Proposal for a COUNCIL DECISION on the signing of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and Cooperation between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and Mongolia, of the other part
Date: 2011-03-14
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU programme, Mongolia, cooperation agreement, cooperation policy, development plan, development policy, modernisation aid

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Brussels, 14.3.2011 
COM(2011) 117 final 

2011/0052 (NLE) 

Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DECISION 

of […] 

on the signing of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and 
Cooperation between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and 
Mongolia, of the other part 

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EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 

On  27  July  2009,  the  Council  authorised  the  Commission  to  negotiate  a  Framework 
Agreement  on  Partnership  and  Cooperation  (PCA)  with  Mongolia.  Negotiations  with 
Mongolia  were  launched  in  Ulaanbaatar  in  January  2010  and  concluded  in  October  2010. 
Both  sides  initialled  the  PCA  in  Ulaanbaatar  on  20  December  2010  following  the 
endorsement of the outcome of the negotiations by COASI.  

The PCA with Mongolia will supersede the current legal framework of the 1993 Agreement 
on  trade  and  economic  cooperation  between  the  European  Economic  Community  and 
Mongolia.  

This Agreement with Mongolia constitutes another stepping stone towards enhanced political 
and  economic  involvement  of  the  EU  in  East  Asia.  It  covers  the  EU’s  standard  political 
clauses on human rights, Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), International Criminal Court 
(ICC),  Small  Arms  and  Light  Weapons  (SALW)  and  counter-terrorism  and  promotes 
bilateral,  regional  and  international  cooperation.  The  PCA  provides  the  basis  for  more 
effective  engagement  by  the  EU  and  its  Member  States  with  Mongolia  in  the  development, 
trade  and  investment,  justice,  freedom  and  security  domains.  It  encompasses  areas  such  as 
cooperation on principles, norms and standards, raw materials, migration, organised crime and 
corruption,  industrial  policy  and  small  and  medium-sized  enterprises  cooperation,  tourism, 
energy, education and culture, environment, climate change and natural resources, agriculture, 
health, civil society and modernisation of the state and public administration. 

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2011/0052 (NLE) 

Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DECISION 

of […] 

on the signing of the Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Partnership and 
Cooperation between the European Union and its Member States, of the one part, and 
Mongolia, of the other part 

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 

Having  regard  to  the  Treaty  on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union,  and  in  particular 
Articles 207 and 209 in conjunction with Article 218(5) thereof, 

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission1, 

Whereas: 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

On  27  July  2009,  the  Council  authorised  the  Commission  to  negotiate  a  Framework 
Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Agreement’, 
with Mongolia.  

Subject to its possible conclusion at a later date, the Agreement should be signed. 

The provisions  of this Agreement that fall within the scope of Part Three, Title V of 
the  Treaty  on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union  bind  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Ireland as separate Contracting Parties, and not as part of the European Union, unless 
the  European  Union  together  with  the  United  Kingdom  and/or  Ireland have 
jointly notified Mongolia that the United Kingdom and/or  Ireland is bound as  part of 
the European Union in accordance with Protocol No 21 on the position of the United 
Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area of Freedom, Security and Justice annexed 
to the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European 
Union.  If  the  United  Kingdom  and/or  Ireland ceases  to  be  bound  as  part  of  the 
European  Union  in  accordance  with  Article  4a  of  Protocol  No  21,  the  European 
Union together  with  the  United  Kingdom  and/or  Ireland  shall  immediately  inform 
Mongolia of any change in their position in which case they shall remain bound by the 
provisions  of  the  Agreement  in  their  own  right.  The  same  applies  to  Denmark  in 
accordance  with  the  Protocol  No  22  on  the  position  of  Denmark  annexed  to  those 
Treaties. 

1 

OJ C […], […], p. […]. 

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HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: 

Article 1 

The  signing  of  the  Framework  Agreement  on  Comprehensive  Partnership  and  Cooperation 
between  the  European  Union  and  its  Member  States,  of  the  one  part  and  Mongolia,  of  the 
other  part,  is  hereby  approved  on  behalf  of  the  Union,  subject  to  the  Council  Decision 
concerning the conclusion of the said Agreement. 

The text of the Agreement is attached to this Decision. 

The President of the Council is hereby authorised to designate the person empowered to sign 
the Agreement on behalf of the European Union.  

Article 2 

This Decision will enter into force the day after its adoption. 

Article 3 

Done at Brussels, […] 

For the Council 
The President 
[…] 

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ANNEX 

FRAMEWORK AGREEMENT ON PARTNERSHIP AND COOPERATION 
BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS MEMBER STATES, OF THE ONE 
PART, AND MONGOLIA, OF THE OTHER PART 

THE EUROPEAN UNION, hereinafter referred to as ‘the Union’ 

and 

THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM, 

THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, 

THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 

THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK, 

THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, 

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, 

IRELAND, 

THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, 

THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN, 

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, 

THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, 

THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, 

THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, 

THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, 

THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG, 

THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY, 

MALTA, 

THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, 

THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA, 

THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, 

ROMANIA, 

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THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC, 

THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, 

THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC, 

THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND, 

THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN, 

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, 

Contracting Parties to the Treaty on the European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of 
the European Union, hereinafter referred to as the ‘Member States’,  

THE GOVERNMENT OF MONGOLIA 

Hereinafter referred to as ‘Mongolia’ 

of the one part, and  

of the other part, 

Hereinafter jointly referred to as ‘the Parties’, 

CONSIDERING  the  traditional  links  of  friendship  between  the  Parties  and  the  close 
historical, political and economic ties which unite them, 

WHEREAS  the  Parties  attach  particular  importance  to  the  comprehensive  nature  of  their 
mutual relationship, 

WHEREAS  the  Parties  consider  that  this  Agreement  forms  part  of  a  wider  and  coherent 
relationship between them through agreements to which both sides are parties together, 

REAFFIRMING  the  commitment  of  the  Parties  to,  and  their  wish  to  strengthen,  respect  for 
democratic principles, the rule of law, human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the 
rights  of  persons  belonging  to  minorities,  as  laid  down,  inter  alia,  in  the  United  Nations 
Charter  and  the  United  Nations  Universal  Declaration  on  Human  Rights  and  other  relevant 
international human rights instruments, 

REAFFIRMING their attachment to the principles of the rule of law, respect of international 
law, good governance and the fight against corruption, and their desire to promote economic 
and  social  progress  for  their  peoples,  taking  into  account  the  principle  of  sustainable 
development and environmental protection requirements, 

REAFFIRMING  their  desire  to  enhance  cooperation  between  the  Parties,  based  on  these 
shared values, 

REAFFIRMING  their  desire  to  promote  economic  and  social  progress  for  their  peoples, 
taking into account the principle of sustainable development in all its dimensions, 

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REAFFIRMING  their  commitment  to  promoting  international  peace  and  security  and  to 
engaging  in  effective  multilateralism  and  the  peaceful  settlement  of  disputes,  notably  by 
cooperating to that end within the framework of the United Nations, 

REAFFIRMING their desire to enhance cooperation on political and economic issues, as well 
as  on  international  stability,  justice  and  security  as  a  basic  precondition  to  promoting 
sustainable social and economic development, the eradication of poverty and the achievement 
of the Millennium Development Goals, 

WHEREAS the Parties view terrorism as a threat to global security and wish to intensify their 
dialogue  and  cooperation  in  the  fight  against  terrorism,  in  accordance  with  relevant  UN 
Security  Council  instruments,  particularly  UNSC  Resolution  1373.  The  European  Security 
Strategy,  adopted  by  the  European  Council  in December  2003,  identifies  terrorism  as  a  key 
threat  to  security.  In  this  regard,  the  European  Union  has  implemented  key  measures, 
including a Plan of Action on Combating Terrorism adopted in 2001 and updated in 2004, and 
a  major  Declaration  on  Combating  Terrorism  of  25  March  2004  in  the  wake  of  the  Madrid 
attacks.  The  European  Union  also  adopted  an  EU  Counter-Terrorism  Strategy  in  December 
2005, 

EXPRESSING  their  full  commitment  to  prevent  and  combat  all  forms  of  terrorism  and  to 
stepping up cooperation in the fight against terrorism, and to fight against organised crime, 

WHEREAS  the  Parties  reaffirm  that  effective  counter-terrorism  measures  and  protection  of 
human rights are complementary and mutually reinforcing, 

REAFFIRMING that the most serious crimes of concern to the international community must 
not go unpunished and that their effective prosecution must be ensured by taking measures at 
national level and by enhancing global collaboration, 

CONSIDERING that the establishment and effective functioning of the International Criminal 
Court  constitute  an  important  development  for  peace  and  international  justice  and  that  the 
Council  of  the  European  Union  adopted  on  16  June  2003  a  Common  Position  on  the  ICC 
which has been followed up by an Action Plan, adopted on 4 February 2004, 

