Commission Regulation (EU) No 473/2012 of 4 June 2012 amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for spinetoram (XDE-175) in or on certain products  Text with EEA relevance
Date: 2012-06-04
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: food safety, foodstuff, market approval, pesticide, soft fruit, stone fruit




L_2012144EN.01002501.xml










5.6.2012   


EN


Official Journal of the European Union


L 144/25








            COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 473/2012
of 4 June 2012
         
amending Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum residue levels for spinetoram (XDE-175) in or on certain products
(Text with EEA relevance)


THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION,

Having regard to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union,


Having regard to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC (1), and in particular Article 18(4) thereof,

Whereas:







(1)


For spinetoram (XDE-175) MRLs are set in Part A of Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.












(2)


In accordance with Article 53 of Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market and repealing Council Directives 79/117/EEC and 91/414/EEC (2), France notified on 11 May 2012 to the Commission the temporary authorisation of plant protection products containing the active substance spinetoram (XDE-175), due to an unexpected outbreak of Drosophila suzukii, a danger that was unforeseeable and could not be contained by any other reasonable means. Consequently, France has also notified to the other Member States, the Commission and the Authority in accordance with Article 18(4) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 that it has authorised the placing on the market in its territory of cherries, raspberries and blueberries containing pesticide residues higher than the MRLs. Currently, those MRLs are established at the limit of determination in Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.












(3)


France submitted to the Commission an appropriate consumer risk assesment and proposed temporary MRLs on that basis.












(4)


The European Food Safety Authority, hereinafter "the Authority", assessed the data provided and issued a statement (3) on the safety of the proposed temporary MRLs.












(5)


The Authority concluded that the emergency use of spinetoram (XDE-175) on cherries, raspberries and blueberries is not likely to result in a consumer exposure exceeding the toxicological reference value and therefore is not expected to pose a public health concern.












(6)


France did not report details of supervised field trials, nor complete a quality assessment of such trials. The Authority had to base its statement on the assumption that the supervised field trials are valid and confirm the proposed temporary MRLs. In order to verify the correctness of the assumption, France should update the evaluation report as soon as possible.












(7)


Based on the statement of the Authority and taking into account the factors relevant to the matter under consideration, the appropriate modifications to the MRLs fulfil the requirements of Article 18(4) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.












(8)


Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 should therefore be amended accordingly.












(9)


Given that the emergency uses of plant protection products concerning spinetoram are already authorized by France and the resulting urgent need to ensure a high level of consumer protection, it is appropriate to provide for the MRLs by applying the procedure referred to in Article 45(5) of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005.












(10)


The measures provided for in this Regulation are in accordance with the opinion of the Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,





HAS ADOPTED THIS REGULATION:



Article 1
Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005 is amended in accordance with the Annex to this Regulation.


Article 2
This Regulation shall enter into force on the next day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.




This Regulation shall be binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States.
Done at Brussels, 4 June 2012.


For the Commission


The President

José Manuel BARROSO
            





(1)  
            OJ L 70, 16.3.2005, p. 1.

(2)  
            OJ L 309, 24.11.2009, p. 1.

(3)  European Food Safety Authority; Statement on the modification of the existing MRLs for spinetoram in cherries, raspberries and blueberries. EFSA Journal 2012;10(5):2708. [24 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2708. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal.htm




ANNEX
In Part A of Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the column for spinetoram (XDE-175) is replaced by the following:

‘Pesticide residues and maximum residue levels (mg/kg)







Code number


Groups and examples of individual products to which the MRLs apply (1)



Spinetoram (XDE-175)




(1)


(2)


(3)






0100000 








1.


