Commission staff working document - Accompanying document to the Report from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Annual Report 2010 on the European Union's development and external assistance policies and their implementation in 2009 COM(2010)335
Date: 2010-06-28
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: activity report, aid evaluation, aid policy, cooperation policy, developing countries, development aid

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION  

Brussels, 28.6.2010 
SEC(2010)773 final 

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COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Accompanying document to the 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT 

Annual Report 2010 on the European Union's development and external assistance 
policies and their implementation in 2009 

COM(2010)335 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. 

1.1. 

1.2. 

1.3. 

1.4. 

1.5. 

1.6. 

1.7. 

1.8. 

1.9. 

POLICY ....................................................................................................................... 7 

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 

Annual Policy Objectives............................................................................................. 8 

Implementation of the European Consensus on Development .................................... 9 

Coherence between development and other policies ................................................. 11 

Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues ....................................................................... 12 

Aid effectiveness........................................................................................................ 16 

Cooperation with international organisations ............................................................ 20 

Cooperation with non-state actors and local authorities ............................................ 23 

Cooperation with middle-income countries ............................................................... 25 

1.10. 

Sectoral policy developments .................................................................................... 26 

1.11.  Outlook 2010.............................................................................................................. 31 

2. 

IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................................ 33 

2.1. 

European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument .............................................. 33 

2.1.1. 

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 33 

2.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 36 

2.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 37 

2.1.4. 

Implementation .......................................................................................................... 37 

2.1.5.  Results ........................................................................................................................ 45 

2.1.6.  Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 46 

2.1.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................... 49 

2.2. 

European Development Fund..................................................................................... 52 

2.2.1.  Africa.......................................................................................................................... 53 

2.2.1.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 53 

2.2.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 53 

2.2.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 55 

2.2.1.4.  Implementation .......................................................................................................... 57 

2.2.1.5.  Results ........................................................................................................................ 61 

2.2.1.6.  Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 61 

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2.2.1.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................... 64 

2.2.2.  Caribbean ................................................................................................................... 64 

2.2.2.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 64 

2.2.2.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 65 

2.2.2.3.  Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 65 

2.2.2.4.  Implementation .......................................................................................................... 66 

2.2.2.5.  Results ........................................................................................................................ 68 

2.2.2.6.  Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 69 

2.2.2.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................... 70 

2.2.3.  Pacific......................................................................................................................... 71 

2.2.3.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 71 

2.2.3.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 72 

2.2.3.3.  Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 72 

2.2.3.4.  Implementation .......................................................................................................... 73 

2.2.3.5.  Results ........................................................................................................................ 74 

2.2.3.6.  Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 75 

2.2.3.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................... 76 

2.2.4. 

Intra-ACP programmes .............................................................................................. 76 

2.2.5.  OCTs .......................................................................................................................... 82 

2.2.5.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 82 

2.2.5.2.  Implementation .......................................................................................................... 83 

2.3. 

Development Cooperation Instrument ....................................................................... 85 

2.3.1.  Asia ............................................................................................................................ 85 

2.3.1.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 85 

2.3.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 87 

2.3.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 88 

2.3.1.4.  Implementation .......................................................................................................... 89 

2.3.1.5.  Results ........................................................................................................................ 91 

2.3.1.6.  Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 92 

2.3.1.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................... 93 

2.3.2.  Central Asia................................................................................................................ 93 

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2.3.2.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 93 

2.3.2.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination.................................................................. 95 

2.3.2.3.  Working towards the MDGs ...................................................................................... 95 

2.3.2.4.  Implementation .......................................................................................................... 96 

2.3.2.5.  Results ........................................................................................................................ 97 

2.3.2.6.  Monitoring.................................................................................................................. 98 

2.3.2.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................... 99 

2.3.3.  Middle East ................................................................................................................ 99 

2.3.3.1.  Introduction ................................................................................................................ 99 

2.3.3.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination................................................................ 100 

2.3.3.3.  Working towards the MDGs .................................................................................... 100 

2.3.3.4.  Implementation ........................................................................................................ 101 

2.3.3.5.  Results ...................................................................................................................... 102 

2.3.3.6.  Monitoring................................................................................................................ 103 

2.3.3.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................. 103 

2.3.4.  Latin America........................................................................................................... 104 

2.3.4.1.  Introduction .............................................................................................................. 104 

2.3.4.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination................................................................ 105 

2.3.4.3.  Working towards the MDGs .................................................................................... 106 

2.3.4.4.  Implementation ........................................................................................................ 106 

2.3.4.5.  Results ...................................................................................................................... 109 

2.3.4.6.  Monitoring................................................................................................................ 110 

2.3.4.7.  Prospects .................................................................................................................. 112 

2.3.5.  South Africa ............................................................................................................. 112 

2.3.5.1.  Introduction .............................................................................................................. 112 

2.3.5.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination................................................................ 113 

2.3.5.3.  Working towards the MDGs .................................................................................... 113 

2.3.5.4.  Implementation ........................................................................................................ 114 

2.3.5.5.  Results ...................................................................................................................... 115 

2.3.5.6.  Prospects .................................................................................................................. 115 

2.3.6.  Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol (AMSP) countries ............................ 117 

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2.3.7. 