WHEREAS the Parties share the view that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction 
and  their  means  of  delivery  pose  a  major  threat  to  international  security  and  wish  to 
strengthen their dialogue and cooperation in this area. The adoption by consensus of UNSC 
Resolution  1540  underlies  the  commitment  of  the  whole  international  community  to  fight 
against  proliferation  of  weapons  of  mass  destruction.  The  Council  of  the  European  Union 
adopted,  on  17  November  2003,  an  EU  policy  of  mainstreaming  non-proliferation  policies 
into EU relations with third countries. The European Council also adopted, on 12 December 
2003, a Strategy to fight against proliferation, 

WHEREAS  the  European  Council  expressed  that  Small  Arms  and  Light  Weapons  (SALW) 
constitute  a  growing  threat  to  peace,  security  and  development  and  adopted  on  13  January 
2006  a  Strategy  to  combat  the  illicit  accumulation  of  SALW  and  their  ammunition.  In  this 
Strategy,  the  European  Council  emphasized  the  need  to  ensure  a  comprehensive  and 
consistent approach of security and development policy, 

EXPRESSING  their  full  commitment  to  promoting  all  aspects  of  sustainable  development, 
including, environmental protection and effective cooperation to combat climate change, food 

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security  as  well  as  effective  promotion  and  implementation  of  internationally  recognised 
labour and social standards, 

UNDERLINING  the  importance  of  deepening  relations  and  cooperation  in  areas  such  as 
readmission,  asylum  and  visa  policy,  and  of  addressing  jointly  migration  and  human 
trafficking,  

REITERATING the importance of trade for their bilateral relations and in particular of trade 
in raw materials and underlining their engagement to agree specific rules on raw materials in 
the Sub-Committee on Trade and Investment, 

NOTING that the provisions of this Agreement that fall within the scope of Part Three, Title 
V  of  the  Treaty  on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union  bind  the  United  Kingdom  and 
Ireland  as  separate  Contracting  Parties,  and  not  as  part  of  the  European  Union,  unless 
the European  Union together  with the  UK  and/or  Ireland have  jointly notified  Mongolia 
that the  United  Kingdom or  Ireland  is  bound  as  part  of  the  European  Union  in  accordance 
with Protocol No. 21 on the position of the United Kingdom and Ireland in respect of the area 
of Freedom, Security and Justice annexed to the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on 
the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union.  If  the  United  Kingdom  and/or  Ireland ceases  to  be 
bound as part of the European Union in accordance with Article 4a of the Protocol No. 21, the 
European Union together with the UK and/or Ireland shall immediately inform Mongolia of 
any change in their position in which case they shall remain bound by the provisions of the 
agreement in their own right. The same applies to Denmark in accordance with the Protocol 
annexed to those Treaties on the position of Denmark, 

CONFIRMING  their  commitment  to  strengthening  the  existing  relationship  with  a  view  to 
enhancing  cooperation  between  them,  and  their  common  will  to  consolidate,  deepen  and 
diversify  their  relations  in  areas  of  interest  on  the  basis  of  equality,  non-discrimination  and 
mutual benefit 

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 

TITLE I  

NATURE AND SCOPE 

Article 1 

General principles 

1.  Respect  for  democratic  principles  and  human  rights,  as  laid  down  in  the  Universal 
Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant international human rights instruments, and 
for  the  principle  of  the rule  of law, underpins the  internal and international policies of both 
Parties and constitutes an essential element of this Agreement. 

2. The Parties confirm their shared values as expressed in the Charter of the United Nations. 

3. The Parties confirm their commitment to promoting all aspects of sustainable development, 
cooperating  to  address  the  challenges  of  climate  change  as  well  as  globalisation  and  to 
contributing to the internationally agreed development goals, including those contained in the 

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Millennium  Development  Goals.  The  Parties  reaffirm  their  attachment  to  a  high  level  of 
environmental protection and inclusive social structures. 

4.  The  Parties  reaffirm  their  commitment  to  the  Paris  Declaration  of  2005  on  Aid 
Effectiveness  and  agree  to  strengthen  cooperation  with  a  view  to  further  improving 
development performance. 

5.  The  Parties  reaffirm  their  attachment  to  the  principles  of  good  governance,  including  the 
independence of the judiciary and the fight against corruption. 

Article 2 

Aims of cooperation 

With  a  view  to  strengthening  their  bilateral  relationship,  the  Parties  undertake  to  hold  a 
comprehensive  dialogue  and  promote  further  cooperation  between  them  on  all  sectors  of 
mutual interest. Their efforts will in particular be aimed at: 

establishing cooperation on political and economic matters in all relevant regional and 

(a) 
international fora and organisations; 

(b) 

establishing cooperation on the fight against serious crimes of international concern; 

establishing  cooperation  on  countering  the  proliferation  of  weapons  of  mass 

(c) 
destruction and on small arms and light weapons; 

(d) 
developing  trade  and  investment  between  the  Parties  to  their  mutual  advantage; 
establishing cooperation in all trade and investment-related areas of mutual interest, in order 
to  facilitate  trade  and  investment  flows  and  to  prevent  and  remove  obstacles  to  trade  and 
investment,; 

establishing cooperation in the area of justice, freedom and security, including rule of 
(e) 
law  and  legal  cooperation,  data  protection,  migration,  smuggling  and  trafficking  in  human 
beings,  combating  organised  crime,  terrorism,  transnational  crimes,  money  laundering  and 
illicit drugs; 

(f) 
establishing  cooperation  in  all  other  sectors  of  mutual  interest,  notably  macro-
economic policy and financial services, taxation and customs, including good governance in 
the  tax  area,  industrial  policy  and  small  and  medium-sized  enterprises  (SMEs),  information 
society,  audiovisual  and  media,  science  and  technology,  energy,  transport,  education  and 
culture,  environment  and  natural  resources,  agriculture  and  rural  development,  health, 
employment and social affairs and statistics; 

enhancing  both  Parties’  participation  in  sub-regional  and  regional  cooperation 

(g) 
programmes open to the participation of the other Party; 

(h) 

raising the roles and profiles of the Parties in each other’s region;  

(i) 
promoting  people-to-people  understanding  through  cooperation  among  various  non-
governmental entities such as think-tanks, academics, civil society, and the media, in the form 
of seminars, conferences, youth interaction and other activities. 

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(j)  promoting  poverty  eradication  in  the  context  of  sustainable  development  and  the 
progressive integration of Mongolia into the world economy. 

Article 3 

Countering the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery 

1. The Parties consider that the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means 
of  delivery,  both  to  state  and  non-state  actors,  represents  one  of  the  most  serious  threats  to 
international stability and security.  

2. The Parties therefore agree to cooperate and to contribute to countering the proliferation of 
weapons  of  mass  destruction  and  their  means  of  delivery  through  full  compliance  with  and 
national  implementation  of  their  existing  obligations  under  international  disarmament  and 
non-proliferation treaties and agreements and other relevant international obligations such as 
UN  Security  Council  Resolution  1540.  The  Parties  agree  that  this  provision  constitutes  an 
essential element of the Agreement. 

3. The Parties furthermore agree to cooperate and to contribute to countering the proliferation 
of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery by: 

-  taking  steps  to  sign,  ratify,  or  accede  to,  as  appropriate,  and  fully  implement  all  other 
relevant international instruments; 

- establishing an effective system of national export controls, controlling the export and transit 
of  WMD-related  goods,  including  a  WMD  end-use  control  on  dual  use  technologies  and 
containing effective sanctions for breaches of export controls. 

4.  The  Parties  agree  to  establish  a  regular  political  dialogue  that  will  accompany  and 
consolidate these elements. Such dialogue may take place on a regional basis. 

Article 4 

Small arms and light weapons 

1. The Parties recognize that the illicit manufacture, transfer and circulation of small arms and 
light  weapons,  including  their  ammunition,  and  their  excessive  accumulation,  poor 
management,  inadequately  secured  stockpiles  and  uncontrolled  spread  continue  to  pose  a 
serious threat to peace and international security. 

2. The Parties agree to observe and fully implement their respective obligations to deal with 
the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including their ammunition, under existing 
international agreements and UN Security Council resolutions, as well as their commitments 
within  the  framework  of  other  international  instruments  applicable  in  this  area,  such  as  the 
UN Programme of Action to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit trade in SALW in all its 
aspect. 

3.  The  Parties  undertake  to  cooperate  and  to  ensure  coordination,  complementarity  and 
synergy in their efforts to deal with the illicit trade in small arms and light weapons, including 
their ammunition, at global, regional, sub-regional and national levels and agree to establish 
regular political dialogue that will accompany and consolidate this undertaking. 

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Article 5  

Serious crimes of international concern (the International Criminal Court) 

1. The Parties reaffirm that the most serious crimes of concern to the international community 
as  a whole  must  not  go  unpunished  and  that  their  effective  prosecution  must  be  ensured  by 
taking  measures  at  the  national  and  international  level,  as  appropriate,  including  the 
International Criminal Court. The Parties consider that establishing an effectively functioning 
International Criminal Court constitutes a significant development for international peace and 
justice. 

