leading the world in
communications technologies and services. This was a result of conscious policy
choices such as the opening up of the telecoms markets or the engineering of
the global success of GSM through the adoption of EU-wide standards resulting
from European research. With such policy decisions, Europe recognised the
importance of digital 'connectivity' to sustained economic growth and supported
the leadership of European companies. That lead has been lost. In the EU telecommunications
sector[2] overall revenues have been shrinking for the last few years, a
trend to which the economic crisis has also contributed. Moreover, new business
models to exploit fast data growth and compensate for rapidly decreasing
revenue from voice communications (as consumers increasingly embrace Voice over
IP) have been slow to emerge and operators have typically been cautious to
invest in rolling out new high speed infrastructures. 
Whilst there are multiple reasons for the
lack of dynamism and unexploited growth potential of the telecommunications
sector for the economy as a whole, the fact that operators provide their services
within distinct national markets, each subject to specific rules and practices,
and that consumers cannot in practice benefit from services provided from other
Member States, constrains the potential of industry to expand across borders and
grow, whilst slowing down the introduction of new business models. Another
reason for the present situation is the delay of European companies in
embracing the internet revolution. The low usage patterns of internet services
are a significant hurdle for the economic growth affecting the EU economy as a
whole. The impact of this goes in fact well beyond the telecoms sector itself.
Another element that explains the poor performance of the telecom sector is the
slowness of adoption of 4G mobile technology due to a difficult process of
spectrum licencing that is not yet over and very diverse and sometimes
extremely burdensome authorisation conditions for deploying wireless networks. 

With the adoption of successive electronic
communications reform packages, Europe made important progress towards a single
market for electronic communications putting in place a supportive and
consistent regulatory environment fostering competition and better rights for
consumers. However, specific issues connected with the completion of the Single
Market, and identified on the basis of extensive stakeholder consultation and
regulatory practice to date. remain and must be addressed as a priority. The principal outstanding integration challenges are:
        
i.           
to remove unnecessary obstacles in the authorisation
regime and in the rules applying to service provision with the aim of making it
easier for companies to contemplate multicountry operation.
       ii.           
to ensure greater harmonisation for accessing
essential inputs, regarding both predictable assignment conditions and
coordinated timeframes to access spectrum for wireless broadband across the EU;
an essential feature if we want full continental coverage and affordable
connections; and promoting more internet based access products to European
fixed networks so that providers can more easily offer their IP services across
the single market.
      iii.           
to guarantee common high levels of consumer
protection across the Union and common commercial conditions in this respect,
including the persistent problems of mobile roaming surcharges and of access to
the open internet. 
These are distinct challenges, to which distinct
solutions must be found, but which, if addressed together, could have a
transformative rather than merely incremental effect on sectoral dynamics in
the Union.
The potential macro-economic impact of completing
a genuine Single Telecoms Market is significant: this will create opportunities
for firms to operate on a bigger scale with less regulatory burden, enhancing
their capacity to innovate, to grow, become more productive and generate jobs,
widen consumer choice and raise the quality of service. Improved connectivity
would in turn enable growth possibilities across all economic sectors enabling
the use of applications such as eCommerce, cloud computing and organisational
innovation, driving productivity gains especially for SMEs. 
It is estimated that the untapped potential
of a Single Telecoms Market corresponds to a yearly amount of an additional
0.9% GDP or €110bn p.a.[3] 
              2.       PROCEDURAL ISSUES AND
CONSULTATION OF INTERESTED PARTIES

2.1.      Introduction

The current regulatory
framework was implemented in 2002, and has been updated once in 2009 (with entry
into force by mid-2011). The current framework has successfully liberalised
previously monopolistic national markets by reducing barriers to entry and
promoting effective competition and incrementally paved the way towards a
single market for electronic communications. The framework is based on market
analysis by national regulatory authorities (NRAs), one in each Member State,
and in case where significant market power (or dominance) of one or more
operators is found, the imposition of ex-ante remedies to ensure effective
competition. The current framework makes provision for supranational markets to
be defined and addressed, but the current regulatory and industry structure is not
well designed to the development of such markets, in particular on the supply
side.
The current framework is
therefore premised on the implementation of rules by national authorities in 28
Member States.  Experience shows, however, that these rules tend to be
implemented in different ways, which makes it more burdensome, if not practically
impossible, for operators to provide services on a cross-border basis or to
enter new markets on the basis of a mere extension of existing commercial and
technical models. Similarly, consumers cannot in practice enjoy services
provided from other Member States, as they can in other sectors subject to Single
Market rules. A serious degree of regulatory divergence is experienced in the
new generation regulatory products such as internet based access products where
different solutions are applied to solve essentially the same problems.
In the context of the regulatory framework
centered on distinct national markets, the obstacles to cross-border provision
of services and consumption are well documented (see Annex III for details and
examples) and have been confirmed by a number of studies, several of which have
been carried out for the Commission. The Impact Assessment draws on many other
sources of evidence, such as the effect of the application of European rules in
the annual Digital Agenda Scoreboard and economic studies conducted by DG
ECFIN, for example on fragmentation of the telecommunications market in Europe
(see list of references). 

2.2.      Consultation
and Expertise

The Commission has
engaged extensively with all relevant external stakeholders in order to assess
the state of the telecommunications market and to
determine how to improve conditions for establishing a digital Single Market.
In the consultation process broad public events were combined with more
targeted consultation to achieve the required breadth and depth of stakeholder
inputs, supported by market studies. Over the course of the past two years, the
Commission received substantive input on the subject matter of a Single Telecoms
Market from a wide range of stakeholder organisations, including those
representing established and alternative operators, business and consumer
organisations as well as users of telecommunications services, national
regulators and governments. The Commission has engaged in each Member State
with a "going local exercise" that allowed to review the status of
the market and the outstanding problems.
The Commission has also drawn on the results
of a CEO Round Table dialogue, held during 2011, involving senior company
representatives from the telecom, equipment manufacturers and media sectors,
which produced a set of concrete recommendations. In particular, the Round
Table called for one single binding European regulatory framework and concluded
that Europe needs healthy companies with sufficient scale and specialisation.
It was also recognised that pan-European companies should help market
integration and the emergence of truly pan-European services, which are not
sufficient today. The lack of necessary investments in high-speed Internet was
identified as an important concern. The Round Table concluded that this trend
needs to be addressed in the long-term interest of consumers and
competitiveness. Also the need to develop open and interoperable standards for
next generation products was highlighted.
The work undertaken
by the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) has
been instrumental in preparing the initiative in hand.  For instance, BEREC has
been actively looking into the issue of net neutrality (or the 'Open Internet').
In its report on best practices to facilitate consumer switching[4] it concluded that for competition to be able to deliver effective
outcomes for consumers, it was essential to ensure transparency for consumers
and called, inter alia, for keeping unnecessary switching costs and barriers to
a minimum. BEREC's traffic management investigation showed that Internet
subscribers are subject to significant restrictions[5].
Furthermore, in its report on the impact of administrative requirements on the
provision of transnational business electronic communications services[6] BEREC assessed possibilities for a 'one-stop shopping' type of
authorisation procedure and concluded that "interventions on EU and
national legislations may be necessary in view of any implementation of a system
of this sort". 
The work of the Radio Spectrum Policy Group
(RSPG) in recent years has underlined the importance of radio spectrum for
wireless broadband, the potential benefits of infrastructure sharing and the
need for closer cooperation amongst Member States on cross-border coordination issues.
Already in 2011, the RSPG in a joint report with BEREC highlighted the
possibilities of infrastructure and spectrum sharing in mobile wireless
networks[7], stating that sharing agreement solutions that are compatible with
competition law may have advantages for all parties involved, including end
users (e.g. in terms of coverage and/or quality of service). In June 2013, the
RSPG issued a comprehensive opinion on the strategic challenges facing Europe
in addressing the growing spectrum demand for wireless broadband[8]. The RSPG highlights in particular the tremendous increase in the
volume of data traffic for delivery of broadband services over both wireless
infrastructures and defines wireless broadband as high-speed wireless
transmission of data that may be provided via either fixed/RLAN, mobile or
satellite platforms. Based on a developed roadmap for future broadband
spectrum, the Commission is urged to develop a strategic plan to make
sufficient and appropriate spectrum available to meet the increasing demand for
wireless broadband services in the time frame 2013-2020[9]. In addition, in 2012, the RSPG proposed a process for assistance
from the Union or “good offices” from the RSPG for facilitating cross-border
coordination negotiations for cases of harmful interference between Member
States or with third countries, respectively. Whereas the need for enhanced
coordination of spectrum management has been recognised by Member States, they
argue that there needs to be enough room for specific national situations. Relevant
RSPG reports and opinions and details regarding the related public
consultations are listed in Annex 6.
The Commission closely monitors the implementation
of the legal framework for electronic communications. It has not only noted
inconsistent practices by NRAs when regulating relevant markets, but it has
also detected a structural lack of coherence across Member States with regard
to the authorisation and the opening of spectrum bands for technology-neutral
use. 
The Commission has also contracted several
studies (for example on the impact of traffic off-loading and related
technological trends on the demand for wireless broadband spectrum) and conducted
public consultations on specific problems over recent years (notably public
consultations on a structural solution addressing high roaming charges, on
spectrum policy coordination and shared use, on Wireless Broadband, on the
possible reduction of costs for infrastructure roll-out, on the consistent
application of ex-ante remedies imposed on dominant/SMP operators by national
regulators, on a revision of the list of relevant markets susceptible to ex
ante regulation, on specific aspects of transparency, traffic management and
switching in an Open Internet and on the functioning of the market for Internet
access and provision from a consumer perspective).
On the specific issue of the functioning of
BEREC the Commission has contracted an external study and has discussed the
results of the study with a panel formed by stakeholders.
Following the 2013 Spring European Council
meeting, which stressed the need for concrete measures to establish the Single
Market in ICT as early as possible, the Commission organised several
consultative events attended by stakeholders representing all segments of the
industry, consumers and civil society (namely a public information meeting in
Brussels on 17 June 2013 and a comprehensive discussion as part of the Digital
Agenda Assembly 2013 and the Digital Champions' meeting in Dublin on 18-20 June
2013). However, due to time constraints a full (12 weeks) public consultation
could not be organized. As more details on the draft proposal emerged in early
July, the Commission also received contributions from many stakeholders and
their representative organisations on some of the specific measures under
consideration (see Annex I for details).
Discussions have shown a large degree of
convergence on the urgent need to overcome the remaining fragmentation[10] of the Single Telecoms Market, acknowledging the benefits that
would flow from this in terms of additional growth. However, views differ on
how best to achieve this, depending on the specific interests of different
stakeholder groups. More detailed stakeholder views are presented throughout the
report.
Some stakeholders (notably incumbent
operators) argue for far-reaching change, including greater consistency of
regulatory approaches, both in fixed and mobile networks (e.g. full
harmonisation of spectrum assignment), more predictability and continuity, as
well as more significant deregulation. However, whilst recognising the
importance of a Single Telecoms Market for consumers, some operators have
expressed concerns about the impact of certain elements of these proposals,
notably on roaming and international calls, on their revenues. Other parts of
the industry (including access seekers) argue for better implementation and
more consistency in the provision of “virtual” access products, which would
enable them to provide seamless pan-European services, particularly to business
customers. 
Consumer organisations argue for removing
artificial costs (e.g. for roaming) arising whenever consumers use services
when they cross borders. They also insist on removing discrimination resulting
from blocking and throttling of services. Industry users, large as well as
SMEs, including web entrepreneurs and start-up's, stress the importance of
access to high-quality connectivity for competitiveness, allowing them for
example to reap the benefits of cloud computing and machine-to-machine
communications services applications. In sum, different stakeholders support or
oppose different elements set out under each of the options.
By and large, Member States support efforts to achieve a Single
Telecoms Market, even though on specific aspects a number of them have called
for caution. In a policy debate held in the Transport, Telecommunications and
Energy (TTE) Council of 6 June 2013 a considerable number of Delegations
supported the objective of a Single Telecoms Market, with an emphasis inter
alia on ensuring vigorous competition, promoting better choice for consumers,
addressing net neutrality, tackling roaming in a proportionate way, ensuring
greater regulatory consistency, avoiding regulatory
arbitrage and promoting closer coordination of national spectrum approaches. A large number of delegations expressed concerns about centralising
policy through a single European regulator and/or central EU authorisation and
assignment of spectrum. Discussions were also held in
June 2013 with the Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications
(BEREC) and the Radio Spectrum Policy Group. 
The competent committees in the European
Parliament held three meetings to discuss the forthcoming proposals: In
general, MEPs expressed strong support for the thrust of the Commission's
forthcoming proposals. MEPs in particular highlighted the need, as an integral part
of a true Single Telecoms Market, to eliminate international roaming charges,
to introduce clear and stringent rules on net neutrality and ensure a high
level of consumer protection. Some MEPs have pointed to the challenging
time-table for agreeing a set of ambitious measures before the forth-coming EP
elections.
More recently after the intended measures
which were subject to the ISC have been amply debated in the press the
Commission has received a number of unsolicited written contributions on the
specific issues of the proposal that allowed to have a very granular view of
the opinions of the market participants and of the interest groups on all
aspects of the proposal.

2.3.      Opinion of the Impact Assessment Board

The draft
Impact Assessment was presented to the Impact Assessment Board on 17 July 2013
and resubmitted on 14 August and 4 September. The Board examined it and delivered
its opinions on 19 July and 29 August 2013. Following the latter opinion the
draft Impact Assessment was further revised. The IAB examined it and delivered
its final opinion on 6 September. In response to the recommendations of the
Board, the document was revised introducing the following main changes:
·       
The text has been significantly streamlined and
any duplication removed. The overall narrative has also been adjusted in light
of the Board's comments;
·       
The text has been fully aligned with the latest
draft of the proposed legal instrument;
·       
A full section on international roaming has been
integrated. In this regard, it is important to note that the approach foreseen
in the legal instrument, i.e. the gradual introduction of 'roam like at home' (RLAH)
type of tariffs through bilateral or multilateral roaming agreements, is
optional and fully consistent with the current regulatory framework (Roaming
III Regulation). It follows that the proposed approach will produce impacts
only to the  extent that operators decide to opt-in. In that case, the impact
can be expected to be positive compared to the baseline (no change) scenario; -This
section also develops the impact of the proposal with regard to international
calls and abolishing charges for incoming calls, and refers to any possible
unintended consequences (including as regards roaming);
·       
Figures have been added to illustrate the
impacts of other specific parts of the proposal, notably on spectrum
coordination, wholesale inputs, international calls and net neutrality;
·       
The text has been refocused on the aim of completing
the single market;
·       
The subsidiarity section has been developed to
highlight certain choices intended to ensure that the EU-level intervention
does not go beyond what is needed and preserves Member State freedom, to the
extent consistent with the overall objective, in preparing draft SMP remedies,
in determining whether European virtual access products would be suitable to
resolve local competitive problems or in designing the details of spectrum assignment
procedures;
·       
More attention has been paid in the report to set
out the wider aspects of coordination in the spectrum area and to assess the
possible impact on Member States;
·       
Similarly the document was revised to clarify
the current authorisation regime and explain the obstacles which a single
authorisation can be expected to remove;
·       
The report explains more clearly what is
insufficient about current regulatory framework particularly with regard to the
Article 7 procedure and clarifies how the proposed measures are expected to
lead to greater consistency of regulatory remedies including as regards virtual
access products;
·       
The description of measures to ensure the
protection of consumers, including further assessment of the possible
implementation costs is strengthened;
·       
Positions of stakeholders on individual aspects
of the proposal have been added, where available;
·       
All sources have been referenced.
              3.       PROBLEM
DEFINITION AND SOURCES OF REGULATORY FRAGMENTATION
Europe lacks a genuine
single market for electronic communications. The Union is fragmented into
distinct national markets defined by Member State borders. 
Market segmentation and persistent barriers
to entry restrict competition which is a key driver of growth and investments. Variations
between national markets are observed in market shares and price disparities
above 100% and coefficients of variation above 30%, in both fixed and mobile
markets[11]. The lack of a Single Telecoms Market leads to additional
compliance, and transaction costs and facilitates market concentration[12]. 
Today’s economy is
knowledge-based. The role of ICT, and more specifically that of high-speed
broadband networks and ‘connectivity’, as a driver of growth has been
researched extensively[13].At present, the EU is not fully tapping the
benefits of ICT for growth, and investments in high-speed networks, for example
as regards 4G (on the basis of so-called Long Term Evolution technology – LTE),
are not happening fast enough (see figure 1). Investments in infrastructure are
indispensable to exploit the opportunities for innovation and new services,
such as cloud services, running over these networks. High speed broadband
networks are the arteries for digital growth.
Figure 1 – Investment Trends - Wireless CAPEX in US, Canada, Europe (Local Currency, 2002 = 100)
While there are a number
of reasons for lower levels of investment, including companies' strategies and
wider economic conditions, their financial situation and access to capital
markets, competitive pressure or demand-side developments, the right regulatory
environment is crucial to contribute to a dynamic and competitive market. It must provide the right balance of risk and reward for those prepared to invest. In order to achieve
these objectives, the Commission is adopting together with this proposal a
Recommendation on consistent non-discrimination obligations and costing
methodologies to promote competition and enhance the broadband investment
environment.[14] This Recommendation will promote competition
and enhance investments in high-speed networks by providing long-term stability
of copper access prices, ensuring access seekers equal access to the incumbent
operators' networks thereby ensuring a level playing field, and by setting out
the conditions under which price regulation of NGA networks is no longer
warranted,
New sources of revenue have
not been exploited sufficiently given lack of innovation in business models to
address changes in consumer behavior (shifting away from voice to data). Regulatory fragmentation – including inconsistent remedies and
sometimes over-regulation - also generates legal uncertainty and in some cases
even overregulation, which in turn can slow down the introduction of new
business models. For example, different ways of regulating virtual wholesale
access products (such as bitstream or leased lines) make it more complicated and costly for operators to
develop products for the business-to-business market (which represents some 50%
of total turnover in the telecommunications sector) on a multi-Member State or
even pan-European basis. Different ways of regulating traffic management
practices (also referred to as "net neutrality") create uncertainty
as to the possibility to offer specialized services with guaranteed quality.
This legal uncertainty hampers product and business-model innovation and,
consequently, the introduction of new business models.
Another example is the inconsistent approach to
spectrum assignment in the EU, which leads to the fact that the key input for
mobile operators is differing across Member States, e.g. in terms of timely
availability and license conditions[15]. 
In particular, telecom operators are
hampered by regulatory and administrative obstacles to operate as integrated
providers across different Member States. Out of
hundreds of telecom operators in Europe, none is active in all Member States.
Furthermore, an average European can only choose among 3 or 4
alternative providers. In fact, several major
companies (e.g. Vodafone, France Telecom) have begun to reduced their European
footprint by withdrawing from certain Member States’ markets (see figure 2). Where
they expand it is often outside of the European Union. 
Figure 2 – Main European Operators'
Footprint through Separate National Operations
Major telecom companies have begun to exit
some national markets
Source: Booz
& co., Building and Leveraging Scale in the Digital Home Sector, a Study
for Liberty Global
The completion of the Single Market depends
on a number of factors including economic, cultural and wider regulatory divergences.
On the demand side, there exist considerable divergences in consumer protection
rules, copyright, or data protection, which are often considered as the main
barriers to a rich digital Single Market with vibrant, cross-border content.
For example, today's copyright and rights’ management systems remain
territorially-based with important differences between Member States, for
example as regards the implementation of exceptions. The implementation of the
framework is complex and often cited by stakeholders as an important reason for
the lack of multi-Member State or even pan-European premium content offers (in
particular in light of the increasingly bundled content and connectivity services).
This, in turn, limits the choice of citizens
who want to enjoy legally their content wherever they are in Europe, which the
availability of cloud services makes possible. The Commission has already
launched important initiatives to address these pressing demand-side issues,
e.g. a draft Data Protection Regulation to secure full substantive
harmonization and a European coordination mechanism; legislative reform of
collecting societies; the “Licenses for Europe” process and a commitment to
consider possible copyright reform legislation in 2014. These issues, even
though highly relevant to the development of the telecoms sector, are therefore
not further addressed in this Impact Assessment.
The main sources of regulatory
fragmentation in telecommunications are the following:

3. 1.     Barriers to the Single
Market through National Authorisation Regimes linked with inconsistency in regulatory
approaches implemented by National Regulatory Authorities 

The current European authorisation
regime falls under the provisions of the Authorisation Directive[16] and follows the
principle of national jurisdictions. This principle is in particular confirmed
also in the event of cross-border provision of electronic communications
services to undertakings located in several Member States. 
Despite the attempt of the
Authorisation Directive to reduce the administrative formalities that may be
imposed in the context of the general authorization (Article 3(2) of the
Authorisation Directive), individual notification of activities is nevertheless
required in almost all Member States (26 out of 28), with corresponding
national notification, each differing in terms of modalities and content of the
information required. In addition to that, several Member States link direct
and indirect additional national establishment and/or proxy requirements to
each national notification regime. 
While this widespread practice has
already triggered several complaints leading to investigation of the Commission
and, in some cases, to the opening of infringement procedures, the overall
system in general does not take sufficiently into account the specificities of
pan-European electronic communications service providers (for example those
addressing business-to-business needs). As a result, a company wishing to offer
services in the whole territory of the EU (while it may have only one business
customer in each Member State) has to be authorised under each national regime.
In addition, such a company with limited activities in several Member States
will have to face several national administrative charges as well as universal
service contribution regimes. While some Member States provide for a de
minimis exemption threshold this is often based on different criteria. Finally,
notification pursuant to the electronic communications rules may be leveraged
by Member States to presume the obligation to establish, without regard to the
effective nature of the activity carried out. In conclusion this results in
administrative burden and increases the costs of providing a service across
borders.  As a matter of fact, heterogeneity of notification requirements as
well as the additional requirement linked to the notification was raised by
stakeholders in the context of a public consultation carried out by BEREC on
the impact of administrative requirements on the provision of cross-border
services[17]. 
At the same time telecommunications
services have to be customised to different national markets across the EU
because of diverging regulatory obligations relating to the provision of a
service. These are often as specific as the need to use a particular font in
the contract with the end-user. Whereas regulation applying to the networks,
which are inherently physically situated in a given Member State, needs to take
account of local circumstances (including the number and nature of
infrastructures available), varying regulatory approaches and national
differences in the application of market remedies are a substantial constraint
even in the presence of objectively similar circumstances (see Annex III for
details and examples). Still, large differences in wholesale and retail prices
across Member States cannot be justified by different underlying national
circumstances alone but are also the result of (sometimes significantly) varying
regulatory approaches.
In line with current EU rules, national
regulators must analyse their telecoms markets, and impose proportionate regulatory
remedies on operators with significant market power (SMP) in non-competitive
markets, that is, on operators that can act independently of competitors,
customers and consumers. Such regulatory remedies can include access,
transparency, non-discrimination, accounting separation, cost accounting, price
control and, in exceptional circumstances, functional separation obligations. 
Even though the Commission received
additional powers under the so-called Art. 7/7a procedure through the last
review of the electronic communications framework in 2009, allowing it to
suspend proposed national remedies in order to seek solutions with the relevant
NRA and BEREC, there is still a distinct difference between Commission powers
in respect of competition analysis (market definition and SMP), for which it is
possible for the Commission to require withdrawal of a draft decision, and its
powers in respect of remedies. In case of remedies, if there is disagreement at
the end of a so-called "phase II" procedure where the Commission has
expressed "serious doubts" on the compatibility of a draft national
measure with the proper functioning of the Single Market, it may adopt a
recommendation calling for the amendment or withdrawal of the draft measure,
but not a binding decision. The NRA must take utmost account of the
Commission's recommendation, but can depart from it as long as it provides a
reasoned justification. After this step, the Article 7 procedure foresees no
further steps for the Commission to continue pursuing its goal of consistent
regulation. 
This lack of enforceability of the results of
the Commission's investigation into proposed remedies creates a problem for the
internal market, because NRAs still use a variety of approaches in similar
circumstances. The potential lack of consistency is especially problematic for
companies operating in more than one member state and could be a potential
barrier for further expansion and investments of companies within the EU
footprint.
Even in a field such as termination rates,
where the approach to pure LRIC calculation of regulated efficient rates under
the Commission Recommendation 2009/396/EC has enjoyed the solid backing of
BEREC in the individual remedies cases opened to date under the 7a procedure,
there have been a number of recent cases where individual Member States have
taken a different approach, even if the competition problems of these markets
are very similar across Member States. Moreover, this is an issue with
important ramifications - for example, in the case of calls between Member
States, which can be expected to become more and more significant as the Single
Market integrates, it leads to operators in Member States where efficient
cost-oriented termination rates have been introduced cross-subsidising
operators in Member States where this is not the case and where additional
costs are included in the calculation of the termination rates. In addition,
the abolition of roaming surcharges for incoming calls is justified by the
widespread implementation of efficient cost-oriented termination rates,
including for calls from other Member States. 
Therefore, effective solutions in this
respect are vital for the functioning of the single market. Similar
interlinkages can be cited as regards the other main area of ex ante regulatory
activity, namely access remedies – the useful effect of the introduction of
European virtual access products would be undermined if the Commission were not
able to ensure that they are properly taken into consideration in market
analysis, at least in respect of remedies applied to SMP operators with a
multi-country footprint. Even if access remedies are imposed in relation to next
generation fixed broadband networks, there is no consistency of the features of
these remedies across Member States (as further demonstrated in Annex III).
Access remedies, on the other hand, will play a fundamental role for operators
that will use access products to expand into new geographies within the Union.
Such expansion will be more costly without a coherent implementation of
standardized remedies across Member States. A study commissioned by the
European Commission[18] highlights how national orientation of sector regulation, which
results in a lack of standardised wholesale offers fit for multinational
corporations, increases the operating costs for multinational operators. This
view is particularly supported by stakeholders that supply business customers
and offer multi-site connectivity across Member State borders. 
The current arrangements with regard to
regulatory measures proposed are thus not sufficient to ensure a consistent
application of remedies across the EU for companies aiming at multicountry
coverage, as they may be subject to different regulatory approaches in
objectively equivalent situations in different Member States. 

3. 2.     Lack of co-ordination in
spectrum assignments and regulatory uncertainty as to the availability of
frequencies that severely hinders the roll-out of Next Generation Wireless
Networks 

Wireless broadband communications
includes cellular broadband networks (such as 4G networks), which support
mobility over a wide area, and radio local area networks (RLAN, such as Wi-Fi
networks) supporting nomadic and static usage of broadband services. Other
regions such as the US and parts of Asia have deployed high speed wireless
networks more rapidly and comprehensively, and generated customer take-up more
quickly. (See Table 1 for LTE subscriptions worldwide).
Table 1 – LTE subscriptions worldwide (in thousands)
 Year || 2012 || 2013 
 North America || 32080 || 60425 
 Western Europe || 2634 || 13008 
 Central & Eastern Europe || 1813 || 9688 
 Asia/Pacific || 28058 || 63680 
 Latin America || 334 || 2745 
 Africa/Middle East || 386 || 2873 
 World || 65305 || 152417 
Source: Digiworld
2013
The Radio Spectrum Decision 676/2002/EC
establishes a procedure whereby the Commission, working on the basis of
mandates to CEPT[19] in order to gather the necessary technical expertise, can adopt,
through comitology, technical harmonization of conditions of use of radio
spectrum. This procedure has enabled the allocation of approximately 1.000 MHz
of radio spectrum to electronic communications for licensed use under harmonised
conditions throughout the Union.
However, allocation is only a first
step: in cases where rights of use must be assigned (as is the broadly case for
cellular mobile networks), uncoordinated spectrum assignments in the Union are
holding back the Union’s potential to benefit from the benefits of wireless
broadband and the mobile revolution. There are no systematic Union rules on the
conduct of assignments. The existing telecoms legislation establishes basic
framework conditions, relying mainly on coordination between Member States
themselves, and requiring that assignments are based on objective, transparent,
non-discriminatory and proportionate criteria and that procedures are open. The
legislation also opens a number of options for Member States, regarding issues
such as technical quality of service, maximization of spectrum sharing, or
transfer and lease of spectrum rights of use. EU rules also establish that fees
charged should be proportionate and should ensure optimal use of these
resources. As regards timing of assignments and duration of rights of use,
there are no general rules. A punctual legislative intervention has been made
through the RSPP, establishing deadlines for assignment of a range of
electronic communications spectrum to be conducted and for the relevant
spectrum to be made available, but with limited success.[20]  Despite their legal obligations, Member States have only assigned
650MHz out of 1000MHz of spectrum, designated to wireless broadband. While
informal consultations on spectrum assignment plans sometimes take place
between individual Member States and the Commission, the only formal tool
available to the Commission to enforce even the current very high-level
legislative principles is through ex post infringement action, which could
add additional unpredictability for investors after an assignment has actually
taken place.
In addition to assignment conditions,
other barriers are holding back mobile connectivity, such as fragmented base
station permit procedures and legal uncertainty concerning network sharing. 
More specifically, obstacles for
network operators and service providers to offer pan-EU service include:
i)   different, uncoordinated spectrum assignments in different Member States do not allow for the same level of
roll-out and quality. For example an operator that does not have sufficient
spectrum below 1GHz in a given region is not able to economically roll-out
wireless broadband services with wide coverage in that region. The amount of EU
harmonised spectrum assigned in Member States still varies by a factor of up to
three. Different spectrum assignments lead to different levels of competition
in national markets (Figure 3 below) and by that perpetuate market segmentation
of the Union into national markets. Retail prices for mobile services between
different Member States still vary by up to a factor of seven (see Figure 8
further down), which can be partially attributed to widely varying conditions
(going beyond price differentials for equivalent spectrum) in access to the
most relevant productive input and to differing market structures, which are in
turn influenced by spectrum holdings of the market players.
Figure 3 – Number of Mobile Operators in
Different EU Countries
Source: COCOM
Table 2 – Prices for Spectrum in the EU
 MS || Total Revenues (billion € - 800 MHz) || Total Revenues (billion € - 2.6 GHz FDD) || Revenues (€/MHz/pop - 800 MHz) || Revenues (€/MHz/pop - 2.6 GHz FDD) 
 Germany || 3,576 || 0,258 || 0,73 || 0,022 
 France || 2,64 || 0,936 || 0,68 || 0,103 
 Spain || 1,302 || 0,117 || 0,47 || 0,023 
 Italy || 2,934 || 0,432 || 0,82 || 0,06 
 The Netherlands ||   || 0,0026 || 0,5* || 0,002** 
 Portugal || 0,27 || 0,036 || 0,28 || 0,028 
 UK ||   ||   || 0,48 || 0,054 
* Based on the
price paid by one operator (Tele2) for reserved spectrum for a new entrant in
the 2012 multiband auction. Other operators are reported to have paid
significantly in excess of this amount for similar quantities of spectrum
in the same band of €2,00/MHz/pop or even higher.
** All 2.6GHz FDD
spectrum was auctioned in 2010, 2.6GHz TDD spectrum was auctioned in 2012.
Source:
Commission analysis. 
ii)  different
prices paid for spectrum licenses of differing
durations imply different investment and pricing strategies which in turn depend on the competitive
situation in a given market but also on the timing, the offer available and the
auction design. Prices for high-valued sub-1GHz spectrum between Member States
vary by up to a factor of three and exceed in some cases by far the amount paid
in other world regions, such as in the US, by companies to gain access to
similar spectrum portions. The effect of price variations on commercial
decision-making is accentuated through the predominance of one-off payments.
Moreover, market players are faced with additional cost through the limitation
and renewal of licenses, which is often not the case in other world regions.
Variations in duration of rights of use can lead both to variations in the
investment horizon and to difficulties in aligning investment decisions across
member States over time. Whereas the suitability of auctions to efficiently
assign spectrum to market players is not questioned, consistent and efficient
auctions are essential for the development of the market. High spectrum prices
have an effect on market outcome, either in the form of higher prices than
would otherwise apply and/or in lower investment capacity of operators in
improved network capacity. Auction designs that aim at revenue extraction may
conflict with the goal of maximizing social welfare[21] and with EU rules on optimal use of spectrum resources, but that
rather abstract rule is currently difficult to apply.
iii)  uncertainty
on the calendar for award or renewal of licence conditions means less predictability for businesses. Mobile operators or
consortia of mobile operators are not currently able to acquire licenses for
already harmonised but unassigned bands, or newly harmonised bands across
different Member States with similar license conditions, in a pre-defined time
window to allow them to expand their European footprint and to offer the same
service across different Member States. Such lack of synchronisation in the
authorisation of spectrum for wireless broadband means not only that new
technologies such as 4G are available only in parts of the Union but also that
operators cannot place larger orders with equipment manufacturers and thus
negotiate discounts, which would be possible if authorisations across different
Member States would be granted within a shorter time-frame.
iv) considerable
differences in conditions and obligations, such as those relating to auction
design, payment and fees, coverage and network/spectrum sharing, creates
uncertainty. An example of legal uncertainty is the
approach taken towards Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO – companies that
provide services by using the network of another operator). In some 10 Member
States, MVNO access is provided for mainly through attachment as a condition to
spectrum assignments rather than as the result of a market analysis based on
the existence of significant market power. Although the Radio Spectrum Policy
Programme (RSPP) indicates that MVNO access is one possible tool to address
competition problems, there is no clear and objective test or threshold for
using this tool in the context of spectrum assignments, or on how it should
interact with other interventions to enhance (infrastructure-based)
competition, such as spectrum caps. This has significant and diverging effects
on market structure, within a context which is normally characterised by
greater infrastructure competition than in fixed-line markets.
v)  fragmented permit procedures to deploy small access points. This
means that in more densely populated areas increased capacity cannot be
realised by using additional spectrum resources, by reusing spectrum resources
through the deployment of additional smaller cell base stations or by deploying
wireless hotspots. These small installations can be integrated in public
infrastructure such as street lampposts with low visibility or be based in end-user premises. However,
a number of administrative and structural barriers exist for upgrading existing
sites to provide higher capacity and for deploying new sites. Moreover, in many
cases, operators encounter significant delays in the approval of planning
permission requests, which can range from one month to up to two years. This is
hampering in particular the roll out of small cell technology as it requires
huge numbers of base stations and thus permits. 
Some Member States have introduced permit
exemptions for low-power base stations and simplified procedures, including by
setting up a single contact point for permit requests ('one-stop-shop'
licensing). Furthermore significant variations can be observed between Member
States as regards the application of electromagnetic field (EMF) limits. It has
even been the case that Member States (or regions / municipalities thereof)
have imposed limits that are more than 100 times stricter than the recommended
limit in Council Recommendation 1999/519, without clear scientific
underpinning, which can restrict the deployment even of very low-power
equipment.
vi)  Legal uncertainty concerning network sharing, spectrum
sharing and spectrum trading or leasing. With a limited business case for
deploying wireless broadband in certain areas, rolling-out several parallel
infrastructures in such regions can be highly uneconomical. Recent studies have
identified the possibility for significant roll-out cost savings in the order
of 30-40% through infrastructure or spectrum sharing and several Member States
have developed first guidance in this regard. The authorization of active as
well as passive network sharing arrangements, while respecting competition
rules, which can be applied contextually according to the efficiencies achieved
and shared with end-users, may allow economic wireless broadband roll-out in
certain areas and for higher broadband speeds if combined with national roaming
and spectrum pooling schemes which increase spectral efficiency through wider
bands. At the same time, easier spectrum transfers, leases or sharing could,
consistently with competition rules, allow more efficient spectrum use, greater
network differentiation and thus greater investment incentives. However, there
is currently wide variation in national licensing practices in these respects.
Overall, the lack of a single wireless space,
where providers can offer wireless services wherever they are based and a lack of
consistency in spectrum assignment inhibit efficient spectrum utilisation and
gives rise to a lower availability of quality services. The situation in the
800 MHz frequency band is a case in point of this fragmentation and underscores
Europe's inability, to date, to deploy precious spectrum for wireless internet
services (4G or LTE) in an efficient way. The time needed between the early and
late movers amongst EU Member States will likely reach as much as 6 years which
explains why certain leading smartphone manufacturers have decided not to equip
their devices with the necessary technology for it to serve in those bands in
Europe. 

