COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER Key facts and figures on the external dimension of the EU energy policy
Date: 2011-09-07
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: climate change, cooperation agreement, energy demand, energy supply, international cooperation, security of supply, third country, trans-European network

EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Brussels, 7.9.2011 
SEC(2011) 1022 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING PAPER 

Key facts and figures on the external dimension of the EU energy policy 

Accompanying document to the 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS 

On security of energy supply and international cooperation - "The EU Energy Policy: 
Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders" 

{COM(2011) 539 final} 
{SEC(2011) 1023 final} 

 
 
 
 
  
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. 

1.1. 

1.2. 

1.3. 

1.4. 

1.5. 

1.6. 

2. 

2.1. 

2.2. 

3. 

3.1. 

3.2. 

The EU in the global energy market ............................................................................ 2 

The growth in global energy demand........................................................................... 2 

Security of supply dimension....................................................................................... 3 

Significant efforts on energy infrastructure are needed ............................................... 5 

Responding to climate concerns .................................................................................. 6 

Global energy safety issues.......................................................................................... 8 

Frameworks for cooperation adapted to changing energy needs ................................. 9 

External EU assistance in the energy sector .............................................................. 10 

A key role of the EU external assistance in the energy sector ................................... 10 

Access to energy on the agenda of the EU development efforts................................ 12 

International cooperation frameworks and agreements in the energy sector............. 13 

EU's existing international instruments...................................................................... 13 

International organisations and initiatives relevant to the energy sector ................... 19 

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The  EU  energy  policy  has  developed  around  a  common  objective  of  ensuring  safe,  secure, 
affordable  and  sustainable  energy  supplies  for  its  economy  and  citizens.  Delivering  on  this 
objective will require development of an integrated internal energy market, ensuring adequate 
infrastructure 
investments,  realising  substantial  energy  savings,  and  fostering  clean 
technology  innovation  and  deployment.  None  of  these  policy  priorities  can  be  pursued 
without taking into account major evolutions on the energy scene beyond the EU borders. The 
external challenges need to be appropriately considered in the EU energy policy and response 
to them has to be an integral part of the EU action. 

The  aim  of  this  document  is  to  outline  the  main  factors  with  relevance  to  the  external 
dimension  of  the  EU  energy  policy  and  to  provide  background  information  to  priorities 
outlined in the Communication on security of energy supply and international cooperation - 
"The EU Energy Policy: Engaging with Partners beyond Our Borders." 

1. 

THE EU IN THE GLOBAL ENERGY MARKET 

1.1. 

The growth in global energy demand 

Global energy markets are undergoing a significant transformation. While in the past decades 
the OECD countries accounted for the majority of the world's energy consumption, in recent 
years the growth in demand is increasingly driven by the emerging economies, in particular 
China and India. 

Primary energy demand by region (Mtoe) 

18000

16000

14000

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
1990

2000

2008

2015

2020

2030

2035

European Union

United States

People's Republic of China

India

Rest of the world

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook, 2010 

The EU energy consumption is expected to level out. Overall world energy demand, however, 
is  projected  to  increase  by  more  than  a  third  between  2008  and  2035,  nearly  doubling  in 
China and India due to the expected population and economic growth. 

High  growth  rates  are  also  likely  in  the  Middle  East  and  the  Caspian  regions,  where  the 
demand is expected to increase by 70% and 50% respectively between 2008 and 2035. 

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1.2. 

Security of supply dimension 

The  EU  will  increasingly  compete  with  other  importing  countries  and  regions  for  energy 
supplies, given that its own domestic energy production is on the decline. With more than half 
of the energy consumed in the EU coming from third countries, the EU is already the world's 
largest energy importer. 

Top energy importing countries and regions, 2008 

Country 

Exports (ktoe) 

Imports (ktoe)  Net imports (ktoe) 

EU27 

United States 

Japan 

China 

Korea, Republic of 

India 

-482,554

-167,141

-20,204

-67,930

-44,656

-40,070

1,495,097

1,012,543

798,737

435,899

278,355

238,639

197,958

631,596

415,695

210,425

193,983

157,888

Source: International Energy Agency 

Today, the EU imports more than 80% of the oil and more than 60% of the gas it consumes. If 
the current trends continue, import levels will reach more than 70% of the EU overall energy 
needs by 2030. 

The  EU's  geographical  location  puts  it  in  close  proximity  of  a  number  of  energy-producing 
regions  as  well  as  at  the  intersection  of  important  supply  routes.  Countries  in  the  EU's 
neighbourhood  already  account  for  the  majority  of  EU's  imports  in  oil  and  gas.  Russia, 
Norway and Algeria represent together 85% of the EU natural gas imports and almost 50% of 
the crude oil imports. 

