COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER […]
Date: 2011-10-07
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU Member State, accession to the European Union, economic sector, environmental monitoring, reduction of gas emissions, tradeable emission permit

EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Brussels, 7.10.2011 
SEC(2011) 1151 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER 
Accompanying the document 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 
PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES 
(required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of 
the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas 
emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol) 

{COM(2011) 624 final} 

 
 
 
  
1. 

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EMISSION TRENDS IN THE MAIN SECTORS  

1.1. 

Energy supply and use, excluding transport 

Table 1: GHG emissions from energy supply and use, excluding transport (1990-2009)  

GHG 
emissions 

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2009 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2009 

Change 
2000-2009 

EU-15 
EU-27 

60.5% 
62.8% 

58.1%
59.1%

-16.2%
-22.3%

-10.9%
-11.2%

•  Total GHG emissions from energy supply and use decreased in the period 1990-2009 by 

16.2% in EU-15 and by 22.3% in EU-27.  

•  Energy, responsible for about 60%, is the largest sector in terms of GHG emissions in the 

EU. 

•  CO2 emissions from electricity and heat production is the largest key source in the EU-
15  accounting  for  23.9%  of  total  greenhouse  gas  emissions  in  2009  and  for  84  %  of 
greenhouse  gas  emissions  of  the  energy  industries  sector.  Between  1990  and  2009,  CO2 
emissions  from  electricity  and  heat  production  decreased  by  6  %  in  the  EU-15. 
Differences in the intensity of greenhouse gas emissions of heat and electricity production 
between the Member States are to a large extent explained by the mix of fuels. 

•  CO2  emissions  from  public  electricity  and  heat  production  did  not  increase  in  line  with 
fuel  consumption.  The  main  explanatory  factors  at  the  EU-15  level  during  the  past  19 
years are fuel switching from coal to gas and improvements in energy efficiency. 

•  Between 1990 and 2009 in the EU-15, greenhouse gas emissions from energy industries 
increased  in  eight  Member  States  and  fell  in  seven.  The  highest  absolute  increase  was 
accounted for by Spain, the Netherlands and Greece. Germany and the UK account for the 
largest part of reductions. 

•  The decoupling of fuel combustion and greenhouse gas emissions is also observed in the 
EU-27.  The  reduction  in  the  use  of  coal  for  heat  and  power  generation  in  the  EU-27 
accounted for two thirds of the net reduction in emissions from energy industries. Despite 
the economic crisis, the use of biomass for heat and power increased significantly in 2009 
and  continued  the  upward  trend  observed  since  1990.  Less  fossil  fuel,  particularly  coal, 
and  more  combustible  renewables  (i.e.  biomass)  explain  why  this  sector  emitted 
around100 Mt of CO2 less than in 2008. 

1.2. 

Transport 

Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2009)  

 GHG 
emissions 

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2009 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2009 

Change 
2000-2009 

EU-15 
EU-27 

16.3% 
13.8% 

21.8% 
20.2% 

16.8% 
20.8% 

-2.0% 
2.2% 

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•  Between1990-2009 total GHG emissions from transport increased by 16.8% in the EU-
15 and by 20.8% in the EU-27. The trend of greenhouse gas emissions follows closely the 
trend of fuel combustion.  

•  CO2 emissions from road transport is the second largest key source of all categories in 
the EU-15. Between 1990 and 2009, CO2 emissions from road transportation increased by 
18 % in the EU-15. The emissions from this key source are due to fossil fuel consumption 
in road transport, which increased by 17.4 % between 1990 and 2009. 

• 

In the EU-15 Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom contributed most to 
the CO2 emissions from road transport (76.1 %). All Member States, except for Germany 
(-4%), increased emissions from road transportation between 1990 and 2009. The Member 
States with the highest increases in absolute terms were Spain, Italy, France and Greece. 
The countries with the lowest increase in relative terms were Finland, France, Sweden and 
the United Kingdom. 

•  Between 2008 and 2009 the total emissions from road transport decreased in the EU-15 
as well as in EU-27. However, CO2 emissions from gasoline increased in the majority of 
EU-12 Member States, decreases were noted in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and 
Slovenia.  CO2  emissions  from  diesel  oil  increased  slightly  in  Germany,  Greece  and  all 
EU-12 except for Bulgaria and Malta. 

•  CO2 emissions from civil aviation (covering emissions from civil domestic passenger and 
freight  traffic  that  departs  and  arrives  in  the  same  country,  including  take-offs  and 
landings for these flight stages) account for 2.1% of total transport-related GHG emissions 
in 2009 (EU-15). Between 1990 and 2009, CO2 emissions from civil aviation increased by 
25 % in the EU-15 and by 23% in the EU-27. 

1.3. 

Agriculture  

Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2009)  

GHG 
emission  

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2009 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2009 

Change 
2000-2009 

EU-15 
EU-27 

10.3% 
10.9% 

10.2% 
10.3% 

-14.1% 
-22.0% 

-9.6% 
-7.5% 

• 

In  2009,  total  EU-15  greenhouse  gas  emissions  from  agriculture  were  14.1 %  below 
1990 levels. In the EU-27 emissions were 22.0 % below 1990 levels. 

•  Agriculture  contributes  10.2  %  to  total  EU-15  GHG  emissions,  making  it  the  second 
largest  sector.  The  most  important GHGs from agriculture are  N2O and CH4 accounting 
for 5.6 % and 4.5 % of the total GHG emissions respectively.  

•  Enteric  fermentation  from  cattle  is  the  largest  single  source  of  CH4  emissions  in  the 
EU-15  accounting  for  2.8  %  of  total  GHG  emissions  in  2009.  Between  1990  and  2009, 
CH4 emissions from enteric fermentation from cattle declined by 12 % in the EU-15. In 
2009, the emissions were at the level of 2008. 

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•  N2O  emissions  from  agricultural  soils  account  for  5  %  of  total  GHG  emissions.  N2O 
emissions  from  this  source  decreased  by  18  %  between  1990  and  2009.  All  EU-15 
Member States decreased emissions. The main driving force of direct N2O emissions from 
agricultural soils is the use of nitrogen fertiliser and animal manure, which were in 2009 
31 % and 10 % below 1990 levels, respectively. 

•  The  decrease  in  emissions  is  largely  a  consequence  of  efficiency  improvements  (in 
particular more efficient fertiliser use and increased animal productivity) and the reform 
of the EU common agricultural policy (CAP) decoupling direct support from production, 
strengthening  the  link  to  environmental  legislation  (cross-compliance),  introducing 
climate change objectives into the CAP (under the Health Check Reform) and increasing 
support  to    climate  friendly  measures  included  in  agri-environmental  programmes. 
Further, the implementation of the Nitrates Directive has been enhanced. 

1.4. 

Industrial processes 

Table 4: GHG emissions from industrial processes (1990-2009)  

GHG 
emissions 

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2009 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2009 

Change 
2000-2009 

EU-15 
EU-27 

8.3% 
8.3% 

6.7% 
7.0% 

-29.1% 
-30.8% 

-19.0% 
-18.0% 

•  Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from industry were 29.1 % below 1990 levels in 

2009. In the EU-27 emissions were 30.8 % below 1990 emissions in 2009. 

•  Industrial  processes  is  the  third  largest  sector  contributing  7  %  to  total  EU-15  GHG 
emissions  in  2009.  The  most  important  GHGs  from  this  sector  are  CO2  (4.1  %  of  total 
GHG emissions), HFCs (1.8 %) and N2O (0.6 %).  

• 

In  2009,  the  emissions  decreased  by  13.8  %  compared  to  2008,  to  a  large  extent  as  a 
consequence  of  the  economic  recession.  This  large  decline  in  2009  was  driven  by 
reductions in cement production and iron and steel production. 

•  CO2 emissions from mineral products decreased by 19 %, especially since 2008 mainly 
driven by the decrease in cement production. Only four EU-15 Member States increased 
their  CO2  emissions  between  1990  and  2009  (Ireland,  the  Netherlands,  Portugal  and 
Sweden).  Ireland  had  the  largest  emission  increases  in  absolute  terms  and  France  the 
largest absolute emission reductions in the period 1990-2009. 

•  CO2 emissions in the United Kingdom decreased considerably during 2007 and 2008 due 
to a decrease in cement production in that period. This decrease proceeded in 2009 due to 
the  recent  economic  downturn.  The  decrease  in  clinker  production  of  -21  %  as  a 
consequence of the impact of the economic recession was also the reason for the reduction 
of emissions in Spain. Italy, having the highest share in the EU-15 emissions, also had a 
strong  reduction  in  CO2  emissions  during  2008  and  2009  due  to  the  decrease  in  clinker 
production of about 19 %.  

•  Between 1990 and 2009, CO2 emission from metal production decreased by 52 %. The 
largest  absolute  decreases  were  in  Germany,  Italy  and  the  Netherlands.  Emissions  from 

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iron  and  steel  production  decreased  by  35%  between  2008  and  2009  which  was  mainly 
due to the economic recession. 

•  HFC  emissions  from  consumption  of  halocarbons  and  SF6  account  for  1.7  %  of  total 
EU-15  GHG  emissions  in  2009.  HFC  emissions  in  2009  were  95  times  higher  than  in 
1990.  The  main  reason  for  this  is  the  phase-out  of  ozone-depleting  substances  such  as 
chlorofluorocarbons under the Montreal Protocol and the replacement of these substances 
with  HFCs.  Germany,  France,  UK,  Austria  and  Spain  are  responsible  for  84  %  of  total 
EU-15 emissions from this source.  

1.5.  Waste management  

Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2009)  

GHG 
emission  

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2009 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2009 

Change 
2000-2009 

EU-15 
EU-27 

4.3% 
3.8% 

3.0% 
3.2% 

-38.8% 
-31.6% 

-23.9% 
-19.4% 

• 

In 2009 total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from waste were 38.8% below 1990 levels 
and 31.6% below 1990 in EU-27.  

•  Waste  is  the  fourth  largest  sector  in  the  EU-15,  contributing  around  3%  to  total  GHG 

emissions. In 2009, emissions decreased by 3 % compared to 2008. 

•  CH4 emissions from from solid waste disposal on land decreased by 45 % between 1990 
and  2009  in  the  EU-15.  The  majority  of  EU-15  Member  States  reduced  their  emissions 
from this source; however France, Greece, Portugal and Spain did not. 

•  Between 1990 and 2009, CH4 emissions from managed landfills declined by 45 % in the 
EU-15.  In  2009,  CH4  emissions  from  landfills  decreased  by  3  %  compared  to  2008.  A 
main driving force of CH4 emissions from managed waste disposal on land is the amount 
of biodegradable waste going to landfills. Total municipal waste disposal on land declined 
by 33 % between 1990 and 2009. In addition, CH4 emissions from landfills are influenced 
by  the  amount  of  CH4  recovered  through  flaring  and  utilisation.    The  share  of  CH4 
recovery increased in all EU-15 Member States between 1990 and 2009. 

•  The Member States with most emissions from managed waste disposal on land in 2009 
were France, the UK, Italy and Spain. These MS account for 70 % of EU-15 emissions in 
this year. The largest reductions in absolute terms during 1990 and 2009 were reported by 
the  UK  and  Germany.  The  emission  reductions  are  partly  due  to  the  (early) 
implementation of the landfill directive or similar legislation in the Member States.  

2. 

GHG EMISSIONS IN THE EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES 

The Republic of Croatia is a Party to the UNFCCC from April 1996 and ratified the Kyoto 
Protocol  in  May  2007  committing  to  a  5%  reduction  of  GHG  compared  to  the  base  year 
(1990)14. Between 1990 and 2009 Croatia's GHG emissions decreased by 8% and comparing 
to  2008  decreased  by  7%  to  large  extend  being  the  effect  of  the  economic  recession.  CO2 
emissions per capita are at 6.5 tons and CO2 intensity of GDP is around the double of that of 
the EU. According to GHG emission projections included in the 5th National Communication, 

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Croatia may to face difficulties with achieving its Kyoto target with the current set of policies 
and measures. 

Iceland ratified the UNFCCC in June 1993 and the Kyoto Protocol in May 2002 committing 
itself to keep the increase of GHG emissions within 10% compared to the base year (1990). 
Iceland's GHG emissions between 1990 and 2009 increased by 35% and in 2009 were 5.4%% 
lower than in 2008 which reflects the impact of the economic recession. CO2 emissions per 
capita  are  at  14.5  tons  and  CO2  intensity  of  GDP  is  around  20%  higher  than  in  the  EU. 
According  to  latest  projections  included  in  the  5th  National  Communication  and  taking  into 
account decision 14/CP.7 (allowing Iceland to exclude emission from the heavy industry from 
the commitment level under the Kyoto Protocol in the period 2008-2012), Iceland is on track 
to meet its Kyoto target.  

