REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL Third Follow up Report to the Communication on water scarcity and droughts in the European Union COM (2007) 414 final
Date: 2011-03-21
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU waters, climate change, conservation of resources, drought, environmental protection, fixing of prices, information system, report, town and country planning, use of water

EN 

EN 

   EN 

 
EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Brussels, 21.3.2011 
COM(2011) 133 final 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 

Third Follow up Report to the Communication on water scarcity and droughts in the 
European Union COM (2007) 414 final  

SEC(2011) 338 final 

EN 

   EN 

 
 
  
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 

Third Follow up Report to the Communication on water scarcity and droughts in the 
European Union COM (2007) 414 final 

1. 

INTRODUCTION 

In 2007, the Commission adopted a Communication on Water Scarcity & Drought (WS&D)1. 
The Communication identified seven policy areas that had to be addressed if Europe was to 
move towards a water-efficient economy. In October 20072 the Council supported the options 
identified  in  the  Communication  and  invited  the  Commission  to  review  the  strategy  for 
WS&D by 2012 and in 2008 the European Parliament adopted a resolution underlining that 
urgent  actions  and  more  funds  are  needed.  Action  to  improve  the  efficient  use  of  water 
resources  should  be  seen  in  the  context  of  the  Flagship  initiative  on  resource  efficiency3  as 
part of the Europe 2020 Strategy. 

The  first  and  second  reports  from  20084  and  20095  which  followed  the  Communication  on 
water  scarcity  identified  some  encouraging  policy  initiatives  at  both  EU  and  national  levels 
but concluded that there was still a lot to be done.  

In  June  2010,  the  Council  recognised  that  WS&D  are  already  serious  problems  in  many 
European  regions  and  invited  the  Member  States  to  promote  more  efficient  and  sustainable 
water  use  and  recalled  that  trustworthy  data  would  be  needed  on  WS&D  events  to  support 
further policy development. The Council invited the Commission to consider the right mix of 
measures  and  financial  instruments  needed  to  tackle  WS&D  events  and  to  present  relevant 
proposals as appropriate.  

This report covers the period May 2009 to May 2010 and is based upon the responses of 21 
countries to the Commission's annual questionnaire.6 The situation concerning water scarcity 
was as follows: 

–  Three Member States reported that they faced continuous water scarcity (CZ, CY, MT); 

–  Five Member States reported that they faced droughts or rainfall levels lower than the long 

term average (FR, PT, HU, ES, UK); and  

–  Four Member States experienced local limited water scarcity occurrences (FR, NL, RO and 

SE).  

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

COM(2007) 414 final 18.7.2007 
13888/07, 15 October 2007, ENV 515, DEVGEN 182, AGRI 325. 
COM(2011) 21 of 26 January 2011 
COM(2008) 875 final, 19.12.2008 
COM(2010)228 final, 18.5.2010 
21 countries (AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DK, EE, ES, FR, HU, IE, IT, LU, MT, NL, PT, RO, SE, SK 
and UK) replied to the questionnaire for the annual report (sent to the 27 Member State and Norway 
and Switzerland) 

EN 

2 

   EN 

                                                 
Consequently,  mitigation  actions  were  developed  and  restrictions  were  applied  in  order  to 
restrict  water  use  (FR),  irrigation  (RO,  SE,  CY)  and  shipping  (NL)  in  some  of  the  affected 
Member  States.  Six  Member  States  reported  that  they  did  not  experience  drought  or  water 
scarcity situations (AT, BE, EE, IE, LU, SK), and the same applied to Switzerland (CH). This 
information reported by the Member States should be seen in relation to the 2010 State of the 
Environment  report  from  the  European  Environment  Agency7  which  states,  that  "Except  in 
some  northern  and  sparsely-populated  countries  that  possess  abundant  resources,  water 
scarcity occurs in many areas of Europe, particularly in the south, confronted with a crucial 
combination of a severe lack of and high demand for water". 

The present report gives further details on the extent of WS&D in the EU and the measures 
which are being put in place to address both situations. The report also sets out the activities 
to be implemented by the Commission in preparation for the 2012 review of WS&D policy. 

2. 