FRUIT FRESH OR FROZEN; NUTS






 






0110000 








(i)


Citrus fruit






0,2 




0110010 


Grapefruit (Shaddocks, pomelos, sweeties, tangelo (except mineola), ugli and other hybrids)


 




0110020 


Oranges (Bergamot, bitter orange, chinotto and other hybrids)


 




0110030 


Lemons (Citron, lemon)


 




0110040 


Limes


 




0110050 


Mandarins (Clementine, tangerine, mineola and other hybrids)


 




0110990 


Others


 






0120000 








(ii)


Tree nuts (shelled or unshelled)






0,05  (*1)





0120010 


Almonds


 




0120020 


Brazil nuts


 




0120030 


Cashew nuts


 




0120040 


Chestnuts


 




0120050 


Coconuts


 




0120060 


Hazelnuts (Filbert)


 




0120070 


Macadamia


 




0120080 


Pecans


 




0120090 


Pine nuts


 




0120100 


Pistachios


 




0120110 


Walnuts


 




0120990 


Others


 






0130000 








(iii)


Pome fruit






0,2 




0130010 


Apples (Crab apple)


 




0130020 


Pears (Oriental pear)


 




0130030 


Quinces


 




0130040 


Medlar


 




0130050 


Loquat


 




0130990 


Others


 






0140000 








(iv)


Stone fruit






 




0140010 


Apricots


0,2 




0140020 


Cherries (sweet cherries, sour cherries)



0,2  (+)





0140030 


Peaches (Nectarines and similar hybrids)


0,2 




0140040 


Plums (Damson, greengage, mirabelle, sloe)


0,05  (*1)





0140990 


Others


0,05  (*1)







0150000 








(v)


Berries & small fruit






 






0151000 








(a)


Table and wine grapes






0,5 




0151010 


Table grapes


 




0151020 


Wine grapes


 




0152000 








(b)


Strawberries






0,2 






0153000 








(c)


Cane fruit






 




0153010 


Blackberries


0,05  (*1)





0153020 


Dewberries (Loganberries, boysenberries, and cloudberries)


0,05  (*1)





0153030 


Raspberries (Wineberries, arctic bramble/raspberry, (Rubus arcticus), nectar raspberries (Rubus arcticus x idaeus))



0,8  (+)





0153990 


Others


0,05  (*1)







0154000 








(d)


Other small fruit & berries






 




0154010 


Blueberries (Bilberries)



0,2  (+)





0154020 


Cranberries (Cowberries (red bilberries))


0,05  (*1)





0154030 


Currants (red, black and white)


0,05  (*1)





0154040 


Gooseberries (Including hybrids with other ribes species)


0,05  (*1)





0154050 


Rose hips


0,05  (*1)





0154060 


Mulberries (arbutus berry)


0,05  (*1)





0154070 


Azarole (mediteranean medlar) (Kiwiberry (Actinidia arguta))


0,05  (*1)





0154080 


Elderberries (Black chokeberry (appleberry), mountain ash, buckthorn (sea sallowthorn), hawthorn, service berries, and other treeberries)


0,05  (*1)





0154990 


Others


0,05  (*1)







0160000 








(vi)


Miscellaneous fruit






0,05  (*1)







0161000  








(a)


Edible peel






 




0161010 


Dates


 




0161020 


Figs


 




0161030 


Table olives


 




0161040 


Kumquats (Marumi kumquats, nagami kumquats, limequats (Citrus aurantifolia x Fortunella spp.))


 




0161050 


Carambola (Bilimbi)


 




0161060 


Persimmon


 




0161070 


Jambolan (java plum) (Java apple (water apple), pomerac, rose apple, Brazilean cherry Surinam cherry (grumichama Eugenia uniflora),)


 




0161990 


Others


 






0162000 








(b)


Inedible peel, small






 




0162010 


Kiwi


 




0162020 


Lychee (Litchi) (Pulasan, rambutan (hairy litchi), mangosteen)


 




0162030 


Passion fruit


 




0162040 


Prickly pear (cactus fruit)


 




0162050 


Star apple


 




0162060 


American persimmon (Virginia kaki) (Black sapote, white sapote, green sapote, canistel (yellow sapote), and mammey sapote)


 




0162990 


Others


 






0163000 








(c)


Inedible peel, large






 




0163010 


Avocados


 




0163020 


Bananas (Dwarf banana, plantain, apple banana)


 




0163030 


Mangoes


 




0163040 


Papaya


 




0163050 


Pomegranate


 




0163060 


Cherimoya (Custard apple, sugar apple (sweetsop), llama and other medium sized Annonaceae)


 




0163070 


Guava (Red pitaya or dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus))


 




0163080 


Pineapples


 




0163090 


Bread fruit (Jackfruit)


 




0163100 


Durian


 




0163110 


Soursop (guanabana)


 




0163990 


Others


 






0200000 








2.