2. The parties agree to cooperate and to take the necessary measures, as appropriate, in order 
to fully support the universality and integrity of the Rome Statute and related instruments and 
agree  to  strengthen  their  cooperation  with  the  ICC.  The  parties  undertake  to  implement  the 
Rome  Statute  and  to  take  the  necessary  steps  to  ratify  the  related  instruments  (such  as  the 
Agreement on the Privileges and Immunities of the ICC). 

3. The Parties agree that a dialogue between them on these matters would be beneficial. 

Article 6 

Cooperation in combating terrorism 

1.  The  Parties,  reaffirming  the  importance  of  the  fight  against  terrorism,  and  in  accordance 
with  applicable  international  conventions,  including  international  humanitarian  and  human 
rights, as well as with their respective legislation and regulations, and, taking into account the 
UN  Global  Counter-Terrorism  Strategy,  contained  in  the  UN  General  Assembly  Resolution 
no.60/288  of  8 September  2006  agree  to  cooperate  in  the  prevention  and  suppression  of 
terrorist acts. 

2. The Parties shall do so in particular: 

(a) in the framework of the full implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions 1373 and 
1267 and its successor resolutions, including 1822, as well as other relevant UN resolutions, 
their  respective  obligations  under  other  relevant international  conventions  and 
and 
instruments; 

(b)  by  exchange  of  information  on  terrorists, terrorist  groups  and  their  support  networks,  in 
accordance with international and national law; 

(c)  by  exchanges  of  views  on  means  and  methods  used  to  counter  terrorism,  including  in 
technical  fields  and  training,  and  by  exchange  of  experiences  in  respect  of  terrorism 
prevention; 

(d)  by  cooperating  to  deepen  the  international  consensus  on  the  fight  against  terrorism 
including  the  legal  definition  of  terrorist  acts  and  in  particular  by  working  towards  an 
agreement on the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism; 

(e)  by  sharing  relevant  best  practices  in  the  area  of  protection  of  human  rights  in  the  fight 
against terrorism. 

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(f) by effectively implementing and enhancing their cooperation on counter-terrorism within 
the ASEM framework 

TITLE II 

BILATERAL, REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 

Cooperation between Mongolia and the EU on principles, norms and standards 

Article 7 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  achieve  European  common  principles,  norms  and  standards  in 
Mongolia,  and  to  cooperate  on  promoting  the  exchange  of  information  and  sharing  of 
experience with a view to introduction and implementation.  

2. The Parties endeavour to strengthen the dialogue and cooperation between their Authorities 
on  standardisation  matters  which,  as  agreed  by  the  Parties,  may  include  creation  of 
cooperation  framework  which  will  facilitate  the  exchange  of  experts,  information  and 
expertise.  

Article 8 
Cooperation in regional and international organisations 

1. The Parties undertake to exchange views and cooperate in regional and international fora 
and  organisations  such  as  the  United  Nations  and  relevant  United  Nations  agencies, 
programmes  and  bodies,  the  World  Trade  Organisation  (WTO),  the  Treaty  on  Amity  and 
Cooperation (TAC) and the Asia- Europe Meeting (ASEM) 

2.  The  Parties  also  agree  to  promote  cooperation  between  think-tanks,  academics,  non-
governmental  organisations  and  the  media  in  areas  covered  by  this  Agreement.  Such 
cooperation  may  in  particular  include  organisation  of  training  schemes,  workshops  and 
seminars, exchanges of experts, studies, and other actions agreed by the Parties. 

Article 9 
Regional and bilateral cooperation 

1. For each sector of dialogue  and cooperation under this  Agreement,  and while giving due 
emphasis to matters under bilateral cooperation, both sides will agree to carry out the related 
activities  at  bilateral  or  regional  level  or  through  a  combination  of  both  frameworks.  In 
choosing  the  appropriate  framework,  the  Parties  will  seek  to  maximise  the  impact  on  and 
reinforce  the  involvement  of  all  interested  parties,  while  making  the  best  possible  use  of 
available resources, taking account of the political and institutional feasibility, and ensuring 
coherence with other activities involving the European Union and other ASEM partners. 

2. The Parties may, as appropriate, decide to extend financial support to cooperation activities 
in the areas covered by the Agreement or in relation to it, in accordance with their respective 
financial procedures and resources.  

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TITLE III 

COOPERATION ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 

Article 10 
General Principles 

1.  The  central  objective  of  development  cooperation  is  poverty  reduction  pursuing 
the Millennium Development Goals in the context of sustainable development and integration 
into  the  world  economy.  The  Parties  agree  to  hold  a  regular  dialogue  on  development 
cooperation, in line with their respective priorities and areas of mutual interest. 

2. The development cooperation strategies of the Parties shall aim at, inter alia: 

a) 

promoting human and social development;  

b) 

achieving sustained economic growth; 

c) 

promoting  environmental  sustainability,  regeneration  and  best  practices,  and 
the preservation of natural resources; 

d) 

preventing and tackling the consequences of climate change; 

e) 

f) 

supporting  policies  and  instruments  aimed  at  the  further  integration  into  the 
world economy and international trading system; 

pursuing processes adhering to the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, the 
Accra  Agenda  for  Action,  and  other  international  commitments  aimed  at 
improving the delivery and effectiveness of aid. 

Article 11  
Economic development 

1. The Parties aim to promote balanced economic growth, poverty reduction and the reduction 
of social-economic disparities. 

2.  The  Parties  confirm  their  commitment  to  achieving  the  Millennium  Development  Goals 
and should reaffirm their commitment to the Paris Declaration of 2005 on Aid Effectiveness. 

3.  The  Agreement  should  also  aim  to  include  commitments  on  social  and  environmental 
aspects  of  trade,  reconfirming  that  trade  should  promote  sustainable  development  in  all  its 
dimensions and it should promote the assessment of its economic, social and environmental 
impacts. 

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Article 12  
Social development 

1.  The  Parties  aim  to  underscore  the  need  for  mutually-reinforcing  economic  and  social 
policies,  highlight  the  key  role  of  generating  decent  work  and  commit  the  Parties  to 
supporting social dialogue. 

2.  The  Parties  aim  to  contribute  to  the  effective  implementation  of  International  Labour 
Organisation  (ILO)  core  labour  standards,  and  to  reinforce  cooperation  on  employment  and 
social issues. 

3.  The  Parties  furthermore  aim  to  promote  policies  intended  to  guarantee  availability  and 
supplies  of  food  for  the  population  and  of  feed  for  the  livestock,  in  an  environmentally 
friendly and sustainable manner. 

Article 13 
Environment 

1.  The  Parties  reaffirm  the  need  for  a  high  level  of  environmental  protection  and  the 
conservation and management of natural resources and biological diversity, including forests, 
in pursuit of sustainable development. 

2.  The  Parties  aim  to  promote  the  ratification,  implementation  of  and  compliance  with 
multilateral environmental agreements in the environmental area. 

3.  The  Parties  aim  to  reinforce  cooperation  on  global  environmental  issues,  in  particular 
climate change. 

TITLE IV 

COOPERATION ON TRADE AND INVESTMENT ISSUES 

Article 14 
General principles 

1. The Parties shall engage in a dialogue on bilateral and multilateral trade and trade-related 
issues  with  a  view  to  strengthening  bilateral  trade  relations  and  advancing  the  multilateral 
trade system. 

2.  The  Parties  undertake  to  promote  the  development  and  diversification  of  their  reciprocal 
commercial  exchanges  to  the  highest  possible  level  and  to  their  mutual  benefit.  They 
undertake to achieve improved market access conditions by working towards the elimination 
of  barriers  to  trade,  in  particular  through  the  timely  removal  of  non-tariff  barriers  and  by 
taking  measures  to  improve  transparency,  having  regard  to  the  work  carried  out  by 
international organisations in this field. 

3.  Recognising  that  trade  plays  an  indispensable  role  in  development,  and  that  assistance  in 
the  form  of  trade  preferences  schemes  have  proven  beneficial  to  developing  countries,  the 

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Parties shall endeavour to strengthen their consultation on such assistance, in full compliance 
with the WTO.  

4. The Parties shall keep each other informed concerning the development of trade and trade-
related  policies  such  as  agricultural  policy,  food  safety  policy,  consumer  policy  and 
environmental policy.  

5. The Parties shall encourage dialogue and cooperation to develop their trade and investment 
relations,  including  the  solution  of  commercial  problems,  in,  among  other  issues,  the  areas 
referred to under Articles 10 to 27 

Article 15 

Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Issues 

1.  The  Parties  shall  cooperate  on  food  safety  and  on  sanitary  and  phytosanitary  issues  to 
protect human, animal or plant life or health in the territory of the Parties. 

2. The Parties shall discuss and exchange information on their respective measures as defined 
in the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures 
(SPS),  the  International  Plant  Protection  Convention  (IPPC),  the  World  Organisation  for 
Animal Health (OIE) and the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex).  