EU imports of crude oil
EU imports of crude oil

EU imports of natural gas
EU imports of natural gas

Russia
Russia
Russia
Russia
32%
32%
32%
32%

Norway
Norway
Norway
Norway
15%
15%
15%
15%

OPEC Countries
OPEC Countries
OPEC Countries
OPEC Countries
36%
36%
36%
36%

Kazahkhstan 5%
Kazahkhstan 5%
Kazahkhstan 5%

Azerbaijan 3%
Azerbaijan 3%
Azerbaijan 3%

Mexico 2%
Mexico 2%
Mexico 2%

Others 7%
Others 7%
Others 7%

in % (2008, total = 561,46 Mt)
in % (2008, total = 561,46 Mt)

Source: Eurostat 

Nigeria 4%
Nigeria 4%
Nigeria 4%

Others
Others
Others
11%
11%
11%

Algeria
Algeria
Algeria
15%
15%
15%

Russia
Russia
Russia

40%
40%
40%

Norway
Norway
Norway
30%
30%
30%

in % (2008, total = 12,958,133 TJ)
in % (2008, total = 12,958,133 TJ)

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The EU is also a major importer of natural uranium as its indigenous production, based in the 
Czech Republic and Romania,1 covers only slightly more than 3% of the EU's needs. In 2010, 
supplies  from  Russia,  Kazakhstan,  Canada  and  Australia  represented  two  thirds  of  the  EU's 
needs,  complemented  by  deliveries  from  Niger,  South  Africa,  Namibia  and  other  origins  as 
well as by use of highly enriched uranium for blending. 

Indigenous  production  accounts  for  approximately  60%  of  the  EU  coal  consumption.  EU's 
major coal suppliers are located further away from Europe, with exception of Russia that is 
the EU's largest supplier of coal. 

EU-27 Imports of hard coal in 2008

Others
11%

Indonesia
7%

Russia
27%

United States
14%

Colombia
12%

Source: Eurostat 

South Africa
17%

Australia
12%

The EU has already experienced a number of energy supply disruptions and its vulnerability 
is  likely  to  continue  rising  in  a  context  of  more  challenging  international  political 
environment,  and  difficult  investment  conditions  and  access  to  upstream  resources  in 
producing countries. 

Given its reliance on imported energy and few suppliers, the EU should continue addressing 
risks  related  to  unexpected  price  fluctuations  on  the  global  energy  markets  stemming  from 
imperfect competition and other market or regulatory failures. 

1  

A new uranium mine is currently in the process to be developed in Finland. 

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Source: European Commission 

1.3. 

Significant efforts on energy infrastructure are needed 

Over  the  next  decade  and  beyond,  significant  investment  in  and  modernisation  of  energy 
infrastructure  will  be  needed  globally  in  order  to  diversify  the  existing  resources,  replace 
equipment and cater for changing energy requirements. Apart from efforts to coordinate and 
optimise  infrastructure  development  inside  the  EU,  it  will  be  important  to  ensure  that 
sufficient investments are made both in production capacities in EU's main supplier countries 
as well as in energy transit infrastructure. 

One of the key initiatives to diversify EU's energy sources and supply routes is the Southern 
Corridor  with  a  potential  to  link  the  Union  to  the  Caspian/Middle  East  basin  –  the  largest 
deposit of gas in the world estimated at approximately 90 trillion cubic meters.2 

2  

BP Statistical Review of World Energy, 2010. 

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Cumulative investments in energy supply infrastructure 
between 2010 and 2035 (billion $ in year 2009)

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

Europe

North America

China

India

Africa

Coal

Oil

Gas

Electricity

Biofuels

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook, 2010 

Another  key  external  infrastructure  priority  is  to  ensure  stable  and  interrupted  transit  of 
energy  through  the  Eastern  corridor.  In  the  period  from  May  2010  to  April  2011,  Ukraine 
transited  63%  of  the  Russian  exports  of  natural  gas  to  the  EU,  while  Belarus  accounted  for 
some 30%. Much of the pipelines connecting the Russian supply regions and the EU require 
modernisation  and  reconstruction.  The  Master  Plan  on  the  Modernisation  of  Ukraine’s  Gas 
Transit System,  prepared  by Ukraine's Natfogaz and UkrTransGas and presented during  the 
International  Investment  Conference  in  Brussels  on  23  March  2009,  estimated  that  total 
investments  necessary  to  conduct  a  modernisation  programme  of  the  system  amount  to  $3 
billion.3 

Europe's renewable energy targets may mean that new suppliers of electricity to the EU will 
emerge. The role of North Africa in this context could be particularly important. The political 
objective  of  the  Mediterranean  Solar  Plan  is  to  achieve  20GW  of  new  renewable  energy 
capacity by 2020, out of which 5GW is to be dedicated for export to the EU. Realising this 
renewable  energy  objective  will  require,  among  others,  the  adequate  development  of 
electricity interconnections in the region. 

1.4. 

