COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT   IMPACT ASSESSMENT  ANNEX II Accompanying document to the   COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT   Energy Efficiency Plan 2011     COM(2011) 109 final SEC(2011) 277 final
Date: 2011-03-08
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: consumer, energy consumption, energy policy, energy saving, energy transport, financial aid, impact study, innovation

EN 

EN 

   EN 

 
 
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 8.3.2011 
SEC(2011) 279 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

IMPACT ASSESSMENT 

ANNEX II 

Accompanying document to the 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS 
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 

COM(2011) 109 final 
SEC(2011) 277 final 

EN 

   EN 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ANNEX II TO THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 

EU27: PRIMES 2009 Efficiency Scenario 

Analytical Results 

Primes Ver. 4 Energy Model 

E3M Lab 

National Technical University of Athens 

07/05/2010 

EN 

2 

   EN 

 
SUMMARY ENERGY BALANCE AND INDICATORS (A) 

ktoe 

1990 

1995 

2000 

2005 

2010 

2015  

2020 

2025 

2030 

'90-'00 

'00-'10 

'10-'20 

Production 

Solids 

Oil 

Natural gas 

Nuclear 

936047 

950181 

941860 

900326 

822199 

770370  

737350 

732546 

751835 

366477 

277810 

213423 

196277 

167822 

152891  

139933 

133480 

130396 

129551 

171052 

173006 

134290 

102950 

74336  

49872 

40787 

37231 

162447 

188965 

207559 

188677 

164149 

129066  

111499 

91726 

75140 

202589 

223028 

243761 

257360 

238917 

241308  

237522 

244981 

263509 

Renewable energy sources 

74984 

89326 

104111 

123722 

148360 

172770  

198525 

221572 

245560 

Hydro 

25101 

28054 

30374 

26395 

27808 

28531  

29242 

30037 

30511 

Biomass & Waste 

46473 

57201 

67982 

85129 

97525 

108657  

118434 

124055 

127924 

Wind 

Solar and others 

Geothermal 

67 

153 

350 

274 

3190 

3447 

1913 

421 

3421 

6061 

13860 

23139  

34150 

45182 

55792 

807 

5331 

3262 

5904 

6224  

6218  

9009 

7690 

11367 

13618 

10932 

17715 

Net Imports 

756079 

738600 

826299 

986048 

994588 

1075329   1110582 

1093649 

1057460 

Solids 

Oil 

81846 

79338 

98645 

126639 

121617 

130855  

135286 

130745 

122784 

535645 

512185 

533039 

599851 

580318 

615114  

626358 

611095 

588167 

 - Crude oil and Feedstocks 

508460 

494000 

513725 

581995 

579210 

616460  

633238 

622747 

604198 

 - Oil products 

Natural gas 

Electricity 

Renewable energy forms 

Detailed Results 

27185 

18185 

19314 

17856 

1108 

-1346  

-6880 

-11652 

-16031 

135121 

145288 

192531 

257366 

289171 

324084  

341566 

341952 

335267 

3323 

144 

1508 

279 

1686 

397 

971 

1222 

99 

-613  

-1684 

-1781 

-1867 

3384 

5889  

9056 

11638 

13109 

Gross Inland Consumption 

1660159 