TOWARDS A BLUEPRINT FOR SAFEGUARDING EUROPE'S WATERS  

The  Commission  intends  to  adopt  a  "Blueprint"  to  safeguard  Europe's  waters  by  the  end  of 
2012 based on assessments of the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD)8, 
WS&D policy and the vulnerability of water resources to climate change and other man-made 
pressures. This evaluation has a twofold purpose: 

•  It will look back and assess the implementation and achievements of policies and measures 
in place to ensure the protection and availability of EU water resources, while identifying 
gaps and shortcomings; 

•  It  will  look  forward  at  the  evolving  vulnerability  of  the  water  environment  to  identify 
measures  and  tools  that  will  be  needed  in  several  EU  policy  areas  in  order  to  ensure  a 
sustainable use of water in the EU in the long term; 

The Blueprint will synthesise policy recommendations and will be accompanied by a number 
of  new  initiatives,  including  of  a  legislative  nature  if  appropriate.  The  Blueprint  will  also 
examine the needs for additional funding, incentives, measures and the establishment of the 
necessary  support  for  data  collection,  scientific  and  technological  development.  It  will 
consider  the  links  between  the  various  aspects  of  water  policy,  including those  relating  to 
quality  and  availability.  The  Blueprint  will  be  developed  in  close  consultation  with 
stakeholders. 

The  work  of  the  Commission  will  be  supported  by  the  core  integrated  analysis  being 
developed  by  the  European  Environmental  Agency  which  links  resource  efficiency, 
accounting, environmental externalities and policy instruments in the area of water. 

7 
8 

http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/europe/water-resources-quantity-and-flows 
Directive 2000/60/EC, OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p.1. 

EN 

3 

   EN 

                                                 
3. 

REVIEW OF POLICY ON WATER SCARCITY AND DROUGHTS  

The first consultation of stakeholders on the WS&D policy review took place in April 2010 
when  the  Commission  presented  the  main  building  blocks  of  the  policy  review  and  the 
process and timing for preparing it.  

The main building blocks of the WS&D policy review are:  

•  Water efficiency (in agriculture and the urban environment),  

•  Better  planning  (demand  management,  land  use  planning,  drought  observatory  and 
indicator  development,  enhancing  integration  of  WS&D  in  the  River  Basin  Management 
Plans (RBMPs) and in sectoral policies) and  

•  Adequate  implementation  instruments  (such  as  financing  water  efficiency,  water  pricing, 

water allocation).  

The policy review will also address the external dimension of the WS&D problem. In many 
parts of the world, water resources are becoming more and more vulnerable and an important 
part  of  EU's  water  footprint  (indicator  for  direct  and  indirect  water  use)  is  embedded  in 
imported  water-expensive  goods  (such  as  agriculture,  food  and  textile  products).  The  water 
foot printing and of life-cycle analysis approaches are increasingly used to raise awareness of 
water  consumption  related  to  products  or  production  processes,  and  the  policy  review  will 
assess to which extent these tools can be useful for policy purposes. 

4. 

IMPROVING WATER EFFICIENCY 

In  accordance  with  the  water  hierarchy  described  in  the  2007  Communication,  improved 
water  efficiency  will  be  an  important  part  of  the  policy  review  on  WS&D  including  the 
following specific topics. 

Water efficiency of buildings 

Most  Member  States  have  so  far  not  implemented  national  legislation  in  terms  of  water 
efficiency standards in buildings or water using devices, though some aspects are included in 
RBMPs  (BG,  CY,  IE,  SK).  The  UK  has  defined  new  water  efficiency  targets  for  water 
companies.  

At the end of 2010, the Commission launched a study to analyse further the possibilities for 
improving  the  water  performance  of  buildings  across  Europe.  The  Commission  will  look  at 
three  aspects  of  improvement  to  the  water  performance  of  buildings,  namely  water  saving 
devices;  water-efficient  construction,  design  and  renovations;  and  measuring  building's 
performance.  

The  study  will  determine  which  regulatory  or  non-regulatory  measures  will  be  the  most 
appropriate to improve water efficiency in buildings, ranging from a directive (similar to the 

EN 

4 

   EN 

directive on energy performance of buildings9), to integration of water efficiency into existing 
regulatory  measures  and  a  mixture  of  other  measures  and  standards.  The  environmental, 
economic and social impacts of the proposed measures will be evaluated.  