VEGETABLES FRESH OR FROZEN






 






0210000 








(i)


Root and tuber vegetables






0,05  (*1)





0211000 








(a)


Potatoes






 






0212000 








(b)


Tropical root and tuber vegetables






 




0212010 


Cassava (Dasheen, eddoe (Japanese taro), tannia)


 




0212020 


Sweet potatoes


 




0212030 


Yams (Potato bean (yam bean), Mexican yam bean)


 




0212040 


Arrowroot


 




0212990 


Others


 






0213000 








(c)


Other root and tuber vegetables except sugar beet






 




0213010 


Beetroot


 




0213020 


Carrots


 




0213030 


Celeriac


 




0213040 


Horseradish (Angelica roots, lovage roots, gentiana roots,)


 




0213050 


Jerusalem artichokes


 




0213060 


Parsnips


 




0213070 


Parsley root


 




0213080 


Radishes (Black radish, Japanese radish, small radish and similar varieties, tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus))


 




0213090 


Salsify (Scorzonera, Spanish salsify (Spanish oysterplant))


 




0213100 


Swedes


 




0213110 


Turnips


 




0213990 


Others


 






0220000 








(ii)


Bulb vegetables






0,05  (*1)





0220010 


Garlic


 




0220020 


Onions (Silverskin onions)


 




0220030 


Shallots


 




0220040 


Spring onions (Welsh onion and similar varieties)


 




0220990 


Others


 






0230000 








(iii)


Fruiting vegetables






 






0231000 








(a)


Solanacea






0,5 




0231010 


Tomatoes (Cherry tomatoes, tree tomato, Physalis, gojiberry, wolfberry (Lycium barbarum and L. chinense))


 




0231020 


Peppers (Chilli peppers)


 




0231030 


Aubergines (egg plants) (Pepino)


 




0231040 


Okra, lady's fingers


 




0231990 


Others


 






0232000 








(b)


Cucurbits - edible peel






0,2 




0232010 


Cucumbers


 




0232020 


Gherkins


 




0232030 


Courgettes (Summer squash, marrow (patisson))


 




0232990 


Others


 






0233000 








(c)


Cucurbits-inedible peel






0,05  (*1)





0233010 


Melons (Kiwano)


 




0233020 


Pumpkins (Winter squash)


 




0233030 


Watermelons


 




0233990 


Others


 




0234000 








(d)


Sweet corn






0,05  (*1)





0239000 








(e)


Other fruiting vegetables






0,05  (*1)







0240000 








(iv)


Brassica vegetables






0,05  (*1)







0241000 








(a)


Flowering brassica






 




0241010 


Broccoli (Calabrese, Chinese broccoli, broccoli raab)


 




0241020 


Cauliflower


 




0241990 


Others


 






0242000 








(b)


Head brassica






 




0242010 


Brussels sprouts


 




0242020 


Head cabbage (Pointed head cabbage, red cabbage, savoy cabbage, white cabbage)


 




0242990 


Others


 






0243000 








(c)


Leafy brassica






 




0243010 


Chinese cabbage (Indian (Chinese) mustard, pak choi, Chinese flat cabbage (tai goo choi), choi sum, peking cabbage (pe-tsai),)


 




0243020 


Kale (Borecole (curly kale), collards, Portuguese Kale, Portuguese cabbage, cow cabbage)


 




0243990 


Others


 




0244000 








(d)


Kohlrabi






 






0250000 








(v)


Leaf vegetables & fresh herbs






 






0251000 








(a)


Lettuce and other salad plants including Brassicacea






 




0251010 


Lamb's lettuce (Italian cornsalad)


0,05  (*1)





0251020 


Lettuce (Head lettuce, lollo rosso (cutting lettuce), iceberg lettuce, romaine (cos) lettuce)