Investing in people ................................................................................................... 119 

2.3.8.  Non-State actors and local authorities in development............................................ 121 

2.3.9.  Migration and asylum .............................................................................................. 123 

2.3.10.  Environment and sustainable management of natural resources including energy . 125 

2.3.11.  Food security............................................................................................................ 127 

2.4. 

2.5. 

Democracy and human rights................................................................................... 129 

Stability .................................................................................................................... 137 

2.5.1.  Crisis response and preparedness............................................................................. 137 

2.5.1.1.  Short-term measures................................................................................................. 137 

2.5.1.2.  Long-term measures................................................................................................. 138 

2.5.2.  Global and regional trans-border challenges............................................................ 138 

2.5.2.1.  Trans-regional threats............................................................................................... 138 

2.5.2.2.  Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear risk mitigation ............................... 139 

2.6. 

2.7. 

Nuclear safety........................................................................................................... 143 

Humanitarian Assistance.......................................................................................... 146 

2.7.1.  Context ..................................................................................................................... 146 

2.7.2.  Humanitarian policy................................................................................................. 148 

2.7.3.  Disaster preparedness............................................................................................... 149 

2.8. 

Macro-financial assistance ....................................................................................... 150 

3. 

3.1. 

3.2. 

4. 

FEATURE ARTICLES............................................................................................ 150 

Food security: a global challenge............................................................................. 150 

Mainstreaming human rights and women's rights and gender equality ................... 154 

PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS ........................................................................ 157 

4.1. 

Project results: results-oriented monitoring ............................................................. 157 

4.1.1.  Results-oriented monitoring..................................................................................... 157 

4.1.2.  ROM performance in 2009 ...................................................................................... 158 

4.1.3.  New developments in 2009...................................................................................... 161 

4.1.4.  Outlook for 2010 ...................................................................................................... 163 

4.2. 

Evaluation: review of the 2009 work programme.................................................... 164 

4.2.1.  Organisation of the evaluation function................................................................... 164 

4.2.2.  The 2009 work programme...................................................................................... 164 

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4.2.3.  Lessons learned from evaluations finalised in 2009 ................................................ 165 

4.2.4.  Synthesis of main lessons learned............................................................................ 168 

4.2.5.  Outlook for 2010 ...................................................................................................... 169 

5. 

AID MANAGEMENT............................................................................................. 169 

5.1. 

Developments in aid delivery modalities and channels ........................................... 170 

5.1.1.  The ‘backbone strategy’ for reforming technical cooperation and capacity4dev.eu 171 

5.1.2.  Budget support ......................................................................................................... 172 

5.2. 

5.3. 

5.4. 

Progress on qualitative issues in aid management ................................................... 174 

Simplification of procedures .................................................................................... 177 

Cooperation with international organisations and other donors .............................. 177 

5.4.1.  The United Nations .................................................................................................. 178 

5.4.2.  The World Bank Group............................................................................................ 179 

5.4.3.  OECD....................................................................................................................... 180 

5.4.4.  Council of Europe .................................................................................................... 180 

5.4.5.  Other international organisations ............................................................................. 180 

5.5. 

Visibility and communication .................................................................................. 181 

6. 

6.1. 

6.2. 

6.3. 

ANNEXES ............................................................................................................... 182 

Introduction to financial tables................................................................................. 182 

Financial tables......................................................................................................... 184 

Glossary.................................................................................................................... 208 

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1. 

POLICY 

1.1. 

Introduction 

The  year  2009  was  a  particularly  challenging  one  for  development,  given  the 
combined  impacts  of  the  global  economic,  financial,  and  food  crises.  It  was  also  a 
pivotal  year  in  the  efforts  to  address  the  impact  of  climate  change.  As  the  biggest 
international  donor  providing  almost  more  than  half  of  global  aid  in  20091,  the 
European  Union  and  its  members  responded  dynamically  and  flexibly  to  these 
challenges and opportunities. The 2009 mid-term review of Country Strategy Papers 
was  particularly  timely,  providing  an  important  opportunity  for  the  European 
Commission to adapt and readjust it to evolving realities. 