Turkey  became  an  Annex  I  Party  to  the  UNFCCC  in  May  2004  and  ratified  the  Kyoto 
Protocol  in  May  2009  (however  has  no  GHG  limitation/reduction  commitment).  Turkey’s 
first National Communication to the UNFCCC was submitted in January 2007. According to 
the recent GHG inventory, in 2009 Turkey’s emissions amounted to 369.6 MtCO2-eq, so an 
increase  of  97.6%  was  noted  compared  to  187  MtCO2-eq.  in  1990.  The  emissions  also 
increased between 2008 and 2009, by around 1%. Between 1990 and 2009, per capita GHG 
emissions  have  increased  in  Turkey.  However,  at  5.2  tonnes,  the  per  capita  emissions  in 
Turkey are about half of the average EU-27 per capita emissions. Turkey's emissions intensity 
doubled  between1990-2009,  whereas  in  EU-27  emissions  per  GDP  decreased  by  40%  over 
that period.  

The  former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia  (fYRoM)  became  a  Party  to  UNFCCC  in 
January  1998  and  ratified  the  Kyoto  Protocol  in  November  2004.  FYRoM  is  considered  a 
developing  country  under  the  Convention  and  its  Protocol.  In  January  2009  the  fYRoM 
submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat its 2nd National Communication, including inventory of 
GHG emissions from 1990-2002. According to available data for 2005, total GHG emissions 
decreased by around 19% since 1990. Currently CO2 emissions per capita are at level of 5.4 
ton  and  GDP  per  capita  amounted  to  2300  €  in  2005.  Currently,  there  is  no  information  on 
GHG projections available for the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 

Figure 1: GHG total emissions and emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries 

Croatia

31,4

30,3
28,9

Iceland

3,4

3,7

4,6

fYRoM

13,5

10,9

Turkey

187,0

329,9

369,6

1990

2005

2009

Croatia

Iceland

fYRoM

Turkey

6,6

6,8

6,5

7,2

5,4

3,4

4,6

5,2

13,5

12,7

14,5

1990

2005

2009

0

100

200

300

400

0

5

10

15

20

Mt CO2 eq.

t CO2 eq. per capita

Note: no 2009 data available for fYRoM, 2005 data come from the EDGAR v4.1 (2010) database  
Source: UNFCCC submissions, EDGAR database (see: http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/index.php) 

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Table 6: GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets 
for 2008–12  

1990

Base year (1)

GHG emissions 
2009

Change 2008-
2009

Mt CO2eq

Mt CO2eq

Mt CO2eq

%

Change 2009 
relative to base 
year
%

EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto target
%

EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto target
Mt CO2eq

78,2
143,3
111,4

79,0
145,7
132,6

5,3 no target

195,5
68,0
41,1
70,4
562,9
1247,9
104,4
96,8
54,8
519,2
26,6
49,6
12,8

194,2
69,3
42,6
71,0
563,9
1232,4
107,0
115,4
55,6
516,9
25,9
49,4
13,2

2,1 no target

211,9
452,9
59,4
250,1
74,1
18,5
283,2
72,5
776,1
4264,9
5588,8

213,0
563,4
60,1
278,2
72,1
20,4
289,8
72,2
776,3
4265,5
5767,2

80,1
124,4
59,5
9,4
132,9
61,0
16,8
66,3
517,2
919,7
122,5
66,7
62,4
491,1
10,7
21,6
11,7
2,9
198,9
376,7
74,6
130,8
43,4
19,3
367,5
60,0
566,2
3723,7
4614,5

-7,9%
-7,9%
-13,8%
-7,7% no target
-5,8%
-4,2%
-16,1%
-5,8%
-4,1%
-6,3%
-4,7%
-8,7%
-8,0%
-9,3%
-10,0%
-10,1%
-4,7%
-4,7% no target
-2,8%
-4,8%
-4,3%
-14,7%
-9,9%
-9,1%
-9,2%
-5,6%
-8,7%
-6,9%
-7,1%

1,3%
-14,6%
-55,1%

-31,6%
-12,0%
-60,5%
-6,6%
-8,3%
-25,4%
14,5%
-42,2%
12,2%
-5,0%
-58,6%
-56,3%
-11,3%

-13,0%
-7,5%
-8,0%

no target

no target

-8,0%
-21,0%
-8,0%
0,0%
0,0%
-21,0%
25,0%
-6,0%
13,0%
-6,5%
-8,0%
-8,0%
-28,0%

no target

no target

68,8
134,8
122,0

178,7
55,8
39,2
71,0
563,9
973,6
133,7
108,5
62,8
483,3
23,8
45,5
9,5

-6,6%
-33,2%
24,0%
-53,0%
-39,8%
-5,0%
26,8%
-16,9%
-27,1%
-12,7%
-20,0% no target

-6,0%
-6,0%
27,0%
-8,0%
-8,0%
-8,0%
15,0%
4,0%
-12,5%
-8,0%

200,3
529,6
76,4
256,0
66,3
18,7
333,2
75,0
679,3
3924,3

no target

Country

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus (4)
Czech Republic
Denmark (3)
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta (4)
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-15
EU-27 (2)

Notes: 

(1)  For  EU-15  the  base  year  for  carbon  dioxide,  methane  and  nitrous  oxide  is  1990;  for  the  fluorinated  gases  12  Member 
States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990. As the EU-15 inventory is 
the  sum  of  Member  States’  inventories,  the  EU-15  base  year  estimates  for  fluorinated  gas  emissions  are  the  sum  of  1995 
emissions  for  12  Member  States  and  1990  emissions  for  Austria,  France  and  Italy.  The  EU-15  base  year  emissions  also 
include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane 
and  nitrous  oxide  for  Bulgaria  is  1988,  for  Hungary is  the average  of  1985-1987,  for  Slovenia  1986,  for  Poland 1988,  for 
Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Slovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year and Romania 1989 all other central and 
eastern European members states have selected 1995. 
(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target. 
(3) The target includes a base-year compensation of 1 million AAU per year as agreed under the Decision 2010/778/EU (OJ 
16.12.2010 L332/41) 
(4 )Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.  
(5) 2009 data has not yet been reviewed by the UNFCCC.

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Table 7a: Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with emission projections 

 Base-year 
emissions 
(BY)

Kyoto or burden-sharing 
target

Member State

Total 
allowed 
emissions 
of non-ETS 
sectors 
(approxi-
mation)
Annual 
average 
2008-2012

Projections of non-ETS emissions with 
existing measures

Projections of non-ETS emissions with 
additional measures

Removals (-) or 
emissions (+) from 
carbon sink activities

Use of Kyoto 
mechanisms at 
government level

Projections of non-ETS emissions with 
existing measures, with carbon sinks 
and use of Kyoto mechanisms

Projections of non-ETS emissions with 
additional measures, with carbon 
sinks and use of Kyoto mechanisms

Annual 
average 
2008-2012

Gap between projections 
and target 

Annual 
average 
2008-2012

Gap between projections 
and target 

Annual average 
2008-2012

Annual average 
2008-2012

Annual 
average 
2008-2012

Gap between projections 
and target 

Annual 
average 
2008-2012

Gap between projections 
and target 

Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq.

 % change 
from BY

Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq.

 % of BY 
emissions

Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq.

 % of BY 
emissions

Mt CO2-eq.

 % of BY 
emissions

Mt CO2-eq.

 % of BY 
emissions

Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq.

 % of BY 
emissions

Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq.

 % of BY 
emissions

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria (3)
Cyprus (2)
Czech Republic
Denmark (4)
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland (1)
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta (2)
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal (3)
Romania (3)
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-15
EU-27

79.0
145.7
132.6
5.3
194.2
69.3
42.6
71.0
563.9
1,232.4
107.0
115.4
55.6
516.9
25.9
49.4
13.2
2.0
213.0
563.4
60.1
278.2
72.1
20.4
289.8
72.2
776.3
4,265.5
5,767.1

68.8
134.8
122.0
no target
178.7
55.8
39.2
71.0
563.9
973.6
133.7
108.5
62.8
483.3
23.8
45.5
9.5
no target
200.3
529.6
76.4
256.0
66.3
18.7
333.2
75.0
679.3
3,924.3
no target

-13.0%
-7.5%
-8.0%
no target
-8.0%
-21.0%
-8.0%
0.0%
0.0%
-21.0%
25.0%
-6.0%
13.0%
-6.5%
-8.0%
-8.0%
-28.0%
no target
-6.0%
-6.0%
27.0%
-8.0%
-8.0%
-8.0%
15.0%
4.0%
-12.5%
-8.0%
no target

38.0
76.3
83.9
n.a.
92.0
31.3
27.4
33.4
431.9
522.1
65.4
81.8
41.6
281.7
20.4
36.9
7.0
na
112.8
323.9
41.6
181.9
33.7
10.4
181.0
52.6
433.7
2,353.8
na

54.3
79.8
29.1
5.2
58.6
35.5
6.2
32.9
393.2
497.7
59.5
43.7
44.8
313.0
8.5
16.6
10.0
1.1
120.6
188.4
47.1
84.2
23.6
11.9
230.0
42.0
343.9
2,304.3
2,780.8

16.2
3.5
-54.8
na
-33.3
4.2
-21.2
-0.5
-38.7
-24.4
-5.9
-38.2
3.2
31.3
-11.9
-20.2
3.0
na
7.8
-135.6
5.6
-97.7
-10.2
1.4
49.1
-10.6
-89.7
-49.5
na

20.5%
2.4%
-41.3%
na
-17.2%
6.1%
-49.6%
-0.7%
-6.9%
-2.0%
-5.6%
-33.1%
5.8%
6.1%
-45.9%
-41.0%
22.6%
na
3.7%
-24.1%
9.3%
-35.1%
-14.1%
7.0%
16.9%
-14.6%
-11.6%
-1.2%
na

53.7
79.1
29.1
5.1
58.5
35.3
6.2
32.8
388.8
487.2
59.0
43.5
44.4
312.4
8.5
16.2
9.9
1.0
119.9
188.4
47.1
84.2
23.5
11.6
229.6
42.0
343.9
2,285.1
2,760.4

15.6
2.8
-54.8
na
-33.5
4.0
-21.2
-0.6
-43.1
-34.9
-6.4
-38.3
2.9
30.7
-11.9
-20.7
2.9
na
7.2
-135.6
5.6
-97.7
-10.3
1.2
48.6
-10.6
-89.7
-68.7
na

19.7%
1.9%
-41.3%
na
-17.2%
5.8%
-49.7%
-0.9%
-7.6%
-2.8%
-6.0%
-33.2%
5.2%
5.9%
-46.1%
-41.8%
22.2%
na
3.4%
-24.1%
9.3%
-35.1%
-14.3%
5.7%
16.8%
-14.6%
-11.6%
-1.6%
na

-0.7

-1.2
-1.6

-0.6
-3.2
-4.5
-0.6
-1.1
-2.8
-10.2
-1.3

0.0
-3.0
-4.7

-1.3
-5.5
-2.1
-3.7
-40.2
-48.0

-0.9%
0.0%
0.0%
na
-0.6%
-2.4%
0.0%
-0.8%
-0.6%
-0.4%
-0.6%
-0.9%
-5.0%
-2.0%
-4.8%
0.0%
0.0%
na
0.0%
-0.5%
-7.8%
0.0%
0.0%
-6.5%
-1.9%
-3.0%
-0.5%
-0.9%
-0.8%

-9.0
-6.3
1.4

25.0
-3.7
1.2
-1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.0
-1.7
-14.8
8.4
2.1
-2.7

-10.0
0.0
-1.5
0.0
8.4
-1.0
-57.8
0.0
0.0
-108.4
-59.0

-11.4%
-4.3%
1.1%
na
12.9%
-5.3%
2.8%
-1.4%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
3.5%
-3.0%
-2.9%
32.4%
4.2%
-20.5%
na
-4.7%
0.0%
-2.5%
0.0%
11.7%
-4.9%
-19.9%
0.0%
0.0%
-2.5%
-1.0%

44.6
73.6
30.5
5.2
82.5
30.1
7.4
31.3
390.0
493.2
58.8
46.6
40.3
288.0
15.7
18.7
7.3
1.1
110.6
185.4
41.0
84.2
32.0
9.5
166.8
39.9
340.3
2,155.6
2,673.8

6.5
-2.7
-53.4
na
-9.5
-1.1
-20.0
-2.1
-42.0
-29.0
-6.6
-35.2
-1.2
6.4
-4.8
-18.1
0.3
na
-2.2
-138.6
-0.6
-97.7
-1.8
-0.9
-14.2
-12.7
-93.4
-198.2
na

8.3%
-1.9%
-40.3%
na
-4.9%
-1.6%
-46.8%
-3.0%
-7.4%
-2.3%
-6.1%
-30.5%
-2.2%
1.2%
-18.3%
-36.7%
2.1%
na
-1.0%
-24.6%
-1.0%
-35.1%
-2.5%
-4.4%
-4.9%
-17.6%
-12.0%
-4.6%
na