10 




0251030 


Scarole (broad-leaf endive) (Wild chicory, red-leaved chicory, radicchio, curld leave endive, sugar loaf)


0,05  (*1)





0251040 


Cress


0,05  (*1)





0251050 


Land cress


0,05  (*1)





0251060 


Rocket, Rucola (Wild rocket)


0,05  (*1)





0251070 


Red mustard


0,05  (*1)





0251080 


Leaves and sprouts of Brassica spp (Mizuna, leaves of peas and radish and other babyleaf brassica crops (crops harvested up to 8 true leaf stage))


0,05  (*1)





0251990 


Others


0,05  (*1)







0252000 








(b)


Spinach & similar (leaves)






0,05  (*1)





0252010 


Spinach (New Zealand spinach, amaranthus spinach)


 




0252020 


Purslane (Winter purslane (miner’s lettuce), garden purslane, common purslane, sorrel, glassworth, Agretti (Salsola soda))


 




0252030 


Beet leaves (chard) (Leaves of beetroot)


 




0252990 


Others


 




0253000 








(c)


Vine leaves (grape leaves)






0,05  (*1)





0254000 








(d)


Water cress






0,05  (*1)





0255000 








(e)


Witloof






0,05  (*1)







0256000 








(f)


Herbs






0,05  (*1)





0256010 


Chervil


 




0256020 


Chives


 




0256030 


Celery leaves (Fennel leaves, Coriander leaves, dill leaves, Caraway leaves, lovage, angelica, sweet cisely and other Apiacea leaves)


 




0256040 


Parsley


 




0256050 


Sage (Winter savory, summer savory,)


 




0256060 


Rosemary


 




0256070 


Thyme (Marjoram, oregano)


 




0256080 


Basil (Balm leaves, mint, peppermint)


 




0256090 


Bay leaves (laurel)


 




0256100 


Tarragon (Hyssop)


 




0256990 


Others (Edible flowers)


 






0260000 








(vi)


Legume vegetables (fresh)






 




0260010 


Beans (with pods) (Green bean (french beans, snap beans), scarlet runner bean, slicing bean, yardlong beans)


0,1 




0260020 


Beans (without pods) (Broad beans, Flageolets, jack bean, lima bean, cowpea)


0,05  (*1)





0260030 


Peas (with pods) (Mangetout (sugar peas, snow peas))


0,1 




0260040 


Peas (without pods) (Garden pea, green pea, chickpea)


0,05  (*1)





0260050 


Lentils


0,05  (*1)





0260990 


Others


0,05  (*1)







0270000 








(vii)


Stem vegetables (fresh)






0,05  (*1)





0270010 


Asparagus


 




0270020 


Cardoons


 




0270030 


Celery


 




0270040 


Fennel


 




0270050 


Globe artichokes


 




0270060 


Leek


 




0270070 


Rhubarb


 




0270080 


Bamboo shoots


 




0270090 


Palm hearts


 




0270990 


Others


 






0280000 








(viii)


Fungi






0,05  (*1)





0280010 


Cultivated (Common mushroom, Oyster mushroom, Shi-take)


 




0280020 


Wild (Chanterelle, Truffle, Morel, Cep)


 




0280990 


Others


 




0290000 








(ix)


Sea weeds






0,05  (*1)







0300000 








3.


PULSES, DRY






0,05  (*1)





0300010 


Beans (Broad beans, navy beans, flageolets, jack beans, lima beans, field beans, cowpeas)


 




0300020 


Lentils


 




0300030 


Peas (Chickpeas, field peas, chickling vetch)


 




0300040 


Lupins


 




0300990 


Others


 






0400000 








4.