Although  the  global  economic  downturn  of  2009  impacted  developing  countries  in 
different  ways  and  to  varying  degrees,  the  number  of  people  living  in  absolute 
poverty in the developing world is expected to increase by 40-80 million compared 
to  pre-crisis  levels.  In  April  2009,  the  Commission  issued  a  Communication  on 
Supporting  developing  countries  in  coping  with  the  crisis2  which  includes  EU 
measures to cushion its human impact. It is accompanied by four working documents 
that  focus  on  financing  for  development;  aid  for  trade;  aid  effectiveness;  and  the 
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In addition, the Commission is mobilising 
up to €500 million through an  ad hoc vulnerability mechanism (so-called V-FLEX) 
to  support  the  most  vulnerable  countries  in  the  Africa-Caribbean-Pacific  (ACP) 
group.  The  EU  also  strove  to  promote  international  coordination  of  external 
assistance  through  the  development  agenda  of  the  G8,  and  G20  in  London  (April 
2009), l’Aquila (July 2009) and Pittsburgh (September 2009). 

As  regards  food  security,  the  Commission  worked  hard  to  deliver  very  rapidly  and 
efficiently  the  €1  billion  Food  Facili ty  which  was  adopted  in  December  20083  in 
response to the food price crisis. Since then, the Commission has programmed and 
started  implementing  some  €837  million  wo rth  of  development  aid  that  helps 
increase  agricultural  productivity,  and  provides  social  safety  nets  for  the  most 
vulnerable.  

The  EU  has  continued  its  efforts  to  make  its  aid  more  efficient.  The  Commission 
adopted  an  action  plan  in  April  2009  to  assess  and  monitor  the  progress  made  to 
implement  the  Accra  Agenda  for  Action  at  both  headquarters  and  delegation  level. 
Together  with  Member  States,  the  Commission  adopted  in  November  2009  an 
operational framework on aid effectiveness containing measures to push forward the 
Paris and Accra agendas. 

The year 2009 was also marked by increased efforts to address the impact of climate 
change. In the run-up to the Copenhagen climate negotiations in December 2009, the 
EU intensified  its  cooperation  and  dialogue  with  developing  partners:  a  joint 

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EU 15 OECD DAC members represent 56 % of all DAC members' ODA. 
COM (2009) 160 final of 8.04.2009 
EC 1337/2008, 16.12.2008 

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Commission-Presidency  paper on  climate  change  and  development  was  prepared. 
The  Commission  issued  a  Communication  on  Stepping  up  international  climate 
finance:  A  European  blueprint  for  the  Copenhagen  deal4  to  help  developing 
countries  combat  climate  change.  Also  in  December,  the  EU  agreed  on "fast-start" 
funding of €2.4 billion annually for 2010-2012 to  help developing countries to bridge 
capacity  gaps,  develop  plans  to  cut  carbon  emissions, and  prepare  them  for  the 
larger-scale deployment of climate financing post-2012.  

Other important publications in 2009 include the second report on policy coherence 
for  development,  adopted  in  September5,  and  the  first-ever  European  Report  on 
Development6. 

1.2. 

Annual Policy Objectives 

In  2008,  the  Commission's  external  action  sought  to  achieve  the  following 
objectives: 

–  Implement the 12 Action Plans of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) and 
to begin negotiations on a new enhanced agreement with Ukraine as well as new 
contractual  arrangements  with  Libya  and  the  Republic  of  Moldova  (hereafter 
Moldova). Further engage with Russia on a new cooperation agreement. Continue 
to play an important part in the Quartet and to dedicate significant resources to the 
Middle East region. 

–  Deepen  cooperation  with  ASEAN  countries,  China  and  India.  Continue  and, 
possibly,  conclude  the  negotiations  on  the  Association  Agreements  with  the 
Andean Community, Central America and Mercosur. 

–  Increase the EU's contribution to promoting international security and stability to 
create  the  conditions  needed  for  sustainable  development.  Improve  preparedness 
and capacity to deal with crises in third countries. 

–  Implement  the  eight  operational  thematic  partnerships  of  the  Joint  Africa/EU 
Strategy and work to help ACP countries integrate better into the world economy. 
–  Carry out an action plan based on the European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid 

to reinforce capacity to respond to humanitarian crises and challenges. 

Substantial  progress  has  been  achieved  in  these  different  areas.  In  addition,  to 
respond  to  emerging  challenges  during  2009,  the  Commission  also  took  concrete 
steps to: 

–  Respond to the impacts of the global economic, financial and food crises.  
–  Address  the  impact  of  climate  change  on  developing  countries  through 

cooperation, dialogue and innovative funding modalities. 

–  Make  aid  more  efficient  in  line  with  the  principles  of  increasing  ownership  and 
promoting  capacity  development  in  partner  countries,  ensure  alignment  of  aid 
with national  policy in beneficiary countries, and reduce the transaction costs of 
aid delivery. 