3.3       Lack of pan-European
Virtual Network Access and Inputs (wholesale products which allow the provision
of services using the network of another operator) with consistent service
interoperability levels

The slowness of companies and regulators to
embrace the internet revolution has put the EU at a significant disadvantage. There
is a consistent lack of interoperable, cross-border wholesale IP products which
allow for the provision of digital services not only telecommunications but
also innovative value added services such as online content, cloud, e-Health
applications or gaming services, using the network of another operator on a
cross-border or pan-European-wide basis. The possibility to provide such
services on a pan-European level creates opportunities for operators to develop
new business models and exploit new revenue streams.
As present, operators who wish to develop cross-border
offers and exploit pan-European business strategies, have difficulties finding
wholesale access inputs at consistent and appropriate quality and service
interoperability levels. Quite often, the relevant wholesale access products,
if available at all, require different processes and exhibit different
technical features in each Member State. As a consequence, integrating the
different inputs into a single cross-border service of consistent quality
raises costs or even makes the provision of some types of offers impossible.
This costly and time-consuming process deters cross-border and pan-European
strategies. 
A further obstacle to the Single Market is
the lack of products that
guarantee end-to-end quality of service at the IP level when networks interconnect
for achieving end-to-end communications (which should not be confused with the
IP interconnection market).  Such IP Interconnection products are needed in
order for telecoms providers to enable their clients to offer services with
guaranteed quality across different Internet network layers, such as for real-time
applications (e.g. video conferencing, e-health applications, e-procurement, online
trading or gaming). If the parameters for these products could be defined on a
common basis, this could provide an impulse for the development of offers on
commercial terms compliant with those common parameters and bring about a Single
Market for guaranteed quality online service provision in a relatively short
period of time. 
Most of the next generation network operators
and Internet service providers deploy and run networks based on the Internet
protocol (“all-IP networks”), but with a strong control at the borders of their
network (e.g. translation of format and change of addresses through IP gateways).
Typically TV distribution over a telecom network (IPTV), audio streaming
services, but also voice calls (when on-net) are services currently delivered
with managed quality of service. The paradox is that while operators use IP
(managed) guaranteed quality for their own services, they do not generally
offer them to third parties, or if at all they offer only limited versions. As
a consequence, a large part of the potential efficiency gains associated with
the shift to all IP are foregone and the development of innovative services
constrained.
One reason why appropriate service offers in
this area have not evolved is that the current fragmentation shields operators
from international (intra-EU and global) competition. This may explain why some
incumbent operators have reacted rather critically to ideas to ensure greater
consistency of virtual access and IP interconnection products, since such
consistency will likely trigger additional competitive forces.
Evidence supporting the seriousness of this
problem includes the conclusions of the CEO Round Table of July 2011, the
findings of the study into the cost of non-Europe in electronic communications cited
above, a recent study by WIK for ECTA and INTUG on international business
communications services, and a series of bilateral meetings with stakeholders.

3. 4.     Evidence of market
fragmentation on consumer interests: high costs of roaming and international
calls, blocking or throttling of services and uneven levels of consumer
protection. 

Many consumers in the EU directly experience
the lack of a Single Telecoms Market and the costs of market fragmentation. The
connected car of the future risks not working in an environment with high
roaming costs, the same applies for the personal health network or the virtual
reality tools of the future. Innovation in the EU is hampered by high roaming
charges. 
International roaming charges are probably the most visible example of an unfinished Single
Market. While successive Roaming Regulations have brought tangible benefits to
consumers in the form of price reductions for voice and SMS roaming services,
and more recently for data communications, roaming charges continue to be an
important cost to citizens and businesses and, as such, constitute an important
impediment to mobility within the Single Market. Many Europeans avoid, or
curtail usage of their mobile phones, navigation services when travelling
outside of their home Member State in order to avoid incurring mobile roaming
charges[22]. 
The Roaming III Regulation, adopted in 2012,
introduces the possibility for "decoupling" which allows customers to
contract with separate roaming providers. This will inject greater competition
into the market but is not expected of its own to create a situation where
customers can confidently replicate their consumption behavior in their home
Member State when travelling abroad (also referred to as "Roam Like at
Home" or RLAH). 
Of a similar nature,
consumers are still confronted with the impact of borders when they make international
calls within the European Union. It can sometimes
be up to five times more expensive to call between cities in different Member
States when the distance is, say, 100 kilometers than it is to call between two
cities in the same Member State when the distance can be many hundreds of
kilometers. Current EU rules however do not address the issue of unjustified
costs for calls which involve a cross-border element, such as international
calls within the Union. As a result, rates that consumers are charged are often
multiples of national rates while technically the difference in the cost of
provision can be marginal.
To date many consumers are not always in a
position to access and distribute information or run applications and services
of their choice over the Internet. Any limitations to access to the Open
Internet can impact on end-users' freedom of expression and the way in
which they can receive and impart information. Although operators need to
manage Internet traffic in order to ensure the proper functioning of the networks
(including managing network congestion, security threats, etc.), there are many
instances when unjustified blocking and throttling occurs. 
According to a major 2012 BEREC Internet
traffic management investigation[23], access restrictions due to traffic management measures are
relatively frequent and affect a significant number of mobile and fixed
end-users in most Member States. The blocking and throttling of P2P and VoIP is
the most common example: over 21% of Internet access subscribers are affected by
fixed P2P and mobile VoIP restrictions and over 36% by mobile P2P restrictions.
Deliberate blocking or slowing down of
traffic, in particular the service of a competitor is anti-competitive. The
risk that any service can be blocked or throttled creates uncertainty which may
impact negatively on innovation and growth. Indeed, web entrepreneurs and
start-up's for example in the content or applications field would not likely
invest in new ventures in Europe if such risk were perceived to be real. 
Absent clear and predictable rules at EU
level, some EU Member States have begun to adopt their own approaches regarding
traffic management practices (often referred to as 'net neutrality').
Regulatory measures have been developed at national level ranging from non-binding
instruments (self-regulatory measures in the United Kingdom and Denmark) and
more elaborated guidelines (NRA guidance in France) to the enactment of
specific legislation on net neutrality (the Netherlands and Slovenia).
Additionally, Germany is planning to adopt legislative proposals in the near
future. Several initiatives have been announced or are under preparation in
other Member States. This could result in further fragmentation of the Single
Market that significantly complicates the integrated management of
multi-territorial networks.
At the same time, regulatory diversity and
rigid rules may make it difficult or even impossible for Internet Service
Providers (ISPs) to offer specialised services to businesses who would need
specific guarantees to develop successful products to particular types of
customers such as in e-health (e.g. distant health monitoring),
video-conferencing, ultra-high definition quality content, stock trading or
gaming which require higher delivery standards (notably with regard to latency
and jitter) than "best efforts" Internet. If European operators would
have legal guarantees that they could offer such high-quality products, whilst
ensuring "best efforts" Internet for all other traffic, this could
spur new business models and also give them greater leverage in negotiating
agreements with so-called 'Over The Top' (OTT) providers. 
The current EU regulatory framework provides
for sector-specific consumer protection for users of electronic communications
services. A number of the EU provisions in this context have an enabling
character and the telecoms consumer rules in general are considered a set of
minimum harmonisation measures. This means that EU consumer protection rules
in telecommunications are implemented with varying levels of detail, focus and
impact at national level. As a result electronic communication service
providers wishing to operate across borders face a wide variety of diverging
national consumer protection rules which leads to a fragmented Single Market. The
same goes for consumers wishing to contract services abroad. 
Transparency is an essential part of consumer
empowerment. As stated by BEREC, "to date end-users in Europe have
reportedly met repeated difficulties in identifying and understanding the characteristics
of offers, in particular for access to Internet. In this context, improving
transparency is an obvious necessity"[24]. As operators are often not sufficiently transparent, end-users are
not able to clearly understand the characteristics of the products and to make
a well-informed choice. This lack of transparency exists for traffic management
practices as well as for quality of service. This is confirmed by findings of a
DG SANCO study regarding the transparency of offers provided by ISPs on their
websites[25]. Indeed, 94% of respondents consider that ISPs do not provide
information on their website on blocking/throttling of specific applications or
services. 
According to a recent Eurobarometer survey[26], nearly six out of ten respondents (57%) are not aware of their
Internet connection maximum download speed. In this context, there are also
important discrepancies between advertised speeds and actual speeds. Findings
of a Commission study conducted by Samknows[27]
show that there can be a significant difference between advertised speeds and
actual speed on fixed networks. On average, EU
consumers receive 74% of the advertised headline speed they have contracted
for. xDSL based services achieved only 63.3% of the advertised headline
download speed, compared to 91.4% for cable and 84.4% for FTTx (including
VDSL). 
An important element of consumer protection
is the possibility to switch providers easily. It is also an important
condition for enabling competition. In practice many barriers to switching
exist and there are many differences in national rules on switching. This issue
is closely linked to the rules on transparency. As BEREC has highlighted, the
effectiveness of transparency measures crucially depends on the ability of the
customer to switch to another ISP when s/he is not satisfied with the service
provided (i.e. the competitiveness of the end-user market). This depends on the
availability of alternatives which meet consumer demand. The public
consultation on specific aspects of transparency, traffic management and
switching in an open Internet revealed that improved transparency and easier
switching are considered very important by citizens.
Contracts are an important element relevant
to switching, as restrictive contractual terms and conditions can be one of the
main barriers to switching. In the BEREC report on best practices to facilitate
consumer switching, some of the main obstacles to switching identified by NRAs
were: contractual issues (in particular restrictive terms and conditions e.g.
early termination charges), lack of consumer information (especially regarding
pricing structures and the implications of switching), technical issues (such
as process deficiencies in the switching process particularly for
Internet/broadband and bundles) and other obstacles, such as lack of
one-stop-shops, abuse or delay of the switching process by the operators. There
is also a lack of clarity on the switching and contract rules regarding
bundles. For example, in some jurisdictions contracts are extended tacitly (by
up to one year) after the expiry of the initial contract period, without any
advance notice, sometimes on the basis of the ISP’s general terms and
conditions. There is however no justification to require a customer to stay
with the provider after the initial contract period is over. Such practices
reduce considerably the effective “time window” for end-users to switch or for
competing ISPs to “lure away” end-users with attractive offers.
As to the switching costs that consumers
face, according to the study "The Functioning of the Market for Internet
Access and Provision from a Consumer Perspective", on average, respondents
in EU Member States spent 2.5 hours of personal time on the switching process,
ranging from less than 1 hour (25%) to more than 10 hours (3%). This includes
"the initial search for new providers, comparing offers, contacting the
new provider, signing the contract and installing new equipment". Although
only 10% of consumer survey respondents found it difficult to switch, "almost
half (44%) say they experienced problems of some kinds when switching",
thus corroborating BEREC's assessment of the switching process. The study finds
that "for the EU the average financial (time) cost associated with
switching provider is €31.9 per household, assuming the switching efforts are
made during work time, and €9.6 if they are made in leisure time".
4.         MANIFESTATION OF THE IDENTIFIED
PROBLEMS AND STAKEHOLDERS AFFECTED
4.1.      Single Market fragmentation affecting ICT user industries
The lack of a genuine Single Telecoms Market
affects all companies both large multinationals and SMEs. Business users face
obstacles in sourcing telecoms services and connectivity solutions from a
single supplier and with consistent quality. This increases transaction costs,
impedes the use of business-critical multi-site applications and undermines the
efficient design of value chains with detrimental effects on productivity. In a
fully-fledged Single Market, one of the crucial strengths of European
integration should be the ability of businesses to locate their operations in
all areas of the EU so as to realise a maximum amount of benefits from regional
specialisation patterns and factor endowments. A strategy that efficiently
organises the value chain this way will typically induce companies to spread
production and workflow process across multiple sites and countries throughout
the EU (as depicted in Figure 4).
Figure 4 –
Structure of Multi-Site/Multi-National Business Operations
Source: WIK, taken
from BT et al.
Telecommunication services that ensure
seamless exchange of information between all sites become truly vital.
According to WIK[28], the value of telecommunication services and products supplied to
multi-site/multi-national corporations (MSC/MNC) accounts for 28% of the
European telecommunications market. Companies are however rarely able to find
solutions that meet their needs (see Figure 5).
Figure 5 –
Difficulties with Sourcing Fit-for-Purpose MCS/MNC Solutions
Source: WIK
Likewise, only a minority of respondents in
the survey was able to find several suppliers with almost half reporting that
they were rarely able to find more than one or two suppliers (see Figure 6).
Figure 6 –
Experience with Obtaining Multiple Offers for MCS/MNC
Source: WIK
As noted in a
paper prepared by DG ECFIN earlier this year[29], different dispersion measures (price disparities generally above
100% and coefficients of variation over 30%) seem to confirm that significant
fragmentation still exists among national electronic communications markets. It
also appears that this fragmentation has not been significantly decreasing over
time. The paper argues that it is particularly striking that integration
remains limited also in highly regulated segments like roaming. Overall, the analysis
confirms that fragmentation can at least be partly attributed to the still
national orientation of sectoral regulation. At the same time price dispersion
within the EU is the result of many factors, including different cost levels
(of capital and labour inputs) and different purchasing power parity levels. The
current initiative is not seeking to address price dispersion per se but focuses
on removing artificial border effects, so that competitive entry and expansion
is facilitated on common terms, with likely indirect effects on price
divergence to the extent that it is in part due to non-competitive rents; while
also addressing directly a more limited example of divergence, namely where
disproportionate price differences relative to the domestic level arise from
the mere fact that communications cross borders (i.e. international calls,
roaming).
Large and small companies are equally likely to benefit
from cloud services which allow them to quickly adapt their ICT capabilities to
business performance. Such services may be adversely affected, for example by
the lack of assured end- to- end quality of service in a fragmented market or
high costs of connecting to the cloud resources from across a border or on the
move.
Products themselves are also becoming
increasingly connected: e.g connected elevators that call for assistance
through the Internet or connected appliances (e.g. domestic sensor systems,
alarms, energy monitors) that can be operated from a distance. Industry sources
expect 25 billion devices to be connected to the Internet by 2015 and
50 billion by 2020 (Figure 7).
Figure 7 – Number
of Connected Devices
Source: Cisco
Internet Business Solutions Group (Cisco ISBG), April 2011
All these products need to have ensured
access to a network. This is much easier to achieve for a manufacturer or a
retailer in the US or China where a contract with a single operator opens up
immediate access to a large market (e.g. AT&T's "Digital Life"
portfolio of services offered across its network). This is not the case in
Europe. The effect goes beyond this being a problem of lack of scale for many telecom
operators in Europe making it difficult to develop such integrated, innovative
service portfolios. For example, connected cars, which are expected to come
onto the market before the end of this year. While a connected car crosses
borders without any difficulty, its continuous connectivity requires multiple
agreements with service providers in different Member States (since no single
operator covers the whole EU territory) offering different products with
different quality of service. The result may be inflated costs related to data
roaming across networks, lock-in since changing of supplier(s) will be
complicated and costly and, in a worst case scenario, even interruption of
service. The complexity and additional costs of seamless connectivity for
connected cars puts European automobile manufacturers at a competitive disadvantage.
Also, organising supply chains across the EU
is challenging if connectivity cannot be ensured or only at higher charges.
This is the case for example for equipment with in-built SIM cards (such as GPS
or other mobile devices). If suppliers want to ship such equipment to other
Member States to meet demand, this will involve significant extra costs.
There are numerous other examples of how the
lack of a Single Telecoms Market is an impediment to innovative services across
sectors. Distribution and logistics sectors are likely to benefit from the
positive effects on productivity of machine to machine (M2M) communications
provided a Single Market is in place to underpin the connectivity and foster
access to numbering resources. Health equipment such as a connected heart
monitors requires a constant and reliable network connection wherever the user
is located in Europe. And so on.
The EU's trading partners are already
exploiting this potential. The ICT sector and the wider internet economy in the
US, Asia and some emerging countries is booming and driving growth and jobs
across the entire economic value chain. It is estimated that between 2010 and
2016 growth in the European ICT sector will only reach 0,3% compared to 15% in
the US, 26% in Asia and 57% in Africa[30]. The EU share of the digital value chain is smaller but that does
not diminish the importance of telecommunications inputs for the EU economy at
large. 

4.2.      Single Market fragmentation affecting European
consumers

The consumer's place of residence still
plays a significant role in the quality of the level of consumer protection
received and in the choice of services available. 
In many cases consumers are served on
different terms or are prevented from using certain services abroad or from providers
elsewhere in the EU for reasons related to the existence of national borders. 
Obvious examples of an unfinished Single Telecoms
Market such as roaming and differences between costs of local and international
calls reduce consumer demand. Fragmentation resulting from different levels of
consumer protection (for example, regarding price transparency, quality of
service and switching) restricts consumer choice. Rules also tend to be too
complicated for the average consumer. Complex contracts make comparisons,
particularly on a cross-border basis, difficult if not impossible. 
Prices for most basic communication services
such as fixed line broadband subscriptions or mobile voice calls are often
lower in the EU than in comparable countries. Price reductions as a result of
competitive pressure have generated considerable benefits for consumers and
produced overall net welfare gains. 
However, from the perspective of consumers,
the current patchwork of rules and national markets in the EU has also
perpetuated certain tendencies. For example, there are still considerable
variations in mobile voice prices among Member States, which cannot be
justified by underlying national circumstances alone (e.g. different cost
structures and/or purchasing power). Average revenue per minute for mobile
voice stood at above €14cents in the Netherlands and Luxembourg but was well
below €3 cents in Lithuania and Romania.[31] Similar discrepancies are confirmed by newly released OECD data.[32]
Figure 8 – High
Differences between Price Levels in the EU
Source: Digital
Agenda Scoreboard 2013
In particular, in a Single Telecoms Market, both
roaming and international call prices[33] should gradually approach national rates. In particular for data
roaming, however, the difference between domestic and roaming rates remains
very high. The effective data roaming rates are lower than regulated caps and
were in the region of €0.58 per MB on average at the EU level at the beginning
of 2013. The domestic average price for data roaming is around €0.01 per MB[34]. The average
spending on mobile data in Europe is €8.30 per month, which would allow for just
over 14 MB of data roaming as opposed to the average domestic use of 250MB in
the UK currently. It is clear that in particular in data roaming, such current
pricing substantially reduces usage (i.e. there appears to be substantially
greater price elasticity than for voice calls). There is thus far little sign
of competitive downward pressure to close the gap between national and
international roaming prices.
Currently international call prices are not
regulated, and the base prices tend to be higher than roaming prices despite
the fact that roaming when using the networks of others definitely entails
higher costs for the operator, and such international communication prices are
even increasing in some markets. Examples are provided in Annex VIII. The
additional costs for an international call are limited and will diminish
further in the current shift to Internet based services (in an 'all-IP' world)
and given the increasingly widespread use of smartphones. It is possible that
outstanding very high price levels in this segment are untouched by, if not
even underpinned by, greater competition for certain customer segments – from
VOIP or comprehensive bundled packages including international minutes to at
least significant destination countries for communications traffic – because
customers who do not benefit from such offers are identifiable as susceptible
to pay such higher charges.
Different
cost profiles also affect other segments of the market (see figure 9).
Figure 9 – Price
Disparities in Various Electronic Communication Segments
 Source: European Commission[35]
Table 3 – Examples of
Prices of International Mobile Calls for Different Operators (per minute)
 Country || Operator || Price of International Mobile Calls 
 Portugal || Vodafone || €0.465 
 Spain || Movistar || €0.65 
 Italy || TIM || €0.35 
 France || Orange || €0.35 
 Belgium || Belgacom || €0.97 
 UK || Vodafone || €1.19 
 Germany || T-mobile || €0.48 
 Germany || O2 || €0.75 
 Hungary || Telenor || €0.35 
Source: Operator
websites
For wireless communications, fragmented
market structures, competition within markets, and the modest size of European
operators have led to limited exploitation of economies of scale. As a result,
European operators have been investing less in network and services upgrades
relative to other industrialised regions of the world. Whereas in Europe
wireless CAPEX in 2012 exceeded its 2002 level by around 28%, in the US and
Canada spending was more than 60% above 2002 levels (Figure 1). As a result,
many European consumers have access to networks and services with lower
characteristics particularly for wireless communications.
The EU also lags behind with respect to
the actual speeds in use (Figure 10). A qualitative assessment suggests that
lower EU high speed penetration is at least to some extent attributable to
insufficient/lower coverage.
Figure 10 – Average Delivered Broadband Speed (Mbps)
Source: Sanford C. Bernstein, based on
Bernstein Analysis and ITU
The situation is similar in wireless where,
to date, mainly as a result of delayed LTE roll-out, the speed of high-end
mobile data connections in Europe is lower than in the US[36]. European LTE/4G networks are estimated to cover just under 30% of
the European population whereas in the US the largest two operators Verizon and
AT&T cover around 90% and 60% of the population with 4G, respectively
(Figure 11). 
Figure 11 – US
vs. Europe 4G Population Coverage
 Source: Sanford C. Bernstein, based on
company reports, Eurostat, US Census Bureau & Bernstein Analysis
The quality of broadband also presents a
fragmented picture (Figure 12), meaning that users access different speeds in
different countries. This is mainly due to fragmentation in terms of
technologies across countries and to different degrees of competition. 
Figure 12 –Fixed broadband lines by speed
Source:
Communications Committee

4.3.      Single
Market fragmentation affecting telecom operators

The telecommunications sector consists of
fixed incumbent operators and their challengers often relying on wholesale
access to networks for their services, cable operators that have built their
strength around content delivery but now compete head to head with the more
traditional players, mobile operators and satellite platforms. 
The sector has, as a whole, witnessed
strong price competition over the last years and limited innovation. The
previously cited analysis by DG ECFIN[37], notes that the national orientation of the current framework may
have contributed to "inconsistencies in its implementation" including
as regards market analysis and remedies "thereby forcing multi-country
operators to duplicate costs and limiting opportunities to realise economies of
scale". Similarly the lack of standardised wholesale offers fit for
multinational corporations increases the operating costs for such operators.
The resulting regulatory uncertainty contributes to making markets "less
attractive for entry and reduces incentives to invest, especially in riskier
new generation access networks". Annex IV presents the state of the
electronic communications markets in more detail.
Figure 13 – Global Fixed Traffic 2010-2018
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report Nov 2012
Business models in Europe are still largely
based on (declining) voice revenue; operators have not yet managed to successfully
monetise the growing demand for data (see Figure 17 on data traffic below).
Despite competition from global content and applications providers (e.g. Skype,
What'sApp) that have disrupted traditional services of telecom operators, there
has so far been limited differentiation of products or few new services which
in other parts of the world have helped increase revenues even as voice has
become a commodity which operators increasingly offer for 'free' as part of
packages. The fragmentation of the legal framework related to sector-specific
consumer protection rules increases compliance costs for business wishing to
offer services cross-border, which in turn is a disincentive to international
expansion and cross-border provision of services.
More competition and access to a larger
market can be expected to spur such innovation and new business models. This can
help grow the size of the overall 'pie' and enable revenues to rise as many consumers
would likely be willing to pay more for more and better-quality services,
particularly those tailored to their needs and 'lifestyle' choices[38].
Fixed networks
The telecoms sector and in particular the
fixed segment in Europe is not performing well in comparison with other
regions. The European telecoms market is characterised by stagnation in terms
of revenue and investment. In global capital markets, institutional investors
play a crucial role and their confidence in European markets has been eroding
as European operators underperformed compared to their peers in other parts of
the world (figure 14). While the level of investment is influenced by a number
of factors including the health of the economy, regulation, compliance costs and
legal certainty are all important factors in the assessment of possible returns
on investment, particularly as investments in next generation infrastructure
tend to be expensive and are typically earned back only over a longer period of
time.
Figure 14 – Telecom Service Providers
Performance (Total Return)
Source: HSBC 
Figure 15 – Net Debt/EBITDA
Source: HSBC
European companies are also highly
indebted in comparison to their peers (Figure 15). 
While fixed line investment per capita was
flat both in Europe and the US for most of the past decade, spending levels in
the US and Canada are currently about two to three times as high as in Europe. 
According to HSBC, over the period 2006 –
2012, domestic investments of EU incumbents as measured by CAPEX to sales
lagged those of larger network operators in other developed economies such as
the US, Japan or Korea (figure 16). 
Figure 16 - Domestic Capex/Sales of EU Incumbents vs International
(2006-12)
Source: HSBC
Cable
Cable is currently the strongest performer in
the EU telecom sector. Despite a few larger players and notably one operator
with presence in some ten Member States, the European cable industry is
very fragmented with more than 1500 operators serving the market. Scale matters
in this industry as bigger players have more negotiating power in acquiring
content and end-user equipment (routers, set-top boxes). Cable networks cover
mainly densely populated areas and are not generally extending their network
footprint. However, they have been able to successfully build on their TV
customer base and upgrade their Internet services to very high speed. Much of
the original legacy infrastructure investment has been written off, and the
additional cost of upgrading to ultra-high speeds is much more limited for
cable (Docsis 3 technology) than it is for traditional fixed networks. 
Despite their relative strength, and lighter
access regulation, cable operators are generally running separate national
operations rather than offering integrated services from a single headquarters
base in Europe. This illustrates the fragmentation of the European market and
the difficulty for even a large single company to deal with the variety of
rules, conditions and national specificities from one place in Europe. 
Mobile
Mobile data traffic is increased very much in
EU as in the rest of the world but average data consumption per user is very
low compared to US. The fragmentation in Europe with twenty-eight spectrum
authorities, twenty-eight sets of access rules and frequency assignment
conditions is a barrier to integrated cross-border provision of mobile
services. Different sets of consumer protection rules equally stand in the way
of the efficiencies of a larger market. The difficulty for consumers from
outside a Member State to access services, due to excessive roaming tariffs
particularly in data, creates disincentives for operators to offer services
outside their home border and at times might even provide incentives to reap
benefits from higher tariffs in less competitive markets. Business models have
not yet fully caught up with the trend of massively increasing mobile data
traffic (see figure 17) and given competitive pressure, revenues have steadily
declined. 
Mobile data traffic has exploded over the
last years while mobile voice has increased very moderately.
Figure 17 – Global Total Traffic in Mobile Networks, 2007-2012
Source: Ericsson Mobility Report Nov 2012
Satellite
Satellite holds the smallest segment of the
telecom market. While satellite services cover large parts of Europe, they have
generally not been able to offer cross-EU services without a presence in the
Member State. The current general authorisation requirements are one of the
reasons. Even where there is no need for any uplink equipment in a Member
State, satellite operators are usually required to notify and to fulfill the
relevant associated obligations. National conditions may sometimes prove
burdensome and there is a great variety of rules and levels of applicable fees
which fragment the Single Market.

4.4         Single
Market fragmentation affecting telecoms equipment and device manufacturers

The weak performance of the European telecom
industry affect the wider digital eco-system including content and application
providers which depend on connectivity and notably Europe’s equipment
manufacturers (see figure 18).
Figure 18 – Telecom Equipment Providers’ Performance (Total Returns)
Source: HSBC
The global success of GSM was a time of
leadership for European equipment manufacturers. Since then their overall
performance has weakened. They face strong competition from abroad while demand
in their domestic market is stagnating. Therefore, for Europe's equipment
manufacturers to be successful, Europe needs a growing and vibrant EU telecom
market. If the current stagnation continues their position within the EU
economy will come under threat and
further job losses cannot be excluded. 
European equipment manufacturers are looking
for the scale of a larger market. At present they are not able to benefit from
efficiencies when rolling out new high speed networks such as LTE. The lack of
a strong home market with harmonised rules drives up costs for device
manufacturers given that they need to adapt their devices to different
regulatory conditions or spectrum bands. The EU
manufacturing sector can significantly profit from two major innovations:
1- the integration of the core and service
delivery network using the internet protocol phasing out outdated technologies;
2- the deployment of wireless broadband
networks through the use of small cell technology.
              5        Justification for EU Action

5.1.      Single Market Perspective and
Subsidiarity 

The current patchwork of national rules, and their divergent
implementation, creates barriers to the provision of electronic communication
services on a cross-border basis and the operation of networks across the EU,
thereby impinging on the freedom to provide services and the freedom of establishment,
which are guaranteed under EU law. These obstacles therefore have a direct
effect on the effective functioning of the Single Market[39].  Member States neither have the competence, the ability nor the
incentive to change the current regulatory landscape to achieve an effective
Telecoms Single Market. 
Measures at EU level are needed to tackle the
underlying cause of the problem by enabling operators to benefit from
harmonised procedures and access inputs in order to provide services on a
pan-European basis. Measures at EU level would also lead to a reduction of
administrative and regulatory burden, more harmonised consumer protection rules
at a high level and a wider choice for users. 
The principle of subsidiarity is respected as
EU intervention will be limited to cases that enable operators who so wish to
carry out their activities on a pan-EU dimension, and offer consumers who so
wish wider choice of services provided on a cross-border basis on the basis of
a high level of protection. 
At the same time, the EU measures foreseen
will not limit the national margin of policy assessment more than is necessary
to achieve Single Market goals. For example, enhanced Commission powers to
review ex ante remedies under Article 7a of the Framework Directive can be
limited to those addressed to telecoms operators active in more than one Member
State, whose need for convergent regulation as a basis for integrated
commercial and technical decision-making is greatest. It also preserves Member
State freedom in determining whether European virtual access products would be
suitable to resolve local competitive problems.
In the field of spectrum, revenues levied from spectrum assignments will
remain with the Member State concerned. Moreover, while it may be necessary to harmonise certain aspects of assignment
procedures, such as the timing and duration of licences, in order to gradually
establish a European licensing cycle, other assignment conditions may be
suitably addressed through a framework of EU decision-making criteria to be
applied by national spectrum authorities, subject to an EU review period in
which the spectrum authorities of the Member States as a whole retain
significant influence through comitology. 
As regards authorization of ECS providers,
virtually all supervision and enforcement powers can remain with host country
authorities, who may be better placed for fact-finding, etc., with only the
power of suspension or withdrawal of authorization retained for all countries
of operation by the authorities of the home Member State. While European electronic communications
providers will be able to operate across the Union due to a single notification
to their home Members State, regulatory obligations inherently linked to the
place where a network is located or a service is provided remain to be decided
by the national regulator of that Member State, subject to the EU-level
coordination mechanisms in place. 
The Commission would
in the various fields take utmost account of the views of national authorities
assembled in BEREC and the Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG). Certain
sensitivities, e.g. from local authorities, can also be anticipated regarding
provisions to lighten administrative burdens on deployment of dense networks of
low-power wireless access points, as have also been expressed regarding the provisions
on permits in the draft Regulation on reducing the cost of broadband
deployment. These can be addressed through the setting of very prudent
parameters such as on the power of emissions, well below general EU guidance,
and by leaving scope for additional national or regional criteria of general
character, which thus do not need to be applied through individual permitting
procedures for each deployment.
The imposition of
European virtual access products remains with the national regulatory authority
of the Member State where the network is located, following a market analysis
based on the existing framework; harmonisation of virtual access products uses
the same mechanism as for physical wholesale access products foreseen already
under the existing framework.
The full harmonisation
which is envisaged in respect of sector-specific end-user protection rules is
in keeping with a broader tendency in EU consumer protection in recent years;
it is pitched at a high level of protection in order to respect as much as
possible the choices of Member States which have up to now chosen to go beyond
the minimum or facultative provisions of the Universal Service Directive; and
the overall gains in both end-user protection and alignment of business
conditions for operators justify such a harmonising step.

