COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER - Autumn 2011 Update -
Date: 2011-12-01
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU Member State, State aid, aid to industry, control of State aid, economic recession, service industry

EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Brussels, 1.12.2011 
SEC(2011) 1487 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER 

- Autumn 2011 Update - 

{COM(2011) 848 final} 

 
 
 
 
  
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 5 

State aid in the context of the economic crisis ........................................................................... 5 

Purpose, scope and content of the Scoreboard........................................................................... 5 

Scope and content of this Scoreboard ........................................................................................ 6 

Methodology .............................................................................................................................. 6 

Publication of the Scoreboard .................................................................................................... 7 

1. 

State aid in 2010........................................................................................................... 8 

1.1. 

Total state aid in absolute and relative terms ............................................................... 8 

1.1.1.  Non-crisis aid ............................................................................................................... 8 

1.1.2.  Crisis aid granted to the financial sector ...................................................................... 8 

1.1.3.  Aid granted under the temporary framework............................................................... 8 

1.2. 

Broad sectoral distribution of non-crisis state aid........................................................ 9 

2. 

2.1. 

2.2. 

Trends and patterns of state aid expenditure on non-crisis aid in the member states .. 9 

Trends of levels of state aid to industry and services................................................. 10 

State aid earmarked for the horizontal objectives of common interest...................... 12 

2.2.1.  Horizontal versus sectoral aid .................................................................................... 12 

2.2.2.  Aid to horizontal objectives ....................................................................................... 13 

2.2.2.1.  Block exempted aid.................................................................................................... 15 

2.2.2.2.  Trend (2008-2010 compared with 2005-2007) .......................................................... 18 

2.2.3.  Research, development and innovation...................................................................... 19 

2.2.4.  Environmental protection........................................................................................... 21 

2.2.5.  Regional development and cohesion.......................................................................... 23 

2.3. 

State aid earmarked for specific sectors..................................................................... 24 

2.3.1.  Rescue and restructuring of firms in difficulty .......................................................... 24 

2.3.2.  Shipbuilding ............................................................................................................... 24 

2.3.3.  Steel industry.............................................................................................................. 25 

2.3.4.  Coal ............................................................................................................................ 25 

2.3.5.  Transport .................................................................................................................... 26 

2.3.5.1.  Land............................................................................................................................ 26 

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2.3.5.2.  Maritime..................................................................................................................... 27 

2.3.5.3.  Aviation...................................................................................................................... 27 

2.3.6.  Agriculture ................................................................................................................. 28 

2.3.7.  Fisheries and aquaculture........................................................................................... 29 

2.4. 

Use of the state aid instruments ................................................................................. 30 

3. 

3.1. 

3.2. 

State aid in the context of the financial and economic crisis ..................................... 31 

State aid measures for the financial sector................................................................. 31 

Aid granted under the temporary framework............................................................. 48 

3.2.1.  Context and purpose of the temporary framework .................................................... 48 

3.2.2.  Update on measures approved under the temporary framework ............................... 49 

3.2.3.  Aid granted in 2010.................................................................................................... 50 

4. 

5. 

5.1. 

5.2. 

5.3. 

5.4. 

Trends in non-crisis state aid expenditure by type of aid measures........................... 52 

Enforcing the state aid rules....................................................................................... 53 

Unlawful aid............................................................................................................... 53 

Recovery of unlawful aid ........................................................................................... 54 

Enforcement of state aid law: Cooperation with national courts ............................... 54 

Ex post monitoring..................................................................................................... 55 

Notes on methodology ............................................................................................................. 56 

Scope of the Scoreboard........................................................................................................... 56 

Methodology to calculate non crisis aid................................................................................... 57 

Methodology to calculate crisis aid granted to the financial sector ......................................... 58 

Specific provisions with respect to aid granted under the temporary framework.................... 59 

Key figures on state aid expenditure in the EU and Member States........................................ 61 

Figure 35: Total non-crisis aid to industry and services .......................................................... 61 

Figure 36: Aid to agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture and transport .................................... 62 

Figure 37: Non-crisis state aid earmarked for horizontal objectives of common interest and 

sectoral aid as % of total non-crisis aid to industry and services............................... 63 

Figures 38: Financial Crisis Aid – Approved amount per year and instrument....................... 65 

Figure 38 a: Guarantees: Approved budget.............................................................................. 65 

Figure 38 b: Recapitalisation: Approved budget...................................................................... 66 

Figure 38 c: Impaired Assets: Approved budget...................................................................... 67 

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Figure 38 d: Liquidity measures: Approved budget................................................................. 68 

Figure 39: Overview of measures adopted under the Temporary Framework (until 1 October 

2011) .......................................................................................................................... 69 

Figures 40: Aid expenditure by Member State ........................................................................ 74 

Figure 41: Legislation and communications adopted in 2010 ............................................... 101 

Figures 42: Recovery ............................................................................................................. 102 

Figure 42 a: Trend in the number of recovery decisions (aid to industry and services) ........ 102 

Figure 42 b: Pending recovery decisions ............................................................................... 103 

Figure 42 c: Pending recovery cases for which the Commission has decided to bring the case 
before the Court of Justice and for which the illegal and incompatible aid is not yet 
recovered (30 June 2011) ......................................................................................... 108 

Summary of rules in the transport sector ............................................................................... 113 

Situation on reporting by Member States............................................................................... 114 

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INTRODUCTION 

State aid in the context of the economic crisis  

The  outbreak  of  the  financial  crisis  in  2008  spelled  an  end  in  the  EU  to  GDP  growth,  low 
levels of state aid expenditure and falling budget deficits. Economic activity in the EU started 
to contract by 1.4% in the second half of 2008 and continued to decline by a further 4% in 
2009. Only later in that year did it begin to stabilise, mainly due to actions on the part of the 
Commission  and  the  Member  States  to  counter  the  financial  crisis  by  means  of  exceptional 
stimulus packages. In 2010, GDP growth returned to positive territory, amounting in the EU 
as a whole to approximately 1.8%.1 However, budget deficits increased substantially  during 
the  same  period,  which  is  not  surprising  given  that  many  Member  States  have  provided 
support to their economies in order to stabilise the financial sector. 

Overall in 2010, state aid expenditure - in particular to the financial sector - continued to be 
high, but it did contribute to a further stablisation of the banking sector. Compared to previous 
years, the support in 2010 is generally concentrated in a small number of Member States. This 
circumstance underlines the fact, despite clear improvements at EU level, the need for State 
support  differs  from  country  to  country  and  across  segments  of  the  banking  sector.2  In 
addition,  support  measures  in  the  form  of  aid  to  the  real  economy  have  continued  to 
contribute to sustainable growth, ensuring in the long run that enterprises are able to stay in 
business and to invest in new, possibly greener, technologies. Chapter 3 provides more detail 
with respect to crisis aid. 

Purpose, scope and content of the Scoreboard 

The  Scoreboard  Autumn  update  ("the  Scoreboard")  reports  every  year  in  an  aggregated 
manner  on  state  aid  expenditure  in  the  Member  States  in  the  previous  year  and  highlights 
trends.3  The  Scoreboard  is  the  European  Commission’s  benchmarking  instrument  for  state 
aid.  It  was  launched  by  the  Commission  in  July  2001  to  provide  a  transparent  and  publicly 
accessible source of information on the overall state aid situation in the Member States and on 
the Commission's state aid control activities. Furthermore, the data in the report are used for 
further statistical analysis and represent an important source of information to which reference 
is made in speeches, articles and other Commission publications on state aid. The Scoreboard 
data  are  also  used  by  external  bodies  and  the  Member  States.  While  the  autumn  edition 
provides a synopsis of the state aid expenditure of the previous year, and is the authoritative 
source  with  regard  to  the  levels  of  aid,  the  spring  edition  which  follows  the  autumn  report 
provides a more quantitative and, wherever possible, qualitative analysis. 

The  Scoreboard  is  based  on  the  annual  reports  provided  by  Member  States.  Article  6(1)  of 
Regulation  794/2004  stipulates  that  each  Member  State  shall  submit  its  report  on  state  aid 
expenditure carried out during the previous year no later than 30 June of the following year. 
Annex III of the Regulation sets out the format and content of the reports in greater detail. 

1 
2 

3 

DG ECFIN Economic Forecast Spring 2011. 
Banking sector support is also provided through monetary policy instruments by the ECB/ESCB. As for 
State aid some countries/sectors still rely strongly on central bank interventions.  
The  legal  basis  of  the  Scoreboard  is  provided  in  Article  6(2)  of  Commission  Regulation  794/2004 
which stipulates that the Commission shall publish each year a state aid synopsis containing a synthesis 
of the information contained in the Member States' annual reports. 

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Scope and content of this Scoreboard 

State aid expenditure is expenditure which Member States have actually granted under a given 
aid  measure  which  was  authorised  by  the  Commission  pursuant  to  Article 107  TFEU.4  All 
state aid data refer to the implementation of Commission decisions, but exclude cases which 
are still under examination. General measures that do not favour certain enterprises or sectors, 
and public subsidies that do not affect trade or distort competition, are not dealt with in the 
Scoreboard as they are not subject to the Commission’s investigative powers under the state 
aid rules. 

This Autumn 2011 update reports on state aid expenditure for all existing aid measures under 
which Member States granted aid in 2010; this covers both measures that have not yet expired 
and  measures  that  were  newly  introduced  in  2010.5  The  Scoreboard  consists  of  two  parts. 
While the Report adopted by the College of Commissioners provides a summary of the facts, 
the  accompanying  Staff  Working  Document  gives  further  details  on  the  data  and  signals 
trends. 

Apart  from  providing  an  update  on  expenditure  by  the  Member  States,  this  edition  also 
updates the progress achieved in the Commission's state aid control activities, namely on the 
recovery of unlawful aid. 

Methodology 

In  conceptual  terms,  since  the  Autumn  2009  update  the  Scoreboard  has  provided  separate 
chapters  for  information  on  the  state  aid  situation  with  respect  to  non-crisis  aid  on  the  one 
hand and crisis aid granted to the financial sector and aid granted under the Temporary Union 
Framework on the other hand ("the temporary framework").6 In this regard it is noted that, in 
order  to  better  represent  the  actual  volume  of  the  aid  measures  which  Member  States 
implemented  in  respect  of  financial  institutions,  this  edition  of  the  Scoreboard  has  further 
refined  the  methodology  of  how  to  measure  some  of  these  instruments  (guarantees,  other 
liquidities and impaired assets). This means that the figures provided in this report for these 
instruments will differ from the figures in previous Scoreboards. However, in order to make a 
comparison with the financial crisis aid provided to financial institutions since the start of the 
crisis, Member States have been asked to also recalculate the amounts used in 2008 and 2009 
in accordance with the new methodology. Further details on the methodology to measure state 
aid to financial institutions is provided in chapter 3.1 and the methodological notes.  

More detail on the methodology used in this Scoreboard is provided in the section 'Notes on 
methodology'. 

The  Scoreboard  presents  the  state  aid  situation  in  five  chapters.  Chapter  1  provides 
information  on  total  state  aid  expenditure  in  the  Member  States  and  indicates  the  broad 
sectoral distribution of the aid. Chapter 2 reports on the trend and patterns of aid to industry 

4 
5 
6 

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union.  
Slightly more than 5000 active aid measures of which 826 are new measures.  
Communication from the Commission – Temporary Framework, OJ C 83, 7.4.2009, p. 1; Modification 
of  the  Temporary  Framework  –  to  allow  separate  limited  amount  of  aid  to  farmers,  OJ  C  261, 
31.10.2009,  p.  1;  2nd  Modification  of  the  Temporary  Framework  –  technical  modification  to  further 
facilitate access to finance and encourage long-term investment, OJ C 303, 15.12.2009, p. 6; Temporary 
Union  Framework  for  state  aid  measures  to  support  access  to  finance  in  the  current  financial  and 
economic crisis, OJ C 6, 11.1.2011, p. 5. 

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and  services;  it  also  provides  more  detail  on  horizontal  aid  and  aid  to  certain  sectors  of  the 
economy.  Chapter  3.1  gives  an  update  on  state  aid  measures  to  the  financial  sector  and 
chapter 3.2 supplies details of aid granted under the temporary framework. Chapter 4 shows 
the trend of state aid expenditure in terms of numbers and the amount of aid involved. Chapter 
5 reports on ongoing efforts to enforce the state aid rules and to recover unlawful aid. Finally, 
the note on methodology is follwed by tables showing key figures on state aid expenditure in 
more detail by Member State, a follow-up of legislation and an overview of all aid authorised 
under the temporary framework. 

Publication of the Scoreboard 

The  Directorate-General  for  Competition  publishes  this  Scoreboard  on  its  website7,  where 
previous editions can also be found. Also available on the website are a series of key indicators 
and in-depth statistics covering the EU as a whole as well as individual Member States. 

The EFTA Surveillance Authority also publishes annually a scoreboard8 showing the volume 
of state aid granted in Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. 

7 
8 

http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/studies_reports.html. 
http://www.eftasurv.int/press--publications/scoreboards/state-aid-scoreboards/ .  

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1. 

STATE AID IN 2010 

1.1. 

Total state aid9 in absolute and relative terms 

1.1.1.  Non-crisis aid 

Figure 1: Total non-crisis aid10  

In billion € 

As % of 
GDP 

Difference 
when 
compared 
to previous 
year (by % 
of GDP) 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of 
GDP) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

EU 27 

73.7 

0.6% 

- 0.02% 

0.6% 

- 0.02% 

1.1.2.  Crisis aid granted to the financial sector 

Figure 2: Financial Crisis Aid: Amount used11 

In billion € 

As % of 
GDP 

983.9 

121.3 

8% 

1% 

Guarantees and 
liquidity measures 

Recapitalisation 
and Impaired 
Assets 

1.1.3.  Aid granted under the temporary framework 

Figure 3: Aid granted under the temporary framework12  

In billion € 

As % of 
GDP 

Difference 
when 
compared 
to previous 
year (by % 
of GDP) 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of 
GDP) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007) 

Approved 
amount 

1.6 

0.01% 

-0.67% 

Amount used 

11.8 

0.09% 

-0.08% 

Not applicable since temporary 
framework has not been in force 
over a period of three years. 

9 
10 

11 
12 

See the methodology notes which give detail on the calculation of the aid. 
Source:  DG  Competition,  DG  Agriculture,  DG  Maritime  Affairs.  Total  non-crisis  aid  excludes  aid  to 
railways  and  comprises  aid  to  industry  and  services  including  coal,  agriculture,  fisheries  and 
aquaculture and transport. 
Source: DG Competition.  
Source: DG Competition, DG Agriculture.  

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1.2. 

Broad sectoral distribution of non-crisis state aid 

Figure 4: Broad sectoral distribution of non-crisis state aid13  

Broad 
sectoral 
distribution of 
non-crisis 
state aid  

In billion € 

As % of 
GDP 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of 
GDP) 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007) 

Aid to industry and services 

EU 27 

61.014 

0.5% 

+ 0.01% 

0.49% 

+0.06% 

Aid to agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture and transport 

12.7 

10.2 

0.10% 

0.08% 

-0.02% 

- 0.01% 

0.12% 

0.09% 

- 0.07% 

- 0.01% 

0.13 

0.001% 

-0.0006% 

0.002% 

- 0.0014% 

2.3 

0.02% 

- 0.001% 

0.02% 

- 0.06% 

EU 27 

Agriculture 
(EU 27) 

Fisheries and 
aquaculture 
(EU 27) 

Transport 
(EU 27) 

2. 

TRENDS  AND  PATTERNS  OF  STATE  AID  EXPENDITURE  ON  NON-CRISIS  AID  IN  THE 
MEMBER STATES 

While Chapter 1 above provides an overview of total state aid expenditure in 2010, Chapter 2 
goes  on  to  examine  the  trend  and  patterns  of  expenditure  in  non-crisis  aid.  By  studying 
expenditure over a longer period, i.e. 2005 to 2010, it will show the extent to which individual 
Member States have (or have not) been able to reduce their aid levels.  

13 
14 

Source: DG Competition, DG Agriculture, DG Maritime Affairs. 
Of which coal represents approximately € 2.8 billion. 

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2.1. 

Trends of levels of state aid to industry and services15 

Figure 5: Total state aid to industry and services as of 199216 

Total state aid (less agriculture, fisheries and transport) as % of GDP; EU-27, as of 1992

EU-27

P
D
G

f
o
%

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

In 2010, state aid granted to industry and services had increased, both when compared to 2009 
and when observing the trend. However, it has remained at a low level overall, i.e. between 
0.4% and 0.5% of EU GDP when looking at the period 2007 to 2010, and has also remained 
lower than during the years prior to 2006.17  

Apart  from  the  overall  downward  trend  observed  since  1992,  the  relatively  small  increase 
seen  in  2010  might  be  explained  by  the  fact  that  Member  States  responded  to  the  crisis 
situation in the real economy while maintaining a strict discipline on expenditure. Moreover, 
it  cannot  be  entirely  ruled  out  that  the  tightening  of  Member  States'  budgets  as  a  result  of 
support  for  the  financial  crisis  may  have  limited  the  scope  for  a  further  increase  in  aid  to 
industry and services.  

15 

16 
17 

State aid granted to the sectors of agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture have been reported by Member 
States  according  to  Annexes  III  B  and  C  of  Commission  Regulation  (EC)  794/2004;  OJ  L  140, 
30.4.2004, p. 1), which are different from Annex III A of that Regulation under which aid granted to 
industry and services is reported. With respect to transport aid, a comprehensive legislative framework 
exists  –  see  Summary  of  rules  for  the  transport  sector  in  Annex  to  this  document.  As  a  result,  the 
different  sets  of  information  prevent  to  produce  single  aggregate  information  across  all  sectors  and 
hence agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture and transport are excluded from the further observations.  
Source: DG Competition. 
Read more detail on the overall decreasing trend in the previous Autumn 2010 Scoreboard, p. 14. 

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Figure 6: Trend in state aid to industry and services as % of GDP18 

Trend in state aid to industry and services as % of GDP

Malta

Latvia

Romania

Cyprus

Portugal

Sweden

Italy

Germany

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Estonia

United Kingdom

Netherlands

Spain

Luxembourg

Lithuania

Finland

Ireland

Czech Republic

Denmark

Belgium

Austria

France

Poland

Slovenia

Greece

Hungary

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

% of GDP

2005-2007

2008-2010

Eleven  Member  States  were  able  to  further  reduce  their  aid  expenditure  to  industry  and 
services in the period 2008-2010 compared to 2005-2008. Some Member States, in particular 

18 

Source: DG Competition. 

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Malta and Latvia, reduced their aid levels by more than 0.5% of their GDP. Many Member 
States  posted  smaller  increases  which  represented  less  than  0.2%  of  their  GDP.  In  most 
instances,  more  aid  was  granted  under  horizontal  objectives  of  common  interest.  The  most 
substantial increases were in Greece19 and Hungary.20  

2.2. 

State aid earmarked for the horizontal objectives of common interest 

The concept of horizontal aid, which represents aid that is not granted to specific sectors of 
the  economy,  was  derived  from  the  Treaty.  This  leaves  room  for  the  Commission  to  make 
policy  choices  according  to  which  state  aid  can  be  considered  compatible  with  the  internal 
market in order to provide effective support to common policy objectives. Most prominent is 
the  aid  earmarked  for  research,  development  and  innovation,  safeguarding  the  environment 
and fostering energy saving and promoting the use of renewable energies; this is, followed by 
regional development, aid to SMEs, creation of employment and promotion of training. 

Following the calls from numerous European Councils, Member States have re-oriented their 
state  aid  efforts  by  gradually  ending  their  support  to  individual  sectors  and  by  providing 
support earmarked for horizontal objectives of common interest instead.  

In  this  light,  some  of  the  Europe  2020  strategy  targets21  generally  fit  into  the  concept  of 
horizontal  aid,  inter  alia  to  increase  employment,  to  invest  in  research,  development  and 
innovation,  to  increase  energy  efficiency  and  to  foster  energy  production  from  renewable 
energy sources.  

2.2.1.  Horizontal versus sectoral aid 

19 
20 
21 

Greece granted substantially more regional aid and some more sectoral aid. 
Hungary granted more aid for environmental protection and employment aid.  
Read more about EU 2020 here: http://ec.europa.eu/europe2020/index_en.htm.  

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Figure 7: Horizontal versus sectoral aid in the EU-2722 

Horizontal versus sectoral aid 
in the EU-27 

In billion 
€ 

As % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; by 
% of total aid to 
industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total 
aid to industry 
and services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Total horizontal aid 

51.9 

85% 

Environmental aid23 

14.4 

23.7% 

Regional development 

14.8 

24.3% 

Research and development 
and innovation 

10.9 

18.3% 

SME 

Risk capital 

Training 

Employment 

Other 

Total sectoral aid 

2.6 

0.8 

0.8 

2.8 

5.9 

9.1 

4.2% 

1.3% 

1.3% 

4.6% 

9.7% 

15% 

+ 1% 

- 0.8% 

+ 1.1% 

+ 0.5% 

- 2.2% 

+0.4% 

- 0.3% 

0% 

+ 2.5% 

- 0.6% 

84.4% 

23.8% 

23.5% 

15.5% 

6.5% 

1.0% 

1.4% 

4.8% 

7.8% 

15.6% 

+ 2.2% 

- 2.3% 

+ 4.0% 

+ 2.5% 

-3.6% 

+ 0.2% 

+0.1% 

- 1.6% 

+ 2.3% 

- 2.2% 

The  positive  trend  during  the  period  2008-2010,  when  Member  States  preserved  with  their 
efforts  to  earmark  more  aid  under  horizontal  objectives  of  common  interest,  has  also  been 
seen in 2010. The main reason why sectoral aid has decreased is the smaller amounts of aid 
granted to the coal sector and the service industries in general.  

In 2010, the main areas where Member States focused the greatest amount of horizontal aid 
were environmental protection and energy saving, research and development and innovation, 
and  regional  aid.  The  individual  horizontal  objectives  are  described  in  more  detail  in  the 
following paragraphs.  

2.2.2.  Aid to horizontal objectives 

While  an  average  of  85%  of  the  total  aid  to  industry  and  services  was  earmarked  for 
horizontal  objectives  at  aggregate  level  in  the  EU  in  201024,  some  disparities  can  be  found 
when  examining  the  individual  Member  States.  The  EU-27  average  was  exceeded  in  19 

22 
23 
24 

Source: DG Competition. 
Includes the objective energy savings. 
Aid granted under block exemption is included under horizontal aid. 

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Member States.25 Only two Member States were found in which aid to horizontal objectives 
accounted for 50% or less of the total aid to industry and services.26  

Greece,  Italy,  Romania  and  Slovakia  stood  out  in  terms  of  their  efforts  made  to  direct  aid 
further towards those horizontal objectives for which a substantial increase in horizontal aid 
had  been  identified.  On  the  other  hand,  only  a  few  Member  States  showed  a  small  or 
moderate decline in horizontal aid.27  

There are large disparities between Member States in the share of aid allocated to the 
various horizontal objectives.  

It is recalled that the horizontal aid objective, which is the so-called ‘primary objective’ of the 
aid,  is  established  when  the  aid  measure  is  approved  by  the  Commission  or,  in  the  case  of 
block  exempted  aid,  when  the  Member  State  informs  the  Commission  that  the  aid  measure 
has been implemented.28 Consequently, the horizontal aid is not measured as a function of the 
beneficiary, i.e. the sector of the economy in which it has its activity. 

In 2010, by far the majority of horizontal aid was earmarked for regional development, with 
24.3% of total aid on average going to industry and services, whereby Greece, Lithuania and 
Romania granted at least 50% or more when compared to their individual total expenditure on 
industry and services.  

Aid earmarked for protecting the environment comes a close second, accounting for 23.7% of 
total aid to industry and services, whereas Latvia, the Netherlands and Sweden granted more 
than 50% of their aid to industry and services. 

Aid earmarked for research, development and innovation, representing 17.9% of total aid to 
industry and services, comes in third place. While Luxembourg is the country that spent most 
(51%), spending in other Member States ranges between 25% and 50% (8 Member States29). 

Together, these three horizontal objectives account for roughly two thirds of the total aid to 
industry and services in the EU-27, and they are identified as the most widely used objectives 
of common interest.  

Furthermore, aid to SMEs, training and employment accounts for approximately 10% of total 
aid to industry and services, while the remainder of the horizontal aid30 accounts for 9.7%. 

25 

26 
27 
28 

29 
30 

For  instance,  Belgium,  Bulgaria,  Lithuania  and  Luxembourg  with  each  100%,  followed  by  Denmark, 
Cyprus,  Netherlands,  Austria,  Slovenia,  Slovakia,  Finland,  Sweden  and  United  Kingdom  with  each 
more than 90%.  
Malta, Portugal. 
Czech Republic, Spain, Hungary, Portugal. 
Block  exempted  measures  falling  under  the  General  block  exemption  Regulation  (Commission 
Regulation (EC) No 800/2008, OJ L 214, 9.8.2008, p. 3) have only objectives. For the purpose to allow 
calculating the aid earmarked to horizontal objectives, objectives are grouped and the group is mapped 
to the corresponding primary objective.  
Belgium, Czech Republic, Ireland, Spain, the Netherlands, Austria, Slovenia and Finland.  
E.g. culture, heritage conservation, risk capital, social support to individual consumers. 

EN 

14 

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2.2.2.1.  Block exempted aid 

Figure  8:  Share  of  block  exempted  aid  as  %  of  total  aid  earmarked  for  the  same 
horizontal objective31 

Share of block exempted aid as % of total aid earmarked for the 
same horizontal objective; EU-27, 2005-2010

100.0

90.0

80.0

70.0

60.0

%

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

0.0

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Employment
Regional development
SMEs incl. Risk capital

Environmental protection incl. Energy saving
Research and development incl. Innovation
Training

Figure 9: Trend in the share of block exempted32 aid as % of total aid earmarked for the 
same horizontal objective33 

(Expenditure in € billion)

2005 

2006 

2007 

2008 

2009 

2010 

Block exempted aid to SMEs incl. Risk 
capital 
Total aid to SMEs incl. Risk capital 
Share of that aid as % of total expenditure 
to this objective 
Block exempted aid to Employment 
Total aid to Employment 
Share of that aid as % of total expenditure 
to this objective 
Block exempted aid to Training 
Total aid to Training 

1.7
6.0

28.7
0.5
3.4

13.8
0.5
0.6

1.9
5.5

33.6
0.7
3.8

18.2
0.6
0.8

2.7
5.8

46.2
0.8
3.0

27.7
0.6
0.6

2.6 
5.7 

46.0 
1.5 
3.2 

47.7 
0.7 
0.8 

2.4
4.5

53.3
1.3
2.7

46.6
0.8
1.0

1.5
3.4

43.5
1.4
2.8

50.8
0.6
0.8

31 
32 

33 

Source: DG Competition. 
It  is  recalled  that  block  exempted  aid  comprises  aid  granted  under  the  individual  block  exemption 
regulations for employment (Commission Regulation (EC) No 2204/2002; OJ L 337, 13.12.2002, p.20), 
regional  aid (Commission  Regulation (EC)  No 1628/2006;  OJ  L  302, 1.11.2006, p. 29),  aid  to SMEs 
(Commission  Regulation  (EC)  70/2001;  OJ  L  10,  13.1.2001,  p.  33)  and  training  (Commission 
Regulation (EC) No 68/2001; OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p.20), which Member States have been phasing-out 
and  aid  granted  under  the  General  block  exemption  Regulation  (Commission  Regulation  (EC) 
800/2008; L 214, 9.8.2008, p. 3) "GBER".  
Source: DG Competition. 