44.0
72.8
30.5
5.1
82.3
30.0
7.4
31.2
385.6
482.7
58.4
46.4
40.0
287.4
15.6
18.3
7.2
1.0
110.0
185.4
41.0
84.2
31.9
9.3
166.3
39.9
340.3
2,136.4
2,653.4

5.9
-3.5
-53.4
na
-9.6
-1.3
-20.0
-2.2
-46.4
-39.5
-7.1
-35.4
-1.6
5.7
-4.8
-18.6
0.2
na
-2.8
-138.6
-0.6
-97.7
-1.9
-1.2
-14.7
-12.7
-93.4
-217.4
na

7.5%
-2.4%
-40.3%
na
-5.0%
-1.9%
-46.9%
-3.1%
-8.2%
-3.2%
-6.6%
-30.7%
-2.8%
1.1%
-18.6%
-37.6%
1.7%
na
-1.3%
-24.6%
-1.0%
-35.1%
-2.6%
-5.7%
-5.1%
-17.6%
-12.0%
-5.1%
na

Notes: 
(1) Ireland reported an amount of unused allowances projected to remain in their new entrants reserve by the end of the commitment period, which they intend to use for Kyoto compliance. 
These amounts (1 million AAUs per year) were included in the total allowed emissions of non-ETS sectors. 
(2) Malta and Cyprus have no commitment under the Kyoto Protocol, therefore no base year and no emission target. 1990 emissions are used in the column "base year". 
(3) Projection data for Bulgaria, Portugal and Romania based on the Primes/Gains model3.  
(4) Data for Denmark includes a base-year compensation of 1 million AAU per year as agreed under the Decision 2010/778/EU (OJ 16.12.2010 L332/41)  

EN 

8 

EN 

 
  
 
 
Table 7b: Aggregate of total GHG projections for the various scenarios  

Projections of total emissions 
with existing measures

With Kyoto mechanisms

With carbon sinks and use of 
Kyoto mechanisms

Base year 
emissions

With carbon sinks, use of 
Kyoto mechanisms and impact 
of the EU ETS cap

Projections of with additional 
measures, carbon sinks, Kyoto 
mechanisms, impact of the EU 
ETS cap

EU-15
EU-27
EU-27 (1990)

Mt CO2 eq.
4,265.5
5,767.1
5,588.8

Annual 
average 
2008–2012
Mt CO2 eq.
3,817.4
4,737.9
4,737.9

change from 
base year

%
-10.5%
-17.8%
-15.2%

Annual 
average 
2008–2012
Mt CO2 eq.
3,708.9
4,679.0
4,679.0

change from 
base year

%
-13.0%
-18.9%
-16.3%

Annual 
average 
2008–2012
Mt CO2 eq.
3,668.7
4,630.9
4,630.9

change from 
base year

%
-14.0%
-19.7%
-17.1%

Annual 
average 
2008–2012
Mt CO2 eq.
3,726.1
4,747.6
4,747.6

change from 
base year

%
-12.6%
-17.7%
-15.1%

Annual 
average 
2008–2012
Mt CO2 eq.
3,692.3
4,712.3
4,712.3

change from 
base year

%
-13.4%
-18.3%
-15.7%

EN 

9 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
Table 8: Comparison of historic GHG emissions and AAUs budgets 

burden 
sharing or KP 
target 

cumulative 
AAU budget 
2008-2010 

Cumulative 
total GHG 
emissions 
2008-2010 

Cumulative 
use of sink 
activities 
2008-2010 

Cumulative gap 
between relevant AAU 
budget including sink 
activities and 
emissions(1) 

Mt CO2 eq 

Mt CO2 eq 

Mt CO2 eq 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus  

68,8 
134,8 
122,0 
no target 

Czech Republic 

Denmark  
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland  
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 

Luxembourg 

Malta  
Netherlands 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 

United Kingdom 

EU-15 
EU-27 

Notes: 

178,7 

55,8 
39,2 
71,0 
563,9 
973,6 
133,7 
108,5 
62,8 
483,3 
23,8 
45,5 

9,5 

no target 
200,3 
529,6 
76,4 
256,0 
66,3 
18,7 
333,2 
75,0 

679,3 

3.924,3 
no target 

206,3
404,4
366,0
NA

536,1

167,3
117,6
213,0
1.691,8
2.920,9
401,2
325,4
188,5
1.449,8
71,5
136,4

28,4

NA
600,8
1.588,9
229,2
767,9
198,9
56,2
999,7
225,1

2.037,9

251,4
391,7
187,6
28,8

409,7

185,8
57,1
211,2
1.581,0
2.860,9
371,4
207,5
190,8
1.526,4
34,1
68,0

36,2

8,7
614,1
1.165,6
227,3
413,9
135,6
60,3
1.126,3
188,0

1.771,0

Mt CO2 eq  Mt CO2 eq 
48,2 
3,7 
-168,2 
no target 

-2,1 
0,0 
0,0 
NA 

% 

23,4%
0,9%
-45,9%
no target

-3,5 

-4,9 
0,0 
-1,8 
-9,7 
-13,6 
-1,9 
-3,2 
-8,4 
-30,6 
-3,8 
0,0 

0,0 

NA 
0,0 
-9,0 
-14,0 
0,0 
0,0 
-4,0 
-16,4 
-6,4 

-11,0 

-102,1 

8,1 
-63,4 
-3,8 
-72,5 
-116,8 
-33,5 
-119,0 
0,3 
70,3 
-39,6 
-63,4 

8,7 

no target 
17,9 
-419,0 
-4,0 
-293,8 
-35,2 
-0,2 
143,0 
-38,3 

-19,0%

4,9%
-53,9%
-1,8%
-4,3%
-4,0%
-8,4%
-36,6%
0,1%
4,9%
-55,4%
-46,5%

30,5%

no target
3,0%
-26,4%
-1,8%
-38,3%
-17,7%
-0,4%
14,3%
-17,0%

-295,2 

-14,5%

11.772,8
no target

11.523,9
14.307,7

-120,6 
-144,1 

-273,2 
no target 

-2,3%
no target

(1) includes the impact of the EU ETS cap 

(2) 2010 data based on proxy data developed by the EEA2

EN 

10 

   EN 

 
  
 
 
 
Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures  

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

In force 

In force  

In force 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

100-12518 

In force  

600-90019 

In force 

0.87520 

N/a 

In force 

Cross-cutting measures 

Policies and measures 
‘Cross-cutting’ 
EU Emission Trading 
Scheme 
Revision of the monitoring 
mechanism 
Link Kyoto flexible 
mechanisms to emissions 
trading 

Energy Supply 

Policies and measures 
‘Energy supply’ 

Promotion of electricity 
from RES-E (2001) 
(New) Renewable energy 
Directive (Directive 
2009/28/EC) 

CCS Directive  
NER300 laying down 
criteria and measures for 
the financing of 
commercial demonstration 
projects for CCS and 
innovative renewable 
energy technologies under 
the revised EU ETS 
Directive on promotion of 
cogeneration 

Further measures on 
renewable heat (including 
biomass action plan) 
Intelligent Energy for 
Europe: programme for 
renewable energy 

6521 

36-4822 

N/a 

In preparation 

In force 
Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005, 
over 20 further actions planned. 
Renewable heat included in 
proposed new Directive on 
renewable energy  

Programme for policy support in 
renewable energy  

Amendments to a number of 
directives28 to continue to help 
complete the internal energy 
market. 

Developing the internal 
energy market 

TOTAL  

80-120 18 
282-358 

600.9-900.9 

EN 

11 

   EN 

 
  
  
 
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
Energy demand 

Policies and measures 
‘Energy demand’ 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Directive on the energy 
performance of buildings 
Directive on the energy 
performance of buildings 
(recast) 
Directive on ecodesign 
requirements for energy-
related products  
Directive on labelling of 
the consumption of energy 
and other resources by 
energy-related products 
Regulation on the labelling 
of tyres with respect to fuel 
efficiency and other 
essential parameters 
Regulation on energy 
efficiency labelling 
programme for office 
equipment (Energy Star) 
Directive on energy end 
use efficiency and energy 
services  

Action Plan on Energy 
efficiency as a follow-up to 
the Green Paper  

Action under the Industrial 
emission directive  
Intelligent Energy for 
Europe programme / 
Covenant of Mayors 

Public awareness campaign 
on energy efficiency 
Programme for voluntary 
action on motors (Motor 
Challenge)  

2024 

9226 

N/a 

Not known 

N/a 

N/a 

30 18 

25-40 18 

190-29025 

Adopted on 18 May 2010 

Stage of implementation / 
timetable /comments 

In force  

Monitoring and review 

9 implementing measures 
adopted on ecodesign and 8 on 
energy labelling. To be revised 
or complemented by further 
measures. 

In force; National Energy 
Efficiency Action Plans adopted 
in all EU-27. 

Launched Oct 200627. Identifies 
10 priority actions to achieve up 
to 20% energy savings by 2020.  

Reference document on Best 
Available Techniques regarding 
Energy Efficiency finalised. 

Programme for policy support in 
energy efficiency 
Supporting program as part of 
Intelligent Energy for Europe: In 
implementation 
Supporting programme for 
voluntary action on efficient 
motor systems 

EU Handbook developed for 
guidance for increased energy 
efficient public procurement 

170 

6-16 

11.2 (2009-2014) 

 132 

Public procurement 

TOTAL  

193-208 

509.2-619.2 

EN 

12 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
 
  
  
Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 

107-117 
Out of which VC: 75-
80 

5029 

62.528 

35-4018 

75-8018 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

See regulation on 
fluorinated gases 

217-237  

18330 

1.931 
 297.4 

VC: monitoring and review 
Labelling: in force 
Communication on fiscal 
measures: in implementation 

First implemented in 1998. 
Revisions adopted in December 
2008 

In force 

Implemented  
In implementation, in relation to 
heavy road duty transport only, 
amendment of "Eurovignette" 
has been proposed 

Adopted 
Package of measures in 
implementation  
In force  
Focus on EU harmonisation of 
taxation, not on CO2 reduction; 
ongoing review  

In force 
Adopted. Will include all flights 
from 1/01/2012 

Transport 

Policies and measures 
‘Transport’ 

Strategy on CO2 from 
passenger cars, including 
voluntary commitment 
(VC) of car manufacturers' 
associations 

Fuel quality Directive  
Directive on the promotion 
of transport bio-fuels 
Voluntary agreements with 
European, Japanese and 
Korean car manufacturers.  

Framework Directive 
Infrastructure use and 
charging 
Infrastructure charging for 
heavy goods (revised 
Eurovignette) 
Shifting the balance of 
transport modes 

Fuel taxation 
Directive on mobile air 
conditioning systems: 
HFCs 
Inclusion of Aviation in 
EU ETS 
Public procurement of 
vehicles 
TOTAL  

Industry & non CO2 gases 

Policies and measures 
‘Industry’ 
Regulation on fluorinated 
gases (including Directive 
on mobile air conditioning 
systems) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 

2332 

4640  

In force 
In force 
In 2008 the Directive was 
codified and in 2010 amended 
by the Industrial Emissions 
Directive 

IPPC & non-CO2 gases  

60-7018 

EN 

13 

   EN 

 
 
 
  
 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Waste 

Policies and measures 
‘Waste’ 
Landfill Directive 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 
4118 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Waste Framework 
Directive  

Thematic Strategy on 
waste 
Directives on waste 
electrical and electronic 
equipment (WEEE) 

3534 

Integration Research & Development 

Policies and measures 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

R&D framework Program 

N/a 

Competitiveness and 
Innovation Framework 
Programme (CIP) 

Integration Cohesion Policy 

Policies and measures 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Integration climate change 
in structural funds 
&cohesion funds 

N/a 

N/a  

Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 

In force 
Adopted.  
Launched December 200533, 
including a revision of the 
original waste directive of 1975, 
revised in 2008. 

Launched in 2005 

In force. Revised directive in 
2008 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

In force. Under the 7th 
Framework program (FP7), 
which runs from 2007 to 2013, a 
budget of 50.5 billion euros will 
be allocated over the entire 
period. Over 2.3 billion to 
energy related R&D activities. 
CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with 
a total budget of 3.6 billion 
euros. The CIP is divided in 
three operational programmes 
two of which are related to 
energy and climate change.  

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

For the budgetary period 2007-
13 sustainable transport, 
adaptation, renewable energy 
and energy efficiency have been 
indentified as eligible areas for 
support. 

EN 

14 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
 
 
  
  
  
  
Agriculture 

Policies and measures 
‘Agriculture’ 

CAP health check (2003 
reform) 
- Rural development 
policies 
- Market policies 

60-7035 
1235 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

Adopted. In 2008 the European 
Commission decided to move to 
new changes to the CAP.  