1662517 

1723099 

1825989 

1766735 

1793808   1795298 

1772466 

1754215 

Solids 

452940 

364248 

321007 

319922 

289439 

283746  

275219 

264225 

253180 

Annual % Change 

0,1 

-5,3 

2,9 

2,5 

1,9 

3,3 

1,9 

3,9 

39,8 

10,7 

0,7 

0,9 

1,9 

0,0 

0,1 

-3,4 

3,6 

-6,6 

10,7 

0,4 

-3,4 

-1,3 

-2,4 

-5,1 

-2,3 

-0,2 

3,6 

-0,9 

3,7 

21,9 

22,7 

5,6 

1,9 

2,1 

0,9 

1,2 

-1,1 

-1,8 

-7,0 

-3,8 

-0,1 

3,0 

0,5 

2,0 

9,4 

10,7 

2,7 

1,1 

1,1 

0,8 

0,9 

-24,9   

4,2 

1,7 

-24,7   

23,9 

10,3 

0,3 

-1,0 

0,2 

-0,5 

EN 

3 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
Oil 

Natural gas 

Nuclear 

Electricity 

631058 

650858 

658727 

676859 

633216 

637558  

623595 

598152 

570317 

294905 

333268 

393417 

445998 

453320 

453150  

453065 

433679 

410407 

202589 

223028 

243761 

257360 

238917 

241308  

237522 

244981 

263509 

3323 

1508 

1686 

971 

99 

-613  

-1684 

-1781 

-1867 

Renewable energy forms 

75343 

89606 

104501 

124880 

151744 

178659  

207581 

233210 

258669 

0,4 

2,9 

1,9 

-6,6 

3,3 

-0,4 

1,4 

-0,2 

-24,7   

-0,2 

0,0 

-0,1 

3,8 

3,2 

as % in Gross Inland Consumption 

Solids 

Oil 

Natural gas 

Nuclear 

Renewable energy forms 

27,3 

38,0 

17,8 

12,2 

4,5 

21,9 

39,1 

20,0 

13,4 

5,4 

18,6 

38,2 

22,8 

14,1 

6,1 

17,5 

37,1 

24,4 

14,1 

6,8 

16,4 

35,8 

25,7 

13,5 

8,6 

15,8  

35,5  

25,3  

13,5  

10,0  

15,3 

34,7 

25,2 

13,2 

11,6 

14,9 

33,7 

24,5 

13,8 

13,2 

14,4 

32,5 

23,4 

15,0 

14,7 

Gross  Electricity  Generation 

in 

GWhe 

Nuclear 

Hydro & wind 

2562823 

2712209 

2991720 

3274121 

3306907 

3539987   3763728 

3974563 

4154468 

794718 

881662 

944823 

997519 

926545 

937067  

928611 

978255 

1064396 

292648 

330306 

375545 

378836 

501928 

633873  

786086 

940044 

1088090 

Thermal (incl. biomass) 

1475456 

1500241 

1671352 

1897765 

1878434 

1969047   2049031 

2056264 

2001982 

Fuel 

Inputs  for  Thermal  Power 

Generation 

Solids 

383492 

362334 

382613 

424208 

413270 

419274  

427345 

426777 

412907 

263837 

230040 

223012 

229245 

219296 

215528  

208159 

199245 

190852 

Oil (including refinery gas) 

54404 

51463 

39294 

29780 

15783 

16306  

15437 

13965 

11863 

Gas 

Biomass & Waste 

Geothermal heat 

Hydrogen - Methanol 

56754 

67806 

102408 

134637 

138400 

140574  

148807 

148127 

132636 

5724 

2774 

0 

10033 

14960 

25901 

34692 

41639  

48465 

55907 

61201 

2992 

2939 

4645 

5098 

5227  

6476 

9532 

16355 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  

0 

0 

0 

1,6 

1,7 

2,5 

1,3 

0,0 

-1,7 

-3,2 

6,1 

10,1 

0,6 

1,0 

-0,2 

2,9 

1,2 

0,8 

-0,2 

-8,7 

3,1 

8,8 

5,7 

1,3 

0,0 

4,6 

0,9 

0,3 

-0,5 

-0,2 

0,7 

3,4 

2,4 

EN 

4 

EN 

 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fuel  Input  in  other  transformation 

proc. 