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COM/2009/475 of 10.09.2009 
COM(2009) 461 final of 17.09.2009 
http://erd.eui.eu/erd-2009/final-report/ 

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1.3. 

Implementation of the European Consensus on Development 

The  European  Consensus  on  Development7,  which  constitutes  a  milestone  in  the 
history  of  EU  development  cooperation,  reflects  the  willingness  of  the  European 
Union and its Member States to make a decisive contribution to poverty eradication 
and to achieve the Millennium Development Goals.  

It  affirms  for  the  first  time  their  common  vision  on  development  with,  as  the  main 
components: more aid, better aid, improved policy coherence for development, and 
focus on Africa. 

In 2009, four years after the adoption of the Consensus, the Commission undertook a 
preliminary  assessment  of  its  progress  on  a  series  of  policy  commitments.  Key 
findings  of  the  assessment  pointed  to  stakeholder  appreciation  of  the  Consensus  in 
particular for its clear strategic value. The Consensus is widely accepted and seen as 
a valuable reference for all development actors. It is thus considered as a baseline to 
steer the implementation of development policy.  

The  European  Commission  strengthened  its  efforts  to  ensure  that  the  progress 
towards  the  Millennium  Development  Goals  in  recent  years  would  not  be  impeded 
by  the  effects  of  the  'triple  shock'  from  the  food  crisis,  the  volatility  in 
fuel/commodity  prices  and  the  global  financial  and  economic  downturn.  The 
succession of crises has entailed severe consequences in developing countries. 

To tackle the effects of soaring food prices on developing countries, the EU adopted 
the Food Facility, a rapid response instrument providing €1 billion over  a three-year 
period (2009-2011) to over 50 countries to bridge the gap between emergency relief 
and  medium-  to  long-term  development  aid.  Its  chief  objectives  are:  to  encourage 
local food producers to increase supplies, to deal directly with the effects of volatile 
food  prices  on  local  populations,  and  to  increase  food  production  capacity  and 
improve the way agriculture is managed in the longer term. In 2009, more than €837 
implemented through international and 
million were allocated: €530.1 million to be 
regional  organisations,  €213.6  through  non-stat e  actors  (grants)  and  development 
agencies  (delegation  agreements)  and  €93.7  under  budget  support  operations. 
Implementation  of  the  Food  Facility  Regulation  is  thus  fully  on  track  with  the 
original planning and with the budgetary provisions. For further details (cid:198)3.1 

In  addition,  the  EU  was  the  first  to  react  immediately  after  the  G20  Summit  in 
London  to  support  developing  countries  in  coping  with  the  financial  and  economic 
crisis.  In  April  2009,  the  European  Commission  issued  a  Communication  on 
Supporting  developing  countries  in  coping  with  the  crisis.  This  proposed  a  set  of 
comprehensive, timely, targeted and coordinated measures for the EU as a whole to 
cushion the human impact of the crisis and to boost economic growth in developing 
countries.  These  measures  include,  inter  alia:  honouring  aid  commitments  and 
leveraging  new  resources;  acting  counter-cyclically;  improving  aid  effectiveness; 
sustaining  economic  activity  and  employment;  revitalising  agriculture;  investing  in 
green  growth;  stimulating  trade  and  private  investment;  working  together  for 
governance  and  stability;  and  protecting  the  most  vulnerable.  Many  of  these 

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The  Consensus  was  endorsed  in  December  2005  by  the  Presidents  of  the  Commission,  Council  and 
Parliament. 

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measures  have  already  been  or  are  being  implemented,  such  as  the  ad  hoc 
Vulnerability  FLEX  (V-FLEX)  mechanism,  the  €1  billion  Food  Facility,  the 
acceleration  of  the  mid-term  review  of  the  10th  EDF  and  the  adoption  of  the  new 
guidelines  on  flexible  procedures  in  cases  of  crises  and  emergency  and  post-
emergency situations. 

In a globalised and increasingly interdependent world, the response to crises needs to 
be  global  with  particular  attention  to  developing  countries.  The  European 
Commission  has  therefore  played  a  proactive  role  in  various  international  fora 
(notably  within  the  G8,  the  G20  and  the  UN)  to  ensure  that  the  effects  of  the 
financial and economic crisis on the poorest countries were fully taken into account 
and  that  specific  measures  were  decided  to  respond  to  their  increased  financing 
needs.  