Rural development policy for 
2007-13 focus on: 

- Improving competitiveness 

- Improving the environment 
- Improving quality of life and 
encourage diversification of the 
rural economy.  
 Possibility for support through 
Rural development programmes 

Improved implementation of the 
nitrates Directive  

The European Climate Change 
Programme (ECCP) Working 
Group on Sinks Related to 
Agricultural Soils estimated this 
potential at equivalent to 1.5 to 
1.7% of the EU’s anthropogenic 
CO2 emissions during the first 
commitment period under the 
Kyoto Protocol37 

Rural development policy 
Reduction of CH4 and 
N2O from animal manure 

N2O from soils 

N/a 

1.7 

1036 

Proposed soil directive  

N/a 

N/a 

EN 

15 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
  
  
 
Forests 

Policies and measures 
‘Forests’ 

Sequestration 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Sequestration 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

EU Forest Action Plan  
Afforestation and 
reforestation: 
- Afforestation 
programmes 

N/a 

N/a 

- Natural forest expansion 

1418 

Restoration of forests 
damaged by natural 
disasters, fires, pests 
damage and forest fire 
prevention action 

Forest management 
(various measures) 

19 18 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
Adopted. The Forest Action Plan 
presented in June 2006 builds on 
the EU’s Forestry Strategy 
adopted in 1998. 

Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development 
Possibility for support through 
Rural development programmes, 
specific measure for restoring 
forestry potential and 
introduction of prevention 
actions 
Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development, dependent on 
national implementation. 

EN 

16 

   EN 

 
  
 
 
  
Table 10: Key figures of the emissions trading scheme for 2005-2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 for EU-27(1) 

1. Combustion installations 
2. Mineral oil refineries 
3. Coke ovens 
4. Metal ore roasting or sintering 
5. Pig iron or steel 
6. Cement clinker or lime 
7. Glass including glass fibre 
8. Ceramic products by firing 
9. Pulp, paper and board 
99. Other activity opted-in 
All EU installations 

1. Combustion installations 
2. Mineral oil refineries 
3. Coke ovens 
4. Metal ore roasting or sintering 
5. Pig iron or steel 
6. Cement clinker or lime 
7. Glass including glass fibre 
8. Ceramic products by firing 
9. Pulp, paper and board 
99. Other activity opted-in 
All EU installations 

Number of installations (2) 

2005– 
2007 

6.932 
150 
20 
19 
229 
531 
412 
1.139 
795 
320 
10.548 

2008 

2009 

2010 

7.070 
151 
21 
28 
236 
550 
433 
1.071 
792 
399 
10.751 

7.169 
149 
22 
28 
235 
554 
431 
1.073 
783 
411 
10.855 

7.175 
148 
22 
28 
231 
541 
421 
1.040 
758 
438 
10.802 

Allocated allowances 
Mt CO2-eq. 

2008 

2009 

2010 

1.255 
152 
23 
22 
185 
210 
25 
19 
38 
23 
1.950 

1.265 
152 
23 
22 
185 
212 
25 
19 
39 
24 
1.966 

1.279 
155 
23 
22 
184 
213 
26 
19 
39 
21 
1.980 

2005– 
2007 

1.502 
165 
23 
33 
156 
199 
23 
18 
37 
0 (3) 
2.157 

Verified emissions 
Mt CO2-eq. 

2008 

2009 

2010 

1.496 
154 
21 
18 
133 
189 
23 
13 
31 
23 
2.100 

1.366 
145 
16 
11 
95 
151 
19 
9 
28 
20 
1.860 

1.394 
142 
20 
13 
114 
151 
20 
9 
29 
21 
1.913 

2005– 
2007 

1.531 
155 
21 
24 
131 
194 
21 
15 
30 
21 
2.144 

Difference between  
verified emissions and allocated allowances 
% 

2005– 2007 
1,9% 
-6,1% 
-8,5% 
-27,3% 
-15,5% 
-2,7% 
-5,8% 
-17,3% 
-19,7% 
8400,8% 
-0,6% 

2008 
19,2% 
1,2% 
-6,8% 
-19,4% 
-27,9% 
-9,9% 
-9,7% 
-28,1% 
-18,0% 
-0,9% 
7,7% 

2009 
8,0% 
-4,9% 
-30,0% 
-49,8% 
-48,4% 
-28,7% 
-24,0% 
-52,8% 
-29,1% 
-16,9% 
-5,4% 

2010 
9,0% 
-8,6% 
-12,7% 
-39,9% 
-38,3% 
-28,9% 
-21,3% 
-53,5% 
-24,7% 
0,0% 
-3,4% 

Notes: 
(1) Please note that due to changes in the application of the scope (i.e. the coverage by the EU ETS of installations or emissions) in some Member States between the 2005-2007 and the 2008-2012 
trading period, one can not perfectly compare data (whether it is allocated allowances or verified emissions) that relate on the one hand to the 2005-2007 trading period, and on the other hand to the 
2008-2012 trading period. 
(2) All installations which have participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already closed.  
(3) The exact figure is 245000 allowances but appearing as 0 due to rounding. 
(4) For RO and BG data for 2007 is added on top of EU-25 2005-2007 average and not divided by three for 2005-2007 average. For CY no verified emissions are available for 2010. 
Source:  EEA EU ETS data viewer (May 2011) 

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Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs(1) 

2005-2007 
average 
emissions

2008-2012 
EU ETS cap

Allocated 
allowances 
average 2008-
2010

Member State

2008 verified 
emissions

2009 verified 
emissions

2010 verified 
emissions

2009 verified 
emissions 
compared to 
EU ETS cap

2010 verified 
emissions 
compared to 
EU ETS cap

Share of 
EU ETS in 
total GHG 
emissions 
in 2008

Share of 
EU ETS in 
total GHG 
emissions 
in 2009

Share of CER 
in total 
surrendered 
allowances in 
2009

Share of ERU 
in total 
surrendered 
allowances in 
2009

Member State

Mt CO2-eq. per 
year
32,5
54,3
39,2
5,2
84,6
30,0
13,4
40,1
128,3
480,1
71,3
26,3
21,8
226,6
2,9
6,4
2,6
2,0
79,0
207,5
33,6
69,6
25,1
8,9
183,3
19,4
250,1
2.144,0

Mt CO2-eq. 
per year
30,7
58,5
38,1
5,2
86,7
24,5
11,8
37,6
132,0
451,5
68,3
26,7
21,3
201,6
3,4
8,6
2,5
2,1
87,5
205,7
34,8
74,1
32,5
8,3
152,2
22,5
245,6
2.074,3

Mt CO2-eq. 
per year
31,6
56,1
38,0
5,1
85,9
23,9
11,8
37,2
129,5
393,7
63,9
24,9
20,3
207,1
3,3
7,7
2,5
2,1
81,8
202,8
31,4
73,5
32,2
8,2
151,6
21,8
217,5
1.965,3

Mt CO2-eq. 
per year
32,0
55,5
38,3
5,6
80,4
26,5
13,5
36,2
124,1
472,7
69,9
27,2
20,4
220,7
2,7
6,1
2,1
2,0
83,5
204,1
29,9
64,1
25,3
8,9
163,5
20,1
265,1
2.100,2

Mt CO2-eq. 
per year
27,3
46,2
32,0
5,4
73,8
25,5
10,3
34,3
111,1
428,2
63,7
22,4
17,2
184,9
2,5
5,8
2,2
1,9
81,0
191,2
28,3
49,0
21,6
8,1
136,9
17,5
232,0
1.860,1

Mt CO2-eq. 
per year
31,0
50,1
33,5
NA
75,6
25,3
14,4
41,3
114,7
454,7
59,9
23,0
17,4
191,5
3,2
6,4
2,3
1,9
84,4
199,7
24,2
47,3
21,7
8,1
121,5
22,7
237,4
1.913,2

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-27

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-27

%

-11%
-21%
-16%
2%
-15%
4%
-13%
-9%
-16%
-5%
-7%
-16%
-19%
-8%
-27%
-33%
-12%
-11%
-7%
-7%
-19%
-34%
-34%
-3%
-10%
-22%
-6%
-10%

%

1%
-14%
-12%
NA
-13%
3%
22%
10%
-13%
1%
-12%
-14%
-18%
-5%
-5%
-25%
-9%
-12%
-3%
-3%
-31%
-36%
-33%
-2%
-20%
1%
-3%
-8%

%

37%
41%
55%
55%
57%
42%
67%
51%
23%
48%
54%
37%
30%
41%
23%
25%
17%
67%
41%
52%
38%
42%
53%
42%
40%
32%
43%
42%

%

34%
37%
54%
57%
56%
42%
61%
52%
21%
47%
52%
34%
28%
38%
23%
27%
19%
66%
41%
51%
38%
37%
50%
42%
37%
29%
41%
40%

%

1,4%
1,4%
0,0%
69,3%
3,9%
0,6%
0,0%
3,8%
3,5%
5,7%
0,2%
5,6%
1,3%
4,2%
16,1%
14,8%
1,1%
0,0%
0,9%
5,0%
5,2%
6,5%
5,4%
4,3%
5,1%
2,4%
2,0%
3,9%

%

0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,0%
0,0%
0,4%
0,3%
0,1%
0,0%
0,1%
0,0%
0,1%
0,3%
6,3%
0,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,0%
0,6%
0,0%
2,0%
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,2%

Notes: (1) Please note that due to changes in the application of the scope (i.e. the coverage by the EU ETS of installations or emissions) in some Member States between the 2005-2007 and the 2008-
2012 trading period, one can not perfectly compare the verified emissions data that relate on the one hand to the 2005-2007 trading period, and on the other hand to the 2008-2012 trading period. (2) 
Data on the EU ETS cap may differ from final values yet to be determined by the European Commission due to the fact that issues such as the treatment of the new entrant reserves are still pending. (3) 
For Ireland, the ETS cap is reduced by the expected leftover units in the new entrants' reserve at the end of the trading period which will not be distributed to operators but used for Kyoto compliance. 
(4) For RO and BG data for 2007 is added on top of EU-25 2005-2007 average and not divided by three for 2005-2007 average. 

Source: EEA EU ETS data viewer, http://ec.europa.eu/clima/documentation/ets/registries_en.htm, 
http://unfccc.int/national_reports/annex_i_ghg_inventories/national_inventories_submissions/items/5888.php  (June 2011) 

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Figure 2:  Overview on the EU ETS emissions  

Annual emissions of all EU ETS installations
in tonnes (millions)

Economic recession 
depresses emissions 
by more than 10%

Bulgarian and 
Romanian installations 
join the EU ETS

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Average annual emissions per installation
in tonnes (thousands)

2.200

2.000

1.800

1.600

1.400

1.200

1.000

250

200

150

100

50

0

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Notes:  
(1) The CITL data as illustrated in the graph above indicate the total amount of verified emissions of all EU ETS installations 
per  year.  However,  these  figures  do  not  allow  for  comparing  annual  emissions,  as  they  do  not  account  for  changes  in  the 
scope of the system: over the years new sectors and countries joined the EU ETS. Therefore the average annual emissions per 
installation  were  calculated,  based  on  the  annual  verified  emissions  and  the  exact  amount  of  installations  emitting  in  the 
respective year. The results are illustrated in the second graph. 
(2)  The  calculation  of  average  annual  emissions  per  installation emitting  is  based  on  the  total  verified  emission  figures  of 
each year, as reported by the CITL. For each year, the number of installations actually emitting was identified. Then, the total 
verified emissions of each year were divided by the total number of installations actually emitting, thus delivering the average 
annual  emissions  per  installation  emitting.  For  example,  in  2008  total  verified  emissions  were  at  2,100,320,867  tonnes  of 
CO2eq. The actual number of installations emitting in 2008 was 10.440. This results in an average of 201,180 tonnes of CO2eq 
emissions per installation in 2008.  

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Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms 
Type of Kyoto 
Member State 
mechanisms (IET, 
CDM, JI)

Planned use of 
Kyoto mechanisms 

Achievement of 
Kyoto target 
planned through 
domestic action 
only

Implemented use 
of credits at 
government level 
(1)

Budget (2)

Projected emission 
reduction 2008-
2012 through the 
use of Kyoto 
mechanisms

[Mt CO2 eq. per 
year]

0,6
1,0
0,0
not applicable
-27,2
0,5
-0,1
0,2
0,1
1,1
0,0
-3,4
2,7
0,7
-18,2
0,0
0,4
not available
7,7
0,0
0,2
0,4
-7,4
0,0
10,9
-0,4
2,2
28,0
-27,9

[Mt CO2 eq. per 
year]
9,0
6,3
-1,4
-
-25,0
3,7
-1,2
1,0
-
-
-
-4,0
1,7
14,8
-8,4
-2,1
2,7
-
10,0
-
1,5
-
-8,4
1,0
57,8
-
-
108,4
59,0

No
No
Yes
Not applicable
Yes
No 
Yes
No 
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No 
No 
Yes
Yes
No 
Not applicable
No 
Yes
No 
Yes
Yes
No 
No 
Yes 
Yes
No 
Not applicable

IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM

[Mio € 
for 2008-2012]

531
276
-
-
-
217
-
70
-
-
-
-
290
-
-
-
250
-
500
-
106
-
-
80
386
178
-
2.803
2.883

Yes 
Yes 
No
No
No
Yes 
No
Yes 
No
No
No
No
Yes 
Yes 
No
No
Yes 
No
Yes 
No
Yes 
No
No
Yes 
Yes 
No 
No
Yes 
Yes 

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
EU-15
EU-27

Notes:  

 (1) Implemented use of credits covers credits delivered to/sold from party holding account, 2008-2009 average.  