Refineries 

839073 

814654 

827098 

842975 

794488 

805380  

798865 

776192 

751812 

679426 

705954 

735244 

758152 

716734 

726162  

716900 

695921 

672350 

Biofuels and hydrogen production 

2 

202 

610 

3129 

11802 

17450  

22015 

24357 

25886 

District heating 

Others 

32960 

23240 

19323 

16212 

17488 

15768  

15126 

13097 

12625 

126685 

85258 

71921 

65482 

48464 

46000  

44824 

42818 

40952 

-0,1 

0,8 

79,6 

-5,2 

-5,5 

-0,4 

-0,3 

34,5 

-1,0 

-3,9 

0,1 

0,0 

6,4 

-1,4 

-0,8 

Energy Branch Consumption 

82379 

88696 

88176 

96033 

92241 

90711  

90058 

89584 

89123 

0,7 

0,5 

-0,2 

Non-Energy Uses 

97931 

110541 

112495 

117477 

111366 

114981  

117038 

117712 

118698 

1,4 

-0,1 

0,5 

Final Energy Demand 

1068710 

1069989 

1112989 

1173676 

1168714 

1206226   1213578 

1195402 

1178548 

0,4 

0,5 

0,4 

by sector 

Industry 

365650 

328513 

326949 

326308 

312942 

321533  

327328 

329924 

332479 

 - energy intensive industries 

234722 

214526 

213112 

210991 

193633 

195410  

196003 

194164 

193088 

 - other industrial sectors 

130928 

113987 

113837 

115317 

119310 

126123  

131325 

135759 

139391 

Residential 

Tertiary 

Transport 

by fuel 

Solids 

Oil 

Gas 

264307 

280418 

286784 

308104 

309189 

315127  

310395 

298871 

292450 

158484 

160442 

159866 

176859 

176231 

181468  

181243 

176885 

174673 

280269 

300617 

339389 

362405 

370352 

388099  

394611 

389722 

378946 

125031 

84977 

61454 

54486 

44341 

43910  

43358 

42070 

39978 

444429 

456959 

478882 

495857 

475863 

481036  

471276 

453252 

433326 

227902 

245996 

265552 

283524 

284994 

282842  

272655 

252732 

242098 

Electricity 

184145 

193367 

216403 

237537 

240672 

259000  

274252 

288280 

299142 

(from  CHP  and  District 

Heat 

Heating) (A) 

Other 

48610 

44616 

40061 

44441 

59097 

67708  

72624 

77293 

80628 

38592 

44073 

50640 

57832 

63748 

71731  

79414 

81775 

83376 

-1,1 

-1,0 

-1,4 

0,8 

0,1 

1,9 

-6,9 

0,7 

1,5 

1,6 

-1,9 

2,8 

-0,4 

-1,0 

0,5 

0,8 

1,0 

0,9 

-3,2 

-0,1 

0,7 

1,1 

4,0 

2,3 

0,5 

0,1 

1,0 

0,0 

0,3 

0,6 

-0,2 

-0,1 

-0,4 

1,3 

2,1 

2,2 

EN 

5 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
CO2  Emissions  (Mt  of  CO2  -  sec 

approach)  

4030,6 

3800,1 

3810,6 

3946,6 

3742,8 

3724,7  

3609,9 

3371,4 

3021,2 

Power generation/District heating 

1484,3 

1321,2 

1320,8 

1381,1 

1302,1 

1287,2  

1235,5 

1113,7 

Energy Branch 

Industry 

Residential 

Tertiary 

Transport 

152,2 

781,4 

499,4 

300,5 

812,7 

171,0 

678,1 

481,6 

275,3 

872,9 

170,2 

623,0 

466,2 

242,0 

181,6 

581,9 

486,7 

262,2 

158,4 

496,8 

481,2 

253,6 

147,3  

140,1 

485,6  

477,1 

472,5  

436,6 

245,1  

228,5 

130,0 

454,0 

395,1 

209,2 

988,5 

1053,1 

1050,7 

1087,0  

1092,0 

1069,4 

1030,3 

867,3 

119,5 

441,7 

368,2 

194,3 

-0,6 

-1,2 

1,1 

-2,2 

-0,7 

-2,1 

2,0 

-0,2 

-0,1 

-0,7 

-2,2 

0,3 

0,5 

0,6 

-0,4 

-0,5 

-1,2 

-0,4 

-1,0 

-1,0 

0,4 

CO2 Emissions Index (1990=100) 