5.2.      Proportionality

EU action will be limited to what is necessary to achieve the
objectives identified. Measures will focus on tackling concrete bottlenecks to
the Single Market and the intervention will make the least necessary amendments
to the existing regulatory framework. 
This Impact Assessment also responds to the
question whether it is necessary, and thus whether it would be consistent with
the subsidiarity and proportionality principles, to envisage far-reaching
changes to governance or shifting competences to the European level e.g.
through a central EU regulator. 
The concrete solutions will enable the
relevant stakeholders to exploit synergies of a large Single Market and reduce
inefficiencies in their operations and investments. The burden that the
intervention would be placing on Member States and stakeholders, in any event,
is more than outweighed by the significant benefits in terms of permanent
economic efficiency gains and consumer welfare deriving from the realisation of
the Single Market for telecommunications as described in Chapter 8.

5.3       Legal Basis

Art. 114 TFEU[40] is the legal basis for measures adopted in accordance with the
ordinary legislative procedure with the aim of establishing or ensuring the
functioning of the internal market as foreseen in Art. 26 TFEU. The internal
market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free
movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with
the provisions of the Treaties.
As confirmed by the case
law of the European Courts, Art. 114 confers on the EU legislature discretion,
depending on the general context and the specific circumstances of the matter
to be harmonised, as regards the harmonisation technique most appropriate for
achieving the desired result, in particular in fields which are characterised
by complex technical features[41].
              6.       Objectives

6.1       General Objective

The general objective is to complete the Single
Market for electronic communication services[42] to ensure that: 
-      citizens and
businesses have the right to access electronic
communications services irrespective of from where they are provided in the
Union, without being hampered by cross-border restrictions and unjustified
additional costs;
-      providers of
electronic communications services and networks have
the right to operate their networks and provide services irrespective of where
the company is established or its customers are situated in the Union. 
The initiative aims at unleashing the
growth potential that can be generated through a Single Market for
telecommunications to the benefit of the entire EU economy. To this effect, it
aims to inject greater dynamism into the telecommunications sector by
facilitating cross-border expansion, reducing administrative burdens and
ensuring greater legal certainty, promoting competition and helping to spur
innovation in the form of new innovative products and services and the
emergence of new business models. On the demand side, providing for a high
harmonized level of consumer protection and removal of obstacles such as
excessive roaming tariffs and charges for international calls that cannot be
objectively justified, and putting an end to blocking and throttling of
particular services should contribute to generating greater consumer confidence
and stimulating demand.
The combined effect of measures to achieve a Single
Market should be to contribute to transforming the sector from one in
contraction to growth, increasing competition, promoting innovative services,
consumer choice and quality of service. While certain component elements may
have a short-term effect on telecom operators' revenues, these provisions are
part of a wider aim to shift the sector from declining business models which
are excessively focused on preserving rents within national markets, to a
growth model. Greater returns on investments stimulating the roll-out of next
generation networks may be an indirect consequence of the initiative. Availability
of high speed networks and new services across the EU should potentially promote
substantive positive spill-over effects on the European economy as a whole.
This could set in train a positive virtual cycle whereby growth in demand
supports fresh network investments which in turn spur demand for new services.
The general objective
can be achieved by means of a number of specific objectives, defined below.
Table 4 – Problem
Drivers and Objectives
 Problem || General Objective || 
 Regulatory fragmentation in Europe's electronic communication markets which reduces growth, competition, investments, innovation and consumer choice || Create a Single Market for electronic communication services, with the aim of fostering growth, competition, investment, innovation, better services and greater choice for consumers || 
 Policy Areas (PA) || Specific Objectives || 
 PA1 || National authorisation regimes and inconsistency in regulation for cross-border services || SO1 || Enabling unrestricted EU-wide provision of service by removing obstacles in the authorization regime and as regards rules applicable to service provision || 
 PA2 || Lack of coordination in spectrum assignment resulting in major divergencies, making pan-European strategies for mobile operators virtually impossible to implement || SO2 || Ensuring greater consistency in spectrum assignment and deployment conditions in order to allow wireless broadband operators to access spectrum across the EU on the basis of predictable rules and coordinated conditions   
 PA3 || Lack of pan-European virtual network access and inputs with consistent service interoperability levels is an obstacle to pan-European service provision, particularly in the business-to-business market || SO3 || Ensure consistent European wholesale inputs to enable electronic communication service providers to offer their services across the Single Market 
 PA4 || Fragmentation of consumer rights and lack of a European consumer space deters cross-border consumption of services and restricts choice || SO4 || Enable consumers to freely enjoy electronic communication services seamlessly across the Union, and establish a common high level of protection to the benefit of both consumers and cross-border telecoms undertakings, providing the necessary legal certainty to develop new services and business models 

6.2       Specific Objectives

The specific objectives are interlinked and
should enable the provision and consumption of telecommunications services
across national borders throughout the EU.

6.2.1    Specific Objective 1

Enabling
unrestricted EU-wide provision of service by removing obstacles in the
authorisation regime and as regards rules applicable to service provision.
The objective
is to enable operators to provide electronic communications networks and
services across the EU without being restricted by the need to obtain separate
national authorisations in each Member State and, to the extent possible,
without being hampered by fragmented sector specific rules as regards service
provision. The objective is also to foster consistency of network-related
remedies with the functioning of the Single Market. Achieving the objective
would therefore streamline applicable rules and significantly reduce the costs
of regulatory fragmentation contributing to the achievement of the general
objective 

6.2.2    Specific Objective 2

Ensuring
greater consistency in spectrum assignment and deployment conditions in order
to allow wireless broadband operators to access spectrum across the EU on the
basis of predictable rules and coordinated conditions.
The objective is to ensure closer
coordination of spectrum assignment for mobile/wireless services, in particular
to align timing and specific authorisation conditions, so operators can more
easily organise pan-European activities within a predictable legal framework,
while also promoting convergence as regards the substantive conditions under
which spectrum assignments are granted and wireless broadband network
deployments can take place. Revenue generated from spectrum auctions/sales
should remain with Member States. 

6.2.3    Specific Objective 3

Ensure consistent European wholesale inputs
to enable electronic communication service providers to offer their services
across the Single Market.
The objective is to ensure that providers
have access to consistent inputs allowing them to provide their services across
borders. In particular providers should be able to access common EU-wide
(virtual) access products for fixed networks, meeting the needs currently
met respectively by varying national bitstream access products, and by varying
national virtual access products emulating the functionalities of physical
unbundling of passive infrastructures, which SMP operators are required to
provide. This would also relate to the provision between electronic
communications undertakings of guaranteed quality IP-based interconnection and
Ethernet leased line products according to common EU-wide parameters. This
would resolve the problem of a high degree of variation of virtual inputs
between Member States, which frustrates the seamless provision of pan-European
services, particularly but not exclusively in the business-to-business market.

6.2.4    Specific Objective 4

Enable consumers to freely enjoy
electronic communication services seamlessly across the Union, and establish a
common high level of protection to the benefit of both consumers and cross-border
telecoms undertakings, providing the necessary legal certainty to develop new
services and business models.
The objective is to enable consumers to
purchase and enjoy electronic communication services wherever they wish in the
Union without restrictions of national borders with the quality required for
the service and according to their preference and with a high level of consumer
protection. Moreover, consumers should enjoy these services seamlessly across
national borders without unjustified cost depending on their actual location in
the Union (international roaming) or depending on the condition that the
communication source and destination are in different Members States
(international calls or messages). The freedom to
consume services, wherever located, would bring greater competition and choice
for the average telecoms user, citizen or business; while such a harmonisation
of varying sector-specific consumer-protection rules would also bring benefits
in terms of business and marketing planning for multi-country operators.
              7.       Policy
Options
This chapter presents the baseline scenario
which is the starting point in relation to the issues that the initiative is
aiming to improve and the three detailed policy options to create a Single Telecoms
Market for electronic communications, with the aim of fostering growth,
competition, investment, innovation, inclusion, better services and greater
choice for consumers. 
The options all aim to address each one of
the policy objectives defined in the previous chapter. Only those options which
deal with the totality of the problems identified are considered. 
The individual issues identified are related
to the elements necessary to provide electronic communications services and
networks on a pan-EU basis irrespective of where the provider is established
and whereby users have the right to
access these services without being hampered by cross-border restrictions or
unjustified additional costs. As each problem area is
linked to a specific element of the process, tackling these problems together
will result in a set of interlinked, coherent and mutually reinforcing actions.
It is therefore essential that any solution proposed to respond to the
identified issues covers all problem areas. Individually
addressing only selected identified issues would not be sufficient to establish
the preconditions of a Single Market. 
The three options are described in full in
this chapter and then assessed in Chapter 8. Detailed stakeholder views in
relation to the full set of concrete options proposed are not available however
this chapter should be read together with Annex I which present the positions
of key stakeholders on specific
elements. 
The three options only include measures
related to electronic communications services and networks and do not address
certain elements of the broader digital Single Market such as content or
e-commerce or online services. Furthermore the options do not address certain
issues which could contribute to establishing a genuine Single Telecoms Market
but which are primarily in the competence of Member States or international
organisations, notably numbering resources. The management
of national numbering plans is ensured by the national regulatory authorities,
subject to EU rules on granting the rights of use and rules concerning specific
harmonised numbers such as the single European number for emergency services
and harmonised numbers for harmonised services of social value. Moreover, in
order to ensure global functioning the numbering resources, decisions relating
to numbering, naming and addressing are taken at international organisations
and forums, in particular the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) and
the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
where the EU Member States are members. 
Any measures relating to creation of a
European numbering space would in practice require an allocation of a new
European international access code by the ITU. The allocation would have to be
preceded by a concerted effort on the part of the Member States to acquire such
a code, given that the Union is not a member of the ITU. The public
consultation on possible future EU harmonisation of numbering resources,
carried out by the Commission in 2011, did not demonstrate much support or
demand for such harmonisation. The process of applying for a new EU
international access code thus may be a lengthy one, taking up to several
years, and with an uncertain outcome. It is therefore considered appropriate at
this stage not to proceed with proposals related to European numbering space in
the context of this initiative. 

7.1       Baseline Scenario

The current situation, i.e. a continued
application of the regulatory framework for electronic communications as it
stands at the moment, constitutes the baseline scenario. Chapter 3 provides a
broad overview of the regulatory framework including an assessment of recently
reviewed elements (such as the 2012 review of the Roaming Regulation) and their
impact on the likely evolution of the problems identified. 

7.2       Option 1

Gradual regulatory harmonisation
fostering the integration of the Single
Market.
Under this option, all the identified problem
areas are addressed, over time, with the tools provided in the regulatory
framework for electronic communications and using the possibilities offered
under the Treaty (including issuing of non-binding recommendations under
Article TFEU 292). The regulatory framework provides in Article 19 of the
Framework Directive for the possibility in certain areas to issue specific
recommendations to harmonise the application of the provisions across the EU,
of which the national regulatory authorities must take utmost account, as well
as to adopt, under certain conditions, decisions to address inconsistent
implementation of general regulatory approaches by the national regulatory
authorities on ex ante regulation of electronic communications markets
throughout the Union. Moreover, the framework foresees the review of its
component parts at various intervals e.g. a review of the scope of Universal
Service in 2014 or the review of the Roaming Regulation in 2016.
Such gradual harmonisation would be
complemented by a reinforcement of coordination and cooperation measures such
as exchanges of best practices or voluntary commitments. As regards governance,
BEREC and its guidance would together with National Regulatory Authorities play
a role in fostering more regulatory consistency in the implementation of the
regulatory framework.
In particular, the specific objectives would
be addressed in the following manner:
The objective of enabling unrestricted
EU-wide provision of service by removing obstacles in the authorisation regime and as
regards rules applicable to service provision (SO1)
would be tackled by recommending, in cooperation with BEREC, the harmonisation
of the procedures for authorising operators in Member States.
The availability of consistent inputs in the
area of spectrum (SO2) could be addressed through the
implementation of the existing Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP)[43], Radio Spectrum Decision and through the issuing of guidance and a
continued important supporting policy convergence role for the Radio Spectrum
Policy Group (RSPG, a high-level group advising the Commission). In particular
this would imply making full use of the mandate with regard to coordination of
spectrum assignment conditions under the RSPP (Art.4.8) to "facilitate the
identification and sharing of best practices on authorisation conditions and
procedures". The Commission would promote informal discussions, such as
workshops, to guide Member States to implement consistent assignment
approaches. 
Common EU virtual access products (SO3)
would be met by recommending harmonisation of the provision of fixed inputs
through specific Recommendations on a case by case basis under the Article 7
procedure and potentially by a legislative amendment of the relevant Annex to
the Access Directive.
This option would address SO4 (enabling consumers to freely enjoy electronic communication services
seamlessly across the Union) by means of the review of
Universal Service provisions (and of the full Directive) scheduled for 2014.
The review would fully harmonise sector specific requirements with regard to
consumer protection in the EU and in particular set common rules with regard to
end user rights, transparency, contract information and termination, switching,
as well as quality of service. 
The issuing of Recommendations would provide
Member States and NRAs with more guidance on how to apply the regulatory framework
further fostering harmonisation. For example, a Recommendation on net
neutrality would be issued.
Moreover,
the need to create the conditions whereby end-users have the right to access
electronic communications services without being hampered by cross-border
restrictions or unjustified additional costs would be addressed by a review of
the functioning of the Roaming Regulation by mid-2016. As provided in Art.19 of
the Regulation, if structural measures have not been sufficient to promote
competition in the internal market for roaming services for the benefit of all
European consumers or if the differences between roaming tariffs and national
tariffs have not approached zero, the Commission would make appropriate
proposals to the European Parliament and the Council to address this situation
and thus achieve an internal market for mobile communication services,
ultimately with there being no difference between national and roaming tariffs.

7.3       Option 2

A single
legislative instrument complementing the regulatory framework with a view to
completing a Single Market for electronic communications supported by enhanced
EU coordination. 
This option would consist of a single legislative
instrument to establish the regulatory principles and detailed rules necessary
to complete a Single Market for electronic communications by tackling the
entire set of the four main bottlenecks hindering the achievement of the Single
Market. Such a measure would build on the principles of the existing regulatory
framework, amending it only where necessary, in order to create the conditions
for new cross-border electronic communications markets to develop at EU level.
In particular, the competition-law based principles of regulatory intervention
to address durable bottlenecks would remain intact. In order to ensure
consistent application of the rules in all Member States and timely
implementation, the most appropriate legal instrument would be a Regulation. Depending
on the progress with the legislative process, the Regulation could in principle
apply from 1 July 2014 save for the fully harmonised provisions with regard to
rights of end users and facilitating change of provider which could enter into
force by 2016 given that Member States would need some time to repeal
inconsistent national rules. The Regulation would be binding in its entirety
and directly applicable in all Member States. 
The specific elements of this option are
interlinked and should enable the provision and consumption of electronic
communications services across national borders throughout the EU. Once
operators have obtained EU wide authorisation through the single EU
notification they need the inputs necessary to provide these services. These
inputs include common fixed wholesale products and radio spectrum. As fixed and
mobile networks are increasingly converging both inputs have to be available.
Finally, harmonisation of consumer rules are needed both for efficient
cross-border service provision, but more importantly to give consumers
confidence in actually using services wherever they are in the EU.
The details of specific elements of the
legal instrument are as follows: 
·       
A single EU authorisation (SO1) for electronic communications operators providing services in more
than one Member State directly or via subsidiaries, ensuring their right to
provide services across the EU subject to the general authorisation in the home
Member State, which will be identified according to their main establishment.
This entails: a) a single notification system in the home Member State for
European electronic communications providers, some de minimis exemptions
from administrative charges and contributions to the universal service in the
host Member States for cross-border new entrants and/or SMEs with revenues
below certain thresholds and suspension or withdrawal of the single EU
authorization by the home NRA; b) full harmonisation of consumer protection
conditions provided for in this Regulation, such as rules on transparency,
contracts, non-discrimination of consumers, quality of service and traffic
management; and c) greater Commission power to review the consistency of SMP
remedies imposed on those European operators. 
During the public consultations, incumbent
operators have expressed interest in the single EU authorisation whilst new
entrants/access seekers fear this may lead to consolidation which they fear may
lead to reducing competition. Both were, however, concerned by the possible
complexity of a division of competences between home and host NRAs, which has
been reflected in a significant simplification relative to earlier projections.
Investors support the introduction of a single EU authorisation. In Council
some Member States expressed outright support for this measure whilst others
cautioned against it. Several Member States insisted that any such measure
should be designed in such a way as to avoid 'forum shopping', i.e. a
temptation for operators to move their place of establishment to jurisdictions
with the 'lightest' regulatory regime. However, it is not expected that telecom
companies will move their headquarters for the sake of obtaining simpler
authorization mechanisms, particularly as they are already operating on the
basis of existing national authorisations, end-user protection rules would in
any event be common throughout the Union, and ex ante regulation based on
market analysis and spectrum assignment would both continue to be applied,
within a strengthened European framework, by the national authorities of the
various Member States where networks are (intended to be) located. Moreover,
the identification of the home Member State for the purpose of the electronic
communications regulation does not impact on the need to comply with other
national requirements that may be applicable to operators by virtue of general
national legislation in compliance with EU law (such as tax or labour law), and
these are much stronger drivers of establishment decisions.
·       
To overcome fragmentation caused by the
inconsistent assignment timelines and conditions with regard to current
frequencies, a consistent and coordinated approach to spectrum assignment
would be proposed (SO2). In particular, multi-territorial investment
planning by mobile operators (or consortia of mobile operators) should be
enabled through the availability of licenses to unassigned bands across
different Member States within a pre-defined time window with more
consistent license conditions (license duration could be harmonised; other
key conditions such as block sizes, fees, transferability and sharing, network
sharing, territorial coverage would be subject to specific Union assessment
criteria). This approach would be extended over time to bands which are
currently assigned. These provisions would have very gradual effects, over many
years, largely dictated by the speed with which the Commission, acting with the
Member States under the Radio Spectrum Decision, identifies additional
harmonised spectrum for wireless broadband, and as current assignments of
harmonised bands come to the end of their term. Giving
the Commission and the other Member States the
possibility to comment on national draft measures and in cases of
incompatibility with Union law to require their withdrawal through comitology,
within strictly defined deadlines not exceeding 2 months and 8 months
respectively, would meet the objective of achieving consistency across the Single
Market, while recognising specific national circumstances that are best
assessed by the national spectrum authorities. Finally,
rights at EU level concerning the freedom to use Wi-Fi networks and deployment
of low-power small cells would be defined, in order to create a common EU
framework for these vital vectors for efficient and ubiquitous provision of
wireless broadband at an early stage of their development.
Whilst the specifics
of the proposed measures were not yet public when stakeholders were consulted,
all industry segments called for ambitious measures to reinforce EU
coordination on spectrum. All inputs received by telecom operator stress the
importance of the EU action and support the proposed measures.
In the Council debate
conducted on 6 June 2013, whilst there was generally support for the need for
closer coordination of national spectrum approaches, several Member States strongly
opposed any measures that would lead to centralising spectrum competencies or
setting up an EU (spectrum) regulator, which concern is reflected in the
details of this option. In the European Parliament, considerable support has
been expressed for a more coordinated European spectrum policy.
·       
The provision of harmonised inputs for
fixed networks (SO3) would involve the
availability and definition of common technical specifications for
interoperable European virtual broadband access products or pan-European inputs
such as virtual unbundling or bitstream access and enhanced
interface leased lines (in particular Ethernet leased lines for terminating
segments) allowing operators to offer pan-European services despite the
fragmentation of networks and the existence of localized dominant positions. In
addition, it is proposed to harmonise assured service quality (ASQ)
connectivity products for main classes of services (voice, audio/video and
data) based on common technical specifications for the quality of service
parameters so as to ensure end-to-end network and service interoperability in
all-IP environment. A requirement to provide European virtual broadband access
products would be part of the access remedies imposed on SMP network operators
by the NRAs. IP Interconnection products would be negotiated between different
operators on reasonable terms. For the first three types of access products
mentioned, variations of these are already often imposed by NRAs on SMP
operators in many Member States, but there is no consistency in the way that
the products are designed. With a harmonized product, access seekers that have
established a process for accessing a network in one country will be able to
apply the same model for entering a new market where the same, harmonized
product is available. The novelty in this case is thus harmonization to a high,
best practice standard. On the other hand, in the case of ASQ connectivity
product, this is a novel product that has not yet been imposed as proposed at
the national level.
Incumbents
favour virtual access products only if they would not lead to a multiplication
of regulated access remedies, and are critical of some of the features that
would enhance quality. Alternatives favour such products with high quality
guarantees, but are wary of VULA being seen as a general alternative to
physical unbundling. Business customers welcome choice and the possibility of
having an integrated provider across sites with high standards of provision.
The proposal remains committed to a high quality standard with full specification,
but has recognised that some demanding features (multicast) may be subject to
demand and to market conditions. That high quality for the Level 2 product
should in particular justify it being taken into consideration along with
physical and wave unbundling (where one or the other is possible) but the
proposal does not seek to dictate the NRAs' proportionality assessment in this
respect. The proposal is also designed to ensure that such European access
products replace rather than add to existing remedies, which could lead to
over-regulation relative to local market needs. These
measures have not given rise to comments neither in Council nor in the EP. Some
bilateral contacts with stakeholders have raised the concern that assured
service quality (ASQ) products would further disempower telecoms network
operators in the face of powerful online ("over-the-top") players,
but this is based on a misunderstanding of the function of such commercially
negotiated products as a means of exchanging and distributing high-quality
traffic by telecoms providers on the basis of their commercial contracts with
clients, which in fact represents a commercial opportunity.
·       
A single e-communications space for
end-users with a common high level of consumer protection (SO4) can be attained by ensuring: 1) non-discrimination and elimination
of unjustified price differentials based on the place of residence of Union
citizens; 2) full harmonisation of rules concerning contracts, transparency,
quality of service and traffic management (net neutrality); and 3) common
principles to make the switching process easier. 
More detail as to the contents of the
envisaged measures to achieve specific objective 4 is set out below.
1.         Elimination
of Price Differentials resulting from the inadequate functioning of the single
market
The presence of high price differentials for
consumers between charges for domestic calls and those for international calls
within the EU (including when consumers are "roaming" when abroad) is
a visible consequence of an unfinished Single Market. Fragmentation creates (high)
externality costs for operators when they make use of operators' networks in
other Member States (so-called 'off-net' use). Furthermore, low demand
inelasticity (given that "international" transactions are often only
a small share of overall communication services consumed) can explain why
market forces in themselves are unlikely to lead to the disappearance of
substantive price differentials.
The establishment of a Single Telecoms Market
and emergence of companies that will be able to offer services all over Europe should
lead naturally to a situation whereby customers of a pan-European company can
roam within that network without incurring additional costs. The concept that
is used to describe such situation is that of RLAH. Under RLAH customers pay the
same charges for traffic while roaming on a given network outside their home
country as they would pay when consuming such services on their home network
(so-called 'on-net' use).
The Roaming III Regulation already defines
the objective of the elimination of different charges between roaming and
national tariffs. This is one the benchmarks against which the impact of the
Regulation should be evaluated by mid-2016. One of the innovations of the
Roaming III Regulation concerns the legal requirement on operators to allow for
the separate sale of roaming services by alternative providers which is
expected to inject greater competition into the market and drive prices of
international roaming down. 
The objective of achieving a genuine
Single Telecoms Market, which was not under consideration when the Roaming III Regulation
was prepared and negotiated, has added fresh impetus to the achievement of the
above objective.  
Three sub-options can be considered in order
to spur the availability of RLAH:
·       
Sub-option a: establishing the Single Telecoms Market
and relying on a combination of the Roaming III Regulation and market forces;
·       
sub-option b: consistent with the Roaming III
Regulation, providing additional regulatory incentives to industry to offer on
a voluntary basis RLAH to customers, combined with market forces;
·       
sub-option c: introducing new binding measures
that would impose the end of roaming charges by an early date
Sub-option a) would imply no changes to the
Roaming III Regulation. However, it will likely take considerable time before
pan-European operators would emerge who would offer RLAH to their customers. In
the interim period, most competitive pressure would come from alternative
roaming providers. 
Sub-option c) would imply a significant departure
from roaming III by imposing RLAH as a legally binding default measure. In
economic terms, this solution would bring forward the effects of the Single Telecoms
Market without waiting for the industry structure to evolve. This would not
only have a strong and almost immediate negative impact on operators' revenue
but could even force operators to provide services at a loss with the most
likely consequence that some operators would no longer offer international
roaming to their customers or only on very strict terms. There are also some
fears that it could result in domestic price increases, although this seems
unlikely given the very different competitive dynamics and price elasticity in
domestic mobile markets. 
Sub-option b avoids the disadvantages of
the other sub-options. It could take the following form:
1.      Charges for incoming calls within the EU would be removed (these are
the most visible sign of an unfinished Single Telecoms Market and are unlike to
disappear of their own since there is no competitive pressure on individual operators
to remove them); 
2.      Operators are incentivized to conclude pan-European roaming
agreements (thus anticipating the effects of a Single Telecoms Market) so that
they can provide RLAH by no later than 2016. The main incentive for operators
to choose this option would be an opt-out from the competitive pressure from
alternative roaming providers (Article 4 of the Roaming III Regulation) and the
possibility to internalize costs through agreements. To avoid uncontrolled
costs and possibilities for arbitrage arising from RLAH (in case users would be
permanently in roaming mode), a "reasonable use" clause could be
considered acceptable.
Bilateral or multilateral roaming
agreements between roaming providers (subject to competition law principles and
notification to the BEREC) would enable operators to lower wholesale costs in
countries where they do not own infrastructure. In order to make sure that
savings in wholesale costs are passed on to roaming customers, parties to bilateral
or multilateral roaming agreements should be required to charge only domestic
prices for roaming services for all their roaming services offers.
The 'reasonable use' criterion could
differentiate between different user profiles/subscriptions, but should keep up
with evolving consumption patterns (which should be subject to BEREC guidance
and Member State scrutiny). Some limited opt-out from the obligation to offer
RLAH to all domestic customers could be accepted if customers give their
explicit agreement, for example if they are not interested in international
roaming, or in return for other benefits. In those cases, the retail caps would
continue to apply.
The envisaged approach foresees the introduction of a transitional
regime for the period from 1 July 2014 until 30 June 2016 which allows for a
derogation from the separate sale of roaming services as of 1 July 2014
provided that the parties to bilateral or multilateral roaming agreements have
a certain minimum virtual network coverage through those  agreements (covering
at least 17 Member States representing 70% of the population of the Union) and
undertake to introduce a predetermined glide path to RLAH so that by July 2016
RLAH is applied to all retail packages subject to a reasonable use criterion. Alternatively,
during the same transitional period, roaming providers who, as of 1 July 2014,
ensure RLAH pricing at least in 10 Member States representing 30% of the EU
population and extend RLAH offerings gradually to 17 Member States representing
70% of the EU population by 1 July 2016 would also benefit from the derogation of
the separate sale of roaming services. 
2.         Full harmonisation of rules concerning contracts,
transparency, quality of service and traffic management 
This set of
measures envisages to remove the fragmentation and uncertainty as to the level
of protection granted in different Member States by replacing the existing,
divergent national legal measures with a single and fully harmonised set of sector-specific
rules which create a high common level of end-user protection in the the field
of electronic communications. This should allow for a consistent implementation
across the Union under the control host Member State authorities and high level
of legal certainty both for end-users and market players. 
This option would
enhance transparency relating to offers and general information provided by
operators, as well as the information requirements for contracts. This would in
particular enhance the transparency with regard to provision of internet access
services, and would include requiring operators to inform customers about actually
available data speeds for download and upload including peak hours, traffic
management practices, and comprehensive information on available data
allowances, implications of exceeding data caps, and simultaneous use of
services of enhanced quality on practical use of content, applications and
services. Moreover, operators will be obliged to provide information upfront
about contract duration, and charges associated with the switching process, including
as regards compensation for subsidised terminal equipment. 
An inherent part of
the transparency measures should be an easy access for end-users to
information  allowing them to compare offers of different providers. To this
end, a certification scheme for interactive websites, guides, or similar tools
should be made available by Member States. Where certified comparison
facilities were not available at no cost or at reasonable cost, these should be
made available by NRAs or other competent national authorities.
The end-user rights
would further be strengthened by the possibility to opt for a free-of-charge
consumption control facility that would significantly help to reduce the risk
of facing a bill shock. Similar to the facility currently available only for
roaming customers, end-users should be able to define in advance a specific
financial limit for the use of services over a specific period of time that
should not be exceeded without the user's additional request. 
It is also proposed to
strengthen the obligations on operators related to contract termination. While
the requirements that contract duration should not
exceed 24 months, and at least one offer with a duration of maximum 12 months
should be available remain, consumers should now have
the right to terminate any contract after 6 months with a one-month notice. Providers of electronic communications to the public
should notify their subscribers one month prior to any tacit extension of the
contract and once tacitly extended, contracts should be made permanent,
termination being possible after a one-month notice period on a cost-free basis.
If end-users subscribe to additional elements in a bundle, that fact alone should
not extend the duration of the contract.
The out-of-court
procedures set up in accordance with the Universal Service Directive should
also be available for cross-border consumer disputes involving operators
established in another Member State, in line with the recently adopted EU
legislation on alternative dispute resolution.
As to traffic
management, general principles would be defined in a legally binding
instrument, including a general prohibition of blocking, throttling or
degrading of Internet traffic, except on legitimate grounds: legal provision or
court order, integrity and security of the network, prevention of spam (with
the end-user's approval) and managing exceptional network congestion. The
provision of specialised services with enhanced/guaranteed quality (required
for high-quality IPTV, but also for e-health or other quality and/or
time-sensitive services, etc.) should remain possible. The power of NRAs to
intervene and impose minimum quality of service requirements will be clarified.
This Regulation could be followed up by an implementing act which could include
more details regarding transparency and the implementation of the obligations
national authorities related to safeguarding quality of service. 
As expressed
during the public consultation of 2012, all stakeholders (ISPs, CAPs and
end-users) agree that transparency is key for end-users. Regarding the
importance of certain parameters to be communicated to end-users, several ISPs,
CAPs and public authorities raised that there should be a good balance between
overburdening the customers with unnecessary information and
over-simplification. 
Regarding the measures on traffic
management, all stakeholders agree that some traffic management measures, when
done for legal requirements, security or for unavoidable technical reasons such
as temporary congestion management, are reasonable and part of managing the
ISPs infrastructure to have a sustainable business model.
ISPs go
further by emphasizing the necessity of traffic management. Fixed operators emphasized
that traffic management practices are indispensable to ensure a robust, secure
and efficient functioning of the network and should be regarded as a commonly
accepted technique for network optimization. Mobile operators stressed
that traffic management is even more important in their sector due to the
traffic-sensitive characteristics of their infrastructure. Furthermore, ISPs
see traffic management practices as an essential tool to support innovative
services and new business models by allowing differentiation in products and
services. 
However, content providers stressed
that traffic management should remain proportional and not harmful. They warn
that traffic management should not be applied in anti-competitive and other
harmful ways, such as blocking legitimate content and applications or
unreasonably degrading services. Such practices can be detrimental to
innovation in general.
Although end-users organizations
acknowledge that temporarily reasonable traffic management is necessary to combat
congestion, they argue that it may never be used for commercial reasons.[44] 
In general all traffic management measures
were considered as problematic by citizens (in varying gradations). Traffic
management was found problematic by 80% of responding citizens when used,
without other grounds, against services competing with the ISP's own services.
The least problematic were found: measures affecting (similar)
applications/content providers of the same category in the same way (only 48%
of citizens found it problematic) and measures affecting all
applications/content providers in the same way, i.e. application-agnostic
traffic management (only 30% of citizens expressed concerns).
3.         Switching
Building on the
current framework and provisions in the Universal Service Directive, as well as
on the provisions relating the transparency and contracts described above, it
is proposed to strengthen the obligations on operators related to switching and
number portability.  Switching process should be led by the receiving provider
in order to facilitate one-stop-shops. The end-user should receive adequate
information throughout the whole process. The transferring provider should
terminate the contract automatically after the switch has been completed. As
regards emails, the transferring provider (in case this operator provided also
an email address) should ensure continuity of communications, for example, by
forwarding e-mail during a transitional period of 12 months. This period may be
extended at a charge on request of the end-user. The time limit of 1 working
day to port a number should be maintained. 
Regarding
switching, stakeholders hold quite different views, as was shown by the result
of the public consultation carried out in 2012. In general, ISPs do not share concerns
related to consumers exercising their right to switch providers. However all
other stakeholders, end-users, CAPs and public authorities, have stressed that
important barriers to switching exist that cannot be ignored. The UK regulator
OFCOM, in particular, has done extensive research on this topic which confirms
that consumers experience
contractual barriers, interoperability barriers, informational barriers or
process barriers to switching. BEREC, in its reports, highlights 7
categories of barriers to switching that are still relevant today, including:
lack of information, contractual obstacles, pricing strategies of operators,
difficulties in the process, retention activity, technical issues and bundles.
[45]
·     
Reinforcing stability and strategic leadership
of BEREC is needed to support the
implementation of all specific objectives (SO1-SO4). The recent evaluation of
BEREC concluded that while BEREC is functioning generally rather well and is
contributing to a more consistent application of the EU’s e-communication
regulation in Member States there is room for improvement in the BEREC set up[46]. In particular, the evaluation report pointed out that the
decision-making process should provide more room to the Board of Regulators
(BoR) to take strategic decisions. In light of these findings it is proposed to
provide BEREC with additional stability for its strategic leadership by
establishing a professional Chairman for the Board of Regulators with a
three-year mandate which could be renewed once. The role of the BEREC Chair
would be modeled on those of the Chairs of the financial services authorities
(EBA, ESMA) – the impact assessments preceding the establishment of the latter
noted the need to go further to ensure effective leadership of such bodies.