3.  The  Parties  agree  to  enhance  mutual  understanding  and  cooperation  on  SPS  matters  and 
animal  welfare.  Such  capacity  building  shall  be  specific  to  the  needs  of  each  Party  and  be 
conducted  with  an  aim  to  assist  such  Party  in  complying  with  the  other  Party’s  legal 
framework.  

4. The Parties shall establish a timely dialogue on SPS issues upon request by either Party to 
consider matters relating to SPS and other urgent related issues under this Article. 

Article 16 
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)  

The  Parties  shall  promote  the  use  of  international  standards  and  cooperate  and  exchange 
information  on  standards,  conformity  assessment  procedures  and  technical  regulations, 
especially  within  the  framework  of  the  WTO  Agreement  on  Technical  Barriers  to  Trade 
(TBT). 

Article 17 

Customs Cooperation  

1.  The  Parties  will  pay  special  attention  to  increasing  the  security  and  safety  dimension  of 
international  trade,  including  transport  services,  an  effective  and  efficient  customs 
enforcement  of  intellectual  property  rights,  ensuring  a  balanced  approach  between  trade 
facilitation and the fight against fraud and irregularities. 

2.  Without  prejudice  to  other  forms  of  cooperation,  provided  for  under  this  Agreement,  the 
Parties state their interest in considering, in the future, the conclusion of protocols on customs 

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cooperation  and  mutual  assistance,  within  the  institutional  framework  laid  down  in  this 
Agreement. 

Article 18 

Trade Facilitation 

The  Parties  shall  share  experience  in  and  examine  possibilities  to  simplify  import,  export, 
transit  and  other  customs  procedures,  increase  the  transparency  of  customs  and  trade 
regulations,  develop  customs  cooperation  and  effective  mutual  administrative  assistance 
mechanisms  and  seek  convergence  of  views  and  joint  action  in  the  context  of  relevant 
international initiatives including trade facilitation.  

Article 19 
Investment 

The  Parties  shall  encourage  a  greater  flow  of  investment  through  the  development  of  an 
attractive  and  stable  environment  for  reciprocal  investment  through  a  consistent  dialogue, 
aimed  at  enhancing  understanding  and  cooperation  on  investment  issues,  exploring 
administrative mechanisms to facilitate investment flows, and promoting stable, transparent, 
open and non-discriminatory rules for investors.  

Article 20 
Competition policy  

The Parties shall promote the effective establishment and application of competition rules and 
the  dissemination  of  information  in  order  to  foster  transparency  and  legal  certainty  for 
enterprises  operating  in  each  other’s  markets.  The  Parties  should  exchange  views  on  issued 
related  to  anti-competitive  practice  which  could  adversely  affect  bilateral  trade  and 
investment flows. 

Article 21 

Services 

The Parties shall establish a consistent dialogue notably aimed at exchanging information on 
their  respective  regulatory  environments,  promoting  access  to  each  other’s  markets, 
promoting  access  to  sources  of  capital  and  technology,  and  promoting  trade  in  services 
between both regions and in third countries’ markets. 

Article 22 

Capital Movements 

The  Parties  shall  endeavour  to  facilitate  the  movement  of  capital  in  order  to  promote  the 
objectives of the Agreement. 

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Article 23 

Government Procurement 

The Parties shall aim to set procedural rules, including adequate transparency and challenge 
provisions that support the setting-up of an effective procurement system promoting optimal 
value for money in public purchasing and facilitate international trade.  

The  Parties  shall  work  to  achieve  a  reciprocal  opening  of  their  government  procurement 
market, with a view to gaining mutual benefit.  

Article 24 

Transparency 

The Parties recognise the importance of transparency and due process in the administration of 
their trade-related laws and regulations, and to this end they reaffirm their commitments as set 
out in Article X of the GATT 1994 and Article III of the GATS.  

Article 25 

Raw Materials 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  strengthen  cooperation  and  promotion  of  mutual  understanding 
between both sides in the field of raw materials.  

2. This cooperation and promotion of mutual understanding should address topics such as the 
regulatory framework for raw materials sectors (including governance of mining income for 
socioeconomic development; and environmental protection and safety regulations in relation 
to  the  mining  and  raw  material  sectors)  and  trade  in  raw  materials.  With  a  view  to  foster 
greater  cooperation  and  mutual  understanding,  either  Party  may  request  ad  hoc  meetings 
related to raw materials.  

3.  The  Parties  recognize  that  a  transparent,  non-discriminatory,  non-distortive  rules-based 
environment is the best way to create an environment favourable to foreign direct investment 
in the production and trade of raw materials.  

4. The Parties, taking into account their respective economic policies and objectives and with 
a view to fostering trade, agree to promote cooperation in the removal of barriers to trade in 
raw materials.  

5. Upon request by either Party, any matter concerning trade in raw materials could be raised 
and discussed during the Joint Committee and Subcommittee meetings, which shall have the 
power to take decisions thereon pursuant to Article 56 in line with the principles set out in the 
paragraphs above. 

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Article 26 

Regional Policy 

The Parties shall encourage the regional development policy. 

Article 27 
Intellectual property protection  

1.  The  Parties  reaffirm  the  great  importance  they  attach  to  the  protection  of  intellectual 
property  rights  and  undertake  to  establish  the  appropriate  measures  with  a  view  to  ensuring 
adequate  and  effective  protection  and  enforcement  of  such  rights,  notably  relating  to  the 
infringement of intellectual property rights.  

Furthermore,  the  Parties  agree  to  conclude  as  soon  as  possible  a  bilateral  Agreement  on 
Geographical Indications.  

2.  The  Parties  shall  exchange  information  and  experience  on  issues  such  as  the  practice, 
promotion, dissemination, streamlining, management, harmonisation, protection and effective 
application of intellectual property rights, the prevention of infringements of such rights, the 
fight  against  counterfeiting  and  piracy,  namely  through  customs  cooperation  and  other 
appropriate  forms  of  cooperation,  and  the  establishment  and  strengthening  of  organisations 
for the control and protection of such rights. The Parties shall assist each other in improving 
intellectual  property  protection,  utilisation  and  commercialisation  based  upon  the  European 
experience, and enhancing dissemination of knowledge thereof. 

Article 28 

Sub-Committee on Trade and Investment 

1. A Sub-Committee on Trade and Investment is hereby established.  

2.  The  Sub-Committee  shall  assist  the  Joint  Committee  in  the  performance  of  its  tasks,  by 
dealing with all areas covered by this Chapter.  

3. The Sub-Committee shall establish its rules of procedure. 

COOPERATION IN THE AREA OF JUSTICE, FREEDOM AND SECURITY 

TITLE V 

Article 29 
Rule of law and legal cooperation 

1.  In  their  cooperation  in  the  area  of  justice,  freedom  and  security  the  Parties  shall  attach 
particular  importance  to  the  consolidation  of  the  rule  of  law  and  the  reinforcement  of 
institutions  at  all  levels  in  the  areas  of  law  enforcement  and  the  administration  of  justice  in 
particular.  

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2.  Cooperation  between  the  Parties  will  also  include  mutual  exchange  of  information 
concerning legal systems and legislation. The Parties shall endeavour to develop mutual legal 
assistance within the existing legal framework. 

Article 30 
Protection of personal data 

1. The Parties agree to cooperate in order to improve the level of protection of personal data 
to the highest international standards, such as those contained, inter alia, in the UN Guidelines 
for  the  Regulation  of  Computerized  Personal  Data  Files  (UN  General  Assembly  Resolution 
45/95 of 14 December 1990).  

2. Cooperation on protection of personal data may include, inter alia, technical assistance in 
the form of exchange of information and expertise.  

Article 31 
Cooperation on migration  

1.  Parties  shall  establish  cooperation  aimed  at  preventing  illegal  immigration  and  illegal 
presence of physical persons of their nationality on their respective territories. 

2.  In  the  framework  of  the  cooperation  to  prevent  illegal  immigration,  the  Parties  agree  to 
readmit,  without  undue  delay,  their  nationals  who  do  not,  or  who  no  longer  fulfil  the 
conditions in force for entry to, presence in or residence on the territory of the other Party. To 
this end, the Parties will provide their nationals with appropriate identity documents for such 
purposes. Where the person to be readmitted does not possess any documents or other proofs 
of  his  or  her  nationality,  the  competent  diplomatic  and  consular  representations  of  the 
Member State concerned or Mongolia shall, upon request by Mongolia or the Member State 
concerned,  make  arrangements  to  interview  the  person  in  order  to  establish  his  or  her 
nationality.  

3.  The  EU  will  assist  financially  with  the  implementation  of  this  understanding  through 
relevant bilateral cooperation instruments. 

4. Parties agree to negotiate, upon request by either Party, an agreement between the EU and 
Mongolia regulating the specific obligations for readmission of their nationals, and including 
an obligation for nationals of other countries and stateless persons. 