(2) The figure for budget does not include the revenue from the sale of AAUs 

(3) Cyprus and Malta have no emissions targets for the period 2008-2012 under the Kyoto Protocol. 
Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism, SEF tables (26 
May 2011) and the EEA EU ETS data viewer (12 July 2011) 

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Table 13: Projected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first 
commitment period 

Article 3.3 

Article 3.4 

Net carbon stock change 
during 2008–12 

Election of 
activities(1) 

Net carbon stock change 
during 2008–12 (3) 

Maximum allowance 
for forest management 

[Mt CO2 per year] 

[Mt CO2 per year] 

None 
None 
None 
NA 

FM 

NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
Removals likely larger 
than max. allowance 

-0,1 

FM, CM, GM 

FM: 0.42 CM+GM: -1.7 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech 
Republic 

Denmark 

Estonia 
Finland (2) 

France 

Germany 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Netherlands 

[Mt CO2 per year] 

-0,7 
No estimates available 
Not reported 
Not reported 

Probably small sink 

Probably net sink 
 +3 to +4 

No reliable estimates 
available, probably net 
source 
No estimates available 
-0,3 
Probably net sink 
-2,8 
No quantitative estimates 
available 

Net source 

Probably net sink 
0 
Not reported 
0,0 

None 
FM 

FM 

FM 
FM 
FM 
None 

FM 

FM 

FM 
None 
NA 
None 

FM 

Poland 

Net sink 

Portugal 

Romania 
Slovakia 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden (2) 
United 
Kingdom 

EU-15 

EU-27 

-3,4 

FM, CM, GM 

Not reported 
Net sink 
No estimates available 
-3,0 
1,5 

FM, Revegetation 
None 
FM 
FM, CM 
FM 

-2,3 

-8,9 

-8,9 

FM 

NA 

NA 

Total 

[Mt CO2 per 
year] 
-0,7 
NE 
NE 
NE 

-1,2 

-1,6 

NE 
-0,6 

-3,2 

-4,5 
-0,6 
-1,1 
-2,8 

NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 

-1,2 

-0,2 

NA 
-0,6 

-3,2 

-4,6 
-0,3 
-1,1 
NA 

No estimates available 
 > -10,00 to -20,00 

>-70.00 

-7,3 
 -1.50 to -2.00 
-4,24 
NA 

-10,2 

-10,2 

-10,2 

Removals likely larger 
than max. allowance 

No estimates available 
NA 
NA 
NA 

Removals likely larger 
than max. allowance 

FM: -0.81 CM+GM: -
0.50 
Not reported 
NA 
-1,32 
-2,5 
-38,5 

-1,4 

-27,7 

-35,5 

-1,3 

-1,0 
NA 
NA 
NA 

-3,0 

-0,8 

-4,0 
NA 
-1,3 
-2,5 
-2,1 

-1,4 

NA 

NA 

-1,3 

NE 
NE 
NE 
0,0 

-3,0 

-4,7 

NE 
NE 
-1,3 
-5,5 
-2,1 

-3,7 

-40,2 

-48,0 

Notes:  
Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negative sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+' for 
emissions; NA: not applicable; NE: not estimated. 
(1) FM: forest management; CM: cropland management; GM: grazing land management. 
(2) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maximum allowance Parties may account for removals from 
forest management to compensate net emissions under Art. 3.3. In Finland and Sweden, removals from forest management 
are projected to exceed the sum of emissions under Art. 3.3. and the maximum allowance for forest management. 
(3) The sum for EU-15 and EU-27 includes emissions and removals from Article 3.4 activities as indicated by Member States 
with application of the cap for Forest Management. Note that the net carbon stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 
3.3 activities plus net carbon stock change during 2008–12 resulting from Art. 3.4 activities for EU-15 and EU-27 does not 
result in their totals, as net emissions from Art. 3.3 in Finland and Sweden could be completely compensated with net 
removals from Art. 3.4 in these Member States. 
Source: Questionnaires and projection reports submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism; The 
European Community's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol (EEA Technical report No 10/2006); Initial reports under the 
Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; Decisions 16/CMP.1 and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the 
Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. 

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Figure 3: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita of EU-27 Member States for 1990 and 2009 

EU-27

EU-15

EU-12

Latvia

Romania

Lithuania

Sweden

Hungary

Malta

Portugal

Bulgaria

Slovakia

Spain

France

Italy

United Kingdom

Slovenia

Austria

Poland

Greece

Denmark

Germany

Belgium

Cyprus

Netherlands

Finland

Estonia

Czech Republic

Ireland

Luxembourg

Source: EEA 

11,8

11,7

12,4

9,2

9,4

8,6

10,0

10,8

13,4

8,5

4,7

6,1

6,5

6,5

9,3

6,7

5,9

6,9

5,9

7,0

7,8

8,0

7,3

8,0

9,7

8,0

9,2

8,2

12,7

14,0

13,6

9,2
9,3
9,5

10,2

9,6

11,9

9,9
10,3

10,9

13,2

11,1

15,8

14,4

11,2

11,6

11,8

9,2

14,2

12,1

14,1

12,5

12,6

12,7

15,6

14,0

26,1

18,9

0

5

10

15

20

t CO2 per capita

2009

1990

23,7

25

33,8

30

35

40

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Table 14: A comparison of EU-27 GHG total emissions and projections under the 
current Kyoto Protocol and under the Climate & Energy Package 

 The  EU  uniteral  20%  reduction  commitment  by  2020  includes  also  CO2  emissions  from 
international  flights  from/to  the  EU.  The  Kyoto  Protocol  covers  only  GHG  emissions  from 
domestic aviation. The table  below presents the quantitative differences. Reductions achieved 
by  the  EU-27,  so  far,  when  the  emissions  from  international  aviation  are  also  taken  into 
account, amount to  -14.1%38 compared to 1990 levels39. 

1990 

2005 

2009 

2020 

Mt CO2 eq.  Mt CO2 eq. 

Mt CO2 eq. 

Mt CO2 eq. 

Kyoto Protocol scope 

Total GHG emissions 

5588.8 

of which domestic aviation 

14.3 

5148.8 

19.1 

4614.5 

17.6 

Projections as compilation of MS data, WEM scenario 

4509.6(1) 

-20% compared to Kyoto base year(2) 

4613.7 

Climate & Energy Package scope 

Total GHG emissions 

5657.0 

5279.5 

4746.5 

of which domestic aviation 

of which international aviation CO2 

14.3 

68.2 

19.1 

130.8 

17.6 

132.0 

Projections based on PRIMES/GAINS model, baseline scenario 

-20 % compared to 1990 

4794.1 

4525.6 

Note:  (1)  This  projected  value  is  based  on  aggregated  national  projections3.  It  includes  a  value  for  Germany 
which is based on projections completed in the first half of 2009. Therefore a sensitivity analysis based on more 
recent European projections, the PRIMES/GAINS baseline, has been carried out. Using this result would lead to 
27 Mt or 0.5% higher EU total emissions. (2) The Kyoto base year emissions is different from 1990 emissions 
level and amount to 5767.1 Mt CO2 eq. (3) data on historic emissions based on EU GHG inventory submission 
2011;  (4)  figures  for  emissions  from  domestic  aviation  cover  CO2,  CH4,  N2O;  figures  for  emissions  from 
international aviation covers CO2 only 

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Table 15: Monitoring of the implementation of the White Paper - Joint Action Plan 

Action 

EU Action – current status and plans 

1) Developing the knowledge base 

Establish by 2012 a Clearing House Mechanism 

Develop methods, models, data sets and prediction tools by 
2011 

The EU Clearinghouse Mechanism is a web-based tool and will help decision makers at nation, regional and local level to establish adaptation strategies. The 1st 
Prototype of the EU Clearinghouse has been delivered at the end of April 2011 and is currently under evaluation. The Clearinghouse will go "live" in March 2012. 

Under the EU's 7th Framework Program for Research / FP7 (2007-2013) climate change remains a key priority including research on climate change adaptation. A 
number of projects funded under FP 7 will contribute to the improvement of the assessment framework by improvement of the understanding of the climate system 
and its processes, the quantification of climate change impacts on human and natural systems (including extreme events), and to the identification and assessment of 
mitigation and adaptation options including their costs. These research projects also serve as a knowledge basis for the development and support of international 
climate  policies  as  well  as  policies  on  e.g.  disaster  reduction  (including  hydrometeorological  hazards).  Most  relevant  FP7  (and  still  ongoing  FP6)  projects: 
ClimateCost:  Full  costs  of  inaction  and  adaptation  of  climate  change;  CLIMSAVE:  Climate  change  integrated  assessment  methodology  for  cross-sectoral 
adaptation and vulnerability; RESPONSES: European responses to climate change: deep emission reductions and mainstreaming of mitigation and adaptation; 
MEDIATION:  Methodology  for  effective  decision-making  on  impacts  and  adaptation;  CCTAME:  Climate  change,  Terrestrial  adaptation  and  mitigation; 
ClimateWater: Bridging the gap between adaptation strategies of climate change impacts and European water policies; ACQWA: Assessing climatic change and 
impacts on the quality and quantity of water; IMPRINTS: Improving preparedness and risk management for flash floods and debris flow events; CLIWASEC: 
Cluster  -  Climate-Water-Security;  CIRCE:  Climate  Change  and  Impact  Research:  the  Mediterranean  Environment;  WATCH:  Water  and  Global  Change 
ANIMALCHANGE An integration of mitigation and adaptation options for sustainable livestock production under climate change 

Develop indicators to better monitor the impact of climate 
change,  including  vulnerability  impacts,  and  progress  on 
adaptation by 2011 

A set of studies and contributions from research projects will be used to convert the generic concept of vulnerability promoted by the Impact Assessment A (in the 
line  of  IPCC  AR4)  into  an  operational  instrument  to  be  used  for  raising  awareness,  guiding  adaptation  policy  design  (e.g.  funding  requirements),  assessing  the 
effectiveness of adaptation measures. Risk assessment and mapping guidelines for disaster management have been adopted by the European Commission at the end 
of 2010. 

Assess the cost and benefit of adaptation options by 2011 

A database on adaptation measures will be the backbone of this action. It will be integrated into the EU Clearinghouse and will gather information available from 
existing  FP7  projects  and  other  on-going  projects  (see  above).  A  methodological  study  has  been  launched  that  will  conduct  an  extensive  review  of  available 
information on costs of adaptation on adaptation measures within the EU and a review of existing methodologies for identifying these costs. It will also assess and 
compare such  methodologies, identify the  methodological and data challenges associated with calculating the expenditure on adaptation. It will propose a set of 
criteria for classifying different projects, programs or budget lines and calculating the expenditure on and propose a system to estimate the "adaptation share" for 
projects not exclusively intended for adaptation as well as producing a list of frequently occurring cases and borderline cases. 

The  PESETA  II  project,  i.e.  a  multi-sectoral,  bottom-up  high-resolution  impact  and  adaptation  assessment  using  most  recent  high-resolution  regional  climate 
projections for Europe (IPCC/SRES in ENSEMBLES project) and operational physical impact models was initiated.  

Joint Programming Initiative on Agriculture, Food Security 
and Climate Change (FACCE JPI) 

Joint programming on adaptation to and mitigation of climate change in the agriculture, forestry and land use sector will bring national research programmes into a 
common  strategy.  More  than  20  European  Countries  are  members.  It  will  include  research  on  climatic  trends  with  extreme  events,  natural  sciences  with  social 
sciences, research with actual policy and management, ecosystems with products and services, production with health, food security and food quality issues. 

Implement, by 2015, the Global Earth Observation System 
of Systems (GEOSS) 

Currently  in  the  process  of  being  built,  GEOSS  will  aim  at  encompassing  all  areas  of  the  globe,  and  to  cover  in  situ,  airborne,  and  space-based  observations. 
GEOSS will meet the need for timely, quality long-term global information as a basis for sound decision-making. The data and information include Climate change 
with the strategic target to achieve effective and sustained operation of the global climate observing system and reliable delivery of climate information of a quality 
needed for predicting, mitigating and adapting to climate variability and change, including for better understanding of the global carbon cycle. 