7.4       Option 3

A single legislative instrument
complementing the regulatory framework with a view to completing a Single
Market for electronic communications with a single EU regulator ensuring full
coordination
The measures that would be implemented under
Option 3 are broadly the same as those listed for Option 2. However under
Option 3 the governance structure underpinning the mutual recognition principle
would be replaced by a single EU regulator. Therefore, whilst option 2
envisages closer coordination and cooperation between the Commission and NRAs,
with the support of BEREC, this option envisages a high degree of
centralisation.
A single EU regulator would have
responsibility for supervision of the provision of e-communication services by
European service providers, flanking and coordinating the action of national
regulators that will remain competent for national issues, principally related
to regulating network access. However, in order to ensure regulatory
consistency across the EU, the single EU regulator should be given powers to
require national regulators to review or withdraw their market analysis and/or
access remedies in case these pose risks to the effective functioning of the Single
Market.
The single EU regulator would also receive
substantive powers in radio spectrum management replacing the current system of
very loose best practices coordination of radio-spectrum regulators as regards
spectrum assignment. This would involve assigning and authorising spectrum at
European level through centralised auctions or spectrum sales. Central
assignment and authorisation would enable operators to obtain pan-European
licenses through a single mechanism at a single point in time rather than
having to seek national licenses in a large number of Member States subject to
different conditions and time-tables to enable them to offer such pan-European
services. 
In order to make centralised management of
radio-spectrum policy possible, the single EU regulator should be given powers
to require Member States to free up certain spectrum bands and, as far as
possible, impose harmonised conditions for the use of spectrum, notably in
relation to coverage and capacity obligations, the size of spectrum caps and
blocks, and threshold conditions for any pro-competitive measures such as entry
of mobile virtual network operators.
The single EU regulator would be given
competences to ensure consistent application of consumer protection rules
together with the implementation of specific dispute resolution mechanisms.
This would involve enforcement powers relating to transparency, traffic
management, switching and issues such as roaming. Depending on the set-up, the
EU regulator could be involved in day-to-day issues or act as a mediator or
appeal body in case of cross-border disputes between different national
regulatory authorities. 
During the discussions in Council on
spectrum, all intervening delegations emphasised national prerogatives and
cautioned against any measures that would entail a centralisation of
competencies in the area of spectrum.
              8.       Analysis
of Impacts 

8.1       Methodology

This chapter presents an analysis of the
expected impacts resulting from the creation of a Single Market for electronic
communications, followed by an evaluation of the economic and social impacts of
the policy options. The impact analysis is organised as follows:
a) paragraph 8.2 provides an assessment of
the general impacts of the Telecoms Single Market. The analysis does not
concentrate solely on the telecoms sector, but also includes expected spill-overs
on the wider economy. The assessment of options looks not only at static, but
also at dynamic and forward looking aspects.
b) paragraph 8.3 considers the extent to
which the different policy options are likely to achieve the policy goals
identified in Chapter 6, the extent to which they are likely to produce the
general impacts of the Telecoms Single Market highlighted in paragraph 8.2. and
the timeframe required according to which the desired outcomes can be expected
to materialise.

8.2       General
Impacts of the Single
Market for Electronic Communications
8.2.1    Effects on Telecoms
Markets

The current structure of EU telecoms
markets reflects developments initiated by the liberalization process which
started in 1998. Transforming the current concept of liberalized, but national
markets, into an EU Single Telecoms Market can potentially give rise to
profound effects on market structure and market outcomes. In order to establish
whether the transition from the associated changes will result in economic
gains or losses, it is essential to flesh out in greater detail the sources of
these economic implications.
As the creation of a Single Telecoms Market
for electronic communications is a proposal for which no comparable precedent
exists, many of the expected impacts can be circumscribed merely in a
conceptual rather than quantitative manner.

8.2.1.1  Impacts on the Demand Side

In this section the direct impact of
proposed reforms on telecommunications users is assessed. The general objective
as described under 6.1 for the Single Telecoms Market is to create the
opportunity for citizens and businesses to access services irrespective of
where or from where they are provided in the Union without being hampered by
cross-border restrictions and unjustified additional costs. 
One of the main goals of the Single
Telecoms Market initiative is to enable operators to exploit economies of scale
and scope that can be achieved on an EU-wide scale with a view to offering an
improved value proposition to their users. This will translate into potentially
much higher speeds, greater download and upload capacity, better coverage, and
the availability of many new and differentiated services across a range of
areas such as content, IPTV, e-health and smart home application, mobile payments
etc.). Given user's expectations to enjoy access to digital services and
content wherever they are, fixed and mobile communications will become
increasingly integrated. As more and better services and higher quality will be
offered to users according to their specific interests and demand, it can be
expected that overall average revenues per user for operators will increase
(even if unit costs and prices continue decreasing). This in turn will increase
their ability to appropriate part of the gain in value to investments in
infrastructure upgrades, offering yet better quality services. As such the
Single Telecoms Market holds the potential to trigger a virtuous cycle of
mutually reinforcing market growth and investment.
Consumers/users (residential and
businesses) would benefit from more innovation in advanced networks and wider
choice resulting from lower barriers to cross-border market entry. To the
extent that entry is facilitated by removing artificial barriers to entry,
consumers are expected to benefit both from lower unit prices and wider product
variety. Available academic evidence suggests that these gains might be
substantial.[47] Gains from entry would be common both for consumers of fixed and of
mobile services.
Coordinated spectrum assignment and
interoperable pan-European inputs should also reinforce competitive dynamics
bringing about more product/service differentiation. Sufficient critical mass
will allow European operators to benefit from synergies and to close deals with
major content and digital service providers and offer attractive bundles of
connectivity and value-added services. 
EU inputs including spectrum and standard
wholesale products will make it much easier for operators to offer EU-wide
connectivity plans, in particular to multi-national business users. This should
further stimulate uptake and usage of voice and data traffic. EU inputs should
also substantially facilitate the emergence of machine-to-machine
communications for mobile objects, such as connected cars or other consumer
goods. 
Regarding cross-border services,
artificially-high roaming charges (for both voice and data) would be gradually
eliminated. Lower call and data rates resulting from this will result in direct
net welfare gains for consumers (see the quantitative analysis in the next
section). 
Consumer protection rules regarding
transparency of prices, quality of service, data speeds and data volume
limitations and easier switching between providers, would be harmonised. This
can be expected to increase consumer confidence in buying digital services from
service/ and/or content providers wherever they are provided from in the EU. 
Predictable rules on net neutrality (in
particular, a prohibition of blocking and throttling with certain legitimate
exceptions) would mean that all end-users[48] will have unrestricted access to use applications and services
provided over the Internet within the limits of contracted data volumes and
speeds. All content and application providers will benefit from an assurance
that their products and services can reach a market of 500 million consumers.
Such guarantee is particularly important for SMEs and start-up's who, in
contrast to so-called large OTT providers, typically do not possess the
leverage to ensure that ISPs make their services available. On the other hand,
the possibility for ISPs to provide specialized services with guaranteed
quality of service creates major opportunities for innovation and delivery of
new services. The benefits of these measures cannot easily be quantified but
are assumed to be positive for consumers and business users. 
Competitive pressure and access to a wider
market at the services level, including possible accumulation of niche markets,
will spur greater service variety with new utility-enhancing features to which
consumers attach value (e.g. cloud computing and other business services,
online content distribution of ultra HD quality, e-health, e-learning, gaming).
This would not only benefit business users but also public administrations,
which have important needs for the exchange of data. In this way, the Single
Telecoms Market opens up opportunities for ARPU (average revenue per user)
growth which are not based on pricing power, but on differentiation in terms of
offer and quality and, overall, an improved value proposition. This untapped
source of growth can in turn be expected to lead to improving returns on
network infrastructure investments.

8.2.1.2  Impact on the Supply Side

The general objective as described under
6.1 for the Single Telecoms Market is creating the effective opportunity for
providers of electronic communications services and networks to operate their
networks and provide services irrespective of where the company is established
or its customers are situated in the Union. 
Advantages for cross-border operations
In a genuine Single Telecoms Market,
several parameters would change for electronic communications providers. A
single regime for administrative authorizations whereby operators can provide
services across the EU on the basis of the authorization received in their home
country lowers barriers to cross-border market entry and significantly reduces
legal uncertainty. More specifically, benefits for companies wishing to operate
on a cross-border basis would be the result of:
·       
Lower costs for multi-country operations. The
advantages of a single authorization regime are difficult to quantify as the
scale of operations varies with company size. Nonetheless, on the basis of
impacts assessed for the Services Directive, it has been estimated that
professional advice to ascertain legal and regulatory requirement for
advertising the provision of services could amount to at least € 100.000. Other
estimates suggest that up to €3.600.000 p.a. is needed to ensure on-going
compliance with administrative requirements[49]. The
harmonization of de minimis thresholds will accordingly reduce the
administrative burden for smaller operators when providing services cross
border as well as provide incentives for existing operators to extent services
across border, with negligible impact on other stakeholders[50].  Moreover, for
large companies the advantages of single authorization, uniform consumer
protection rules and greater predictability in regulation can contribute
significantly to streamlining multi-country operations. 
·       
A larger target market enables integrated
network and service management, consolidation of activities and operations and
larger scale. Larger scale would be achieved through greater expansion beyond
borders, either through organic expansion or acquisitions of foreign
operations/mergers, i.e. cross-border (as opposed to in-market) horizontal
consolidation. The resulting structure of operations may improve efficiency and
yield economies of scale in the form of cost savings from a leaner and more
efficient service provision. Concretely, savings can be expected from (i) joint
treasury and liquidity pooling that would optimise asset and cash flow
management; (ii) better structuring of EU subsidiaries (iii) pooling of R&D
efforts; (iv) central procurement of equipment. These factors tend to be
positive for profitability[51]. If this improved operating efficiency also increases the
efficiency of operating new networks, it may also strengthen investment
incentives. Last but not least, greater market size will allow operators in the
EU to develop more attractive combined offerings of connectivity and
value-added content and services in cooperation with digital services and
content providers. One major operator for example consolidated all its European
data centers in two central hubs in Germany and Italy, thereby benefitting from
cost savings in the order of 25 to 30 percent. Such efficiency gains will
become easier to achieve in the context of a Single Telecoms Market. Moreover,
the provision of specialized services will be facilitated by greater legal
certainty. 
·       
Combined with the single authorization regime,
the Single Telecoms Market will result in much greater consistency of regulatory remedies as Commission
oversight of national remedies applied to companies operating in more than one
Member State would be strengthened. Consistency of regulation by co-operation
between the Commission, BEREC and the individual NRAs is already an objective
of regulation enshrined in the Regulatory Framework (Article 8(3)(d) of the
Framework Directive), linked to the key related regulatory principle of
regulatory predictability by ensuring a consistent regulatory approach (Article
8(5)(a) of the Framework Directive). The attainment of this objective and
implementation of the related regulatory principle are particularly important
for cross-border operators, which are active under the jurisdiction of
different NRAs, particularly at a time of technological change, when large
scale investments are needed. For this reason, a strengthening of procedures
that ensure consistency is necessary. Greater consistency of regulatory
remedies will not translate into uniform regulatory remedies across the Union,
because of the heterogeneity of market structures across Member States, as well
as, often, within Member States. Regulation must be appropriate and
proportionate to address the specific issues that are identified in a specific
geographic territory, so that variations are inevitable. However, consistent
regulation will ensure over time and across geographies that approaches to
solve similar problems are comparable and free from contradictions, while
differences between regulatory approaches are objectively justified and
predictable for market players. This brings significant benefits, ensuring
predictability of regulatory outcomes although these cannot be easily
quantified. It might however be
derived that this could significantly increase the value proposition of a
cross-border business. For example
the stability of regulated access products might change a company valuation by
up to 30% making it more attractive for a company to expand cross border.
Impact of European inputs
Spectrum policy
·       
The key input for EU providers that intend to
offer wireless broadband services throughout the EU based on the single EU
authorisation is spectrum. Consistency of all the main parameters for spectrum
assignment conditions would provide greater predictability for investment and
would enable operators to take a more strategic approach to market entry. It
would also contribute to ensuring optimal use of scarce spectrum resources
reflecting their societal value. 
·       
In particular comparable conditions based on a
set of common best practices for synchronised timing of spectrum release,
sufficient and coherent duration of licences, equality of treatment of existing
and new operators and the conditions attached to licences would potentially
enable wireless broadband providers to offer services on a multi-country or
European scale. Duration of rights of use is a key parameter for investment
decision-making, as it defines the period of foreseeable returns. While it does
not seem possible to replicate Union-wide the approach in certain Member States
and third countries (e.g. the US) to very long if not indefinite licences,
harmonization of duration would allow due weight to be given to the need for
long investment horizons as well as to gradually bring about a pan-European
spectrum assignment cycle. Moreover, best practices leading to spectrum block
sizes as large as possible would enable operators to offer high-speed services with
wide coverage resulting in higher-value infrastructure and therefore enabling
pro-competitive service differentiation. Overall welfare gains of allocating the 800 MHz band in Europe to
wireless broadband as a result of the digital dividend have been estimated
between €30bn and €40bn over 15 years[52]. Gains in the same order can be expected from future spectrum
assignments, if assigned on European scale. In particular, synchronised timing
of spectrum assignments would allow the early capture of such gains across the
Union, while not constraining first movers from moving even faster.
·       
Establishing a set of common principles whose
implementation in individual Member States will be peer-reviewed by the
Commission together with other Members States will create an internal market
for spectrum resources for the provision of wireless broadband services. Based
on the common best practices to authorise the use of spectrum, Member States
will be able to ensure the development of a true EU wireless space that fosters
investment and innovation. The coordination would help especially smaller
Member States to adopt best practices and therefore enhance market performance.
They would be able to better profit from the competences of all Member States
without having to build up the competences themselves. At the same time, a
coordination procedure in which all Member States take part, and in the
preparation of which the views of the RSPG are taken into utmost account by the
Commission, will assist in the development of a more common European regulatory
culture in this field. The application of the examination procedure should also
reassure Member States that the Commission will in practice leave an
appropriate scope for national discretion within the scope of the applicable
legislative criteria. An ex ante review procedure would also foster legal
certainty regarding the lawfulness of an assignment procedure, favouring rapid
decision-making on investments thereafter.
·       
Consistent and more efficient spectrum
assignment would avoid potentially inflated spectrum prices. The past
experience with spectrum auctions in different Member States of the digital
dividend 800 MHz band shows significant differences in the price that operators
had to pay – despite technical usage conditions being harmonised in the EU[53]. This is
significant because it is widely accepted that when operators calculate the net
present value of a given market development as a determinant of the amount they
will invest, sums paid for inputs such as spectrum are effectively subtracted
from the overall maximum amount available for investment. Moreover, the
positive externalities of broadband investment are expected to generate
economic returns – which also feed into fiscal returns – of three to four times
the sums invested. While the competitive situation in a given market has an
impact on the investment and pricing strategies, the timing, the offer
available and the auction design also play a role. For example, if, in the case
of the 800 MHz spectrum, the lowest price paid in one Member State (considering
differences in buying power) were to be replicated throughout the Union, this
could represent an amount saved in the order of €5bn EU-wide[54]. Although no such quantifiable effect flows automatically from the
legislative criteria under option 2, lower amounts can be anticipated relative
to some of the peaks recently seen in certain national assignment procedures,
arising from a combination of factors such as: greater power to enforce ex ante
the principle that fees should optimise resource utilisation rather than
exchequer returns; more extensive multi-band auctions, and more rigorous
conditions for spectrum reservations, thereby reducing artificial scarcity; greater
emphasis on a balance between up-front and periodic fees. It cannot be excluded
that synchronisation of assignment procedures could also weigh upon direct
national auction revenues due to capital constraints on participating,
multi-territorial operators. On the other hand, even leaving aside the likely positive
overall effect of greater ICT infrastructure investment on national fiscal
returns across all sectors, a greater focus on periodic rather than up-front
fees should smooth out one-off effects which may distort spectrum-management
decisions both by Member States and by operators – in the latter case, by
encouraging spectrum rights of use to be treated to a greater extent as an
operating expenditure rather than capital expenditure item – and would also
mitigate the possible revenue-dampening effects of holding assignment
procedures across Europe in a narrow timeframe. 
·       
Framework conditions for network and spectrum
sharing are closely related to spectrum assignment rules. For example, spectrum
licenses can contain sharing obligations or restrictions. In many cases,
network sharing projects are assessed by national authorities in the context of
spectrum holdings of the sharing parties. It has been estimated that cost
savings through mobile network sharing up to 30-40% of roll-out cost could be
achieved[55], if market players have the necessary legal certainty for such
sharing arrangements. Assuming potential roll-out cost of at least €27bn until
2020, cost savings of up to €10bn are potentially available in that time frame,
subject to compatibility of any sharing arrangements with competition rules. 
·       
A legal framework enabling the large-scale
roll-out of small cells and RLAN networks as well as consistent conditions for
access to RLAN access points would lead to significant cost savings in
roll-out. At the same time, this can be expected to generate improved
price/performance of mobile broadband for consumers and lead to increased
adoption and usage of mobile broadband. Already today the amount of traffic in
macro cellular mobile networks is rather small, compared with the volume of
traffic that is being off-loaded, chiefly to Wi-Fi at end user's homes or
premises. In Europe 71% of all wireless data traffic consumed by smartphones
and tablets was in 2012 delivered over Wi-Fi. It is estimated that this figure
will grow to 78% by 2016. In the same period, Wi-Fi traffic is estimated to
grow by more than 850% to over 1900 PB/month[56].  The cost savings through RLAN can be compared to the cost for
providing the same amount of data capacity with cellular technologies alone.
While cellular traffic will itself continue to grow by an annual rate of 66%
until 2016, it is estimated that delivering all the 2012 RLAN data traffic in
the EU via mobile networks would have required infrastructure investments of
€35bn, while in 2016 around €200bn would be necessary to cope with the
projected demand[57]. In the absence of RLAN connectivity it must be assumed that a
significant part of the measured or projected traffic would either not occur or
be delivered through fixed line broadband connections – hence the description
of RLANs as a largely complementary technology. None the less, these estimates
of the cost of provision of the same level of wireless connectivity and
convenience through cellular technology alone can serve as an indicator of the
scale of the direct benefits to citizens and other end users accruing through
the availability of RLAN networks. 
·       
This trend is reinforced by equipment vendors
and standards bodies who have invested considerable effort in improving the
interworking between both Wi-Fi and cellular standards. Automatic
authentication processes for accessing Wi-Fi networks will make it much easier
to switch between mobile and Wi-Fi traffic. In addition, public Wi-Fi
initiatives, such as the partnerships between the Spanish company FON and ECNs
such as British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom and Belgacom, are transforming Wi-Fi
access points located in end-user premises into an important traffic-offloading
infrastructure that can be used by both citizens and mobile operators[58].
·       
More predictable investment conditions are
favoured by all existing operators, both historic operators and so-called
"challengers" – as represented both by GSMA and individual contacts.
This is true both of spectrum assignment and of low-power access point deployment.
As regards RLAN, the proposal is likely to be most popular with operators which
also have a fixed-line customer base, but also offers opportunities for
pure-mobile operators to enhance data traffic offload and thus make savings on
deployment with licensed spectrum. There is wide acceptance of the provision in
the sector since it has become clear that it would not affect the use of
exclusively licensed spectrum. The provisions on RLAN also empower consumers
regarding the use of fixed-line capacity which they have contracted and paid
for.
European broadband inputs
The Single Telecoms Market initiative
provides for several common European virtual wholesale products. Harmonisation
of virtual access products would address different quality of service (QoS)
levels and differences in service level agreements and technical specification
which are currently the source of significant market fragmentation.
The European assured service quality (ASQ)
connectivity product provides for end-to-end guaranteed quality of service at
an interconnection point between two different network domains. This new
generation interconnection product is designed, in particular, for the
provision of specific Internet protocol (IP) based classes of service, namely
voice and video calls, broadcast of audio-visual content and data critical
applications. The ASQ will not be a regulated product which NRAs should
consider imposing (on an asymmetric basis) on SMP operators. Rather, it is
foreseen that ASQ can be negotiated on a reciprocal basis between two
telecommunication operators which each have an interest in obtaining virtual
access to the other party's infrastructure. 
A recent report on the definition of
relevant markets prepared for the Commission by Ecorys[59]  states that: "the mass-market is increasingly asking for
managed IP add-on services (such as VoIP and IPTV). Consequently, end-users may
demand differentiated levels of quality of service (QoS) for different
services. Mass-market demand is distributed over densely populated (urban) areas
and sparsely populated (rural) areas. The second category of end-users already
demands higher levels of QoS, even for similar services (specifications may
even be customized to the end-user’s needs). The prospect is that there may be
a continuum of different quality grades demanded by medium-sized and large
firms (business grade)."
While ASQ products would be negotiated
between telecommunications operators, a standard European virtual product (see
below) would only be imposed on those operators who are deemed to have
significant market power (SMP) according to an NRA's analysis of the different
relevant markets[60]:
-   Market 4:
wholesale (physical) network infrastructure access (including shared of fully
unbundled access) at a fixed location
-   Market 5: wholesale
broadband access
-   Market 6:
wholesale terminating segments of leased lines
As the European product will be imposed as
an alternative to existing national virtual products, not as an addition to
those products, there will be no numerical increase in regulatory requirements.
NRAs would not be obliged to impose one of these products in a case where SMP
remedies are deemed necessary, but would have to consider such a remedy and to
explain why a different remedy was preferred. They would be required to take
into account existing investments by both incumbents and access-seekers in
identifying the most proportionate remedy, and to grant a transition period if
necessary. More specifically, the expected impact of the European virtual
product by relevant market can be summarised as follows:
i) Market 4 - wholesale (physical) network
infrastructure access
A well designed
virtual unbundled local access (VULA) which corresponds to the wholesale
broadband access product at layer 2 'Data Link Layer' of the ISO network
architecture model can be considered functionally equivalent to local loop
unbundling, in terms of control, product differentiation and innovation, and
thus can be considered to be part of Market 4. The corresponding retail market
is the (mass) market for broadband access catering mostly residential
customers.
Market 4 is
regulated in all Member States due to the presence of market players with SMP. VULA is a relatively new type of wholesale access on next generation
access networks, and would be available for consideration by NRAs as a
potentially proportionate remedy promoting infrastructure-based entry and
competition alongside other access products, namely, where possible, the
physical unbundling of fibre at the optical distribution frame level and in the
future, when technologically possible, wavelength division multiplexing over
passive optical network (PON). The
technology and topology of networks (FTTH, FTTC, PON, point to point) partly determines
the options on available products.
VULA has until
now been implemented in several Member States, including the UK, Denmark,
Austria and Slovakia however with some important differences. Several other
Member States are currently considering the implementation of a VULA-type
product. 
The availability
of a harmonized VULA product will bring benefits to NRAs since they can rely on
validated solutions which can be implemented more quickly. Given the
consistency of inputs, SMP operators providing services across Member States –
and their potential customers - should be able to achieve significant
efficiency gains. A harmonised VULA product is also a considerable opportunity
for the European manufacturing industry as it can benefit from more cost-effective
solutions across multiple locations.
ii) Market 5 – wholesale broadband access
This market
includes bitstream access products, a form of non-physical or virtual access
offering interconnection generally at Ethernet (data link layer) or managed IP
level (network layer), with handover points at either local, regional or
national levels.
The proposed
harmonised IP level bitstream product will have an impact only on certain type
of bitstream products with handover points at regional or national level. In
these market segments, as is expected for other harmonised virtual products,
the proposed common specifications are likely to enhance regulatory certainty
for operators providing services across Member States, lower costs by removing
the need to adapt products based on different specifications, speed up
time-to-market, improve quality of service for users and overall contribute to
greater market dynamism. 
iii) Market 6: Terminating segment of
leased lines
A wholesale
leased line is a service that provides dedicated transmission capacity to carry
voice and/or data traffic. Dedicated in this context means uncontended and
symmetric means that there are identical download and upload data rates. They
are mainly used to carry inter-site and inter-company traffic. Consistent
availability of such products are particularly important for the provision of
cross-border business communications services of companies with operations and
multiple sites across the EU. 
It is difficult to quantify the economic
benefits arising from the emergence of cross-border and even pan-European markets
for operators, users and the economy as a whole. However, a report prepared by
WIK conducted for ECTA and INTUG on business communications services for
multi-national and multi-site corporations[61] estimates that achieving consistent and effective wholesale inputs
for business communications across Europe could generate yearly gains up to of
€90bn after 10 years. 
In the business communications market, the
availability of harmonized European virtual access products could give a strong
boost to market dynamics and innovation since it reduces time-to-market and
avoids replication costs in order to adapt heterogeneous wholesale inputs. In
particular, new services requiring end-to-end guaranteed quality are developing
quickly in cloud computing, but also for online content distribution (e.g.
HD/3D TV) and gaming, e-Health, and e-Learning. Consumers would benefit from
such new services delivered at higher quality. Further, public administrations
which are also major users of data exchange also stand to gain. More generally,
the availability of high-quality, tailored business services will make Europe
more attractive as a place for establishment of multi-site corporations, international
headquarters and IT resource centres. 
Harmonised European access products are
expected to have a positive effect on investments, especially across Member
State borders. First of all, the harmonisation effort will make it easier for
companies to enter new markets to follow customer demand, thus increasing the
level of competition and requiring operators to improve their offer by
investing in infrastructure and services. The range of products that will be
harmonised will allow companies to make the investment decision that best suits
their business model. It will be possible for companies to choose a product
that requires a relatively low level of initial investment (a bitstream
product), but which permits a fast entry into a new market and potentially
therefore in several markets, to follow demand. 
Conversely, the harmonised products will
include "local" access products, i.e. access products where the
access seeker would be required to invest in its own infrastructure down to a
local level (such as the exchange), from which point it would be able to use
the existing infrastructure of the dominant operator. Thus, if an access seeker
wanted to truly differentiate itself from the retail offer of the former
monopoly, it will have the possibility of requesting this type of high quality
harmonised local access products, and will have to invest in its own
infrastructure up to the handover point. This type of solution exists already
in some Member States, but the quality of the proposed solution varies and
presents challenges, especially in the presence of "point to multipoint"
fibre networks, which are prevalent in most Member States. Only a high quality,
European-grade virtual access product would guarantee the type of quality that
would reassure access seekers that such infrastructure investment to the
exchange is justified and secure.
Further, the harmonisation process will set
a high standard of quality for the harmonised access products. Such high
standard at the wholesale level will allow companies to compete more
effectively and will drive up the quality of the retail offers, increasing the
incentives to upgrade infrastructures and services. In particular, the products
that are intended for business-sector end-users will allow multi-national
businesses to compare products and offers across the Union, and such
competition will make it necessary for companies to invest in state of the art
networks for providing state of the art services. 
Impact on the provision of cross border
services
Mobile roaming
The impact of the proposed optional regime
(sub-option b as defined in chapter 7) is not easy to calculate as the effects
hinge on the outcome of a complex competitive equilibrium involving a large
number of variables (company choices, negotiating roaming agreements with
partners, defining reasonable use policies, demand elasticity etc) within a
context of uncertain market evolution. In any event, the optional regime should
logically be more attractive to operators than the base line scenario (full
implementation of Roaming III) otherwise they would not go for it. 
It is possible to evaluate a number of
effects that would be associated with the optional regime:
One way of
assessing the economic impacts of any proposed measure is to take Roaming III
(the current regulatory regime) as a baseline scenario and to estimate the
difference in consumer and producer surplus resulting from the introduction of
RLAH compared to the status quo. In the absence of detailed data on the demand
and supply patterns (including information on demand elasticities), a static
analysis of welfare redistribution gives an idea how end-users, on the one hand,
and the mobile sector, on the other, would likely be affected. This can be done
on the basis of volume and prices data provided in BEREC's international
roaming Benchmark reports[62].
·       
In a static scenario in
which volumes of roaming usage are fixed the annual transfer from producer to
consumer surplus are estimated as follows[63]: 
Table 5: Annual Revenue Loss Resulting from the Introduction of RLAH
in a Static Scenario with Fixed Roaming Volumes
 Removal of charges for incoming calls || ~€300 million 
 SMS prices at domestic level || ~€230 million 
 Calls made at domestic prices || ~€580 million 
 Data roaming at domestic prices || ~€540 million 
 Overall transfer from the mobile sector to end-users || ~€1.650 million 
·       
When interpreting the
figures in Table 5, certain caveats need to be borne in mind. First, the data
do not take into account the demand elasticity and its
dynamic impacts on the market. Whilst demand for voice roaming services has
proven in the past relatively inelastic, elasticity is potentially high for
data roaming services. Therefore, in a dynamic perspective at least part of the
revenue loss of the sector will be compensated by higher volumes. Second, the
revenue loss of the sector and corresponding gain in consumer surplus is calculated
on the basis of regulated price caps in July 2014. Although on the basis of the
observed dynamics in the roaming market one cannot conclude that the separate
sale of roaming services alone will lead to the abolishment of roaming charges,
structural measures are still expected to drive roaming prices below the
regulated caps. Therefore in reality, the transfer from the mobile sector to
end-users is likely to be much less than €1.650 million/year. Thirdly, the
disappearance of intra-EU roaming revenue will occur over a transitional period
(up to July 2016) so that operators will have time to anticipate any revenue
losses. Fourthly, the above estimate of impacts is based on the assumption that
domestic prices will apply to all roaming traffic whereas the proposed RLAH
solution allows for the application of a reasonable use criterion and possible
opt-out's for certain customers if they so wish. Finally, since the Roaming III
Regulation in its review clause already foresees the elimination of differences
between roaming and domestic tariffs, the proposed optional regime allows
roaming providers to anticipate the changes in their pricing models which
otherwise will likely be imposed through regulation as a result of the July 2016
review. In other words, it is fair to assume that international
roaming revenues will disappear sooner or later. 
Against this background, the costs and
benefits of the various sub-options set out in chapter 7 can be assessed as
follows:
For sub-option a), operators will face a
decline of roaming revenues as competition by roaming providers will begin to produce
effects. However, it will likely take a considerable period of time before
comprehensive RLAH offers will appear on the market. The benefits and the
corresponding welfare effect of the Single Telecoms Market for consumers will be
delayed accordingly; 
Imposing a mandatory requirement on
operators to offer RLAH by an early date (sub-option c) would see the bulk of
the costs of providing RLAH be borne upfront by industry within a time span
that would be too short for pan-European operators to emerge. Therefore,
pursuing this option would trigger immediate high costs for operators which
could lead to serious market disruption, particularly if (direct) revenue
losses would be combined with indirect revenue losses through price arbitrage in
case customers would avail themselves of more advantageous offers from
providers in other Member States and would be roaming permanently on networks
of other operators ('off-net'). If, in principle, it can be argued that the
expected revenue losses would all be transferred to consumers as greater
welfare, in reality, companies would not be able to provide services below
costs for very long. One could therefore reasonably expect operators either to
cease offering international roaming, offer it only under strict conditions, and/or
pushing domestic prices up.
Sub-option b (regulatory incentives
consistent with Roaming III to promote RLAH offers on a voluntary basis) can be
designed in such a way that it can produce a 'win-win' outcome for industry as
well as for consumers. On the one hand, operators are given time to reach
roaming agreements which would allow them largely to internalize the costs of
providing international roaming beyond their own 'on-net' provision.
Furthermore, arbitrage can be avoided and costs controlled by means of a
reasonable use criterion. Opting-in will remove the pressure from alternative
roaming providers, on the other hand. For consumers, RLAH will remove one of
the most visible and often frustrating effects of market fragmentation and an
important source of additional costs. Based on game theory, it can be argued
that the outcome will be a near optimal equilibrium between costs incurred by
companies and welfare passed onto consumers.
Sub-option b) will generate a cost for
operators of € 300 million as incoming call charges are eliminated by 2014
which is a relatively small amount for operators compared to the benefits
arising from a Single Telecoms Market. Prohibition to charge for incoming
roaming calls may incentivise the most price sensitive users to recourse to a
call-back activity and this could eventually have a negative impact on roaming customers'
home operator revenue. While on one hand a certain amount of call-back activity
can be anticipated with a consequential effect for call origination revenue of
both home and host operators the proposal for eliminating incoming call charges
the introduction of RLAH offers, on the other hand, will diminish the role of
the call-back activity as consumers would be roaming with confidence and
familiarity of their domestic tariffs.. In any event, the initial justification
for charging incoming roaming calls (i.e. relatively high cost of terminating
the call in the visited country compared to domestic termination) has ceased to
exist following the widespread implementation of
efficient cost-oriented termination rates, including for calls from other
Member States.[64] There is indeed little risk for operators
actually incurring additional cost for incoming roaming calls. Under these
circumstances the international termination cost should be covered by the
retail charge levied by the originating operator from the calling party. These
retail charges are constrained by the competition in the overall retail mobile
market. The eventual call-back activity has not been raised by stakeholders as
a concern[65]. An obligation to set a reasonable use criterion will diminish the
role of the call-back activity as consumers would be roaming with confidence
and familiarity of their domestic tariffs.
The proposed optional regime to gradually
introduce RLAH based on bilateral or multilateral agreements allows roaming
providers of different size to benefit from the regime. The proposal provides
smaller operators who may find it difficult to extend the virtual coverage of
their networks by bilateral or multilateral agreements with a flexibility to
increase their virtual network footprint. In particular, the possibility of
starting the provision of RLAH in 10 Member States representing 30% of the EU
population creates a possibility also for a smaller operators switch to the
proposed optional regime. This proposal aims at alleviating concerns expressed
by smaller operators that too demanding conditions with regard to the coverage
of multilateral agreements would put them in competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis larger operators. 
If, as expected, a large number of
operators opt for the RLAH regime, and benefit from the derogation of Article 4
of the Roaming Regulation, this will inevitably discourage the entry of new
roaming providers into the market. However, those roaming providers already
present by the time operators exercise the option would continue to be able to
provide services for a transitional period to protect their interests. 
The negative impact on the efficiency of
the structural measures is however outweighed by positive impacts. Once fully
implemented, roaming prices would no longer be a material end-user issue; consumers
would not need to worry any more about high roaming bills when travelling.
Moreover, the overall pricing models of mobile communications services would become
simpler and more transparent. More widely, the abolition of roaming charges
will promote the cross-border use of connected devices and services (e.g. M2M
solutions), and boost the evolution of mobile data applications, thereby
contributing to a more favorable business environment in the European Union.
As said before, any other costs for
operators would by definition be lower than the base-line scenario (Roaming III
Regulation) since the proposed regime is optional. 
International calls within the EU
As can be expected for mobile roaming, the likely effect of
establishing a Single Telecoms Market is the gradual convergence of charges
between those for national calls and those for calls made within the EU.
Although there is some relationship between price and distance, the majority of
the price differences observed occurs because of externalities and/or as a
result of demand factors due to inelastic prices. Indeed, price difference
could be as large as 100%[66] for the same pair of countries depending from which country the
call is initiated and with mobile termination rates converging this could not
be rationally explained on the basis of cost differences. Many standard
international mobile call rates are in the area of €1 per minute, substantially
higher than the intra-EU roaming rates which could not be explained by the
underlying costs of providing these services. While the costs of intra-EU
international mobile calls are largely the same, some operators differentiate prices
depending on destination. Fixed to fixed intra-EU international rates are
somewhat lower but there exists large differences of prices across Member
States and operators. Some operators offer unlimited minutes for a reasonable
monthly charge, while others offer international rates close to the level of
those of international mobile call rates. Over time, the emergence of pan-EU
operators should cancel out network externalities whilst a true Single Telecoms
Market should influence the demand factor. 
The impact of the envisaged measures will
generate consumer benefits without creating major revenue losses for the telecom
industry. This is because the approach provides for the removal of excessive
prices that are borne by certain customer groups by July 2016 (most likely
those customers who are either not aware that more favourable intra-EU tariffs
are available, via ECS packages or VOIP, or who only place international calls
irregularly) 
Regarding the impact of ending the
distinction in charges between fixed national long distance and international
calls and limiting international mobile communications charges to euro-tariffs
for roaming (i.e. € 0.19 per minute), one can expect in the short term a direct
impact of around 0,5% revenue decrease, compensated by higher consumption
volume in the medium term. However, the change in prices will alter market
outcomes both in the market for intra-EU calls as well as other markets which
are related e. g. by way of substitute relationships. Whilst short term price
elasticity for international calls is estimated, near unitary elasticity, i.e.
-1, is expected in the longer term. With the advent of the Internet, social
networks and the increasing use of voice over IP (VoIP), the attitude of
consumers is likely to lead to quicker adaptations. In other words, a reduction
of revenues from international calls would occur in any event as an increasing
number of consumers switch over to VoIP applications. 
·       
Some static indications of the impacts of
limiting price differentials between domestic and intra-EU calls can be drawn
by applying the expected price reduction to current volumes of intra-EU
international calls. The results are shown in table 6 below[67]. 
Table 6 – Impact of Limiting Price Differentials between Domestic
and Intra-EU International Calls
   || Estimated current price for intra-EU calls || Maximum price under the proposed instrument || Revenue loss at EU level 
 Fixed communication || ~ €0.11/minute || ~ €0.04/minute (national long distance call) || ~€600 million 
 Mobile communications || ~€ 0.22/minute || ~€ 0.19/minute (Eurotariff for roaming calls made as of 1 July 2014) || ~€60 million 
The maximum overall revenue loss of around
€700 million represents a redistribution of surplus from operators to
consumers. However, the numbers cannot be assumed to reflect new equilibrium
outcomes. The estimated impact will be partly absorbed by an on-going shift
from traditional pay-per use voice calls to flat-fees as part of service
bundles (already 52% of EU households purchase fixed voice telephony as part of
a bundle according to a recent Eurobarometer survey[68]).
Likewise, it should be noted that technological trends such as the uptake of
voice over IP telephony (or VoIP, enabling voice calls for free or a very low
fee) will continue to exert downward pressure on voice call rates in any event.
Indirect negative effects on consumers
through so-called "waterbed" effects (raising of prices on other
products to compensate for losses) are unlikely. Such arguments assume both
that other segments are not very competitive, and that providers are not
already engaging in profit-maximising behavior within the margin for manoeuvre
allowed by competitive forces, e.g. in other niches such as non-EU
international calls. Such a contention is not supported by evidence.
Ensuring access to the Open Internet and
transparency measures
The impacts arising from fully harmonised
provisions related to access to the Open Internet can be assessed as follows. A
prohibition of blocking and throttling (net neutrality) will mean that a number
of operators who are engaging in such practices would have to cease them and
adjust contracts with their customers accordingly. This will entail some
administrative costs but a transitional period could be foreseen to bring
existing contracts in line. The immediate effects of an end to blocking and
throttling would be increased traffic. Recognising that a business strategy
based on blocking and throttling is unlikely to be sustainable over the long
term, and exposes companies to possible reputational risk and customer churn,
several companies have started to offer VoIP services themselves to promote
loyalty and/or have shifted from "all you can eat" packages to capped
offers to deal with the small share of customers who tend to be responsible for
the bulk of traffic (e.g. through peer-to-peer). The impacts on revenues
therefore are expected to be limited, the more so as voice revenue is anyway
declining rapidly. Regarding costs of increased traffic, the French regulator
ARCEP estimates in a recent report[69] that such costs for a generic ISP are likely to be modest:
"part of these costs is effectively dependent on traffic, however this
part is moderate. For an operator like the generic ISP […], a consumption which
is multiplied by a factor 3 could lead to an increase in network costs for
providing Internet access of 6% to 12%." This increase is relatively small
and especially in mobile communication it is largely compensated by increase of
revenues generated by higher data consumption as ISPs retain in any event
significant freedom to implement retail tariff schemes to respond to heavy use
and any possible associated congestion.
Legal certainty to provide specialized
services with guaranteed end-to-end quality is expected to contribute to the
development of new revenue streams for operators. Investor analysts estimate
that specialized services, mainly for IPTV, could add some 1,5% to industry
revenues which would amount to € 3.5 bn (almost evenly split between fixed and
mobile). This figure could be higher if other services that would benefit from
guaranteed quality (e.g. certain business applications including those related
to cloud, gaming, e-health) were to grow significantly in the next few years.
There may however be a substitution effect as charging for guaranteed quality
may overlap with an existing source of revenue in the form of leased lines
which is one of the ways businesses purchase capacity streams at present.
Another uncertainty is whether and to what extent content and application
providers, notably major Internet companies, would be willing to pay for
guaranteed quality of service.
Reduced technological uncertainty and lower
adaption costs for devices and services through common inputs (such as IP
Interconnection and wholesale access products with guaranteed end-to-end
quality of service) can be expected to lead to faster substitution of legacy
networks. Likewise, this process will encourage operators to expedite the
transition to all-IP networks, increasing the generation of efficiencies at all
levels of network management and maintenance (e.g. less costly network
transmission equipment will be needed). 
As regards to the impact
arising from the proposed transparency measures, such measures enhancing
transparency of the offers and contracts, or allowing consumers to compare
offers of different providers exist in the majority of MS and operators are
already baring the associated costs. The harmonisation of such provisions at EU
level will mean that operators will need to adjust their contracts and
informational material. This will entail some administrative costs but the new
rules will be phased in over time. Some of the proposed
transparency measures may involve certain extra costs on operators. For
instance, the mandatory availability of comparison tools could imply marginal
implementing costs (e.g. costs of creating a new website and collecting the
relevant data that has to be kept up-to-date). The set
of information required to be provided by operators at the main location of the
end-user (e.g. actual speed ranges, average download and upload speeds,
peak-hour speeds) can represent measurement costs. Costs related to measuring
these indicators can only occur if these were not available until now. Some
speed measurements are already available in many Member States. It should also
be emphasized that these costs are "one-off" type of costs. Once the
measurement system is in place the extra costs are marginal. The right to
terminate the contract after six months without costs (excluding the residual value
of any subsidised equipment or other promotions) might result in higher churn
for certain operators and related loss of revenues. Also certain operators
might face higher subscriber acquisition costs.
However, increased
transparency and facilitated switching should decrease costs for end-users.
Easier to understand and more comparable information on the offers of the
providers and on the switching process will cut the time end-users spend on the
switching process thereby reducing the financial (time) cost associated with
switching provider. Facilitated switching may make end-users switch to an offer
that better suits their needs. The study on "The Functioning of the Market
for Internet Access and Provision from a Consumer Perspective" estimated
the net saving of switching in the first year between € 73.4 and € 113.6 per
household.[70]Moreover harmonized rules will benefit cross-border operators that
will no longer need to adjust to different national requirements in each MS of
operation. The risk of systematic
divergence of approaches in different MS is minimized by the directly binding
nature of the proposed regulation and by its direct applicability. Additionally
the Commission foresees the possibility to adopt an implementing act to further
detail the information requirements, which should additionally reduce
divergences.