Hence,  in  close  cooperation  with  the  World  Bank  and  the  IMF,  the  European 
Commission has set up an ad hoc instrument to support the most vulnerable and least 
resilient ACP countries to enable them to maintain priority spending, notably in the 
social  sectors.  The  V-FLEX  will  mobilise  up  to  €500  million  in  2009  and  2010  to 
provide  grants  to  ACP  countries  where  the  loans  from  the  international  financial 
institutions  (IFI)  are  insufficient  or  where  potentially  the  IFI  do  not  operate.  €260 
million  were  allocated  for  the  V-FLEX  in  2009  with  a  similar  level  of  support 
anticipated for 2010. For further details (cid:198)2.2 

Almost  two  years  after  the  Africa-EU  summit  in  Lisbon,  the  October  2009  Africa-
EU  ministerial  Troika  adopted  a  mid-term  review  report  assessing  progress  and 
challenges  in  the  implementation  of  the  Joint  Africa-EU  Strategy and the  thematic 
partnerships  of its  first  Action  Plan  (2008-2010). This  joint  assessment  of  the 
partnership  stressed  the  need  for  a  broader,  geographically  balanced  and  more 
significant involvement of African countries and regional economic communities, as 
well  as of  EU  Member  States.  Improved  coordination  and  communication  between 
stakeholders  were also deemed necessary.  Ministers  emphasised  the  need  to jointly 
examine  ways  of  better  mobilising  human,  technical  or  financial  resources. The 
European  and  African  Union  Commissions  strengthened  their  administrative 
cooperation  with 
thus  contributing 
to institutional capacity-building. 

the  signature  of  a 

joint  Action  Plan, 

A workshop organised in November during the European Development Days with a 
and  European 
variety 
of 
the  Africa-EU 
stakeholders highlighted 
Partnership. 

the  "people-centred"  dimension  of 

non-institutional  African 

institutional 

and 

On  the  research  side,  the  first  European  Report  on  Development  (ERD  2009)8  was 
officially  launched  in  October  2009  in  the  context  of  the  initiative  for  mobilising 
European  research  for  development  policies.  This  first  issue  was  dedicated  to  the 
topic  of  "Overcoming  fragility  in  Africa  –  forging  a  new  European  approach"  and 
brought  together  a  consortium  of  European  researchers  headed  by  the  European 
University  Institute.  A  participatory  process  involving  a  wide  range  of  scholars, 
policymakers and civil society representatives, from both Europe and Africa, was at 

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The ERD is available on the website http://erd.eui.eu/. 

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the  heart  of  this  ambitious  policy  research  initiative.  The  report  analyses  the 
structural features and causes of fragility in Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as the costs 
in human, economic and security terms, regionally and globally. It then explores the 
complex  links  between  fragility,  vulnerability  and  resilience  and  describes  how 
fragile  African  countries  in  particular  have  been  hit  by  the  succession  of  crises.  In 
conclusion,  the  report  assesses  the  current  EU  engagement  and  proposes  long-term 
policy priorities for the future. 

1.4. 

Coherence between development and other policies 

Aid  is  critical  for  supporting  developing  countries.  But  aid  alone  is  not  enough. 
Policies in areas beyond development impact strongly on the capacity and constraints 
affecting  progress  towards  development  goals.  By  making  these  policies  consistent 
with  the  objectives  of  development,  the  EU  facilitates  poverty  eradication.  Policy 
Coherence  for  Development  (PCD)  is  an  additional  necessary  contribution  to 
development.  

To  assess  the  progress  made  on  PCD,  the  Commission  issued  the  second  EU  PCD 
report9  in  September  2009.  This  report  covers  12  policy  areas  which  impact  on 
development,  namely  trade,  environment,  climate  change,  security,  agriculture, 
fisheries, social dimension of globalisation, employment and decent work, migration, 
research and innovation, information society, transport and energy. Good governance 
in taxation was identified as another area where the Commission will seek positive 
synergies with development objectives10. 

The  report  clearly  shows  the  strong  impact  the  EU  has  through  its  wide  array  of 
policies, processes and instruments on developing countries and that PCD is a very 
complex process. The long-running Doha Development Round of trade negotiations 
at the WTO is a case in point. And just like trade, many other policy areas balance 
diverse  and  diverging  interests  and  are  pursued  through  an  array  of  instruments, 
agreements  and  mechanisms.  But  there  are  examples  of  success.  In  the  areas  of 
research,  energy  and  environment,  EU  policies  have  been  particularly  positive  for 
developing  countries.  In  research,  EU  and  developing  countries  work  together  in 
areas  of  interest  for  the  latter,  such  as  health  or  food  security.  Researchers  from 
developing  countries  are  encouraged  by  the  Commission  to  participate  in  research 
programmes  and  mobility  schemes.  In  the  first  two  years  of  the  EU's  7th  R&D 
Framework Programme (FP7) running from 2007 to 2013, successful applications for 
research funding from African scientists amounted to €60 million. Other regions also 
benefitted from this cooperation. 