Reduction of leakages in distribution systems 

One of the means of increasing water efficiency is to reduce leakages from water distribution 
networks.  Studies  have  so  far  indicated  that  as  much  as  50%  of  water  abstracted  is  lost  in 
distribution in certain areas of Europe. However, there are significant differences between the 
leakage levels in different Member States.  

The  Member  States  also  report  that  they  consider  leakage  reduction  a  relevant  issue  and 
thirteen  of  them  (AT,  BE,  BG,  CY,  ES,  FR,  IE,  IT,  MT,  PT,  RO,  SE,  SK,  UK)  report  that 
significant activities in this respect have taken place in the reporting period. Measures which 
have been implemented include periodical maintenance works, updated guidelines, detection, 
leakage  quantification  and  reduction  measures,  new  legislation  binding  local  authorities  to 
promote action plans and multi-annual work programmes, integration of measures to restore 
water  networks  in  RBMPs  and  National  Programmes.  In  some  Member  States,  network 
renewal is not planned (CZ, EE, HU, LU) whilst the Netherlands has stated that leakage in its 
supply network for drinking water is low (<5%) and thus no measures to reduce leakages are 
considered necessary.  

In 2010, following a request of the European Parliament, the European Commission launched 
a  pilot  project  to  investigate  the  resource  and  economic  efficiency  of  water  distribution 
networks.  The  project  will  comprise  5-8  pilot  studies  to  analyse  and  quantify  factors  of 
relevance for leakages in distribution networks at a river basin level. It will also identify cost-
effective solutions for reducing water losses and present recommendations on policy options 
for improving water efficiency in distribution systems. 

Water efficiency in agriculture 

A Commission Communication on the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) towards 2020 was 
adopted in November 201010. Besides the contribution of agriculture to a greater resilience to 
flooding and drought, it also recognised that many farming practices have the potential to put 
pressure on the environment, leading to soil depletion, water shortages, pollution, and loss of 
biodiversity.  The  inclusion  of  the  Water  Framework  Directive  within  the  scope  of  cross 
compliance will be considered, once the Directive has been implemented and the operational 
obligations for farmers have been identified. 

The  Farm  Advisory  Services  (FAS)  were  set  up  in  Member  States  to  assist  farmers  in 
complying  with  the  cross  compliance  standards.  Water  is  not  always  addressed  to  the  same 
extent in the FAS of the different MS; additional guidance was needed, and the Commission 
and stakeholders therefore developed a handbook for administrations about integrating water 
issues in the FAS11.  

9 

10 
11 

Directive  2002/91/EC  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  of  16  December  2002  on  the 
energy performance of buildings 
COM(2010) 672 final, 18.11.2010 
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/quantity/good_practices.htm#handbook 

EN 

5 

   EN 

                                                 
At  the  end  of  2010  the  Commission  launched  a  study  aimed  at  having  an  overview  of  the 
current situation of agricultural water use in Europe. The study will compile information on 
possibilities for water saving in agriculture.  

Non-authorized  water  abstraction  was  addressed  at  a  conference  hosted  by  the  Belgian 
Presidency in 2010. Many Member States face non-authorised water abstractions which affect 
water  availability.  Better  control  is  required  to  identify  and  penalise  this  misuse,  and  the 
Commission intends to continue to put focus on this issue in preparation for the policy review. 

Halting desertification 

In 2010, the Commission launched pilot projects on halting desertification upon a request by 
the  European  Parliament  with  the  aim  of  disseminating  best  practices  across  Europe.  The 
projects  will  also  provide  examples  of  water  efficiency  measures  and  will  contribute  with 
examples and best practices to the WS&D policy review. 

5. 

BETTER PLANNING  

In parallel to looking at ways to improve water efficiency, the WS&D policy review will also 
look at possibilities for better planning and preparedness to deal with droughts and improved 
water demand management.  