8.2.2    Effects on
Other Sectors and on the Ecosystem

The Single Telecoms Market
for electronic communications would also have effects
on other sectors, possibly including a number of spill-overs and externalities.

Firstly, directly related sectors such as
telecom equipment manufacturing, application developers, content industry are
set to benefit from a more dynamic European telecom market as they all depend
on connectivity or on the investments in the underlying infrastructure which
provides this connectivity. The examples of the much more integrated US and
Japanese telecom markets clearly demonstrate this.
Europe-wide net neutrality rules would be
especially beneficial for content and application providers (CAPs). CAPs would
have unrestricted access to end-users and would therefore be able to reach a
critical mass more quickly. Additionally the administrative burden to comply
with different legal approaches in each Member State as regards net neutrality
would be eliminated. This would be especially beneficial for small CAPs (SMEs)
for which such administrative overheads can be large relative to the size of
their operations.
Secondly, an increasing number of sectors is
set to introduce the "Internet of Things" or machine-to-machine (M2M)
technologies, whereby devices are connected and interact through connectivity.
Examples include the automotive industry (with the first connected cars due to
be commercialised as of end 2013), the logistics sector (smart tags and
tracing) or the energy sector (smart metering). The adoption and commercial
success of those technologies depends on the mobility and connectivity offered.
If the Single Market helps to contribute to better and more seamless connectivity,
it also has positive effects on the development of these technologies.
Thirdly, improved availability of
connectivity enhances opportunities for improving public administration and
services, e. g. in eGovernment and eHealth. The latter in particular is high
bandwidth consuming, demanding as to quality of service and increasingly linked
to mobility. The costs and complexities associated with cross-border provision
of e-health services with a consistent high-quality and reliability can be
considered to be at least partly responsible for the low take up of such
services at this stage. Those services are generally recognised to increase the
efficiency of the public administrations, and in the case of the health sector
to allow not only efficiency and quality gains but also help reign in
healthcare costs. 
Fourthly, more specific benefits are expected
from a Single Telecoms Market for
multi-national and multi-site corporations as these
companies often have a foothold in another Member State, but they have to rely
on different business communication service providers
with usually different technological specifications and levels of service
quality. 45% of the respondents surveyed by WIK[71] indicated that one
of the main obstacles was to get a single supplier for business connectivity
services to cover all their sites, while 43% of respondents made explicit
reference to the need for consistent service quality across borders. The
estimated gains are illustrated by Figure 19 below and amount to almost €90bn
p.a.

8.2.3    Effects on Different
Member States

The Single Telecoms Market
for electronic communications would be beneficial for
all Member States. Firstly the expected adoption of advanced digital services
that are enabled by the Single Market would take place in all Member States,
because e.g. Internet services are usually not restricted to certain countries.

Furthermore, better coordination with
Commission, BEREC and the other Member States, e.g. in spectrum assignments,
would help especially smaller Member States to adopt best practices and
therefore enhance market performance. They would be able to better profit from
the competences of other Member States without having to build up the full set
of competences themselves. 
No significant additional financial resources
for Member States are expected. Public authorities in charge of spectrum are
already today holding extensive national consultations at the occasion of
spectrum authorisation procedures. These consultations would be extended to the
contributions by the Commission and other Member States. Therefore increase in
human resources in this respect would be marginal. Whereas more human resources
would need to be allocated to monitoring the spectrum authorisation practices
of other Member States, the lessons drawn from this monitoring would generate
synergies between national administrations and reduce the cost of research on
national level. Therefore overall the additional cost through the coordination
of spectrum assignment is expected to be marginal. 
Figure 19 – Economic Benefits for
Business Communication Services of a Single Market for Electronic Communications 
Source WIK
Finally, due to the nature of
telecommunications technology and services as key input to many value chains,
there are clear indications that ICT contributes to productivity growth in a
range of sectors. As an example, van Ark (2010) concludes that in the US "there
has been significant evidence of genuine technology and innovations effects on
productivity in the retail and wholesale sectors, due to extensive ICT
applications during the late 1990s and early 2000s".[72] As a result,
the effects of the Single Market can be expected to positively affect a much
larger part of the economy. Academic sources tend to agree that there seems to
be a strong link between ICT and total factor productivity.[73] One example of
positive externalities is the fact that common technological standards for
connectivity reduce R&D costs for products and services in other sectors.
In conclusion, it is realistic to assume that
a better functioning of national, cross-border and pan-European interconnected
network infrastructures and related connectivity services markets will increase
the uptake of online services throughout the EU, trigger the development of new
and innovative digital services and as a whole should contribute to
accelerating the achievement of the Digital Single Market, with consequent
benefits for economic growth and jobs in Europe[74]. Such development
could help set in train a virtuous cycle where investments in modern broadband
infrastructure across the EU – unleashing major network effects – fuels uptake
and demand, which in turn promote further investments. 

8.2.4    Impacts on GDP
8.2.4.1 Increase on GDP from Opening Electronic
Communication National Markets

A Single Market in electronic communications
represents a step towards further opening of national markets. The Ecorys study
on the cost of non-Europe in electronic communications concludes that a further
opening up of national markets (thereby increasing the intensity of competition)
results in a potentially permanent welfare gain of between €27bn to €55bn or
between 0.22% to 0.44% of GDP per year[75].
The Ecorys study identified that as a result of a Single Market for electronic
communications "the upcoming rise of pan-European premium quality
over-the-top services (…) more specialisation throughout the value chain;
economies of scale in the production of medical systems and other smart
machines; (…) improvements in e-Health, e-Learning, and B2B services; head
offices and production facilities to move back to the EU (can be
expected)." The additional gains are estimated at €35bn to €55bn per
year (0.3% to 0.45% of GDP). This amounts in total to an estimated 0.52%
to 0.89% of additional GDP (or€ 110 bn) per year. 
8.2.4.2 Increase in
GDP due to Network Investment
As argued above, a move from national markets
towards a Single Telecoms Market for electronic communications would strengthen
incentives for network investment. The magnitude of this effect is difficult to
estimate as the underlying linkages are complex. Nonetheless, any acceleration
of network roll-out can be expected to deliver some of the economic gains that
are associated with network investment. These gains have been explored in
several reports and studies.
Network investment has a large impact on GDP
growth and is therefore necessary even it is not the primary objective of the
move towards a Single Market for electronic communications. Czernich et al.
(2009)[76]
tested the effect of broadband infrastructure on economic growth, using an
annual panel of 25 OECD countries for the period 1996-2007. Using a technology
diffusion model, the authors find a significant positive effect of broadband
introduction and penetration on economic growth. The results suggest that a 10
percentage-point increase in the broadband penetration rate results in a
0.9-1.5 percentage-point increase in annual per-capita growth.
As to the roll-out of 4G (LTE) networks,
Deloitte[77]
(2011) reports that in the US "Any $1
investment into 4G infrastructure results in an increase of $2 873 in GDP
output p.a. At a forecasted U.S. investment rate of $73-151b in 2012-2016, this
leads to additional GDP growth of 0.1% to 0.2% p.a". This relationship has also been studied more for 3G: WEF GITR
report shows that a 10% increase in 3G penetration leads, on average, to
additional GDP growth of 0.15% p.a. and that a doubling of data consumption per
3G subscription leads, on average, to additional GDP growth of 0.5% p.a.
(linear effect[78])
Analysys Mason and Tech4i2 (2013) estimate
the socio-economic benefits of high-speed broadband using two complementary methodologies:
input-output analysis[79]
and consumer surplus calculations[80].
The three scenarios envisaged are "do nothing", "modest"
intervention and "large scale" intervention (NB: the latter scenario
presupposes large-scale public investments in infrastructure). The modest
intervention scenario shares some features set out in the options considered in
the Impact Assessment. However, it is limited to regulatory measures to boost
high-speed broadband rather than a wider regulatory intervention as proposed in
this Impact Assessment to achieve a Single Market in electronic communications.
In the modest intervention scenario the study puts the expected benefits across
the EU27 from such intervention at €270.4bn based on sector investment
triggered by regulation of €102.5bn (benefit ratio of 2.64), which is €89bn
more than in the 'do nothing' scenario. 
Another study by
Copenhagen Economics on the contribution of the digital Single Market on the
economy at large concludes that: “the digital economy can potentially
provide a major boost to EU productivity and growth. We estimate that at least 4
per cent additional GDP (EU27) can be gained in the longer run [between 2010
and 2020] by stimulating further adoption of ICT and digital services through
the creation of a Digital Single Market”[81].
E-communications networks and services constitute the backbone of such digital Single
Market.

8.2.5    Social Impacts of the Single Market
8.2.5.1 Impact on Jobs

The building of a Single Market will have a
significant impact on employment, but more through diffusion effects in the
digital eco-system and on the economy as a whole than through direct jobs
creation in the electronic communications sector itself. The explanation is
quite straightforward: for €1 invested in the roll-out of very high speed
networks, 80% go to civil engineering costs for digging trenches and laying
down cable, and the remaining 20% to telecoms work (equipment and services).
Moreover, the productivity gains in the telecom sector, a consequence of
technological progress in semiconductors and IT industries, are so high that it
offsets the impact of growth on telecom jobs. For instance, while 25 years ago
tens of jobs were necessary to run a central telephone office in a public switched
telecom network, the same task can be performed by means of Internet routers
(i.e. a dedicated PC). And this trend has been continuous for the last decades
and is expected to keep going at this steady pace in the long term.
It can be acknowledged that the main economic
work which has been used for this Impact Assessment, the study on the cost of
non-Europe in telecoms conducted by Ecorys, does not provide an assessment of
the building of the Single Market on employment. It is therefore difficult to
apply a multiplier to the €110bn gains which could be generated by the
achievement of the Single Market in telecoms. 
However, even if different studies point to
different numbers according to the methodology chosen, they all point to
positive impacts. Reference can be made to a number of recent works in the
field which can provide help frame the employment effects and provide a certain
order of magnitude:
·       
In a study for the European Commission,
Fornefeld et al. (2008)[82]
collect evidence of the impacts of broadband development on labour
productivity, employment and growth. According to the model, process
improvement, increased specialization in knowledge-intensive activities and
broadband-based development of innovative markets results in an incremental
growth of the European gross value added of €82.4bn per year (+0.71%).
Employment creation in new activities compensates for job losses due to process
optimization and structural displacements. In the best case scenario, broadband
could lead to the creation of more than 2 million jobs in Europe in the
period until 2015. Which scenario will actually occur depends on the speed
of adoption of online services, underlining the importance of timing as shown
in Chapter 6 below.
·       
Two ITIF studies, Atkinson et al. (2009)[83]
and Liebenau et al. (2009)[84],
estimate the employment effects of large scale broadband infrastructure
investments in the U.S. and UK. For the U.S., Atkinson et al. project a $10bn
investment in broadband infrastructure will create (or retain) 498,000 jobs.
For the UK, Liebenau et al. project an additional £5bn investment in broadband
networks would create or retain an estimated 280,500 jobs a year.
·       
Katz et al. (2009)[85] calculate the impact
of investment in broadband technology on employment and output in the German
economy. They analyze two investment scenarios: The first one is based on the
government’s target to ensure that 75% of German households have broadband
access of at least 50Mbps by 2014. The second investment scenario is based on
50% of German households having access to 100Mbps and another 30% to 50Mbps by
2020. Katz et al. estimate that the achievement of the first target for 2014
will require an investment of €20.2bn creating 407,000 new jobs. Achieving the
more ambitious second target by 2020 would create 968,000 new jobs in total.
·       
Analysys Mason and Tech4i2 (2013) estimate the
socio-economic benefits of high-speed broadband in three scenarios ("do
nothing", "modest" intervention and "large scale"
intervention that presupposes large-scale public investments in
infrastructure). Even in the modest intervention scenario, job creation can be
expected to reach 447,000 new jobs in the first three years and of 1,98 million
new jobs by 2020. 
Absent more focused research work, one can
infer that the impact on employment of the building of the Single Market in
electronic communications will lead to greater employment in the EU, but more
in the long run, and with transition costs related to the inevitable
transformation from 'old industry' to digital activities – e.g. in e-Health,
e-Learning - with a shift in the employment structure towards more high-skilled
jobs.
The pace of this change and its subsequent
diffusion in the economy depends on the intensity of network investment in next
generation access networks and on the pace of very high speed connection uptake
by end-users, two factors which should benefit from the building of a Single Telecoms
Market in telecoms.  
Greater legal predictability (e.g. a
guarantee that services will not be blocked or throttled) can also have a
positive effect on employment by stimulating consumption and growth in the
number and expansion of start-ups and other entrepreneurs in the digital
economy.[86]
Moreover, a recent LSE-Brunel University
study "Alternative routes to good jobs in the service economy: Employment
restructuring and human resource management in incumbent telecommunications
firms", reflects upon changes in workforce and give a headline on future
trends of employment in the European incumbent telecoms. This additional background
element confirms the above trends, i.e. that the workforce of incumbents, which
continue to represent the largest share of telecommunications employment in
most countries, keeps decreasing as the result of changing technologies, market
developments and accompanying regulatory development.
These trends encouraged restructuring
measures at all firms aimed at downsizing employment, concentrating jobs in
fewer locations, redeploying employees to areas of growing demand,
externalizing jobs, changing employment contracts for certain employee groups,
and adopting new models of work organization and performance management.
The report's findings
suggest that ownership and finance patterns, collective bargaining structures
and rights, and employment protections played an important role in shaping
strategies and outcomes.

8.2.5.2 Impact on Consumer Surplus

Analysys Mason estimates total consumer
surplus from 2011 to 2020 to be of the order of €28.6bn in the modest
intervention scenario, which foresees some regulatory measures such as cost
reduction measures, and more standardisation. This scenario is the closest to
the spirit of this Impact Assessment[87].
Figure 20 below shows the estimated consumer surplus from high-speed
broadband for the period 2011-2020 by country. 
Figure 20 – Consumer Surplus by Scenario
(Western Europe)
Source: Analysys Mason, 2012
Figure 21 – Consumer Surplus by Scenario
(Central and Eastern Europe)
Source: Analysys Mason, 2012

8.2.6    Administrative impacts

The measures in the proposed Regulation
are self-executing and do not thus require any transposition by Member States.
The NRAs will have to ensure the compliance by market players with the proposed
measures. However, harmonised rules across the EU will facilitate and simplify
enforcement activities. BEREC's tasks are increased from the current situation
but the proposed measures do not imply the increase of the BEREC Office budget.
Given the current under-spending of the BEREC Office budget the proposed professional
Chairman of the Board of Regulators can also be covered by the current level of
the BEREC Office budget. 

8.3       Evaluation of
Policy Options 

This section explores the three different
options presented in Chapter 4 and presents a succinct assessment of their
economic and social. Environmental impacts of ICT investments cannot be
estimated but are generally presumed to be modest. The baseline scenario serves
as reference and is deemed to have no or only neutral impacts (marked with 0).
The impacts are rated as follows:
 +++ || Significant overall positive impacts 
 ++ || Moderate overall positive impact 
 + || Limited overall positive impacts 
 0 || Neutral impacts 

8.3.1    Impacts of Option 1

Gradual regulatory harmonisation fostering
the integration of the Single Market 
Economic impacts: +
Option 1 would allow tackling all of the
bottlenecks to the Single Market for electronic
communications. However, both in terms of timing and in
terms of legal predictability and transparency, option 1 differs significantly
from options 2 and 3. 
Option 1 would essentially consist of
individual measures under the form of issuing Recommendations (either
non-binding recommendations foreseen under art TFEU 292 or Recommendations
provided for under art 19 of the Framework Directive, of which national
authorities need to take the "utmost account") and a set of
individual revisions over the next few years of existing directives and the
roaming Regulation. Options 2 and 3 would consist of a single Regulation
addressing all the issues. 
This would have consequences for:
-   Timing: the
experience of the revision of the previous review package of the legal
framework for electronic communications, shows that on top of the time needed
for the adoption of directives by the EU institutions, Member States typically
require 18 months to transpose measures into national law. However, in the case
of the latest revision of the framework (in 2009) this deadline was only met by
7 Member States resulting in the opening of infringement proceedings which
usually take at least another 2 years to be resolved. Moreover, since revisions
of the existing framework are spread over time  it would take probably at least
5 years for the effects to be produced across the board, which is significantly
longer than under options 2 or 3.
-   The reduction of
the fragmentation: under this option the risk of maintaining legal disparities
between Member States remains high mainly for two reasons. Firstly because
Member States remain free to adapt legislation to their national specificities
and can furthermore "goldplate" resulting in further regulatory
fragmentation for operators wishing to deploy their services across borders.
Secondly, under this option many of the main bottlenecks could only be
addressed by recommendations. Experience shows that even in the case of
recommendations issued under art 19 of the framework directive, Member States
(or national regulatory authorities) do not always take the necessary
"utmost account" (art 19 FWD) of those recommendations. If such a
situation would again occur the Commission has the possibility, but only in
certain areas and only after two years, to issue a decision subject to
comitology procedures. 
-   Legal
predictability and the regulatory clarity and transparency: contrary to options
2 and 3 this option would offer less predictability not only, as explained
above, because it would take longer to produce all of its effects,, but also
because a longer period of uncertainty is likely to persist before all
legislative measures enter into force.. Moreover, different instruments would
be adopted and enter into force at a different moment in time. As the Single
Market can only be achieved if a number of bottlenecks are removed a patchwork
of instruments would compromise the effectiveness of the individual measures
which are mutually dependent, this would undermine legal predictability and
could lead to a situation in which only some of the policy objectives would be
met. The effects of possible delays or gaps in the approach are difficult to
quantify but are highly relevant as the success in creating a true Single
Market, as shown by the experience of the introduction of the EU Single Market
in 1993 (see Cecchini report), critically depends on creating stable
expectations on part of all market participants about future market conditions.
As has been the case for the 1993 EU Single Market project, setting a clear
target date at which measures kick in is essential in convincing the market
that they should prepare for change. 
Equally, whilst option 1 in theory allows for
the achievement of all of the specific objectives, the tools foreseen under
this option would in some respects lead to measures that materially differ from
those that are envisaged under options 2 or 3. Contrary to options 2 and 3, for
example, it would not bring the full benefits of a single notification system
in the home Member State and heightened scrutiny of ex ante remedies by NRAs.
Nor would it allow for effective coordination measures through a consultation
mechanism of national spectrum assignment procedures. Even if it is difficult
to quantify these differing impacts, they logically lead to a less effective Single
Market. Option 1 falls short in achieving the objectives in consumer
protection, roaming and international calls.
Based on these considerations, it is
estimated that option 1 would take the longest of all options (likely 5 years
or more) to implement fully. Supposing that implementation would be completed
by 2020 according to the estimates of the Ecorys study this option would imply
foregoing potential cumulative additional welfare of some 3.7% of 2010 GDP over
the period 2015–2020 compared to measures that would deliver the full range of
benefits from the beginning of 2015. 
Furthermore, it is likely that only a part of
the expected economic benefits as described under 8.2 above would be realised.
Therefore, even if this option would constitute an improvement over the current
situation, it can be considered to have only a 'moderate overall positive
impact'.
Social impacts: +
In relation to the baseline scenario this
option increases the consistency of the regulation and thereby contributes to
the competitiveness of the sector. However the lack of legal predictability and
the long timeline for its implementation would not create a substantial 'stimulus
effect'. Consequently its impact on employment can be considered to be 'overall
limited'. 

8.3.2    Impacts of Option 2

A single legislative instrument with a
view to completing a Single Market for electronic communications supported by
enhanced EU coordination.
This option would consist of a legislative
instrument to establish the regulatory principles and detailed rules necessary
to complete a European Single Market for electronic communications by tackling
the entire set of the four main bottlenecks hindering the achievement of the Single
Market. Such a measure would build on the principles of the existing regulatory
framework, amending it only where necessary, in order to create the conditions
for new cross-border electronic communications markets to develop at EU level. 
The
most appropriate instrument to achieve the specific objectives would be a
Regulation. Using a soft law tool such as a Recommendation does not seem
appropriate as a Recommendation, by its non-binding nature, would maintain the
existing fragmentation of the rules. Moreover, Member States could 'cherry
pick' the specific recommendations, leaving out those they do not regard easy
to implement. A revision of the current framework via a Directive, on the other
hand, could resolve the issue of the binding nature of the legal tool, however,
the lengthy implementation process at national level may be regarded as a
relevant obstacle given the need for swift EU action. Moreover, Member States’
implementation of such a Directive could give rise to divergences which could
reduce the impact of the measures. A Regulation, by its directly binding nature
without the accompanying need for a transposition at national level, addresses
the need for quick implementation. By virtue of its direct applicability, a
Regulation also reduces the risk of national divergences and thus
fragmentation.
Finally,
a Regulation would by its nature produce immediate effects as of its entry into
force date, foreseen for July 2014 and July 2016, respectively.
Economic impacts: +++
The economic impacts would be significantly
positive. Once compounded over six years, the permanent
one-off effect of the achievement of the Single
Telecoms Market as early as possible could add up to 5.5% to the EU's GDP[88].

Among the three options this one is most
suited to achieve the overall and specific objectives described in Chapter 6
above.
Moreover, the spill-overs on other sectors
can be evaluated at tens of billions of potential gains p.a. as the examples of
Machine-to-Machine and Business Communications Services demonstrate (cf 8.2.2.).

Under this scenario these gains would be
harvested as of 2015.
Social impact: +++
Under this option, impacts on employment and
consumer welfare would be greater than under option 1. Furthermore, a higher degree
of harmonisation of consumer protection would also produce positive social
impacts by building trust and reducing regulatory burdens. 

8.3.3    Impacts of Option 3

A single legislative instrument
complementing the regulatory framework with a view to completing a Single
Market for electronic communications with a single EU regulator ensuring full
coordination
This option entails the most radical change
compared to the baseline scenario. The substantive measures that would be
implemented under Option 3 are the same as those listed for Option 2. However,
the governance structure underpinning the mutual recognition principle would be
replaced by a single EU regulator with responsibility for pan-EU services,
consistent application of consumer protection rules, coordination of NRAs and
with new powers in radio spectrum management replacing the current coordination
system. 
Option 3 has been widely discussed internally
and externally as a possible scenario for the Single Telecoms Market.  However,
it will undoubtedly be questioned in terms of subsidiarity and proportionality.
Furthermore, even in a scenario where this would not be the case, this option
would still require more time to implement than Option 2. New governance
structures require time to be put in place. As an example the BEREC Office,
took 2 ½ years to be effectively established and start operations. The BEREC
Office example is however for an agency of only 28 staff members whereas the
Regulator foreseen under Option 3 would need significantly more staff members,
particularly if competences such as consumer protection and spectrum management
would be added. The BEREC Office has much more limited tasks and requires much
less specific technical expertise than that required for an EU regulator, in
particular one tasked with spectrum management. It can therefore be assumed, in
an optimistic scenario, that it would take at least three years and a half before
it would become fully operational i.e. mid 2018. 
The extra time required for option 3 in
comparison to option 2 amounts to foregoing potential additional GDP of some
2.3% over the period 2015 - 2020. 
Moreover, the EU-level governance structure
may not be fully efficient, in that it may not be as well able to take full
account of national specificities as option 2. In certain cases (e.g.
regulating access to local physical infrastructures; assigning spectrum where
conditions differ from Member State to Member State for example in relation to
spectrum assigned to defence and broadcasting; redistribution of spectrum
revenue raised at EU level to Member States would also be complicated and open
to legal challenges; consumer protection redress which should be conducted in
national languages), an EU structure may have difficulties meeting legitimate
demands from Member States and their citizens. The division of responsibilities
between the Commission which currently scrutinises decisions by national
regulatory authorities (under the so-called Art 7/7a procedure) and a single EU
regulator would need to be carefully defined to ensure legal certainty and
avoid duplication. As the Single Telecoms Market can be expected to enhance
competitive intensity as barriers to entry are removed, over time there would
likely be fewer SMP findings. In that case, it could be questioned why in the
perspective of a gradual reduction of ex-ante regulation as competition
intensifies, an EU regulator should be established?  
Nonetheless, even if overall the general and
specific objectives can be achieved through option 3, the introduction of a
single regulator would take more time than option 2 to produce its impacts and
could be less efficient or not entirely proportionate with the desired
objectives. 
Economic impact: ++
Social impact: ++
In conclusion, the
different economic benefits of the three scenarios are summarised in the graph
below.
Figure 22 – Impact of the Single Market on GDP by Option
Table 7 – Summary of Impacts from Different
Policy Options
 Baseline || 0 || 0 
 Option1 || + || + 
 Option 2 || +++ || +++ 
 Option 3 || ++ || ++ 
              9.       Choice
of the Preferred Option
This chapter gives an overview of the main
arguments leading to the selection of policy options, in view of the
operational objectives described in Chapter 3. 