In environment policy, the EU has taken the lead to protect the world's forests. Under 
its  Forest  Law  Enforcement  Governance  and  Trade  (FLEGT)  initiative,  the  EU 
imports only certified timber from its partner countries to fight illegal logging. And 
in fisheries policy, the EU has introduced new rules to prevent, deter and eliminate 
illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing11.  

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In the energy sector, the binding target under the Renewable Energy Directive (2009) 
is  for  renewable  energy  to  provide  20%  of  the  EU's  final  energy  consumption  by 
2020. Developing countries are expected to benefit by exporting biofuels to the EU. 
Biofuels must comply with clear environmental sustainability criteria. The Directive 
also foresees reporting on possible economic and social impacts in third countries. 

Building on  these experiences  and the lessons learned, the Commission proposed a 
new approach to PCD12, which was endorsed by the Council of the European Union 
in  November  2009.  Taking  a  more  pro-active,  more  political  but  at  the  same  time 
more operational approach, the EU will focus PCD work on five global challenges: 

–  trade and finance 
–  climate change 
–  food security 
–  migration  
–  peace and security 

This  is  in  not  a  'narrowing  down'  of  the  number  of  policy  areas  and  issues  to  be 
tackled. Global food security, for instance, require coherent policies in a number of 
areas including trade, agriculture, climate and fisheries for the countries concerned, 
as well as energy where relevant. The 2005 PCD commitments in the 12 policy areas 
will continue to function as the general policy framework. 

The Commission Communication on PCD also notes that financial flows other than 
Official  Development  Assistance  (ODA)  are  important  for  development,  and  often 
exceed  ODA,  at  least  in  volume  terms.  As  their  impact  on  progress  towards  the 
development  objectives  depends  on  a  number  of  variable  factors,  improving  the 
degree of Policy Coherence for Development can increase the development benefits 
of those non-ODA flows. Reducing the costs of transferring money back home can 
increase  the  net  value  of  remittances  for  people  in  developing  countries.  A  better 
allocation  of  domestic  revenues  in  developing  countries  is  also  needed.  This  calls 
inter alia for fair, effective and efficient tax systems, as well as a strong commitment 
to  address  harmful  tax  practices  and  tax  evasion,  and  to  promote  transparency  and 
cooperation  at  the  international  level.  Climate  financing  is  obviously  another  key 
new area where the need to ensure its coherence with development objectives should 
be  a  political  priority.  For  the  future,  the  inclusion  of  a  legal  basis  for  policy 
coherence  work  in  the  Lisbon  Treaty  confirms  its  place  in  EU  development 
policy. But  PCD  is  a  very  political  agenda  that  needs  the  active  participation  and 
support  of  politicians,  policymakers  and  civil  society  over  the  coming  decade. 
Development  assistance  will  remain  at  the  core  of  EU  support  to  developing 
countries. But it will need to be complemented by work to enhance the coherence of 
all relevant EU policies with development objectives in order to make an additional 
contribution to development. 

1.5.  Mainstreaming of cross-cutting issues 

The  European  Commission  is  committed  to  mainstreaming  certain  cross-cutting 
issues  as  agreed  in  the  European  Consensus  on  Development.  They  include  the 
promotion of human rights, gender equality, democracy, good governance, children's 

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rights  and  the  rights  of  indigenous  peoples,  environmental  sustainability  and 
combating HIV/AIDS. These issues are objectives in themselves which are promoted 
and supported in their own right through projects and programmes. At the same time, 
they  are  vital  factors  in  strengthening  the impact  and  sustainability  of  development 
cooperation.  

Democracy and good governance 

Governance  lies  at  the  heart  of  the  Commission's  cooperation  strategies  with  third 
countries  and  as  such  is  a  recurrent  subject  in  its  policy  dialogue  with  them.  The 
Commission  has  adopted  a  broad  approach  to  governance,  putting  the  emphasis  on 
the  state's  ability  to  serve  the  citizen.  Participation,  inclusion,  transparency, 
accountability  and  anti-corruption  measures  are  essential  principles  of  the  EU 
approach. 