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15 

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Share of that aid as % of total expenditure 
to this objective 
Block exempted aid to Regional 
development 
Total aid to Regional development 
Share of that aid as % of total expenditure 
to this objective 
Block exempted aid to Research and 
development incl. Innovation 
Total aid to Research and development 
incl. Innovation 
Share of that aid as % of total expenditure 
to this objective 
Block exempted aid to Environmental 
protection incl. Energy saving 
Total aid to Environmental protection incl. 
Energy saving 
Share of that aid as % of total expenditure 
to this objective 
Total horizontal aid 
Share of above block exempted aid as 
% of total aid earmarked for the same 
horizontal objectives (in billion €) 

84.4

0.1
9.8

1.2

0.0

6.2

0.3

0.0

13.8

0.0
42.2

77.0

0.2
11.0

1.6

0.1

7.2

0.8

0.0

15.0

0.0
45.4

86.7

2.4
10.1

23.7

0.1

7.7

1.5

0.0

12.5

0.0
42.6

92.8 

87.8

4.2 
13.3 

31.5 

0.1 

8.8 

1.4 

0.0 

13.5 

0.0 
48.5 

5.1
14.1

36.0

1.0

10.6

9.4

0.7

14.9

4.4
51.3

75.9

6.9
14.9

46.2

1.1

10.9

10.4

0.7

14.5

4.9
51.9

6.8

7.6

15.4

19.0 

21.9

23.4

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16 

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Figure 10: Block exempted aid as % of total aid to industry and services (earmarked to 
the same horizontal objective)34 

Block exempted aid as % of total aid to industry and services 
(earmarked for the same horizontal objective) ; EU-27

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Block exempted aid as % of total aid to industry and services (earmarked for the same horizontal
objective) 

In  total,  block  exempted  aid  earmarked  for  the  same  horizontal  objective  amounted  to 
approximately € 12.6 billion in 2010, representing around 20.6% of total aid to industry and 
services.  

34 

Source: DG Competition. 

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17 

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2.2.2.2.  Trend (2008-2010 compared with 2005-2007) 

Figure 11: Trend in the share of horizontal objectives as % of total aid to industry and 
services35 

Trend in the share of primary objectives as % of total aid to industry and 
services
SME

Research &
Development & Innovation

Regional
development 

30

20

10

0

Training

Aid objectives EU-27
2005-2007

Aid objectives EU-27
2008-2010

Employment 

Environment/
energy saving

Other horizontal
objectives

Total
sectoral aid (including rescue and
restructuring aid)

The  above  diagram  reflects  the  continuing  efforts  by  Member  States  to  earmark  a  large 
amount of aid to horizontal objectives of common interest, in particular regional development, 
research, development and innovation ("R&D&I") and environmental protection, while aid to 
SMEs, employment and training play only a fairly minor role. Furthermore, the graphs also 
demonstrate Member States' efforts to reduce the levels of aid granted to individual sectors of 
the economy, which also includes rescue and restructuring aid and aid to the coal sector.  

Nevertheless,  there  are  disparities  among  Member  States  with  regard  to  the  proportion  of 
individual horizontal objectives in relation to the total aid to industry and services.36  

35 
36 

Source: DG Competition. 
More  detail  for  each  Member  State  can  be  found  in  the  online  Scoreboard  which  DG  Competition 
publishes at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/studies_reports.html.  

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18 

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2.2.3.  Research, development and innovation 

Figure 12: Aid earmarked for research, development and innovation37 

Expe nditure  on R&D as % of GDP; 2010

Finland

Sw eden

Denmark

Germany

Austria

France

EU-27

Belgium

United Kingdom

Slovenia

Netherlands

Ireland

Luxembourg

Portugal

Czech Republic

Estonia

Spain

Italy

Hungary

Lithuania

Poland

Greece

Malta

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Romania

Latvia

Cyprus

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

% of GDP

R&D&I aid as % GDP

Government sector's expenditure on R&D

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D

37 

Source:  DG  Competition  and  Eurostat.  Member  States  are  sorted  by  the  overall  R&D  expenditure. 
Figures  on  government  sectors'  expenditure  on  R&D  are  not  directly  comparable  with  state  aid 
expenditure data as i) the source is different and ii) for many countries, data on government sectors are 
not  available  for  2010.  However,  the  data  allow  producing  a  graph  which  indicates  the  approximate 
share of state aid in relation to total expenditure on R&D. 

EN 

19 

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R&D&I is a linchpin one of the key elements in the effort to strengthen the competitiveness 
of the EU economy and to ensure sustainable growth. Therefore, R&D&I has been placed at 
the  heart  of  the  Europe  2020  Strategy38  as  one  of  its  flagship  initiatives,  with  the  target  of 
spending 3 % of EU GDP on R&D by 2020.39 

In  its  Communication  on  "Europe  2020  Flagship  initiative  Innovation  Union"40,  the 
Commission describes what in its view needs to be done in order to boost innovation and to 
re-focus R&D&I policy on the challenges facing our society, such as climate change, energy 
and resource efficiency, health and demographic change. 

In 2010, state aid represented only 4.7% of overall R&D expenditure41, equal to € 10.9 billion 
or 0.09 % of EU GDP. Around 54 % of total R&D&I state aid in 2010 was granted by three 
Member States: Germany42 (€ 2.8 billion), France43 (€ 1.8 billion) and Spain44 (€ 1.1 billion). 

Block exempted aid reported as R&D&I aid amounted to around € 1.1 billion in 2010. This 
represented  10.4%  of  total  horizontal  aid  granted  to  the  same  objective.  Germany 
(€ 258.6 million)45,  Spain  (€  174.7  million),  Italy  (€  152.2  million)  and  Belgium 
(€ 121.1 million) made the most use of this instrument. 

The Community Framework for state aid for Research and Development and Innovation46 and 
the General Block Exemption Regulation ("GBER")47 form the legal basis for the assessment 
of R&D&I state aid measures. In 2011, the Commission has conducted a mid-term review48 
of the Framework, taking stock of recent case experience and reflecting on the contribution of 
the  R&D&I  state  aid  rules  to  the  EU  innovation  goals  in  order  to  further  promote  private 
investment in R&D, smarter public investment and overall innovation.  

38 
39 

40 
41 
42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

"Europe 2020: a strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth", COM (2010) 2020, p. 12. 
The Barcelona European Council in 2002 settled a 3% of GDP target for expenditure on R&D by 2010. 
The target was not reached by 2010 and the Europe 2020 Strategy has maintained it and stablished a 
new deadline. 
Communication on "Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Union", COM(2010) 546 final. 
Data on R&D expenditure for 2009. 
More  than  one-third  of  the  aid  was  granted  under  the  schemes:  ""IKT  2020,  R&D&I-scheme, 
Germany" (N 375/2007), "Innovation and new energy Technologies - 5. Federal program for research in 
the  field  of  energy"  (N  454/2005)  and  "Temporary  modification  of  'ZIM'.  R&D&I-scheme.  Germany 
(federal)" (N 65/2009). 
Around 58% of the aid was granted under the following schemes: "Agence Nationale de la Recherche" 
(N 407/2007) and "Régime OSEO" (N 408/2007). 
More than 40% of the aid was granted under the schemes: "Plan Nacional de Investigación Científica, 
Desarrollo e Innovación Tecnológica 2008-2011" (N 400/2010, which is a modification of the previous 
"Spanish  national  Research,  development  and  innovation  scheme"  (N188/2008),  "Actividades  del 
Centro para el desarrollo tecnologico industrial CDTI" and "Programa CENIT" (N 390/2006). 
Germany multiplied by 5 the expenditure in R&D&I with block exempted measures in comparison to 
2010. 
Framework for State aid for Research and Development and Innovation, OJ C 323 of 30.12.2006, p. 1. 
(entry into force 1 January 2007). 
Commission  Regulation  (EC)  No  800/2008  of  6  August  2008  declaring  certain  categories  of  aid 
compatible with the common market in application of Article 87 and 88 of the Treaty (General block 
exemption Regulation). OJ L 214, 9.8.2008, p. 3 (entry into force 29 August 2008). 
Mid-term review of the R&D&I Framework. 

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20 

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2.2.4.  Environmental protection 

The Europe 2020 Strategy has highlighted "sustainable growth"49 as one of the main priorities 
for the coming years. It includes the so-called '20/20/20' environmental protection targets of a 
20%  reduction  in  CO2  emissions,  a  20%  share  for  renewable  energy  in  EU  energy 
consumption and a 20% increase in energy efficiency. A long-term framework for actions is 
provided  by  the  flagship  initiative  entitled  "A  resource-efficient  Europe".  State  aid  can 
contribute  directly  or  indirectly  to  these  objectives,  in  particular  when  it  tackles  market 
failures  or  complements  insufficient  incentives  to  ensure  greater  environmental  protection 
(e.g. general regulatory measures). 

In  2010,  the  largest  grantors  of  total  state  aid  for  environmental  purposes  were  Germany50 
(€ 5.5 billion), Sweden51 (€ 2.3 billion), the United Kingdom (€ 1.4 billion), the Netherlands 
(€ 1.05 billion) and Austria (€ 1.02 billion). In relative terms, environmental aid accounted for 
23.7 % of the total aid for industry and services, or 0.12 % of EU GDP. 

Environmental  aid  covers  a  wide  range  of  objectives,  including  support  measures  for 
renewable  energy,  energy-saving,  waste  management  and  remediation  of  contaminated  sites 
and  improvement  of  production  processes.  For  these  types  of  measures,  aid  granted  by 
Member  States  pursues  a  direct  benefit  to  the  environment.  State  aid  expenditure  can 
therefore be taken as a proxy to indicate the intended environmental benefit. This represented 
31.9%  of  environmental  aid  in  2010,  equivalent  to  around  € 4.6 billion.  The  largest 
contributors to this amount were: the Netherlands52 (€ 1.04 billion), Austria53 (€ 0.9 billion), 
Spain54 (€ 0.7 billion) and France55 (€ 0.4 billion). 

A  second  category  of  state  aid  measures  that  are  covered  under  the  environmental  aid 
guidelines  is  reductions  in  or  exemptions  from  environmental  taxes.  Expenditure  under  this 
category of aid scheme indicates the amount of tax revenue foregone and therefore cannot be 
used  as  a  proxy  measure  of  the  environmental  benefit  which  the  taxes  themselves  have 
brought.  In  2010,  53.9%  of  environmental  aid,  equal  to  around  € 7.8 billion,  fell  into  this 
category.  Within  this  total,  Germany  granted  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  aid  (around 
€ 5 billion), followed by Sweden (€ 1.8 billion), the United Kingdom (€ 0.4 billion), Finland 
(€  0.2  billion),  the  Netherlands  (€  0.1  billion),  Slovakia  (€  0.08  billion)  and  Denmark 
(€ 0.003 billion). 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 

54 

55 

Communication on "A resource-efficient Europe – Flagship initiative under the Europe 2020 Strategy", 
COM(2011) 21 final. 
More  than  80%  of  the  aid  to  environmental  protection  in  Germany  was  granted  under  one  big  tax 
reduction  scheme:  "Tax  reductions  for  manufacturing,  agriculture  and  forestry  and  tax  cap 
("Spitzenausgleich") for energy intensive users" (N 775/2006). 
More  than  60%  of  the  aid  to  environmental  protection  in  Sweden  was  granted  under  tax  reduction 
scheme: "Prolongation of energy tax on electricity for the manufacturing sector" (N 596/2005) 
64% of the aid to having a direct benefit to the environment in the Netherlands was granted under the 
energy  saving  scheme:  "MEP  Stimulating  CHP"  for  combined  heat  and  power  production  (N 
543/2005).  
Around 70% of the aid to having a direct benefit to the environment in Austria was granted under two 
schemes:  "Ökostromgesetz  -  Renewables  feed-in  tariff"  (N  317a/2006)  and  "Ökostromgesetznovelle 
2008" (N 446/2008) which concern the production of green electricity. 
More than 90% of the aid to having a direct benefit to the environment in Spain was granted under the 
scheme  "Tax  exemption  for  biofuels"  (NN61/2004)  which  consists  in  a  zero-rate  of  the  tax  on 
hydrocarbons.  
More than 50% of the aid to having a direct benefit to the environment in France was granted under the 
scheme "ADEME Aid scheme for renewables 2009/2013" (N 584/2008) 

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21 

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Since  the  environmental  aid  guidelines  introduced  new  criteria  to  the  necessity  and 
proportionality test for tax exemptions below EU minimum tax levels (harmonised taxes), the 
Commission has approved one such tax exemption case concerning Denmark (N 327/2008)56. 
Member States have to adopt appropriate measures to bring existing tax reductions into line 
with the environmental guidelines by 31 December 2012, including when taxes are below EU 
minimum levels. 

Block exempted aid for environmental protection that can collectively be classified as having 
a  direct  benefit  on  the  environment,  amounted  to  €  0.7  billion  in  2010,  corresponding  to 
around  4.9%  of  total  aid  for  environmental  objectives.  This  share  is  particularly  low  by 
comparison  with  the  share  for  the  other  horizontal  objectives,  mainly  because  of  a  small 
number of tax exemption schemes approved in the past, which are so significant in terms of 
their  monetary  value  that  they  continue  to  account  for  most  of  the  state  aid  granted  in  this 
field. Almost 80 % of the block exempted aid granted in this field was granted by Germany, 
Belgium, Italy and Austria. 

For the EU as a whole, the trend of aid for the environment decreased from 26.1% to 23.8% 
of total aid to industry and services between 2005-2007 and 2008-2010. Several reasons can 
justify  the  decrease.  The  first  reason  is  the  effect  of  the  market-based  incentives  already 
implemented, through which operators internalise their environmental costs and no state aid is 
needed.  Higher  EU  environmental  standards  are  another  aspect  which  contributes  to  the 
reduction  of  state  aid:  adaptation  to  EU  standards  is  compulsory  for  operators  and  they  are 
obliged to comply without any public support. Finally, budgetary constraints due to the crisis 
may  also  have  had  an  impact  on  the  public  expenditure  earmarked  for  environmental 
protection, at least in the second period identified above. 

56 

In  addition,  there  was  one  negative  decision  without  recovery  concerning  a  Dutch  case  "Exemption 
from  environmental  taxes  for  ceramic  producers  (C  5/2009)"  and  one  positive  decision  concerning  a 
Dutch case "Energy green tax, reduction for the glasshouse horticulture sector (N 270/2010)" which did 
not include a specific necessity and proportionality assessment as the beneficiaries still paid at least the 
EU minimum tax level. Furthermore, in another tax exemption case concerning Denmark (C 30/2009), 
the Commission opened in October 2009, the formal investigation procedure which is still ongoing. 

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2.2.5.  Regional development and cohesion 

Figure 13: Aid to regional development57 

In billion 
€ 

As % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of total aid to 
industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total aid 
to industry and 
services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Aid earmarked for 
regional development 

14.8 

24.3% 

+ 1.1% 

23.5% 

+ 4.0% 

As % of GDP 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of GDP 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of GDP) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

16.2 

0.13% 

+ 0.01% 

0.013% 

- 0.1% 

2.7 

0.02% 

+ 0.01% 

0.015% 

 + 0.007% 

Aid pursuant to Article 
107(3)(a) 

Aid pursuant to Article 
107(3)(c) 

The  Commission  Guidelines  on  national  regional  aid  for  2007-201358,  applicable  as  of 
1 January  2007,  explain  the  general  approach  taken  by  the  Commission  in  considering 
whether  aid  granted  to  promote  the  economic  development  of  certain  disadvantaged  areas 
within the European Union is compatible with the internal market. The aim of regional aid is 
to develop the economic, social and territorial cohesion of a Member State and of the EU as a 
whole. 

The  Commission  encourages  Member  States  to  grant  regional  aid  on  the  basis  of  multi-
sectoral  schemes  which  form  part  of  a  national  regional  policy.  These  schemes  should  lay 
down the general conditions under which a Member State may grant regional aid, normally 
without  needing  to  notify  individual  cases  to  the  Commission.  In  October  2006,  the 
Commission  adopted  a  block  exemption  regulation  concerning  national  regional  investment 
aid59 which remains applicable until the end of 2013, although Member States may also grant 
regional aid measures under GBER. 

Aid for regional development can also be assessed directly under Article 107(3)(a) or Article 
107(3)(c) TFEU. Article 107(3)(a) authorises aid that promotes the economic development of 
areas  where  the  standard  of  living  is  abnormally  low  or  where  there  is  serious 
underemployment,  the  so-called  category  a'  regions.  The  regional  aid  angle  under  Article 
107(3)(c) relates to aid for facilitating the development of certain economic areas, where such 
aid does not adversely affect trading conditions to an extent that is contrary to the common 
interest - the so-called category 'c' regions. 

57 
58 
59 

Source: DG Competition. 
OJ C 54/13 of 4.3.2006. 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1628/2006 of 24 October 2006; OJ L 302, 01.11.2006 p. 29. 

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23 

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Furthermore,  it  is  worth  recalling  that  aid  earmarked  for  category  'a'  or  'c'  regions  does  not 
necessarily  have  regional  development  as  the  primary  horizontal  objective;  it  could 
alternatively be earmarked for other objectives. For this reason, the aggregate aid volumes of 
the category 'a' and category 'c' regions are different from those quoted under "aid earmarked 
for regional development". 

2.3. 

State aid earmarked for specific sectors 

2.3.1.  Rescue and restructuring of firms in difficulty 

Figure 14: Rescue and restructuring aid60 

In billion 
€ 

As % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of total aid to 
industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total aid 
to industry and 
services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Rescue and restructuring 
aid 

0.48 

0.8% 

+ 0.08% 

0.8% 

- 1.3% 

During the trend period 2008-2010, Member States continued their efforts to reduce aid levels 
for  rescue  and  restructuring.  While  Czech  Republic,  Italy,  Poland  and  the  United  Kingdom 
accounted for roughly 89% of all rescue and restructuring aid, expenditures by other Member 
States were rather low and 14 Member States granted no such aid.61 

2.3.2. 

Shipbuilding 

Figure 15: Aid to the shipbuilding sector62 

In billion 
€ 

As % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of total aid to 
industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total aid 
to industry and 
services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Aid to the ship building 
sector 

0.15 

0.26% 

- 0.22% 

0.5% 

-0.16% 

60 
61 

62 

Source: DG Competition. 
Belgium, Bulgaria, Estonia, Ireland, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Slovakia and 
Sweden. 
Source: DG Competition. 

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2.3.3. 

Steel industry 

Figure 16: Aid to the steel industry63 

In billion 
€ 

As % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of total aid to 
industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total aid 
to industry and 
services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Aid to the steel industry 

0.015 

0.03% 

- 0.16% 

0.17% 

- 0.33% 

Since  the  European  Coal  and  Steel  Community  (ECSC)  Treaty  expired  on  23  July  2002, 
general  state  aid  rules  have  been  applied  to  the  steel  sector,  with  the  exception  that  no 
investment or restructuring aid may be granted to steel production unless it is closure aid.64  

In 2010, aid to the steel sector decreased significantly. When looking at trends, the decrease in 
aid to the steel sector continued during the period 2008-2010 in comparison to the previous 
trend period (2005-2007). In 2010, only the United Kingdom granted an essential amount of 
aid  to  this  sector,  while  other  Member  States  phased  out  such  aid  during  the  period 
2008-2010. 

2.3.4.  Coal 

Figure 17: Aid to the coal sector65 

In billion 
€ 

As % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of total aid to 
industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total aid 
to industry and 
services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Aid to the coal sector 

2.8 

4.7% 

0.18% 

4.8% 

- 2.7% 

State  aid  to  the  coal  industry  was  governed  until  31  December  2010  by  a  specific  legal 
framework,  the  Coal  Regulation  1407/2002.66  Regulation  1407/200267  expired  on  31 
December 2010 and is replaced by Council Decision 2010/787/EU of 10 December 2010 on 
state aid to facilitate the closure of uncompetitive coal mines.68 

The  Decision  adopted  by  the  Council  provides  for  aid  for  uncompetitive  mines  within  a 
closure  plan.  It  provides  for  only  two  categories  of  aid:  (i)  operating  aid  for  the  closure  of 
mines (Article 3) and (ii) aid for exceptional costs (Article 4). The uncompetitive mines must 

63 
64 

65 
66 
67 
68 

Source: DG Competition. 
Aid under the Commission Regulation (EC) No 800/2008 of 6.August 2008 declaring certain categories 
of aid compatible with the common market in application of Articles 87 and 88 of the Treaty (OJ L 214, 
9.8.2008, p. 3-47) remains possible with the exception of regional aid favouring activities in the steel 
sector (Article 1(3)(e)). 
Source: DG Competition. 
Council Regulation (CE) N° 1407/2002 of 23 July 2002, EUOJ L205, 2.8.2002 p.1. 
Council Regulation (CE) N° 1407/2002 of 23 July 2002, EUOJ L205, 2.8.2002 p.1. 
OJ L 336, 21.12.2010, p. 24. 

EN 

25 

   EN 

 
 
 
                                                 
be  closed  by  31  December  2018  and  the  coal  production  progressively  reduced  over  the 
period.  Aid  for  exceptional  costs  includes  redundancy  payments,  re-training  costs,  and  site 
cleaning-up or safety costs. 

2.3.5.  Transport 

Figure 18: Aid to the transport sector69 

In billion 
€ 

As % of GDP 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in % 
of GDP 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of GDP) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

Total aid to the transport 
sector 

Road and combined 
transport 

2.3 

0.4 

0.019% 

- 0.007% 

0.022% 

- 0.062% 

0.003% 

- 0.001% 

0.005% 

- 0.063% 

Maritime transport 

1.8 

0.015% 

- 0.001% 

0.015% 

+ 0.001 

Inland water transport 

0.009 

0.0001% 

0% 

0.0001% 

Air transport 

0.1 

0.001% 

- 0.005% 

0.0029% 

0% 

0% 

State  aid  to  the  transport  sector  is  governed  by  specific  rules  in  the  Treaty,  as  well  as 
secondary legislation and rules of soft law. 

Member  States  spend  considerable  resources  for  the  provision  of  Services  of  General 
Economic  Interest  (SGEI)  in  the  transport  sector  and  for  the  construction,  management  and 
maintenance of infrastructure. EU law foresees indeed a number of mechanisms allowing for 
and encouraging the provision of such services. Member States must, however, ensure that the 
public  financing  complies  with  the  applicable  rules  and  in  particular  that  it  avoids 
overcompensation and undue distortion of competition. 

2.3.5.1.  Land 

In  February  2010  the  Commission  adopted  its  first  decision  applying  the  new  regulation  on 
public passenger transport services (in force since 3 December 2009). The Commission thus 
concluded  the  formal  investigation  procedure  initiated  in  2008  regarding  the  public-service 
contracts  of  the  Danish  railway  company,  Danske  Statsbaner  (DSB).  It  found  that  the 
compensation  paid  by  the  Danish  government  every  year  to  DSB  for  the  costs  incurred  in 
meeting  its  public-service  obligations  was  limited  to  what  was  strictly  necessary  to  cover 
those costs. 

Also  in  February  2010  the  Commission  opened  the  proceedings  against  the  loan  granted  to 
Železničná spoločnosť Slovakia Cargo. In May 2010 the Commission authorised on the basis 
of the specific provisions of the Railway Guidelines the plan of Société nationale des chemins 

69 

Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

26 

   EN 

 
 
 
                                                 
de  fer  belges  (SNCB)  to  restructure  its  freight  activities;  in  December  2010  it  authorised  a 
rescue  aid  of  around  € 128 million  for  BDZ  EAD,  the  State-owned  Bulgarian  railway 
operating on both freight and passenger railway markets. 

During  2010,  as  in  previous  years,  the  Commission  approved  several  schemes  to  support 
intermodality and combined transport (France, Belgium, Italy, Germany and Hungary). 

2.3.5.2.  Maritime 

By comparison with 2007-2009, the annual average of aid for 2008-2010 remains constant, at 
€ 1.8 billion. 

Most cases in this sector concern social aid to seafarers and special taxation rules for shipping 
companies ("tonnage tax" schemes). In this regard the Commission approved the introduction 
of  the  Cypriot  tonnage  tax  scheme,  as  well  as  amendments  to  the  Slovenian  tonnage  tax 
scheme.  It  also  authorised  the  extension  of  the  Dutch  tonnage  tax  scheme  to  cable  layers, 
pipeline layers, research vessels and crane vessels.  

There  were  also  a  few  cases  where  Member  States  notified  public  financing  of  port 
infrastructure.  In  the  same  year  the  Commission  partially  authorised  a  Greek  port 
infrastructure development project. 

Lastly, the Commission also approved rescue aid to the French maritime company SeaFrance 
in August 2010, but subsequently opened proceedings with regard to the restructuring aid to 
the company. The Commission closed this proceeding by decision.70 

In  2010  the  Commission  decided  to  launch  a  study  in  order  to  obtain  a  more  accurate 
knowledge of the functioning of European ports and their financing. This study will assist the 
Commission  to  identify  a  reliable  approach  for  moving  forward  in  the  enforcement  of  state 
aid rules. 

2.3.5.3.  Aviation 

The reported figures over 2008-2010 show a decrease of 23% in the aid amount granted by 
Member States for the air transport sector compared to the previous triennial period. 

In  2010  the  Commission  approved  7  cases  concerning  projects  for  financing  airport 
infrastructure (Finland, Germany, Latvia, Spain, Italy and the United Kingdom). Three start-
up aids for establishing new lines and increasing existing frequencies were approved in 2010 
(Belgium, Italy and France). One case of rescue aid for an airline was approved (Malta) and 
one  social  aid  scheme  concerning  the  French  overseas  departments.  In  these  cases,  the 
Commission  considered  that  the  planned  investments  had  a  positive  impact  on  the 
accessibility  of  the  region,  which  outweighed  the  negative  impact  on  competition.  On  the 
basis of the criteria, set out respectively in paragraphs 61 and 79 of the guidelines of 2005 on 
financing  of  airports  and  start-up  aid  to  airlines  departing  from  regional  airports,  the 
Commission concluded that these forms of public support were compatible with the internal 
market. 

70 

24 October 2011; Negative decision with recovery. 

EN 

27 

   EN 

 
                                                 
In  2010  the  Commission  continued  with  its  substantial  workload  resulting  from  the 
examination of a large number of complaints concerning investment aid and aid to airlines. In 
some of these cases, a formal investigation procedure is still ongoing. Nevertheless, one of the 
formal investigation procedures was concluded and a final decision was taken in 2010, where 
the Commission found that the agreement between Bratislava airport (Slovakia) and Ryanair 
had been concluded in accordance with the behaviour of a market economy operator. In other 
cases, where the formal investigation procedure was opened or continued in 2010, there is a 
need to examine whether the public investment constitutes state aid, and whether this state aid 
could still be declared compatible if the relevant conditions, laid down in the 2005 guidelines, 
are met.  

2.3.6.  Agriculture 

Figure 19: Aid to the agricultural sector71 

New 
notifications 
in 2010 

Decisions in 
2010 

New block 
exempted 
measures in 2010 

Number of aid measures 

146 

150 

258 

In billion €

  As % of GDP 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in 
% of GDP 

Aid granted to the 
agricultural sector 

Of which is block 
exempted aid 

10.2 

0.08% 

- 0.01% 

1.7 

0.013% 

- 0.002% 

The highest expenditures were reported by France (€ 2.4 billion) and Finland (€ 1.2 billion).  

When  comparing  2010  with  the  previous  year,  the  majority  of  Member  States  (22)  reduced 
their  state  aid  expenditure,  while  Czech  Republic,  France,  Italy,  Luxembourg,  the 
Netherlands, Poland and Slovenia granted more aid to the agricultural sector. 

Block exempted aid in agriculture 

The trend in the number of measures (258) implemented in 2010 under the Block Exemption 
Regulation  was  at  a  similar  level  to  the  previous  year  (267),  but  considerably  lower  in 
comparison with 2007 (496) and 2008 (433). 

Until now, only Luxembourg, Portugal and Malta have not notified under this Regulation.  

It should be noted that, since 2009 all block exempted aid schemes have been submitted by 
Member  States  under  Commission  Regulation  (EC)  No  1857/2006.  This  is  due  to  the  fact 
that,  since  the  entry  into  force  of  the  GBER,  under  which  Member  States  communicate 
directly to DG Competition, agricultural measures in the fields of research and development, 
aid in the form of risk capital, training aid, environmental aid and aid for disadvantaged and 

71 

Source: DG Agriculture. 