9.1       Baseline Scenario

Under the baseline scenario, the current
regulatory framework for electronic communications would not be modified. No
new implementing measures would be introduced. 
Essentially the current regulatory framework,
after having successfully allowed for the liberalisation of telecom markets, is
nevertheless conceived in such a way that it maintains 27 national markets for
electronic communications services whilst putting in place broadly common rules
on how these markets should operate. Furthermore its implementation results in
further fragmentation as, on the one hand, transposition of EU law into
national legislation inevitably leads to differing national rules to take
account of national specificities, and, on the other hand, national regulatory
authorities apply the rules in specific ways. The result is a patchwork of
differing rules from one Member State to the next.
More worrying in view of the objective of
arriving at a true Single Telecoms Market for electronic communications, is the
absence of possibilities for operators to provide from their home country
services to (some or all of the) other Member States. Equally, consumers
(residential or businesses) are unable to buy the whole set of electronic
communication services from operators residing in another Member State (except
for the theoretical case of mobile subscriptions which is then however rendered
extremely costly as it would involve facing roaming and international charges).

Moreover, it appears that the application of
the current regulatory framework is not sufficient to trigger the level of
investment needed for achieving the Digital Agenda for Europe targets as it has
not created the adequate environment for such investments to take off, as
demonstrated by Analysys Mason[89]
(2012). 
In conclusion, the current regulatory
framework can be considered to contribute to the absence of a true Single Telecoms
Market for electronic communications, as well as, because of this fragmentation
– and the ensuing scale problems of certain national markets (on the supply
side) and the inability of costumers to draw the benefits from a Single Market
(on the demand side) - to be partly responsible for the absence of a dynamic telecoms
market for electronic communications in Europe. 
Hence the baseline scenario of not taking
action will not lead to a Single Telecoms Market for electronic communications
and therefore not deliver any of the expected economic or social benefits of
such a Single Market.

9.2       Option 1

Gradual regulatory harmonisation fostering
the integration of the Single Market.
Besides the general Treaty provisions on
issuing non-binding recommendations (Art. 292 TFEU), the current
regulatory framework for electronic communications provides for the possibility
in certain areas to issue specific recommendations (Art. 19 of the
Framework Directive) to harmonise the application of the provisions foreseen
under that framework across the EU. It furthermore foresees that Member States
shall ensure that national regulatory authorities take utmost account of those
recommendations and that the Commission may ultimately, in some well-specified
cases, and only after two years after it issued its recommendation, turn those
into decisions. 
The only mandate with regard to coordination
of spectrum assignment conditions would be the mandate the existing Radio
Spectrum Policy Programme (Art. 4.8) gives to the Commission to
"facilitate the identification and sharing of best practices on
authorisation conditions and procedures". This tool is however considered
insufficient, as it does not establish a formal procedure which requires Member
States to take the Commission's views, and those of other Member States, into
utmost account in particular with regard to consistency of assignments across
the Single Market. The Commission would be limited to informal discussions,
such as workshops, to try and convince Member States to follow consistent
assignment approaches. 
In principle, issuing Recommendations under
the framework directive for electronic communications would provide Member
States and NRAs with more guidance on how to apply the current regulatory
framework. Such Recommendations could be complemented by a reinforcement of
coordination and cooperation measures such as exchanges of best practices or
voluntary commitments. 
Issuing Recommendations under the Framework
Directive for electronic communications do not require changing the existing
legislation. However this does not mean that they produce immediate effects.
Even if the adoption process of such Recommendations is shorter than that of
legislation by the co-legislators, it usually still takes about a year. 
Equally, whilst option 1 in theory allows for
the achievement of all of the specific objectives, the tools foreseen under
this option would in some respects lead to measures that materially differ from
those that are envisaged under options 2 or 3. Contrary to options 2 and 3, for
example, it would not bring the full benefits of a single notification system
in the home Member State and heightened scrutiny of ex ante remedies by NRAs.
Nor would it allow for effective coordination measures through a consultation
mechanism of national spectrum assignment procedures. Even if it is difficult
to quantify these differing impacts, they logically lead to a less effective Single
Market. 
Moreover, such Recommendations are not entirely
binding which means that Member States (government, regulators and spectrum
authorities) have wide discretion with respect to their implementation. 
In conclusion, it is estimated that option 1
would take significantly longer, likely 5 years i.e.2020, to implement fully
than the other options which according to the estimates of the Ecorys study
would amount to foregoing potential additional GDP of some 3.7% compared to
option 2 and 3 over the period 2015 - 2020. In the current economic context,
foregoing such a boost to growth cannot be sustained.
Even if this option would constitute an
improvement on the current situation and can be considered a 'moderate overall
positive impact' only a part of the expected economic benefits as described
under 7.2 above would be realised. 

9.3       Option 2

A single legislative instrument completing
the regulatory framework with a view to achieving a Single Market for
electronic communications supported by enhanced EU coordination.
This option would consist of a single
legislative instrument to introduce the EU market-level elements associated
with a true Single Market, accompanied by targeted changes of the current
regulatory framework. It would not imply a fully-fledged revision of that
framework, and in particular would refrain from overhauling the overall
governance aspects of EU regulation (in order to safeguard a regulatory
mechanism which enables to take account of national specificities where this is
required, such as in access to physical networks and some areas of consumer protection
or litigation in this area). 
While the effects of other factors including
economic, social and wider regulatory factors on the effective completion of
the Single Market are acknowledged. Such measures, some derived from solutions
successfully applied in creating a Single Market in other sectors such as
banking, would tackle all of the of the four identified barriers to the Single
Market in a single legislative instrument aimed at introducing a single EU
authorisation, the provision of harmonised inputs for fixed networks, more
consistent spectrum assignment and introducing a single telecoms' space for
end-users (residential or businesses). 
In conclusion, such measures would build on
the principles of the existing regulatory framework, amending it only where
necessary, in order to create the conditions for new cross-border electronic
communications markets to develop at EU level. In doing so it would allow
meeting the two-fold Single Market objective of freedom of provision and
freedom of consumption of electronic communications services. At the same time,
by leaving the existing regulatory framework largely untouched, including in
the way that national regulatory authorities supervise markets, it allows for
not disrupting operations of those providers that would opt for keeping a
national (or sub-national) footprint. 
Enabling the development of new cross-border
markets – in particular if those are to operate under the 'better regulation'
principle, i.e. by progressively decreasing regulatory pressure if markets are
proven to be competitive – however still calls for some forms of supervision.
This option would leave the competences of national regulatory authorities
essentially unchanged while at the same time enhancing the European
coordination mechanism. That is beneficial as they will also in a true Single
Market be the best placed to take account of the national specificities when
(i) regulating access to physical infrastructures that by their nature remain
geographically national; and (ii) addressing consumer questions in a national
context (notably in their language). 
As described under section 7.3, this option
has the distinct advantage of enhancing legal predictability and transparency
in the most efficient manner. It is also the option that takes least time to
produce its effects, which allows it to deliver the highest possible economic
and social benefits of all the options that have been considered. 
In conclusion, this option allows delivering
on all of the specific objectives and generating the highest possible expected
benefits in the most timely and effective manner. For these reasons it must
therefore be considered the preferred option. 

9.4       Option 3

A single legislative instrument
complementing the regulatory framework with a view to completing a Single
Market for electronic communications with a single EU regulator ensuring full
coordination
The measures that would be implemented under
Option 3 are broadly the same as those listed for Option 2. However under
Option 3 the governance structure underpinning the mutual recognition principle
would be replaced by a single EU regulator that would have responsibility for
pan-EU services, coordinating the action of National regulators and would have
new powers in radio spectrum management replacing the current system of
coordination of radio-spectrum regulators. The single EU regulator would have
competence in the consistent application of consumer protection rules together
with the implementation of specific dispute resolution mechanisms. 
In a 'greenfield' situation, this option
could theoretically be considered to deliver the highest benefits. However the
actual situation in the EU is such that national regulatory authorities have
been put in place as a result of EU legislation in order to cater for national
specificities. In the area of spectrum management the situation is even more
complicated as those powers are in many Member States spread out over various
bodies (in charge of telecoms, audio-visual, other civil or military spectrum
usages). In proposing this option, the existing situation must therefore be
considered. A previous Commission proposal in this sense, whilst highlighting
in its Impact Assessment the potential gains of such a proposal, was abandoned
in the inter-institutional negotiations in the face of the fierce opposition of
Member States to a centralisation of competences at EU level. 
In any event, this option would in comparison
to option 2 take considerably more time to produce its full effects. The new
body would need to be set up with the needed technical expertise for such a
critical and broad subject, which as estimated under section 7.3 would require at
least 3 ½ years and, as a result, delay and diminish the economic benefits. 
In conclusion, even if this option would in principle
enable delivery of all of the specific objectives and the expected benefits, it
would be more complicated to implement, raising questions of proportionality,
and would be less efficient and take much longer than Option 2. 

9.5       Risk Assessment of the Preferred
Option

As described in sections 9.3 and 6.4 the
objectives of this measure, consisting of creating a Single Market for telecoms
in which operators have the right to provide their services from their home
country to the entire EU and for citizens and businesses to consume such
services from wherever they are provided in the EU, requires a 'logical chain'
approach. It is only if all necessary measures are taken that operators and
consumers will be able to enjoy these rights. If some elements of such a
package of measures were to be removed, the objective would not be met. 
Therefore the major risk of the preferred
option lies in some of the elements of this 'logical chain' being removed.
              10.     Monitoring and Evaluation
Monitoring of the progress on the basis of
the preferred option will be required to assess the achievement towards the Single Market for electronic communications.
This section presents the monitoring and evaluation mechanism and indicators
set in place in relation to this initiative. In the spirit of better
regulation, the choice was made for light reporting obligations for operators
and NRAs, building on the tools that already exist. 
The annual Digital Agenda Scoreboard
and progress report on European electronic communications regulation and
markets provide comprehensive data and analysis of market, regulatory and
consumer developments in the sector, and indicators measured through these
reporting tools will be adjusted in order better to measure cross-border
activity and provision of electronic communication services. 
The above-mentioned reports are based on
information received from various sources including Commission missions carried
out in Member States, analysis of notifications of national transposition and
implementing measures, market data received from national regulatory
authorities and surveys commissioned on price developments. 
These reports cover a broad set of indicators
such as prices, number of alternative providers, investment by telecoms'
operators, market shares, broadband penetration, and development of new
technologies and take-up of digital services. 
Since the general objective of the proposed
initiative is to create a Single Market for electronic communication services,
with the aim of fostering growth, competition, investment, innovation, better
services and greater choice for consumers, indicators used will measure the
expected effect of the proposed measures on boosting investment in general,
investment in the network by the electronic communications sector, and overall
investment in networks as a percentage of total revenue. 
The impacts of simplification of the general
authorisation regime for providers of electronic communication services will be
measured inter alia by the take-up of the EU passport, notably the number of
operators providing services in more than one Member State and, with the
assistance of BEREC, regular estimates concerning the evolution of
administrative cost savings achieved.
In order to measure progress towards the
possibility for consumers to enjoy electronic communication services seamlessly
across the Union, indicators will include the emergence of a pan-European, or
cross-border offers. Another suitable indicator in this respect will be the
evolution of price differentials for comparable services. 
The annual reports will therefore remain the
main tool for monitoring and evaluating the implementation of the regulatory
framework also after the current legislative changes to the directives have
been implemented. This data collection and monitoring is also continuously
being developed in order to better assess the effects of EU rules in the
dynamic sector.
In addition to the annual reports and the
Digital Agenda Scoreboard, BEREC will have a role in monitoring the progress of
the proposed measures. Indeed, the Regulation setting up BEREC requires it to
monitor and publish annual reports on developments in the sector. 
Based on the information acquired through the
Digital Agenda Scoreboard exercise, the annual reports and BEREC's reporting,
the Commission should then evaluate, after three years, the impact of the
proposed measures, with a view to proposing necessary adjustments, as
appropriate. 
As part of the Commission’s Better Regulation
Agenda, DG CONNECT has put in place a specific monitoring tool, “metrics” to
measure the impact of its activities. A wide public on-line consultation on
this monitoring tool was conducted in 2012 to which more than 1800 stakeholders
responded. The monitoring will be rendered public via the Europa-website. 
Several metrics targets will serve as useful
monitoring tools for the success of the planned initiative to establish a true Single
Market for electronic communications. 
In particular the following metrics
benchmarks will be used as part of this monitoring:

10.1     Specific Objective 1

Enabling unrestricted EU-wide provision
of service by removing obstacles to the authorisation
regime and as regards
rules applicable to service provision:
-    Number of cases in which the Commission adopts
decisions blocking SMP remedies imposed by NRAs on European operators: initially, there might be a slight increase in the number of
“serious doubts” decisions (which currently concerns some 15% of notifications)
but as NRAs adapt to the Single Market imperatives, the number of cases should
drop to some 5% or less, which is the share of cases which are subject to an
Art 7 decision relating to market definition under the current framework. 

10.2     Specific Objective 2

Ensuring greater consistency in
spectrum assignment in order to allow mobile operators to access spectrum
across the EU on the basis of predictable rules and coordinated conditions:
-   Reduction of time
period for authorization: with the entry into force of the Regulation the
measures aimed at ensuring harmonization of conditions imposed on the use of
spectrum should lead to a reduction of the time period in which all of the EU’s
Member States issue the licenses to a maximum of one to two years depending on
the specificities of the particular band (the timeframe for opening up the 800
MHz band in all Member States by the time the last Member State has taken all
necessary steps could be as long as 6 to 7 years). 

10.3     Specific Objective 3

Ensure consistent European wholesale
inputs to enable electronic communication service providers to offer their
services across the Single Market.
-   The Regulation
would harmonise the parameters of virtual broadband access products that
regulated operators offer to access seekers. SMP operators in fixed broadband
markets would be required by NRAs to offer products corresponding to harmonised
Union-wide parameters, subject to proportionality considerations. Such
interoperable products should be available by (2016) in at least half of all
Member States, and in all Member States by 2020.

10.4     Specific Objective 4

Enable consumers to freely enjoy
electronic communication services seamlessly across the Union, and establish a
common high level of protection to the benefit of both consumers and
cross-border telecoms undertakings. 
ˉ      
By 2014, incoming roaming calls should no longer
be charged. By 2016, consumers should no longer be faced with additional
international roaming costs as "Roam Like at Home" would become the
default as part of their national subscriptions. International call charges
should not be higher than the Eurotariff (0.19 cents per minute) for mobile
calls and not be higher than the charges for domestic long distance calls for
fixed calls.
ˉ      
BEREC in cooperation with NRAs will regularly
monitor traffic management to ensure that the principles on net neutrality, as
laid down in the Regulation, are respected. After a two year transitional
period which should be used to adjust existing contracts and put in place
measures to comply with the provisions of the Regulation, i.e. by 2016, the target
value for blocking of websites and applications and throttling of traffic
(except when applied in the specific cases foreseen by the Regulation) should
be zero. BEREC should also regularly verify that there are no structural
discrepancies between advertised Internet speeds and real speeds.
ˉ      
As regards switching, at least 10% of consumers
should make use of their right to switch to another provider by 2017.
References
Access, The Importance of Net Neutrality
in the Emerging and Developing World, 2011.
Analysys Mason, DotEcon, Hogan&Hartson, Exploiting
the Digital Dividend – A European Approach, 2009.
Analysys Mason, Europe’s Digital Deficit:
Revitalizing the Market in Electronic Communications, 2010.
Analysys Mason and Tech4i2, The
Socio-Economic Impact of Bandwidth, 2012.
ARCEP, Report to Parliament and the
Government on Net Neutrality, 2012.
ARCEP, Observatoire des marchés des communications
électroniques en France 1er trimestre 2013 - résultats définitifs, 04/07/2013.
Atkinson, R.T., D. Castro and S.J. Ezell, The
Digital Road to Recovery: A Stimulus Plan to Create Jobs, Boost Productivity
and Revitalize America, 2009.
BEREC, Report on Best Practices to
Facilitate Consumer Switching, 2010.
BEREC, Response to the European
Commission's Consultation on the Open Internet and Net Neutrality in Europe,
2010. 
BEREC, Report on the Impact of
Administrative Requirements on the Provision of Transnational Business
Electronic Communications Services, 2011.
BEREC, Guidelines on Transparency in the
Scope of Net Neutrality, Best Practices and Recommended Approaches, 2011. 
BEREC, A View of Traffic Management and
Other Practices Resulting in Restrictions to the Open Internet in Europe,
2012. 
BEREC, International Roaming BEREC
Benchmark Data Report January 2012 – June 2012), 2013.
Bernstein Research, European
Telecommunications: Interests Aligning for Material Regulatory Change?,
2013.
Booz&Co., Sharing Mobile Networks,
2012.
Booz&Co., Building and Leveraging
Scale in the Digital Home Sector, a Study for Liberty Global, 2013.
Bosch (S. Ferber), How the Internet of
Things Changes Everything in Harvard Business Review, 2013.
Boston Consulting Group, The $4.2 Trillion
Opportunity, 2012.
Boston Consulting Group, The Internet
Economy in the G-20, 2012.
Boston Consulting Group, TMT Value
Creators Report, 2012.
CapGemini et al. for the European Commission,
Study on Analysis of the Needs for Cross-Border Services and Assessment of
the Organisational, Legal, Technical and Semantic Barriers, 2013.
Cardona, Kretschmer, Strobel, ICT and
Productivity: Conclusions from Empirical Literature, 2013.
Cisco, Visual Networking Index, 2013.
Cisco, Copenhagen Economics, The Economic
Impact of a European Digital Single Market, Study commissioned by CEPS,
2010. 
CMT, Datos Del Sector, http://cmtdata.cmt.es/cmtdata/
Czernich, N., Falck, O., Kretschmer, T. and
Woessmann, L., Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth”, CESIFO
Working Paper No. 2861, 2009.
Consumer Rights Directive, DIRECTIVE
2011/83/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 25 October 2011.
Deloitte, The Impact of 4G Technology on
Commercial Interactions, Economic Growth, and U.S. Competitiveness, 2011.
Ecorys, TU Delft et al., Steps Towards a
Truly Internal Market for e-Communication, 2013.
Ericsson, Mobility Report, 2012.
European Commission, Extended Impact
Assessment of a Proposal for a Directive on Services in the Internal Market,
SEC(2004)21, 2004.
European Commission, A Digital Agenda for
Europe, COM (2010) 245, 2010.
European Commission, Communication on Safeguarding
Privacy in a Connected World A European Data Protection Framework for the 21st
Century (COM/2012/09 final), 2012.
European Commission, IA for a Proposed
Regulation Aimed at the Reduction of Costs in Rolling out Broadband, 2012. 
European Commission, DG SANCO, Consumer
Market Study on the Functioning of the Market for Internet Access and Provision
from a Consumer Perspective, 2012.
European Commission, European Economy
Occasional Papers 129: Market Functioning in Network Industries - Electronic
Communications, Energy and Transport, 2013.
European Commission, Radio
Spectrum Policy Programme (RSPP), DECISION No 243/2012/EU OF THE EUROPEAN
PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 14 March 2012.
European Commission, Report on
Telecommunications Market and Regulatory Developments, 2012. 
European Commission, Digital Agenda
Scoreboard 2013, 2013. 
Eurobarometer, Survey on Geographic and
Labour Market Mobility, Europeans and Mobility: First Results of an EU-Wide
Survey, 2006.
FTTH Council, Global Ranking, G20,
2011. 
HSBC, Honey, I Shrunk the Cells, 2012.
HSBC, European Telecoms "A Singular
Vision for the Sector, 2013.
IDATE, Digiworld Yearbook 2012, 2012.
IDC, 'Demand for Cloud Computing in
Europe, 2012.
Katz, R., S. Vaterlaus, P. Zenhäusern, S.
Suter and P. Mahler, The Impact of Broadband on Jobs and the German Economy,
2009.
Liebenau, J., R. Atkinson, P. Kärrberg, D.
Castro and S. Ezell, The UK’s Digital Road to Recovery, LSE / ITIF,
2009.
MICUS, The Impact of Broadband on Growth
and Productivity, 2009.
Monti, M., A NewStrategy for the Single
Market, Report to the President of the European Commission, 2010.
Ofcom, Communications Market Report 2012,
18/07/2012.
Pelkmans J., European Integration –
Methods and Economic Analysis, Third Edition, Longman Publishing, New York,
2006.
Pelkmans, J. and Renda A., Single eComms
Market? No Such Thing’. CEPS Policy Brief, No. 231, 2011.
Radio Spectrum Committee, RSCOM12-06rev2,
2012.
Roaming Regulation, Regulation (EU) No
531/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2012.
Samknows, Study for
the European Commission, Quality of Broadband
Services in the EU, March 2012 – https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/quality-broadband-services-eu-march-2012.
SCF Associates, Perspectives on the Value
of Shared Spectrum Access, 2012.
Teligen
Strategy Analytics (2011). Report on Telecoms Price Developments from 1998 to
2010. Produced for: European Commission, Directorate General for Information
Society and Media.
Thomas Hazlett
and Roberto Muñoz, A Welfare Analysis of Spectrum Allocation Policies,
RAND Journal of Economics (2009).
Van Ark B. for CEPS, Productivity, Sources
of Growth and Potential Output in the Euro Area and the United States, 2010.

WEF-GITR, Annual Report 2013, 2013.
WIK/Aegis, Impact of traffic off-loading and
related technological trends on the demand for wireless broadband
spectrum", 2013
WIK, Business Communications, Economic
Growth and the Competitive Challenge, 2012.
WIK, NGA Progress Report, 2012.
Glossary
 ADSL: Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 
 ALDE: Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ARPU: Average Revenue Per User ARCEP: Autorité de régulation des communications électroniques et des postes ASQ – Assured Service Quality 
 BCG: Boston Consulting Group 
 BEREC: Body of European Regulators BEUC: Bureau européen des unions de consommateurs (The European Consumer Organisation) CAP: Content and Applications Provider 
 CAPEX: Capital expenditure CCIA: Computer & Communications Industry Association 
 CEO: Chief Executive Officer 
 COCOM: Communications Committee 
 DAE: Digital Agenda for Europe 
 DER: Distributed Energy Resources DG CNECT: European Commission Directorate General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology DG ECFIN: European Commission Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs 
 DG SANCO: European Commission Directorate General for Health & Consumers DNS: Domain Name System 
 DSM: Digital Single Market 
 EBITDA: Equity Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortisation 
 ECHR: European Charter of Human Rights ECTA: European Competitive Telecommunications Association EMF: Electromagnetic Field 
 EP: European Parliament 
 ERT: European Round Table for Industrialists ETNO: European Telecommunications Network Operators' Association EU: European Union EUR: euro (currency) 
 FCC: Federal Communications Commission 
 FD: Framework Directive 
 FTTB: Fibre to the Building FTTC: Fibre to the Cabinet 
 FTTH: Fibre to the Home FTTx: Fibre to the x 
 GDP: Gross Domestic Product GHz: Gigahertz GPS: Global Positioning System 
 GPT: General Purpose Technology 
 GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications IA: Impact Assessment 
 IASG: Impact Assessment Steering Group 
 ICT: Information and Communications Technology 
 IGF: Internet Governance Forum IMCO: European Parliament Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection INTUG: International Telecommunications Users Group 
 IP: Internet Protocol IPR: Intellectual Property Rights 
 IPTV: Internet Protocol Television 
 ISP: Internet Service Provider IT: Information Technology ITRE: European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy 
 LTE: Long Term Evolution 
 M2M: Machine-to-Machine MEP: Member of the European Parliament MHz: Megahertz 
 MNO: Mobile Network Operators 
 MS: Member States MSC/MNC: Multi-Site/Multi-National Corporations 
 MVNO: Mobile Virtual Network Operators 
 NGA: Next Generation Access 
 NRA: National Regulation Authority 
 OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 
 OTTs: Over The Top players P2P: Peer-to-Peer 
 QoS: Quality of Service R&D: Research & Development 
 RSPP: Radio Spectrum Policy Programme RSPG: Radio Spectrum Policy Group 
 S&D: Socialists & Democrats SIM: Subscriber Identity Module SME: Small and Medium Enterprises 
 SMP: Significant Market Power SMS: Short Message Service 
 TFEU: Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union TTE Council: The Transport, Telecommunications and Energy Council 
 US: United States of America 
 USD: Universal Service Directive 
 VAT: Value Added Tax VDSL: Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line VoD: Video on Demand 
 VoIP: Voice over Internet Protocol VP: Vice-President WLR: Wholesale Line Rental 4G: fourth generation of mobile phone mobile communication technology standards 
Annexes
Annex I –
Detailed Overview of the Consultation of Stakeholders and other EU Institutions
This Annex provides an outline of the
consultation process for the present Impact Assessment. Due to timing
constraints, resulting from the request of the Spring European Council in March
for concrete measures to achieve a Single Market for ICT as early as possible, a
fully-fledged public consultation on the specific measures in accordance with
the Commission's guidelines could not be organized. Nonetheless, the Commission
services have taken a number of initiatives to ensure that stakeholders' inputs
could be gathered. The outcomes of these initiatives complement the summary
findings in Chapter 2. As set out in the IA, further inputs have been gathered
as part of public consultations on specific elements of the proposal, for
example on net neutrality and the Open Internet, on the definition of relevant
markets or on Roaming
              1.       Public
Events Organised by the Commission
Two major public
information events have been organised on the Single Telecoms Market for
electronic communications in order to provide orientations and seek feedback
from all interested stakeholders on the proposals envisaged by the Commission.
In advance of these events, Commission services made available a non-paper
containing a broad problem analysis and possible ways to address the identified
obstacles. The first event took place on 17 June in Brussels and was attended
by more than 300 stakeholders. A further event took place as part of the Annual
Digital Agenda Assembly, held on 19 June in Dublin, and was attended by more than
600 stakeholders. Stakeholders attending these events represent all segments of
the industry (from telecom operators to investors, content providers, devices
manufacturers, and other industries). Civil society and consumer organisations
also participated as well as representatives of national administrations,
national regulatory authorities and other EU institutions. There was also
active involvement of think tanks and the academic community. 
The events allowed the Commission,
represented by Vice-President Kroes and senior Commission officials, to present
the political and economic context, provide an overview of the regulatory and
other bottlenecks in the e-communications sector, and highlight the tangible
benefits for growth and jobs for the economy and society as a whole as well as
for the sector, if current fragmentation of the Single Market for electronic
communication can be overcome. The Commission also presented possible ways of
tackling remaining bottlenecks as part of forthcoming proposals. Several
high-level key note speakers from industry and the regulators' community
provided insights followed by a comprehensive panel discussion bringing
together all the main representative organisations (notably industry, consumers
and users, SMEs, investors, academia). The wider community of stakeholders
expressed their opinions during the different sessions. 
The events showed that a large majority of
stakeholders share the problem analysis and recognise the urgency in taking
action. Whilst many stakeholders would have preferred to be given more
information about precise details in any of the envisaged measures, positions
differed on the most effective solutions. Depending on their respective
interests, industry stakeholders either supported a high level of integration
of the Single Market or advocated a more cautious approach. Several industry
representatives called for more ambitious measures than those contained in the
Commission's orientations, in particular the setting up of a European regulator
and wide ranging harmonisation of spectrum management. Consumers and
representatives of the wider economic eco-system (including SMEs), in
particular those that are increasingly dependent on access to fast Internet
connectivity, urged rapid measures that should lead to a truly integrated Single
Market, in particular through the abolition of still high roaming charges in
the EU, notably for data. 
On the general objective to achieve the Single
Market, stakeholders' reactions can be summarised as follows:
- consumer organisations (BEUC)
underlined four imperatives: enhance transparency so that consumers can better
exercise choice; ensure an open, neutral Internet (applying to both mobile and
fixed networks) without ISPs unjustified blocking and throttling of traffic; an
end to international roaming charges and better enforcement of consumer
protection rules. 
- incumbent operators (ETNO - European Telecommunications Network Operators) stressed the
need for bold reforms but regretted the lack of clarity and insufficient level
of ambition in the orientations provided by the Commission. Whilst agreeing on
the diagnosis, individual companies (inter alia Telefonica, Orange,
Deutsche Telekom, TeliaSonera) expressed a degree of caution on certain
aspects of the initiative (e.g. international roaming, pan-European
availability of a consistent wholesale virtual product, traffic management) and
argued that the initiative should contribute to rolling back regulatory
burdens, promoting much greater regulatory consistency across Member States and
ensuring a level playing field, particularly vis-à-vis so-called "over the
top" providers. The idea of a single passport was considered interesting
if it contributed to this objective. The importance of quality of service
differentiation was also highlighted. BT, in contrast to some of the other
operators, underlined the importance of consistent access products across the
EU in order to be able to provide quality services to large businesses
operating in different Member States. Absent such products, the market would
remain fragmented with little competition and major economic benefits lost. 
- new entrants/access seekers; mobile,
cable operators and satellite industry (ECTA – European Competitive
Telecommunication Association) shared with Vodafone and CableEurope the
analysis that the current regulatory framework continues to provide benefits.
The main challenge was effective implementation and enforcement to drive
competition. ECTA also highlighted the aspect of providing services to large businesses,
and, to this end, the need to define a business-to-business market at European
level. CableEurope also expressed support for consistent access products for
business services. On the open Internet, CableEurope questioned the current
approach aimed at banning blocking and throttling. ESOA (European Satellite
Operators) highlighted the role that satellite can play in meeting the DAE
targets. GSMA underlined the link between connectivity,
infrastructure and investments (comparing with the US). The reform should be
comprehensive, focusing on spectrum coordination, investment, innovation,
consistent regulation and tackling impediments to consolidation.
- digital consumer electronics
manufacturers (DigitalEurope) considered that
the European Union needed a modern framework of rules which would drive growth
and innovation throughout the economy. The current situation in Europe is
unsatisfactory – Single Market rules need to work in sectors of the future,
such as digital services, as much as they already do in goods. The status quo
does not meet expectations of the digital industry, which is competing in
fiercely competitive global markets and needs a strong domestic base (i.e. the Single
Market) to be successful. CCIA, a representative of IT and
applications developers, welcomed a bold and pro-competitive outline of
the proposals. 
- other (connectivity-dependent)
industries (ERT – European Round Table of
Industrialists) stressed the role of ICT as the main driver in many sectors –
from manufacturing to energy and retail/logistics. In the absence of rapid
action at European level, there is a significant risk of missing out on a major
boost for growth and jobs. Worse still, under great competitive pressure,
companies would be forced increasingly to invest in other parts of the world
where the environment would be more favourable. 
- business users (INTUG –
International Telecommunications Users Group) stressed the necessity to treat
the business market (which represents 50% of the overall e-communications
market) as a different segment from the residential market. It was recalled
that in Europe, SMEs provide 90% of jobs and yet, they still face many
hurdles due to the lack of a Single Market (licensing, taxation, barriers to
entry etc.). The absence of consistent access products was a serious obstacle
to serving the needs of multi-national companies within the Single Market. 
- investors – stressed the disappointing performance of the sector over the
last decade with declining revenue which stands in stark contrast to other
parts of the world where there is growth and a virtuous cycle between supply
and demand. Business models have not adjusted fast enough to decreasing
importance of voice revenue and the rapid increase of data consumption. Margins
have shrunk due to strong competition from new entrants which use the networks
of incumbents on a nearly risk-free basis and which in several cases benefited
from more favourable treatment (e.g. spectrum allocation). Whilst in the short
term investors may prefer market fragmentation, which allows operators to
segment the market and keep competitors at bay, a genuine Single Market with
consistent rules and cross-border provision could make the pie larger. This
should be combined with a greater consideration of dynamic rather than static
efficiencies, particularly as regards the application of competition rules and
the possibility of industry consolidation. However, the situation in the sector
remains very problematic and measures are needed that produce positive effects
quickly
              2.       Other
Public Events
Throughout the preparatory process the
Commission (at political level or at service level) attended various public
events organised by stakeholder organisations, such as inter alia ETNO and ECTA
which both organised major conferences on the Single Market in telecoms. The
issues were also discussed in a consultative meeting of the European Consumer
Consultative Group, which brings together all national consumer organisations
and BEUC, organised by DG SANCO on 11/12 June 2013. This Group welcomed the
proposals and issued specific operational recommendations (Annex II) which in
particular call for safeguarding the principle of net neutrality, improving
transparency on the quality of service and facilitating switching, improving
quality offers across the EU and abolishing roaming in the Single Market. 
These events allowed the Commission to
present the rationale behind and the main outline of its envisaged proposals as
well as collecting stakeholders' views. 
              3.       Comments
of Stakeholders on specific elements of the package
The main concerns expressed relate primarily
to some of the specific measures of the package and its implementation on which
individual stakeholders positions differ depending on their particular
interests. Whilst operators have
been overall supportive of the European single authorisation and regulatory
consistency (objective 1) and spectrum coordination measures (objective 2),
less convergent support has been expressed as regards European wholesale inputs
(objective 3) on which concerns as regards the European
availability of a consistent wholesale virtual product have been raised by a number of operators (Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telia Sonera). The alternative operators association (ECTA) and several
of its members generally support greater harmonization of wholesale virtual
inputs. With
regard to measures related to consumers (objective 4) the European Consumers'
Organisation (BEUC) and national consumers' organisations have advocated for
further measures on roaming although most operators and associations have been
critical on a number of aspects, notably if measures would be mandatory and
ensuring consistency with Roaming 3 and investments made to enable decoupling.
Investors have also expressed some concerns in this regard. Net neutrality
measures have been strongly supported by BEUC and consumers associations and by
a number of operators and associations while a number of operators have
expressed concerns, particularly as regards too strict traffic management rules
to deal with network congestion. Most stakeholders have taken the opportunity
of the meetings to advance their individual interests. For instance, the European Satellite Operators Association (ESOA) highlighted the role that satellite can play in meeting the DAE targets.
The following sections provide an overview of
detailed information on stakeholders' positions structured by specific objectives
described in section 6.2 of the IA and their related measures.
Objective 1 measures: Enabling unrestricted EU-wide provision of service by removing
obstacles in the authorization regime and as regards rules applicable to service provision.
Operators and
associations of providers have been overall supportive to the single European
authorisation. A number of operators (Telecom Italia,
Telefonica, Telia Sonera) have considered the single authorisation a positive
measure, stressing that in particular that its value would be enhanced when
linked to greater regulatory consistency across Member States and ensuring a
level playing field, particularly vis-à-vis "over the top" providers.
Associations (ETNO) have also stressed how fragmentation hinders the
development of new services in the EU. Support for this and other specific
measures as part of a comprehensive package has been expressed by a majority of
the stakeholders (GSMA). Other
stakeholders within the wider eco-system like the International
Telecommunications Users Group (INTUG) have also
pointed out that SMEs still face many hurdles due to
the lack of a single market (licensing, taxation, barriers to entry).
Associations like ECTA have also expressed support to the Single European
authorisation.
Objective 2 measures: Ensuring greater consistency in spectrum assignment in order to
allow mobile operators to access spectrum across the EU on the basis of
predictable rules and coordinated conditions.
A substantial number of operators have been
supportive of measures related to spectrum coordination (e.g. Deutsche Telecom,
Orange, KPN, Vodafone). Associations of operators (ETNO, GSMA) have also been
supportive in this regard. GSMA stressed that the reform should be
comprehensive, focusing on spectrum coordination in connection with investment,
innovation, consistent regulation and tackling impediments to consolidation,
and underlined the link between connectivity, infrastructure and investments.
No criticism as regards objective 2 measures has been expressed by
non-institutional stakeholders.
Objective 3 measures: Ensure consistent European wholesale inputs to enable electronic
communication service providers to offer their services across the single
market.
ETNO has expressed support to the creation of
pro-investment conditions on access regulation. Some operators (BT) have
underlined the importance of consistent access products across the EU in order
to be able to provide quality services to large businesses operating in
different Member States. Absent such products, the market would remain
fragmented with little competition and major economic benefits lost. Others
(Telecom Italia, Telefonica, Telia Sonera) have expressed concerns as regards
the pan-European availability of a consistent wholesale virtual product. For
certain operators, the main concern would be equivalence between virtual access
product and physical unbundling (Iliad/Free). The association to alternative
operators in the EU (ECTA) pointed out to the balance between physical access
and virtual access in view of the fact that 40% of current fixed broadband
lines are provided by alternative providers using LLU, thus constituting the
basis for significant investment and innovation. ECTA advocated in favour of
access to the sub-loop in order to avoid negative impact in their FTTC
investment. INTUG pointed out that the absence of consistent access products
was a serious obstacle to serving the needs of multi-national companies within
the European single market.
Objective 4 measures: Enable consumers to freely enjoy electronic communication services
seamlessly across the Union, and establish a common high level of protection to
the benefit of both consumers and cross-border telecoms undertakings.
BEUC and national consumers associations have
expressed strong support to roaming and net neutrality (applying to both mobile
and fixed networks) measures. They also support concrete measures improving
transparency so that consumers can better exercise choice. The need for better
enforcement of consumer protection rules was also raised by these
organisations. Contrary to this support expressed by
the national consumer organisations and BEUC, measures related to roaming have
been the most contested of the TSM package. Most operators (DT, France Telecom,
Telecom Italia) and associations (ETNO, GSMA) have expressed concerns about the
Roaming measures for a number of reasons, but in particular the potential
negative impact in terms of sector revenues which would impact on network
investment. Second, concerns
have also been raised as regards the specific measures like wholesale roaming caps
(Vodafone, DT, Orange and ETNO). Some argued that a reduction in the wholesale
rates could give rise to domestic arbitrage and potential for elevated revenue
loss. Investors (HSBC, Crédit Suisse, Barclays, Morgan
Stanley) also expressed concerns as regards roaming caps. Against this
background, some operators associations expressed support to roaming measures and
reduction of wholesale caps (ECTA). 
Net neutrality measures have been welcomed by
BEUC and national consumer's organisations, which stressed amongst other that
they should apply to both mobile and fixed networks. A number of associations
(Digital Europe, ECTA) have also expressed support to these measures. Other operators (Deutsche Telecom, Telefonica) while agreeing on the
principle of net neutrality have advocated for a balanced position allowing a
margin of flexibility for the industry. ETNO for instance pointed out to the
importance of enhanced quality internet services. Finally, other stakeholders
have expressed concerns on how certain measures of the TSM package, like net
neutrality, may not ensure a level-playing field between OTTs
and traditional electronic communications services and network providers. 
              4.       Discussions
with Other EU Institutions
The Commission also engaged with other EU
institutions on the envisaged proposals.