OILSEEDS AND OILFRUITS






0,05  (*1)







0401000 








(i)


Oilseeds






 




0401010 


Linseed


 




0401020 


Peanuts


 




0401030 


Poppy seed


 




0401040 


Sesame seed


 




0401050 


Sunflower seed


 




0401060 


Rape seed (Bird rapeseed, turnip rape)


 




0401070 


Soya bean


 




0401080 


Mustard seed


 




0401090 


Cotton seed


 




0401100 


Pumpkin seeds (Other seeds of cucurbitacea)


 




0401110 


Safflower


 




0401120 


Borage


 




0401130 


Gold of pleasure


 




0401140 


Hempseed


 




0401150 


Castor bean


 




0401990 


Others


 






0402000 








(ii)


Oilfruits






 




0402010 


Olives for oil production


 




0402020 


Palm nuts (palmoil kernels)


 




0402030 


Palmfruit


 




0402040 


Kapok


 




0402990 


Others


 






0500000 








5.


CEREALS






0,05  (*1)





0500010 


Barley


 




0500020 


Buckwheat (Amaranthus, quinoa)


 




0500030 


Maize


 




0500040 


Millet (Foxtail millet, teff)


 




0500050 


Oats


 




0500060 


Rice


 




0500070 


Rye


 




0500080 


Sorghum


 




0500090 


Wheat (Spelt, triticale)


 




0500990 


Others


 






0600000 








6.


TEA, COFFEE, HERBAL INFUSIONS AND COCOA






0,1  (*1)





0610000 








(i)


Tea (dried leaves and stalks, fermented or otherwise of Camellia sinensis)






 




0620000 








(ii)


Coffee beans






 






0630000 








(iii)


Herbal infusions (dried)






 






0631000 








(a)


Flowers






 




0631010 


Camomille flowers


 




0631020 


Hybiscus flowers


 




0631030 


Rose petals


 




0631040 


Jasmine flowers (Elderflowers (Sambucus nigra))


 




0631050 


Lime (linden)


 




0631990 


Others


 






0632000 








(b)


Leaves






 




0632010 


Strawberry leaves


 




0632020 


Rooibos leaves (Ginkgo leaves)


 




0632030 


Maté


 




0632990 


Others


 






0633000 








(c)


Roots






 




0633010 


Valerian root


 




0633020 


Ginseng root


 




0633990 


Others


 




0639000 








(d)


Other herbal infusions






 




0640000 








(iv)


Cocoa (fermented beans)






 




0650000 








(v)


Carob (st johns bread)






 




0700000 








7.


HOPS (dried), including hop pellets and unconcentrated powder






0,1  (*1)







0800000 








8.


SPICES






0,1  (*1)







0810000 








(i)


Seeds






 




0810010 


Anise


 




0810020 


Black caraway


 




0810030 


Celery seed (Lovage seed)


 




0810040 


Coriander seed


 




0810050 


Cumin seed


 




0810060 


Dill seed


 




0810070 


Fennel seed


 




0810080 


Fenugreek


 




0810090 


Nutmeg


 




0810990 


Others


 






0820000 








(ii)


Fruits and berries






 




0820010 


Allspice


 




0820020 


Anise pepper (Japan pepper)


 




0820030 


Caraway


 




0820040 


Cardamom


 




0820050 


Juniper berries


 




0820060 


Pepper, black and white (Long pepper, pink pepper)


 




0820070 


Vanilla pods


 




0820080 


Tamarind


 




0820990 


Others


 






0830000 








(iii)


Bark






 




0830010 


Cinnamon (Cassia)


 




0830990 


Others


 






0840000 








(iv)


Roots or rhizome






 




0840010 


Liquorice


 




0840020 


Ginger


 




0840030 


Turmeric (Curcuma)


 




0840040 


Horseradish


 




0840990 


Others


 






0850000 








(v)


Buds






 




0850010 


Cloves


 




0850020 


Capers


 




0850990 


Others


 






0860000 








(vi)


Flower stigma






 




0860010 


Saffron


 




0860990 


Others


 






0870000 








(vii)


Aril






 




0870010 


Mace


 




0870990 


Others


 






0900000 








9.


SUGAR PLANTS






0,05  (*1)





0900010 


Sugar beet (root)


 




0900020 


Sugar cane


 




0900030 


Chicory roots


 




0900990 


Others


 






1000000 








10.


PRODUCTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN-TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS






 






1010000 








(i)


Meat, preparations of meat, offals, blood, animal fats fresh chilled or frozen, salted, in brine, dried or smoked or processed as flours or meals other processed products such as sausages and food preparations based on these






 






1011000 








(a)


Swine






 




1011010 


Meat


0,2 




1011020 


Fat free of lean meat


0,01  (*1)





1011030 


Liver


0,01  (*1)





1011040 


Kidney


0,01  (*1)





1011050 


Edible offal


0,01  (*1)





1011990 


Others


0,01  (*1)







1012000 








(b)


Bovine






 




1012010 


Meat


0,2 




1012020 


Fat


0,01  (*1)





1012030 


Liver


0,01  (*1)





1012040 


Kidney


0,01  (*1)





1012050 


Edible offal


0,01  (*1)





1012990 


Others


0,01  (*1)







1013000 








(c)


Sheep






 




1013010 


Meat


0,2 




1013020 


Fat


0,01  (*1)





1013030 


Liver


0,01  (*1)





1013040 


Kidney


0,01  (*1)





1013050 


Edible offal


0,01  (*1)





1013990 


Others


0,01  (*1)







1014000 








(d)


Goat






 




1014010 


Meat


0,2 




1014020 


Fat


0,01  (*1)





1014030 


Liver


0,01  (*1)





1014040 


Kidney


0,01  (*1)





1014050 


Edible offal


0,01  (*1)





1014990 


Others


0,01  (*1)







1015000 








(e)


Horses, asses, mules or hinnies






 




1015010 


Meat


0,2 




1015020 


Fat


0,01  (*1)





1015030 


Liver


0,01  (*1)





1015040 


Kidney


0,01  (*1)





1015050 


Edible offal


0,01  (*1)





1015990 


Others


0,01  (*1)







1016000 








(f)


Poultry -chicken, geese, duck, turkey and Guinea fowl-, ostrich, pigeon






0,01  (*1)





1016010 


Meat


 




1016020 


Fat


 




1016030 


Liver


 




1016040 


Kidney


 




1016050 


Edible offal


 




1016990 


Others


 






1017000 








(g)


Other farm animals (Rabbit, Kangaroo)






 




1017010 


Meat


0,2 




1017020 


Fat


0,01  (*1)





1017030 


Liver


0,01  (*1)





1017040 


Kidney


0,01  (*1)





1017050 


Edible offal


0,01  (*1)





1017990 


Others


0,01  (*1)







1020000 








(ii)


Milk and cream, not concentrated, nor containing added sugar or sweetening matter, butter and other fats derived from milk, cheese and curd






0,01  (*1)





1020010 


Cattle


 




1020020 


Sheep


 




1020030 


Goat


 




1020040 


Horse


 




1020990 


Others


 






1030000 








(iii)


Birds' eggs, fresh preserved or cooked Shelled eggs and egg yolks fresh, dried, cooked by steaming or boiling in water, moulded, frozen or otherwise preserved whether or not containing added sugar or sweetening matter






0,01  (*1)





1030010 


Chicken


 




1030020 


Duck


 




1030030 


Goose


 




1030040 


Quail


 




1030990 


Others


 




1040000 








(iv)


Honey (Royal jelly, pollen)






0,01  (*1)





1050000 








(v)


Amphibians and reptiles (Frog legs, crocodiles)






0,01  (*1)





1060000 








(vi)


Snails






0,01  (*1)





1070000 








(vii)


Other terrestrial animal products






0,01  (*1)






Spinetoram (XDE-175)







(+)


MRL applicable until 31 December 2014, after that date 0,05 () will be applicable unless modified by a Regulation. Detailed information on supervised field trials to be submitted to the Authority and the European Commission by 30 June 2013 at the latest. Reassessment of data may lead to modification of the MRL.









0140020 




Cherries (sweet cherries, sour cherries)






0153030 




Raspberries (Wineberries, arctic bramble/raspberry, (Rubus arcticus), nectar raspberries (Rubus arcticus x idaeus))






0154010 




Blueberries (Bilberries)’

















(1)  For the complete list of products of plant and animal origin to which MRLs apply, reference should be made to Annex I.

(*1)  Indicates lower limit of analytical determination