EN 

28 

   EN 

 
 
 
                                                 
disabled workers (to the extent that these categories of aid are not covered by Regulation (EC) 
No  1857/2006).  Measures  published  under  Regulation  (EC)  No  70/2001  are  only  recorded 
until August 2008. 

Block exempted aid accounted for 14.9% of the total state aid expenditure in agriculture for 
2010, whereas in 2009 it was 13.9%. Analysing the results per country, it appears that Italy, 
Cyprus and The Netherlands spend more than 30% of their state aid under a block exemption. 

2.3.7.  Fisheries and aquaculture 

Figure 20: Aid to the fisheries and aquaculture sector72 

New 
notifications 
in 2010 

Decisions in 
2010 

New block 
exempted 
measures in 2010 

Number of aid measures 

20 

14 

43 

In billion €

  As % of GDP 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; in 
% of GDP 

Aid granted to the 
fisheries sector 

Of which is block 
exempted aid 

0.130 

0.01% 

- 0.0006% 

0.019 

0.002% 

0.001% 

France  reported  the  highest  overall  state  aid  expenditure  (€  72.5  million),  followed  by  the 
Czech Republic (€ 21.3 million), Spain (€ 13.5 million), the Netherlands (€ 5.4 million) and 
Portugal  (€  3.6  million).  65%  of  the  total  block-exemption  aid  was  granted  by  Spain 
(€ 12.4 million). 

With  respect  to  the  number  of  aid  measures,  Spain  reported  the  most  schemes  in  numbers 
(27), followed by Denmark (18), the Netherlands (16) and the United Kingdom (11). 

No  legislation  has  been  adopted  in  2010  as  regards  state  aid  in  the  sector  of  fisheries  and 
aquaculture. In the context of the ongoing reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP) state 
aid  issues  may  be  taken  into  account.  A  proposal  for  a  new  financial  Regulation  will  be 
presented  in  November  2011.  The  Commission  will  submit  a  proposal  for  a  new  financial 
instrument covering Maritime affairs and Fisheries at the end of 2011. 

72 

Source: DG Maritime and Fisheries. 

EN 

29 

   EN 

 
 
 
                                                 
2.4. 

Use of the state aid instruments 

Figure 21: Expenditure as per aid instrument73 

Expenditure 
as per aid 
instrument; 
year 2010 

In billion €  % of total aid 
to industry 
and services 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year; 
by % of total aid 
to industry and 
services 

Trend 
2008-2010 
(in % of total 
aid to 
industry and 
services) 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous trend 
(2005-2007)  

33.5 

1.674 

1.575 

0.6 

54.9% 

2.7% 

2.5% 

1.0% 

+ 3.8% 

- 0.8% 

+ 0.5% 

- 0.8% 

52.0% 

- 1.4% 

3.2% 

2.1% 

1.1% 

+ 0.5% 

+ 0.8% 

+ 0.7% 

23.7 

39.0% 

- 2.7% 

41.6% 

- 0.5% 

Grants 

Soft loans 

Guarantees 

Equity 
participation 

Tax 
exemptions 
(incl. tax 
deferrals) 

Tax  exemptions  are  the  instrument  used  for  the  most  part  in  connection  with  aid  measures 
earmarked  for  environmental  protection  (approximately  €  10  billion),  followed  by  regional 
development  (around  €  6.5  billion),  sectoral  development  (approximately  €  3.9  billion)  and 
R&D&I  (about  €  1  billion).  Venture  capital  aid  (around  €  0.5  billion),  together  with  aid  to 
SMEs (approximately € 0.7 billion) accounts for a further major share. Moreover, 6 Member 
States granted more than 50% of their aid volume through tax exemption.76 

With respect to direct grants, 9 Member States contributed more than 80% of their aid in the 
form of grants.77 

73 
74 

75 

76 
77 

Source: DG Competition. 
The underlying total amount used or total nominal amount of the soft loans amounted to € 19.1 billion, 
or 0.15% of EU GDP. 
The underlying total amount used or total nominal amount of the guarantees amounted to € 34.1 billion, 
or 0.27% of EU GDP. 
Ireland, France, Malta, Portugal, Slovakia and Sweden. 
Denmark, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Romania and Slovenia. 

EN 

30 

   EN 

 
                                                 
3. 

STATE AID IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC CRISIS 

3.1. 

State aid measures for the financial sector 

3.1.1. General background  

Before the financial and economic crisis hit Europe in the autumn of 2008, the EU had been 
experiencing steady economic growth. Budget deficits were  down to an average of 0.8% of 
GDP  in  2007  –  the  best  result  in  thirty  years.78  Unemployment  during  this  period  fell  and 
stayed at a long-time low of 7% EU-wide in 2008. In parallel, the level of state aid to industry 
and  services  in  the  EU  decreased  annually  by  2%  on  average  since  2002,  and  stood  at 
€ 65 billion, i.e. less than 0.5% of GDP, in 2007.  

The  crisis  brought  the  steady  GDP  growth,  low  levels  of  state  aid  and  decreasing  budget 
deficits to an abrupt end. Member States pumped unprecedented amounts of state aid into the 
financial  sector  in  order  to  restore  financial  stability  and  the  normal  functioning  of  the 
financial markets, including continued access to finance by EU companies. When inter-bank 
lending dried up in September 2008, Member States started to inject large amounts of aid into 
the  banking  sector  to  ensure  that  lending  to  the  economy  could  continue.  Guided  by  the 
temporary framework, Member States also began taking steps from the end of 2009 to ease 
business's financing constraints. This led to a sharp increase – of more than 10% of GDP - in 
the  level  of  state  aid,  and  this  increase  continued  in  2010,  as  a  result  of  crisis  aid  to  the 
financial sector in particular. 

The European Commission's state aid control policy was one of the key factors which ensured 
that  this  –  generally  successful  –  rescue  process  was  achieved  in  a  coordinated  manner.  It 
allowed the swift implementation of unprecedented support measures and ensured at the same 
time that the Internal Market was kept intact.79  

While economic growth returned to positive levels again in 2010 for the EU as a whole, after 
having  dropped  to  -5%  of  GDP  in  2009,  there  were  signs  of  big  differences  in  economic 
performance  between  Member  States.  Although  Member  States  which  were  severely  hit  by 
the financial turmoil and the subsequent sovereign debt crisis are still facing distress, in other 
Member  States,  particularly  those  with  sound  economic  fundamentals  or  small  open  export 
countries,  the  recovery  seems  to  be  on  track.  However,  the  sovereign  debt  crisis  and  high 
levels  of  unemployment  in  some  Member  States  and  the  overall  world-wide  economic 
situation  give  rise  to  uncertainty  and  adversely  affect  growth  prospects.  The  Commission's 
forecast expects 2011 GDP to grow at +1.7 % in the EU, fuelled by Germany's GDP growth 
(+ 2.9%  of GDP), whereas growth estimates in other large European economies  are weaker 
(FR 1.6%, UK 1.1, IT 0.7, ES 0.8). However, there are signs that the recovery is becoming 
self-sustained.  Growth  in  economic  activities  is  shifting  slightly  from  exclusive  reliance  on 
export-led  demand  to  a  higher  contribution  from  internal  sources  of  growth,  such  as 
investment, and - to a lesser extent -private consumption. However the overall outlook is not 

78 

79 

Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council, Long-term 
sustainability of public finances for a recovering economy - COM(2009) 545, 14.10.2009 
(http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/thematic_articles/article15994_en.htm). 
For further details see the report on the effects of temporary SA rules adopted in the context of the 
financial and economic crisis; 
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/reports/temporary_stateaid_rules_en.html  

EN 

31 

   EN 

 
                                                 
immune  from  downside  risks  related  to  the  interplay  between  vulnerabilities  on  sovereign 
debts  and  the  financial  sector.  Whether  or  not  these  risks  actually  materialize,  they  could 
potentially trigger negative spill-over on the real side of the economy.  

3.1.2. State aid granted to the financial sector 

In the period between 1 October 2008 and 1 October 2011,80 the Commission took a total of 
around 290 decisions in the financial services sector based on Article 107(3)(b) TFEU, aimed 
at remedying a serious disturbance in Member States’ economies. These decisions authorised, 
amended  or  prolonged  41  schemes  and  addressed  the  situation  in  more  than  55  financial 
institutions.. The Commission has so far taken only one prohibition decision. Financial crisis 
measures  were  taken  in  all  Member  States,  except  Bulgaria,  the  Czech  Republic,  Estonia, 
Malta and Romania.  

Given  the  uncertainty  characterizing  the  financial  sector  and  the  EU  economy  as  a  whole, 
there is no sign of a general pattern of exit from State support measures. However, by looking 
at the evolution over time of the measures pledged in the period 2008-2011, and the measures 
used in the period 2008-2010, we can highlight some positive trends.  

In the period between 1 October 2008 and 1 October 201181 the Commission approved aid to 
the financial sector for an overall amount of € 4506.5 billion (36.7% of EU GDP). The bulk of 
the  aid  was  authorised  in  2008  when  €  3457  billion  (27.7%  of  EU  GDP)  were  approved, 
mainly in the form of guarantees on bank's bonds and deposits.82 After 2008, the aid approved 
focused more on recapitalisation of banks and impaired asset relief rather than on guarantees.  

The overall amount of aid used in the period 2008-201083 stands at € 1608 billion (13.1% of 
EU GDP). Guarantees and liquidity measures account for € 1199 billion or roughly 9.8 % of 
EU  GDP.  The  remainder  of  the  aid  used  refers  to  recapitalisation  and  impaired  assets 
measures  which  amount  to  €  409  billion  (3.3%  of  EU  GDP).  Slightly  over  72  %  of  the  aid 
used has been granted through schemes while the remainder was provided on ad hoc basis.  

Box 1: The  different  instruments  of  state  aid  to  financial  institutions  and  how  to 
measure them 

Two different concepts are used in this Report to describe the volumes of state aid to financial 
institutions: the committed amount of aid and the used amount of aid.84  

80 

81 
82 

83 
84 

While  the  Autumn  2011  Scoreboard generally  updates  on  state  aid  expenditure  in 2010,  the financial 
crisis chapter expands over a longer period i.e. to include the most recent developments up to 1 October 
2011. However, data on expenditure is presented for the years 2008-2010 that are taken from Member 
States' annual reports.  
2008 figures contain the budget approved for the recapitalisation of Northern Rock in 2007. 
Some  corrections  have  been  made  with  respect  to  the  previous  Scoreboard  in  order  to  avoid  double 
counting. 
2008 figures contain the budget used for the recapitalisation of Northern Rock in 2007. 
Compared  to  previous  Autumn  Scoreboards,  the  Commission  has  amended  to  some  extent  the 
methodology to measure state aid to financial institutions. The figures do not longer report the value of 
the aid element since for the particular nature of financial crisis measures its calculation appeared to be 
rather  complex.  Instead  the  methodology  to  measure  expenditure  as  regards  guarantees  and  other 
liquidity measures have been further refined. To ensure that the data can continue to be compared with 
the data provided by Member States in their annual reports over 2008 and 2009, Member States have 
been requested to provide the data for the instruments concerned in accordance to the new methodology 
also for these years.  

EN 

32 

   EN 

 
                                                 
The pledged volume of aid (aid approved) represents the overall maximum amount of state 
aid  measures  (such  as  guarantees,  capital  injections  and  other)  provided  by  Member  States 
and  approved  by  the  Commission.  This  figure  corresponds  to  the  upper  limits  of  support 
which Member States are allowed to grant to the financial institutions. However, it expresses 
neither  the  amounts  actually  implemented  nor  the  benefit  which  individual  financial 
institutions obtained. 

The used amount (aid used or aid granted) of the aid expresses the actual volume of the aid 
measure which Member States implemented: 

– 

– 

– 

– 

For  recapitalisation:  the  used  amount  of  aid  is  equal  to  the  nominal  value  of  the 
recapitalisation. 85. 

For  impaired  asset  relief:  the  used  amount  of  aid  is  the  difference  between  the 
transfer value paid to the beneficiary and the market value of the asset. 

For  guarantee:  the  used  amount  of  aid  is  the  outstanding  volume  of  the  liability 
covered  by  the  State  in  a  given  year,  calculated  as  the  average  of  end  of  quarter 
(31 March; 30 June; 30 September; 30 December) outstanding amounts. 86 

For liquidity support: the used amount of aid is the outstanding volume of liquidity 
measures (e.g. value of the loan) in a given year, calculated as the average of end of 
quarter (31 March; 30 June; 30 September; 30 December) outstanding amounts. 

Asset support measures (recapitalisation and impaired asset relief) are recorded at the time of 
their  issuance.  For  liability  support  (liquidity  and  guarantee),  aid  is  recorded  as  long  as  the 
liability matures.  

More details on the data coverage of the Scoreboard are provided in the Methodology Notes 
at page 56.  

The  tables  below  show,  for  each  Member  State  and  for  the  whole  of  the  EU,  the  overall 
amount of financial crisis aid to financial institutions approved, as well as the overall amount 
of aid used for the different instruments.87  

85 

86 

87 

The  methodology  for  measuring  recapitalisation  has  not  been  changed  compared  to  previous 
Scoreboards.  
As  regards  guarantees  the  data  in  this  Scoreboard  differ  from  the  data  in  the  Report  prepared  for  the 
European Parliament on the effects of temporary state aid Rules adopted in the context of the financial 
and  economic  crisis,  due  to  a  change  in  the  scope  of  the  guarantee  covered  and  a  change  in  the 
methodology to record the used amount. The Report includes only guarantees relating to the emission 
of  senior  debt  bonds  by  the  beneficiary.  The  Scoreboard  however  includes  also  guarantees  on  other 
liabilities, such as short-term debt, wholesale and retail deposits or interbank liabilities. The Report took 
as  amounts  for  used guarantees  the  value  of  the  senior debt  bonds  issued  under  those guarantees  and 
attributed once to the date on which the bonds were issued.  
A break down of the data per year is provided in the tables in the annex. 

EN 

33 

   EN 

 
                                                 
Figure 22: Approved amounts of aid to financial institutions in the years 2008-2011  

Recapitalsation measures

Guarantees

Asset relief 
interventions

Liquidity measures 
other than guarantees

Total 

TOTAL: 2008 - 30/09/2011

in billion  €

as % of 2010 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 2010 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  

20,40
0,00
0,00
14,03
110,98
0,00
90,11
15,47
101,10
26,65
20,00
0,00
0,83
0,43
2,50
1,07
0,00
37,64
15,65
4,62
12,00
0,00
0,25
0,66
4,00
5,03
114,61
598,05

5,8%
0,0%
0,0%
6,0%
4,4%
0,0%
58,5%
6,7%
9,5%
1,4%
1,3%
0,0%
4,6%
1,6%
6,0%
1,1%
0,0%
6,4%
5,5%
1,3%
6,9%
0,0%
0,7%
1,0%
2,2%
1,5%
6,8%

276,75
0,00
0,00
580,00
450,25
0,00
386,00
85,00
201,15
319,75
0,00
3,00
5,15
0,87
4,50
5,35
0,00
200,00
75,20
4,62
35,45
0,00
12,00
2,80
50,00
156,00
435,71
4,87% 3289,55

78,4%
0,0%
0,0%
247,4%
18,0%
0,0%
250,7%
36,9%
18,9%
16,5%
0,0%
17,2%
28,7%
3,2%
10,8%
5,4%
0,0%
33,8%
26,4%
1,3%
20,5%
0,0%
33,4%
4,2%
27,7%
45,0%
25,7%
26,81%

28,22
0,00
0,00
0,00
59,10
0,00
54,00
0,00
2,86
4,70
0,00
0,00
0,54
0,43
0,00
0,04
0,00
22,79
0,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
248,05
421,13

8,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,4%
0,0%
35,1%
0,0%
0,3%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
3,0%
1,6%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,9%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
14,6%
3,43%

0,00
0,00
0,00
6,08
0,00
0,00
40,00
8,00
31,85
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,26
0,00
0,32
3,87
0,00
52,90
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,52
51,93
197,73

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,6%
0,0%
0,0%
26,0%
3,5%
3,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
12,6%
0,0%
0,8%
3,9%
0,0%
8,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
3,1%

325,37
0,00
0,00
600,11
620,33
0,00
570,11
108,47
336,96
351,10
20,00
3,00
8,78
1,74
7,32
10,33
0,00
313,33
91,25
9,24
47,45
0,00
12,25
3,46
54,00
161,56
850,30
1,61% 4506,47

as % of 
2010 
GDP
92,2%
0,0%
0,0%
256,0%
24,8%
0,0%
370,3%
47,1%
31,7%
18,2%
1,3%
17,2%
48,9%
6,3%
17,6%
10,5%
0,0%
53,0%
32,1%
2,6%
27,5%
0,0%
34,1%
5,3%
30,0%
46,6%
50,1%
36,73%

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
TOTAL EU27

Figure 22a: Approved amounts of aid to financial institutions in the years 2008-2010 

Recapitalsation measures

Guarantees

TOTAL: 2008 - 2010
Asset relief 

Liquidity measures 

Total 

in billion  €

as % of 2010 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 2010 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  

20,40
0,00
0,00
14,03
110,98
0,00
64,56
15,00
101,10
26,65
20,00
0,00
0,83
0,43
2,50
1,07
0,00
37,64
15,65
4,62
4,00
0,00
0,00
0,66
4,00
5,03
114,61
563,78

5,8%
0,0%
0,0%
6,0%
4,4%
0,0%
41,9%
6,5%
9,5%
1,4%
1,3%
0,0%
4,6%
1,6%
6,0%
1,1%
0,0%
6,4%
5,5%
1,3%
2,3%
0,0%
0,0%
1,0%
2,2%
1,5%
6,8%

276,75
0,00
0,00
580,00
450,25
0,00
386,00
55,00
201,15
319,75
0,00
3,00
5,15
0,87
4,50
5,35
0,00
200,00
75,00
4,62
16,45
0,00
12,00
2,80
50,00
156,00
435,71
4,60% 3240,35

78,4%
0,0%
0,0%
247,4%
18,0%
0,0%
250,7%
23,9%
18,9%
16,5%
0,0%
17,2%
28,7%
3,2%
10,8%
5,4%
0,0%
33,8%
26,4%
1,3%
9,5%
0,0%
33,4%
4,2%
27,7%
45,0%
25,7%
26,41%

28,22
0,00
0,00
0,00
59,10
0,00
54,00
0,00
2,86
4,70
0,00
0,00
0,54
0,43
0,00
0,04
0,00
22,79
0,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
248,05
421,13

8,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,4%
0,0%
35,1%
0,0%
0,3%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
3,0%
1,6%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,9%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
14,6%
3,43%

0,00
0,00
0,00
6,08
0,00
0,00
0,00
8,00
31,85
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,26
0,00
0,32
3,87
0,00
52,90
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,52
51,93
157,73

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,6%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,5%
3,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
12,6%
0,0%
0,8%
3,9%
0,0%
8,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
3,1%

325,37
0,00
0,00
600,11
620,33
0,00
504,56
78,00
336,96
351,10
20,00
3,00
8,78
1,74
7,32
10,33
0,00
313,33
91,05
9,24
20,45
0,00
12,00
3,46
54,00
161,56
850,30
1,29% 4383,00

as % of 
2010 
GDP
92,2%
0,0%
0,0%
256,0%
24,8%
0,0%
327,8%
33,9%
31,7%
18,2%
1,3%
17,2%
48,9%
6,3%
17,6%
10,5%
0,0%
53,0%
32,0%
2,6%
11,8%
0,0%
33,4%
5,3%
30,0%
46,6%
50,1%
35,72%

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
TOTAL EU27

EN 

34 

   EN 

 
€
€
€
 
€
€
€
 
Figure 23: Used amounts of aid to financial institutions in the years 2008-2010  

Total for 2008 - 2010

Recapitalsation 
measures

Guarantees

Asset relief 
interventions

Liquidity measures other 
than guarantees

Total for 2008 - 2010

Member States

(1)

(5)

(3)

(6)

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

20.40
0.00
0.00
10.44
56.60
0.00
46.28
3.77
10.80
22.46
4.05
0.00
0.41
0.00
2.60
0.11
0.00
18.86
7.38
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.78
82.90
287.81

5.78%
0.00%
0.00%
4.45%
2.26%
0.00%
30.06%
1.64%
1.02%
1.16%
0.26%
0.00%
2.27%
0.00%
6.25%
0.11%
0.00%
3.19%
2.59%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.22%
4.89%
2.35%

44.23
0.00
0.00
145.00
135.04
0.00
360.00
27.49
55.83
92.73
0.00
2.82
0.54
0.00
2.15
0.00
0.00
40.90
19.33
0.00
5.24
0.00
2.15
0.00
0.12
19.92
158.36
1111.84

12.53%
0.00%
0.00%
61.86%
5.40%
0.00%
233.86%
11.94%
5.25%
4.80%
0.00%
16.13%
3.01%
0.00%
5.18%
0.00%
0.00%
6.91%
6.80%
0.00%
3.03%
0.00%
5.98%
0.00%
0.06%
5.75%
9.33%
9.06%

7.73
0.00
0.00
0.00
56.17
0.00
7.00
0.00
2.86
1.20
0.00
0.00
0.41
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
0.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
40.41
121.19

2.19%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.25%
0.00%
4.55%
0.00%
0.27%
0.06%
0.00%
0.00%
2.27%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.85%
0.14%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
2.38%
0.99%

0.00
0.00
0.00
1.97
4.75
0.00
0.00
7.59
19.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.97
0.00
0.19
2.13
0.00
30.40
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
19.83
87.15

0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.84%
0.19%
0.00%
0.00%
3.30%
1.82%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
5.43%
0.00%
0.45%
2.17%
0.00%
5.14%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
0.00%
1.17%
0.71%

72.36
0.00
0.00
157.41
252.55
0.00
413.28
38.85
88.80
116.39
4.05
2.82
2.33
0.00
4.94
2.24
0.00
95.16
27.11
0.00
5.24
0.00
2.15
0.00
0.12
20.70
301.50
1607.98

20.5%
0.0%
0.0%
67.2%
10.1%
0.0%
268.5%
16.9%
8.4%
6.0%
0.3%
16.1%
13.0%
0.0%
11.9%
2.3%
0.0%
16.1%
9.5%
0.0%
3.0%
0.0%
6.0%
0.0%
0.1%
6.0%
17.8%
13.11%

In  2010,  the  amount  of  aid  pledged  decreased  substantially  compared  to  the  two  previous 
years. Even though most of the measures approved in previous years are still operational the 
reduced  reliance  on  new  measures  suggests  that  the  measures  approved  in  the  past  have 
succeeded  in  providing  general  relief  for  the  banking  system.  However  despite  clear 
improvements  at  EU  level,  the  need  for  State  support  differs  considerably  across  countries 
and  segments  of  the  banking  sector88.  This  circumstance  is  reflected  by  the  level  of 
concentration in terms of the number of countries which approved further aid support in 2010. 
Three  countries  (IE,  EL  and  ES)  account  for  roughly  82%89  of  the  overall  volume  of  aid 
approved in 2010. In 2010, the Commission authorised aid for an overall amount of € 383.8 
billion,  representing  roughly  3.1%  of  EU  GDP.  The  new  aid  approved  is  concentrated  in  a 
few  countries  and  involves  recapitalisation  of  €  183.9  billion,  guarantees  for  €  55.4  billion, 
impaired assets relief for € 77.9 billion and liquidity measures for € 66.7 billion. 

The  overall  volume  of  aid  used  in  2010  for  recapitalisation  and  impaired  assets  stood  at 
€ 121.3 billion (1% of EU GDP). New capital injections accounted for € 87.8 billion (0.7% of 
EU  GDP)  while  impaired  asset  relief  measures  accounted  for  €  33.6  billion  (0.3%  of  EU 
GDP). With regards to guarantees and liquidity measures the average outstanding amount for 
the year 2010 stood at € 983.9 billion (8% of GDP) of which € 922.03 billion (7.5% of EU 
GDP)  relates  to  guarantees  while  €  61.9  billion  (0.5%  of  EU  GDP)  relates  to  liquidity 
measures. 

88 

89 

Banking sector support is also provided through monetary policy instruments by the ECB/ESCB. As for 
State aid some countries/sectors still rely strongly on central bank interventions.  
This percentage is computed excluding the liquidity measure approved in 2010 the case of NL. This is 
because it refers to not notified aid: i.e. aid which was already used in previous years but received the 
approval of the Commission just in 2010. 

EN 

35 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
The same conclusions regarding the concentration of the new aid implemented in 2010 in a 
small number of countries can be drawn with regard to the amount used. For instance in the 
case  of  recapitalisation90  roughly  88  %  of  the  new  capital  injections  were  implemented  by 
three  countries  (IE,  UK  and  ES)  out  of  a  total  of  just  7  countries  which  also  used  this 
instrument in 2010. 

3.1.3. State aid per instrument  

3.1.3.1 Guarantees on bank debt  

Guarantees  were  the  first  category  of  instruments  used  by  Member  States  to  respond  to  the 
turmoil in the financial sector. The bulk of guarantees schemes were approved at the onset of 
the crisis, between autumn 2008 and mid 2009. Overall, roughly 90 % of the guarantees were 
granted through schemes, since they were directed at the whole financial system rather than 
the  weaknesses  of  specific  banks.  Guarantees,  in  particular,  have  proved  to  be  effective  in 
tackling the liquidity constraints arising from the systemic loss of confidence which paralysed 
the interbank market and prompted a sudden increase in the cost of wholesale funding. These 
developments even affected banks with strong fundamentals and good solvency perspectives. 
Against  this  background,  State  intervention  facilitated  banks'  access  to  funding  by  issuing 
State  guaranteed  bonds.  Their  attractiveness  in  comparison  to  non-guaranteed  instruments 
helped  overcome  the  lack  of  confidence  in  the  market  and  enabled  banks  to  roll-over  their 
maturing debt.  

Banks'  dependency  on  guaranteed  bonds  has  decreased  substantially  in  the  past  year.  The 
gradual improvement in financial market conditions led to a stabilisation of the funding cost 
for many banks, in particular for those which had seen their credit risk outlook improve. The 
amount  of  State-guaranteed  bonds  issued  by  banks  was  down  in  2010,  while  the  overall 
amount of bonds issued in the same year did not decrease with respect to 2009, adding weight 
to  the  assumption  that  most  banks  have  regained  access  to  markets  without  the  need  to  use 
State  guarantees.  Moreover,  from  mid  2009,  most  State  guaranteed  bonds  were  issued  by 
banks  already  in  the  process  of  restructuring.  This  suggested  that  the  scope  for  State 
guarantees  to  address  contingent  liquidity  constraints  had  somehow  been  exhausted  and 
justified a change in the conditions for the approval of guarantees as from 1 July 2010. The 
Commission's  Staff  Working  paper  on  the  application  of  state  aid  rules  to  government 
guarantee schemes covering bank debt to be issued after 30 June 201091 laid the foundation to 
start the process of phasing out guarantees by a) an increase in the guarantee fee paid by the 
issuer and b) the submission of a restructuring plan for those institutions using new guarantees 
and exceeding a certain threshold of total outstanding liabilities92. The aim of these conditions 
is to reduce distortions of competition by increasing the cost of guaranteed-bonds relative to 
non-guaranteed bonds. In addition, the current design of the state aid regulation allows banks 
to benefit from State  guarantees to the  extent that they will undertake practical measures to 
remove their structural vulnerabilities. 

90 

91 
92 

Recapitalisation  is  the  instrument  which  better  show  concentration  since  the  methodology  used  for 
guarantees  and  liquidity  does  not  let  capture  directly  this  feature  while  the  use  of  impaired  assets  is 
concentrated in few countries in the whole period considered.  
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/phase_out_bank_guarantees.pdf. 
The threshold on outstanding guarantees liabilities is evaluated both in absolute terms and in relation to 
total liabilities.  