Responding to climate concerns  

The  shifts  in  global  demand  patterns  are  accentuated  by  concerns  about  climate  change. 
World  emissions  are  set  to  rise  by  over  20%  compared  to  2008  levels,  and  are  also  largely 
driven  by  non-OECD  countries.4  According  to  the  IEA,  2010  has  seen  the  highest  level  of 
carbon  dioxide  emissions  worldwide,  and  a  further  increase  in  carbon  intensive  energy 
production can accelerate climate change with effects on all sectors of economy, environment 
and human health. 

3  

4  

Presentation on the Ukraine's Gas Master Plan at the "EU-Ukraine: Partners for securing gas to Europe" 
conference, 23 March 2009; http://www.eeas.europa.eu/energy/events/eu_ukraine_2009/bekker_en.pdf. 
International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010. 

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There is a general agreement on a global level that improving energy efficiency is one of the 
most efficient and cost-effective ways to address both climate change and security of supply 
concerns. Policies and targets to capture the potential energy savings are being developed in 
many  countries,  and  some  have  already  seen  noticeable  decreases  in  their  energy  intensity 
levels. Despite this progress, the global energy intensity level remains relatively stable. There 
is still an urgent need for further global action on resource efficiency and global low carbon 
energy solutions. 

Energy intensity

India
China
World
United States
EU

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Note: total primary energy supply (in tons of oil equivalent) per unit of GDP (USD 2000) 
Source: IEA World energy balances, 2010 

Globally, there is also a major push to develop and deploy low carbon technologies, including 
renewable  energy.  It  is  expected  that  the  global  use  of  renewable  energy  will  triple  in  the 
coming  decade  with  major  markets  developing  in  countries  like  the  United  States,  China, 
India and Brazil. Europe is expected to retain its lead as far as demand of renewable energy. 
Demand for renewable energy in China and India is projected to grow six-fold and four-fold, 
respectively. 

EN 

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Global renewable energy demand 2008-2035

OECD Pacific

Africa

India

Brazil

China

United States

European Union

2008

2035
2035

0

100

200

300

400
Mtoe

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook, 2010 

The growth in renewable and other low carbon technology markets will represent a challenge 
as well as a large potential for the European industry. Sustaining Europe's technological edge 
and  leadership  position  in  these  technologies  will  require  adequate  investments  in  research 
and development. 

Source: European Commission 

1.5. 

Global energy safety issues 

The explosion of the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and the 
Fukushima  nuclear  accident  following  the  earthquake  and  tsunami  in  Japan  in  early  2011 

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have brought safety concerns to the fore of the global energy discussions. The EU has a vital 
interest ensuring the highest level of safety standards beyond European borders. 

Waters in the vicinity of the EU are already in parts intensively exploited for the production 
of oil and gas. More exploration is taking place, for example, off the coasts of Algeria, Croatia, 
Egypt, Israel, Libya, Tunisia, Turkey and Ukraine. The number of offshore installations in the 
North  East  Atlantic  exceeds  1,000,  while  100  installations  operate  in  EU  waters  in  the 
Mediterranean and several installations in the Black and Baltic Seas. 

In  the  nuclear  field,  a  number  of  countries  in  the  EU's  neighbourhood  and  elsewhere  are 
planning  to  introduce  nuclear  energy  or  to  build  additional  nuclear  power  plants.  Among 
those closest to the EU are Armenia, Belarus, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine as well as several 
countries  in  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Middle  East  regions  that  are  in  various  stages  of 

consideration of nuclear programmes. 

1.6. 

Frameworks for cooperation adapted to changing energy needs 

The EU has developed a number of complementary and targeted frameworks for cooperation 
to  promote  its  objectives  in  external  energy  field.  Energy  dialogues  and  Memoranda  of 
Understanding are in place with key countries and regions. Significant efforts are under way 
to  address  energy  specific  concerns  in  EU  trade  and  investment  agreements,  regional 
frameworks such as the Energy Charter Treaty and within the WTO framework. 

Energy  Community  Treaty,  linking  the  EU  to  Albania,  Bosnia-Herzegovina,  Croatia,  the 
Former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia,  Kosovo  (under  UNSCR  1244),  Montenegro, 
Serbia, Moldova and Ukraine, is among the instruments at the disposal of the EU. Its general 

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objective is to create a stable regulatory and market framework through the implementation of 
key  parts  of  the  EU  legislation,  including  the  electricity  and  gas  directives  and  regulations, 
key environment directives relevant for the energy sector, key directives on the promotion of 
renewable  energy,  energy  efficiency  and  biofuels,  and  the  main  principles  of  the  EU 
competition policy. 

Section  3  of  this  document  includes  a  full  listing  of  bilateral  and  multilateral  energy 
cooperation frameworks and agreements in place with the EU's partners. 

2. 

EXTERNAL EU ASSISTANCE IN THE ENERGY SECTOR 

2.1. 