Article 32 

Cooperation against illicit drugs 

1.  The  Parties  shall  cooperate  to  ensure  a  balanced  approach  through  effective  coordination 
between  the  competent  authorities  including  from  the  health,  justice,  customs  and  interior 
sectors and other relevant sectors, with the aim of reducing the supply of, trafficking in and 
demand for illicit drugs, and with due regard to human rights. This cooperation shall also aim 
to reduce drug related harm, to address synthetic drug production, trafficking and use and to 
achieve  a  more  effective  prevention  of  diversion  of  drug  precursors  used  for  the  illicit 
manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. 

2. The Parties shall agree on means of cooperation to attain these objectives. Actions shall be 
based  on  commonly  agreed  principles  along  the  lines  of  the  relevant  international 

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conventions, the political declaration and the Special Declaration on the guiding principles of 
drug demand reduction, approved by the Twentieth United Nations General Assembly Special 
Session (UNGASS) on Drugs in June 1998 and the Political Declaration and Plan of Action 
adopted at the  52nd session  of the United  Nations Commission on  Narcotic  Drugs  in  March 
2009. 

3. The cooperation between the Parties shall comprise technical and administrative assistance 
in particular in the following areas: drafting of national legislation and policies; establishment 
of national institutions and information centres; support for civil society efforts in the area of 
drugs and efforts to reduce demand for, and the harm from drugs; training of personnel; drug-
related  research;  and  prevention  of  diversion  of  drug  precursors  used  for  the  illicit 
manufacture of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The Parties may agree to include 
other areas. 

Article 33  
Cooperation against organised crime and corruption 

The Parties agree to cooperate in combating organised, economic and financial crime as well 
as  corruption.  Such  cooperation  aims  in  particular  at  implementing  and  promoting  relevant 
international  standards  and  instruments  such  as  the  UN  Convention  against  Transnational 
Organised Crime and its supplementing Protocols and the UN Convention against Corruption. 

Article 34 
Cooperation in combating money laundering and terrorism financing 

1. The Parties agree on the need to work towards and to cooperate on preventing the use of 
their financial system and designated non-financial businesses and professions to launder the 
proceeds of all criminal activities such as drug trafficking and corruption.  

2.  Both  Parties  agree  to  promote  technical  and  administrative  assistance  aimed  at  the 
development and implementation of regulations and the efficient functioning of mechanisms 
to  combat  money  laundering  and  terrorism  financing.  In  particular,  cooperation  shall  allow 
exchanges  of  relevant  information  within  the  framework  of  respective  legislations  and  the 
adoption of appropriate standards to combat money laundering and the financing of terrorism 
equivalent to those adopted by the Union and the international bodies active in this area, such 
as the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). 

TITLE VI 

COOPERATION IN OTHER SECTORS 

Article 35  
Cooperation in human rights 

1. The Parties agree to cooperate in the promotion and effective protection of human rights, 
including  with  regard  to  the  ratification  and  implementation  of  international  human  rights 
instruments. 

2. Such cooperation may include, inter alia: 

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(a) supporting the development and implementation of a national action plan on human rights; 

(b) human rights promotion and education; 

(c) strengthening of national and regional human rights-related institutions; 

(d) the establishment of a meaningful, broad-based human rights dialogue; 

(e)  strengthening  of  cooperation  within  the  human  rights-related  institutions  of  the  United 
Nations. 

Article 36  
Cooperation on financial services 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  achieve  closer  common  rules  and  standards,  and  to  strengthen 
cooperation  with  a  view  to  improving  accounting,  supervisory  and  regulatory  systems  of 
banking, insurance and other parts of the financial sector. 

2.  Parties  shall  cooperate  to  develop  legal  regulatory  framework,  infrastructure,  and  human 
resource  as  well  as  to  introduce  corporate  governance  and  international  standards  on 
accounting into the capital market of Mongolia within the framework of bilateral cooperation 
in  accordance  with  the  GATS  and  WTO  Commitment  on  Mutual  Understanding  Paper  of 
Financial services.  

Article 37  
Economic policy dialogue 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  cooperate  on  promoting  the  exchange  of  information  on  their 
respective economic trends and policies, and the sharing of experience with the coordination 
of economic policies in the context of regional economic cooperation and integration. 

2.  The  Parties  endeavour  to  deepen  the  dialogue  between  their  authorities  on  economic 
matters  which,  as  agreed  by  the  Parties,  may  include  areas  such  as  monetary  policy,  fiscal 
policy,  including  business  taxation,  public  finance,  and  macroeconomic  stabilisation  and 
external debt.  

3. The Parties shall cooperate and promote a mutual understanding between both sides in the 
field of economic diversification and industrial development. 

Article 38  
Good governance in the tax area 

With  a  view  to  strengthening  and  developing  economic  activities  while  taking  into  account 
the  need  to  develop  an  appropriate  regulatory  framework,  the  Parties  recognise  and  commit 
themselves to implement the principles of good governance in the tax area as subscribed to by 
Member States at Union level. To that effect, without prejudice to Union and Member States’ 
competences, the Parties will improve international cooperation in the tax area, facilitate the 
collection of legitimate tax revenues, and develop measures for the effective implementation 
of the abovementioned principles. 

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Article 39 
Industrial policy and SME cooperation 

The  Parties,  taking  into  account  their  respective  economic  policies  and  objectives,  agree  to 
promote industrial policy cooperation in all fields deemed suitable, with a view to improving 
the competitiveness of small and medium-sized enterprises, inter alia through: 

exchanging  information  and  experience  on  creating  framework  conditions  for  small 

(a) 
and medium-sized enterprises to improve their competitiveness; 

(b) 
promoting  contacts  between  economic  operators,  encouraging  joint  investments  and 
establishing  joint  ventures  and  information  networks  notably  through  existing  European 
Union horizontal programmes, stimulating in particular transfers of soft and hard technology 
between partners; 

providing  information  and  stimulating  innovation  and  exchanging  good  practices  on 

(c) 
access to finance, including for micro- and small enterprises; 

facilitating and supporting the relevant activities established by the private sectors of 

(d) 
both sides; 

promoting  decent  work,  corporate  social  responsibility  and  accountability  and 
(e) 
encouraging  responsible  business  practices, 
including  sustainable  consumption  and 
production.  This  cooperation  shall  also  take  account  of  the  consumer  dimension,  such  as 
product information and the consumer’s role in the market; 

joint  research  projects  in  selected  industrial  areas  and  cooperation  on  standards  and 

(f) 
conformity assessment procedures and technical regulations, as mutually agreed. 

assistance through information on modernizing techniques and technologies of leather 

(g) 
processing waste water cleaning facilities, 

exchanging information and recommending partners and cooperation opportunities in 

(h) 
the field of trade and investment through mutually accessible existing networks; 

supporting  cooperation  between  both  sides'  private  businesses,  especially  between 

(i) 
SMEs; 

considering 

information  exchanges, 
(j) 
workshops on intensifying cooperation and other promotional events between SMEs of both 
sides; 

to  negotiate  an  additional  agreement  on 

(k) 
providing  information  on  technical  assistance  for  exporting  food  and  agricultural 
products to the European market within the scope of the preferential system of the European 
Union. 

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Article 40 

Tourism 

1. Guided by the World Tourism Organization’s Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, and by 
the sustainability principles underpinning the ‘Local Agenda 21 process’, the Parties shall aim 
to  improve  the  exchange  of  information  and  establish  best  practice  in  order  to  ensure  the 
balanced and sustainable development of tourism.  

2. The Parties agree to develop cooperation on safeguarding and maximising the potential of 
natural  and  cultural  heritage,  mitigating  the  negative  impacts  of  tourism,  and  enhancing  the 
positive  contribution  of  the  tourism  business  to  the  sustainable  development  of  local 
communities, inter alia by developing eco-tourism, while respecting the integrity and interests 
of local and indigenous communities, and improving training in the tourism industry. 

Article 41 
Information society 

1. Recognising that information and communication technologies are key elements of modern 
life  and  of  vital  importance  to  economic  and  social  development,  the  Parties  endeavour  to 
exchange views on their respective policies in this field with a view to promoting economic 
development. 

2. Cooperation in this area shall, inter alia, focus on: 

(a) 
participation  in  the  comprehensive  regional  dialogue  on  the  different  aspects  of  the 
information society, in particular electronic communications policies and regulation including 
universal  service,  licensing  and  general  authorisations,  protection  of  privacy  and  personal 
data, and the independence and efficiency of the regulatory authority; 

(b) 

interconnection and interoperability of the Parties’ and Asian networks and services; 

standardisation  and  dissemination  of  new 

(c) 
technologies; 

information  and  communications 

promotion of research cooperation between the Parties in the area of information and 

(d) 
communication technologies; 

cooperation  on  digital  television  including  exchange  of  experiences  on  deployment, 

(e) 
regulatory aspects and in particular spectrum management and research; 

cooperation  on  joint  research  projects  in  the  area  of  information  and  communication 

(f) 
technologies; 

security  aspects  of  information  and  communication  technologies  as  well  as  fighting 

(g) 
cyber crime; 

(h) 

conformity assessment of telecommunications, including radio equipment. 

