Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on ‘Devolution in the European Union and the place for local and regional self-government in EU policy making and delivery’
Date: 2013-04-12
Institutions: European Committee of the Regions
Subjects: autonomy, decentralisation, distribution of EU funding, local government, regional government, transfer of competence








C_2013139EN.01003901.xml










17.5.2013   


EN


Official Journal of the European Union


C 139/39





Opinion of the Committee of the Regions on ‘Devolution in the European Union and the place for local and regional self-government in EU policy making and delivery’
2013/C 139/08
THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS






—


understands devolution to mean all measures at political level that strengthen the role of sub-national authorities in the national and European decision-making process and that lead to powers being transferred from the central government level to local and regional institutions;










—


is convinced that functioning local and regional administrations and effective devolution should be based on the principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and multilevel governance;










—


is convinced that the political and legal principle of subsidiarity is a key driver of devolution, since it leads to power being located at the level at which they can be most efficiently exercised;










—


sees that the economic and financial crisis has proved to be a catalyst for reform and change, with local authorities in some countries having faced a local restructuring process and institutional power structures also having changed considerably;










—


points out that a coherent process of devolution can only succeed if the transfer of powers to sub-national authorities is matched by a corresponding allocation of financial resources;










—


observing that regions which are primarily financed from their own resources manage the available funds in a responsible manner and therefore have solid public finances, recommends that Member States rely more strongly on own financial resources than on transfer systems;










—


emphasises the positive connection between devolution on the one hand and successful, sustainable European regional policy on the other;










—


insists that discussions on the future of Europe should include the regional and local levels, since the legitimacy of the EU depends in part on the legitimacy of LRA;










—


recommends that all levels of government work together to achieve a lasting solution to the European sovereign debt crisis and calls for the involvement of local and regional authorities on equal terms in drawing up European and national reform plans;










Rapporteur


Prof. Franz SCHAUSBERGER (AT/EPP), delegate of the Land of Salzburg to the Committee of the Regions




Reference document




I.   POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS


Benefits of devolution








1.


understands ‘devolution’ to mean all measures at political level that strengthen the role of sub-national authorities in the national and European decision-making process and that lead to powers being transferred from the central government level to local and regional institutions;










2.


recognises that EU Member States are under no obligation to choose a particular model for their institutional structure or for the devolution, transfer or sharing of powers between the different models of governance, but points out at the same time that the EU also respects regional and/or local self-government, as highlighted, in particular, in Article 4(2) TEU;










3.


points out that in many policy areas, decentralised executives are significantly more efficient, both from the point of view of cost and in terms of the quality of services and their proximity to the public;










4.


stresses that it is important for the people of Europe to identify with their regions and cities, which play a particularly crucial role as a counterweight to the increasingly international, and therefore anonymous, nature of job markets and economic relations;










5.


is convinced that devolution and the regional and local institutions that it involves have a key contribution to make to reducing the current social and economic disparities between Europe's regions, helping to reduce the negative consequences of a rural exodus from poor regions to big cities and of emigration from one Member State to another that weakens the labour market;










6.


thanks the Council of Europe’s Congress of Regional and Local Authorities (CLRAE) as well as the various interest groups that contributed to the consultation for their valuable contributions and expert opinions;






The CoR's basic responsibility to monitor devolution








7.


affirms that as the representative of sub-national (i.e. local and regional) authorities in the EU legislative and decision-making process, the CoR has a responsibility to monitor the application of the subsidiarity principle, and that it has a keen interest in assessing the state of devolution in the EU and the enlargement countries on a regular basis;










8.


points out that in its recent opinion on Building a European culture of multilevel governance, prepared as a follow-up to its White Paper, the CoR announced its intention to keep track of the devolution process in the Member States as well as in the countries in the enlargement process;










9.


is confirmed in its resolve to do so by the fact that the Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) and the CLRAE are carrying out detailed and systematic work on the same issue, and intends to use the results from both organisations in its work;










10.