4.1.      The Council of Ministers

A policy debate has been held in the TTE
Council on 6 June on the Digital Agenda for Europe and Single ICT/Telecoms
Market on the basis of a background paper prepared by the Presidency. This
paper highlighted the Presidency's support to the Commission's seven
transformative actions on the Digital Single Market for content and services.
The Presidency also shared the Commission analysis on the role of the digital
economy for stimulating economic growth and creating new jobs and the need to
complete the Digital Single Market, with a certain emphasis on mobile
communications and improved spectrum management. 
The Council debate (consisting of a full
table round) focused on two questions set out in the Presidency's paper:
a)         What are Member States’ views on
what might be the main characteristics of an EU Single Telecoms Market? 
b)         In view of the commitment
contained in the Radio Spectrum Policy Programme for the Commission to report
to Parliament and Council before 1 January 2015 what are Member States’ views
on the effectiveness or otherwise of spectrum harmonisation to-date and how
best should we proceed in the future?
A considerable number of Delegations
supported the objective of a Single Telecoms Market, highlighting different
aspects thereof such as ensuring vigorous competition, promoting better choice
for consumers, addressing net neutrality, tackling roaming in a way which would
avoid companies having to incur major losses and possibly selling services
below costs, ensuring greater regulatory consistency, the need to avoid
regulatory arbitrage etc. As to the second question concerning spectrum
management, whilst generally supporting the need for closer coordination of
national spectrum approaches, several Delegations expressed concern if the
Commission would consider a super-regulator and centralising spectrum
competencies. The Presidency concluded that, by and large, Member States
support efforts to achieve a Single Telecoms Market, even though on specific
aspects, caution was expressed. 

4.2.      The European Parliament

The European Parliament held three meetings to discuss the forthcoming proposals: an
informal meeting between VP Kroes and MEPs took place on 21 May, the formal
IMCO structured dialogue which took place on 30 May, and a meeting between VP
Kroes and ITRE Committee coordinators held on 11 June.
In general, MEPs present at these meetings
gave strong support to the thrust of the Commission's forthcoming proposals.
MEPs in particular highlighted the need as part of a true Single Market for electronic communications to eliminate roaming, to
introduce clear and stringent rules on net neutrality and ensure a high level
of consumer protection. Some MEPs stressed, however, that the timing set for
adoption (by Easter 2014) may prove challenging. 
In the 21 May meeting between VP Kroes and
MEPs, the Commissioner presented the rationale behind and the main elements of
the envisaged proposals (e.g. single European passport and a streamlined
regulatory approach, spectrum coordination and provision of pan-European
services on the basis of consistent virtual products, a single consumer space).
MEPs shared the ambition but stressed the need for realism and for assessing
new proposals in terms of expectations and time constraints. 
During the IMCO structured dialogue, MEPs
from S&D and ALDE welcomed the strong political message and called for a
high level of ambition in the Commission's proposals. Action on roaming and net
neutrality was called for by MEPs of all main groups. 
In the ITRE Coordinators' meeting, MEPs took
note of the Commissioner's call on the EP to act
quickly on the forthcoming proposals. Some MEPs considered the outline of the
envisaged Commission proposals a good starting point but called for more
ambitious measures, whilst others considered the proposed approach struck the
right balance in terms of political realism. Some MEPs stressed that the
persistence of international roaming charges was unacceptable inside the EU.
Finally, the EP (rapporteur C. Trautmann) is
preparing a report on the Telecoms package implementation which could cover
also a significant part of the substance of the envisaged proposals. 
              5.       Relevant
Public Consultations, EP Resolutions and Citizens' Initiatives on Related
Subjects/Specific Measures
Besides the consultation on the specific
proposal, the Commission has over the last few years
carried out several public consultations on a number of specific policy issues.
Several of these aspects are relevant to the current initiative, for example public consultations on a structural solution addressing
high roaming charges, on spectrum policy coordination and shared use, on the
possible reduction of costs for infrastructure roll-out, on the consistent
application of ex-ante remedies imposed on dominant (SMP) operators by national
regulators, on issues surrounding the open internet and net neutrality, on a
revision of the list of relevant markets susceptible to ex ante
regulation. The Commission has also drawn on the results of a CEO Round Table
dialogue, held in 2011, involving senior
company representatives from the telecom,
equipment manufacturers, over-the-top services and media sectors, which
produced a set of concrete recommendations.
Responses to these consultations repeatedly
drew attention to the problems resulting from a fragmentation of the Single
Market for electronic communications. For instance, in the public consultation
carried out with regards to proposals aimed at a reduction of the cost of roll
out of high speed broadband[90],
a majority of respondents pointed at existing inefficiencies and bottlenecks
resulting from market fragmentation.[91]
As part of the wide public consultation held
on net neutrality, many citizens who responded and all consumer organisations
expressed the view that traffic management should not
be applied in an anti-competitive way and expressed a preference for
application-agnostic measures. The telecom industry highlighted the importance
of traffic management in ensuring a secure and efficient functioning of their
networks, in particular mobile ones. The telecoms industry also argued that
quality of service differentiation was essential for developing innovative
services and new business models. 
The European Parliament (EP) adopted a
resolution[92]
in November 2011 that called on the Commission, Member States and the Body of
European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC) to ensure consistency
in the approach to net neutrality and effective implementation of the EU
telecoms regulatory framework. Additionally, on 11 December 2012 the European
Parliament issued two resolutions asking that net neutrality be enshrined in
the European Union law[93].
The EP reasserted its support to the principle of net neutrality, "namely that Internet service providers do not block,
discriminate against, impair or degrade, including through price, the ability
of any person to use a service to access, use, send, post, receive or offer any
content, application or service of their choice, irrespective of source or
target"[94].
A citizens' initiative "Single
Communication Tariff Act" on roaming is currently launched calling
for a proposal for a regulation of the EP and of the Council on a single
communications tariff within the EU. The proposed regulation forbids price
discrimination between domestic and roaming services and proposes to introduce
one unique all-inclusive, monthly flat-rate communication tariff within the
boundaries of the European Union. Initiative registered on 3 December 2012 and
it aims to collect the required 1 million signatures by 3 December 2013. 
 Annex II – European
Consumer Consultative Group (ECCG) Meeting 11-12 June 2013 (Sub-Group on the
Provision of Internet Services) - Operational Recommendations
On the occasion of the Group's meeting on 11 June 2013, members discussed the outcomes of the
European Commission's study on Internet service providers (ISPs), carried out
by the Directorate General for Health and Consumers (DG SANCO). The discussion focused on
identifying practices and issues in the Internet services sector that need to
be addressed in the Member States. Issues identified were based on experiences
with consumer complaints or what were perceived as structural problems in
national markets, and do not cover more technical issues, which would require
input from telecoms experts (not available at the time of the meeting).
The members of the Group were informed of
Vice-President Kroes'
announcement on 30 May 2013 that the Commission intends to put forward new legislation to
complete the Single Market for electronic communications. Building on the results and
recommendations of DG SANCO's study on the provision of Internet services and
the national experiences of ECCG members, it was concluded that the following
issues in the Internet services market ought to be addressed in the
Commission's preparatory work for the Single Market for
electronic communications' initiative.
              1.       Clarity
and Understanding of the Information Provided to Consumers
ECCG members highlighted the difficulties
consumers face in understanding the characteristics of an offer for
Internet service provision. Given the technical terminology used, they proposed
the idea of a glossary that should be made available to consumers to
help them understand the characteristics of the offers on the market, although
the priority should be to ensure simple language is used in the contract.
Another idea was the provision of a standardised information leaflet
explaining the offer's contents in a simple and understandable way to
consumers.
A particularly problematic aspect underlined
by ECCG members was the actual speed of the Internet connection at any given
time. Many ISPs use "up to" claims when advertising their offers,
which do not reflect the real speed of their service at all times. It is often
the case that advertised speeds differ considerably from the actual speeds
consumers receive. ISPs should, on the contrary, clearly inform consumers of
the minimum speed and, potentially, of the average speed.
Consumers should also be provided with "speedometers" to help them
check their connection speed.
Information on coverage was also seen as particularly
important by ECCG members: many members reported that consumers were not
provided with information on the actual coverage of mobile internet offers
or the actual speed at the consumers' home.
Some information provided was also seen as
potentially misleading consumers. Terms such as "unlimited" or
"reasonable usage" often hide specific conditions which are not
clearly communicated to consumers.
With regard to the prices consumers are
asked to pay for their subscriptions, consumers can also be misled if they
are not provided with an average price over the length of the contract,
as often special offers for the first introductory months of the contract hide
higher charges which will be added afterwards.
ECCG members mentioned how useful comparison tools can be for consumers in
providing them with clear and simple information on the different offers
available. However fee structures, especially when they apply to bundled
services, may make it difficult to compare
offers. In addition, particular effort needs to be made to ensure comparison
tools are accessible
to all consumers, particularly vulnerable ones; in this respect, reference was
made to visually impaired consumers.
              2.       Contract
Terms, Usage and Switching
ECCG members raised the issue of bundling, whereby consumers are often
offered a set of services which does not necessarily fit their usage needs.
Consumers should have the possibility to cancel part of their access to a
component of the bundle without having to pay a penalty.
It was also proposed that volume not used over the period of time of
reference should be transferred to the next period.
Consumers should also receive clear information on usage; should they reach their usage cap
before the end of the reference time, they should still be given the
possibility to have access to the services, even if of a reduced quality.
To help consumers switch more easily and tackle unfair
practices, ECCG members proposed to put in place strict rules with regard to the length of the contract and conditions for its
termination. One-year
contracts were
seen as the best solution - they can
be renewed provided the consumer is timely informed and gives its consent.
Other options include introducing a break clause which can be activated after 6 months, as is the case in Belgium.
To further encourage switching, ECCG
members suggested that it is necessary to ensure that consumers enjoy continuity of service during the switching process.
Another idea put forward was the
possibility for consumers to enjoy a second cooling-off period of a few days once the
provision of the service has already started: this may enable the consumer to
actually test the quality of the connection and decide whether or not he/she
wants to carry on with the service. ECCG members also suggested that invoices sent to consumers should
remind them of the end date of their contracts.
ECCG members suggested that the ISP should
only be allowed to unilaterally change some of its terms (e.g. increase of the fee, characteristic
of the offer) if there is a valid reason for this change that has been
specified already at the time of the conclusion of the contract. In relation to
unfair commercial practices, the idea of putting in place a "black
list" of unfair practices specific to the telecommunication sector was
also mentioned by ECCG members.
              3.       Quality
of the Service - Complaints
ECCG members also mentioned that consumers
are often provided with poor quality equipment to access the Internet (e.g. modem,
routers) and the lack of choice in this respect. In addition, installation is
often subcontracted by ISPs, making the complaint process even more cumbersome
for consumers when an issue arises. ECCG members suggested that ISPs should
take more responsibility in the quality of such services and be liable for
them.
ECCG members highlighted that consumers
often do not seek redress when their connection is not working for a certain amount of
days because ADR bodies do not compensate them for the detriment created by the lack
of connection.
In addition, they suggested that even for outages of a 2-day period, consumers
should be compensated by their provider in the next bill.
Other problematic issues identified were
access and high prices charged for internet in hotels as well as unexpected
charges for premium services (e.g. text messages) charged by companies located
in a different country from that of the provider.
Finally, members agreed that providers
should determine
metrics that
will measure the performance of their complaints handling mechanisms.
              4.       Enforcement
ECCG members underlined that some of the
problems that consumers face in the telecommunications market are related to a
lack of enforcement of the existing sector-specific and general consumer
protection legislative framework. More efficient enforcement is required. All
National Regulatory Authorities should have sufficient resources and
enforcement powers to ensure that if barriers to cross-border telecom services
are brought down, companies do not engage in 'forum shopping' based upon the
weakest regulatory authorities.
              5.       Net
Neutrality
ECCG members highlighted that safeguarding the principle of
net neutrality
was key for European consumers to enable them to reap the benefits of the online
environment. Consumers should be able to have access to the content and
applications of their choice and be clearly informed if their connection is
somewhat blocked or slowed-down. It is important for them to address this issue
in the forthcoming Commission initiative. ECCG members also recognised the
crucial role of net neutrality in ensuring a
vibrant and innovative Internet ecosystem.
              6.       Roaming
Finally ECCG members called for the end of roaming within the European Union:
there cannot be a real Single Market for Telecoms if consumers are reminded of
national borders when they travel and have to pay higher fees in another Member
State for the same service.
 Annex III – Examples of Regulatory Divergence in the Electronic
Communications Sector
              1.       General
Authorisation
In a number of
Member States additional requirements beyond those provided for in the
regulatory framework are imposed as part of the authorisation process,
presuming that the notification, which is actually a requirement for any
provision of electronic communications services, also entails the need to
comply with permanent establishment of the company in the country or the set-up
of a local proxy ensuring communication in the national language. While this existing practice has already triggered several
complaints leading to investigation of the Commission and, in some cases, to
the opening of infringement procedures, the indirect nature of such a
requirement is not always easy to detect and tackle via ex post infringement
procedures.
Moreover, in
some Member States, authorisation has triggered the imposition of special
telecoms taxes and/or models defining authorisation charges, with stark
divergences among Member States. For example, Member States have taken very
different approaches towards authorisation of mobile satellite services which
entail the start-up of activities aiming at providing new services inherently
pan- European; in particular 26 different initial notification requirements
applied; eleven Member States apply either a license exemption or general
authorisation for the MSS component; ten Member States require an individual
right of use for the MSS component and six Member States require an individual
right of use for a consolidated/integrated MSS and complementary ground components
(CGC) network. The fee structures for MSS and CGC are extremely diverse, both
in the applicability of de minimis exemptions as well as in the amount of fees
and in their type. In 10 Member States there is no fee for the MSS component or
a very small registration fee while other Member States apply an MSS
application fee ranging from €300 to €3000 while others apply an annual
administrative fee ranging from below €5000 to over €15000 covering the
provision of service, based on either a set fee or proportion of revenues2.
              2.       Access Regulation

2.1.      Regulated Markets

NRAs must analyse a number of telecom markets
in their Member State that have been defined by the Commission in its
Recommendation on Relevant Markets as likely to require regulatory
intervention. NRAs can also define markets that have not been identified and
regulate them for as long as they meet three soft-law criteria: (i) the market
is characterised by high non-transitory barriers to entry, (ii) there is no
tendency to effective competition within the relevant time horizon, and (iii)
competition law alone is not sufficient to address the identified market
failure.
However, on many occasions NRAs continue to
regulate markets which in principle should no longer meet the three criteria
test such as the broadcasting transmission services market in about half of the
Member States, the international retail calls market in about one fifth of the
Member States and the retail local and national calls markets in about one
third of the Member States. Other NRAs deregulate markets that are no longer
listed in the Recommendation on Relevant Markets despite very high market
shares of the incumbent (e.g. retail calls market in EE).
Many NRAs also define markets differently
from those listed in the Recommendation, e.g. on the inclusion of fixed
broadband access (managed voice over broadband) in the market for retail access
to the fixed public telephone network[95] (AT, BE, DE, EL, HU, IT, RO, SK), as well as on the inclusion of
both retail access to and wholesale call origination on the fixed public
telephone network in the same market (NL). The market for terminating segments
is also defined differently across the EU as NRAs use different benchmarks to
differentiate low speed from high speed leased lines (e.g.2 Mbps in AT, CZ, DE,
EL, HU, RO, SK; 8Mbps in BU and UK; 20 Mbps in NL; IT also defines a market for
mobile operators).

2.2.      Access Obligations

NRAs use a variety of approaches to next
generation access network regulation, depending often on the type of network
roll-out. This can be Fibre-to-the-Cabinet (FTTC)/VDSL (e.g. BE),
FTTH/Fibre-to-the-Building (FTTB) (e.g. DK, FR, ES and PT), or respectively
FTTH and Fibre-to-the-Office (NL). In LUX fibre is not regulated at all (due to
a delay in market analyses). Where regulated operators have deployed a point to
point fibre access network, the NRA has mandated physical unbundled access to
the fibre loop (SW, NL). In the case of deployment of another network
architecture (GPON), regulators have imposed the right to have an alternative
fibre deployed (IT) or mandated virtual unbundled local access (VULA) in the
wholesale network infrastructure access market. As to the latter, the UK NRA
included the virtually unbundled product in the market definition and regulated
it on the basis of an equivalence of input obligation and no price regulation.
AU, DK and SK instead imposed VULA as a price regulated (ancillary) remedy in
areas where the copper network is upgraded to (include) fibre. The German NRA,
however, has defined the wholesale broadband access market differently,
focusing instead on so-called bitstream products with different parameters. 
Therefore, the degree of choice faced by
operators wishing to provide cross-border services is quite often constrained
by different approaches to market definition and the uneven availability and
lack of common specifications of wholesale broadband access products in Europe.

2.3.      Non-Discrimination Obligations in Key
Wholesale Broadband Markets

National regulatory authorities increasingly
attribute a key role to non-discrimination obligations to address potential
market failures, yet there are significant emerging divergences among NRAs with
regard to the scope and exact application as well as the compliance monitoring
and enforcement of the non-discrimination obligation.
In many cases, NRAs impose a
non-discrimination obligation without specifying the exact scope or the
practical implementation of the obligation (e.g., LT). Then there are NRAs,
which provide detailed clarifications regarding the scope of the imposed
non-discrimination obligation (e.g., HU, CZ), albeit sometimes under the
reference offer obligation in the transparency remedy (e.g., SE). An increasing
number of national regulators (e.g., IE, BE, DK, EE, IT, PL and FR) require the
use of Key Performance Indicators, although the regulatory provisions do not
always contain a reference as to how these are made available and how their
compliance is ensured (e.g., DK, FR). Only a few NRAs have adopted an
indicative list of such indicators (e.g., IE, CY), usually covering the main
phases of the process necessary to access SMP products and services.
In addition, some NRAs have also imposed
measures regarding pricing practices (e.g. a margin squeeze test) within the
non-discrimination obligation or in relation to such an obligation (e.g. NL,
CY, and IE). Finally, the number of NRAs, which have notified a more complex
system to ensure a certain degree of equivalence of access remains limited and
the forms of separation chosen vary significantly (e.g., IT, PL, UK, IE, and
NL).

2.4.      Costing Methodologies in the Key Wholesale
Broadband Markets

NRAs also apply divergent approaches to
costing methodologies to calculate the regulated prices for key access products
across the EU. With regard to wholesale physical infrastructure copper-based
network access for example, up to six different costing methodologies are being
used which, unsurprisingly, produce different outcomes.
Within these models, NRAs value their assets
on the basis of historic cost accounting (HCA) or of current cost accounting
(CCA). Some NRAs have reverted to HCA from using CCA (UK) or have reconstructed
the incumbent's historic costs (FR) and apply "coûts courants
économiques" (CCE). It is however noteworthy that the implementation of
HCA or CCA asset valuation is not always carried out in the same way. NRAs may
for example differ in terms of asset lifetimes and the depreciation methods
chosen.
For wholesale physical infrastructure
fibre-based network access, the pattern is even patchier. In several Member
States, FTTH or FTTX are not included in the market definition; in other Member
States the same assets are included in the market definition but not regulated.
In some cases only the civil engineering and/or dark fibre was proposed to be
regulated on the basis of either long-run incremental costs (or LRIC, IT) or
fully distributed costs (or FDC, LT) while in other cases, fibre access is
based on a discounted cash flow (DCF) methodology (NL), on a LRIC methodology
which uses modified tilted annuities and a DCF methodology which would grant
the SMP operator flexibility in setting access prices that would incentivise
investment in FTTH (MT).
In one Member State a virtual unbundled
access product has been made available on an equivalence of input basis (UK),
while in another Member State fibre costs are set on the basis of a LRIC
methodology but prices are differentiated according to geo types (SE). In yet
other Member States, FTTH and FTTC (HU) or fibre and dark fibre (SI) are
regulated on the basis of a top down methodology. One NRA sets cost oriented
prices for fibre based access products but proposes no cost orientation for
FTTH (DE).
These divergent approaches as to the
calculation of regulated prices for key access products translate into
important obstacles for service providers established in the EU to benefit from
Single Market freedoms and exploit economies of scale.
              3.       Authorisation
and Spectrum Management - Harmonised Bands for Wireless Broadband
Overall, the implementation of EU decisions
has led to the harmonisation of 1025 MHz of spectrum. Yet, to date only about
two thirds of this harmonised spectrum has been effectively assigned by Member
States for wireless broadband.
Under the RSPP Decision 243/2012/EU, as
adopted in March 2012, Member States are obliged to carry out the authorisation
process for harmonised bands, namely 3,4-3,8 GHz[96], 2,5- 2,69 GHz[97], and 900-1800 MHz[98] by 31 December 2012. This commitment has not been fully delivered,
with only SE, EE, DE, LV and LT having nearly completed the assignment process
for all frequency bands harmonised in the EU for wireless broadband[99]. Among the other
Member States PT and IE are the most advanced in completing the assignment
process in terms of the total amount assigned spectrum comprising all EU
harmonised bands. 11 Member States carried out in 2012/1Q2013 selection
procedures for assignment of at least one harmonised band, whereas in three
Member States (CZ, HU, SK) the launched procedures had to be postponed to 2013.
The allocation of the 800 MHz band to
wireless broadband is crucial for the introduction of the 4th generation mobile
broadband technology (LTE in particular) and thus to enable the Union to catch
up in wireless electronic communication broadband services with other regions
(notably, the US and Asia). Despite the commitment set out in the RSPP (Art.
6(4)) "to carry out the authorisation process in order to allow the use
of the 800 MHz band for electronic communications services", to date
only 12 Member States have effectively awarded the 800 MHz frequency band to
operators, which is essential for extending broadband coverage into the rural
areas of Europe and ensuring capacity for wireless data traffic.
14 Member States have applied for derogations
from this obligation in terms of the RSPP decision justifying the need for such
derogation by persisting interferences with neighbouring countries, both within
and outside the EU. In a few cases derogations have been requested, among
others, on the grounds of problems with the analogue switch-off. According to
the derogation requests, the time perspective for a harmonised allocation of
the 800 MHz band in Europe could be extended even until 2015 (CY and LV). 6
Member States indicated that they should be able to complete the process only
in 2014 (EL, HU, MT, PL, RO and SI) whereas 6 other Member States have
indicated that they will complete the process by the end of this year (AT, CZ,
FI, LT, SK, ES). Two Member States neither submitted a request for derogation
nor have been able to demonstrate when the authorization process will be
completed.
With the completion of the analogue switch
off in the vast majority of Member States some Member States (e.g. FR, PL, DE,
UK, SW) have started discussions on possible use of the 700 MHz band for
wireless broadband which is commonly used for broadcasting at the moment. A
possible direction has been already defined in Finland, where, according to the
Finnish Communications Policy Program for Electronic Media presented to the
Parliament in autumn 2012, Finland will be prepared to allocate the 700 MHz
band for broadband use from 2017 onwards. However, given the varied level of
advancement across the EU, there is a risk that there will be little
consistency in the allocation of this band across Europe, repeating the
negative experience of the release of the 800MHz band.
The objective of ensuring a consistent
application across the EU of the principle of neutral use of specific spectrum
bands, which is important from the perspective of innovative and efficient use
of spectrum, has not been entirely attained. Apart from ensuring modification
of the frequency tables in line with harmonisation decisions, there has been
little consistency in promoting service neutrality in the rights of use of
spectrum, as required by the RSPP decision (Art. 3(f)). The refarming process,
i.e., the process of changing the allowed uses of specific rights of use of
frequencies, remains driven by Member-State specific factors and as such
progressed in only a few Members States (e.g., IT, EE, NL). With few exceptions
(e.g. FI in general and FR with regard to 1800MHz), NRAs have not clearly
defined the conditions applicable to refarming of existing rights of use. Auctions remain the most used assignment
procedure. Past auctions demonstrate that revenues generated by assignment
procedures can vary significantly from one Member State to another and
sometimes reach very high levels. For example, the assignment process of 240
MHz of the 800 MHz and 1800 MHz bands[100] in Denmark generated €137mn, whereas in Italy the cost of the same
amount of spectrum in these two bands was €3,945bn. In terms of the price per
MHz per population the result for Denmark with regard to the 800 MHz band was
almost three times lower (0,3) than for Italy (0,82), whereas in case of the
1800 MHz band this difference was even bigger with the price/MHz/population
indicator in Denmark amounting to 0,0049 and in Italy to 0,26. In 2012 the
Multi Band Spectrum Award process in Ireland, which made 140 MHz of paired spectrum
available on a liberalised basis across the three bands 800 MHz, 900 MHz and
1800 MHz, secured €855mn for the spectrum rights of use across these three
bands, through to the year 2030.
              4.       Net
Neutrality and Consumer Issues
Some Member States have begun to adopt
different approaches to ensuring net neutrality, ranging from non-binding
instruments to specific legislation. The Netherlands and Slovenia have already
adopted legislation, prohibiting operators from restricting broadband access on
the basis of services and applications used by the end users. In several other
Member States, national governments and/or parliaments have been considering
legislation on net neutrality, notably in France, Belgium and, more recently,
Germany.
Denmark and the UK have adopted measures
aimed at self-regulation. In Denmark, a Net Neutrality forum has been
established and adopted a Code of Practice to keep the Internet open and
non-discriminatory. In the UK the "Voluntary industry code of practice on
traffic management transparency for broadband services" was published in
March 2011, followed in July 2012 by the "Open Internet Code of Practice:
Voluntary Code of Practice Supporting Access to Legal Services and Safeguarding
Against Negative Discrimination on the Open Internet". Additionally, in
November 2011 the UK NRA published a Statement setting out its approach to Net
Neutrality and providing guidance to ISPs. In France, in 2010, the NRA
published ten proposals on Internet and network neutrality which establishes a
framework for market players’ actions. Also in Cyprus, the NRA is undertaking a
project with the objective to publish guidelines on net neutrality. In Malta,
the NRA has launched work with the objective of publishing a set of guidelines
on net neutrality.
Although several Member States have started
measuring certain quality of service parameters in order to better inform
consumers and possibly to impose minimum quality of service requirements
(including on Internet speeds) for broadband access, there is no consistency
among Member States in the approach to such measurement and in the transparency
requirements. The initiatives range from applications or internet-based tools
with which users can measure their speed at any time, to (pilot) systems for
measuring broadband speeds or systems for measuring the quality of certain
broadband services.
Significant differences
among the Member States persist on how to address issues of transparency as to
the service that operators offer to users. Most NRAs have undertaken activities
aimed at enhancing transparency and making available to the public the
essential information about the services offered by operators. Some of them are
running comparison tools or websites (e.g., in Belgium, Hungary, Portugal,
Slovakia) or have set up an accreditation scheme so that trusted or audited
third parties can provide those comparison websites to the public (e.g., in
Czech Republic and the UK). Guidance has also been adopted by several NRAs on
various subjects linked to transparency.
Number portability is a key facilitator of
consumer choice and effective competition in competitive markets for electronic
communications in the Single Market. The analysis of the national
implementation of the provisions for switching and number portability shows substantial
divergences amongst the Member States. Various reports
and assessments made by European bodies pointed out the concerns regarding the effective implementation of
the revised portability rules across the EU and the need of consistency[101] as well as the viability of harmonising switching
processes[102] or how the porting implementing procedures
differ substantially from
country to country in the EU. Related implementation issues on abuse, delay and
the need to reinforce the compensation mechanisms in number portability have
also been identified. With regard to number portability
from a consumer perspective, the 2009 Eurobarometer on consumers’ views on
switching service providers in different sectors already reported electronic
communications services like internet, fixed telephony and mobile telephony are
amongst the categories having some of the highest percentages of consumers
facing porting difficulties. Consumers aspects related to these markets are
also analysed in the consumers market monitoring surveys[103] and scoreboards[104].
Concerning, the implementation measures
adopted by Member States and NRAs, although a number of Member States have
adopted new implementing rules on porting, the overall situation in the EU is
very fragmented in terms of timing, procedures and protection of consumers
throughout the process. Contractual conditions and procedures are also reported
as being a disincentive for the change of provider thus hindering the exercise
of consumers' rights. National transposition measures establishing limitations
to the full right of consumers to number portability are reported in a number
of Member States (e.g. EL) and implementing measures which undermine the
effective right of consumers to number portability are reported in others (e.g.
SW, CY, ES).
Annex IV -
Overview of the Market for Electronic Communication Services, 2013
              1.       Developments in the Electronic
Communications Sector

1.1       Deployment of Broadband

In terms of broadband
coverage, broadband of at least very basic quality (speeds of 144 Kbps and
higher) is available to over 99,9% of all EU households, via one or more of the
available technologies (including fixed, wireless, mobile and satellite).
The Digital Agenda for
Europe sets the targets that, by 2020, all EU households should have access to
at least 30 Mbps and that 50 % of subscriptions should be at least
100 Mbps. High speed broadband
lines (capable of download speeds of 30 Mbps and higher) cover 54 % of EU households in 2012 as opposed to 50% in 2011. In Member States with extensive cable networks, the cable
upgrade to the DOCSIS 3.0 standard is an important source of high speed lines.
Speeds of 30 Mbps and higher are mostly available in urban areas and the vast
majority of rural homes are not able to benefit from the advantages of fixed
high speed Internet.
The actual take-up –
measured in the chart below as the number of subscribed lines per 100
inhabitants – of high speed broadband and ultra fast broadband in the EU is
rather modest: only 4.0 subscribed lines per 100 inhabitants (i.e., under 10 %
of all homes) have advertised maximum download speeds of at least 30 Mbps and
out of these, only 0,9 lines per 100 inhabitants (i.e, around 2 % of
homes) have advertised maximum download speeds of 100 Mbps and higher.
Figure 23 – Broadband
Penetration (Subscriptions/Population), January 2013
Source:
Communications Committee, February 2013. Countries are in order of advertised
maximum downstream speeds of 30 Mbps and higher.