A key role of the EU external assistance in the energy sector 

Energy has become not only a priority topic of political and policy discussion with the EU's 
partners  but  also  a  key  component  of  the  EU  external  assistance  programmes.  The  EU 
assistance to third countries in the energy sector amounted to approximately €1.77 billion for 
the period 2007-2011, across various financial instruments. 

EU external assistance 2007-2011 (€ million) 

Values by    
Geographical 
Zone 

Energy Facility 
I 

2007 

2008 

2009 

2010 

Pending 
2011 

Total 

178.30 

 20.80 

2.10 

 0.20 

201.40 

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Values by    
Geographical 
Zone 

Energy Facility 
II 

Total Energy 
Facilities 

EDF PIN5 

EDF PIR6 

2007 

2008 

2009 

2010 

Pending 
2011 

Total 

0.80 

199.20 

200.00 

178.30 

20.80

2.10

0.80

199.40 

401.40

14.40 

13.69 

46.89 

12.89 

109.85 

197.72 

6.65 

38.00 

44.65 

Total EDF 

14.40 

13.69

53.54

12.89

147.85 

242.37

DCI7 Asia 

DCI Latin 
America 

Total DCI 

ENPI8 South 

45.00 

9.50 

46.40 

100.90 

45.00

9.50

46.40

27.00 

127.90

27.00 

27.00 

76.66 

20.50 

20.00 

99.00 

216.16 

ENPI East 

115.00 

78.00 

36.00 

42.60 

271.60 

Total ENPI 

115.00 

154.66

20.50

56.00

141.60 

487.76

Total ENRTP9 

Nuclear Safety 
Instrument 

73.45 

IPA10 National 
Programmes 
and Multi-
beneficiary 
Funds 

TOTAL 

49.32 

58.13 

133.30

180.90

197.12

1.770,75

5  
6  
7  
8  
9  

10  

European Development Fund National Indicative Programmes 
European Development Fund Regional Indicative Programmes 
Development Cooperation Instrument 
European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 
Thematic  programme  for  Environment  and  Sustainable  Management  of  Natural  Resources  including 
Energy 
Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance 

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2.2. 

Access to energy on the agenda of the EU development efforts 

Energy  is  likely  to  continue  playing  a  significant  role  in  the  EU's  financial  assistance 
programmes, given its importance to the EU's partner countries. It is likely to be among key 
priorities of the EU development policy, as outlined in the Green Paper on EU development 
policy.11 

Energy is a pre-requisite to meet most Millennium Development Goals and is vital for poverty 
eradication, health, education, agriculture and economic development. Ensuring energy access 
in  developing  and  least  developed  countries  remains  a  challenge.  Over  1.4  billion  people, 
mostly in rural areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, do not have access to electricity 
at present.  This number expected to decrease only marginally to 1.2 billion in the next two 
decades. 

Number of people without access to electricity and electrification rates by region (million) 

Source: IEA World Energy Outlook, 2010 

11  

"EU development policy in support of inclusive growth and sustainable development – Increasing the 
impact of EU development policy" COM (2010) 629 final. 

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3. 

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FRAMEWORKS AND AGREEMENTS RELEVANT TO THE ENERGY SECTOR 

3.1. 

EU's existing international instruments 

Political instruments 

Bilateral legal instruments 

Multilateral legal instruments 

Country / groups of 
countries 

Enlargement countries 

Albania 

Bosnia and Herzegovina 

Croatia 

Former Yugoslav 
Republic of Macedonia 

Iceland 

Montenegro 

Serbia 

Turkey 

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Kosovoa 

ENP - Eastern Partnership 

Armenia  

Azerbaijan  

Belarusb  

Georgia 

Republic of Moldova 

Ukraine 

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x 

x 

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

O
T
W

x 

(x)3 

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
f
i
l
o
r
p
-
n
o
N

y
t
a
e
r
t

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
R
E
T
I

x 

x 

x  

x 

x 

x 

EN 

a Under UN Security Council Resolution 1244 
b EU sanctions/restrictive measures in place 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Political instruments 

Bilateral legal instruments 

Multilateral legal instruments 

n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A
A
C
P

/

/

A
A
S

/

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

k
r
o
w
e
m
a
r
F

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

-
n
o
N

/

A
T
F

l
a
i
t

n
e
r
e
f
e
r
p

A
E
E

/

A
T

/

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
m
o
t
a
r
u
E

d
n
a

e
c
n
e
i
c
S

y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
p
o
o
c

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a

y
t
i

n
u
m
m
o
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

f
o
m
u
d
n
a
r
o
m
e

M

g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
U

(x)3 

x 

x10 

/

n
a
l
P
n
o
i
t
c
A
P
N
E

/

p
a
m
d
a
o
R

a
d
n
e
g
A
n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

r
e
h
O

t

x1 ,7  

x1, 7  

x1, 7  

x1, 7  

x1, 7  

x1, 7 

x1, 7  

Country / groups of 
countries 

e
u
g
o
l
a
i
d
y
g
r
e
n
E

ENP - Southern Neighbourhood 

Algeria  

Egypt  

Israel  

Jordan  

Lebanon  

Libyac  

Morocco 

 Occupied   

         Palestinian Territory 
Syriad 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

c EU sanctions/restrictive measures in place 

EN 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x2 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