Activities to integrate water scarcity and droughts into sectoral policies have been undertaken 
by  several  Member  States,  in  particular  efforts  to  reduce  water  consumption  (AT,  BG,  BE, 
CY, FR, HU, IT, MT, RO, SK, NL, LU, RO), and adaptation to climate change (AT, ES, PT 
and CH). The integration of WS&D actions into RBMPs (BE, CY, HU, IT, MT, RO, SK, NL) 
and specific national programmes (BG, LU, UK) concerning industry, agriculture (LU, RO) 
and households was also reported.  

Implementation of the River Basin Management Plans  

Adoption of river basin management plans for each river basin district under the WFD had to 
be  completed  by  December  2009  whilst  the  relevant  information  had  to  be  reported  to  the 
Commission by 22 March 2010. As of December 2010, several of the Member States where 
water scarcity and/or drought is expected to be most severe (CY, EL, ES, PT, RO) had still 
not published their RBMPs. 

In 2010, the implementation of the RBMPs started in the Member Sates. At the same time the 
Commission launched the assessment of the submitted plans which will also address WS&D. 
The report on how Member States have tackled their RBMPs will be published in 2012 as part 
of the Blueprint. 

Further developing the observatory and an early warning system on droughts 

The  prototype  of  the  European  Drought  Observatory  (EDO)  has  been  further  developed 
providing for the continuous monitoring of drought indicators across Europe and displaying 
these on a map server. All indicators cover the entire European continent and are presented as 
actual  data  and  as  deviation  from  the  expected  long-term  average.  In  the  long  run,  GMES 
services might be useful to support the operational monitoring activities. 

EN 

6 

   EN 

In  2010,  the  first  tests  for  meteorological  drought  forecasting  were  performed  and  the  first 
interoperability  arrangements  set  up  with  regional,  national  and  local  services  including  the 
Drought  Management  Centre  for  South  East  Europe,  the  Spanish  Observatory  for 
Sustainability and the Ebro River Basin Authority.  

Data collection and setting up of a comprehensive indicator framework  

Important  knowledge  gaps  still  exist  as  regards  WS&D  in  the  EU  and  trustworthy  and 
comparable data are needed about the temporal and spatial distribution of water scarcity and 
droughts  events,  the  expected  impacts  of  climate  change  on  water  resources  and  the 
vulnerability of ecosystems, as well as the associated socio-economic aspects.  

As a part of the Common Implementation Strategy for the WFD period 2010-2012, an Expert 
Group is working on defining water scarcity and drought indicators. Different indicators are 
needed for the evaluation of water scarcity and for droughts respectively. Indicators on water 
scarcity often follow a pressure-state-response approach and compare water abstraction/water 
use with long term availability. Common drought indicators are based on meteorological and 
hydrological  variables  such  as  rainfall,  stream  flow,  soil  moisture,  reservoir  storage,  and 
ground water levels.  

The  Commission  is  also  developing12  a  set  of  vulnerability  indicators  for  water  related 
impacts  under  a  set  of  climate  change  and  socio-economic  scenarios,  and  performing  an 
inventory  of  potential  adaptation  measures  and  assessment  of  their  impact,  which  gives  a 
strong emphasis to WS&D issues. 

The  Commission  has  started  an  assessment  of  natural  water  retention  measures  and  their 
potential  impact  i.e.  on  WS&D  prevention.  An  upcoming  Commission  Communication  will 
address the multiple benefits of green infrastructure including its role in water retention and 
mitigating the effects of extreme events. Green infrastructure assists the keeping of water in 
river basins for a longer timescale, enabling soil, forest, grassland and wetland ecosystems to 
deliver their water retention and disposal services.  

Furthermore,  the  EEA  is  progressively  implementing  water  accounts  across  Europe  in 
cooperation with Eurostat and the Joint Research Centre in order to support the adoption of a 
more  sustainable  approach  to  water  resource  management.  The  accounts  quantify  water 
availability and use by all sectors, at a river basin scale and on a monthly basis. The approach 
enables  ‘hotspots’  of  water  stress  to  be  identified  and  over-exploitation  to  be  quantified.  In 
this way measures to address unsustainable water use can be targeted in an optimal manner. 
The first results are expected to be available in 2011. 

6. 

INSTRUMENTS 

Financing  

European  funds  and  state  aids  offer  more  and  more  opportunities  to  meet  the  challenge  of 
water scarcity and droughts. At European level the allocation of funding should be consistent 
with the Europe 2020 targets including environmental concerns and resource efficiency.  