recalls that the last Committee of the Regions opinion on this subject dates from 7 July 2005 and that in the interim there have been major institutional, political and legal changes and developments in relation to devolution in the EU;






The development of devolution in Europe since the last opinion in 2005








11.


notes that the 2009 Lisbon Treaty has strengthened the subsidiarity principle, enshrined local and regional identity in the Treaty and strengthened the CoR, encouraging several Member States to plan or carry out institutional reforms to enhance devolution or strengthen local and regional authorities;










12.


notes that, in general terms, the degree of devolution has therefore increased in most countries in recent years. However, the Committee has serious concerns about a contrary trend in some Member States in which the financial autonomy of local and regional authorities or the right to self-government at local level has been substantially curtailed;










13.


also notes, however, that the effects of the financial and economic crisis that erupted in 2009 and the sovereign debt crisis that struck in 2010 on the process of boosting devolution have been negative and that sub-national authorities have been affected by the changes in the relationship between national governments and the European institutions;










14.


in that context, is pleased to note that the concept of multilevel governance, which has the capacity to counter negative trends in relation to devolution, has become an established part of European political debate, thanks in no small part to the initiative of the CoR;










15.


feels obliged to point out that some of the Member States that have joined the EU since 2004 have not completed the transition process in relation to devolution and is therefore aware that some of those countries, as well as the countries of the Eastern Partnership, face particularly great challenges when it comes to achieving thriving economic and social development;










16.


considers that recent enlargements have shown that inadequate involvement of regional and local authorities in the process of integration creates major challenges and problems for both national governments and the European institutions in implementing EU policies and carrying out the necessary reforms, which in the end affects the public;










17.


is pleased to note that the vast majority of Council of Europe members, and all EU Member States, have ratified the Council of Europe's 1985 European Charter on Local Self-Government, according to which local self-government in Europe should be strengthened, based on the principles of democracy, proximity to the people and devolution;










18.


welcomes and supports the Council of Europe's initiative on a European Charter on Regional Democracy, and the draft proposed by the Congress in 2008, which aim to set out the key principles of regional democracy in Europe; regrets the fact that this initiative has been blocked by a number of members of the Council of Europe, but appreciates that at least the ministers responsible for local and regional government agreed a Reference Framework for Regional Democracy in 2009;






Devolution and the financial crisis








19.


observes with great interest the fact that the division of powers, and in particular the issue of fiscal devolution, have received growing attention in national and European public debate in the context of the consequences of the current economic and financial crisis, with the erroneous assumption often being that the behaviour of sub-national authorities is one of the elements that is preventing national budget targets from being hit, despite the national states' main responsibilities for the crisis;










20.


notes with concern that the financial crisis that erupted in 2009 has spilled over into a sovereign debt crisis that is seriously threatening the real economy of cities and regions and harming the social fabric of the Member States;










21.


the Committee of the Regions is concerned at the state of regional and local autonomy in some European countries, due to the reforms being carried out to streamline regional and local government and make it more sustainable. In many of the member states the prevailing economic criteria in the current economic and financial crisis have distorted the democratic foundations of regional and local autonomy, profoundly damaging it










22.


is firmly opposed to the economic and debt crises and the austerity measures that are required across Europe being used in some Member States as an excuse to further centralise powers, to devolve powers without providing corresponding financial resources or to rationalise, reduce or abolish sub-national bodies altogether, which will end up weakening local and regional democracy, a trend that is based on the mistaken assumption that transferring public services to the central government level will make them more cost-effective;










23.


argues, rather, that local authorities, as grassroots institutions, are aware of people's needs and are best placed to define and respond to such needs at a time of crisis;










24.


vigorously opposes such a policy, which violates the European principle of subsidiarity, according to which political and regulatory decisions should be taken at the most appropriate level in order to achieve the desired goals and as close as possible to the people;










25.


also observes equivalent developments taking place in countries that are preparing for EU accession and countries of the European neighbourhood;










26.


notes that merging municipalities is very often presented as a way to achieve cost savings in the context of the financial and debt crises, based on economic arguments but without always being based on adequate studies or analyses; however, also acknowledges that in some regions merging municipalities can be a useful strategy, e.g. because of demographic change;