15 

x1, 7  

(x)3 

r
e
t
r
a
h
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

y
t
a
e
r
T

(x)6 

(x)6 

(x)6 

(x)6 

(x)6 

O
T
W

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

(x)3 

x 

(x)6 

(x)3 

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
f
i
l
o
r
p
-
n
o
N

y
t
a
e
r
t

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
R
E
T
I

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Political instruments 

Bilateral legal instruments 

Multilateral legal instruments 

Country / groups of 
countries 

e
u
g
o
l
a
i
d
y
g
r
e
n
E

f
o
m
u
d
n
a
r
o
m
e

M

g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
U

Tunisia 

Other key supplier and transit countries 

a
d
n
e
g
A
n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A

/

n
a
l
P
n
o
i
t
c
A
P
N
E

/

p
a
m
d
a
o
R

x 

r
e
h
O

t

n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A
A
C
P

/

/

A
A
S

/

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

k
r
o
w
e
m
a
r
F

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

-
n
o
N

/

A
T
F

l
a
i
t

n
e
r
e
f
e
r
p

A
E
E

/

A
T

/

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

x1, 7  

x 

x 

Australia  

Brazil  

Canada  

Irand  

Iraq  

Kazakhstan  

Mozambique 

Nigeria  

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x9 

(x)3 

x 

x9 

x14 

x15 

x17 

x5 

x19 

x20 

d EU sanctions/restrictive measures in place 

EN 

(x)3, 16 

x; x13 

(x)3 

x9, 18 

x; x12, 13 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

16 

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
m
o
t
a
r
u
E

x 

d
n
a

e
c
n
e
i
c
S

y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
p
o
o
c

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a

y
t
i

n
u
m
m
o
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

x 

x 

x 

x 

r
e
t
r
a
h
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

y
t
a
e
r
T

(x)6 

(x)3 

(x)6 

(x)6 

O
T
W

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

(x)3 

x 

x 

(x) 6 

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
f
i
l
o
r
p
-
n
o
N

y
t
a
e
r
t

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
R
E
T
I

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Country / groups of 
countries 

Norway 

Republic of South Africa  

Russian Federation 

Switzerland 

Turkmenistan 

Uzbekistan 

Venezuela 

e
u
g
o
l
a
i
d
y
g
r
e
n
E

x 

x  

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

Political instruments 

Bilateral legal instruments 

Multilateral legal instruments 

f
o
m
u
d
n
a
r
o
m
e

M

g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
U

/

n
a
l
P
n
o
i
t
c
A
P
N
E

/

p
a
m
d
a
o
R

a
d
n
e
g
A
n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A

r
e
h
O

t

n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A
A
C
P

/

/

A
A
S

/

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

k
r
o
w
e
m
a
r
F

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

-
n
o
N

/

A
T
F

l
a
i
t

n
e
r
e
f
e
r
p

A
E
E

/

A
T

/

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
m
o
t
a
r
u
E

d
n
a

e
c
n
e
i
c
S

y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
p
o
o
c

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a

y
t
i

n
u
m
m
o
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

r
e
t
r
a
h
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

y
t
a
e
r
T

(x)6 

(x)3 

O
T
W

x 

x 

(x)22 

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

x6 

(x) 6  

x 

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

x 

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
f
i
l
o
r
p
-
n
o
N

y
t
a
e
r
t

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
R
E
T
I

x 

x 

EN 

x21 

x5,6; x11 

x 

x9 

x5 

x 

(x)3 

x 

x 

x 

x9 

x2 

x 

x 

x2 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

x 

(x)3 

(x)3;     
x12,13 

x4, 13 

x 

(x)3, 16 

x 

x 

x18 

17 

Industrialised countries and fast growing economies 

Argentina 

Chile 

China  

x 

x 

x23 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Political instruments 

Bilateral legal instruments 

Multilateral legal instruments 

Country / groups of 
countries 

India 

Japan 

e
u
g
o
l
a
i
d
y
g
r
e
n
E

x 

x 

f
o
m
u
d
n
a
r
o
m
e

M

g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
U

/

n
a
l
P
n
o
i
t
c
A
P
N
E

/

p
a
m
d
a
o
R

a
d
n
e
g
A
n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A

n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A
A
C
P

/

/

A
A
S

/

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

k
r
o
w
e
m
a
r
F

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

-
n
o
N

/

A
T
F

l
a
i
t

n
e
r
e
f
e
r
p

A
E
E

/

A
T

/

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

x 

(x)3  

r
e
h
O

t

x24 

x25 

Republic of South Korea 

(x)3 

x 

US  

x 

Regional groupings 

African Caribbean 
Pacific (ACP) 