100,0 

94,3 

94,5 

97,9 

92,9 

92,4  

89,6 

83,6 

75,0 

CO2  Emissions  (Mt  of  CO2  -  ref 

approach) 

4172,0 

3950,7 

3922,7 

4087,6 

3812,4 

3791,3  

3679,7 

3441,7 

3092,3 

-0,6 

-0,3 

-0,4 

CO2 Emissions Index (1990=100) 

100,0 

94,7 

94,0 

98,0 

91,4 

90,9  

88,2 

82,5 

74,1 

EN 

6 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUMMARY ENERGY BALANCE AND INDICATORS (B) 

1990 

1995 

2000 

2005 

2010 

2015  

2020 

2025 

2030 

'90-'00 

'00-'10 

'10-'20 

Main Energy System Indicators 

Population (Million) 

470,388 

477,010 

481,072 

489,211 

499,389 

507,727  

513,838 

517,811 

519,942 

GDP (in 000 MEuro'05) 

8142,7 

8748,4 

10107,2 

11063,1 

11385,6 

12750,3  

14164,0 

15503,7 

16824,7 

Gross Inl. Cons./GDP (toe/MEuro'05) 

203,9 

190,0 

170,5 

165,1 

155,2 

140,7  

126,8 

114,3 

104,3 

Annual % Change 

0,2 

2,2 

-1,8 

0,4 

1,2 

-0,9 

0,3 

2,2 

-2,0 

Gross 
(toe/inhabitant) 

Inl. 

Cons./Capita 

Electricity  Generated/Capita 
gross/inhabitant) 

(kWh 

Carbon intensity (t of CO2/toe of GIC) 

CO2 
CO2/inhabitant) 

Emissions/Capita 

(t 

of 

CO2  Emissions 
CO2/MEuro'05) 

to  GDP 

(t  of 

3,53 

3,49 

3,58 

3,73 

3,54 

3,53  

3,49 

3,42 

3,37 

0,1 

-0,1 

-0,1 

5448 

2,43 

5686 

2,29 

6219 

2,21 

6693 

2,16 

6622 

2,12 

6972  

2,08  

7325 

2,01 

7676 

1,90 

7990 

1,72 

1,3 

-0,9 

0,6 

-0,4 

1,0 

-0,5 

8,57 

7,97 

7,92 

8,07 

7,49 

7,34  

7,03 

6,51 

5,81 

-0,8 

-0,6 

-0,6 

495,0 

434,4 

377,0 

356,7 

328,7 

292,1  

254,9 

217,5 

179,6 

-2,7 

-1,4 

-2,5 

Import Dependency % 

44,6 

43,5 

46,8 

52,5 

54,7 

58,3  

60,1 

59,9 

58,4   

Energy 
(2000=100) 

intensity 

indicators 

Industry (Energy on Value added) 

Residential (Energy on Private Income) 

Tertiary (Energy on Value added) 

Transport (Energy on GDP) 

130,3 

114,4 

126,5 

102,5 

115,2 

113,2 

117,0 

102,3 

100,0 

100,0 

100,0 

100,0 

Carbon Intensity indicators 

Electricity  and  Steam  production  (t  of 
CO2/MWh) 

Final energy demand (t of CO2/toe) 