EN 

36 

   EN 

 
                                                 
Despite  the  steps  taken  to  stimulate  the  phasing  out  of  government  guarantees,  the  current 
market  situation  suggests  that  a  gradual  process  of  moving  away  from  support  measures 
should be maintained. As mentioned above, the volatility of funding costs, sovereign risk and 
relevant re-financing needs prevent markets from achieving lasting stability. In particular by 
the end of 2011 and the beginning of 2012, a considerable amount of State-guaranteed bonds 
reach maturity. In the course of 2010, banks have started to roll-over guaranteed bonds and to 
replace  them  by  ordinary  bond  issues.  However,  the  underlying  risks  to  which  the  financial 
sector is exposed suggest that particular care should be taken in stepping up the exit process. 
Against this background, the Commission has kept the current state aid rules for government 
guarantees schemes until 31 December 2011.93 Eight out of 20 countries have prolonged the 
validity of their scheme after 2010. 

Figure 24: Breakdown of state guaranteed bonds issued by maturity 

 State guaranteed bonds by maturity date

Billion of €

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

.Q1

.Q2

.Q3

.Q4

.Q1

.Q2

.Q3

.Q4

.Q1

.Q2

.Q3

.Q4

.Q1

.Q2

.Q3

.Q4

2011

2012

2013

2014

Source: Commission services and Bloomberg 

Concerning the amount approved in the period between 1 October 2008 and 1 October 2011, 
guarantees worth 3289.5 billion (26.8% of EU GDP) were approved by the Commission in a 
large number of countries.  

In terms of the amount actually used in the years 2008-2010 in the entire EU a maximum94 of 
€ 1111.84 billion (9% of EU GDP) billion were actually granted. The countries which have 
made the most use of guarantees are Ireland € 360 billion and UK € 158.4 billion followed by 
Denmark  €  145  billion  (the  largest  part  expired)  and  Germany  €  135.04  billion.  As  a 

93 

94 

Communication from the Commission on the application, after 1 January 2011, of State aid rules to 
support measures in favour of banks in the context of the financial crisis; OJ C 329, 7.12.2010, p. 7. 
According  with  the  methodology  used  to  compute  guarantees  which  focuses  on  the  outstanding 
volumes, the overall amount of guarantees used over the whole period is calculated by summing up the 
maximum amount of outstanding guarantees provided by each member state.  

EN 

37 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
percentage of GDP, Ireland is still the largest user (233.9%)  followed  by  Denmark  (61.9%) 
and Belgium (12.5%).  

In  2010,  €  55.4  billion  of  new  guarantees  were  approved  by  the  Commission  of  which 
€ 40.9 billion  was  covered  by  schemes.  These  are  spread  across  6  countries:  a  further  €  40 
billion have been approved for Greece (17.4% of its GDP), € 10 billion have been approved 
for Ireland (6.5% of Ireland GDP) and smaller amounts have been approved for Spain, Latvia, 
Lithuania and United Kingdom. 

With respect to the aid actually used in 2010, the average outstanding volume of guarantees 
amounts  to  €  922.2  billion  (7.5%  of  EU  GDP).  The  difference  between  the  maximum 
outstanding  amount  (€  1111.8  billion)  and  the  amount  outstanding  in  2010  represents  the 
volume  of  guarantees  expired.  It  should  be  noticed  that,  with  the  exception  of  Denmark, 
where the sizeable volume of guarantees granted in 2008 was replaced by further schemes for 
a lower amount, most of the guarantees are still outstanding in the remaining countries.  

The country which has shown the largest increase in the volume of outstanding guarantees in 
2010 is Ireland which reported an additional outstanding amount of € 55 billion (roughly 42% 
of IE GDP).  

Figure 25: Outstanding guarantees (used amount) per country by year  

Member States

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

 Guarantees: Amount effectively used

in billion  €

as % of 
2008 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2009 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

2008*

2009

2010

8,96
0,00
0,00
145,00
19,09
0,00
360,00
0,75
0,00
8,65
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,44
0,00
0,00
0,85
2,43
0,00
1,19
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,12
0,29
33,54
581,30

2,6%
0,0%
0,0%
62,1%
0,8%
0,0%
200,0%
0,3%
0,0%
0,4%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,9%
0,0%
0,7%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,1%
1,8%
4,66%

44,23
0,00
0,00
7,12
135,04
0,00
264,00
2,25
36,13
92,73
0,00
0,56
0,54
0,00
2,15
0,00
0,00
36,00
14,45
0,00
5,24
0,00
1,00
0,00
0,06
14,26
158,36
814,11

13,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,2%
5,6%
0,0%
165,4%
1,0%
3,4%
4,9%
0,0%
3,3%
2,9%
0,0%
5,7%
0,0%
0,0%
6,3%
5,3%
0,0%
3,1%
0,0%
2,8%
0,0%
0,0%
4,9%
10,1%
6,92%

*includes € 0.41 billion granted in 2007 by Germany

29,37
0,00
0,00
26,05
132,10
0,00
319,00
27,49
55,83
91,53
0,00
2,82
0,23
0,00
1,41
0,00
0,00
40,90
19,33
0,00
4,99
0,00
2,15
0,00
0,00
19,92
148,93
922,03

8,3%
0,0%
0,0%
11,1%
5,3%
0,0%
207,2%
11,9%
5,3%
4,7%
0,0%
16,1%
1,3%
0,0%
3,4%
0,0%
0,0%
6,9%
6,8%
0,0%
2,9%
0,0%
6,0%
0,0%
0,0%
5,7%
8,8%
7,52%

EN 

38 

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Figure 26: Schemes expired/in place by country  

Member State

Type of scheme

Austria
Cyprus
Germany
Denmark
Denmark

Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee on 
existing liabilities

Greece
Spain
Finland
France
Hungary
Ireland
Ireland

Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee
Guarantee on 
existing liabilities
Guarantee
Italy
Guarantee
Lithuania
Guarantee
Latvia
Guarantee
Netherlands
Guarantee
Poland
Guarantee
Portugal
Guarantee
Sweden
Guarantee
Slovenia
Slovakia
Guarantee
United Kingdom Guarantee

Date of 
adoption

9/12/2008
22/10/2009
27/10/2008
3/02/2009

10/10/2008
19/11/2008
22/12/2008
13/11/2008
30/10/2008
12/02/2009
20/11/2009

13/10/2008
14/11/2008
5/08/2010
22/12/2008
30/10/2008
25/09/2009
29/10/2008
29/10/2008
12/12/2008
8/12/2009
13/10/2008

Expiry date

30/06/2011
31/05/2010
31/12/2010
31/12/2010

10/10/2010
31/12/2011
31/12/2011
30/06/2010
12/11/2009
31/12/2009
31/12/2011

27/09/2010
16/12/2009
31/12/2011
31/12/2010
31/12/2010
31/12/2011
31/12/2011
30/06/2011
31/12/2010
8/06/2010
28/02/2010

3.1.3.2. Recapitalisation measures  

As  follows  from  figure  27  the  total  volume  of  recapitalisation  measures  approved  in  the 
period between 1 October 2008 and 1 October 2011 is € 598.05 billion (4.9% of EU GDP). 
Three countries (Germany, Spain and United Kingdom), out of a total of 21 countries using 
this instrument, account for almost 55 % of the overall amount approved. However looking at 
the figures in terms of national GDP, Ireland emerges as the country with the largest approved 
budget  (58.5%  of  Ireland's  GDP),  whereas  most  of  the  other  countries  show  figures  in  line 
with the EU average. The bulk of the overall volume of aid aimed at recapitalising Irish banks 
was approved in 2010 (€ 52 billion – 33.8% of Ireland's GDP) and in 2011 (€ 25.5 billion – 
16.6 % of GDP). Other appreciable amounts of aid approved in 2010 are reported for Spain (€ 
101.1 billion – 9.5% of Spain's GDP) and Greece (€ 10 billion – 4.3% of Greece's GDP). In 
the case of Spain the budget approved in 2010 represents the entire budget allocated for the 
recapitalisation of Spanish banks. 

Concerning  the  amount  used  in  2008-2010  15  countries  are  relying  on  recapitalisation 
measures.  The  countries  which  have  injected  more  capital  into  their  banking  system  are 
United  Kingdom  (€  82.9  billion),  Germany  (€  56.6  billion)  and  Ireland  (€  46.2  billion), 
whereas in terms of GDP - in line with what is observed for the amount approved - the capital 
injections provided by Ireland are larger than in other countries since they represents 30 % of 
Ireland's GDP. Most of the Irish recapitalisation (€ 35.2 billion) took place in 2010. In relative 
terms other noticeable volumes of recapitalisation over the whole period have been observed 

EN 

39 

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in  Luxemburg  (6.2%  of  Luxemburg's  GDP),  Belgium  (5.8%  of  Belgium's  GDP)  and  UK 
(4.9% of UK's GDP). Apart from Ireland's capital injections the remainder of the aid used in 
2010  is  divided  between  the  following  countries  (United  Kingdom,  Spain,  Netherlands, 
Germany, Denmark and Austria). 

Figure 27: Recapitalisation: Used amount per country by year 

Member States

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

Recapitalisation: Amount effectively used

in billion  €

as % of 
2008 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2009 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

2008*

2009

2010

16,90
0,00
0,00
0,50
20,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
13,21
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,50
0,00
0,00
14,03
0,90
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,25
44,92
113,21

4,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,7%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
6,3%
0,0%
0,0%
2,4%
0,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
2,5%
0,91%

3,50
0,00
0,00
8,04
32,25
0,00
11,00
3,77
1,30
9,25
4,05
0,00
0,41
0,00
0,10
0,11
0,00
0,00
5,89
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,53
6,62
86,82

1,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,6%
1,3%
0,0%
6,9%
1,6%
0,1%
0,5%
0,3%
0,0%
2,2%
0,0%
0,3%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
2,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,4%
0,74%

0,00
0,00
0,00
1,89
4,35
0,00
35,28
0,00
9,50
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,83
0,58
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
31,36
87,78

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,8%
0,2%
0,0%
22,9%
0,0%
0,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,8%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,8%
0,72%

* includes € 1.61 granted in 2007 by UK

Slightly  over  half  of  the  amount  used  was  injected  into  financial  institutions  on  an  ad  hoc 
basis. Six countries (AT, DE, DK, ES, FR and UK) used both ad hoc measures and schemes. 
All the other countries except IT, PT and HU relied on ad hoc measures.  

By looking at the concentration of aid among beneficiaries, it is noticeable that three  banks 
account  for  more  than  one  third  of  the  total  amount  used.  Two  of  them  are  UK  banks:  The 
Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Bank received approximately € 50 billion and € 25 billion 
respectively.  The  second  largest  recipient  is  the  Anglo  Irish  Bank,  which  raised  around  € 
29 billion of capital from the Irish Government in 2010. 

Almost 85% of the recapitalisation has been directed either to banks under restructuring or to 
banks  where  the  restructuring  plan  has  either  not  yet  been  submitted  or  has  not  yet  been 
approved  by  the  Commission.  In  the  case  of  ad  hoc  measures,  this  percentage  is  as  high  as 
99%,  whereas  for  schemes  it  stood  at  roughly  63%.  One  of  the  reasons  to  explain  this 
difference  is  that  some  Member  States  (ES,  FR,  IT,  DK  and  SE)  required  that  the  banks 
applying for the aid under schemes had to be in a sound financial condition. Moreover, at the 
beginning  of  the  crisis,  the  Commission  introduced  a  distinction  between  sound  banks  and 

EN 

40 

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distressed  banks,  in  order  to  distinguish  between  institutions  with  structural  solvency 
problems  and  institutions  experiencing  temporary  liquidity  constraints.  The  assessment  of 
banks’  specific  situation  was  also  aimed  at  ascertaining  whether  a  restructuring  plan  was 
required in order to ensure the long-term viability of the business and to minimise distortions 
in  competition.  Therefore,  those  banks  which  were  not  facing  serious  structural  difficulties 
were allowed to benefit from capital injections without undertaking restructuring actions.95 

Since  January  2011,  every  bank  applying  for  capital  injections  has  had  to  submit  a 
restructuring plan, irrespective of the amount of aid and of whether the aid is provided in the 
form of schemes or ad hoc measures.  

Figure 28: Schemes expired/in place by country 

Member State

Type of scheme

Austria
Germany
Denmark
Greece
Greece

Recapitalisation
Recapitalisation
Recapitalisation
Recapitalisation
Recapitalisation 
(Financial stability 
fund)
Recapitalisation
Spain
Recapitalisation
Finland
Recapitalisation
France
Recapitalisation
Hungary
Recapitalisation
Italy
Recapitalisation
Lithuania
Recapitalisation
Poland
Recapitalisation
Portugal
Recapitalisation
Sweden
Slovakia
Recapitalisation
United Kingdom Recapitalisation

Expiry date

Date of 
adoption
9/12/2008
30/06/2011
27/10/2008 31/12/2010
3/02/2009
31/12/2009
19/11/2008 31/12/2011
31/12/2011
3/09/2010

28/01/2010 31/12/2010
11/09/2009 31/10/2010
31/08/2009
8/12/2008
12/02/2009 31/12/2011
23/12/2008 31/12/2010
5/08/2010
31/12/2011
21/12/2009 31/12/2011
20/05/2009 31/12/2011
11/02/2009 17/02/2010
8/12/2009
13/10/2008 28/02/2010

8/06/2010

More  than  51  %  (€  160  billion)  of  recapitalisation  aid  are  represented  by  Core  Tier  1 
instruments, most of which are common equity. According to the European Bank Authority, 
without additional Government capital injections 18 banks would have had their Core Tier 1 
capital under the 5% risk threshold at the end of 2010 compared with the three banks actually 
in this situation under the baseline scenario.96  

Exit  from  recapitalisation  aid  can  also  take  the  form  of  repayments  from  private  banks  to 
governments  in order  to  return  the  capital received.  The  total  repayments  which  were  made 
during  the  whole  period  considered  (2008-2010)  amount  to  €  17.7  billion.97  Most  of  the 
repayments were made by French banks; they amount to € 15 billion. This value accounts for 
almost  70%  of  the  total  capital  injected  in  the  French  banking  system  (€  22  billion).  In  the 
case of Hungary, the only bank which received capital injections (FHB) has returned them to 

95 

96 

97 

Measures  to  limit  moral  hazard  and  to  mitigate  the  distortions  in  Competition,  such  as  State 
remuneration  and  burden  sharing,  applies,  to  a  different  extent,  also  for  banks  not  subjected  to 
restructuring.  
The  baseline  scenario  used  in  the  2011EU-Wide  stress  test  is  mainly  based  on  the  Autumn  2010 
European Commission forecast. 
This amount just refers to the principal and does not take into account interest. 

EN 

41 

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the government in their entirety. In the other case (NL, DE and UK), the amount repaid still 
accounts for a small share of the total amount of capital injected by the State. In the course of 
2011 further repayments were made by the French BPCE, the Italian Banco popolare and the 
Dutch Aegon. These banks repayments accounting in all cases for 100 per cent of the capital 
injected, amounts in total to € 9.5 billion. Further repayment amounting respectively to €11.8 
billion and € 7 billion has been made in 2011 by the German Commerzbank and the Dutch 
ING; they accounts respectively for 65% and 70% of the capital received from the State. The 
total amount of repayments up to October 2011 stands at € 46 billion. The main strategy used, 
in  particular  by  French  and  UK  banks,  to  repay  the  capital  received  was  to  replace  it  with 
capital  raised  in  the  market.  This  strategy  has  been  complemented  by  retaining  earnings, 
selling business units and deleveraging.  

3.1.3.3. Impaired asset relief  

The  threat  of  impaired  assets,  namely  the  uncertainty  about  the  realisable  value  effectively 
achievable on risky assets held by banks, is still relevant, in particular in some segments of 
the  European  financial  sector.  However  in  2010,  the  number  of  write-downs  recorded  in 
Europe  has  been  lower  than  in  previous  years  and  in  many  cases  new  injections  of  capital, 
raised  directly  on  the  market,  have  compensated  for  the  losses  arising  from  the  difference 
between the revised market value of the assets and the book value.  

State  aid  in  the  form  of  impaired  asset  relief  measures  was  granted  in  Europe  in  a  second 
phase of the crisis when the problem of toxic assets had acquired more prominence. Lessons 
from  the  past  crises  highlight  the  importance  of  cleaning  the  banks'  balance  sheet,  and  the 
difficulties  in  pricing  toxic  assets  correctly.  The  overall  amount  of  impaired  asset  relief 
approved  in  the  period  between  1  October  2008  and  1  October  2011  was  €  421.13  billion. 
Impaired asset measures are concentrated in a few Member States. Indeed, this kind of state 
aid  has  been  approved  in  only  11  out  of  27  countries.  By  far  the  majority  of  the  amount 
approved in absolute value (€ 248 billion) relates to the United Kingdom's intervention. Other 
countries which approved considerable impaired asset relief measures are Ireland, Germany, 
Belgium  and  the  Netherlands.  In  GDP  term  the  largest  volume  of  aid  was  approved  for 
Ireland  (35.1%  of  Ireland's  GDP)  followed  by  the  United  Kingdom  (14.6%  of  the  United 
Kingdom's GDP).  

In 2010 the bulk of the aid was approved for Ireland (€ 54 billion -35.1% of Ireland's GDP) 
and Germany (€ 20 billion – 0.8% of Germany's GDP). 

EN 

42 

   EN 

 
Figure 29: Impaired assets: Used amount per country by year 

Member States

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

Impaired Assets: Amount effectively used

in billion  €

as % of 
2008 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2009 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

2008

2009

2010

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
9,80
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
9,80

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,4%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,08%

7,73
0,00
0,00
0,00
23,07
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
1,20
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
5,00
0,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
40,41
77,82

2,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,9%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,6%
0,66%

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
23,30
0,00
7,00
0,00
2,86
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,41
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
33,57

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,9%
0,0%
4,5%
0,0%
0,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,27%

The  overall  amount  of  aid  actually  used  for  impaired  assets  stood  at  €  121.2  billion  in  the 
period 2008-2010. The intervention was concentrated mainly in two countries (Germany and 
the United Kingdom) which used € 56.1 billion and € 40.4 billion respectively. These figures 
accounts for roughly 80% of the overall impaired assets intervention in Europe. In GDP terms 
Ireland ends up in being the country which relied more on this type of instruments (4.5% of 
GDP); the whole amount was used in 2010. 

In  2010,  besides  the  amount  approved  under  the  new  Irish  scheme,  other  impaired  asset 
measures have been put in place for banks. Two Spanish cajas (Caja Castilla-la Mancha and 
Caja  Sur)  received  aid  amounting  respectively  to  €  2.5  billion  and  to  €  0.4  billion.  The 
German Landesbank West LB benefitted from € 3.3 billion of state aid in 2010, in addition to 
a  total  of  €  8.3  billion  granted  between  2008  and  2009,  while  Hypo  Real  Estates  received 
support amounting to € 20 billion in the form of asset relief.  

In Germany the measures are distributed among five beneficiaries, mostly commercial banks 
and  Landesbanken.  In  the  UK,  asset  relief  is  concentrated  on  a  single  beneficiary  (Royal 
Banks  of  Scotland).  However,  several  banks have experienced considerable write downs on 
their assets, largely compensated by additional capital raised through the State and directly on 
the  market.  This  may  suggest  that  the  impaired  assets  troubles  in  the  UK  have  been  mostly 
resolved by capital injections.  

EN 

43 

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More  than  90%  of  asset  relief  measures  have  been  approved  by  means  of  ad  hoc 
interventions. Owing to the difficulties concerning the correct assessment of the valuation of 
the assets, combined with the need to ensure burden-sharing for the beneficiary, many States 
have preferred to tailor the intervention on the basis of the specific individual circumstances 
of the institution, rather than using general schemes. The only country which has an operating 
scheme for asset relief is Ireland, where a general plan for asset relief (NAMA) was approved 
in 2010. Other countries designed either specific schemes (Germany) or schemes incorporated 
into  a  more  general  programme  to  deal  with  the  effects  of  the  financial  crisis  (Hungary, 
Austria and Lithuania). Both in Germany and in Hungary, the schemes have expired without 
being  used.  In  Germany  as  well  as  in  Austria,  despite  the  existence  of  schemes,  asset  relief 
intervention has taken place on an ad hoc basis, whereas in the case of Lithuania no specific 
amount was allocated for this kind of aid.  

A large proportion (80%) of asset relief interventions benefitted banks that were undergoing a 
restructuring process. The remaining banks which benefitted from impaired asset relief have 
either already submitted a restructuring plan which is under evaluation by the Commission or 
will be required to submit a restructuring plan to the Commission for approval.  

As in the case of recapitalisation, since January 2011, state aid rules have required every bank 
applying for impaired asset measures to present a restructuring plan.  

3.1.3.4. Liquidity interventions other than guarantees  

In the period between 1 October 2008 and 1 October 2011 the total volume of aid approved in 
the  form  of  liquidity  intervention  other  than  guarantees  amounts  to  €  197.7  billion  1.6%  of 
GDP). Four countries - the Netherlands (€ 52.9 billion), the United Kingdom (€ 51.9 billion), 
Ireland (€ 40 billion) and Spain (€ 31.8 billion) - account for roughly 89% of the whole aid 
approved  whereas  in  terms  of  GDP  the  largest  budget  was  allocated  by  Ireland  (26%  of 
Ireland's  GDP)  Luxemburg  (12.6%  of  Luxembourg's  GDP)  followed  by  the  Netherlands 
(8.9% of the Netherlands' GDP).  

As regards the aid used the overall volume of liquidity measures implemented in the period 
2008-2010 amounts to € 87.15 billion (0.7 % of EU GDP). In absolute terms the Netherlands 
(€ 30.4  billion),  the  UK  (€  19.8  billion))  and  Spain  (€  19.3  billion)  have  been  the  countries 
relying the most on this instrument. In relative terms the support granted by Latvia (5.4% of 
Latvia's  GDP)  is  followed  by  the  amount  granted  by  the  Dutch  government  (5.1%  of  the 
Netherlands' GDP) and by Greece (3.3% of Greece's GDP). Two-thirds of the overall liquidity 
provided  has  been  granted  on  the  basis  of  ad  hoc  measures.  The  remainder  consists  of 
schemes  implemented  by  three  countries:  Greece,  Hungary  and  Spain.  The  latter  Member 
States'  scheme  involves  a  fund  aimed  at  providing  liquidity  for  the  acquisition  of  financial 
assets.  

In 2010 the average volume of outstanding liquidity amounted to € 61.9 billion. The decrease 
in the outstanding amount of liquidity is mainly due to the fact that the bulk of the liquidity 
accounted for by the facility provided by the Dutch government to Fortis-ABM has expired. 
The  countries  recording  the  largest  amount  of  average  outstanding  liquidity  in  2010  are 
United  Kingdom  (€  19.8  billion)  and  Spain  (€  19  billion)  while  Latvia  shows  the  largest 
outstanding amount in GDP terms (5%).  

EN 

44 

   EN 

 
Figure 30: Liquidity measures: Used amount per country by year 

Liquidity measures: Amount effectively used

in billion  €

as % of 
2008 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2009 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

2008

2009

2010

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,59
3,57
0,00
0,00
1,13
2,33
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,96
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
13,23
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
21,79

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,3%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,5%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
4,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,17%

0,00
0,00
0,00
1,97
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,53
19,31
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,97
0,00
0,14
2,13
0,00
30,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
6,90
66,36

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,9%
1,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
5,3%
0,0%
0,4%
2,3%
0,0%
5,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,4%
0,56%

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,73
4,75
0,00
0,00
7,59
18,96
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,89
0,00
0,19
1,05
0,00
7,90
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
19,83
61,89

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,3%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
3,3%
1,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
5,0%
0,0%
0,5%
1,1%
0,0%
1,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,2%
0,50%

Member States

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

3.1.4. Restructuring 

While  the  temporary  state  aid  rules  applicable  to  the  financial  sector  have  proved  to  be  an 
important instrument for containing the crisis, there is a need to make a gradual exit from the 
exceptional State support. In the previous sections, the importance of restructuring has been 
emphasized,  in  order  to  ensure  a  return  to  normal  market  conditions  and  to  phase  out  State 
intervention  measures.  Since  January  2011  every  bank  which  receives  state  aid  support  in 
whatever form has to submit a restructuring plan to the Commission for approval. The broad 
features of this plan are illustrated in the Commission's "Restructuring Communication".98  

The main aim of the assessment undertaken by the Commission prior to the approval of the 
plan is to ensure that, at the end of the restructuring period, the restructured institutions will 
return  to  viability  without  having  to  rely  on  additional  state  aid.  For  this  reason,  when  it  is 
deemed  that  viability  cannot  be  restored  and  the  bank  is  unable  to  remain  on  the  market 
without State support, aid for its resolution is usually provided. Resolution can take different 
forms (liquidation, sale, and downsizing) depending on numerous factors, such as the specific 
context in which the bank operates, its reference market and its activities. The restructuring 

98 

Communication on the return to viability and the assessment of restructuring measures in the financial 
sector in the current crisis under the State aid rules, OJ C 195, 19.08.2009. 

EN 

45 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
plan  also  has  to  comply  with  other  requirements  aimed  at  minimising  distortions  of 
competition, limiting moral hazard and ensuring that the aid was kept to the minimum.  

As  end  of  September  2011  the  Commission  had  adopted  37  restructuring  decisions:  25 
approving  a  restructuring  plan  to  restore  viability  of  financial  institutions,  11  approving 
liquidation plans and one negative decision which led to recovery of the aid which had been 
granted (Banco Privado Portugues). 

In order to restore viability, various measures have been put in place in cooperation with the 
Commission and the Member States to remedy the structural weaknesses of the banks. Most 
of them are aimed at limiting the range of bank activities in order to reduce overall risk and 
ensure  the  viability  of  the  core  business.  Divestments  of  subsidiaries  or  assets  are  part  of 
many  restructuring  plans  (e.g.  WestLB,  ING).  In  some  cases  the  bank  was  required  to 
abandon the activities that do not fit into the bank's corporate strategy, as has been the case for 
the investment banking activities of Germany’s Commerzbank. Other remedies falling within 
the  broad  category  of  divestments  involve  reductions  in  balance  sheets,  personnel  and 
branches.  When  bank  solvency  has  been  endangered  by  the  excessive  risk-taking  that  has 
been a feature of past bank investment strategy, changes in risk management have also been 
considered, as in the case of LBBW.  

In the 11 cases where viability was deemed impracticable by means of a restructuring plan, 
the Commission adopted a decision leading to the banks’ liquidation. Danish banks Roskilde 
and  Fionia,  as  well  as  the  Swedish  investment  bank  Carnegie,  went  through  an  ordinary 
liquidation,  whereas  Fortis  BE  and  Caja  Castilla  La  Mancha  were  sold  and  incorporated  in 
another group. In the case of Northern Rock, liquidation was undertaken for the vast majority 
of  the  bank's  assets,  significantly  reducing  the  size  of  the  bank  to  a  very  small  entity  (a 
downsizing of 80%). All cases include a general ban on dividend and coupon payments. 

Liquidation  can  be  regarded  as  the  most  onerous  form  of  burden-sharing,  due  to  the  costs 
borne  by  shareholders  and  creditors.  Burden-sharing  is  an  essential  component  of  the 
restructuring plan. A common method of ensuring burden-sharing is the private shareholding 
dilution involved in the purchase of public shares. In the cases where banks were nationalised 
(Northern  Rock,  Fortis)  with  the  purchase  of  shares  for  near-zero  prices,  the  shareholders 
completely lost control of the bank and incurred losses from the forced sale of their shares.  

Lastly, the Commission has to ensure that the restructuring plan includes adequate measures 
to  limit  the  distortions  of  competition  by  ensuring  that  the  bank  uses  the  aid  exclusively  to 
restore  its  viability  or  to  liquidate  its  assets  in  an  orderly  fashion.  Many  of  the  standard 
measures  of  the  restructuring  plan  (dividend/coupon  bans,  acquisition  bans,  reduction  of 
balance sheet and market share, and divestment of profit-making entities) are also designed to 
limit distortions of competition. 

Box 2: The  Commission’s  assessment  of  rescue  and  restructuring  aid  granted  to 
financial institutions during the crisis 

Financial rescue and restructuring cases dealt with by the Commission during the crisis were 
dealt with by means of a one or two-step process, according to the criteria regarding the aid 
received and the aid beneficiary. 