Governance  is  crucial  for  improving  the  investment  climate  and  public  finance 
management and reducing corruption. There is a need to improve good governance 
in the tax area13 and revenue collection for development, while strengthening checks 
and balances within and between institutions to improve domestic accountability, and 
contributing to political stability. Governance is also crucial for sector development 
and  outcomes,  and  thus  for  efficient  service  delivery.  While  recognising  that 
improving  democratic  governance  is  an  internal  process  in  each  country,  the 
Commission  is  determined  to  address  democratic  governance  both  as  a  specific 
policy area and as a cross-cutting issue concerning  all programmes and sectors. To 
that  end,  the  Commission  has  developed  together  with  the  European  Centre  for 
Development Policy Management and in close collaboration with interested Member 
States  a  reference  document  on  'Analysing  and  addressing  governance  in  sector 
operations'14  and  is  developing  staff  guidance  notes  on  sector  governance  in  a 
number  of  cooperation  areas,  such  as  infrastructure  development  and  trade-related 
assistance.  Some  Member  States  have  also  developed  their  own  methodologies. 
Since  the  publication  of  the  reference  document,  exchanges  are  also  taking  place 
with various donors (including Member States) on methodology and diffusion of the 
document. 

What does the Commission's approach to governance entail?  

First,  starting  from  reality.  Development  reforms  work  better  when  they  build  on 
what already exists in the domestic institutional structure. The Commission aims to 
avoid using standard models which assume that ready-made solutions and 'one size 
fits all' approaches will work.  

Second,  taking  a  transversal  and  holistic  approach.  Address  governance  issues  in 
various  sectors  (roads,  education,  health  etc)  and  identify  the  common  challenges 
across  sectors,  such  as  transparency  in  public  finance  management,  procurement 
efficiency, internal control systems, external audit function, etc.  

13 

14 

Antigua  and  Barbuda  committed  in  2009  to  adopt  and  implement  the  three  principles  of  good 
governance in the tax area, ie transparency, exchange of information and fair tax competition. 
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/infopoint/publications/europeaid/149a_en.htm 

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Third, including all stakeholders. The Commission is now increasingly approaching 
parliaments and other checks-and-balance organisations, a wide range of bodies and 
institutions  providing  basic  services  to  citizens,  non-state  actors  and  other 
stakeholders as partners for development. 

Fourth,  progressing  gradually.  Development  and  particularly  governance 
improvements  are  long-term  processes.  Change  must  come  from  within  and  the 
Commission aims to support partner countries' own efforts.  

Gender equality 

Gender equality is promoted in two ways: as a cross-cutting issue, and with gender 
specific  actions.  Taking  the  2007  Communication  on  gender  equality  as  a  starting 
point, the Commission and Member States have together worked towards an EU Plan 
of Action on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Development, which 
contains a series of activities and indicators to help accelerate the achievement of the 
MDGs and other international gender equality commitments. A joint EU approach to 
the  promotion  of  gender  equality  and  women's  empowerment  will  leverage  more 
progress  than  can  be  achieved  by  Member  States  and  the  Commission  acting 
separately.  

The  European  Union  continues  to  raise  gender  equality  and  women’s  rights  in 
political and human rights-related dialogues with partner countries on a regular basis. 
These  initiatives  are  now  framed  in  a  coherent  and  coordinated  way  in  the 
implementation  of  the  EU  guidelines  on  violence  against  women  and  girls  and 
combating all forms of discrimination against them15. 

Ministers of the 43 member states of the Union for the Mediterranean convened the 
second  Ministerial  conference  on  strengthening  the  role  of  women  in  society 
(Marrakesh, November 2009). The meeting reiterated the Union's commitment to the 
Istanbul  common  framework  of  action  (2006-2011).  The  European  Commission  is 
supporting the process launched by the ministerial conferences through the EuroMed 
gender  equality  programme.  A  call  for  proposals  on  "Strengthening  the  capacity  of 
non-state actors to promote women’s rights and gender equality" in 10 Mediterranean 
countries was launched in 2009 with a budget of €7.8 million. 

Women, peace and security are currently top of the international political agenda. In 
October 2009, the UN Security Council adopted two new resolutions (UNSCR 1888 
and 1889). The EU is currently implementing an ambitious comprehensive approach 
to the implementation of UNSCR 1325 and 1820. To raise awareness on these new 
developments and to brainstorm on how the EU could support the implementation of 
these resolutions, a workshop on gender, peace, security and development was held 
in  Brussels  in  September  2009.  The  EU  Member  States  and  the  Commission  also 
supported  the  international  colloquium  on  "Women's  empowerment,  leadership, 
development, international peace and security" (Liberia, 7-8 March 2009).  

Building  gender  capacity,  developing  methodological 
improving 
coordination and collaboration with the main actors in the area of gender is a priority. 
The  pioneering  online  course  on  gender  equality  and  aid  effectiveness  generated 

tools  and 

15 

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unprecedented  demand  from  government,  donor,  multilateral  and  civil  society 
organisation  representatives.  In  October  2009,  an  international  workshop  was 
organised by the EuropeAid Cooperation Office on poverty reduction and sexual and 
reproductive  health  and  rights  which  had  a  strong  focus  on  gender  equality  and 
women's empowerment and an emphasis on young people – of both sexes. 