Industry 

0,46 

2,24 

2,14 

0,40 

2,16 

2,06 

0,37 

2,08 

1,91 

EN 

84,2  

88,0  

86,8  

90,6  

0,28  

1,90  

1,51  

77,6 

78,4 

77,8 

83,0 

0,26 

1,84 

1,46 

71,9 

69,7 

69,0 

74,9 

0,22 

1,78 

1,38 

67,4 

63,4 

62,5 

67,1 

0,16 

1,73 

1,33 

-2,6 

-1,3 

-2,3 

-0,2 

-2,1 

-0,7 

-1,1 

-1,0 

-0,3 

-0,5 

-0,3 

-1,8 

-0,6 

-1,8 

-1,5 

-2,1 

-2,0 

-1,5 

-2,0 

-0,6 

-0,8 

95,1 

97,5 

99,4 

97,6 

0,35 

2,03 

1,78 

90,4 

97,2 

95,3 

96,9 

0,31 

1,95 

1,59 

7 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
Residential 

Tertiary 

Transport 

1,89 

1,90 

2,90 

1,72 

1,72 

2,90 

1,63 

1,51 

2,91 

1,58 

1,48 

2,91 

1,56 

1,44 

2,84 

1,50  

1,35  

2,80  

1,41 

1,26 

2,77 

1,32 

1,18 

2,74 

1,26 

1,11 

2,72 

-1,5 

-2,2 

0,0 

Electricity and steam generation 

Net Generation Capacity in MWe 

Nuclear energy 

Renewable energy 

654125 

715734 

813322 

901412  

942378 

1009278 

1099158 

133923 

134409 

127038 

126752  

123223 

121792 

132165 

112878 

147262 

206951 

264849  

325615 

385402 

444137 

Hydro (pumping excluded) 

99714 

104505 

107334 

110498  

113598 

114930 

116206 

Wind  

Solar 

Other renewables (tidal etc.) 

Thermal power 

of which cogeneration units 

of which CCS units 

Solids fired 

Gas fired 

Oil fired 

Biomass-waste fired 

Fuel Cells 

Geothermal heat 

Load  factor  for  net  electric  capacities 
(%) 

Indicators 
production 

for  gross  electricity 

Efficiency 
for 
production (%) 

thermal  electricity 

CHP indicator (% of el. from CHP) 

12793 

40584 

84096 

126032  

171490 

217761 

261956 

371 

0 

2172 

15272 

27744  

38885 

49718 

61081 

1 

249 

575  

1642 

2993 

4894 

407324 

434063 

479334 

509810  

493540 

502083 

522855 

77070 

84892 

98907 

114270  

122982 

132928 

141688 

0 

0 

0 

0  

5394 

13859 

36740 

194165 

186620 

182756 

185037  

166094 

153525 

163732 

129444 

167173 

215977 

245307  

246098 

261964 

269649 

71058 

62082 

55837 

48518  

44147 

42138 

38539 

12051 

17502 

24036 

30209  

36321 

43187 

48760 

0 

605 

0 

686 

0 

727 

0  

738  

0 

880 

0 

0 

1270 

2175 

49,1 

49,1 

44,2 

42,8  

43,4 

42,6 

40,5 

37,6 

11,4 

38,5 

11,7 

39,1 

14,8 

40,4  

18,5  

41,2 

19,3 

41,4 

19,9 

41,7 

20,3   

-0,4 

-0,5 

-0,3 

2,2 

-0,5 

6,2 

0,7 

20,7 

45,0 

1,6 

2,5 

-0,6 

5,3 

-2,4 

7,1 

-1,0 

-1,3 

-0,2 

1,5 

-0,3 

4,6 

0,6 

7,4 

9,8 

20,8 

0,3 

2,2 

-1,0 

1,3 

-2,3 

4,2 

1,9 

1,9 

EN 

8 

EN 

 
  
  
  
 
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
   
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 
CCS  indicator  (%  of  electricity  from 
CCS) 

fuels 

in 

electricity 

fossil 

Non 
generation (%) 

 - nuclear 

renewable  energy 

 - 
industrial waste 

forms  and 

0,0 

0,0 

0,0 

0,0  

1,5 

3,7 

9,1   

45,8 

31,6 

44,8 

30,5 

47,2 

28,0 

49,3  

26,5  

50,9 

24,7 

54,2 

24,6 

58,2   

25,6   

14,2 

14,3 

19,2 

22,8  

26,2 

29,5 

32,6   

Indicators for renewables (excluding industrial waste) (%) (B) 