First of all, rescue aid is notified by the Member State pursuant to Article 108(3) TFEU in all 
cases.  According  to  different  criteria  laid  down  in  the  crisis  communications,  especially  the 

EN 

46 

   EN 

 
Restructuring  Communication  and  the  Impaired  Asset  Communication,  the  aid  beneficiary 
needs to undertake an in-depth restructuring or a simple viability review. These criteria are: 

(i) 
the  capital  adequacy  of  the  aid  beneficiary  as  reported  by  the  national  supervisory 
authority  (a  poor  capital  adequacy  outlook  generally  indicates  the  need  to  restructure  the 
beneficiary); 

(ii) 
the size of the aid received in the form of recapitalisation or impaired asset relief (until 
1 January 2011, recapitalisations and/or impaired asset measures amounting to more than 2% 
of the beneficiary's risk weighted assets were generally been considered by the Commission 
as sizeable aid measures that reveal structural difficulties encountered by the beneficiary and 
therefore  necessitate  a  restructuring  of  the  latter;  after  1  January  2011,  all  recapitalisations 
and/or impaired asset measures trigger the restructuring of the beneficiary); 

the current CDS spread of the beneficiary (a CDS spread that is higher than the sector 

(iii) 
average denotes a higher risk profile and a possible need for restructuring); 

(iv) 
the current rating of the beneficiary and its outlook (a rating below A with a stable or 
positive outlook has been regarded by the Commission as an indicator of a lower risk profile). 

Where  these  criteria  have  not  been  met,  and  the  aid  beneficiary  is  not  considered  to  be  in 
difficulty, the Commission has been able to follow a one-step process, by which it authorised 
the  aid  on  the  condition  that  the  Member  States  submit,  within  six  months  after  the  rescue 
measure, a viability report in which the long-term viability of the beneficiary is demonstrated. 
This  viability  report  should  typically  contain  an  assessment  of  the  beneficiary's  business 
model and its financial outlook. This assessment should demonstrate the long-term viability of 
the beneficiary and its ability to repay the aid received within a reasonable timeframe.99 

Conversely,  when  some  of  the  criteria  mentioned  above  have  been  met  and  it  has  been 
acknowledged  that  the  aid  beneficiary  is  in  difficulty,  the  Commission  has  followed  a  two-
step process in which it first temporarily approved the aid, as long as a restructuring plan was 
submitted within six months after the rescue aid ("rescue decision"). 

Therefore, in a second stage, when a restructuring plan was submitted, the Commission had to 
assess  it  with  reference  to  the  Restructuring  Communication.  In  particular,  the  plan  should 
demonstrate  the  beneficiary's  ability  to  restore  its  long-term  viability  within  a  reasonable 
timeframe  (up  to  five  years),  it  should  appropriately  share  the  burden  of  the  restructuring 
between  the  State  and  the  beneficiary  shareholders  and  creditors,  and  it  should  include 
measures to limit the distortions of competition caused by the aid. 

Where the Commission had serious doubts about the ability of the restructuring plan to meet 
these standards and, consequently, about the compatibility of the aid with the internal market, 
it has decided to open a formal procedure, in accordance with Article 108(2) TFEU. By means 
of this procedure, the third parties concerned were asked to provide their comments on the aid 
measures.  After  a  careful  assessment  of  the  comments  received  and  negotiations  with  the 
Member States concerned on the details of the aid and the content of the restructuring plan, 

99 

See,  for  instance,  the  Commission  decision  in  State  aid  case  N249/2009  France  "Renforcement  des 
fonds  propres  de  l'entité  qui  sera  issue  du  rapprochement  des  organes  centraux  des  groupes  Caisses 
d'Epargne et Banques Populaires (OJ 2009 C 186 of 8.8.2009 p.4) 

EN 

47 

   EN 

 
                                                 
the  Commission  was  able  to  definitely  authorise  or  reject  the  aid  by  closing  the  formal 
procedure ("final decision"). 

Figure 31: List of restructuring/liquidation decisions 

COUNTRY

BANK

TYPE OF DECISION

Austria

Belgium

Belgium / Luxembourg / 
France
Belgium / Luxembourg / 
Netherlands
Denmark

Finland
Germany

Greece
Ireland

Latvia
Luxembourg
Netherlands

Portugal
Spain

Sweden
United Kingdom

BAWAG
Kommunalkredit
KBC
Ethias
Dexia

Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring

Fortis Bank Belgium and Luxembourg

Restructuring

Fionia
Roskilde
EIK
Kaupthing Finland
WestLB
Sachsen LB
IKB
LBBW
HSH Nordbank
Hypo Real Estate
Sparkasse Köln-Bonn
Commerzbank
ATE
Anglo Irish & INBS
Bank of Ireland
INBS
Parex
Kaupthing Luxembourg
ABN Amro/Fortis Nederlands
ING
Aegon
SNS Reaal
BPP
CCM
Caja Sur
Carnegie
Bradford & Bingley
RBS
Lloyds Banking Group
Nothern Rock
Dunfermline

Liquidation
Liquidation
Liquidation
Liquidation
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Liquidation
Restructuring
Liquidation
Restructuring
Liquidation
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Liquidation
Liquidation
Restructuring
Liquidation
Restructuring
Restructuring
Restructuring
Liquidation

3.2. 

Aid granted under the temporary framework 

3.2.1.  Context and purpose of the temporary framework 

The  global  and  financial  crisis  caused  a  serious  downturn  in  the  real  economy,  affecting 
households,  businesses  and  jobs.  In  response,  the  Commission  adopted  its  Communication 
"Temporary Community framework for state aid measures to support access to finance in the 

EN 

48 

   EN 

 
 
current  financial  and  economic  crisis"  in  December  2009,  which  allowed  Member  States, 
under certain conditions, to introduce additional aid measures aimed at facilitating companies' 
access to finance, while at the same time encouraging investments. The temporary framework 
was originally due to expire on 31 December 2010. 

The  temporary  framework,  by  facilitating  companies'  access  to  finance,  introduced  the 
possibility of a direct grant of up to € 500 000 per company, to provide guarantees for loans at 
reduced  premiums  or  subsidised  interest  rates  for  loans.  In  order  to  encourage  companies' 
future investments, such as in new technology projects, Member States could grant aid in the 
form of subsidised interest rate loans for the production of green products, and higher ceilings 
for venture capital investments. Furthermore, the rules on export credit were simplified. Since 
the  temporary  framework  was  designed  to  provide  for  a  possible  horizontal  effect  in  the 
economy, Member States were allowed to give support to any economic sector.  

In order to be able to assess the effectiveness of the temporary framework rules and to decide 
whether  they  should  be  prolonged  beyond  2010,  the  Commission  asked  Member  States  to 
submit  a  report  by  October  2009  and  sent  out  two  questionnaires.100  Moreover,  in  October 
2010,  the  Commission  held  a  public  consultation  on  the  prolongation  of  the  temporary 
framework.101  

On  the  basis  of  the  replies  received  from  Member  States  and  some  third  parties,  and  in  the 
light of the highly volatile financial markets and the uncertainty about the economic outlook, 
the Commission decided to prolong certain measures set out in the temporary framework for 
one year, i.e. until 31 December 2011.102 

While most instruments of the temporary framework were prolonged, the compatible limited 
amount of € 500 000 per company was phased out. Furthermore, the prolongation included a 
tightening  of  the  conditions  under  which  Member  States  can  grant  aid  under  the  temporary 
framework. 

3.2.2.  Update on measures approved under the temporary framework103 

In  2010,  Member  States  continued  to  grant  aid  under  the  temporary  framework.  The 
Commission authorised six new schemes104: 

• 

• 

• 

• 

100 
101 
102 

103 

104 

one scheme for aid of up to € 500 000 per company proposed by Bulgaria; 

one guarantee measure in Spain; 

one risk capital scheme in Spain; 

three export-credit schemes, in Latvia, Hungary and Slovenia. 

One in October 2009 and the other in March 2010. 
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/consultations/2010_temporary_measures/index.html#docs  
Communication of the Commission – Temporary Union framework for State aid measures to support 
access to finance in the current financial and economic crisis; OJ C 6, 11.1.2011, p.5. 
Figure 41 (in annex) provides a complete overview on aid measures reviewed by the Commission under 
the temporary framework. 
Number  excludes  amendments  to  previously  authorised  schemes  under  the  temporary  framework;  a 
total of 13 schemes were amended in 2010.  

EN 

49 

   EN 

 
                                                 
The Commission furthermore prolonged 10 schemes: 

• 

• 

• 

• 

three  schemes  for  aid  of  up  to  €  500  000  per  company,  in  Germany,  Italy  and 
Hungary; 

two guarantee schemes, in Germany and Italy; 

two schemes for subsidised interest rate loans, in Germany and Italy; 

three export-credit schemes, in Denmark, Germany and Finland. 

In  2010,  under  the  heading  of  ad  hoc  aid  measures,  the  Commission  authorised  one  new 
guarantee  scheme  and  prolonged  another  guarantee  scheme,  both  of  which  were  in  Sweden 
and granted to car manufacturers. Ten new aid measures were granted to farmers. It is noted 
that, so far, Cyprus has not notified any aid measure under the temporary framework. 

To provide an overview of the aid granted under the temporary framework and authorised by 
the Commission in 2011 (until 1 October 2011), a total of 17 aid measures were prolonged or 
amended.105  During  the  same  period,  no  new  aid  measures  were  authorised  under  the 
temporary framework. While most Member States felt that there was a clear need to use the 
instruments provided by the temporary framework during the first year, i.e. 2009, the few new 
measures authorised in 2010 and the absence of new measures in 2011 suggest that Member 
States have made effective use of the tool during 2009 and 2010 when public support to the 
real economy was mostly needed. However, it cannot be ruled out at this stage that Member 
States may request to prolong some of their existing measures further.  

With respect to the approved aid volumes authorised under the temporary framework, see the 
figure in the next paragraph. 

3.2.3.  Aid granted in 2010 

Figure 32: Aid granted under the temporary framework106 

2010 

2009 

(in € billion) 

As % of EU GDP

(in € billion) 

As % of EU GDP

Approved aid 
amount 

1.6 

0.01% 

Aid amount used 

11.7 

0.09% 

81.3 

21 

0.68% 

0.17% 

The small amount of the approved aid volume can be explained by the fact that only a few 
new  aid  measures  were  introduced  by  Member  States  under  the  temporary  framework  in 
2010, while a large number of aid measures were introduced in 2009 and also allowed aid to 
be granted in 2010.  

Nevertheless, Member States have been very cautious when drawing up the budget, given the 
uncertainties as to the depth and the duration of the crisis in the real economy. Still, there is 

105 
106 

4 Amendments. 
Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

50 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
still a large discrepancy between the total approved aid amount and the amount used, which 
can be explained by the fact that Member States have continued to exercise strict discipline 
when  granting  aid  under  the  temporary  framework.  Moreover,  the  budgetary  restrictions 
imposed in 2010 may have had contributed to this effect. 

With respect to the preferred arrangements through which Member States provided aid under 
the temporary framework, the tool that was most used was the subsidised guarantee, followed 
by  the  subsidised  interest  rate  loan  and  the  maximum  aid  amount  of  €  500  000  per 
undertaking.  This  ranking  is  the  result  obtained  from  looking  at  the  amount  used.  If  one 
calculates  the  aid  element  for  the  corresponding  amount  used,  the  ranking  shows  that  the 
maximum aid amount of € 500 000 per undertaking is used the most, followed by risk capital, 
the subsidised guarantee and subsidised interest rate loans.107  

In  the  context  of  preparing  the  Commission's  Staff  Working  Document  on  "The  effects  of 
temporary  state  aid  rules  in  the  context  of  the  financial  and  economic  crisis"108,  the 
Commission sent a questionnaire to Member States asking for more details on, inter alia, their 
aid measures granted under the temporary framework.  

It  can  be  concluded  from  the  replies  that  SMEs  benefited  most  from  aid  granted  under  the 
temporary framework. Some Member States granted aid almost exclusively to SMEs, while a 
few Member States also included large enterprises.109 Furthermore, it was found that in many 
Member  States  the  number  of  beneficiaries  was  rather  high,  in  some  instances  more  than 
10,000 small companies. The replies from some Member States provided more detail in terms 
of the sectors which benefitted from the aid granted under the temporary framework. While 
the information provided in the replies is mostly presented in the form of an estimate, it can 
be  concluded  that  the  sectors  which  have  benefitted  the  most  are  the  manufacturing-related 
sectors, followed by services such as tourism and construction activities.  

107 
108 
109 

Read more in the methodology note on the principles for the calculation of the aid element. 
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/reports/temporary_stateaid_rules_en.html. 
For instance, in the Netherlands, 40 % of the beneficiaries have been large companies, 33 % in Latvia 
and 30 % in the Czech Republic. 

EN 

51 

   EN 

 
                                                 
4. 

TRENDS IN NON-CRISIS STATE AID EXPENDITURE BY TYPE OF AID MEASURES 

Figure 33110: Trend by type of aid measures (number of measures); EU-27 

Number of measures by Type (EU-27)

s
e
r
u
s
a
e
m

f
o
r
e
b
m
u
N

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

71

237

291

125

238

274

86

228

86

159
466

964

110

250

96

260

639

655

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Total (G)BER

S

IA+AH

When looking at the number of measures, 2010 saw a fall in new aid measures, particularly in 
relation to schemes and more significantly in new block exempted aid, whereas the number of 
new individual aid measures remained stable. While the overall number of new aid measures 
authorised  by  the  Commission  or  introduced  by  Member  States  (with  respect  to  GBER  aid 
measures)  fell  by  almost  half,  it  has  to  be  noted  that  the  proportion  of  aid  granted  through 
block exemptions, schemes and individual aid has not changed significantly. Nevertheless, a 
large  percentage  of  new  aid  measures  (approximately  66%)  were  introduced  by  Member 
States  by  means  of  a  block  exemption.  The  remaining  aid  scrutinised  by  the  Commission 
represented 34% and even decreased slightly in 2010.  

One main reason for the substantial drop in the number of new block exempted aid measures 
in  2010  is  the  fact  that  Member  States  introduced  many  new  GBER  measures  in  2009  by 
phasing  out  aid  measures  implemented  under  the  previous  block  exempted  aid  measures 
which  fell  under  the  Regulations  covering  aid  for  employment111,  to  SMEs112  and  for 
training.113  Furthermore,  some  new  GBER  measures  also replaced previous block exempted 
aid measures falling under regional block exemption aid.114  

A  further  reason  is  the  fact  that  national  budgets  in  the  Member  States  were  generally 
exercising strict budgetary control in 2010, which provided little potential to create new state 
aid measures. 

110 

111 
112 
113 
114 

Source: DG Competition. Figures refer to industry and services. Note: Individual aid comprises ad hoc 
aid  and  notified  individual  application  within  a  scheme.  Block  exempted  aid  comprises  measures 
notified under the BERs and the GBER. 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 2204/2002, OJ L 337, 13.12.2002, p. 3. 
Commission Regulation (EC) 70/2001, OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 34. 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 68/2001, OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 20. 
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1628/2006, OJ L 302, 1.11.2006, p.29. 

EN 

52 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
However, it is too early to detect a trend in future numbers of GBER aid measures from the 
short period during which the GBER has actually been in force. 

Figure 34115: Trend by type of aid measures (number of measures); EU-27 

Aid volumes by type of measure: EU-27

)
€

n
o

i
l
l
i

b

n
i
(

e
m
u

l

o
v

i

d
A

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

(G)BER

S-IA

IA+AH

The year 2010 saw a further increase in the aid volume granted by Member States under the 
block  exemption.  It  amounted  to  approximately  €  12.6  billion,  or  21%  of  all  aid  granted  to 
industry and services. With respect to the notified aid schemes, the aid volume amounted to 
approximately € 40.4 billion, which is 67.5% of total aid to industry and services or 0.33% of 
EU GDP. Lastly, individual aid amounted to € 6.8 billion, which is equal to 11.5 % of total 
aid to industry and services or 0.06% of EU GDP.  

Generally,  the  positive  trend  by  which  Member  States  grant  more  aid  through  block 
exemption also continued in 2010 and allowed the Commission to focus on the examination 
of individual applications within a scheme and ad-hoc measures; it is these cases which most 
often have the greatest potential to distort competition. 

5. 

ENFORCING THE STATE AID RULES 

5.1. 

Unlawful aid 

Article  108(3)  TFEU  requires  Member  States  not  only  to  notify  state  aid  measures  to  the 
Commission before their implementation, but also to await the outcome of the Commission's 
investigation  before  implementing  notified  measures.  If  either  of  these  obligations  is  not 
respected,  the  state  aid  measure  is  considered  to  be  unlawful.  When,  following  a  formal 
investigation  procedure,  the  state  aid  measure  is  considered  incompatible  with  the  internal 
market, the Commission shall decide that the Member State must take all necessary measures 
to  recover  the  aid  from  the  beneficiary  in  accordance  with  national  procedures  (negative 
decision with recovery). 

115 

Source: DG Competition. Figures refer to industry and services. Note: Individual aid comprises ad hoc 
aid  and  notified  individual  application  within  a  scheme.  Block  exempted  aid  comprises  measures 
notified under the BERs and the GBER. 

EN 

53 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
In the period 2000 to 30 June 2011, the Commission took 980 decisions on unlawful aid.116 In 
22%  of  unlawful  aid  cases  (217  cases)  the  Commission  intervened  by  taking  a  negative 
decision  on  an  incompatible  aid  measure.  This  negative  decision  normally  requires  the 
Member State concerned to recover the illegally awarded aid. In a further 2% of unlawful aid 
cases (31 cases), the Commission took a conditional decision. 

In  addition,  there  are  105  pending  unlawful  aid  cases  which  are  still  under  scrutiny  by  the 
Commission. These cases are usually taken up by the Commission in reaction to a complaint 
or ex officio (case started at the Commission's own initiative). The figures also include cases 
notified by a Member State, but for which the measure was fully or partially implemented by 
the  Member  State  before  the  Commission's  final  decision  (i.e.  cases  where  the  standstill 
clause was not respected). 

5.2. 

Recovery of unlawful aid 

Further  progress  has  been  made  towards  in  implementing  pending  recovery  decisions.  The 
total  number  of  pending  recovery  cases  stood  at  55117  (compared  to  94  cases  at  the  end  of 
2004). The amount of illegal and incompatible aid recovered since 2000 has further increased 
and on 30 June 2011 amounted to more than € 11.5 billion. That means that the percentage of 
illegal and incompatible aid still to be recovered has fallen from 75% at the end of 2004 to 
around 18.6% on 30 June 2011. 

Recovery in the transport sector 

In its judgment of 13 September 2010 the General Court partially annulled the Commission 
decision  C  11/2004  on  the  privatisation  of  Olympic  Airways.  The  Court  held  that  the 
Commission had failed to prove that the amount of around € 131 million granted by Greece 
constituted  state  aid.  At  the  same  time  it  upheld  the  Commission's  decision  according  to 
which the continued forbearance of the Greek State towards Olympic Airways’ non-payment 
of  taxes  and  social  security  contributions  (of  about  €  354  million)  amounted  to  illegal  and 
incompatible state aid to be recovered. 

Recovery in the fisheries and aquaculture sector 

In  2010,  no  recovery  decision  was  adopted  by  the  Commission.  Two  cases,  which  the 
Commission took before the Court of Justice over the failure to comply with the obligations 
established by the Treaties, are pending.118  

5.3. 

Enforcement of state aid law: Cooperation with national courts 

Cooperation with national courts 

In  the  follow-up  to  the  Notice  on  the  Enforcement  of  State  Aid  Law  by  National  Courts  of 
2009119,  advocacy  efforts  have  intensified:  an  information  package  was  published  on 
DG Competition's  website120  and  a  booklet121  compiling  the  EU  materials  most  relevant  for 

116 
117 
118 
119 
120 
121 

The Commission reports about recovery on a cumulative, mid-year basis. 
Period includes the first half of 2011. 
C-179/2010, C-549/2009. 
Commission Notice on the enforcement of State aid law by National courts (OJ 85, 9.4.2009, p. 1) 
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/court/state_aid.html.  
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/publications/state_aid/national_courts_booklet_en.pdf.  

EN 

54 

   EN 

 
                                                 
state  aid  enforcement  in  the  judges'  daily  work was widely distributed. Specific training for 
national judges has also been organised, namely in Finland, Poland and Romania. 

Through  the  dedicated  contact  point,  ec-amicus-state-aid@ec.europa.eu  several  requests  for 
information and requests for opinion sent by national judges have been dealt with. 

"Réunions Paquet" 

While a swift implementation of Commission decisions which order the recovery of unlawful 
and incompatible aid is fundamental to make sure that competitive conditions in the internal 
market are restored, in practice it can raise difficulties for the Member States. In line with the 
principle  of  loyal  cooperation,  the  Member  States  and  the  Commission  must  cooperate  to 
overcome these difficulties. 

In  this  context,  organising  réunions  paquet  ("package  meetings")  can  be  very  helpful. 
Discussions  on  state  aid  cases  during  such  package  meetings  serve  to  raise  the  problems 
encountered,  clarify  the  applicable  state  aid  rules  and  identify  solutions  to  facilitate  the 
implementation of the Commission decisions. 

A first réunion paquet was organised with the Italian authorities in Rome on 22-23 June 2011, 
focusing  in  particular  on  the  enforcement  of  recovery  decisions.  During  the  first  day  of  the 
réunion paquet, several presentations were organised to increase our mutual understanding of 
national and EU rules and procedures dealing with recovery of state aid. The following day 
was devoted to technical discussions on specific cases. 

The  meeting  took  place  in  a  generally  constructive  atmosphere  but  it  revealed  clear 
differences in awareness of applicable EU state aid rules. The Italian authorities welcomed the 
initiative of the Commission and suggested that it could be useful to organise similar meetings 
in other areas (e.g. for operational cases). 

5.4. 

Ex post monitoring 

With the entry into force of the GBER, an even larger number of aid measures are no longer 
subject  to  the  notification  obligation.  Article  10  of  that  Regulation  constitutes  the  basis  for 
conducting ex post monitoring on a sample basis. The results showed that, overall, the share 
of  the  existing  state  aid  architecture  allowing  the  approval  of  aid  schemes  and  enabling 
Member  States  to  implement  aid  measures  under  the  GBER  and  BERs  still  functions 
reasonably well. However, a number of individual and horizontal issues were identified which 
need to be followed up with the Member States. In order to further improve its scrutiny, DG 
Competition  recently  decided  to  considerably  enlarge  the  sample  of  next  year's  monitoring 
exercise to cover one-third of the aids granted under approved aid schemes or block exempted 
regulations. The exercise will cover all of the main types of aid and all Member States. 

EN 

55 

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NOTES ON METHODOLOGY

122 

Scope of the Scoreboard 

The Scoreboard provides a summary of state aid expenditure in the Member States in 2010. 
The  Scoreboard  is  based  on  the  annual  reports  submitted  by  Member  States,  pursuant  to 
Article 6 of Regulation 794/2004.123 The Scoreboard refers to state aid expenditure authorised 
under Article 107 TFEU and furthermore includes aid granted to the transport sector which is 
governed by a specific set of rules124 that refer to Article 107 TFEU. However, the subsidies 
to railways is excluded from the total aid reported in the Scoreboard since it is governed by 
Article 93 TFEU and corresponding regulations.125 

In their annual reports, Member States provide information on all existing aid measures that 
fall  under  the  scope  of  Article  107(1) TFEU  and  which  have  been  authorised  by  the 
Commission or implemented by Member States with respect to aid measures falling under the 
GBER.  Cases  which  are  still  being  examined  are  excluded126.  Annex  III  of  Regulation 
794/2004127  provides  further  details  on  the  format  and  content  of  the  information  to  be 
reported. The annual report which Member States submitted in 2011 covered aid granted by 
Member  States  between  1 January 2010  and  31 December 2010  and  includes,  where 
appropriate, revised provisional figures that Member States provided in previous years. While 
Member States supply information on state aid expenditure and co-financing in their annual 
report, all other information on existing aid measures is provided by Member States in their 
notifications  of  aid  measures,  pursuant  to  Article  2  of  Council  Regulation  (EC)  659/1999, 
which is verifed by the Commission, such as the primary objective of the aid, aid instrument 
and sector information. Member States are asked to confirm these data.128 

Aid granted for Services of General Economic Interest ("SGEI") which fulfils the condition of 
an SGEI measure is excluded from the Scoreboard, so that only the part of such aid which is 
beyond the provision of the general service is included.129 Furthermore, expenditure granted 
through Union funds and other Union instruments is also excluded, as such measures are not 
typically financed from the national budget of a Member State. 

Since the content of the annual report is guided by different annexes of Regulation 794/2004, 
namely  Annex  A  for  aid  granted  to  industry  and  services,  Annex  B  for  aid  granted  to  the 

122 

123 
124 
125 

126 

127 

128 
129 

Read more on methodological remarks under  
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/conceptual_remarks.html. 
Commission Regulation (EC) 794/2004, OJ L 140, 30.4.2004, p. 1. 
See on last page of this document. 
Regulation (EC) 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and the Council on public passenger transport 
services  by  rail  and  by  road  and  repealing  Council  Regulations  1161/69  and  1107/70,  OJ  L  315, 
3.12.2007,  p.  1;  Council  Regulation  (EEC)  1192/69  on  common  rules  for  the  normalisation  of  the 
accounts of railway undertakings, OJ L 156, 28.6.1969, p.8.  
Financial crisis data include also cases for which the aid has been already provided despite the approval 
of the Commission has not yet been given on the basis of a final decision. 
Annex  IIIA  sets  out  the  reporting  format  covering  all  sectors  except  agriculture  and  fisheries  and 
aquaculture, for which Annexes IIIB and IIIC provide the format respectively.  
OJ L 83, 27.3.1999, p. 1. 
Usually, the part of the aid not covered by SGEI as outlined in the decision authorising the measure. 

EN 

56 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
agricultural sector and Annex C for aid granted to fisheries and aquaculture130, the Scoreboard 
focusses its observations and trend analysis solely on state aid to industry and services. 

Methodology to calculate non crisis aid 

The  economic  advantage  passed  on  to  undertakings  through  state  aid  measures  can  be 
measured in different ways: for grants, the advantage passed on to the beneficiary normally 
corresponds  to  budgetary  expenditure.  For  other  aid  instruments,  the  advantage  to  the 
beneficiary and the cost to government may differ. In the case of guarantees, for example, the 
beneficiary avoids the risk associated with the guarantee, since it is carried by the State. Such 
risk-carrying by the State should normally be remunerated by an appropriate premium. Where 
the State forgoes all or part of such a premium, there is both a benefit for the undertaking and 
a  drain  on  the  resources  of  the  State.  Thus,  even  if  it  transpires  that  no  payments  are  ever 
made by the State under a guarantee, there may nevertheless be state aid within the meaning 
of Article 107(1) TFEU. The aid is granted at the time when the guarantee is given, not when 
the guarantee is invoked nor when payments are made under the terms of the guarantee. 

Generally,  Member  States  are  obliged  to  report  state  aid  expenditure131  in  terms  of  actual 
expenditure expressed in the form of the aid element calculated for the aid measure.132 Where 
such data were not available in a timely fashion, i.e. by the deadline for submitting the annual 
report  (i.e.  30  June),  Member  States  are  requested  to  provide  either  the  corresponding 
commitment information or an estimate of the aid component. In absence of this information, 
Member  States  are  asked  either  to  confirm  or  to  adapt  the  estimate  calculated  by  the 
Commission  services,  in  line  with  the  standard  method  applied  and  on  the  basis  of 
information  provided  in  previous  years.133  For  the  purpose  of  producing  a  meaningful 
Scoreboard, the absence of actual data makes it necessary to include an estimate in order to 
provide the most complete picture possible of state aid expenditure in the Member States. 