African Union 

x 

Andean Community 

The Association of 
Southeast Asian Nations 
(ASEAN) 

Gulf Cooperation 
Council (GCC) 

x 

x 

EN 

x27, 28 

x29 

x30 

x32 

x31 

(x)31 

(x)3 

18 

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
m
o
t
a
r
u
E

d
n
a

e
c
n
e
i
c
S

y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
p
o
o
c

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a

y
t
i

n
u
m
m
o
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

(x)18,3; 
x13 

x26, 13 

x13 

x; x12,13 

x 

x 

x 

x 

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
f
i
l
o
r
p
-
n
o
N

y
t
a
e
r
t

x 

x 

x 

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
R
E
T
I

x 

x 

x 

x 

O
T
W

x 

x 

x 

x 

r
e
t
r
a
h
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

y
t
a
e
r
T

x 

(x)6  

(x)6  

(x)6 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Political instruments 

Bilateral legal instruments 

Multilateral legal instruments 

Country / groups of 
countries 

Southern Common 
Market (Mercosur) 

e
u
g
o
l
a
i
d
y
g
r
e
n
E

f
o
m
u
d
n
a
r
o
m
e

M

g
n
i
d
n
a
t
s
r
e
d
n
U

/

n
a
l
P
n
o
i
t
c
A
P
N
E

/

p
a
m
d
a
o
R

a
d
n
e
g
A
n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A

r
e
h
O

t

n
o
i
t
a
i
c
o
s
s
A
A
C
P

/

/

A
A
S

/

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

k
r
o
w
e
m
a
r
F

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

-
n
o
N

/

A
T
F

l
a
i
t

n
e
r
e
f
e
r
p

A
E
E

/

A
T

/

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
A

(x)3, 33 

(x)3 

s
t
n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
m
o
t
a
r
u
E

d
n
a

e
c
n
e
i
c
S

y
g
o
l
o
n
h
c
e
t

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
p
o
o
c

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a

y
t
i

n
u
m
m
o
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

r
e
t
r
a
h
C
y
g
r
e
n
E

y
t
a
e
r
T

O
T
W

n
o
i
t
a
r
e
f
i
l
o
r
p
-
n
o
N

y
t
a
e
r
t

t

n
e
m
e
e
r
g
a
R
E
T
I

3.2. 

International organisations and initiatives relevant to the energy sector 

International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

Baku Initiative 

Regional cooperation 
initiative 

Energy efficiency, 
renewable energy, oil and 
gas transportation 

Armenia,  Azerbaijan, 
Belarus, Georgia, 
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,  
Moldova,  Tajikistan, 
Turkey, Turkmenistan,  
Ukraine, Uzbekistan      

EC participation at 
Ministerials. EC chairs bi-
annual INOGATE meetings. 

Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) 

International initiative 

Energy efficiency, 
renewable energy, oil and 
gas transportation. 

Black Sea littoral countries, 
Greece, Armenia. 

Involvement at Member 
State Level. 

Black Sea Synergy 

Regional cooperation  
initiative 

Strengthening regional 
energy cooperation, energy 

Black Sea littoral states and 
Armenia, Azerbaijan, 

Involvement at Member 
State level. 

EN 

19 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

Baltic Sea Baltic Sea Energy Co-operation 
(BASREC) as a part of the Council of the Baltic 
Sea States (CBSS) 

Intergovernmental 
organisation, initiated by 
the EC and the Baltic Sea 
countries 

Energy, infrastructure, 
energy efficiency, renewable 
energy, clean coal 
technologies. 

11 Baltic Sea countries, EC, 
and 11 Observers, 15 
Strategic Partners (incl. 
OECD). 

Participation in Senior 
official meetings. 

infrastructure, energy 
security. 

Moldova and Greece. 

Barents – Euro – Arctic Council Joint Energy 
Working Group (BEAC JEWG) 

Intergovernmental and 
interregional cooperation 
initiative  

Energy efficiency, 
renewable energy. 

Eastern Partnership Energy Security Platform 

Regional cooperation 
initiative 

Energy market convergence, 
sustainable energy. 

Denmark, Finland, Iceland, 
Norway, Russia, Sweden, 
EC. 

Armenia, Azerbaijan, 
Belarus, Georgia, Moldova 
and Ukraine 

Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative 
(EITI) 

International initiative 

Improved governance in 
resource-rich countries 
through the verification and 
full publication of company 
payments and government 
revenues from oil, gas and 
mining. 

Australia, Belgium, Canada, 
Denmark, Germany, 
Finland, France, Italy, 
Japan, The Netherlands, 
Norway, Qatar, Spain, 
Sweden, Switzerland, UK, 
USA as supporting 
countries. 

Participation in meetings of 
the Working Group. 

EC chairs the Platform and 
organises seminars. 
Participation at Member 
State level. 