RES in gross final energy demand (%)   

RES in transport (%) 

7,6 

0,5 

8,6 

1,4 

10,9 

4,2 

12,8  

5,9  

14,9 

7,4 

16,9 

8,4 

18,7 

9,3   

Transport sector 

Passenger 

transport 

activity 

(Gpkm) 

4880,7 

5307,7 

5892,2 

6240,3 

6511,3 

7134,7  

7596,4 

8015,4 

8421,6 

Public road transport 

544,0 

504,0 

517,6 

526,0 

545,0 

574,9  

602,2 

624,6 

643,0 

Private cars and motorcycles 

3501,1 

3986,3 

4428,1 

4686,5 

4866,1 

5300,8  

5576,3 

5809,6 

6041,2 

Rail 

Aviation 

Inland navigation 

472,5 

317,3 

45,8 

421,7 

351,3 

44,4 

447,9 

456,9 

41,7 

461,0 

527,3 

39,5 

482,5 

576,9 

40,8 

522,4  

563,5 

603,5 

641,4 

694,1  

810,6 

932,7 

1049,7 

42,4  

43,8 

45,1 

46,3 

Travel per person (km per capita) 

10376 

11127 

12248 

12756 

13039 

14052  

14784 

15479 

16197 

Freight transport activity (Gtkm) 

1848,4 

1942,4 

2195,7 

2494,6 

2662,6 

2964,9  

3149,3 

3311,1 

3459,9 

Trucks 

Rail 

Inland navigation 

1060,4 

1288,7 

1518,7 

1800,3 

1940,3 

2178,6  

2308,6 

2426,1 

2538,2 

526,3 

261,6 

386,1 

267,6 

403,7 

273,3 

414,1 

280,2 

440,5 

281,9 

487,7  

524,9 

298,6  

315,7 

554,3 

330,7 

578,8 

342,9 

1,9 

-0,5 

2,4 

-0,5 

3,7 

-0,9 

1,7 

1,7 

3,7 

-2,6 

0,4 

1,0 

0,5 

0,9 

0,7 

2,4 

-0,2 

0,6 

1,9 

2,5 

0,9 

0,3 

1,6 

1,0 

1,4 

1,6 

3,5 

0,7 

1,3 

1,7 

1,8 

1,8 

1,1 

Freight  activity  per  unit  of  GDP 
(tkm/000 Euro'05) 

227 

222 

217 

225 

234 

233  

222 

214 

206 

-0,4 

0,7 

-0,5 

Energy demand in transport (ktoe) 

280269 

300617 

339389 

362405 

370352 

388099  

394611 

389722 

378946 

Public road transport 

5197 

4732 

4914 

5039 

5179 

5318  

5306 

5215 

5086 

1,9 

-0,6 

0,9 

0,5 

0,6 

0,2 

EN 

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Private cars and motorcycles 

154395 

166321 

182974 

187736 

186470 

185223  

182700 

174680 

164739 

Trucks 

Rail 

Aviation 

74969 

79037 

90951 

105104 

111593 

123875  

127520 

129191 

128901 

9560 

9452 

9600 

9436 

9653 

10183  

10052 

9692 

8520 

29038 

34112 

45395 

49703 

51992 

57812  

63078 

64740 

65315 

1,7 

2,0 

0,0 

4,6 

0,2 

2,1 

0,1 

1,4 

Inland navigation 

7110 

6963 

5555 

5386 

5466 

5688  

5954 

6203 

6385 

-2,4 

-0,2 

Efficiency indicator (activity related) 

Passenger transport (toe/Mpkm) 

Freight transport (toe/Mtkm) 