(i) 

Cooperation on broadband network development, 

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Exchange  of  information  on  competition  policy  of  Information  Communication 

(j) 
technology 

Article 42 
Audiovisual and media 

The  Parties  will  encourage,  support  and  facilitate  exchanges,  cooperation  and  dialogue 
between  their  relevant  institutions  and  agents  in  the  areas  of  audiovisual  and  media.  They 
agree to establish a regular policy dialogue in these areas.  

Article 43 
Scientific and technological cooperation 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  cooperate  in  the  field  of  scientific  research  and  technological 
development (RTD) in areas of mutual interest and benefit. 

2. The aims of such cooperation shall be to: 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 

encourage  exchanges  of  information  and  sharing  of  know-how  on  science  and 
technology, including on the implementation of policies and programmes; 

promote  research  partnerships  between  the  Parties'  scientific  communities,  research 
centres, universities and industry;  

promote training and mobility of researchers; 

encourage the participation of their respective higher education institutions, research 
centres  and  industry,  including  small  and  medium-sized  enterprises  in  their 
respective RTD programmes. 

3.  Cooperation  may  take  the  form  of  joint  research  projects  and  exchanges,  meetings  and 
training  of  researchers  through  international  training  and  mobility  schemes  and  exchange 
programmes,  providing  for  the  maximum  dissemination  of  the  results  of  research,  learning 
and best practices. 

4. These cooperation  activities  shall be  in accordance with the laws and regulations of both 
parties. They are based on the principles of reciprocity, fair treatment and mutual benefit, and 
ensure an effective protection of intellectual property. 

5. The Parties agree to make all efforts to increase public awareness about possibilities offered 
by their respective programmes for science and technology cooperation. 

Article 44 
Energy 

1. The Parties shall endeavour to enhance cooperation in the energy sector with a view to: 

(a) enhancing energy security including by diversifying energy supplies and developing new, 
sustainable,  innovative  and  renewable  forms  of  energy,  including,  inter  alia,  biofuels  and 
biomass,  wind  and  solar  energy  as  well  as  hydro  power  generation  and  supporting  the 

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development of appropriate policy frameworks to create favourable conditions for investment 
and a level playing field for renewable energy and its integration into relevant policy areas; 

(b) achieving rational use of energy with contributions from both supply and demand sides by 
promoting energy efficiency in energy production, transportation, distribution and end-use;  

(c)  promoting  the  application  of  internationally  recognised  standards  of  nuclear  safety, 
security, non-proliferation and safeguards, 

(d) fostering the transfer of technology aimed at sustainable energy production and use;  

(e) enhancing capacity-building and facilitating investment in the field based on transparent, 
non-discriminatory, market-compatible rules. 

2. To these ends, the Parties agree to promote contacts and joint research to mutual benefit of 
the  Parties  particularly  through  relevant  regional  and  international  frameworks.  With 
reference to Article 43 and the conclusions of the World Summit on Sustainable Development 
(WSSD), which took place in Johannesburg in 2002, the Parties note the need to address the 
links  between  affordable  access  to  energy  services  and  sustainable  development.  These 
activities  can  be  promoted  in  cooperation  with  the  European  Union  Energy  Initiative, 
launched at the WSSD. 

3.  Trade  in  nuclear  materials  will  be  conducted  in  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  the 
Treaty  establishing  the  European  Atomic  Energy  Community.  If  necessary,  trade  in  nuclear 
materials shall be subject to the provisions of a specific Agreement to be concluded between 
the European Atomic Energy Community and Mongolia. 

Article 45  
Transport 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  cooperate  in  relevant  areas  of  transport  policy  with  a  view  to 
improving  investment  opportunities  and  the  movement  of  goods  and  passengers,  promoting 
aviation  safety  and  security,  combating  piracy,  protecting  the  environment  protection,  and 
increasing the efficiency of their transport systems. 

2. Cooperation between the Parties in this area shall aim to promote: 

(a) 
exchanges  of  information  on  their  respective  transport  policies  and  practices, 
especially  regarding  urban  and  rural  transport,  aviation,  transport  logistics  and  the 
interconnection  and  interoperability  of  multimodal  transport  networks  as  well  as  the 
management of road, railways and airports; 

(b)  matters  pertaining  to  satellite  navigation  with  a  focus  on  regulatory,  industrial,  and 
market development issues of mutual benefit. In this regard, consideration will be paid to the 
European global satellite navigation systems EGNOS and Galileo; 

a dialogue in the field of air transport services with a view to examine the development 
(c) 
of  relations  in  areas  such  as  aviation  safety,  security,  environment,  air  traffic  management, 
application of competition law and economic regulation of the air transport industry, with a 
view  of  supporting  regulatory  approximation  and  removal  of  obstacles  to  doing  business. 
Civil  aviation  cooperation  projects  of  mutual  interest  should  be  further  promoted.  On  this 

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basis,  the  Parties  will  explore  the  possible  scope  for  closer  cooperation  in  the  area  of  civil 
aviation;  

(d) 

reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from the transport sector; 

the implementation of security, safety and environmental standards, notably as regards 

(e) 
aviation, in line with the relevant international conventions; 

cooperation in the appropriate international fora aiming to ensure better enforcement 

(f) 
of international regulations and to pursue the objectives laid down in this Article.  

Article 46  
Education and culture 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  promote  education  and  cultural  cooperation  that  duly  respects  their 
diversity,  in  order  to  increase  mutual  understanding  and  the  knowledge  of  their  respective 
cultures.  To  this  end  the  Parties  will  support  and  promote  the  activities  of  their  cultural 
institutes and civil society. 

2.  The  Parties  endeavour  to  take  appropriate  measures  to  promote  cultural  exchanges  and 
carry  out  joint  initiatives  in  various  cultural  spheres  including  cooperation  in  heritage 
conservation with respect to cultural diversity.  

3. The Parties agree to consult and cooperate in relevant international fora, such as Unesco, in 
order to pursue common objectives and promote cultural diversity as well as the protection of 
cultural  heritage.  With  regard  to  cultural  diversity,  the  Parties  also  agree  to  promote  the 
ratification and implementation of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion 
of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions, adopted on 20 October 2005. 

4. The Parties shall furthermore place emphasis on measures designed to create links between 
their  respective  specialist  agencies  and  to  encourage  exchanges  of  information,  know-how, 
students,  experts,  youth  and  youth  workers  and  technical  resources,  taking  advantage  of  the 
facilities offered by European Union programmes in Asia in the area of education and culture 
as well as the experience that both Parties have acquired in this area. Both sides also agree to 
promote  the  implementation  of  relevant  programmes  for  higher  education  such  as  the 
Erasmus  Mundus  programme  with  a  view  to  promoting  cooperation  and  modernisation  in 
higher education, and to encourage academic mobility. 

Article 47 
Environment, Climate Change and natural resources 

1.  The  Parties  agree  on  the  need  to  conserve  and  manage  in  a  sustainable  manner  natural 
resources  and  biological  diversity  as  a  basis  for  the  development  of  current  and  future 
generations.  

2.  The  Parties  agree  that  cooperation  in  this  area  shall  promote  the  conservation  and 
improvement of the environment in pursuit of sustainable development. The outcome of the 
World Summit on Sustainable Development and the implementation of relevant multilateral 
environmental  agreements  shall  be  taken  into  account  in  all  activities  undertaken  by  the 
Parties under this Agreement. 

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3.  The  Parties  agree  to  cooperate  in  the  area  of  climate  change  in  order  to  adapt  to  the 
negative  effects  of  climate  change,  to  mitigate  greenhouse  gas  emissions  and  to  set  their 
economies  on  sustainable  low-carbon  growth  paths.  In  this  context,  the  Parties  will  explore 
the use of carbon market mechanisms. 

4. The Parties agree to cooperate with a view to enhancing the mutual effectiveness of trade 
and environment policies, and the integration of environmental considerations into all sectors 
of cooperation. 

5. The Parties endeavour to continue and strengthen their cooperation in regional programmes 
on protection of the environment, specifically as regards: 

(a)  promoting  environmental  awareness  and  enhanced  local  participation,  including 
participation  of  indigenous  and  local  communities,  in  environmental  protection  and 
sustainable development efforts; 

(b)  tackling  climate  change  in  particular  as  regards  impacts  on  environment  and  natural 
resources; 

(c)  capacity  building for  participating 
agreements including biodiversity and biosafety and chemical hazards; 

in  and implementing  multilateral  environment 

(d)  promoting  and  deploying  environmental  technologies,  products  and  services,  including 
through the use of regulatory and ecologically sound instruments;  

(e) improved forest governance including combating illegal logging and associated trade and 
the promotion of sustainable forest management; 

(f) prevention of illegal transboundary movement of solid and hazardous waste and products 
of living modified organisms;  

(g) improving ambient air quality, environmentally sound management of waste, sustainable 
water  resource  management  and  chemicals  management,  and  promoting  sustainable 
consumption and production; 

(h) protection and conservation of soils and sustainable land management; 

(i)  effective  management  of  national  parks  and  the  designation  and  protection  of  areas  of 
biodiversity  and  fragile  ecosystems,  with  due  regard  for  local  and  indigenous  communities 
living in or near these areas.  