EC participates in the work 
of the EITI Board and the 
Multi-Donor Trust Fund 
(MDTF) Steering 
Committee. EU financial 
support to Extractive 
Industries Transparency 
Initiative through the 
Africa-EU Energy 
Partnership of the Joint 
Africa-EU Strategy and 
MDTF. 12 EU Member 
States are donors and 
supporters of the initiative. 

EN 

20 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum 
(CSLF) 

International initiative 

Carbon capture and storage 

Clean Energy Ministerial(CEM) 

High level forum 

Clean energy technology 

EC and Member States 
participation 

EC and Member States 
participation 

25 members, including 24 
countries and the European 
Commission. 8 EU Member 
States are members of the 
Forum. 

Australia, Brazil, Canada, 
China, Denmark, the 
European Commission, 
Finland, France, Germany, 
India, Indonesia, Italy, 
Japan, Korea, Mexico, 
Norway, Russia, South 
Africa, Spain, Sweden, the 
United Arab Emirates, the 
United Kingdom, and the 
United States. 

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 

International organization 

Nuclear energy 

151 member countries, 
including all 27 EU Member 
States. 

EU participation as an 
observer. Involvement at 
Member State level. 

International Biofuels Forum (IBF) 

International initiative 

Sustainable development of 
biofuels. 

Biofuels producing 
countries and the EC. 

International Energy Agency (IEA) 

International organization 

Energy security, markets 
analysis, energy policy 
analysis, statistics, energy 
technology, global energy 

28 member countries, 
including Australia, 
Canada, Japan, New 
Zealand, Republic of Korea, 
Turkey,  the US, and 19 of 

Participation in meetings of 
the Forum and its working 
groups as a member. 

Full participation of the EU 
in IEA activities. 
Involvement at Member 
State level. 

EN 

21 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

dialogue. 

the EU Member States. 

International Energy Forum (IEF) 

International initiative 

Global energy dialogue. 

International Partnership for the Hydrogen and 
Fuel Cells in the Economy (IPHE) 

International initiative 

Hydrogen and fuel cells 
technological development. 

International Platform for Energy Efficiency 
Cooperation (IPEEC) 

International initiative 

Energy efficiency. 

International Renewable Energy Agency 
(IRENA) 

International organization 

Promotion of renewable 
energy worldwide. 

International Thermonuclear Experimental 
Reactor (ITER) 

International initiative 

Proving the commercial 
viability of atomic fusion. 

Energy Ministers from 98 
countries, accounting for 
around 90% of global oil 
and gas supply and demand. 

Participation of the EC in 
the Informal Support Group 
of the IEF; contribution by 
Eurostat to the Joint 
Organisations Data 
Initiative (JODI). 

18 members, including US, 
Japan, China, India, Brazil, 
the EC. 

Participation of the EC in 
steering committee (SC). 

Large developing and 
developed economies, 
including the EU, 
representing up to 75% of 
global GDP and energy-use. 

EU and several EU Member 
States are IPEEC members. 
EU is involved in the 
Executive Committee and 
Policy Committee, and in 
specific Task Groups. 

148 countries and the EU 
are signatories; 74 
countries and the EU are 
members. 

EU, Japan, China, South 
Korea, Russia, India, the 
US. 

EU participation as a 
member. 

Participation in the ITER 
Council. 

G8 

High level forum 

Broad range of energy 
topics 

Canada, France, Germany, 
Italy, Japan, Russia, UK, 

Participation in Summits, 
Ministerial meetings and 

EN 

22 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
  
International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

G20 

High level forum 

USA, EU. 

relevant working groups. 

Fossil fuels' subsidies, fossil 
fuels' price volatility, 
offshore oil and gas safety, 
clean energy and energy 
efficiency, nuclear safety. 

Argentina, Australia, Brazil, 
Canada, China, France, 
Germany, India, Indonesia, 
Italy, Japan, Mexico, 
Russia, Saudi Arabia, South 
Africa, Republic of Korea, 
Turkey, UK, USA, EU. 

Participation in Summits, 
Ministerial meetings and 
relevant working groups. 

Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute 
(GCCSI) 

International initiative 

Carbon capture and storage  Government, industry, non-

government bodies and 
research organisations in 
the field of CCS. 

EC and several Member 
States (DE, FR, IT, NL, UK, 
RO, SE, BU) participate as 
members. 

Membership of an EC 
official in the Technical 
Advisory Committee. 
Frequent participation in 
technical meetings on 
knowledge sharing and CCS 
demonstration. 

Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership 
(GGFR) 

International initiative 

Gas flaring, carbon credits 
financing and related 
regulation. 

National oil/gas companies, 
the World Bank, the OPEC 
Secretariat and the EU. 

Participation in Steering 
Committee meetings and 
financial contribution. 

Global Bioenergy Partnership 

International initiative 

Sustainable promotion of 
bioenergy, focused on 
developing countries 

Producers and supporters of 
biomass-based energy. 