27.


believes that when such changes are considered, the loss of proximity to the people and of local democracy that may result must not be ignored, and that priority should be given to the possibilities of saving money by means of cooperation across borders and between local and regional authorities. Abolition of municipalities by way of merger should be considered extremely carefully – it can, for example, be a useful strategy in the regions in view of demographic change; in relation to cooperation between local authorities, is concerned about European Commission efforts to obstruct the joint performance of tasks through such cooperation, with requirements going beyond European Court of Justice case law;










28.


in this context, highlights the importance of town twinning, European networks of cities and regions, and bilateral and multilateral European territorial cooperation programmes, as well as of European Groupings of Territorial Cooperation (EGTCs), which make it much easier for regions and municipalities to cooperate in related policy areas such as services of general interest, transport and environmental protection;






The current state of devolution in Europe

 (1)







29.


understands from recent reports that three of the 27 EU Member States formally have a federal structure, one Member State is a quasi-federal state, and that the others are unitary states of various types, some of which have heterogeneous local structures (an asymmetric system) in spite of their formally unitary nature; also notes that eleven Member States have only one sub-national level, nine have two and seven have three such levels;










30.


observes with great interest the fact that in many countries, the economic and financial crisis has proved to be a catalyst for reform and change, with local authorities in some countries having faced a local restructuring process and institutional power structures also having changed considerably in some cases – not always in the direction of more devolution;










31.


draws attention to the analytical work that it has commissioned to take a snapshot of the state of devolution and the division of powers in the Member States;






Principles for the organisation of local and regional self-government








32.


is convinced that functioning local and regional administrations and effective devolution should be based on the principles of subsidiarity, proportionality and multilevel governance;










33.


considers it extremely important for local and regional governance to be conducted through democratically elected and fully representative bodies that are accountable to their people. That brings policy closer to the people, showing the added value of local and regional democracy, since good governance and transparency give local and regional bodies greater legitimacy and responsibility and improve trust in them;










34.


considers it absolutely essential for decisions to introduce reforms devolving powers and financial resources to be in line with the practical expectations and demands of the public and of local and regional authorities; however, also acknowledges that use could be made of referenda when justified by the importance of the measures to be introduced and in accordance with the constitution of the Member State;










35.


is pleased that European integration has contributed in a decisive way to local and regional devolution. The devolution that is currently taking place or being discussed in the enlargement countries and the countries of the Eastern Partnership can be a considerable help to them when it comes to adapting more quickly and easily to the EU acquis and, in due course, complying better with the obligations of EU membership;










36.


also points out that the EU treaties indirectly recognise local and regional democracy (Article 10 TEU, Article 20(2) TFEU and Article 40 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights), showing that regardless of its basic neutrality in relation to the institutional structure of Member States, the EU sees local and regional democracy as one of the foundations of its own legitimacy;










37.


in this respect, calls on all EU Member States that have not yet made plans to do so to establish an appropriate legal framework for their sub-national authorities at the highest possible level (in the constitution, if possible);










38.


points out that its aim is not to create purely statistical regional units, but to set up politically and administratively self-governing sub-national authorities, which can implement EU measures and legislation much better;










39.


shares the view of the CLRAE, among others, that the number of devolved entities in a European country should in part reflect the geographical size of the country, and draws attention to the valuable recommendations for future development of intermediate levels of administration contained in Arco Latino's 2012 ‘Salerno Manifesto’;










40.


invites the European institutions to support devolution, which is a key element in fostering cultural diversity, in line with the EU's motto ‘United in Diversity’, and to reinforce regional and local authorities' sense of being European territorial authorities;










41.


in this connection, points out that devolved governance has major advantages, such as better appreciation of people's needs and wishes; (co-) development of policies that can help foster sustainable and competitive growth; sound economic management and local and regional investment; and greater autonomy and local and regional democracy;










42.