12 

www.climwatadapt.eu  

EN 

7 

   EN 

                                                 
The  Commission  adopted  a  Communication  on  the  post-2013  review  of  the  EU's  budget  in 
October  201013.  In  the  field  of  Cohesion  Policy,  the  Commission  has  suggested  a  new 
planning  and  management  cycle  to  ensure  that  future  EU  funding  is  firmly  linked  to  the 
Europe 2020 targets.  

In  Commission  Communication  on  'Regional  Policy  contributing  to  Sustainable  Growth  in 
Europe  2020'14,  managing  authorities  are  encouraged  to  use  Regional  Policy  funding  for 
natural risk prevention projects that can preserve ecosystem services such as water quality and 
quantity,  and  prioritize  ''green  infrastructures''  such  as  flood  plains  restoration,  which  allow 
for preserving clean water availability. In addition they are asked to fully consider the water 
hierarchy and give priority to projects on water savings and water efficiency. 

The recent Communication on the orientation of reform to the Common Agricultural Policy 
(CAP) mentions that future direct payments should include a mandatory greening component. 
by supporting environmental measures applicable across the whole EU territory. These should 
take  the  form  of  simple,  generalized,  non  contractual  and  annual  actions  and  are  linked  to 
agriculture (e.g. permanent pasture, green cover, crop rotation and ecological set-aside). They 
could  contribute  to  the  improvement  of  water  resources,  as  farmers  will  have  to  engage 
actively  in  farming  practices  that  bring  benefits  also  for  water  quality  and  improve  water 
management.  

Member States plan to spend 26,9% of CAP Health-Check and European Economic Recovery 
Plan  (EERP)  funds  on  water  management.  Of  these  funds,  for  the  remainder  of  the  current 
period,  the  various  rural  development  programmes  set  out  planned  spending  of  184  million 
Euros  for  water  storage,  568  million  Euros  on  water  savings  technologies  and  119  million 
Euros for wetland restoration15. In the coming years rural development policy will remain an 
indispensable tool for improving care for the EU's precious water resources.  

The  EU  Solidarity  Fund  still  applies  a  delay  of  10  weeks  following  the  onset  of  damage 
caused  by  a  disaster.  For  slowly  unfolding  disasters  this  provision  implies  an  objective 
difficulty  to  present  applications  to  the  Commission  within  the  application  period.  A 
Communication on the future of the EU Solidarity Fund will be published in the first half of 
2011, addressing also the issue of slowly unfolding disasters such as droughts.  

The  European  Investment  Bank  (EIB)  emphasizes  resource  efficiency  and  optimizing 
solutions in their Water Sector Lending Policy. The current water efficiency concept includes 
efficiency by the consumer, in allocation across different users, of service providers as well as 
efficiency of the physical systems. In 2009/10, the lending in the EU water sector was 4,3/5,4 
billion EUR with total project cost of 14/13 billion EUR, half of which was for water supply. 
A 100 million EUR loan was approved to for a water distribution project in Madrid that will 
include investments in treatment and distribution of recycled water. 

Water pricing and funding at national level 

13 
14 
15 

COM(2010)700final, 19.10.2010 
COM(2011) 17 final of 26 January 2011 
Commission fact sheet :Overview of the CAP Health Check and the European Economic Recovery Plan 

EN 

8 

   EN 

                                                 
At national level the use of national budgets (BG, FR, EE, ES, LU, MT, PT, SK), EU funds 
(CY, CZ, HU, MT, SK) and private funds (IT, PT) were reported to be used to finance better 
water management and to improve water efficiency. 

In several Member States water-tariffs have been introduced recently (AT, BG, BE, EE, ES, 
NL,  SE,  UK)  or  are  under  development  (CY,  CZ,  IE,  RO,  SK)  in  order  to  ensure  cost 
recovery for water services. The metering of water consumption was reported being extended 
in most Member States.  

The Commission has also launched an assessment comprising the analysis of case studies on 
water pricing policies for the agricultural sector in selected river basins. Recommendations on 
best practices will be drawn this assessment. 