6. The Parties shall encourage mutual access to their programmes in this field, in accordance 
with the specific terms of such programmes. 

•  Establishment of the monitoring network for water reserve and its modernization, 

•  Introduction of technology for water desalination and re-usage, 

•  Development of eco-tourism 

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Article 48  

Agriculture, livestock, fisheries and rural development  

The  Parties  agree  to  encourage  dialogue  in  agriculture,  livestock,  fisheries  and  rural 
development. The Parties will exchange information and develop relationships on: 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

(d) 

(e) 

(f) 

(g) 

(h) 

(i) 

(j) 

agricultural policy and international food and agricultural outlook in general;  

the possibilities for facilitating trade in plants, animals, livestock and their products, 
in view of the further development of light industries in the rural sector;  

animal and livestock welfare;  

Rural development policy;  

exchange of experience and cooperation networks between local agents or economic 
operators in particular areas such as research and technology transfer;  

health  and  quality  policy  on  plant,  animal  and  livestock,  in  particular  Protected 
Geographical Indications; 

cooperation  proposals  and 
organizations;  

initiatives  submitted 

to 

international  agricultural 

the  development  of  sustainable  and  environmentally-friendly  agriculture  including 
crop production, bio-fuel and the transfer of bio-technology;  

plant variety protection, seed technology, agricultural biotechnology;  

the development of databases and information network on agriculture and livestock;  

(k) 

training on agriculture and veterinary sector  

Article 49 
Health 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  cooperate  in  the  health  sector  covering  the  areas  of  health  system 
reform,  major  communicable  diseases  and  other  health  threats,  non-communicable  diseases, 
and  international  health  agreements  with  a  view  to  improving  health  conditions  and  raising 
the level of public health.  

2. Cooperation shall take place mainly through: 

(a) comprehensive programmes aimed at systemic reform of the health sector, including the 
improvement of health systems, health services, health conditions and health information; 

(b) joint activities on epidemiology, including collaboration in the early prevention of health 
threats such as avian and pandemic influenza and other major communicable diseases;  

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(c)  prevention  and  control  of  non-communicable  diseases  through  exchange  of  information 
and good practices, promoting healthy lifestyle, addressing major health determinants such as 
nutrition, addiction to drugs, alcohol, tobacco  

(d) promoting the implementation of international health agreements, such as the Framework 
Convention on Tobacco Control and the International Health Regulations. 

Article 50 
Employment and social affairs 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  enhance  cooperation  in  the  field  of  employment  and social  affairs, 
including  cooperation  on  regional  and  social  cohesion,  health  and  safety  at  the  workplace, 
gender  equality  and  decent  work,  with  a  view  to  strengthening  the  social  dimension  of 
globalisation.  

2. The Parties reaffirm the need to support the process of globalisation which is beneficial to 
all  and  to  promote  full  and  productive  employment  and  decent  work  as  a  key  element  of 
sustainable  development  and  poverty  reduction,  as  endorsed  by  UN  General  Assembly 
Resolution  60/1  of  24  October  2005  (World  Summit  Outcome)  and  the  Ministerial 
Declaration of the high-level segment of the UN Economic and Social Council of July 2006 
(UN  Economic  and  Social  Council  E/2006/L.8  of  5  July  2006).  The  Parties  shall  take  into 
account  the  respective  characteristics  and  diverse  nature  of  their  economic  and  social 
situations.  

3.  The  Parties  reaffirm  their  commitments  to  fully  respect  and  effectively  implement 
internationally recognised core labour and social standards, as laid down in particular in the 
1998  ILO  Declaration  on  Fundamental  Rights  and  Principles  at  Work  and  in  the  2008  ILO 
Declaration  on  Social  Justice  for  a  Fair  Globalisation.  The  implementation  of  relevant 
multilateral  social  and  labour  agreements  shall  be  taken  into  account  in  all  activities 
undertaken by the Parties under this Agreement. The Parties agree to cooperate and to provide 
technical  assistance as  appropriate  with  a  view  to  ratifying  and  effectively  implementing 
all ILO conventions covered by the 1998 ILO Declaration and other relevant conventions. 

4.  The  forms  of  cooperation  may  include,  inter  alia,  specific  programs  and  projects,  as 
mutually agreed, as well as dialogue, cooperation and initiatives on topics of common interest 
at bilateral or multilateral level, such as the ILO. 

Article 51 
Statistics 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  promote,  the  harmonisation  of  statistical  methods  and  practice 
including  the  gathering  and  dissemination  of  statistics,  thus  enabling  them  to  use,  on  a 
mutually  acceptable  basis,  statistics  on  trade  in  goods  and  services  and,  more  generally,  on 
any  other  area  covered  by  this  agreement  which  lends  itself  to  statistical  collecting, 
processing, analyzing and disseminating. 

2.  The  Parties  agree  to  promote  the  establishment  of  direct  contact  between  the  relevant 
authorities  with  a  view  to:  strengthening  friendly  cooperation  in  the  field  of  statistics; 
strengthening  capacity-building  of  the  statistical  bodies  by  modernising  and  improving  the 
quality of the statistical system ; strengthening human resources; training in all relevant areas; 

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and supporting the National Statistical Systems organised in accordance with internationally 
established practices, including the necessary infrastructures.  

3. The cooperation shall cover fields of mutual interest with emphasis on 

I. 

Economic Statistics: 

a.  National Accounts 

b. 

c. 

d. 

e. 

f. 

g. 

h. 

i. 

j. 

Business statistics and registration 

Statistics of agriculture / farming, animal husbandry, rural development 

Environment and mineral reserve 

Industry 

Foreign trade in goods and services 

Statistics of wholesale and retail trade 

Revision policy 

Food security 

Balance of payments 

II. 

Social Statistics: 

a.  Gender statistics 

b.  Migration statistics.  

c.  Household survey 

III. 

Information technology 

a. 

b. 

c. 

d. 

Exchange of experiences on electronic technology and methodology for 
provision  of  information  security,  protection,  storage  and  privacy  and 
introduction of these experiences 

Exchange  of  experiences  on  establishing  of  online  database  for 
consumers based on the user friendly website and training in this area 

Support the IT specialists of the National Statistics Office of Mongolia in 
establishing the information database 

Cooperation  on  engagement  with  users  in  educating  them  about  the 
information database  

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Article 52 

Civil society 

1.  The  Parties  recognise  the  role  and  potential  contribution  of  organised  civil  society, 
especially academics, in the dialogue and cooperation process under this Agreement and agree 
to promote effective dialogue with organised civil society and its effective participation. 

2.  Subject  to  the  legal  and  administrative  provisions  of  each  Party,  organised  civil  society 
may: 

participate  in  the  policy-making  process  at  country  level,  according  to  democratic 

(a) 
principles; 

(b) 
be  informed  of  and  participate  in  consultations  on  development  and  cooperation 
strategies and sectoral policies, particularly in areas concerning it, including all stages of the 
development process; 

receive  financial  resources,  insofar  as  the  internal  rules  of  each  Party  so  allow,  and 

(c) 
capacity building support in critical areas; 

participate in the implementation of cooperation programmes in the areas that concern 

(d) 
it.  

Article 53 
Cooperation on the modernisation of the state and public administration 

The Parties agree to cooperate with a view to the modernisation of the public administration. 
Cooperation in this area shall focus on: 

(a) 

improving organisational efficiency; 

(b) 

increasing institutions’ effectiveness in service delivery; 

(c) 

ensuring transparent management of public resources and accountability; 

(d) 

improving the legal and institutional framework; 

(e) 

building  capacities  for  policy  design  and  implementation  (public  service 
delivery, budget composition and execution, anti-corruption); 

(f) 

reinforcing the judiciary systems; and  

(g) 

reforming the security system.  

Article 54 

Cooperation on the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  increase  cooperation  on  DRM  in  the  continuous  development  and 
implementation of measures to reduce the risk of communities and manage the consequence 
of  natural  disasters  across  all  levels  of  society.  Prevent  actions  and  proactive  approach  in 

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dealing  with  hazards  and  risks  with  reducing  risks  and  vulnerabilities  to  natural  disasters, 
should be given emphasis  

2. Cooperation in this area shall focus on the following program elements: 

a.  Disaster Risk Reduction or Prevention and Mitigation; 

b.  Knowledge management, innovation, research, and education to build a culture 

of safety and resilience at all levels; 

c.  Disaster Preparedness, 

d. 

Policy, 
Management; 

Institutional  Capacity  and  Consensus  building 

for  Disaster 

e.  Disaster Response; 

f. 

Disaster risks assessment and monitoring.  

TITLE VII 

MEANS OF COOPERATION 

Article 55 

Resources for cooperation and protection of financial interests 

1. The Parties agree to make available the appropriate resources, including financial means, 
insofar as their respective resources and regulations allow, in  order to  fulfil the cooperation 
objectives set out in this Agreement.  