Data  on  state  aid  expenditure  in  this  Scoreboard  may  differ  from  data  for  the  same  year 
published  in  previous  Scoreboards.  This  can  be  explained  as  follows.  First,  all  expenditure 
information  is  provided  by  Member  States  at  current  prices  (in  €  million)  but  is  then 
converted to constant prices referenced to the year for which the Scoreboard gives an update, 
taking  into  account  the  corresponding  inflation  rates  applicable  for  the  individual  year  and 
Member State. Secondly, Member States may have replaced provisional figures or estimates 
from the previous year(s) by final actual expenditure. In particular with respect to expenditure 
in tax schemes which are particularly difficult to quantify134, if expenditure is corrected at a 
later stage it may also change previous data and, moreover, may also shift the distribution of 
horizontal and sectoral aid in particular. Thirdly, when the Commission adopts a decision on a 
non-notified aid measure by which it deemed the aid compatible, the aid amount in question is 
attributed to the year(s) in which it was awarded. Where such expenditure has been made for a 

130 
131 

132 

133 

134 

For instance, more distinct primary objectives exist for the agricultural and fisheries sector. 
Article  21(1)  of  Regulation  659/1999  and  Article  5  of  Regulation  794/2004,  which  includes  the 
provisions attached in Annex III of that Regulation. 
Read more on the calculation of the aid element under  
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/conceptual_remarks.html. 
For more detail, read 
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/conceptual_remarks.html.  
For  instance,  the  aid  element  of  tax  exemptions  is  difficult  to  determine  since  the  exact  number  of 
beneficiaries  or  amounts  may  not  be  known  and  authorities  in  the  Member  States  may  work  with 
estimates.  

EN 

57 

   EN 

 
                                                 
number  of  years,  the  total  aid  amount  is  generally  allocated  equally  over  the  corresponding 
years. 

Generally, all figures when expressed in percentage of GDP are measured by reference to the 
year  to  which  the  expenditure  data  relate  and  include  the  corresponding  GDP  value  for  the 
calculation.  This  means  that  figures  expressed  as  a  percentage  of  GDP  in  this  Scoreboard 
normally relate to 2010 GDP, unless otherwise indicated. 

With respect to the presentation of data in the tables, the following symbols apply: 
n.a. 
- 
0 

not available 
real zero 
less than half the unit used 

S 
IA 
AH 

Scheme 
Individual aid granted within a scheme 
Individual aid granted ad hoc. 

Methodology to calculate crisis aid granted to the financial sector 

By derogation from the general concept of expressing state aid expenditure in terms of the aid 
element  of  the  corresponding  aid  measure,  the  Commission  decided  that  this  Scoreboard 
should  simplify  and  report  on  crisis  aid  granted  to  the  financial  sector  only  the  approved 
volume135  and  the  amount  actually  used.136  For  this  reason,  crisis  aid  is  excluded  from  the 
observations and trends on aid granted to industry and services and is presented in a separate 
chapter.137  Aid  granted  to  the  financial  sector  are  reported  in  absolute  terms  -  i.e.  without 
expressing the value in 2010 prices - in order to present stable data in particular on the side of 
the approved budget. This methodology differes from the one applied in the Autumn 2009 and 
Autumn 2010 Scoreboard as well as from the methodology used in the current Scoreboard for 
non-crisis aid. The overall amount of  aid  in  terms  of  GDP  for  the entire reference period is 
calculated on the basis of 2010 GDP.  

To  adequately  capture  the  amounts  actually  used,  the  Commission  services  have  further 
refined 
than 
guarantees.138 

the  methodology  as  regards  guarantees  and 

liquidity  measures  other 

• 

• 

135 

136 
137 
138 

For guarantees on liabilities: 
the overall volume of outstanding guarantees in 2010 calculated as the average of 
end of quarter (31 March; 30 June; 30 September; 30 December) outstanding 
amounts; 

Liquidity measures other than guarantees on liabilities: 
the overall volume of outstanding liquidity measures (other than guarantees) in 2010 

The overall maximum amount of State aid measures set up by the Member State and approved by the 
Commission. 
The actual volume of the aid measure which Member States implemented. 
For more detail, read chapter 3. 
The Scoreboard includes all guarantees, including newly emitted bonds by beneficiary banks and 
guarantee aid for short-term liabilities. The precise scope of information to report and further guidance 
are outlined in Annex D of the instructions to Member States; read  
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/conceptual_remarks.html#instructions  

EN 

58 

   EN 

 
                                                 
• 

• 

• 

calculated as the average of end of quarter (31 March; 30 June; 30 September; 
30 December) outstanding amounts; 

For recapitalisation measures: 
the overall amount of the recapitalisation for 2010; 

For impaired assets: 
the nominal amount implemented in 2010 calculated as the transfer value of the 
assets minus their market value, in accordance with the Impaired assets 
Communication; 

For restructuring aid:  
Only the nominal amount implemented in 2010 (and in the previous years) is 
required. 

Moreover,  the  information  from  the  Member  States'  annual  reports  on  aid  granted  to  the 
financial  sector  is  checked  against  the  information  which  is  reported  for  the  individual  aid 
measure that Member States provide according to the provisions set out in the decision of the 
individual case (either ad hoc or scheme cases) and with other available tools such as ECFIN 
data, Bloomberg data etc.  

As  for  non-crisis  aid,  in  the  absence  of  reported  data,  Member  States  are  asked  to  either 
confirm or adapt the estimate calculated by the Commission services, in line with the applied 
standard method and on the basis of information provided in the files.139 For the purpose of 
producing a meaningful Scoreboard, the absence of actual data makes it necessary to include 
an estimate in order to provide the most complete picture possible of state aid expenditure in 
the Member States. Concerning financial crisis aid, the Commission services made estimates 
for  guarantees  and  liquidity  measures  when  the  Member  States’  authorities  were  unable  to 
provide data in accordance with the new methodology established for these instruments. 

Specific provisions with respect to aid granted under the temporary framework 

State aid granted under the temporary framework can also be considered as crisis aid. While 
aid to the financial sector typically involved the use of special instruments targeted at banks 
and  financial  services,  the  temporary  framework  made  use  of  the  classical  instruments,  e.g. 
direct  grant,  guarantee  or  loan.  However,  aid  granted  under  the  temporary  framework  is 
presented in a separate chapter140 and is excluded from aid to industry and services in order to 
obtain  an  undistorted  picture  of  Member  States'  efforts  in  granting  aid  earmarked  for 
objectives  of  common  interest.  Alongside  the  crisis  aid  to  the  financial  sector,  the 
Commission  also  decided  to  simplify  and  to  report  in  respect  of  aid  granted  under  the 
temporary framework only the approved volume141 and the amount actually used.142 

Member  States  were  asked  to  report  on  aid  granted  under  the  temporary  framework  by 
following a general method. 

139 

140 
141 

142 

For more detail, read 
http://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/studies_reports/conceptual_remarks.html.  
Read Chapter 3.2. 
The overall maximum amount of State aid measures set up by the Member State and approved by the 
Commission. 
The actual volume of the aid measure which Member States implemented. 

EN 

59 

   EN 

 
                                                 
• 

• 

In  instances  where  a  temporary  framework  measure  is  (i)  a  new  ad  hoc  measure, 
(ii) a  new  scheme  or  (iii)  a  new  framework  scheme  under  which  a  number  of  new 
schemes  may  be  implemented,  the  Member  State  simply  reports  expenditure  under 
this temporary framework measure; 

In  instances  where  a  temporary  framework  measure  (i)  modifies  an  existing  aid 
measure  or  (ii)  the  Member  State  uses  one  or  more  existing  aid  measures  for  its 
implementation, and hence aid is granted under temporary framework conditions, the 
Member  State  reports  the  aid  amounts  (including  the  aid  element)  under  the 
corresponding  temporary  framework  measure. By  contrast,  all  aid  that  falls  outside 
the aforementioned conditions (i) and (ii) shall be reported under the case number of 
the initially authorised non-temporary framework measure. 

Moreover, the information from the Member States' annual reports on aid granted under the 
temporary  framework  is  checked  against  the  information  which  Member  States  provided  in 
their  reply  to  the  Commission's  questionnaire  enquiring  about  the  effects  of  the  crisis  aid 
measures which included aid measures granted under the temporary framework.143 

143 

Sent in March 2011. 

EN 

60 

   EN 

 
                                                 
KEY FIGURES ON STATE AID EXPENDITURE IN THE EU AND MEMBER STATES 

Figure 35: Total non-crisis aid to industry and services144  

In € 
billion 
(2010) 

As % of 
GDP  

Difference 
when 
compared 
to 
previous 
year (by 
% of 
GDP) 

Trend 
2008-2010 

(in % of 
GDP) 

Difference 
when 
compared 
to 
previous 
trend 
(2005-
2007)  

EU-27 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Germany 
Estonia 
Ireland 
Greece 
Spain 
France 
Italy 
Cyprus 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Hungary 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Austria 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovenia 
Slovakia 
Finland 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 

Norway 
Iceland 
Liechtenstein 

61.0 
1.8 
0.0 
0.9 
2.0 
14.7 
0.0 
0.9 
1.8 
4.3 
12.6 
3.3 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
0.1 
1.9 
0.1 
1.9 
2.1 
2.5 
1.5 
0.2 
0.3 
0.2 
0.8 
2.6 
4.1 

2.3 
0.02 
0.001 

0.50% 
0.52% 
0.04% 
0.65% 
0.83% 
0.59% 
0.10% 
0.56% 
0.78% 
0.41% 
0.65% 
0.21%
0.51% 
0.40% 
0.29% 
0.18% 
1.94% 
1.12% 
0.32% 
0.72% 
0.72% 
0.90% 
0.17% 
0.89% 
0.37% 
0.43% 
0.76% 
0.24% 

0.91% 
0.76% 
0.04% 

144 

Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

0.49% 
0.45% 
0.06% 
0.66% 
0.82% 
0.59% 
0.09% 
0.51% 
0.69% 
0.43% 
0.60% 
0.27% 
0.45% 
0.24% 
0.23% 
0.19% 
1.72% 
1.47% 
0.29% 
0.65% 
0.72% 
0.92% 
0.17% 
0.71% 
0.39% 
0.44% 
0.80% 
0.23% 

n/a 
n/a 
n/a 

0.05% 
0.16% 
-0.05% 
0.11% 
0.14% 
-0.06% 
0% 
0.10% 
0.47% 
0.05% 
0.18% 
-0.06% 
-0.17% 
-0.39% 
0.07% 
0.05% 
0.65% 
-1.03% 
0.04% 
0.17% 
0.28% 
-0.08% 
-0.28% 
0.28% 
-0.02% 
0.08% 
-0.07% 
0.04% 

n/a 
n/a 
n/a 

-0.01% 
0.04% 
-0.05% 
0.13% 
-0.09% 
-0.03% 
0.02% 
0.10% 
0.02% 
-0.05% 
0.03% 
-0.09% 
0.13% 
0.28% 
0.03% 
-0.07% 
0.56% 
-0.48% 
0.01% 
0.08% 
-0.01% 
-0.06% 
0.03% 
0.10% 
0.01% 
-0.04% 
-0.06% 
0.00% 

n/a 
n/a 
n/a 

61 

   EN 

 
  
 
 
                                                 
Figure 36: Aid to agriculture, fisheries and aquaculture and transport145  

In € 
billion 
(2010) 

As % of 
GDP  

Difference 
when 
compared 
to 
previous 
year (by 
% of 
GDP) 

Trend 
2008-2010 

(in % of 
GDP) 

Difference 
when 
compared 
to 
previous 
trend 
(2005-
2007)  

12.7 
0.32 
0.04 
0.24 
0.18 
1.22 
0.03 
0.70 
0.04 
0.67 
2.79 
1.23 
0.03 
0.10 
0.08 
0.02 
0.34 
0.02 
1.25 
0.19 
0.68 
0.03 
0.10 
0.08 
0.06 
1.29 
0.24 
0.74 

0.10% 
0.09% 
0.11% 
0.17% 
0.08% 
0.05% 
0.19% 
0.46% 
0.02% 
0.06% 
0.14% 
0.08%
0.17% 
0.54% 
0.28% 
0.05% 
0.34% 
0.30% 
0.21% 
0.07% 
0.19% 
0.02% 
0.08% 
0.21% 
0.09% 
0.71% 
0.07% 
0.04% 

-0.02% 
-0.04% 
-0.34% 
-0.02% 
-0.02% 
-0.01% 
-0.02% 
-0.02% 
-0.08% 
-0.01% 
0% 
0% 
-0.48% 
-0.06% 
-0.08% 
0.00% 
-0.12% 
0.02% 
0.06% 
-0.19% 
-0.03% 
0% 
-0.44% 
0.00% 
-0.05% 
-0.04% 
-0.03% 
0% 

0.12% 
0.11% 
0.37% 
0.18% 
0.09% 
0.05% 
0.20% 
0.55% 
0.09% 
0.08% 
0.15% 
0.08% 
0.33% 
0.50% 
0.31% 
0.05% 
0.47% 
0.28% 
0.17% 
0.13% 
0.21% 
0.02% 
0.35% 
0.21% 
0.12% 
0.72% 
0.09% 
0.05% 

-0.07% 
0% 
0.17% 
0.00% 
-0.02% 
0% 
0.02% 
0.38% 
-0.12% 
-0.02% 
-0.39% 
0% 
0.05% 
-0.43% 
-0.08% 
-0.04% 
-0.89% 
-0.12% 
0.03% 
0.05% 
-0.10% 
-0.01% 
-0.02% 
-0.04% 
0.02% 
-0.17% 
-0.02% 
0% 

EU-27 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Germany 
Estonia 
Ireland 
Greece 
Spain 
France 
Italy 
Cyprus 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Hungary 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Austria 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovenia 
Slovakia 
Finland 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 

145 

Source:  DG  Competition,  DG  Agriculture  and  Rural  Development  and  DG  Maritime  Affairs  and 
Fisheries. 

EN 

62 

   EN 

 
 
  
 
                                                 
Figure 37: Non-crisis state aid earmarked for horizontal objectives of common interest and sectoral aid as % of total non-crisis aid to industry 

and services146 

Total of 
horizontal 
objectives 

Environment 
and energy 
savings 

Regional 
development 

R&D&I 

Risk 
capital 

SME  Training  Employment 

EU-27 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Czech 
Republic 
Denmark 
Germany 
Estonia 
Ireland 
Greece 
Spain 
France 
Italy 
Cyprus 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Hungary 
Malta 
Netherlands 
Austria 
Poland 

85.0 
100 
100 
81 

97 
88 
100 
90 
99 
77 
79 
96 
96 
100 
100 
100 
54 
25 
100 
99 
76 

23.7 
24 
7 
5 

24.3 
7 
41 
45 

17.9 
43 
16 
27 

1.3 
0 
0 
0 

15 
38 
39 
8 
0 
17 
4 
7 
0 
78 
2 
17 
1 
0 
55 
49 
11 

0 
25 
15 
33 
89 
25 
34 
33 
9 
13 
67 
2 
26 
22 
1 
6 
29 

12 
21 
4 
27 
0 
26 
14 
17 
2 
6 
14 
57 
5 
0 
37 
25 
3 

0 
0 
3 
3 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
1 

4.2 
12 
4 
3 

0 
2 
7 
4 
10 
3 
5 
18 
5 
1 
8 
14 
1 
0 
3 
4 
0 

1.3 
2 
6 
1 

0 
1 
0 
4 
0 
2 
1 
6 
12 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
2 

146 

Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

aid 

4.6 
7 
25 
0 

67 
0 
1 
2 
0 
1 
0 
6 
0 
1 
9 
0 
9 
0 
0 
0 
28 

63 

Compensation 
of damages 
caused by 
natural 
disaster 

Culture 

Heritage 
conservation 

Promotion 
of export 
and 
international
isation 

Social 
support to 
individual 
consumers 

Other 

Total 
Sectoral 
Aid 

Coal  Other 
sectoral 
aid 

0.0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2.8 
4 
0 
1 

2 
1 
32 
8 
0 
3 
4 
1 
65 
1 
0 
10 
3 
3 
3 
6 
0 

0.3 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
5 
1 

0.4 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
6 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

3.5 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
17 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0.7 
0 
0 
0 

15.0 
0 
0 
19 

4.7 
0 
0 
0 

10.3 
0 
0 
19 

2 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
9 
0 
0 
0 
0 

3 
12 
0 
10 
1 
23 
21 
4 
4 
0 
0 
0 
46 
75 
0 
1 
24 

0 
12 
0 
0 
0 
19 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
2 
0 
0 
0 
8 

3.0 
0 
0 
10 
1 
4 
21 
4 
4 
0 
0 
0 
44 
75 
0 
1 
16 

EN 

 
  
  
                                                 
Total of 
horizontal 
objectives 

Environment 
and energy 
savings 

Regional 
development 

R&D&I 

Risk 
capital 

SME  Training  Employment 

aid 

Compensation 
of damages 
caused by 
natural 
disaster 

Culture 

Heritage 
conservation 

Promotion 
of export 
and 
international
isation 

Social 
support to 
individual 
consumers 

Other 

Total 
Sectoral 
Aid 

Coal  Other 
sectoral 
aid 

Portugal 
Romania 
Slovenia 
Slovakia 
Finland 
Sweden 
United 
Kingdom 

17 

71 

96 

98 

100 

98 

93 

0 

0 

29 

36 

40 

86 

34 

7 

52 

26 

47 

6 

3 

6 

4 

16 

30 

7 

31 

4 

20 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

15 

1 

2 

0 

0 

4 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

7 

3 

0 

2 

4 

0 

5 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

3 

0 

4 

4 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

83 

29 

4 

2 

0 

2 

7 

0 

29 

4 

2 

0 

0 

0 

83 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

7 

EN 

64 

EN 

 
  
  
FIGURES 38: FINANCIAL CRISIS AID – APPROVED AMOUNT PER YEAR AND INSTRUMENT 

Figure 38 a: Guarantees: Approved budget 

 Guarantees: Approved budget

Member States

in billion  €

as % of 2008 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 2009 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

2008

2009

2010

2011

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

275,75
0,00
0,00
580,00
447,75
0,00
376,00
15,00
200,00
319,75
0,00
0,00
5,05
0,00
4,50
0,00
0,00
200,00
75,00
0,00
16,00
0,00
12,00
0,00
50,00
156,00
364,53
3097,34

79,9%
0,0%
0,0%
248,4%
18,0%
0,0%
208,9%
6,3%
18,4%
16,5%
0,0%
0,0%
21,9%
0,0%
11,4%
0,0%
0,0%
33,5%
26,5%
0,0%
9,3%
0,0%
32,2%
0,0%
27,1%
46,8%
20,1%
24,82%

1,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,50
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
3,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
5,35
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,62
0,45
0,00
0,00
2,80
0,00
0,00
67,91
87,63

0,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
17,7%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
5,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,5%
0,3%
0,0%
0,0%
4,4%
0,0%
0,0%
4,3%
0,74%

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
10,00
40,00
1,15
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,10
0,87
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
3,27
55,39

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
6,5%
17,4%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,6%
3,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,45%

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
30,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,20
0,00
19,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
49,20

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
13,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,0%
11,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,40%

EN 

65 

   EN 

 
 
€
€
 
Figure 38 b: Recapitalisation: Approved budget 

 Recapitalisation: Approved budget

Member States

in billion  €

as % of 2008 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 2009 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

2008

2009

2010

2011

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

12,90
0,00
0,00
0,50
99,33
0,00
0,00
5,00
0,00
23,45
20,00
0,00
0,27
0,00
2,40
0,00
0,00
26,55
15,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,33
64,15
269,87

3,74%
0,00%
0,00%
0,21%
4,00%
0,00%
0,00%
2,11%
0,00%
1,21%
1,28%
0,00%
1,18%
0,00%
6,05%
0,00%
0,00%
4,45%
5,30%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,10%
3,53%
2,16%

5,00
0,00
0,00
13,53
11,00
0,00
12,50
0,00
0,00
0,50
0,00
0,00
0,10
0,00
0,10
1,07
0,00
0,00
0,65
4,62
4,00
0,00
0,00
0,66
4,00
4,71
47,59
110,04

1,5%
0,0%
0,0%
6,1%
0,5%
0,0%
7,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,6%
0,0%
0,3%
1,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
1,5%
2,4%
0,0%
0,0%
1,1%
2,3%
1,6%
3,0%
0,93%

2,5
0
0
0
0,65
0,00
52,06
10,00
101,10
2,70
0,00
0,00
0,45
0,43
0,00
0,00
0,00
11,09
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,88
183,87

0,7%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
33,8%
4,3%
9,5%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
2,5%
1,6%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
1,50%

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
25,55
0,47
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
8,00
0,00
0,25
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
34,27

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
16,6%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
4,6%
0,0%
0,7%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,28%

EN 

66 

   EN 

 
 
€
€
 
Figure 38 c: Impaired Assets: Approved budget 

Member States

in billion  €

as % of 2008 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 2009 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

Impaired Assets: Approved budget

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

2008

2009

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,80
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,80

0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,19%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,00%
0,04%

28,22
0,00
0,00
0,00
34,30
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,70
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,04
0,00
22,79
0,40
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
248,05
338,50

8,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
1,4%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
4,0%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
15,8%
2,88%

2010
0
0
0
0
20
0,0
54,0
0,0
2,86
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,5
0,4
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
77,83

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,8%
0,0%
35,1%
0,0%
0,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,0%
1,6%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,63%

2011

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,00%

EN 

67 

   EN 

 
 
€
€
 
Figure 38 d: Liquidity measures: Approved budget 

Member States

in billion  €

as % of 2008 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 2009 
GDP

in billion  

as % of 
2010 GDP

in billion  €

as % of 
2010 GDP

Liquidity measures: Approved budget

Belgium/Belgique/België
Bulgaria/България
Czech Republic/Česká republika
Denmark/Danmark
Germany/Deutschland
Estonia/Eesti
Ireland/Éire
Greece/Ελλάδα
Spain/España
France
Italy/Italia
Cyprus/Κύπρος/Kıbrıs
Latvia/Latvija
Lithuania/Lietuva
Luxembourg
Hungary/Magyarország
Malta
Netherlands/Nederland
Austria/Österreich
Poland/Polska
Portugal
Romania/România
Slovenia/Slovenija
Slovakia/Slovensko
Finland/Suomi
Sweden/Sverige
United Kingdom
Total EU27

2008

2009

0,00
0,00
0,00
4,94
0,00
0,00
0,00
8,00
30,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
2,13
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,52
39,89
85,48

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
2,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
3,4%
2,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
9,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
2,2%
0,68%

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,68
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,32
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
4,49
5,49

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,8%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,3%
0,05%

2010
0
0
0
0,456
0
0,0
0,0
0,0
1,85
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,1
0,0
0,0
3,9
0,0
52,9
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
0,0
7,5
66,75

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,2%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,7%
0,0%
0,0%
3,9%
0,0%
8,9%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,4%
0,54%

2011

0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
40,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
40,00

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
26,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,33%

EN 

68 

   EN 

 
€
€
 
Figure  39:  Overview  of  measures  adopted  under  the  Temporary  Framework  (until  1 

October 2011) 

Member State 

EUR 500.000 per under-
taking 

Guarantee 

Belgium 

N117/2009, 20/03/2009 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 
for green 
products 

Risk capital 
aid 

Simplification of 
requirements of the 
Export Credit 
Communication 

N68/2009 

N532/2009, 06/11/2009 

03/06/2009 

SA.32159147, 30/05/2011  

Bulgaria 

N 333/2010, 10/09/2010 

Czech Republic 

N236/2009, 07/05/2009 

Denmark 

N668/2008, 30/12/2008  

N299/2009151, 04/06/2009 

Germany 

N411/2009152, 17/07/2009 

N 255/2010153, 31/10/2010 

SA.32031154, 17/12/2010 

Estonia 

N387/2009, 13/07/2009 

SA.32104159, 13/01/2011 

N237/2009  

06/05/2009 

N661/2008 

30/12/2008 

N27/2009, 27/02/2009 

N38/2009 

SA.32032155, 
17/12/2010 

19/02/2009 

SA.32030
156 

17/12/2010 

N426/2009 

N39/2009 

04/08/2009 

3/02/2009 

N198/2009, 06/05/2009 

N554/2009148,29/10/2009 

SA.32047149, 21/12/2010 

SA.32513150, 01/03/2011 

N384/2009, 05/08/2009 

N 91/2010157, 31/05/2010 

SA.32033158, 21/12/2010 

147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 

Prolongation N532/2009. 
Amendment to N198/2009. 
Prolongation of N198/2009 and to N554/2009. 
Amendment to SA.32047. 
Amendment to N668/2008. 
2nd Amendment to N668/2008. 
3rd Amendment to N668/2008. 
Prolongation of N668/2008. 
Prolongation of N27/2009. 
Prolongation of N38/2009. 
Amendment to N384/2009. 
Prolongation of N384/2009. 
Prolongation of N387/2009. 

EN 

69 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Member State 

EUR 500.000 per under-
taking 

Guarantee 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 
for green 
products 

Risk capital 
aid 

Simplification of 
requirements of the 
Export Credit 
Communication 

Ireland 

Greece 

N186/2009, 15/04/2009 

N473/2009160, 15/12/2009 

N304/2009, 15/07/2009 

SA.32512161, 28/02/2011 

Spain 

N307/2009, 08/06/2009 

N308/2009, 03/06/2009 

N68/2010, 30/03/2010 

N 
157/2010162,24/06/2010 

SA.32986163,31/05/2011 

France 

Italy 

N7/2009, 19/01/2009 

N188/2009164, 17/04/2009 

N23/2009, 27/02/2009 

N278/2009165, 08/06/2009 

SA.32183167,24/01/2011 

SA.32140166, 24/01/2011 

N248/2009, 28/052009 

N266/2009, 28/05/2009 

SA.32036170, 20/12/2010 

SA.32035171,17/12/2010 

N309/2009  

03/06/2009 

N15/2009 

04/02/2009 

SA.32182
168 

28/01/2011 

N268/2009 

29/052009 

SA.32039
172 

20/12/2010 

N140/2009 

30/03/2009 

N683/2009 

02/02/2010 

N119/2009 

N449/2009, 05/10/2009 

N11/2009 

16/03/2009 

SA.32090169, 30/03/2011 

03/02/2009 

N36/2009  

30/06/2009 

N542/2009 

N279/2009 

26/10/2009 

20/05/2009 

N124/2009, 19/03/2009 

N84/2010, 10/06/2010 

Latvia 

N506/2009173, 22/12/2009 

SA.32051174, 23/05/2011 

N139/2009, 22/04/2009 

N670/2009, 15/12/2009 

160 
161 
162 
163 
164 
165 
166 
167 
168 
169 
170 
171 
172 
173 
174 

Amendment to N186/2009. 
Prolongation of N304/2009. 
Amendment to N68/2010. 
Prolongation of N68/2010 as amended by N157/2010. 
Amendment to N7/2009. 
Amendment to N7/2009. 
Prolongation of N7/2009. 
Prolongation of N23/2009. 
Prolongation of N15/2009. 
Prolongation of N449/2009. 
Prolongation of N248/2009 and of N706/2009. 
Prolongation of N266/2009. 
Prolongation of N268/2009. 
Changes to N124/2007. 
Amendment to N506/2009. 

EN 

70 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Member State 

EUR 500.000 per under-
taking 

Guarantee 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 
for green 
products 

Risk capital 
aid 

Simplification of 
requirements of the 
Export Credit 
Communication 

N272/2009, 08/06/2009 

N659/2009, 21/12/2009 

Lithuania 

N523/2009175, 13/11/2009 

N46/2010176, 10/03/2010 

Luxembourg 

N99/2009, 27/02/2009 

N128/2009, 11/03/2009 

N114/2009, 10/03/2009 

N203/2009, 24/04/2009 

N341/2009, 01/07/2009 

N 56/2010179, 
06/05/2010 

SA.32306180, 
22/02/2011 

SA.32216181, 
27/01/2011 

N78/2009 

24/02/2009 

SA.32215
182 

24/01/2011 

Hungary 

N77/2009, 24/02/2009 

SA.32040178, 20/12/2010 

Malta 

N118/2009, 18/05/2009 

Netherland 

N156/2009, 01/04/2009 

SA.32506183, 18/02/2011 

N47a/2009, 20/03/2009 

Austria 

N317/2009185, 18/06/2009 

SA.32171186, 30/03/2011 

N50/2009, 20/04/2009 

SA.32846177, 27/05/2011 

N 187/2010, 06/07/2010 

N409/2009, 02/10/2009 

N14/2010184, 05/02/2010 

N434/2009, 17/12/2009 

N47d/2009 

26/03/2009 

175 
176 
177 
178 
179 
180 
181 
182 
183 
184 
185 
186 

Amendment to N272/2009. 
Amendment to N272/2009. 
Prolongation of N50/2009. 
Prolongation of N77/2009. 
Amendment to N341/2009. 
Prolongation of N341/2009 amended by N56/2010. 
Prolongation of N203/2009. 
Prolongation of N78/2009. 
Prolongation of N156/2009.  
Amendment to N406/2009. 
Amendment to N47a/2009. 
Prolongation of N47a/2009. 