reiterates that in accordance with the principles of good governance and better lawmaking, regional and local authorities, as well as the parties responsible for implementing EU policy at sub-national level, must be more actively and effectively involved as early as possible in designing and implementing EU policies and legislation;










43.


in this regard, deems the effective implementation of the cooperation agreement between the European Commission and the CoR as an important and essential means to provide such involvement;










44.


repeats its call for the Member States in which there are regional authorities with legislative powers to set up the mechanisms needed to allow those regional authorities to participate in EU decision-making processes on matters which concern them. That should apply not only to regional parliaments, which act in the context of the subsidiarity early warning mechanism, but also to regional executives, which should be involved in preparing national positions in the Council or in putting together national delegations;






Multilevel governance and the link between effective, functioning local and regional self-government and the proper application of the subsidiarity principle








45.


recalls that multilevel governance ensures that all levels of governance cooperate in making decisions and exercising powers and that subsidiarity and multilevel governance go hand in hand with strong local and regional self-government;










46.


also recalls that the Lisbon Treaty made it explicit for the first time that the subsidiarity principle applies to the whole range of EU governments, at European, national, regional and local level. The principles of subsidiarity and proportionality are prerequisites for multilevel governance to work in practice;










47.


is convinced that the political and legal principle of subsidiarity is a key driver of devolution, since it leads to powers being located at the level at which they can be most efficiently exercised;










48.


intends to continue its cooperation with the Council of Europe CLRAE in monitoring the application of the European Charter on Local Self-Government and the state of local and regional democracy in EU Member States and candidate countries;










49.


again gives notice of its intention to develop an EU Charter on Multilevel Governance and to continue the work that has already begun on the subject (2);






Financial devolution








50.


is pleased to note that the European Commission's recent report on public finances in the Economic and Monetary Union (3) shows that the trend towards fiscal devolution in the EU Member States is gathering pace, with a growing proportion of income and expenditure being at a local or regional scale. The report highlights the fact that own resources, i.e. independently raised sub-national taxes or charges, are a more efficient funding tool than transfers from central government, but that sub-national taxes and charges are used in less than 50 % of cases and have not increased since 1995;










51.


points out that a coherent process of devolution can only succeed if the transfer of powers to sub-national authorities is matched by a corresponding and sufficient allocation of financial resources and recalls that both the European Charter on Local Self-Government and the Council of Europe's Reference Framework for Regional Democracy include duties and measures along these lines for the signatory states;










52.


in that regard, is critical of recent developments in some Member States, in which the allocation of powers is not linked to corresponding financial resources or to income-raising powers and the resulting inefficiency of regional or local self-government is used as an argument for centralisation;










53.


points out that it is not devolution per se that leads to unrestrained spending by sub-national authorities, but rather poor implementation of devolution measures that are not accompanied by fiscal devolution;










54.


refers once again to the European Commission's report on public finances in EMU, which states that regions that are primarily financed from their own resources manage the available funds in a responsible manner and therefore have solid public finances, and thus encourages the Member States to replace transfer payments, so far as possible, with own financial resources;










55.


is also concerned that many regions and municipalities have found themselves in severe financial difficulties as a result of risky financial speculation and suggests that appropriate instruments and strategies be developed to address these situations;










56.


for EU co-financed projects which are geared towards achieving objectives such as those of the Europe 2020 strategy, calls on the European Commission to better clarify the legislative framework to ensure that an equilibrium is found between the co-financing requirements from regional and local authority budgets and the calculation of their public deficit;










57.


emphasises the positive connection between devolution on the one hand and successful, sustainable European regional policy on the other and, in this respect, refers to studies showing that cohesion policy produces better results in devolved Member States;










58.


also notes that cohesion policy is implemented particularly inefficiently in centralised Member States all of whose regions are eligible for Objective 1, since centralised administrations are often unfamiliar with the regional problems and challenges involved in particular projects, and is therefore in favour of involving sub-national authorities in the future management of the funds in the Member States;






Devolution and independence movements








59.