39,6 

47,1 

39,5 

46,8 

40,3 

46,3 

39,5 

46,5 

38,0 

46,1 

35,4  

45,8  

33,6 

44,3 

31,0 

42,6 

28,4 

40,3 

0,2 

-0,2 

-0,6 

-0,1 

Source: PRIMES 

-0,2 

1,3 

0,4 

2,0 

0,9 

-1,2 

-0,4 

EN 

10 

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Explanations: 

(A) Regarding heat from CHP, there is a break in the series between 2005 and 2010. This is related to 
the  practice  of  Eurostat  to  report  the  fuel  consumption  of  on  site  CHP  under  the  final  demand 
categories of the individual fuels, even if the fuel is in reality used in industrial CHP. In order to keep 
comparability with Eurostat statistics, the fuel consumption data for the statistical years are presented 
in a Eurostat compatible format. For the projection period from 2010 onwards the modeling allocates 
the  fuel  consumption  for  new  CHP  plants  to  the  CHP  part  of  the  power  generation  sector  while  the 
corresponding  heat  and  steam  is  shown  under  industrial  energy  demand.  Comparisons  concerning 
steam  in  industry  should  therefore  start  only  from  2010  onwards.  Except  for  the  knock-on  effect  on 
total steam, this break in the heat series does not affect other comparisons in PRIMES that can start 
from 2005 or earlier years. 

(B) PRIMES does not report separately on industrial waste. In order to ensure a consistent breakdown 
of supply and demand quanties, industrial waste is shown as part of total waste and of renewables. 
Given  that  only  biodegradable  waste  counts  towards  the  renewables  targets,  the  indicators  on  the 
share  of  RES  in  gross  final  energy  demand  have  been  adjusted  to  exclude  industrial  waste.  RES 
indicators have been calculated on the basis of the methodology developed by EUROSTAT, i.e. taking 
into account normalised hydro and wind production, increased weight for renewable electricity in road 
transport and aviation cap for gross final energy demand. 

Disclaimer: Energy and transport statistics reported in this publication and used for the modelling are 
taken mainly from EUROSTAT and from the publication “EU Energy and Transport in Figures” of the 
Directorate  General  for  Energy  and  Transport.  Energy  and  transport  statistical  concepts  have 
developed  differently  in  the  past  according  to  their  individual  purposes.  Energy  demand  in  transport 
reflects usually sales of fuels at the point of refuelling, which can differ from the region of consumption. 
This is particularly relevant for airplanes and trucks. Transport statistics deal with the transport activity 
within a country but may not always fully include transit shipments. These differences should be borne 
in  mind  when  comparing  energy  and  transport  figures.  This  applies  in  particular  to  transport  activity 
ratios, such as energy efficiency in freight transport, which is measured in tonnes of oil equivalent per 
million tonne-km. 

Abbreviations 

GIC: Gross Inland Consumption 
CHP: combined heat and power 

Geographical regions 

EU27: EU15 Member States + NM12 Member States 
EU15: EU15 Member States (Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, 
Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom) 
NM12: New  Member  States  (Bulgaria,  Cyprus,  Czech  Republic,  Estonia,  Hungary,  Latvia,  Lithuania, 
Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia) 

Units 
toe: tonne of oil equivalent, or 107 kilocalories, or 41.86 GJ (Gigajoule) 
Mtoe: million toe 
GW: Gigawatt or 109 watt 
kWh: kilowatt-hour or 103 watt-hour 
MWh: megawatt-hour or 106 watt-hour 
TWh: Terawatt-hour or 1012 watt-hour 
t: metric tonnes, or 1000 kilogrammes 
Mt: Million metric tonnes 
km: kilometre 
pkm: passenger-kilometre (one passenger transported a distance of one kilometre) 
tkm: tonne-kilometre (one tonne transported a distance of one kilometre) 
Gpkm: Giga passenger-kilometre, or 109 passenger-kilometre 
Gtkm: Giga tonn 

EN 

11 

   EN