2) Integrating adaptation into EU policies 

a) Health and social policies 

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EU Action – current status and plans 

Develop  guidelines  and  surveillance  mechanisms  on  the 
health impacts of climate change by 2011 

The  EU  has  explored  with  the  WHO  and  EU  agencies  means  of  ensuring  adequate  surveillance  and  control  of  the  impact  of  climate  change  on  health,  such  as 
epidemiological surveillance, the control of communicable diseases and the effects of extreme events. The Parma Ministerial Declaration brings new priorities in 
the environment and health process with one pillar dedicated on protecting health and environment from climate change. The Health Programme of the European 
Union has been the key financing mechanism for projects, setting up networks and initiatives to support the work of the Health Security Committee. Funding of 
projects to address adaptation to climate change has been foreseen under the work plans for 2009-2011, including: PHASE will provide the public health sector 
with prevention guidelines to promote resilience and reduce health risk associated to extreme weather events, their environmental consequences and development of 
tools  to  select  vulnerable  subgroups  most  at  risk  to  specific  extreme  weather  events;  CLIMATE  TRAP:  Impact  assessment,  surveillance  and  preparedness 
guidelines, training, will play a pivotal role in assisting the process of strengthening the implementation of existing warning systems and plans and in strengthening 
the  Health  Sector  in  preparedness  in  facing  the  health  impact  of  climate  change;  HIALINE  aims  at  evaluating  the  effects  of  climate  diversity  and  change  on 
airborne allergen exposure, and to implement an outdoor allergen early warning network; EUROSUN aims at monitoring ultra violet exposure in the EU and its 
effects  on  incidence  of  skin  cancers  and  cataracts; EUROMOMO  aims  at  develop  and  operate  a  coordinated  approach  to  real-time  mortality  monitoring  across 
Europe  such  as  pandemic  influenza,  emerging  infections  as  well  as  environmental  conditions  with  an  impact  on  public  health,  i.e.  heat  waves  and  cold  spells; 
CEHAPIS: Impact assessment, policy options and indicators on health and climate change aims at providing an evaluation of policy option impacts for successful 
health adaptation to climate change and monitor trends and policies over time; EDEN (Emerging diseases in a changing European environment) contributed to this 
effort.  

The Health Security Initiative aims at streamlining and strengthening capacities on health security to improve the protection of the EU citizen from serious cross 
border threats that can affect human health. It includes threats posed by the impacts of climate change. 

EFSA is developing scientific reports on vector-borne diseases, such as a general overview of the geographical distribution of tick species and an update on the role 
of the tick vectors in the epidemiology of African Swine Fever and Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Eurasia. 

Development  of  a  new  Animal  Disease  Information 
System (ADIS)  

Develop  a  new  EU  Plant  Health  Law  addressing 
phytosanitary consequences of climate change 

The development of a new ADIS will provide better and more comparable epidemiological data to risk managers, enabling them to better identify, evaluate and 
respond to changing or emerging disease situations.  
The Common Plant Health Regime (CPHR) concerns pests and diseases that impact on plant production in agriculture, forestry and the natural environment with 
the objective to contribute to plant health through sustainable production. The evaluation of the CPHR has been the starting point for a fundamental review of the 
regime for addressing the phytosanitary consequences of globalisation and climate change. A legal proposal for the new EU plant health law is foreseen by 2012. 
CLIMPEST is a project about the establishment of harmful organism due to climate change. 

Assess  the  impacts  of  climate  change  and  adaptation 
policies  on  employment  and  on 
the  well-being  of 
vulnerable social groups 

The social dimension of adaptation policies needs to be pursued within existing EU processes in the social and employment fields, and all social partners need to be 
involved. ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) is mapping EU vulnerability on climate change and has developed a Handbook for National 
Vulnerability, Impact, and Adaptation Assessments. See also PHASE project. 

Step  up  existing  animal  disease  surveillance  and  control 
systems 

The ECDC, EFSA and the Animal Health legislation  - are  conducting many activities and projects which contribute on the strengthening of the knowledge base on 
climate  change  health  impacts,  vulnerability  and  adaptation,  such  as  setting  up  of  the  European  Environment  and  Epidemiology  Network,  development  of  a 
Handbook for National Vulnerability, Impact, and Adaptation Assessments and risk assessment for the water-, food- and vector-born diseases. 

b) Agriculture and forests 

Measures  for  adaptation  and  water  management  in  rural 
development national strategies and programmes for 2007-
2013 

The EU regulation on rural development 2007-2013 contains explicit references to the need to anticipate the likely effects of climate change on agriculture. Member 
States receiving additional funds via the increased modulation presented revised rural development national strategies and programmes (RDP) to better respond to 
the various new challenges. A share of the new funds made available has been allocated to mitigation and adaptation measures. A review of the extent to which 
climate change is addressed in the national and regional RDP for 2007-2013 has been carried out across the EU. All these evaluations are taken into account in the 
ongoing impact assessment in view of a new framework for the CAP post 2013. 

Integration  of  adaptation 
rural 
development, adequate support for sustainable production, 

into  3  strands  of 

A number of actions with adaptation potential have been programmed by Member States and regions. Almost 70% of the RDP include actions to renovate irrigation 
equipment to improve the efficiency of water use. Half of the RDP supports waste water treatment installations on farms and water saving production techniques. 

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contribution  of  the  CAP  to  the  efficient  use  of  water  in 
agriculture 

EU Action – current status and plans 
Around  40%  of  the  programmes  also  include  the  development/improvement  of  farm  water  storage  capacity.  Due  the  Health  Check  better  water  management 
objectives have been included in the scope of cross compliance with a new GAEC issue relating to protection and management of water.  

Examine  the  capacity  of  the  Farm  Advisory  System  to 
reinforce 
training,  knowledge  and  adoption  of  new 
technologies that facilitate adaptation 

The Farm Advisory System (FAS) is an important tool to improve farm management. It requires national authorities to offer advice to farmers, at least for the rules 
included  into  cross  compliance.  Member  States  may  use  the  FAS  for  advising  farmers  on  the  respect  of  standards  going  beyond  cross  compliance,  e.g.,  water 
commitments under agri-environmental measures. RDP provides the possibility to co-finance the setting-up of the FAS and its use by farmers. The revision of FAS 
will be part of the reflections on the CAP post-2013 and enhancing its role in climate change related issues is part of the proposals being assessed. 

Update  forestry  strategy  and  launch  debate  on  options for 
an EU approach on forest protection and forest information 
systems 

The  1998  EU  Forestry  Strategy  established  a  framework  for  forest-related  actions  in  support  of  sustainable  forest  management  (SFM)  which  is  currently  being 
revised. A Green Paper on forest protection and forest information (preparing forests for climate change) was adopted in 2010 with a view to strengthening EU 
action on forest protection and forest information systems, currently a follow-up of the Green Paper on forest protection and information is ongoing. Two ongoing 
studies will have links to adaptation: "Disturbance of EU forests by biotic agents" and "Influences of EU forests on weather patterns". 

The EU’s rural development policy for the period 2007–2013 provides a basis for the full integration of forestry into rural development. In the context of the review 
of Rural Development Policy post 2013 the further development of the forestry measures will be examined. 

European  Consortium  for  Modelling  of  Air  Pollution  and 
Climate Strategy 

Linkage of many sectoral models. Baseline and Forecasts on non CO2 emissions• Providing scientific and economic analyses for the revision of the EU Thematic 
Strategy on Air and the European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) 

LULUCF Accounting tool 

Modelling tool for international negotiations on LULUCF CO2 sink/source 

An analysis of potential and costs of LULUCF use by EU 
MS 

This study is aimed at developing projections for LULUCF emissions by 2020 and 2030, covering forests, agricultural soils and wetlands. A next step will include 
policy scenarios deviating from BAU, taking account of the Copenhagen agreement and further policy options to be implemented at EU level. Finally, potential and 
costs for reducing net emissions from LULUCF will be estimated at MS level. 

including  LULUCF 

options  for 
the  Community 
reduction  commitment  and  instruments  for  increasing 
GHG  mitigation  efforts  in  the  LULUCF  and  agriculture 
sectors 

in 

This study will propose and assess policy options for including LULUCF in the Community reduction commitment. Options proposed should feed into the above-
mentioned study on projections and cost modelling. It will further identify relevant emissions and removals and mitigation measures, and the potential for amended 
and/or additional policy measures for LULUCF and agriculture.  

Evaluation  of 
greenhouse gas emissions - phase II 

livestock  sector's  contribution 

to  EU 

COMPLETED - The objective of the GGELS project was to provide an estimate of the net emissions of GHGs and ammonia (NH3) from livestock sector in the 
EU-27 according to animal species, animal products and livestock systems following a food chain approach. The project provides a quantification of GHG and NH3 
emissions both ex-post for the year 2004 and ex-ante according to the latest CAPRI projections for the year 2020.  

CC mitigation potential of EU Farm 

To better understand the GHG profile of common farm practices in the EU, and how these practices fit into the major farming systems. Understand how changes to 
these practices can improve the GHG profile. To propose a tentative model for a whole-farm assessment of GHG profile and to understand the potential synergies 
between the different practices discussed. 

Assessing  Agriculture  Vulnerabilities  to  design  Efficient 
Measures for Adaptation to Climate Change - AVEMAC 

Building on a large number of studies already available, the objective of the study is to provide an updated and in depth estimate of the main vulnerabilities of the 
European productions in the main producing regions in the short and medium term, assess the possible impacts (at macro level and at micro level using farm type) 
and adaptation potential in order to define the more efficient adaptation measures to be recommended. 

Modelling water scenarios and sectoral impacts 

This project aims at shedding light on both, vulnerability and adaptive capacity, in different sectors and across the Europe’s river basins.  

Identification  and  Elaboration  of  Methodology 
for 
classification  and  costing  of  projects/programmes  for 
adaptation to climate change 

To  conduct  an  extensive  review  of  available  information  on  costs  of  adaptation  within  the  EU  (and  when  appropriate  neighbouring  countries)  and  a  review  of 
existing methodologies for identifying these costs. To assess and compare such methodologies identifying the methodological and data challenges associated with 
calculating the expenditure on adaptation. To propose a set of criteria for classifying different projects, programs or budget lines and calculating the expenditure and 
propose a system to estimate the "adaptation share" for projects not exclusively intended for adaptation. The scope of adaptation options does not include small-
scale private autonomous adaptation measures (e.g. farm-level adaptation practices, air conditioning). 

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EU Action – current status and plans 

Inventory of certification schemes for agricultural products 
and foodstuffs marketed in the EU member states 

To put in place an inventory of certification schemes for agricultural products and foodstuffs which are marketed in the EU, to describe the main parameters of these 
schemes and classify them according to a number of criteria. 

c) Biodiversity, ecosystems and water 

Explore  the  possibilities  to  improve  policies  and  develop 
measures  which  address  biodiversity  loss  and  climate 
change in an integrated manner to fully exploit co-benefits 
and  avoid  ecosystem  feedbacks  that  accelerate  global 
warming 

Climate change was one of the four key policy areas identified in the Commission Communication on "Halting the loss of Biodiversity by 2010 – and beyond" and 
the Biodiversity Action Plan includes the objective "to support biodiversity adaptation to climate change". The EU Biodiversity Strategy up to 2020 reiterates that 
biodiversity loss and climate change are intrinsically linked and states that "Ecosystem-based approaches to climate change mitigation and adaptation can offer cost-
effective alternatives to technological solutions, while delivering multiple benefits beyond biodiversity conservation". Green Infrastructure is seen as an essential 
means of integrating biodiversity and climate change adaptation, a strategy on Green Infrastructure shall be developed by 2011 

Develop  guidelines  and  a  set  of  tools  (guidance  and 
exchange  of  best  practices)  by  the  end  of  2009  to  ensure 
that  the  River  Basin  Management  Plans  (RBMP)  are 
climate-proofed 

COMPLETED  -  The  Water  Framework  Directive  provides  European  countries  with  a  common  basis  to  address  water  challenges  posed  by  climate  change.  In 
particular, the Directive’s river basin approach to water management – centred on the establishment and review of river basin management plans every six years, 
including  a  Programme  of  Measures  to  bring  waters  to  good  status,  –  establishes  a  mechanism  to  prepare  for  and  adapt  to  climate  change.  The  first  river  basin 
management plans were required by 22 December 2009.  

Ensure  that  climate  change  is  taken  into  account  in  the 
implementation of the Floods Directive. 

Directive 2007/60/EC on the assessment and management of flood risks requires Member States to assess if water courses and coast lines are at risk from flooding, 
then to map flood risks and to take adequate and coordinated measures to reduce the risk. Work is progressing on a catalogue of good adaptation measures and on 
the improvement of the information on past floods. The preliminary flood risks assessment due by December 2011 will encompass climate change impacts. 

Assess  the  need  for  further  measures  to  enhance  water 
efficiency in agriculture, households and buildings 

The 2007 Communication on addressing the challenge of water scarcity and drought in the EU set out a number of policy options for addressing water scarcity, 
including  the  important  roles  played  by  water  pricing  and  land-use  planning  in  incentivising  efficient  water  use.  The  Policy  Review  for  Water  Scarcity  and 
Droughts  will  be  integrated  into  a  planned  "Blueprint  to  safeguard  European  waters".  Studies  will  help  bridge  the  important  knowledge  gaps  as  regards  water 
scarcity & droughts in the EU and will assess what measures are needed to improve water efficiency in various sectors: GAP analysis on water scarcity & droughts; 
Buildings and water efficiency; Leakage reduction in water distribution networks; Water pricing and saving in agriculture; Water footprinting and product labelling. 