2. The Parties agree to promote the development and implementation of mutual technical and 
administrative  assistance  aiming  at  the  effective  protection  of  their  financial  interests  in  the 
area  of  development  aid  and  other  funded  cooperation  activities.  The  Parties shall promptly 
respond  to  demands  for  mutual  administrative  assistance  expressed  by  judiciary  and/or 
investigation  authorities  of  either  Party  aiming  at  enhancing  the  fight  against  fraud  and 
irregularities.  

3.  The  Parties  shall  encourage  the  European  Investment  Bank  to  continue  its  operations  in 
Mongolia, in accordance with its procedures and financing criteria. 

4. The Parties shall implement financial assistance in accordance with the principles of sound 
financial  management  and  cooperate  in  the  protection  of  the  financial  interests  of  the 
European  Union  and  of  Mongolia.  The  Parties  shall  take  effective  measures  to  prevent  and 
fight  fraud,  corruption  and  any  other  illegal  activities,  inter  alia  by  means  of  mutual 
administrative  assistance  and  mutual  legal  assistance  in  the  fields  covered  by  the  present 
Agreement.  Any  further  agreement  or  financing  instrument  to  be  concluded  between  the 
Parties  shall  provide  for  specific  financial  cooperation  clauses  covering  on-the-spot  checks, 
inspections,  controls,  and  anti-fraud  measures,  including,  inter  alia,  those  conducted  by  the 
European Anti-fraud Office (OLAF). 

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TITLE VIII  

INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 

Article 56  
Joint Committee 

1.  The  Parties  agree  to  establish  under  this  Agreement  a  Joint  Committee,  composed  of 
representatives of both sides at an appropriate high level, whose tasks shall be to: 

(a) 

ensure the proper functioning and implementation of this Agreement; 

(b) 

set priorities in relation to the aims of this Agreement; 

(c) 

make recommendations for promoting the objectives of this Agreement. 

2.  The  Joint  Committee,  and  the  Sub-Committee  established  in  Article  28,  shall,  for  the 
purposes of attaining the objectives of this Agreement, have the power to take decisions in the 
cases  provided  for  therein.  Decisions  shall  be  drawn  up  by  agreement  between  the  Parties, 
following the completion of the respective internal procedures required to establish a position 
thereon  by  both  Parties.  The  decisions  shall  be  binding  on  the  Parties,  which  shall  take  the 
measures necessary to implement them.  

3.  The  Joint  Committee  shall  normally  meet  every  year  in  Ulaanbaatar  and  Brussels 
alternately,  on  a  date  to  be  fixed  by  mutual  agreement.  Extraordinary  meetings  of  the  Joint 
Committee  may  also  be  convened  by  agreement  between  the  Parties.  The  Joint  Committee 
shall  be  chaired  alternately  by  each  of  the  Parties.  The  agenda  for  meetings  of  the  Joint 
Committee shall be determined by agreement between the Parties. 

4.  The  Joint  Committee  may  set  up  specialised  working  groups  in  order  to  assist  it  in  the 
performance of its tasks. These working groups shall make detailed reports on their activities 
to the Joint Committee at each of its meetings. 

5. The Parties agree that it shall also be the task of the Joint Committee to ensure the proper 
functioning of any sectoral agreement or protocol concluded or to be concluded between the 
Parties. 

6. The Joint Committee shall adopt its own rules of procedure. 

TITLE IX 

FINAL PROVISIONS 

Article 57  
Future developments clause 

1. The Parties may by mutual consent expand this Agreement with a view to enhancing the 
level of cooperation, including through supplementing it by means of agreements or protocols 
on specific sectors or activities. 

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2. With regard to the implementation of this Agreement, either of the Parties may put forward 
suggestions for widening the scope of cooperation, taking into account the experience gained 
in its application.  

Article 58 
Other agreements 

Without  prejudice  to  the  relevant  provisions  of  the  Treaty  on  the  European  Union  and  the 
Treaty  on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union,  neither  this  Agreement  nor  action  taken 
hereunder  shall  affect  the  powers  of  the  Member  States  to  undertake  bilateral  cooperation 
activities with Mongolia or to conclude, where appropriate, new partnership and cooperation 
agreements with Mongolia. 

This  Agreement  shall  not  affect  the  application  or  implementation  of  commitments 
undertaken by the respective Parties in relations with third parties. 

Article 59  

Fulfillment of obligations 

1.  Each  Party  may  refer  to  the  Joint  Committee  any  divergence  in  the  application  or 
interpretation of this Agreement.  

2. If either Party considers that the other Party has failed to fulfil any of its obligations under 
this Agreement it may take appropriate measures.  

3. Before doing so, except in cases of special urgency, it shall present to the Joint Committee 
all the relevant information required for a thorough examination of the situation with a view 
to seeking a solution acceptable to the Parties.  

4.  In  the  selection  of  measures,  priority  must  be  given  to  those  which  least  disturb  the 
functioning  of  this  Agreement.  These  measures  shall  be  notified  immediately  to  the  other 
Party and shall be the subject of consultations within the Joint Committee if the other Party so 
requests. 

5. The Parties agree, for the purposes of the correct interpretation and practical application of 
this Agreement, that the term ‘cases of special urgency’ in paragraph 3 means a case of the 
material breach of the Agreement by one of the Parties. A material breach of the Agreement 
consists in: 

(i) repudiation of the agreement not sanctioned by the general rules of international law; or 

(ii) violation of essential elements of the Agreement, namely Articles 1(1) and 3 thereof. 

Article 60  

Facilities 

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To  facilitate  cooperation  in  the  framework  of  this  Agreement,  both  Parties  agree  to  grant 
necessary  facilities  to  officials  and  experts  involved  in  implementing  cooperation  for  the 
performance  of  their  functions,  in  accordance  with  internal  rules  and  regulations  of  both 
Parties. 

Article 61  

Territorial application 

This Agreement shall apply to the territory in which the Treaty on the European Union and 
the  Treaty  on  the  Functioning  of  the  European  Union  are  applied  under  the  conditions  laid 
down in those Treaties, on the one hand, and to the territory of Mongolia, on the other. 

Article 62  

Definition of the Parties 

For the purposes of this Agreement, ‘the Parties’ shall mean the Union or its Member States 
or the Union and its Member States, in accordance with their respective powers, on the one 
hand, and Mongolia, on the other. 

Article 63 

Entry into force and duration 

1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the month following the date on 
which last Party has notified the other of the completion of the legal procedures necessary for 
this purpose. 

2. This Agreement is valid for a period of five years. It shall be automatically extended for 
further successive periods of one year, unless either Party notifies the other Party in writing of 
its intention not to extend this Agreement six months prior to the end of any subsequent one-
year period. 

3. Any amendments of this Agreement shall be made by agreement between the Parties. Any 
amendments  shall  become  effective  only  after  the  last  Party  has  notified  the  other  that  all 
necessary formalities have been completed. 

4. If a Party introduces a more restrictive trade regime concerning the export of raw materials, 
such as the introduction of new prohibitions, restrictions, duties or charges of any kind that do 
not meet the requirements set out in the relevant provisions of Articles VIII, XI, XX or XXI 
of the GATT 1994, or are not authorised under a WTO waiver or are not agreed by the Joint 
Committee or Sub-Committee on Trade and Investment under Article 56, than that in place at 
the  date  of  initialling  of  the  Agreement,  the  other  Party  may  adopt  appropriate  measures  in 
accordance with Article 59(3) and 4.  

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5. This Agreement may be terminated by one Party by written notice of denunciation given to 
the other Party. The termination shall take effect six months after receipt of notification by the 
other Party. 

Article 64  
Notifications 

Notifications made in accordance with Article 63 shall be made to the Secretary-General of 
the  Council  of  the  European  Union  and  the  Department  of  Foreign  Affairs  of  Mongolia, 
respectively. 

Article 65 

Authentic text 

This  Agreement  is  drawn  up  in  the  Bulgarian,  Czech,  Danish,  Dutch,  English,  Estonian, 
Finnish,  French,  German,  Greek,  Hungarian,  Italian,  Latvian,  Lithuanian,  Maltese,  Polish, 
Portuguese, Romanian, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish, Slovak and Mongolian languages, each of 
these texts being equally authentic. 

Done  in  duplicate  at  …………………  [place]  on  this  ……………………………..  day  of 
[month] in the year Two Thousand and ... 

The European Union 

The Government of Mongolia

The Republic of Bulgaria 

The Kingdom of Belgium 

The Czech Republic 

The Kingdom of Denmark 

The Federal Republic of Germany 

The Republic of Estonia 

Ireland 

The Hellenic Republic 

The Kingdom of Spain 

The French Republic 

The Italian Republic 

The Republic of Cyprus 

The Republic of Latvia 

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The Republic of Lithuania 

The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg 

The Republic of Hungary 

Malta 

The Kingdom of the Netherlands 

The Republic of Austria 

The Republic of Poland 

The Portuguese Republic 

Romania 

The Republic of Slovenia 

The Slovak Republic 

The Republic of Finland 

The Kingdom of Sweden 

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 

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