Participation in Steering 
Committee and Task Force 
meetings. 

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International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

Major Economies Forum 

International initiative 

Climate change 

Methane to Market Partnership 

International initiative 

Cost-effective, near-term 
methane recovery and use 
as a clean energy source; 
reduction of global methane 
emissions to enhance 
economic growth; energy 
security; air quality and 
industrial safety. 

Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) 

International organisation 

Nuclear energy. 

17 major economies: 
Australia, Brazil, Canada, 
China, EU, France, 
Germany, India, Indonesia, 
Italy, Japan, Korea, Mexico, 
Russia, South Africa, UK, 
and the US. 

38 member countries and 
the EC, representing over 
60% of global methane 
emissions, mostly from 
North and South America, 
Asia and Oceania. 

30  countries 
in  Europe, 
North America and the Asia-
Pacific,  including  20  EU 
Member States 

EU participation as a 
member of the Forum. 
Participation at Member 
State level. 

EC involvement in Project 
Network, in the Coal Mines 
Subcommittee, and the 
Subcommittee on Oil and 
Gas  

EC  takes  part  in  a  work  of 
NEA 
in 
Supplementary Protocol No. 
1 to the OECD Convention) 

stated 

(as 

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries 
(OPEC) 

International energy 
organisation 

Global oil markets. 

12 oil exporting countries. 

Organisation for Security and Co-operation in 
Europe (OSCE) 

International organisation 

General crisis management 
and conflict prevention, 
including environmental 
aspects. 

56 states from North 
America, Europe and Asia. 

EU-OPEC high-level energy 
dialogue. 

The EU participates in all 
proceedings and may speak 
on behalf of the Member 
States where the issue under 
discussion mainly falls 

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International organisations and initiatives 

Type of organisation / 
Initiative 

Energy topics covered 

Constituency 

EU/EC involvement 

United Nations Commission for Sustainable 
Development (UNCSD) 

International organisation 

United Nations Economic Commission for 
Europe (UNECE) 

International organisation 

Environmental and 
sustainable development. 
Reviewing progress of the 
implementation of Agenda 
21 and the Rio Declaration 
on Environment and 
Development. 

Gas, energy efficiency, 
electricity production from 
coal and other fossil fuels, 
coal mine methane. 

United Nations Framework Convention on 
Climate Change (UNFCCC); Kyoto Protocol 

International agreement 

Climate change. 

under EU competence. 

53 selected members of UN 
for a three-year term. 

Participation at EC level. 

56 countries from Europe, 
the Commonwealth of 
Independent States (CIS) 
and North America, 
including all EU Member 
States. 

EC participates to meetings 
of certain UNECE bodies. It 
is a Member to certain 
Conventions under UNECE. 
Involvement at Member 
State level. 

195 Parties to the 
Convention, including the 
EU and its Member States, 

Full EU participation as a 
party. 

List of Acronyms: 

DCFTA  
EaP 
EC 
EEA 
ENP 
EWM 
FTA 
MoU 

Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement 
Eastern Partnership 
European Commission 
European Economic Area 
European Neighbourhood Policy 
Early Warning Mechanism 
Free Trade Agreement 
Memorandum of Understanding 

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PCA 
SAA 
TCA 
UN 
WTO 

Partnership and Cooperation Agreement 
Stabilisation and Association Agreement 
Trade and Cooperation Agreement 
United Nations 
World Trade Organization 

1 The Union for the Mediterranean 
2 Associated to Framework Programme 7 (FP7) 
3 Pending 
4 ECURIE agreement 
5 Baku Initiative 
6 Observer 
7 European Neighbourhood Policy 
8 Eastern Partnership 
9 New agreement replacing existing one under negotiation/pending 
10 Energy Declaration 
11 Early Warning Mechanism 
12 Agreement on nuclear safety 
13 Agreements on fusion research 
14 EU-Australia Partnership Framework  
15 EU-Brazil Joint Action Plan 
16 EU-Mercosur Free Trade Agreement 
17 EU-Canada Partnership Agenda 
18 Agreement on nuclear research 
19 Brazil-Africa-EU Initiative on bio-energy development in African countries 
20 The EU-Nigeria Joint Way Forward 
21 EU-South Africa Strategic Partnership Joint Action Plan 
22 Withdrew provisional application 
23 EU-China Partnership on Climate Change  
24 EU-India Strategic Partnership Joint Action Plan  
25 Action Plan for EU-Japan Cooperation 
26 Broader approach agreement 
27 Economic Partnership Agreement between the EU-ACP states 
28 Africa-EU Energy Partnership 
29 Economic Partnership Agreements 
30 Political Dialogue & Cooperation Agreement (pending), The Rio Group (forum of political consultation) 
31 FTAs with individual members 

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26 

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32 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) 
33 International Framework Cooperation Agreement in place 

EN 

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