Water allocation  

Following the CAP Health Check, from 2010 the Member States will have to define standards 
applying at farm level for compliance with existing national authorisation procedures when 
using  water  for  irrigation.  In  2010,  all  but  one  Member  State  notified  standards  on 
authorisation  for  the  use  of  water  for  irrigation,  linking  the  payments  with  permitting.  The 
Commission is carefully following the application of the cross-compliance rules and financial 
corrections might be applied if these are not implemented correctly. 

The national reports show that the use of an authorization procedure for water abstraction is 
widespread  in  the  EU,  and  some  Member  States  (MT,  IE)  are  improving  their  current 
procedures  in  order  to  comply  with  the  WFD.  In  the  EU  and  in  Switzerland  restrictions  in 
water  use  are  applied  in  order  to  preserve  aquatic  life  and  ecological  status  of  water  bodies 
(AT, CY, CZ, ES, FR, HU, IT, NL, PT, RO, SK, SE, UK) although these have not yet been 
fully implemented everywhere (BE, BG, EE, IE, LU, MT). 

Most  Member  States  (except  UK  and  ES;  and  BE  that  introduced  ecocheques)  do  not 
envisage setting up water markets to address water scarcity.  

The water hierarchy approach is taken into consideration in the planning procedures, but the 
design and construction of  new  water  supply networks or  reservoirs  (BG, CZ, EE,  FR,  IE, 
PT, RO, SK, SE), and desalination plants (CY, UK) have been reported as necessary.  

Research and technological development opportunities  

In  the  framework  of  the  XEROCHORE  research  project,  guidance  documents  and 
recommendations were issued on drought-related knowledge base. An exchange platform on 
drought  issues  was  set  up  and  is  now  maintained  and  developed  by  the  European  Drought 
Centre16.  .New  FP7  research  projects  have  been  launched,  namely  DEWFORA  (Improved 
drought early warning and forecasting to strengthen preparedness and adaptation to droughts 
in Africa), and SIRRIMED (Sustainable use of irrigation water in the Mediterranean region). 
Furthermore  a  call  for  proposals  "Vulnerability  and  increased  drought  risks  in  Europe"  was 
opened in 2011. 

16 

http://www.geo.uio.no/edc/ 

EN 

9 

   EN 

                                                 
FP6  projects  covering  WS&D  (WATCH17,  CIRCE  project18)  will  deliver  before  the  end  of 
2011.  

At national level research linked to adaptation to climate change (BE, AT, CZ, ES, UK) and 
sustainable water management (BE, BG, CH, CY, ES, HU, LU, MT, RO, NL) were reported. 

Education and awareness 

Many  countries  reported  the  introduction  of  new  educational  programmes  and  awareness-
raising campaigns, regardless of whether they were expecting (CH, ES, SE, SK) or not (AT, 
EE, FR, IE, IT, MT, PT, UK, NL, RO) water scarcity situations in the 2010-2011 period.  

As part of the preparations for the WS&D policy review the Commission will look at further 
possibilities for awareness raising and educational activities.  

7. 

CONCLUSIONS 

The  efficient  use  of  water  and  effective  management  of  natural  water  resources  in  a  world 
where  water  resources  are  under  significant  pressure  is  about  ensuring  that  natural  water 
resources are sustained in terms of quality and quantity to meet the needs of humans, nature 
and the economy through integrated management.  

This report is focused on the building blocks of the future WS&D policy - water efficiency, 
better  planning  and  adequate  implementation  instruments  –  which  are  key  elements  of  the 
establishment of a water efficient economy that meets the challenge of the EU 2020 strategy.  

The next milestone of the WS&D policy is its review which will be published in 2012, in the 
Year of Water, as part of the Blueprint for Europe's waters.  

In  the  next  months,  the  Commission  will  focus  on  filling  knowledge  and  data  gaps  and 
conducting an impact assessment for the review. The work will be supported by the outcomes 
of the assessment of the RBMPs, the modelling of water vulnerability to man-made pressures, 
the cost-benefit analysis of natural water retention measures, the inputs from EEA, JRC and 
Eurostat  and  the  forthcoming  Communication  on  a  road  map  towards  a  resource  efficient 
economy.  

17 
18 

www.eu-watch.org/  
www.circeproject.eu/  

EN 

10 

   EN