is convinced that a proper devolution process can greatly improve the satisfaction of the people in the regions and local authorities and may strengthen the whole state;










60.


on the other hand, is convinced that a long-standing refusal of serious dialogue between different levels of governance, and a permanent failure to take account of the wishes and demands of regions for devolution of powers and the necessary financial resources may induce demands for autonomy and in special cases call for independence; recalls in this context that a consequent and coherent application and acceptance of the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality at European level provide the best framework to accommodate the legitimate concerns of the different levels;










61.


is closely monitoring the independence movements that have recently been gaining strength in certain regions of EU Member States and candidate countries and their very different historical, political and economic causes;










62.


in this context, calls for studies of the causes of these movements, making it possible to discuss and understand their motivations and find coherent, peaceful solutions for all concerned;










63.


makes clear that in accordance with Article 4(2) TEU, developments in the direction of the independence of a region should basically be seen as an internal matter for the state concerned;










64.


recalls that if a region, having achieved independence, wanted to join the EU, it would be required to make a formal application to the Council and to follow the accession procedure under Article 49 TEU in the same way as any other country that wished to become an EU Member State;






Visions for the future of Europe








65.


is taking part with great interest in the debate that has recently begun on different visions of the future of Europe and expects that sub-national authorities will be involved in the discussion process from the very beginning, which it sees as a key challenge in the context of its own activities;










66.


emphasises that it is essential that any vision for Europe include the regional and local levels, since the legitimacy of the European Union depends in part on the legitimacy of sub-national authorities;










67.


considers that a Convention on these subjects is necessary and will formulate and contribute its ideas on the future shape of the EU, along the lines that there is still room for greater recognition of local and regional democracy in future treaties;










68.


in that respect, recommends considering to what extent devolution together with effective local and, where appropriate, regional self-government could become a condition for EU membership;






Recommendations








69.


recommends that the dialogue between the European institutions and regional and local authorities be strengthened, with a view to direct cooperation between regions, cities and municipalities on the one hand and European Union bodies on the other;










70.


recommends that all levels of government implement synergies to achieve a lasting solution to the European sovereign debt crisis and, in that respect, calls for the involvement of local and regional authorities on equal terms in drawing up European and national reform plans;










71.


calls on the Member States to carry out any territorial reorganisation or future local government reforms in a careful, considered and well-planned way and in accordance with the Charter on Local Self-Government and the European Reference Framework for Regional Democracy, which guarantees and strengthens local self-government based on the principles of democracy, proximity and decentralisation;










72.


calls for more attention to be paid to proven examples of best practice in successful regions and municipalities with a view to advancing the public debate on devolution, particularly in centralised countries, and providing successful examples of the benefits of devolution;










73.


invites the European Commission to give even stronger support than it already does to targeted training programmes for regional and local administrations in how to produce appropriate aid projects and to pay closer attention to ensuring that EU aid is allocated on the basis of objective criteria, not political whim;










74.


also invites the European Commission to include a separate chapter in its annual progress reports on the state of regional and local self-government in the candidate countries concerned;










75.


welcomes the fact that, for the first time, the Commission's 2012 annual report on public finances in EMU includes a chapter on fiscal devolution and the state of local and regional finances, as well as on the reforms under way in relation to fiscal devolution in the Member States, and encourages the European Commission to repeat this review of sub-national public finances every year;










76.


proposes to complement the study mentioned above on the state of devolution and the division of powers within the Member States with a further survey of the relationship between devolution of powers and the provision of financial means by way of fiscal devolution, and highlights the need for that instrument in order to monitor the proper application of the subsidiarity principle.





Brussels, 12 April 2013.


The President of the Committee of the Regions

Ramón Luis VALCÁRCEL SISO





(1)  This section uses information from the recent Council of European Municipalities and Regions (CEMR) – Dexia Crédit Local report on sub-national public finance in the EU, as well as from the European Commission Report on Public Finances in EMU.

(2)  See opinions CdR 89/2009 fin and 273/2011 fin.

(3)  http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2012/public-finances-in-emu-2012_en.htm