EN 

71 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Member State 

EUR 500.000 per under-
taking 

Guarantee 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 
for green 
products 

Risk capital 
aid 

Simplification of 
requirements of the 
Export Credit 
Communication 

Poland 

N408/2009, 17/08/2009 

N 22/2010187, 16/07/2010 

N 50/2010188, 16/07/2010 

N 86/2010189, 16/07/2010 

Portugal 

N13/2009, 19/01/2009 

Romania 

N547/2009, 03/12/2009 

N286/2009, 05/06/2009 

N478/2009190, 
13/11/2009 

N680/2009191,  

17/12/2009 

N 173/2010192, 

30/07/2010 

NN34/2009, 12/06/2009 

Slovenia 

N228/2009, 12/06/2009 

N105/2010193,  

16/04/2010 

Slovakia 

N222/2009, 30/04/2009 

N711/2009195, 02/02/2010 

Finland 

N224/2009, 03/06/2009 

N82b/2009, 09/06/2009 

Sweden 

N80/2009, 05/06/2009 

N541/2009, 08/02/2010 

N520/2010197, 

16/12/2010 

187 
188 
189 
190 
191 
192 
193 
194 
195 
196 
197 

Amendment to N408/2009. 
2nd Amendment to N408/2009. 
3rd Amendment to N408/2009. 
Linked to N27/2009.  
Amendment to N478/2009. 
Amendment to N286/2009. 
Amendment to NN34/2009. 
Prolongation of N713/2009.  
Amendment to N222/2009. 
Prolongation to N258/2009. 
Amendment to N80/2009. 

N713/2009, 16/03/2010 

SA.32066194, 20/01/2011 

N258/2009, 22/062009 

SA.32075196, 21/12/2010 

N605/2009, 25/11/2009 

EN 

72 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Member State 

EUR 500.000 per under-
taking 

Guarantee 

United Kingdom  N43/2009, 04/02/2009 

N71/2009, 27/02/2009 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 
for green 
products 

Risk capital 
aid 

Simplification of 
requirements of the 
Export Credit 
Communication 

Reduced-
interest 
rate loans 

N257/2009 

15/05/2009 

N72/2009 

27/02/2009 

N460/2009
198 

14/08/2009 

198 

Amendment to N257/2009. 

EN 

73 

   EN 

 
 
 
                                                 
Figures 40: Aid expenditure by Member State 

Belgium 

KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

2.15 

1.83 

0.1 

0 

0.22 

as % of 
GDP199 

0.6% 

0.52% 

0.03% 

0% 

0.06% 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.2% 

0.56% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.04% 

0.45% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.005% 

0% 

-0.03% 

0.03% 

0% 

0.07% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend200 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

793 

440 

120 

170 

219 

93 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.22% 

0.12% 

0.03% 

0.05% 

0.06% 

0.03% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

43% 

24% 

7% 

9% 

12% 

5% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

200 

146 

92 

156 

121 

715 

91% 

86% 

76% 

36% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

325.37 

25.86 

55.46 

29.37 

20.5% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

8.1 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.22 

as % of GDP 

0.06% 

199 
200 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

74 

   EN 

 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

€ bn 

as % of 
GDP201 

Bulgaria 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

0.1 

0.15% 

-0.4% 

0.42% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.01 

0.04 

0 

0 

0.04% 

0.11% 

0% 

0% 

-0.05% 

-0.34% 

0% 

0% 

0.06% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.37% 

0% 

0% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Trend202 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

2.22 

1.03 

5.74 

4.31 

0.62 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.01% 

0.003% 

0.02% 

0.01% 

0.002% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

16% 

7% 

41% 

31% 

4% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.62 

4.31 

0.43 

0 

0 

5.36 

100% 

100% 

7.52% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.001 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0 

as % of GDP 

0% 

201 
202 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

75 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

1.2 

0.9 

0.21 

0.02 

0.01 

as % of 
GDP203 

0.82% 

0.65% 

0.14% 

0.015% 

0.01% 

Czech Republic 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.1% 

0.84% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.13% 

0.66% 

61.0 

0.5% 

-0.003% 

-0.0047% 

-0.01% 

0.15% 

0.016% 

0.02% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend204 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

252.08 

42.95 

423.03 

13.89 

24.94 

7.07 

0 

76.06 

0 

105.56 

0 

0.17% 

0.03% 

0.29% 

0.01% 

0.02% 

0.005% 

0% 

0.05% 

0% 

0.07% 

0% 

27% 

5% 

45% 

1% 

3% 

1% 

0% 

8% 

0% 

11.2% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

24.94 

12.19 

365.69 

13.88 

10.95 

427.65 

100% 

87.75% 

86.44% 

32.32% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

1.12 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.31 

as % of GDP 

0.21% 

203 
204 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

76 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

€ bn 

2.0 

2.0 

0.09 

0.001 

as % of 
GDP205 

0.9% 

0.83% 

0.04% 

0.00050
% 

Denmark 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

-0.1 

-0.09 

-0.01 

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.04 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0.1 

0.1 

Trend206 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

-0.0069% 

0.028 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

Transport 

0.09 

0.04 

0.00 

0.04 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

224.29 

283.88 

0.03 

98.32 

0.70 

69.09 

 0 

0 

0 

0 

0.10% 

0.12% 

0% 

0.56% 

0% 

0.03% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Other services 

58.34 

0.02% 

12% 

15% 

0% 

67% 

0% 

4% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

3.0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.70 

103.05 

0.03 

14.77 

82.92 

201.47 

100% 

7.87% 

100% 

5.20% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

600.11 

585.44 

14.22 

0.46 

67.2% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0 

as % of GDP 

0 

205 
206 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

77 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

15.9 

14.7 

1.1 

as % of 
GDP207 

0.6% 

0.6% 

Germany 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.03% 

0.6% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

-0.03% 

0.6% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.04% 

-0.004% 

0.04% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend208 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.003 

0.0001% 

-0.00005% 

Transport 

0.2 

0.01% 

-0.002% 

0.0002
% 

0.01% 

0.1 

2.3 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research development and innovation 

Environmental aid  

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

2809 

5535 

3637 

99 

283 

560 

1758 

0 

14 

0 

0 

0.1% 

0.2% 

0.2% 

0.004% 

0.01% 

0.02% 

0.07% 

0% 

0.001% 

0% 

0% 

19.1% 

37.7% 

24.8% 

0.7% 

1.9% 

3.8% 

12.0% 

0% 

0.1% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

227 

99 

3557 

171 

259 

4312 

80% 

100% 

98% 

3% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2007 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2007+2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2007-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

620.3 

52.5 

190.4 

164.5 

10.1% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

29.6 

Amount used 
(2010) 

4.0 

as % of GDP 

0.16% 

207 
208 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

78 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

€ bn 

as % of 
GDP209 

Estonia 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of 
GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.042 

0.3% 

-0.002% 

-28% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

0.014 

0.10% 

0.02% 

0.09% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.0001 

0.00055% 

Transport 

0.0002 

0.0012% 

0.03 

0.19% 

-0.02% 

-0.001% 

0.0002% 

0.19% 

0.0008% 

0.0012% 

61.0 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.5% 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend210 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

0.56 

5.43 

2.09 

0.08 

0.98 

4.93 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.004% 

0.04% 

0.01% 

0.001% 

0.01% 

0.034% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

4% 

39% 

15% 

1% 

7% 

35% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.979 

0.076 

1.991 

0 

0.562 

3.609 

100% 

100% 

95.35% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

- 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.204 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.006 

as % of GDP 

0.04% 

209 
210 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

79 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

1.6 

0.9 

0.7 

as % of 
GDP211 

1.0% 

0.6% 

0.5% 

Ireland 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

As % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.08% 

1.1% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.1% 

0.5% 

61.0 

0.5% 

-0.02% 

0.5% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend212 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.002 

0.002% 

-0.002% 

Transport 

0.003 

0.002% 

-0.002% 

0.006
% 

0.004
% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

237 

72 

289 

53 

31 

96 

0 

0 

53 

0 

35 

0.2% 

0.05% 

0.2% 

0.03% 

0.02% 

0.06% 

0% 

0% 

0.03% 

0% 

0.02% 

27.4% 

8.4% 

33.3% 

6.2% 

3.6% 

11.1% 

0% 

0% 

6.1% 

0% 

4.0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

31 

35 

41 

0.4 

0.4 

108 

100% 

65% 

14% 

0.5% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

570.1 

360.0 

275.0 

361.3 

268.5% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.4 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.09 

as % of GDP 

0.06% 

211 
212 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

80 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

€ bn 

as % of 
GDP213 

Greece 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

1.8 

1.8 

0.04 

0.001 

0.002 

0.8% 

0.8% 

-0.1% 

0.02% 

0.02% 

-0.08% 

0.8% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.7% 

0.07% 

61.0 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.5% 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

0.0005% 

-0.0005% 

0.0006% 

0.001% 

0.0005% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Trend214 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

Block exempted aid 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

1.47 

0 

1604.9 

0.017 

171.2 

12.42 

0 

0 

5 

0 

4.55 

€ million 

171.2 

0.017 

136.6 

0 

1.385 

309.2 

0.001% 

0% 

0.7% 

0% 

0.07% 

0.005% 

0% 

0% 

0.002% 

0% 

0.002% 

0.1% 

0% 

89% 

0.001% 

10% 

1% 

0% 

0% 

0.3% 

0% 

0.3% 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

100% 

100% 

8.51% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

108.5 

1.88 

10.55 

35.08 

16.9% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

4.0 

Amount used 
(2010) 

1.54 

as % of GDP 

0.67% 

213 
214 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

81 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

5.0 

4.3 

0.5 

0.01 

0.15 

as % of 
GDP215 

0.5% 

0.4% 

0.05% 

0.001% 

0.01% 

Spain 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

- 0.1% 

0.5% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

- 0.05% 

0.4% 

61.0 

0.5% 

- 0.01% 

- 0.002% 

 0.001% 

0.06% 

0.005% 

0.01% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend216 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

1146.7 

747.4 

1079.4 

111.9 

130.1 

135.5 

816.4 

0 

126.2 

0 

35.9 

0.11% 

0.07% 

0.10% 

0.01% 

0.01% 

0.01% 

0.08% 

0% 

0.01% 

0% 

0.003% 

26% 

17% 

25% 

3% 

3% 

3% 

18.9% 

0% 

2.9% 

0% 

0.8% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

125.4 

84.7 

451.3 

75.8 

174.8 

912.0 

96.4% 

75.7% 

41.8% 

10.2 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

336.96 

2.33 

56.74 

87.15 

8.4% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

2.5 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.35 

as % of GDP 

0.03% 

215 
216 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

82 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

15.4 

12.6 

2.43 

as % of 
GDP217 

0.8% 

0.65% 

0.13% 

France 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0 % 

0.03% 

0% 

0.75% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.6% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.12% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.073 

0.003% 

-0.0009% 

0.0041% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

Trend
218 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002
% 

Transport 

0.29 

0.01% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

€ million 

1803.88 

458.18 

4306.36 

92.13 

662.53 

2624.61 

0 

0 

2539.97 

1 

104.97 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

0.09% 

0.02% 

0.22% 

0% 

0.03% 

0.14% 

0% 

0% 

0.13% 

0% 

0.01% 

14% 

4% 

34% 

1% 

5% 

21% 

0% 

0% 

20.2% 

0% 

0.8% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

115.60 

11.50 

222.24 

19.94 

41.24 

410.53 

17.45% 

12.49% 

5.16% 

4.35% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

351.1 

Amount used 
(2008) 

21.86 

Amount 
used 
(2009) 

103.18 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in 
the years 2008-2010 (as 
% of 2010 GDP) 

91.53 

6% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.6219 

Amount used 
(2010) 

1.79 

as % of GDP 

0.09% 

217 
218 
219 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 
As included in the decision authorising the aid measure. 

EN 

83 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Trend221 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

€ bn 

as % of 
GDP220 

Italy 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of 
GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

- 0.1% 

0.35% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

4.6 

3.3 

0.85 

0.002 

0.38 

0.3% 

0.2% 

- 0.09% 

0.05% 

0.003% 

0.27% 

0.05% 

0.0001% 

-0.0001% 

0.0002% 

0.02% 

0.00% 

0.03% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

61.0 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.5% 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

569.2 

236.8 

1111.6 

424.7 

609.7 

248.0 

0 

0 

40.11 

0 

88.06 

0.04% 

0.02% 

0.07% 

0.03% 

0.04% 

0.02% 

0% 

0% 

0.003% 

0% 

0.01% 

17% 

7% 

33% 

13% 

18% 

7% 

0% 

0% 

1.2% 

0% 

2.6% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

243.3 

338.2 

386.8 

130.1 

160.7 

1259.1 

39.9% 

79.64% 

34.79% 

54.94% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

20 

0 

4.05 

0 

0.3% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.4 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.27 

as % of GDP 

0.02% 

220 
221 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

84 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

€ bn 

0.1 

0.1 

0.03 

0 

as % of 
GDP222 

0.7% 

0.51% 

0.15% 

0% 

Cyprus 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.3% 

0.78% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.13% 

-0.48% 

0% 

0.45% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.32% 

0% 

0.02% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend223 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Transport 

0.0027 

0.02% 

0.00003% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

1.79 

0.04 

8.31 

10.85 

4.79 

58.98 

0 

0 

0 

0.015 

3.8 

0.01% 

0.0003% 

0.05% 

0.06% 

0.03% 

0.34% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0.0001% 

0.02% 

2% 

0.05% 

9% 

12% 

5% 

67% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0.02% 

4.3% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

4.79 

10.85 

8.31 

0 

1.69 

25.64 

100% 

100% 

100% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

3.0 

0 

0.56 

2.82 

16.1% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0 

as % of GDP 

0% 

222 
223 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

85 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

0.17 

0.07 

0.02 

0 

0.07 

as % of 
GDP224 

0.9% 

0.40% 

0.13% 

0% 

0.41% 

Latvia 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.2% 

0.73% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.28% 

-0.04% 

0% 

-0.02% 

0.24% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.11% 

0% 

0.39% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend225 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

4.28 

55.58 

9.01 

0.94 

0.53 

1.17 

0 

0 

0.01 

0 

0 

0.02% 

0.31% 

0.05% 

0.01% 

0.003% 

0.01% 

0% 

0% 

0.0001% 

0% 

0% 

6% 

78% 

13% 

1% 

1% 

2% 

0% 

0% 

0.02% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.53 

0.94 

6.56 

0 

4.41 

12.44 

100% 

100% 

72.75% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

8.8 

0.96 

1.92 

1.53 

13.0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.56 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.05 

as % of GDP 

0.25% 

224 
225 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

86 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

0.2 

0.1 

as % of 
GDP226 

0.6% 

0.29% 

0.08 

0.28% 

Lithuania 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

 -0.05% 

0.5% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.03% 

-0.07% 

0.2% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.3% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend227 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.0003 

0.001% 

-0.001% 

Transport 

0.001 

0.004% 

-0.005% 

0.0011
% 

0.005
% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

11 

1 

54 

7 

6 

0.4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.04% 

0.01% 

0.20% 

0.03% 

0.02% 

0.001% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

13.7% 

1.7% 

67.4% 

8.7% 

8.0% 

0.5% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

6 

7 

29 

0 

11 

53 

100% 

100% 

52% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

1.7 

0 

0 

0 

0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.1 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.0001 

as % of GDP 

0.0004% 

226 
227 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

87 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

€ bn 

0.1 

0.1 

0.02 

0 

as % of 
GDP228 

0.2% 

0.2% 

0.05% 

0% 

Luxembourg 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.07% 

0.2% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

-0.07% 

0.2% 

61.0 

0.5% 

-0.001% 

0% 

0.05% 

0% 

0.0004
% 

10.2 

0.13 

0.08% 

0.001% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend229 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Transport 

0.0002 

0.001% 

0.0003% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

38 

13 

2 

0 

10 

12 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0.09% 

0.03% 

0.004% 

0% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

51.3% 

16.8% 

2.3% 

0% 

13.9% 

15.7% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

8 

0 

0 

0.9 

40 

49 

72% 

0% 

0% 

7% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

7.3 

2.94 

2.39 

1.59 

11.9% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.5 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.01 

as % of GDP 

0.02% 

228 
229 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

88 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

2.2 

1.9 

0.29 

0 

0.05 

as % of 
GDP230 

2.3% 

1.94% 

0.29% 

0% 

0.05% 

Hungary 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.4% 

2.2% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.56% 

-0.12% 

0% 

0% 

1.7% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.43% 

0% 

0.04% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend231 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

99 

13 

491 

183 

10 

235 

29 

0 

198 

650 

0 

0.1% 

0.01% 

0.5% 

0.19% 

0.01% 

0.24% 

0.03% 

0% 

0.20% 

0.66% 

0% 

5.21% 

0.70% 

25.72% 

9.59% 

0.50% 

12.33% 

1.52% 

0% 

10.38% 

34,06% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

10 

183 

452 

0 

0 

645 

100% 

100% 

92% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

10.33 

0 

2.24 

1.05 

2.3% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

9.7 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.11 

as % of GDP 

0.11% 

230 
231 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

89 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

0.1 

0.1 

as % of 
GDP232 

1.4 

1.12 

Malta 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

-0.46 

-0.48 

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

1.7 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.01 

0.17% 

-0.05% 

0.21% 

10.2 

0.08% 

1.47 

61.0 

0.5% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend233 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0 

0% 

-0.0012% 

0.0005
% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

Transport 

0.01 

0.13% 

0.07% 

0.07% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

0.2 

0 

15 

0.1 

0.1 

2 

0 

0 

50 

0 

3 

0.003% 

0% 

0.2% 

0.001% 

0.002% 

0.03% 

0% 

0% 

0.8% 

0% 

0.04ù 

0.3% 

0% 

22% 

0.09% 

0.2% 

3% 

0% 

0% 

71% 

0% 

4% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.1 

0.06 

15 

0 

0 

15 

100% 

100% 

97% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.04 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.0002 

as % of GDP 

0.003% 

232 
233 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

90 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

3.2 

1.9 

as % of 
GDP234 

0.5% 

0.32% 

0.98 

0.17% 

The Netherlands 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.07% 

0.01% 

0.04% 

0.5% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.3% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.1% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend235 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.005 

0.0009% 

0.00004% 

0.0025
% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

Transport 

0.27 

0.05% 

0.02% 

0.03% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

€ million 

703 

1053 

11 

1 

50 

88 

0 

6 

0 

0 

0 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

0.12% 

0.18% 

0.002% 

0.0001% 

0.01% 

0.01% 

0% 

0.001% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

37% 

55% 

0.6% 

0.04% 

2.6% 

4.6% 

0% 

0.3% 

0% 

0ù 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

50 

0.8 

11 

3 

9 

74 

100% 

100% 

100% 

0.2% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

313.3 

28.1 

71.4 

53.6 

16.1% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.0236 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.03 

as % of GDP 

0.005% 

234 
235 
236 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 
As included in the decision authorising the aid measure. 

EN 

91 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

Horizontal objectives 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

Austria 

Difference 
when compared 
to previous 
year (by % of 
GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.1% 

0.78% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.08% 

0.65% 

61.0 

0.5% 

-0.003% 

0% 

-0.19% 

0.06% 

0% 

0.07% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

€ bn 

2.2 

2.06 

0.17 

0 

0.01 

as % of 
GDP237 

0.8% 

0.72% 

0.06% 

0% 

0.0041% 

Trend238 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

€ million 

521.76 

1016.10 

132.01 

30.40 

88.61 

260.32 

0 

0 

11.37 

0 

1.9 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

0.18% 

0.36% 

0.05% 

0.01% 

0.03% 

0.09% 

0% 

0% 

0.004% 

0% 

0.0007% 

25% 

49% 

6% 

1% 

4% 

13% 

0% 

0% 

0.55% 

0% 

0.09% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

87.19 

30.02 

124.08 

104.97 

18.27 

364.53 

98.40% 

98.75% 

93.99% 

10.33% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

91.3 

3.33 

20.74 

19.92 

9.5% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

10.18 

Amount used 
(2010) 

1.06 

as % of GDP 

0.37% 

237 
238 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

92 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

3.2 

2.5 

0.66 

0.19% 

0 

0.01 

0% 

0% 

as % of 
GDP239 

Poland 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.9% 

0% 

0% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.72% 

-0.01% 

0.72% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0% 

0% 

0.2% 

10.2 

0.08% 

0% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend
240 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002
% 

-0.03% 

0.01% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

70.33 

289.51 

735.41 

774.42 

4.65 

62.81 

194 

0 

55.06 

326.68 

32.29 

0.02% 

0.08% 

0.21% 

0.22% 

0% 

0.02% 

0.05% 

O% 

0.02% 

0.09% 

0.01% 

3% 

11% 

29% 

30% 

0% 

2% 

7.6% 

0% 

2.2% 

12.8% 

1.3% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

4.65 

774.42 

371.36 

2.15 

70.33 

1222.94 

100% 

100% 

50.5% 

0.74% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

9.2 

Amount used 
(2008) 

0 

Amount 
used 
(2009) 

0 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in 
the years 2008-2010 (as 
% of 2010 GDP) 

0 

0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.2 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0 

as % of GDP 

0% 

239 
240 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

93 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

1.6 

1.5 

as % of 
GDP241 

09% 

0.9% 

0.02 

0.01% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.004 

0.002% 

Transport 

0.01 

0.01% 

Portugal 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.1% 

0.94% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

-0.06% 

0.92% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.01% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend242 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002
% 

0% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

50 

0 

114 

69 

18 

7 

0 

1280 

10 

0 

0 

0.0003% 

0% 

0.0007% 

0.0004% 

0.0001% 

0% 

0% 

0.74% 

0.01% 

0% 

0% 

3.21% 

0% 

7.37% 

4.47% 

1.15% 

0.44% 

0% 

82.71% 

0.65% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

17.6 

0.1 

31 

0 

55 

104 

99% 

0.1% 

27% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

47.45 

1.19 

5.24 

4.99 

3% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.8 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0 

as % of GDP 

0% 

241 
242 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

94 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

Horizontal objectives 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

€ bn 

0.3 

0.2 

as % of 
GDP243 

0.2 % 

0.17 % 

Romania 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

-0.4 % 

0.03% 

0.09 

0.08 % 

-0.43 % 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

-0.01 

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.5% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.17% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.33% 

0% 

0.01% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend244 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

€ million 

31.86 

0 

107.58 

0 

3.69 

3.08 

0.03 % 

0 % 

0.09 % 

0 % 

0 % 

0 % 

59.30 

0.05 % 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 % 

0 % 

0 % 

0 % 

16% 

0% 

52% 

0 % 

2 % 

2 % 

28.9 % 

0 % 

0 % 

0 % 

0 % 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

3.69 

0 

84.97 

0 

0.14 

88.82 

100% 

0 % 

78.99 % 

0 % 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.4 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.33 

as % of GDP 

0.27 % 

243 
244 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

95 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

as % of 
GDP245 

0.4 

1.1% 

0.32 

0.06 

0 

0.01 

0.89% 

0.18% 

0% 

0.03% 

Slovenia 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.1% 

0.1% 

0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

0.91% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.71% 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.18% 

0% 

0.02% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend246 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

96.94 

93.53 

83.37 

17.97 

0.83 

11.81 

11.65 

0 

2.65 

0 

0 

0.27% 

0.26% 

0.23% 

0.05% 

0.002% 

0.03% 

0.03% 

0% 

0.01% 

0% 

0% 

30% 

29% 

26% 

6% 

0.3% 

4% 

3.7% 

0% 

0.8% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.81 

17.97 

83.37 

0 

6.99 

109.14 

97.36% 

100% 

100% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

12.3 

0 

1.0 

2.15 

6% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

1.32 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.43 

as % of GDP 

1.19% 

245 
246 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

96 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

0.3 

0.24 

0.06 

Slovakia 

as % of 
GDP247 

Difference 
when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of 
GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

0.5% 

-0.04% 

0.51% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.37% 

0.08% 

0.01% 

0.39% 

61.0 

0.5% 

-0.02% 

0.09% 

10.2 

0.13 

2.3 

0.08% 

0.001% 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

0% 

-0.01% 

Trend248 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.002% 

0.02% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.00003 

0.00004% 

-0.0001% 

0.0001% 

Transport 

0.01 

0.01% 

-0.03% 

0.03% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

18.07 

87.33 

112.78 

17.39 

0.81 

0.07 

0.03% 

0.13% 

0.17% 

0.03% 

0.001% 

0.0001% 

4.83 

0.01% 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

7% 

36% 

47% 

7% 

0.3% 

0.03% 

2.0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

0.81 

14.61 

66.58 

0 

8.54 

90.54 

100% 

84.01% 

59.04% 

0% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

3.5 

0 

0 

0 

0% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.4 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.02 

as % of GDP 

0.02% 

247 
248 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

97 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

Transport 

€ bn 

2.1 

0.8 

1.21 

0.001 

0.08 

as % of 
GDP249 

1.1% 

0.3% 

0.67% 

0.00067
% 

0.04% 

Finland  

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.1% 

-0.04% 

-0.02% 

0.1 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.44 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.68 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend250 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

-0.004% 

0.0008 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

-0.01% 

0.05 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Research. development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors. of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

239.65 

311.62 

42.937 

70.21 

30.342 

78.91 

0 

0 

0.2 

0 

0.5 

0.13% 

0.17% 

0.02% 

0.03% 

0.02% 

0.05% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

30% 

40% 

6% 

9% 

4% 

10% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0.1% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

30.342 

37.95 

38.737 

0.26 

1.75 

109.039 

100% 

54.05% 

90.22% 

0.08% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

54 

0.12 

0.06 

0 

0.1% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

0.5 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.45 

as % of GDP 

0.25% 

249 
250 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

98 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

2.9 

2.6 

as % of 
GDP251 

0.8% 

0.76% 

0.05 

0.01% 

Sweden 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.1% 

0.9% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

-0.06% 

-0.02% 

0.80 

61.0 

0.5% 

0.03% 

10.2 

0.08% 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend252 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.002 

0.0007% 

0.014% 

0.007
% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

Transport 

0.19 

0.06% 

0.01 

0.06% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Horizontal objectives 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

€ million 

103.94 

2281.67 

86.92 

6.29 

1.30 

115.14 

0 

0 

0 

48.23 

0 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

0.03% 

0.66% 

0.03% 

0% 

0% 

0.03 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0.01% 

0% 

4% 

86% 

3% 

0% 

0% 

5% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

1.8% 

0% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

1.30 

3.47 

45.71 

0 

3.84 

54.3 

100% 

55.17% 

52.59% 

0.00% 

n/a 

n/a 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2008 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2008-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

161.6 

0.54 

14.79 

19.92 

6% 

State aid for the financial sector 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

1.3 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.22 

as % of GDP 

0.06% 

251 
252 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

99 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
KEY STATE AID DATA (2010) 

Total non-crisis aid 

Non-crisis  aid  to 
services 

Agriculture 

industry  and 

€ bn 

4.9 

4.1 

as % of 
GDP253 

0.3% 

0.2% 

United Kingdom 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year (by 
% of GDP)  

Trend  

€ bn 

as % of 
EU GDP 

-0.002% 

0.3% 

73.7 

0.6% 

-0.02% 

0.002% 

0.2% 

61.0 

0.5% 

EU-27 

Difference when 
compared to 
previous year 
(by % of GDP) 

-0.01% 

-0.01% 

Trend254 

0.6% 

0.4% 

0.1% 

0.44 

0.03% 

-0.004% 

0.03% 

10.2 

0.08% 

Fisheries and aquaculture 

0.002 

0.0001% 

-0.00005% 

0.0001
% 

0.13 

0.001% 

0% 

0.002% 

Transport 

0.30 

0.02% 

0.0005% 

0.02% 

2.3 

0.02% 

-0.01% 

0.02% 

Horizontal objectives 

€ million 

as % of GDP 

as % of aid to industry and services 

Non-crisis aid to industry and services 

Research, development and innovation 

Environmental aid 

Regional aid 

Employment & Training 

SME 

Other horizontal objectives 

Particular sectors, of which 

Coal 

Financial services 

Manufacturing sectors 

Other non-manufacturing sectors 

Other services 

801 

1422 

267 

89 

208 

1041 

0 

0 

2 

265 

39 

0.05% 

0.08% 

0.02% 

0.01% 

0.01% 

0.06% 

0% 

0% 

0.0001% 

0.02% 

0.002% 

19.9% 

34.4% 

6.5% 

2.2% 

5.0% 

25.2% 

0% 

0% 

0.04% 

6.4% 

0.9% 

Block exempted aid 

€ million 

as % of aid to industry and services earmarked for the same horizontal 
objective 

SME 

Employment & Training 

Regional aid 

Environmental aid  

Other 

Total 

45 

89 

263 

14 

89 

501 

21% 

100% 

99% 

1% 

n/a 

n/a 

State aid for the financial sector 

Total volume of aid approved 
 (2007 to 30.09.2011; all figures in 
 € billion) 

Amount used 
(2007+2008) 

Amount used 
(2009) 

Amount used 
(2010) 

Overall amount used in the 
years 2007-2010 (as % of 
2010 GDP) 

850.3 

78.5 

212.3 

200.1 

17.8% 

AID GRANTED UNDER THE TEMPORARY UNION FRAMEWORK 

Total volume of aid approved 
(2009 + 2010; all figures in € billion) 

10.1 

Amount used 
(2010) 

0.5 

as % of GDP 

0.03% 

253 
254 

GDP of the Member State. 
Average level of aid in % of GDP during the period 2008-2010. 