Explore  the  potential  for  policies  and  measures  to  boost 
ecosystem storage capacity for water in Europe 

Draft  guidelines  by  2010  on  dealing  with  the  impact  of 
climate change on the management of Natura 2000 sites 

Explore  the  potential  for  policies  and  measures  to  boost 
soil storage capacity for both carbon and water in Erope 

The Waterframework Directive (WFD) will contribute strongly to improving and maintaining ecosystems and works in order to deliver guidance on the relationship 
between  inland  river  waterways  and  Natura  2000,  selecting  best-practice  examples  for  integrated  management,  combining  nature  protection,  climate  change 
adaptation  and  transport  navigation  measures  are  ongoing.  ClimWatAdapt  looks  into  how  key  sectors.  i.e.  agriculture,  industry,  tourism,  can  adapt  in  order  to 
counterbalance the effects of floods, water scarcity, droughts and changes in water quantity and aims to provide a sound basis for the assessment of vulnerability 
and of adaptation measures in the context of water policy, but also other environmental and sectoral policies. A call for evidence, complemented with a service 
contract  for  the  analysis  of  costs, benefits  and  climate  proofing of  natural  water  retention  measures,  as  part  of  the  "green  infrastructure"  approach  for  flood  and 
water scarcity & droughts prevention has been launched and the assessments will be ready by end-2011,  

As the establishment phase is nearing completion the focus is increasingly on the management and restoration of sites in the network, and on its overall ecological 
coherence. A study on Biodiversity and Climate Change in relation to Natura 2000 was conducted. The guidelines on Natura 2000 and climate change will assess 
current knowledge of risk from climate change to species and habitats of EU conservation concern protected by the network, as well setting out on approaches to 
reduce,  mitigate  and  adapt  to  such  impacts,  both  within  the  sites  and  at  broader  network  level.  It  will  also  look  at  the  benefits  arising  from  management  and 
restoration of Natura 2000 sites to climate change mitigation and adaptation. Further assisting guidelines will help dealing with the impact of climate change on the 
management of Natura 2000.  

The fight against soil degradation and, in particular, the loss of soil organic matter and soil biodiversity, is dealt with via the Soil Thematic Strategy (STS) and the 
proposed  Soil  Framework  Directive  (SFD).  CLIMSOIL  shows  the  inter-relationship  between  soil  and  climate  change  and  SOCO  assessed  a  range  of  soil 
conservation  practices,  including  from  the  perspective  of  keeping  organic  matter  levels.  Possible  ways  to  strengthening  and  support  soil  measures  within  the 
framework  of  the  CAP  will  be  addressed  as  part  of  the  post-2013  reform.  A  document  is  currently  under  preparation  which  is  supposed  to  provide  competent 
authorities  in  Member  as  well  as  stakeholders  with  a useful  tool  containing  relevant  information which  could  be  used from  awareness  raising  to  planning, from 

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EU Action – current status and plans 
implementing  mitigation  measures  to  providing  a  check-list  for  development  projects.  It  is  based  on  the  approach  consisting  of  limiting,  mitigating,  and 
compensating the effects of soil sealing. 

d) Coastal and marine areas 

Ensure that adaptation in coastal and marine areas is taken 
into  account  in  the  framework  of  the  Integrated  Maritime 
Policy,  in  the  implementation  of  the  Marine  Strategy 
Framework  Directive  and  in  the  reform  of  the  Common 
Fisheries Policy. 

In addressing maritime activities from a cross-sectoral perspective, the EU Integrated Maritime Policy provides a comprehensive framework to better understand 
the impacts of climate change in coastal and maritime areas and integrate measures on climate change adaptation at EU level. A Communication on climate change 
adaptation in coastal regions and maritime sectors is planed to be adopted in 2012. The EU Integrated Maritime Policy is implemented at the level of sea basins and 
specific strategies on maritime affairs have been already developed for the Baltic and Mediterranean Sea. A strategy for the Atlantic Ocean is underway.  

The  Marine  Strategy  Framework  Directive  will  facilitate  adaptation  to  climate  change  by  ensuring  that  climate  change  considerations  are  incorporated  into 
Member States’ marine strategies while providing a mechanism for regular updating of the marine strategies to take account of new information.  

The  Common  Fisheries  Policy  is  currently  subjected  to  a  root-and-branch  overhaul  with  a  view,  in  particular,  to  rebuild  stocks  to  levels  capable  to  produce 
maximum sustainable yield. Increasing the size of fish stocks and their productivity will make them less vulnerable to external factors like climate change. 

A more coherent and integrated approach to coastal planning and management via integrated coastal zone management (ICZM) will assist adaptation in coastal 
and marine areas. The ICZM Recommendation (2002/413/EC) provides for Member States to take a strategic approach to the management of their coastal zones. 
Adaptation to climate change is a priority theme for the further promotion of ICZM. 

Develop European guidelines on adaptation in coastal and 
marine areas 

The guidelines will contribute to ensuring a coordinated and integrated approach to adaptation in coastal and marine areas. The guidance will take account of and 
build on existing studies, research and relevant policy initiatives, in particular the Community strategy on disaster prevention, the Floods directive, the EUrosion 
study  and  the  study  on  the  Costs  of  coastal  defence  and  adaptation.  OURCOAST  is  an  initiative  to  support  and  implement  sustainable  coastal  planning  and 
management. It includes building up a database of coastal planning and management practices, with a key focus on adaptation to risks and climate change.  

e) Production systems and physical infrastructure 

Take  account  of  climate  change  impacts  in  the  Strategic 
Energy Review process 

The EU’s agenda for 2020 has set out the essential first steps in the transition to a high-efficiency, low-carbon energy system. The EU needs to develop a vision for 
2050 and a policy agenda for 2030. The fundamental technological shifts involved in decarbonising the EU electricity supply, ending oil dependence in transport, 
low  energy  and  positive  power  buildings,  a  smart  interconnected  electricity  network  will  only  happen  with  a  coordinated  agenda for  research  and  technological 
development, regulation, investment and infrastructure development. In addition, the transition to a high efficiency, low-carbon energy system needs to be promoted 
not only in Europe but worldwide. The Commission is also preparing an Energy Roadmap towards 2050 to be adopted later in 2011. 

Develop methodologies for climate-proofing infrastructure 
projects and consider how these could be incorporated into 
the  TEN-T  and  TEN-E  guidelines  and  guidance  on 
investments under Cohesion policy in the current period 

The 2008 Green Paper on infrastructure was designed to encourage a reflection on how energy networks should develop in the coming years, amongst others, to 
reflect  the  new  climate  change  and  energy  policy.  The  Commission  is  currently  working  on  a  comprehensive  energy  infrastructure  package.  Elements  such  as 
increasing resilience of energy transmission infrastructure to cope with extreme weather condition, positioning of over-head power lines, impacts of climate change 
on  LNG  infrastructure  will  be  examined  in  the  TEN-E  revision  process.  The  TEN-T  programme  consists  of  hundreds  of  projects  whose  ultimate  purpose  is  to 
ensure the cohesion, interconnection and interoperability of the trans-European transport network, as well as access to it.  

Explore 
assessment a condition for public and private investment 

the  possibility  of  making  climate 

impact 

In  the  discussions  on  the  future  Cohesion  Policy  the  inclusion  of  climate  proofing  as  a  horizontal  condition  for  all  investments  is  ongoing.  Including  climate 
proofing provisions in EU co-financed programmes could be exemplary for national and local public investments and for private sector take-up.  

Assess the feasibility of incorporating climate impacts into 
construction standards, such as Eurocodes 

The Eurocodes are currently taken up by the Member States and several have already fully replaced their previous national codes with the Eurocodes. In principle 
Member States are supposed to have the Eurocodes in place since the beginning of 2011. 

Develop guidelines by 2011 to ensure that climate impacts 
are taken into account in the EIA and SEA Directives 

The Commission has decided to develop practical guidance and recommendations for integrating climate change and biodiversity into EIA/SEA procedures to assist 
EIA/SEA  practitioners  in  taking  full  advantage  of  EIA  and  SEA  in  achieving  EU  climate  change  and  biodiversity  goals.  It  is  expected  that  the  Commission 
Guidance should be available at the beginning of 2012 after necessary review. 

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3) Instruments – Financing 

EU Action – current status and plans 

Estimate  adaptation  costs  for  relevant  policy  areas  so  that 
they can be taken into account in future financial decisions  

CLIMATECOST will include estimates of adaptation costs and benefits for Europe in the following sectors: Coasts and tourism, Agriculture and water, Energy 
consumption and production, Infrastructure and extremes (floods & storms), Health, Ecosystems and forests. A methodological study finalised at the beginning of 
2011addresses the typology of adaptation actions, the methodology to project future adaptation costs and the methodology to estimate spending on adaptation.  

Further  examine  the  potential  use  of  innovative  funding 
measures for adaptation 

The  Commission  is  exploring  possibilities  for  the  future  LIFE+  instrument  to  address  adaptation  issues.  The  instrument  would  among  other  issues  finance 
adaptation actions and would be managed in an innovative manner.  

Explore  the  potential  for  insurance  and  other  financial 
products  to  complement  adaptation  measures  and  to 
function as risk sharing instruments 

A study on applying economic instruments for adaptation to climate change was finalised in 2011 which explored the application of the following instruments: Risk 
Management Instruments, Market Based Instruments, Public Private Partnerships. The application of the instruments is analysed from two perspectives: Promoting 
adaptation to climate change and sharing (transferring) the risks of climate change.  

Encourage Member States to utilise the EU ETS revenues 
for adaptation purposes 

The  possibility  of  using  revenue  generated  from  auctioning  allowances  under  the  EU  ETS  for  adaptation  purposes  should  be  utilised.  The  revised  Directive 
governing  the  scheme  from  2013  provides  that  at  least  50%  of  the  revenue  generated  from  auctioning  allowances  should  be  used,  inter  alia  for  adaptation  in 
Member States and developing countries. This additional revenue will be crucial for sharing adaptation costs between the public and private sector. 

Examine  the  feasibility  of  collecting  data  on  climate 
change  expenditure  (mitigation  and  adaptation)  as  part  of 
the system of environmental accounts 

The  information  on  national  expenditure  related  to  climate  change  adaptation  can  be  useful  in  evaluating  the  measures  taken  by  Member  States  to  address 
adaptation.  Eurostat  is  investigating  the  feasibility  of  identifying  such  information  on  the  basis  of  existing  statistical  classifications  and  administrative  data  in 
environmental  protection  expenditure  accounts.  The  results  of  the  study  are  to  be  used  as  a  basis  for  further  elaborating  the  precise  statistical  methodology  for 
setting up an account on adaptation expenditure. 

4) Partnership with the Member States 

Establish  an  Impact  and  Adaptation  Steering  Group 
(IASG) to step up cooperation on adaptation 

In order to assist the Commission in developing its approach to dealing with adaptation, the Adaptation Steering Group was established in September 2010. This 
Group brings together Member States and a diverse range of stakeholders and is giving guidance about the work on mainstreaming of Adaptation into various EU 
policies and other issues. The Group is also supposed to assist the COM in the establishment of the 2013 Adaptation Strategy.  

further  development  of  National/Regional  Adaptation 
Strategies considering mandatory strategies from 2012 

The Commission is currently in the process of establishing an EU Adaptation Strategy which is supposed to be adopted in 2012. Currently 10 Member States have 
adopted a national adaptation strategy; several Member States are in the process to do so. 

5) External dimension and UNFCCC 

Step-up  efforts  to  mainstream  adaptation  into  all  EU 
external  policies  and  strengthen  dialogue  with  partner 
countries on adaptation issues 

Bilateral  and  regional  financial  assistance  programmes  will  aim  to  integrate  adaptation  considerations  into  all  relevant  sectors.  The  proposed  review  of  the  EU 
Environment  Integration  Strategy  presents  a  good  opportunity  to  emphasise  the  need  for  integrating  adaptation  needs,  as  will  the  Mid-Term  Review  of  EC 
cooperation strategies. The EU is strengthening its analysis and early warning systems and integrating climate change into existing tools such as conflict prevention 
mechanisms and security sector reform. Adaptation is also being brought into the dialogue with European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) partner countries and the 
regular "Energy, Transport, Environment" sub-committees offer a forum for structured dialogue.  

Framework for Action on Adaptation in the UNFCCC 

The EU is taking an active role in the negotiations to ensure adaptation issues are adequately dealt with in a post 2012 agreement. 