1.2       Mobile Services

Over the last five years,
in terms of actors in the market, the structure of the EU mobile market has not substantially changed. There are
around 100 mobile network licences granted in 27 Member States. Half of these
operators are subsidiaries of or have co-operation agreements with the four
main market players. While almost 80% of EU customers subscribe to one of the
four main mobile groups (460 million subscribers), mobile services are run and
marketed at the national level. 
European consumers and
businesses increasingly use mobile communication services. This is illustrated
by the mobile penetration rate, which further increased in 2012 throughout the
EU from 127% to 130%, despite the deactivation of inactive pre-paid SIM cards
in some Member States.

Figure 24
– Mobile Subscribers & Penetration Rate at EU Level, Oct. 2004 – Oct. 2011
Source:
Communications Committee
A shift
from fixed to mobile voice traffic is a continuous trend:
Figure 25 – Voice Traffic on Fixed and Mobile Networks, 2005-2010
Source:
Communications Committee
The mobile broadband
penetration rate – measured as number of active subscriptions per 100
inhabitants – is 54.5% for the EU. In some Member States, the penetration rate
is over 100%, reflecting that increasingly consumers opt for using multiple
mobile broadband devices (smart phones, tablet computers, notebook computers
with a mobile data card).
Figure 26 – Mobile Broadband Penetration – All Active Users, January
2013
Source:
Communications Committee

1.3       Marketing Strategies and
Broadband Pricing

In order to reduce their churn rate (i.e.,
retain existing customers), many operators are offering bundled services.
Bundled offers are combinations of broadband, fixed voice, TV, and mobile
services. A bundle with two out of the first three is called "double play",
and one with all of the first three "triple play". More recently,
bundles with additional mobile services have become available called
"quadruple play" The popularity of bundles is increasing. By
contrast, broadband standalone services are becoming less popular. The
penetration of double play and triple play offers stood at 19,5% and 7,4%
respectively in the EU. In several instances, operators that do not offer
mobile services are aligning themselves with ones that do, in order to be able
to offer quadruple play. 
Figure 27 – Bundled Offers Penetration (Subscriptions/Population),
July 2012
Source:
Communications Committee 
The prevalence of bundled offers makes it
more difficult to analyse the price of fixed broadband. The following
information and tables are based on broadband stand-alone offers. In the EU, in
2012, the price of the median offer for internet access only was €32,50 for
advertised maximum download speeds of 30Mbps and higher, €28,10 for advertised
maximum download speeds of 12-30Mbps, and €24,70 for advertised maximum
download speeds of 4-8Mbps. There has been a steady decline over the last 5
years in broadband prices, but it seems that now a plateau has been reached: 5
years ago, the prices were on average 70% higher, but compared to last year,
the prices are only 0,70% lower. There is a wide variety in prices across the
EU.
Figure 28 – Broadband Retail Prices, Stand Alone Offers, 12 to 30
Mbps, 2012
              2.       Competitiveness in the Sector 

2.1       Revenues

In 2012, the European telecoms sector
experienced a decline in revenues of -1.1%. This contrasts with the trends in
other regions such as the US and the rest of the world, where revenues for
telecoms services experienced 5.1% and 5.8% year-on-year increases
respectively.
Figure 29 – Telecom Services Value Variation, 2011 – 2012
Source:
Commission Services based on EITO 2012/13
In 2012, carrier services
revenues were estimated at €234.6bn, which is a decrease by €2.6bn from a year
before. The voice services sector (fixed and mobile) registered most of the
revenue decrease, while mobile data services and internet access registered an
increase at EU level.

In 2011, revenues were divided as follows between the
different services: 46% mobile, 44% fixed, 6% Pay TV and around 5% for other
services.
Figure 30 – Electronic communications sector revenues, 2011

2.2       Average Revenues in the Mobile
Services Sector

Average revenue per user
(ARPU) decreased to €195 per year in 2011, down from €211 a year before. This
represents a continuing trend of slow but steady decline of ARPU that has
lasted more than 10 years.

Figure
31 – Average Revenue per User (ARPU) in Mobile Communications, 2011
Source:
Communications Committee
The disparity of
ARPU across the EU is high. France has by far the highest ARPU, caused in part
by the low mobile penetration rate (it is uncommon in France to have more than
one subscription per person). The ARPU is driven in particular by the voice
prices: in the Member States with the highest ARPU, voice prices are high, and
vice versa. The average revenue per minute in mobile
communications in the EU was of 9.1 (in €-cents) in 2011.

Figure
32 – Average Revenue per Minute (in €-cents) in Mobile Communications, 2011
Source: Communications Committee 

2.3       Market
Share

In the broadband markets, competition has led
to the overall market share of the incumbents in fixed broadband to decrease in
the EU, from 50.3% in January 2006 to 42.3% in January 2013. In 2012, new
entrant operators increased their market share by 0.8p.p. Fixed incumbents
remain the leading operators in most MS, although there is considerable variety
in their market share.
Figure 33 – Fixed Broadband Lines – Operator Market Shares, January
2013
Source:
Communications Committee
In the mobile services market, the market
share of the leading operator in each Member State continued to decline
slightly and stood at 35.9% in October 2012. Their main competitors (the second
largest operators) also slightly declined, while the alternative providers
slightly strengthened their positions. 
Figure 34 – Mobile Subscribers: Operator Market Shares, October 2012
Source:
Communications Committee
Despite these trends, the mobile market
remained highly concentrated with still around two thirds of subscribers
belonging to the top two operators.
Annex V – Methodological Annex 
This Annex provides a description of the methodological
assumptions that underlie the two key studies quoted in the present Impact
Assessment: 
·       
The study Steps towards a truly internal
market for e-communication performed by Ecorys and TU Delft for the
European Commission and also known as the cost non-Europe study;
·       
The study The Socio-economic impact of
bandwidth performed by Analysys Mason and Tech4i2 for the European
Commission.
              1.       Steps Towards a Truly Internal
Market for e-Communication
The study on 'Steps towards a truly
Internal Market for e-communications' by Ecorys assesses the state of progress
of the EU's Single Market for electronic communications networks and services
and its economic potential. The main assumptions of the study are: 
·       
The term ‘electronic communications networks and
services’ includes the roll-out and exploitation of infrastructures for
electronic communications. It does not include the development and exploitation
of content and applications that are marketed via the Internet.
·       
The analysis includes the extent to which
current barriers for the Internal Market at the level of infrastructure affect
the development and roll-out of new products and services at the application
level[105].

·       
(Semi-) natural barriers are barriers cannot be
levelled. They determine the boundaries for the Internal Market of
e-communications in terms of convergence of performance. As regions differ with
respect to these structural characteristics, the Internal Market for
e-communications (as for other non-tradable goods) is thus not defined
by full convergence of prices and investment levels.
·       
The assumption that European economies of scale
can fully be exploited implies that at the level of both IT and telecom
infrastructure, the necessary extent of standardisation has taken place as to
allow for the full exploitation of EU economies of scale. 
In terms of methodology
for the calculation of the effects on a Single Market the study
makes a distinction between mobile and fixed network infrastructure. To
determine the starting positions, it uses the observed values of each
explanatory variable for the years 2007 and 2009 (for fixed and mobile
respectively). The study calculates the weighted average HHI or market shares
in the EU in the respective base year (weighted against population). Next it
determines the weighted average values of the other variables in the regression
functions. Using the regression functions it calculates the average level of
performance in the EU (in terms of ARPU and investments). It then assumes that
all Member States (and thus the EU average) move towards the best performing
country in terms of HHI or market share of new entrants.
The study
analyses the regression between indicators for the intensity of competition and
prices and investments. On the basis of this regression the study determines
how much the EU average prices and investment levels would change if the EU
would be as competitive as the current best practice. On the basis of educated
assumptions a model was developed to translate these changes into Euros.
              2.       The Socio-Economic Impact of Bandwidth
Analysys Mason
and Tech4i2 (2013) have estimated the socio-economic benefits of high-speed
broadband using two complementary methodologies: input-output analysis and
consumer surplus calculations. 
This study is
not directly concerned with the measures proposed under this package, but it
provides the best known estimates of spill-overs and impacts generated by the
higher bandwidth. The measures proposed in this package will have an indirect
effect on the deployment of better infrastructure.
In terms of the
methodologies in use, Input-output analysis is based on the premise that
investment in one sector of an economy causes growth in the other sectors of
the economy through so-called multiplier effects. For example, the roll out of
high-speed broadband creates jobs in the construction and telecoms industries.
However, the people employed in these jobs also spend money on food, clothing,
housing, transport and leisure activities, thus the total impact of the
investment is significantly larger than the investment itself. Standard tables
are available for the majority of countries covered by this study allowing the
multiplier effects for broadband investments to be calculated.
Consumer
surplus is a measure of the difference between what consumers would be willing
to pay for a good or service and what they actually have to pay: for example,
if someone is willing to pay up to EUR50 per month for high-speed broadband but
the retail price is only €30 per month then then that person has a surplus of
€20 per month. The difference between what someone would be willing to pay for
broadband service and what they actually pay varies from person to person. The
total consumer surplus is the sum of all of these individual values.
The scenarios
envisaged in the study are "do nothing", modest intervention and
large scale intervention. For this Impact Assessment the estimates will rely on
the simulation in the modest intervention scenario which encompasses regulatory
measures but does not foresee –unlike the major intervention scenario – any
large scale public investment in infrastructure deployment. The modest
intervention scenario factors in "a conservative estimate of the impact
of some of the softer policy measures being considered by the Commission
(e.g. broadband mapping, infrastructure registration and sharing,
co-investment measures, streamlined admin and standards development)".

Although the study does not refer to the
options in this package of measures, the modest intervention scenario fits
better the context of the Digital Single Market initiative, which is regulatory
in nature and does not fund deployment directly. Finally, the estimates of the
study, looking at the scope of this Impact Assessment, can be considered
conservative, as the study did not assume the existence of a fully-fledged TSM
and relates only to the impact of high-speed broadband.
Annex VI - Incoming
roaming calls
No charging for the incoming roaming calls
replicate situation currently present in domestic mobile markets – calling
party pays. As there is no regulated wholesale charge for incoming calls, this
reduces the necessity for regulated retail charge for incoming roaming calls,
since costs of providing this service is accounted for in the mobile
termination rate. As European mobile termination rates are converging as a
consequence of implementation of the Commission recommendation on mobile
termination rates, the risk of transfers between operators for paying higher
termination rates is minimal. 
The diagram shows: 
·       
Customer (a) is domestic operator (A)'s customer

·       
Customer (a) roams on visited operator (B)'s
network 
·       
Customer (c) is on operator (C)'s network 
Figure 35 – Wholesale
& Retail roaming financial transaction
·       
1
– customer (a) receives a call from customer (c) 
·       
2 – calling operator (C) pays a mobile
termination fee to called operator (A) 
·       
3 – domestic operator (A) pays an international
mobile termination fee to visited operator (B) 
·       
4 – customer (a) pays regulated retail fee to
domestic operator (A) 
·       
5 – customer (c) pays domestic retail fee to
operator (C) 
As financial transfers at wholesale level
for incoming calls are outside the scope of the roaming regulation, Payment
number "2" is strictly equivalent to what would happen if the called
party were not roaming outside its home network: calling party (network) pays
termination to the called party. Payment number "3" is an additional
interaction generated by the roaming situation, which in practice corresponds
to a termination payment. 
While financial transfers at wholesale
level for incoming voice roaming services are outside the scope of the roaming
regulation, financial transfers at retail level fall so far inside this scope.
In practice, operators do not apply different termination rates for incoming
roaming calls and other incoming calls (international or national). The cost
actually incurred at wholesale level for incoming voice roaming services will
then correspond to the difference between the MTR received from the calling
party's operator (C), that is MTR of operator (A) and the MTR paid by home
operator (A) to visited operator (B), that is MTR of (B). 
Annex VII - Input from RSPG
concerning spectrum for wireless broadband
The Radio Spectrum Policy group is a high
level advisory group to the Commission composed of high-level Member State
officials. It provides Opinions on strategic issues with regard to spectrum
policy. In the process of preparing its Opinion the RSPG systematically holds
public consultations on the topic in question. Therefore the RSPG Opinions can
be regarded as input from Member States. They are also containing broad public
input as the Opinions are reflecting and summarising the public input received.
In the following, the input on spectrum
policy for wireless broadband that is of relevance to the proposed measures to
complete the Single Market for Electronic Communications is summarised.
Table 8 – Input on spectrum policy for wireless broadband
 Name of RSPG Opinion (Public Consultation Period) || Relevant input 
 Licensed Shared Access (19 June - 23 August 2013) || Member States state in the draft Opinion that Licensed Shared Access (LSA) could provide new sharing opportunities on a European scale under a licensing regime. To handle the growth in wireless traffic, the industry and administrations are challenged to introduce new technologies and regulatory mechanisms to optimise the use of the finite radio spectrum resource. Consequently, general sharing conditions should be agreed at European level, taking into account national particularities in bands designated for LSA at EU level, thus offering new opportunities for providing services with a good Quality of Service in spectrum within Europe. Finally the RSPG mentions in its draft conclusions that harmonised measures under an LSA framework focusing on a particular frequency band, where the combined net socio-economic benefits of multiple applications sharing the band is greater than the net socio-economic benefit of a single application, will support the EU internal market. Industry (e.g. GSMA) supported these statements by concluding in the public consultation that the LSA concept could give MNOs the possibility to gain access to new spectrum, which may be impossible otherwise (at least in the short term) on an exclusive basis. 
 Wireless Broadband (7 March - 3 May 2013) || The RSPG states that trends show a tremendous increase in the volume of data traffic which was not foreseen before WRC-07 for delivery of broadband services over both wired and wireless infrastructures at large and for wireless broadband in particular. Therefore, the RSPG recommends that a strategic plan should be developed by the Commission to make sufficient and appropriate spectrum available to meet the increasing demand for wireless broadband services in the time frame 2013-2020. Most respondents to the public consultation agreed to the need for this strategic plan. 
 Preparation of Radio Spectrum Policy Programme (31 March - 30 April 2012) || The Opinion stated that an improved cooperation between competent national authorities, the European Commission, CEPT and ETSI as well as the joint formulation and efficient representation of European spectrum interests in international fora are necessary. The RSPG believes that increasing economies of scope and scale is also necessary at EU level through enhanced coordination and harmonisation of technical parameters for use of spectrum and availability of spectrum, as appropriate. The utilisation of the digital dividend shall be a key objective. The RSPG acknowledges that spectrum is a national resource which, where appropriate, should be managed in a coordinated manner by EU Member States in conjunction with the European Commission within the international regulatory context. In addition to these considerations public input on spectrum governance included the request by industry that development of compatibility standards and EMC-limits needs to be given more attention by the Commission and by regulators. 
Annex VIII – International
calls
Table 9 – Illustrative tariffs for international calls in the EU
   || Operator in UK || Operator in BE 
 Mobile ||   Operator in LT || € 1.15 UK → LT; € 0.58 LT → UK; || € 1 BE → LT; € 0.58 LT → BE; 
   Operator in FI || € 1.15 UK → FI; € 0.56 FI → UK; || € 0.65 BE → FI; €0.56 FI → BE; 
 Domestic price*: € 0.07 in LT, € 0.08 in FI, € 0.20 in BE and € 0.40 in UK 
 Fixed ||   Operator in LT || € 0.7 UK → LT; € 0.35 LT → UK;   || €  0.36 BE → LT; € 0.35 LT → BE; 
   Operator in FI || €0.38 UK → FI; € 0.51 FI → UK; || € 0.36 BE → FI; € 0.31 FI → BE; 
   || Domestic price*: € 0.03 in LT, € 0.08 in FI, € 0.5 in BE and € 0.11 in UK 
*
Standard tariff outside bundles
[1] COM(2010) 245 final/2.
[2] "Telecommunications or Telecoms" and "electronic
communications" are used in the present document as interchangeable terms,
using the latter primarily when referring to the legal framework.
[3] Ecorys, TU Delft and TNo (2012), Steps towards a truly Internal
Market for e-communications in the run up to 2020.
[4] http://berec.europa.eu/doc/berec/bor_10_34_rev1.pdf
[5] In the case of P2P restrictions on fixed networks, all of the
potentially affected users (i.e. 21%) are in fact ("technically")
restricted. In the case of P2P restrictions on mobile networks, about 30% of
users are technically restricted and 6% only contractually (i.e. where the ISP
reserves the right to restrict but has not technically implemented this
restriction). Regarding VoIP restrictions on mobile networks about 16% are technically
restricted and 5% are only contractually affected.
[6]
http://berec.europa.eu/eng/document_register/subject_matter/berec/reports/120-berec-report-on-the-impact-of-administrative-requirements-on-the-provision-of-transnational-business-electronic-communications-services
[7]
http://rspg-spectrum.eu/_documents/documents/meeting/rspg25/rspg11-374_final_joint_rspg_berec_report.pdf
[8]https://circabc.europa.eu/d/a/workspace/SpacesStore/c7597ba6-f00b-44e8-b54d-f6f5d069b097/RSPG13-521_RSPG%20Opinion_on_WBB.pdf
[9]https://circabc.europa.eu/sd/d/0fb28fab-3007-46b4-bdbf-883b02da318c/RSPG12-409%20on%20EU%20assistance%20as%20Adopted.pdf
[10] Market fragmentation means in this context the extent national
borders influence the pattern of commercial activity. See also K. Head et. al.,
"Non-Europe: The Magnitude and Causes of Market Fragmentation in the
EU".
[11] European Commission, European Economy Occasional Papers 129: Market
Functioning in Network Industries - Electronic Communications, Energy and
Transport, 2013.
[12] "A New Strategy for the Single Market at the Service of
Europe's Economy and Society". Report to the President of the European
Commission José Manuel Barroso by Mario Monti, 9 May 2010.
[13] Czernich, N., Falck, O., Kretschmer, T. and Woessmann, L. (2011), Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth. The Economic Journal,
121: 505–532. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02420.x; Analysys Mason Tech4i2
(2012) "The Socio-economic impact of bandwidth". Study performed for
the European Commission.
[14]             COM [insert final reference]
[15] Even if it is common practice to harmonise technical conditions of
spectrum bands at EU level pursuant to the Radio Spectrum Decision, the actual
assignment of spectrum to mobile operators is not formally coordinated among
Member States.
[16] Directive 2002/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
of 7 March 2002 on the authorisation of electronic communications networks and
services (amended by Directive 2009/140/EC). See for a consolidated version http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/140authorisation_2.pdf
[17] BEREC report on the public call for contributions on possible
existing legal and administrative barriers with reference to the provision of
electronic communications services for the business segment
http://berec.europa.eu/files/doc/berec/bor/bor11_55_input_businessservices.pdf
[18] See footnote 3
[19] Comité européen des postes et telecommunications, a regional organ
of the ITU.
[20] Article 6, Decision No 243/2012/EU of the European Parliament and
the Council of 14 March 2012 establishing a multiannual radio spectrum policy
programme, OJ 2012 L 81, p. 7.
[21] See for example: Hazlett, T.W., Munoz, R.E., “A Welfare analysis of
spectrum allocation policies”, (2009)
[22] Special Eurobarometer 396, E-Communications Household Survey
(Fieldwork: February - March 2013; Publication: July 2013) 
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_396_data_en.pdf
[23] For more detail on BEREC’s findings on traffic management,
http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/Traffic%20Management%20Investigation%20BEREC_2.pdf
[24] BEREC Guidelines on Transparency in the scope of Net Neutrality:
Best practices and recommended approaches December 2011 BoR (11) 67 
See http://berec.europa.eu/doc/berec/bor/bor11_67_transparencyguide.pdf
[25] European Commission, DG SANCO, Consumer Market Study on the
Functioning of the Market for Internet Access and Provision from a Consumer
Perspective, 2012.
[26] Special Eurobarometer 396, E-Communications Household Survey
(Fieldwork: February - March 2013; Publication: July 2013) 
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_396_data_en.pdf
[27] Samknows study for the European Commission, Quality of Broadband
Services in the EU March 2012, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/quality-broadband-services-eu-march-2012
[28] WIK (2012), Business communications, economic growth and the
competitive challenge. Study commissioned by ECTA.
[29] European economy occasional paper 129 of February 2013.
[30] Digiworld Yearbook, Idate (2012)
[31] Source: COCOM, published in Digital Agenda Scoreboard 2013 
[32] OECD communications outlook 2013. For example, a median mobile
basket 100 calls + 500 MB has gaps of 439%.
[33] Source: operator websites, list prices are selected, special offers
and bundled packages are not taken into account
[34] Source: Quantum Web.
[35] "Market functioning in network industries –electronic
communications, energy and transport"European Economy. Occasional Papers.
129. February 2013. Brussels.
[36] CISCO, Visual Networking Index, February 2013 and Akamai, State of
the Internet, Q1 2013.
[37] "Market Functioning in Network Industries – Electronic
Communications, Energy and Transport". European Economy. Occasional
Papers. 129. February 2013. Brussels.
[38] This is confirmed by a recent Eurobarometer survey (2013).
[39] See also Cases C 434/02 Arnold André [2004] ECR I 0000, paragraph
30, and Case C 210/03 Swedish Match [2004] ECR I 0000, paragraph 29; see also,
to that effect, Germany v Parliament and Council, paragraph 95, and Case C
491/01 British American Tobacco (Investments) and Imperial Tobacco [2002] ECR I
11453, paragraph 60.
[40] See case C-66/04 paragraph 44 and case C-217/04 paragraph 42.
[41] See Case C-66/04 paragraph 45 and Case C-217/04 paragraph 43
[42] The general
objective is derived from the Treaty mandate and from the legal base of the
existing regulatory framework for electronic communications. 
[43] Decision No 243/2012/EU.
[44] BEUC
[45] BEREC's response to the public consultation was based on their report on "Best
practices to facilitate consumer switching".
[46] SWD(2013) 152 final.
[47] Economides, Siam and Viard (“Quantifying the Benefits from Entry
into Local Phone Services”), RAND Journal of Economics, 2008, find that entry
resulting from legislation changes in the US was responsible for causing
customers gains corresponding to 6.2% of their bills. These gains accrued
primarily from product differentiation and new plans introductions, rather than
price cuts alone. These finding are in line with those of Greenstein and Mazzeo
(“The Role of Differentiation
Strategy in Local Telecommunication Entry and Market Evolution”, Journal of
Industrial Economics, 2006).
[48] For example, 44 million mobile users had their Voice over Internet
protocol (VoIP) services blocked according to the abovementioned 2012 BEREC
survey on traffic management – See footnote 17.
[49] See Extended Impact Assessment of a proposal for a Directive on
Services in the internal market, SEC(2004)21, see in particular Section 4,
available at 
http://ec.europa.eu/internal_market/services/docs/services-dir/impact/2004-impact-assessment_en.pdf.

[50] While addressing obstacles for new and small operators in the EU,
the overall impact of the imposition of a de minimis thresholds is
considered to be negligible. First of all, de minimis thresholds for the
application of administrative charges are currently already applied in several
Member States and/or national systems provide for reduced fees for the smallest
operators (for example operators below 5mil£ turnover are exempted in UK).
Secondly, from the point of view of the budget available to the NRAs, the
impact of such a measure should be neutral, taking into account that any loss
of contributions as a result of the proposed threshold could be compensated by
means of an marginal increment of the other operators' contribution. 
[51] A preliminary of the potential efficiency gains amount to 1.5 to
2.5% of total telco OPEX if the current regulatory regime remains in place
according to BCG.
[52]Analysys Mason, DotEcon, Hogan &
Hartson, "Exploiting the digital dividend – A European Approach",
2009.
[53] See Table 2 above.
[54] Based on auction revenues with low prices for 800 MHz licenses
in Portugal of €0.28/MHz pop compared to average license fees of €0.52/MHz pop
and a GDP correction factor for Portugal of 75% compared to the EU average GDP.
The Portuguese auction can be considered an interesting benchmark since the
main aim was not revenue maximization but promoting fast roll-out of
high-quality services across the territory. Extending the analogy, and taking
into account the 3-4 times multiplier effect, the
overall economic impacts to the European economy of a repetition at EU-scale of
this approach could have been as high as €12-20 bn.
[55] Booz and Company,
"Sharing Mobile Networks", 2012.
[56] Study on the "Impact of traffic off-loading and related
technological trends on the demand for wireless broadband spectrum",
WIK/Aegis, 2013 (SMART 2012/0015), available in the EU Bookshop.
[57] WIK/Aegis study, ibid.
[58] WIK/Aegis study, ibid
[59] See footnote 3.
[60] See Commission recommendation of 17 December 2007 on relevant
product and service markets within the electronic communications sector
susceptible to ex ante regulation in accordance with Directive 2002/21/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council on a common regulatory framework for
electronic communications networks and services, OJ L 344, 28.12.2007, p. 65
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2007/l_344/l_34420071228en00650069.pdf
For the Public consultation on the
revision of the Recommendation on relevant markets, see
http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/public-consultation-revision-recommendation-relevant-markets
[61] See above footnote 22.
[62] International Roaming BEREC Benchmark Data Report, January 2012
–June 2012, BOR(13)05 and  International Roaming  BEREC Benchmark Data Report,
July 2012 –March 2013 (forthcoming)..
[63] This estimation is based on the assumption of the following
domestic prices: mobile calls 0.103 €/min; SMS 0.02€/SMS; data 0.01€/MB.
[64]  See Annex VI for further details on payment flows for incoming
roaming calls.
[65]  If call back had been an issue it would have been raised by
operators already in the context of Roaming III which sets the price caps for
incoming call at a low level compared to outgoing calls. However, this was not
considered an issue.
[66] See Annex VIII for more details.
[67] The revenue impacts are estimated by using the data by the French
NRA, ARCEP, and the Spanish NRA, CMT. See 'Observatory of the electronic
communications markets in France, 4th quarter 2012 – final results'
and  'CMTdata' at http://cmtdata.cmt.es/cmtdata/jsp/inf_anual.jsp?tipo=1.
It is assumed that intra-EU international fixed and mobile calls represent 1.1%
and 2.6% of all fixed and mobile calls, respectively. 
[68] Special Eurobarometer 396, E-communications household survey,
fieldwork February-March 2013, released on 8 July 2013, and available at: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_396_data_en.pdf
[69] ARCEP's report to Parliament and the Government on Net Neutrality,
Sept. 2012 (ARCEP's report to Parliament and the Government on Net Neutrality,
Sept. 2012).
[70] Study " The Functioning of the Market for Internet Access and
Provision from a Consumer Perspective", p.186
[71] WIK, Business Communications, Economic Growth and the Competitive
Challenge, 2012.
[72] B. van Ark for CEPS, "Productivity,
Sources of Growth and Potential Output in the Euro Area and the United
States" (2010).
[73] Cardona, Kretschmer, Strobel (2012) ICT and productivity:
conclusions from empirical literature.
[74] See in particular Copenhagen
Economics (2010), the economic impact of a European digital Single Market,
commissioned by CEPS, and Ecorys (2013) the study on the cost of non-Europe
conducted for the DG CONNECT.
[75]  Full details of
the methodology, assumptions and the calculations in
Annex V.
[76] Czernich, N., Falck, O., Kretschmer, T. and
Woessmann, L. (2009), “Broadband Infrastructure and Economic Growth”,
CESIFO Working Paper No. 2861, Category 6: Fiscal Policy, Macroeconomics and
Growth.
[77] Deloitte (2011) The impact of
4G technology on commercial interactions, economic growth, and U.S.
competitiveness.
[78] WEF-GITR report 2013,
p.78-80.
[79] Input-output analysis is based
on the premise that investment in one sector of an economy causes growth in the
other sectors of the economy through so-called multiplier effects. For example,
the roll out of high-speed broadband creates jobs in the construction and
telecoms industries. However, the people employed in these jobs also spend
money on food, clothing, housing, transport and leisure activities, thus the
total impact of the investment is significantly larger than the investment
itself. Standard tables are available for the majority of countries covered by
this study allowing the multiplier effects for broadband investments to be
calculated.
[80] Consumer surplus
is a measure of the difference between what consumers would be willing to pay
for a good or service and what they actually have to pay: for example, if
someone is willing to pay up to €50
per month for high-speed broadband but the retail price is only €30 per month then that person has a surplus
of €20 per month. The difference between what
someone would be willing to pay for broadband service and what they actually
pay varies from person to person. The total consumer surplus is the sum of all
of these individual values.
[81] The calculation of the impact
of the DSM is based on two steps. The first step looks at the impact of
improved physical infrastructure and improved e-readiness on the take-up of
online services. The combined effect of better infrastructure and increased
e-skills is an increase in the use of online services of 3% per year. This
generates two effects: structural change in the EU economy and improved
productivity in all sectors. Regarding structural change, the improved adoption
of online services is assumed to initiate job shifts from the rest of the
economy towards business services. As productivity in business services is
relatively high, this leads to a net increase in GDP. Copenhagen Economics
calculates an increase in GDP of €5.7bn per year. Secondly, an increase in
the use of online services will boost sector productivity. For example,
Atrostic and Nguyen (2006) estimate that a 1% increase in the use of online
services generates an increase in manufacturing productivity of 0.05%.
Copenhagen Economics assumes that the effect on business services is 0.2% (but
this is not based on an empirical study). 
[82] Fornefeld, M., G.
Delaunay and D. Elixmann (2008), “The Impact of Broadband on Productivity and
Growth,“ Micus Management Consulting (on behalf of the European
Commission).
[83] Atkinson, R.T., D.
Castro and S.J. Ezell (2009): “The Digital Road to Recovery: A Stimulus Plan to
Create Jobs, Boost Productivity and Revitalize America,” The Information
Technology & Innovation Foundation (ITIF), http://www.itif.org/files/roadtorecovery.pdf.
[84] Liebenau, J., R.
Atkinson, P. Kärrberg, D. Castro and S. Ezell (2009): „The UK’s Digital Road to
Recovery,“ LSE / ITIF, April 2009,
http://www.itif.org/files/digitalrecovery.pdf.
[85] Katz, R., S.
Vaterlaus, P. Zenhäusern, S. Suter and P. Mahler (2009): “The Impact of
Broadband on Jobs and the German Economy,” http://www.elinoam.com/raulkatz/German_BB_2009.pdf.
[86] Discussion Paper Access, The Importance of Net Neutrality in the
Emerging and Developing World,
September 2011, p. 11; 
http://www.media‑alliance.org/downloads/Net%20Neutrality%20in%20the%20Emerging%20World.pdf
[87] The scenario also includes €7bn.for
infrastructure investment, in particular FTTP, allocated to the countries in
proportion to the gap in the NGA coverage left by the market. After the budget
cut to the Connecting Europe Facility, this estimate is probably
over-optimistic as only Structural Funds will provide public money for
broadband deployment.
[88] The compound effect is calculated through the usual formula for
calculating compound indexes; (1+i)t. In this case: (1+0.09)6.
It has to be noted that the effect is one-off for the six years and does not
translate into a different growth rate for the economy
[89]Analysys Mason Tech4i2 (2012) "The
Socio-economic impact of bandwidth". Study performed for the European
Commission.
[90] Available at http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/results-public-consultation-%E2%80%9Ceu-initiative-reduce-cost-rolling-out-high-speed-communication. 
[91] See for example responses to Question 1:
"Harmonisation of permit granting procedures was unanimously considered by
the electronic communications sector as necessary in order to tackle their
proliferation and lack of coordination. Standardisation, flexibility and
streamlining, through a reduction of the number of the procedures, should cover
permission requests, forms, deadlines, but also digging instructions. Uniform
and transparent rules across each Member State were acclaimed by public
authorities, local and central. The importance of eliminating divergence in the
interpretation of rules was also acclaimed."
[92] European Parliament resolution of 17 November 2011 on the open
Internet and net neutrality in Europe (paragraph 8),              
 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P7-TA-2011-0511&language=EN  

[93] European Parliament resolution of 11 December 2012 on a Digital
Freedom Strategy in EU Foreign Policy (2012/2094(INI)),
resolution point 67
 (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2012-470)
and European Parliament resolution of 11 December 2012 on completing the
Digital Single Market (2012/2030(INI)),
resolution point 81
 (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2012-468)
[94] European Parliament resolution of 11 December 2012 on a Digital
Freedom Strategy in EU Foreign Policy (2012/2094(INI)),
resolution point 56,
 (http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2012-470)

[95] Market 1 in the Recommendation on Relevant Markets
[96] Decision 2008/411/EC.
[97] Decision 2008/477/EC.
[98] Decision 2009/766/EC
[99] State of play: early 2013.
[100] Licensing process in the period of 2008-2011
[101] See the 2012 EU Report on Telecommunications Market and Regulatory
Developments
https://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/Telecom_Horizontal_Chapter.pdf.
[102] http://berec.europa.eu/doc/berec/bor_10_34_rev1.pdf.
[103] http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_research/consumer_market_monitoring_survey_en.htm.
[104]http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/consumer_research/editions/docs/monitoring_consumer_markets_eu_2     012_en.pdf.
[105] For instance, this includes differences in
Quality of Service (QoS) levels across Europe at bitstream level that may
negatively affect the (pan European) roll-out of services such as Video on
Demand (VOD) or cloud computing.