EN 

100 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 41: Legislation and communications adopted in 2010 

Legislative act 

Validity 

Title and OJ Reference 

Temporary rules in 
response to crisis 

01.01.2011 
31.12.2011 

- 

Communication of the Commission: Temporary Union framework 
for  state  aid  measures  to  support  access  to  finance  in  the  current 
financial and economic crisis. Official Journal C6, 11.1.2011, p.5. 

Temporary rules in 
response to crisis 

From of 01 01.2012*  Communication  from  the  Commission  on  the  application,  after  1 
January  2011, of  state  aid  rules  to  support measures  in  favour  of 
banks in the context of the financial crisis. Official Journal C329, 
7.12.2010, p.7. 

Regional aid 
guidelines 

01.01.2011 
31.12.2013 

– 

Risk capital 
guidelines 

From 01 01.2011* 

Export Credit 
Insurance 

Until 31.12.2012 

Communication of the Commission on the review of the state aid 
status  and  the  aid  ceiling  of  the  statistical  effect  regions  in  the 
following National regional state aid maps for the period 1.1.2011-
31.12.2013.  Official  Journal  C  222,  17.08.2010,  p.2;  press  release: 
IP/10/976. 

Communication  from  the  Commission  amending  the  Community 
guidelines on state aid to promote risk capital investments in small 
and  medium-sized  enterprises.  Official  Journal  C329,  7.12.2010, 
p.4. 

Communication  from  the  Commission  amending  the  period  of 
application of Communication of the Commission to the Member 
States pursuant to Article 93(1) of the EC Treaty applying Articles 
92  and  93  of  the  Treaty  to  short-term  export-credit  insurance. 
Official Journal C329, 7.12.2010, p.6. 

* No end of validity is specified in the text. 

EN 

101 

   EN 

 
 
FIGURES 42: RECOVERY 

Figure 42 a: Trend in the number of recovery decisions (aid to industry and services)255 

Trend in the number of recovery decisions and amounts to be recovered (1) 2000-2011 (state of play: 30.06.2011) 

Number of decisions 
adopted 
Total aid known to 
be recovered (in mio 
€) 
Amounts recovered: 
(in mio €) 
Of which: 

(a) Principal 
reimbursed/or in 
blocked account 
(b) Aid lost in 
bankruptcy 
(c) Interest 

Aid registered in 
bankruptcy 
Amount outstanding 
(2) 
% still pending to 
be recovered (2) 

2000 

2001 

2002 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006 

2007 

2008 

2009 

2010 

2011 

Total 

15 

19 

26 

10 

24 

13 

8 

10 

14 

7 

5 

6 

157 

Date of Decision 

358 

352 

2087 

4980 

456 

258 

171 

14158 

1603 

1204 

1936 

1129 

976 

4977 

154 

244 

56 

2611 
1476 

308 
36 

148 
120 

48 
0 

11531 

137 

1116 

1868 

947 

4106 

154 

199 

54 

1206 

36 

120 

0 

9942 

215 

88 

68 

29 

871 

9 

0 

6 

157 

321 

353 

1447 

8 

3 

17 

399 

151 

153 

0 

3 

0 

55 

8 

302 

45 

51 

0 

14 

2 

270 

17 

216 

331 

415 

0 

6 

5 

115 

1135 

272 

0 

28 

29 

28 

0 

0 

0 

1588 

2776 

701 

48 

2627 

1.7% 

24.9
% 

7.2%  13.6%  0.1%  66.2%  5.3%  67.2%  43.5%  88.5%  19.0% 

100.0% 

18.6% 

Notes: (1) Only for decisions for which the aid amount is known. 

(2) Total aid known to be recovered less principal reimbursed and aid lost in bankruptcy. Amount excluding interest. 

255 

Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

102 

   EN 

 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Figure 42 b: Pending recovery decisions256 

SA 

number 

Case 
number 

Working title of the 
case 

Member 
State 

Date of 
the 
decision 

Number of 
the decision 

Official 
Journal of the 
European 
Union 

SA.28973 

2011/CR 

Aid to certain Greek 
Casinos 

Greece 

24/05/2011 

SA.23011 

2011/CR 

Restructuring aid for 
Legler 

Italy 

23/03/2011 

SA.23602 

CR 
48/2008 

Alleged aid to mining 
company Ellenikos 
Xrysos 

SA.20168 

CR 
13/2006 

Preferential electricity 
tariffs for energy 
intensive industry in 
Sardinia  

SA.29150 

CR 
7/2010 

Easing of fiscal carry-
forward of losses 
(Sanierungklausel) 

SA.22309 

CR 
46/2011 

Amortization of 
financial goodwill for 
acquisitions of foreign 
targets II 

Greece 

23/02/2011  2011/452/EU 

Italy 

23/02/2011 

Germany 

26/01/2011  2011/526/EU 

Spain  

12/01/2011  2011/282/EU 

SA.4360 

SA.28787 

SA.10842 

SA.20850 

SA.22309 

CR 
38/2010 

Centre d'exportation du 
livre français (CELF)  

France 

14/12/2010  2011/179/EU 

CR 
33/2009 

CR 
4/2003 

Restructuring of BPP 

Portugal 

20/07/2010  2011/349/EU 

Export aid to WAM 

Italy 

24/03/2010  2010/473/EU 

CR 
36/2010 

Preferential electricity 
tariff in favour - Alcoa 

Italy 

19/11/2009  2010/460/EC 

CR 
45/2007 

Amortization of 
financial goodwill for 
acquisitions of foreign 
targets  

Spain 

28/10/2009  2011/5/EC 

Not yet 
published 

Not yet 
published 

OJ L 193 of 
23/07/2011, p. 
27 

Not yet 
published 

OJ L 235 of 
10/09/2011, p. 
1 

OJ L 135 of 
21/05/2011, p. 
1 

OJ L 78 of 
24/03/2011, p. 
37 

OJ L 235 of 
04/09/2010, p. 
26 

OJ L 235 of 
04/09/2010, p. 
26 

OJ L 227 of 
28/08/2010, p. 
62 

OJ L 7 of 
11/01/2011 p. 
48 

256 

Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

103 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Case 
number 

Working title of the 
case 

Member 
State 

Date of 
the 
decision 

Number of 
the decision 

Official 
Journal of the 
European 
Union 

SA 

number 

SA.20616 

SA.22046 

SA.21034 

SA.17426 

SA.17543 

SA.24639 

SA.14895 

SA.15526 

SA.20727 

SA.20618 

SA.20056 

CR 
59/2007 

CR 
19/2008 

CR 
55/2007 

Rescue aid to Ixfin 

Italy 

28/10/2009  2010/359/EC 

Rescue aid for Sandretto 

Italy 

30/09/2009  2010/215/EC 

BT Group plc 

UK 

11/02/2009  2009/703/EC 

CR 
19/2005 

Restructuring aid for 
Szczecin Shipyard 

Poland 

06/11/2008  2010/3/EC 

CR 
17/2005 

Restructuring aid for 
Gdynia shipyard 

Poland 

06/11/2008  2010/47/EC 

2011/CR 

Olympic Airways/ 
Olympic Airlines 

Greece 

17/09/2008  2010/7777/EC 

CR 
1/2004 

CR 
16/2004 

CR 
56/2006 

Regional law nr 9/98 

Italy 

02/07/2008  2008/854/EC 

Hellenic Shipyard 

Greece 

02/07/2008  2009/610/EC 

Bank Burgenland 

Austria 

30/04/2008  2008/719/EC 

CR 
13/2007 

Rescue aid to New 
Interline 

Italy 

16/04/2008  2008/697/EC 

CR 
38/2007 

Alleged aid to Arbel 
Fauvet Rail SA 

France 

02/04/2008  2008/716/EC 

SA.20949 

CR 
23/2006 

Technologie Buczek 

Poland 

24/10/2007  2008/344/EC 

SA.17066 

CR 
37/2005 

Tax-exempt reserve 
fund for certain 
companies 

Greece 

18/07/2007  2008/723/EC 

OJ L 167 of 
01/07/2010, p. 
39 

OJ L 92 of 
13/04/2010, p. 
19 

OJ L 242 of 
15/09/2009, p. 
21 

OJ L 5 of 
08/01/2010, p. 
1 

OJ L 33 of 
04/02/2010, p. 
1 

OJ L 222 of 
24/08/2010, p. 
62 

OJ L 302 of 
13/11/2008, p. 
9 

OJ L 225 of 
27/08/2009, p. 
104 

OJ L 239 of 
06/09/2008, p. 
32 

OJ L 235 of 
02/09/2008, p. 
12 

OJ L 238 of 
05/09/2008, p. 
27 

OJ L 116 of 
30/04/2008, p. 
26 

OJ L 244 of 
12/09/2008, p. 
11 

EN 

104 

   EN 

 
SA 

number 

SA.31614 

SA.20203 

Case 
number 

Working title of the 
case 

Member 
State 

Date of 
the 
decision 

Number of 
the decision 

CR 
3/2010 

Sardinia Ferries 
(Tourship group) 

Italy  

10/07/2007  2008/92/EC 

CR 
16/2006 

Restructuring aid to 
Nuova Mineraria Silius 

Italy 

21/02/2007  2007/499/EC 

SA.11981 

CR 
79/2001 

Exemption from excise 
duty for the production 
of alumina in Gardanne 

SA.12186 

CR 
80/2001 

Exemption from excise 
duty for the production 
of alumina in Sardinia 

SA.16212 

France 

07/02/2007  2007/375/EC 

Italy 

07/02/2007  2007/375/EC 

CR 
38/2005 

Biria Gruppe 

Germany 

24/01/2007 

2007/492/EC 

14/12/2010 

2011/471/EU 

SA.17075 

CR 
30/2005 

Restructuring aid to 
Kliq NV 

SA.13972 

CR 
2/2004 

Ad hoc financing of 
Dutch public 
broadcasters 

Netherlands  19/07/2006  2006/939/EC 

Netherlands  22/06/2006  2008/136/EC 

SA.18211 

SA.16417 

SA.15395 

SA.15315 

SA.15316 

CR 
25/2005 

Measures in favour of 
Frucona Kosice 

Slovakia 

07/06/2006  2007/254/EC 

2011/CR 

Soutien financier en 
faveur des transporteurs 
aériens 11-14 septembre 
2001 

Greece 

26/04/2006  2010/768/EC 

2011/CR 

Olympic Airways - 
Privatisation 

Greece 

14/09/2005  2011/97/EC 

CR 
8/2004 

Fiscal incentives for 
newly listed companies 

Italy 

16/03/2005  2006/261/EC 

CR 
12/2004 

Fiscal incentives for 
outward FDI 

Italy 

14/12/2004  2005/919/EC 

Official 
Journal of the 
European 
Union 

OJ L 29 of 
02/02/2008, p. 
24 

OJ L 185 of 
17/07/2007, 
p. 18 

OJ L 147 of 
08/06/2007, 
p. 29 

OJ L 147 of 
08/06/2007, 
p. 29 

OJ L 183 of 
13/07/2007, 
p. 27 

OJ L 195 of 
27/07/2011, p. 
55 

OJ L 366 of 
21/12/2006, 
p. 40 

OJ L 49 of 
22/272008, p.1 

OJ L 112 of 
30/04/2007, 
p. 14 

OJ L 327 of 
11/12/2010, p. 
71 

OJ L 45 of 
18/02/2011, 
p.1 

OJ L 094 of 
01/04/2006, 
p. 42 

OJ L 335 of 
21/12/2005, 
p. 39 

EN 

105 

   EN 

 
SA 

number 

SA.14911 

SA.1365 

SA.12312 

Case 
number 

Working title of the 
case 

Member 
State 

Date of 
the 
decision 

Number of 
the decision 

Official 
Journal of the 
European 
Union 

CR 
57/2003 

CR 
57/2002 

Tremonti bis 

Italy 

20/10/2004  2005/315/EC 

Article 44 septies CGI 

France 

16/12/2003  2004/343/EC 

CR 
39/2001 

Aid to Minas Rio Tinto 
sal 

Spain 

27/05/2003  2004/300/EC 

SA.9885 

CR 
94/2001 

Export aid scheme 
Mecklenburg-
Vorpommern 

Germany 

05/03/2003  2003/595/EC 

SA.12402 

SA.10375 

SA.16203 

CR 
70/2001 

Aid to Hilados y Tejidos 
Puigneró S.A. 

Spain 

19/02/2003  2003/876/EC 

CR 
35/2002 

Fiscal aid scheme – 
Açores 

Portugal 

11/12/2002  2003/442/EC 

2011/CR 

Aid granted by Greece 
to Olympic Airways 

Greece 

11/12/2002  2003/372/EC 

SA.9950 

CR 
27/1999 

Aid to Municipalizzate 

Italy 

05/06/2002  2003/193/EC 

SA.10562 

SA.10679 

SA.10563 

SA.10565 

SA.10264 

CR 
53/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Guipuzcoa (II) 

Spain 

11/07/2001  2002/894/EC 

CR 
54/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Vizcaya (II) 

Spain 

11/07/2001  2003/27/EC 

CR 
52/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Vizcaya (I) 

Spain 

11/07/2001  2002/806/EC 

CR 
50/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Guipuzcoa (I) 

Spain 

11/07/2001  2002/540/EC 

CR 
48/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Alava (I) 

Spain 

11/07/2001  2002/820/EC 

OJ L 100 of 
20/04/2005, 
p. 46 

OJ L 108 of 
16/04/2004, 
p. 38 

OJ L 098 of 
02/04/2004, 
p. 49 

OJ L 202 of 
09/08/2003, 
p. 15 

OJ L 337 of 
23/12/2003, 
p. 14 

OJ L 150 of 
18/06/2003, 
p. 52 

OJ L 132 of 
25/05/2003, p. 
1 

OJ L 077 of 
24/03/2003, 
p. 21 

OJ L 314 of 
18/11/2002, p. 
26 

OJ L 017 of 
22/01/2003, 
p. 1 

OJ L 279 of 
17/10/2002, 
p. 35 

OJ L 174 of 
04/07/2002, 
p. 31 

OJ L 296 of 
30/10/2002, 
p. 1 

EN 

106 

   EN 

 
Case 
number 

Working title of the 
case 

Member 
State 

Date of 
the 
decision 

Number of 
the decision 

Official 
Journal of the 
European 
Union 

SA 

number 

SA.10564 

CR 
49/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Alava (II) 

Spain 

11/07/2001  2002/892/EC 

SA.6281 

CR 
41/1999 

Aid to Lintra 
beteiligungsholding 
Gmbh 

SA.813 

CR 
38/1998 

Aid for Kimberly 
Clark/Scott Group 

SA.9440 

CR 
81/1997 

Social security 
reductions - Venezia 
and Chioggia 

SA.9398 

CR 
49/1998 

Employment aid 
measures (Loi Nr 
196/97) 

Germany 

28/03/2001  2001/673/EC 

France 

12/07/2000  2002/14/EC 

Italy 

25/11/1999  2000/394/EC 

Italy 

11/05/1999  2000/128/EC 

SA.8989 

CR 
44/1997 

Aid for Magefesa 

Spain 

14/10/1998  1999/509/EC 

OJ L 314 of 
18/11/2002, 
p. 1 

OJ L 236 of 
05/09/2001, 
p. 3 

OJ L 012 of 
15/01/2002, 
p. 1 

OJ L 150 of 
23/06/2000, 
p. 50 

OJ L 042 of 
15/02/2000, 
p. 1 

OJ L 198 of 
30/07/1999, 
p. 15 

EN 

107 

   EN 

 
Figure 42 c: Pending recovery cases for which the Commission has decided to bring the 
case before the Court of Justice and for which the illegal and incompatible aid is 
not yet recovered (30 June 2011)257 

SA 
number 

Case 
number 

Working title 

MS 

Court 
case 

State of play and recent 
developments 

SA.20727  CR 

Bank Burgenland 

56/2006 

Austria 

C-
551/09 

14/07/09: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Austria 

Press release: IP/09/1134 

SA.813 

CR 
38/1998  

Aid for Kimberly Clark/Scott 
Group 

France 

C-
232/05 

05/10/06: CoJ condemning 
France for failing to execute 
Commission decision 

SA.1365 

CR 
57/2002 

Exonérations fiscales en faveur 
de la reprise d'entreprises en 
difficulté - Article 44 septies 
CGI 

France 

 C-
214/07 

24/10/06: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
action against France  

SA.20056  CR 

38/2007 

Alleged aid to Arbel Fauvet Rail 
SA 

France 

Press release: IP/06/1471 

13/11/08: CoJ condemning 
France for failing to execute 
Commission decision 

05/05/10: Commission sent 
letter of formal notice to 
France under Art. 260(2) 
TFEU: IP/10/529 

28/10/09: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against France  

Press release: IP/09/1627 

23/06/2010: new negative 
decision adopted 

257 

Source: DG Competition. 

EN 

108 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
SA 
number 

Case 
number 

Working title 

MS 

Court 
case 

State of play and recent 
developments 

SA.17066  CR 

Tax exempt reserve fund 

Greece 

37/2005 

C-
354/10 

24/02/10: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Greece  

Press release: IP/10/183 

SA.15526  CR 

Hellenic Shipyards 

Greece 

16/2004 

C-
485/10 

14/04/10: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Greece  

SA.20850  CR 

36/2010 

Preferential electricity tariff – 
Alcoa 

Italy 

SA.9398 

CR 
49/1998  

Employment aid measures (Loi 
Nr 196/97) 

Italy 

C-
99/02 

Press release: IP/10/428 

1/12/2010: Commission 
decision which takes into 
account the invocation by 
Greece of Article 346 

Press release: IP/10/1637 

23/03/11: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/11/352 

01/04/04: CoJ condemning 
Italy for failing to execute 
Commission decision 

19/07/07: Commission sent 
letter of formal notice to Italy 

21/01/08:Commission 
decision to send a Reasoned 
Opinion to Italy 

25/06/2009: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 260(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/11/1028 

EN 

109 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
SA 
number 

Case 
number 

SA.9950 

CR 
27/1999  

Working title 

MS 

Court 
case 

State of play and recent 
developments 

Aid to Municipalizzate 

Italy 

C-
207/05 

01/06/06: CoJ condemning 
Italy for failing to execute 
Commission decision 

19/07/07: Commission sent a 
letter of formal notice to Italy 

21/01/08: Commission 
decision to send a Reasoned 
Opinion to Italy 

05/05/10: Commission 
decision to send a 
complementary letter of 
formal notice under Art. 
206(2) TFEU 

28/10/10: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 260(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/10/1401 

SA.14911  CR 

Tremonti Bis 

Italy 

57/2003 

C-
303/09 

25/01/06: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy  

SA.15315  CR 

8/2004 

Fiscal incentives for newly listed 
companies 

Italy 

C-
304/09 

Press release: IP/06/77 

11/03/08: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

19/07/06: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy  

Press release: IP/06/1040 

11/03/08: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/08/435  

22/12/10: CoJ condemning 
Italy for failing to execute 
Commission decision 

EN 

110 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
SA 
number 

Case 
number 

Working title 

MS 

Court 
case 

State of play and recent 
developments 

SA.9440 

CR 
81/1997 

Social security reductions – 
Venezia e Chioggia 

Italy 

C-
302/09 

10/05/07: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy  

SA.15316  CR 

12/2004 

Fiscal incentives for outward 
FDI 

Italy 

SA.20618  CR 

Rescue aid to New Interline SPA 

Italy 

13/2007 

Press release: IP/07/648 

11/03/08: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

C-
305/09 

11/03/08: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/08/435  

C-
454/09 

25/11/09: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/09/1140 

SA.14895  CR 

1/2004 

Regional  law  9/98  –  Misuse  of 
aid 

Italy 

C-
243/10 

27/01/10: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Italy 

Press release: IP/10/103 

SA.20949  CR 

Technologie Buczek 

Poland 

23/2006 

C-
331/09 

11/03/08: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Poland 

Press release: IP/09/777 

SA.18211  CR 

25/2005 

Measures  in  favour  of  Frucona 
Kosice 

Slovakia C-

507/08 

17/06/08: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Slovakia 

Press release: IP/08/952 

22/12/10: CoJ condemning 
Slovakia for failing to execute 
Commission decision 

EN 

111 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Working title 

MS 

Court 
case 

State of play and recent 
developments 

SA 
number 

Case 
number 

SA.8989 

CR 
44/1997 

Aid to Magefesa 

Spain 

C-
499/99 

C-
610/10 

02/07/02: CoJ judgment 
condemning Spain for failing 
to execute part of Commission 
decision 

17/06/09: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 108(2) 
TFEU action against Spain 

Press release: IP/09/960 

19/11/09: Commission sent 
letter of formal notice to Spain 

Press release: IP/09/1789 

18/03/10: Commission 
decision to send a 
complementary letter of 
formal notice under Art. 
206(2) TFEU 

30/09/10: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 260(2) 
action against Spain 

Press release: IP/10/1214 

14/12/06: CoJ judgment 
condemning Spain for failing 
to execute Commission 
decisions 

26/06/08: Commission 
decision to send a Reasoned 
Opinion to Spain 

24/11/10: Commission 
decision to initiate Art. 260(2) 
TFEU action against Spain 

Press release: IP/10/1544 

SA.10264, 

SA.10564, 

SA.10565, 

SA.10563, 

SA.10562, 

SA.10679 

CR 
48/1999 

Fiscal aid – Province of Alava 
(I)  

Spain 

CR 
49/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of Alava 
(II) 

CR 
50/1999 

Fiscal aid – Province of 
Guipuzcoa (I) 

CR 
52/1999 

Fiscal aid – Province of Vizcaya 
(I) 

CR 
53/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of 
Guipuzcoa (II) 

CR 
54/1999 

Fiscal aid - Province of Vizcaya 
(II)  

(Basque fiscal aid schemes) 

C-
485/03, 

C-
486/03, 

C 
487/03, 

C-
488/03, 

C-
489/03, 

C-
490/03, 

C-
184/11 

EN 

112 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
Summary of rules in the transport sector 

Land transport (road. rail. inland waterways)  

– 

– 

Article  93  TFEU  contains  rules  for  the  compatibility  of  state  aid  in  the  area  of  coordination  of 
transport and public service obligation in transport. The Commission considers in its constant practice 
that  Article  93  constitutes  a  lex  specialis  with  respect  to  Article  107(2)  and  Article  107(3),  as  it 
contains special rules for the compatibility of state aid. In addition, Article 93 TFEU constitutes a lex 
specialis  also  with  respect  to  Article  106(2)  TFEU,  and  therefore,  Article  106(2)  TFEU  cannot  be 
applied  in  the  area  of  coordination of  transport  and  public  service  obligation  in  the  inland  transport 
sector258; 

Until 2 December 2009, Article 93 was in practice implemented by means of 3 Council Regulations: 
1)  Council  Regulation  1191/69259,  2)  Council  Regulation  1107/70260  and  3)  Council  Regulation 
1192/69261.  As  from  3  December  2009  Regulation  1370/07262  will  replace  Regulations  1191/69  and 
1107/70.  Regulation  119/69  remains  applicable  for  a  three  years  transitional  period  to  the  inland 
freight transport; 

– 

Community guidelines on state aid for railway undertakings, adopted on 30 April 2008263. 

Aviation  

– 

– 

Communication on the Application of Articles 92 and 93 of the EC Treaty and Article 61 of the EEA 
agreement to state aids in the aviation sector264; 

Community  guidelines  on  financing  of  airports  and  start-up  aid  to  airlines  departing  from  regional 
airports265. 

Maritime transport  

– 

– 

258 

259 

260 

261 

262 

263 
264 
265 
266 

Community guidelines on state aid to maritime transport266; 

Communication from the Commission providing guidance on state aid complementary to Community 
funding for the launching of the motorways of the sea267; 

See recital 17 of the Commission decision of 28 November 2005 on the application of Article 86(2) of 
the EC Treaty to State aid in the form of public service compensation granted to certain undertakings 
entrusted with the operation of services of general economic interest (OJ L 312, 29.11.2005, pages 67 - 
73). 
Regulation (EEC) No. 1191/69 of the Council of 26 June 1969 on action by Member States concerning 
the obligations inherent in the concept of a public service in transport by rail, road and inland waterway, 
as amended. 
Regulation (EEC) No. 1107/70 of the Council of 4 June 1970 on the granting of aid for transport by rail, 
road and inland waterway, as amended. 
Regulation  (EEC)  No.  1192/69  on  common  rules  for  the  normalisation  of  accounts  of  railway 
undertakings  is  particularly  important  from  a  State  aid  monitoring perspective  as  it  exempts  from  the 
notification  procedure  a  number  of  different  compensations  from  public  authorities  to  railway 
undertakings, as amended. 
Regulation (EC) No. 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007 on 
public passenger transport services by rail and by road and repealing Council Regulations (EEC) Nos. 
1191/69 and 1107/70 (OJ L 315, 3.12.2007, p. 1–13). 
OJ C 184, 22.7.2008, p. 13. 
OJ C 350, 10.12.1994, p. 5. 
OJ C 312, 9.12.2005, p. 1. 
OJ C 13, 17.1.2004, p. 3. 

EN 

113 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
Communication from the Commission providing guidance on state aid to ship management companies.268 

Situation on reporting by Member States269 

Situation on reporting by Member States (Status: 7 October 2011)

99

99

99

99

99

99

89

78

78

70

70

70

67

66

63

63

33

47

43

34

34

20

26

7

1

0

0

-1

0

0

1

0

6

0

-2

-1

0

1

0

-1

0

0

-1

26

20

20

14

14

8

-2

0

-6

-14

-13

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

-20

EL

PT

BE HU FR

IT

ES

AT DE

IE

LV

SI

SE DK NL

FI

LU RO CZ

EE

PL

UK

SK CY MT

LT

BG

Annual report submitted by Member State
(in calendar days referring to reporting deadline 30 June)

Clarifications received from Member State
(in calendar days referring to reporting deadline)

267 
268 
269 

OJ C 317, 12.12.2008, p. 10. 
OJ C 132, 11.6.2009, p. 6. 
Annual reports including requests for clarification submitted by Member States to DG Competition. 

EN 

114 

   EN