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Table 16: Policy actions beyond mainstreaming activities as mentioned in the White Paper of Adaptation  

Policy option/Action 

Timeline 

Related Policy documents 

Related adaptation measures 

Commission Recommendation on 
Research joint programming initiative 
‘Connecting Climate Knowledge for 
Europe’ 

tentative: Adoption 
end of Oct. 2011, 
targeted for 
Council meeting 5 
Dec 2011 

Commission Recommendation and Staff 
Working Paper 

1) Improve climate predictability, 2) Developing 
climate services, 3) Understanding societal 
transformation and 4) Improving decision-making 

Set up of a GMES (Global Monitoring 
for Environment and Security) Climate 
Service. The service will be based on 
satellite and in-situ monitoring data, 
Modelling of the entire Earth system, 
including Model reanalysis and data 
assimilation. Specific services for 
Impact assessment (Indicators) and 
Attribution will be included  

Communication on climate change 
adaptation in coastal areas and 
maritime sectors 

June 2011: 
Conference on user 
requirements. 
Service active not 
before 2014 

Documents related to GMES activities 

No adaptation measures, but the Service will support 
Adaptation policy (i.e. the EU Adaptation 
Clearinghouse Mechanism) 

2012 

2013 EU Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation  See table 14 

2007 Blue Book on Integrated Maritime Policy 

2010 Report from the EU Parliament on the EU 
Integrated Maritime Policy 

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Technical notes 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

The  Annual  European  Union  greenhouse  gas  inventory  1990–2009  and  inventory 
report 2011 (EEA, Technical report No 2/2011).  

For further information see the EEA website: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate 

Based  on  MS  submissions  until  31  of  May  2011  under  the  Monitoring  Mechanism 
Decision  280/2004/EC  and  PRIMES/GAINS  projections  for  Bulgaria,  Portugal  and 
Romania. 

For  further  details  on  PRIMES-GAINS  projections  and  its  underlying  methodology 
the 
see  COMMISSION  STAFF  WORKING  DOCUMENT  accompanying 
COMMUNICATION  FROM  THE  COMMISSION  TO  THE  EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT,  THE  COUNCIL,  THE  EUROPEAN  ECONOMIC  AND  SOCIAL 
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Analysis of options to 
move  beyond  20%  greenhouse  gas  emission  reductions  and  assessing  the  risk  of 
carbon leakage {COM(2010) 265 final}. Background information and analysis, Part II. 
SEC(2010)  650,  Brussels,  26.5.2010;  Höglund-Isaksson,  L.,  W.  Winiwarter,  F. 
Wagner,  Z. Klimont and  M. Amann: Potentials and costs for  mitigation  of non-CO2 
greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union until 2030. Update 2010, May 2010, 
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/pdf/climat_action/non_co2emissions_may2010.pdf;  European 
Commission,  DG  Energy:  EU  energy  trends  to  2030  —  UPDATE  2009,  September 
2010. 

(4) 

The  six  corresponding  legislative  acts  were  published  in  the  Official  Journal  of  the 
European Union in June 2009 (5.06.2009 L 40), and are already in force. 

Directive  2009/29/EC  expands,  strengthens  and  improves  the  functioning  of  the  EU  ETS 
post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year to reach -21% 
in  2020  (comparing  to  2005  levels).  The  auctioning  system  of  allowances  will  be  increased 
and  ambitious  ex-ante  benchmark  for  free  allocation  will  be  introduced.  Industrial 
installations not subject to carbon leakage will be required to buy 20% of allowances in 2013 
rising to 70% in 2020 and 100% in 2027, while those identified to be exposed to the risk of 
carbon leakage will receive 100% of the quantity determined by benchmarks for free. Use of 
offset  credits  from  outside  of  the  EU  is  allowed  but  this  amount  remains  below  half  of  the 
reduction effort in order to ensure a sufficient level of emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 
5.06.2009 L 140) 

Decision  406/2009/EC  sets  national  commitments  to  reduce  GHG  emissions  which  are 
outside  the  scope  of  the  EU  ETS  (small-scale  emitters:  transport,  buildings,  agriculture, 
waste),  which  represent  some  60%  of  total  GHG  emissions  in  the  EU.  The  decision  sets 
legally  binding  annual  targets  in  the  period  2013-2020  for  each  MS  ensuring  that  by  2020 
emissions from these sectors will be reduced at EU level by 10% comparing to 2005 levels. 
The  efforts  (targets  ranging  from  -20%  to  +20%)  are  shared  between  MS  according  to 
differences in GDP per capita. Less wealthy Member States will be allowed to increase their 
emissions  in  non-ETS  sectors  by  up  to  20%  above  2005  levels.  These  targets  do,  however, 
still  represent  a  cap  on  their  emissions  and  will  still  require  a  reduction  effort  compared  to 
business as usual. By contrast, the wealthier Member States, with GDP/capita above the EU 
average,  will  have  to  reduce  emissions,  up  to  a  maximum  figure  of  -20%  below  2005.  (OJ 
5.06.2009 L 140) 

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Directive 2009/28/EC on the promotion of the use of renewable energy sets legally binding 
targets  for  each  Member  State  in  order  to  reach  the  EU  target  of  20%  share  of  renewable 
energy  in  the  EU’s  final  energy  consumption  and  10%  share  in  transport  by  2020.  (OJ 
5.06.2009 L 140) 

Directive 2009/31/EC on geological storage of CO2 provides a legal framework to manage 
possible  environmental  risks  and  liability  issues  and  includes  a  long-term  incentive  for 
investment in demonstration projects to capture and geologically store CO2. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 
140) 

Regulation  (EC)  No  443/2009  sets  standards  for  CO2  emissions  from  new  passenger  cars, 
which  will  ensure  that  emissions  from  the  new  car  fleet  are  reduced  to  an  average  of  130g 
CO2/km by 2015. A stringent long-term target of 95g CO2/km by 2020 was also set. Estimate 
of total GHG emission savings per year amounts to 50 Mt CO2 eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 

Fuel quality directive 2009/30/EC puts an obligation on suppliers to reduce greenhouse gas 
emission from  entire fuel production  chain by  6% by 2020. A review in 2012 will consider 
increasing  the  target  to  10%  by  2020.  Estimate  of  total  GHG  emission  savings  per  year 
amounts to 62.5 Mt CO2-eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

Or 30% if the conditions are right (other major emitting countries in the developed and 
developing  worlds  commit  to  do  their  fair  share  under  a  future  global  climate 
agreement) 

Commission  Decision  2010/634/EU  of  22  October  2010  adjusting  the  Union-wide 
quantity of allowances to be issued under the Union Scheme for 2013 (OJ 23.10.2010 
L 279/34) 

Commission  Regulation  (EU)  No.  1031/2010  of  11  November  2010  on  the  timing, 
administration and other aspects of auctioning of greenhouse gas emission allowances 
pursuant  to  Directive  2003/87/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council 
establishing  a  scheme  for  greenhouse  gas  emission  allowances  trading  within  the 
Community (OJ 18.11.2010 L 302/1) 

Commission Decision 2011/278/EU of 27 April 2011 determining transitional Union-
wide rules for harmonised free allocation of emission allowances pursuant to Article 
10a of Directive 2003/87/EC (OJ 17.5.2011 L 130/1) 

Commission  Decision  2010/670/EU  of  3  November  2010  laying  down  criteria  and 
measures  for  the  financing  of  commercial  demonstration  projects  that  aim  at  the 
environmentally safe capture and geological storage of CO2 as well as demonstration 
projects of innovative renewable energy technologies under the scheme for greenhouse 
gas  emission  allowance  trading  within  the  Community  established  by  Directive 
2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council. (OJ 6.11.2010 L 290/39) 

(10)  The Commission Regulation (EU) 550/2011 of 7June 2011 on determining, pursuant 
to  Directive  2003/87/EC,  certain  restrictions  applicable  to  the  use  of  international 
credits from projects involving industrial gases (OJ 8.6.2011 L 149/1.) 

(11)  Commission  Regulation  (EU)  No  394/2011 of  20  April  2011 amending  Regulation 
(EC) No 748/2009 on the list of aircraft operators that performed an aviation activity 
listed  in  Annex  I  to  Directive  2003/87/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the 

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Council  on  or  after  1  January  2006  specifying  the  administering  Member  State  for 
each aircraft operator as regards the expansion of the Union emission trading scheme 
to EEA-EFTA countries (OJ 27.4.2011 L 107/1) 

(12)  Commission Regulation (EU) No 1014/2010 of 10 November 2010 on monitoring and 
reporting of data on the registration of new passenger cars pursuant to Regulation (EC) 
No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ 11.11.2010 L 293/15) 

(13)  Commission  Regulation  (EU)  No  63/2011  of  26  January  2011  laying  down  detailed 
provisions for the application for a derogation from the specific CO2 emission targets 
pursuant  to  Article  11  of  Regulation  (EC)  No  443/2009  of  the  European  Parliament 
and of the Council (OJ 27.1.2011 L 23/16) 

(14)  Regulation  (EU)  No  510/2011  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  11 
May 2011 setting emission performance standards for new light commercial vehicles 
as part of integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles. (OJ 
31.5.2011 L 145/1) 

(15)  CITL, April 2011 

(16)  The revised directive on EU ETS allows existing operators (from 2013) to use JI and 
CDM credits in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-
wide reductions below the 2005 levels over the period 2008-2020 and for new sectors 
and  aviation  50%  of  the  reductions  below  the  2005  levels  over  the  period  from  the 
date  of  their  inclusion  in  the  EU  ETS  to  2020.  This  amounts  to  an  overall  JI/CDM 
limit of roughly 6.5% of the EU-wide cap over the period 2008-2020.The exact limits 
for each installation will still need to be determined but the Directive already grants to 
existing operators an access to credits of at least of 11% of their allocation during the 
period  2008-2012.  In  addition,  new  entrants  and  new  sectors  including  aviation 
receive minimum levels of access to JI and CDM credits.  

(17)  Base  year  level  of  GHG  emissions  for  Croatia  has  not  been  decided  yet,  however 
Croatia formally notified the UNFCCC to withdraw its appeal against the decision of 
the Executive Branch of the Compliance Committee  

(18)  Second 

progress 
http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf 

ECCP 

report 

April 

2003 

(19)  Directive on the promotion of energy from renewable sources, Citizens' Summary, 23 

January 2008 

(20)  The original figure refers to a cumulative estimate of 7 MtCO2eq by 2020.  

(21)  Proposal  for  a  Directive  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  the 
promotion  of  cogeneration  based  on  a  useful  heat  demand  in  the  internal  energy 
market  

(22)  COM (2005) 628 final “Biomass Action Plan, December 2005” 

(23)  Decision No 1229/2003/EC, Regulation (EC) No 807/2004, Directive 2003/54/EC & 

2003/55/EC, Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 

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(24)  COM (2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004 

(25)  Energy  performance  of  buildings  –  impact  assessment  on  the  revised  directive 

SEC(2008) 2864 

(26)  Proposal  for  a  Directive  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  End-Use 

Energy Efficiency and Energy Services, COM(2003) 739 final 

(27)  COM(2006)545 – final “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential” 

(28)  Questions  and  answers  on  the  EU  strategy  to  reduce  CO2  emissions  from  cars, 

MEMO/07/46.  

(29)  Questions  and  answers  on  the  EU  strategy  to  reduce  CO2  emissions  from  cars, 

MEMO/07/46.  

(30) 

Inclusion  of  Aviation  in  the  EU  Greenhouse  Gas  Emissions  Trading  Scheme  (EU 
ETS), Summary of the Impact Assessment, SEC(2006) 1685 

(31)  Directive  on  the  promotion  of  clean  and  energy  efficient  road  transport  vehicles, 

2005/0283 (COD) 

(32)  Regulation proposal on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases, COM (2003) 492 final; 
estimated  emissions  reductions  are  due  to  both  the  implementation  of  F-gases 
Regulation  (842/2006)  and  the  MAC  Directive  (2006/40/EC-  for  air  conditioning 
systems in motor vehicles)  

(33)  Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention, COM (2005) 666 and 667 (final) 

(34)  Value  in  2011  -  Directive  on  waste  electrical  and  electronic  equipment  (WEEE), 

(recast) Impact Assessment, {COM(2008) 810}, {SEC(2008) 2933} 

(35)  From  ECCP  working  group  on  agriculture  and  sub-group  on  carbon  sinks  related  to 
agricultural  soils.  Some  of  potential  for  bioenergy  crops  will  be  covered  within 
potential from biofuels, cogeneration from biomass, further promotion of RES-H etc. 

(36)  EEA, 

Europe 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2008_5/TPReport2008Annexes.pdf  

Projections 

Trends 

2008, 

GHG 

and 

in 

(37)  Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, COM(2006)231 

(38)  This figure is based on the 2010 proxy estimate of total EU-27 GHG emissions. For 
further information see the EEA website: http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate 

(39)  The  Package  introduced  some  further  differences  in  comparison  to  the  UN  rules 
including  the  following:  no  recognition  of  AAUs,  exclusion  of  the  LULUCF  sector, 
more restrictive CDM policy, annual compliance, broader coverage of sectors. 

(40)  Report  from  the  Commission  on  the  application,  effects  and  adequacy  of  the 

Regulation on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases (Regulation (EC) No 842/2006) 

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