Children' rights 

The  European  Commission's  joint  work  with  UNICEF  on  the  "Comprehensive 
toolkit to address children's rights in European development cooperation and external 
relations"  to  support  the  work  of  partner  countries,  delegations  and  other  relevant 
stakeholders  to  mainstream  children's  rights,  is  in  its  final  stage  of  preparation.  In 
2009, 10 projects addressing the issues of children affected by armed conflicted and 
of violence against children were shortlisted as a result of a call for proposals (from 
254  concept  notes  received).  Additionally,  and  under  the  same  instrument,  some 
delegations (e.g Haiti, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Ukraine, etc.) have 
selected projects targeting children's rights under the so-called country-based support 
schemes. 

Indigenous peoples, minorities and other vulnerable groups 

EuropeAid  organised  for  the  first  time  in  2009  a  regional  workshop  on  indigenous 
peoples, minorities and caste-based discrimination, focused on south and south-east 
Asia.  Participants  from  EU  Delegations  and  Member  States,  as  well  as  several 
external experts attended this workshop. 

The analysis of the international and national legal framework on indigenous peoples' 
and  minorities'  rights,  the  current  challenges  they  face,  the  particularly  vulnerable 
situation of Dalits, and the various EU strategies for response developed at country 
level  opened  up  new  opportunities  for  networking,  as  well  as  in  considering 
transnational or regional EU projects. 

Environment and climate change 

Climate  change  remained  at  the  top  of  the  Commission's  agenda,  with  numerous 
initiatives.  In  November,  the  Communication  on  Stepping  up  international  climate 
finance:  A  European  blueprint  for  the  Copenhagen  deal16  proposed  options  to 
generate adequate financial flows for developing countries in their efforts to adapt to 
and mitigate climate change.  

In addition, the Commission continued its efforts with a contribution on improving 
environmental  integration  in  development  cooperation17  in  April,  and  produced  a 
report  on  the  implementation  of  the  2001  environment  integration  strategy.  This 
highlighted  examples  of  better  integration  of  the  environment  into  development 
policy  in  areas  such  as  drafting  Country  Environmental  Profiles  (almost  complete 
coverage) or the commitment to undertake Strategic Environmental Assessments and 
the  publication  of  an  environment  integration  handbook.  In  June  2009,  the  Council 
invited  the  Commission  to  join  with  Member  States  on  environment  integration  to 

16 
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monitor  the  implementation  of  the  EU  approach,  and  to  prepare  an  ambitious  EU-
wide strategy, to be presented to the Council by late 2011. 

Work  on  methods  and  tools  culminated  in  the  finalisation  of  guidelines18  on 
addressing environment and climate change as cross-cutting issues. Efforts have been 
made  to  promote  harmonised  approaches  between  development  partners  on 
integrating  climate  change  mitigation  and  adaptation.  Rules  on  the  functioning  of 
EuropeAid quality support groups and standard documentation for the preparation of 
projects  were  revised  in  parallel,  inter  alia  to  strengthen  links  to  integration 
procedures.  

An  intensive  programme  of  training  seminars  to  strengthen  staff  capacities  was 
carried out in Brussels and partner countries. More than 400 people were involved in 
2009,  with  participants  from  the  EU  and  Member  State  development  agencies,  line 
ministries  and  government  agencies  in  partner  countries,  UN  agencies,  the  World 
Bank, the International Monetary Fund and other development partners such as non 
state  actors.  Awareness-raising lunchtime talks organised for Commission  staff and 
the wider public focused on climate change adaptation, mitigation and multiple wins, 
and disaster risk reduction.  

is  developing  a 
In  collaboration  with  Member  States, 
methodological  tool  to  help  assess,  establish  and  implement  a  programme-based 
approach in the environment and natural resources sector. It also launched a study on 
environmental fiscal reform with a view to promoting green taxation and budgeting 
concepts.  

the  Commission 

In  2010,  the  Commission  will  continue  work  initiated  in  April  2009  under  the 
backbone  strategy  for  technical  cooperation  reform  by  providing  capacity  for 
development19 training sessions, open to all development actors. The Global Climate 
Change Alliance support facility launched in November will further promote climate 
change mainstreaming in developing countries by providing support, holding events 
and conducting studies. For further details (cid:198) 2.3.10 

1.6. 

Aid effectiveness 

Since  the  adoption  of  the  Accra  Agenda  for  Action  (AAA)  in  Ghana  in  September 
2008, the internationally-agreed aid effectiveness agenda has entered a critical phase. 
Donors and partner countries need to demonstrate that by 2010 they will achieve the 
objectives set out in the Paris Declaration of 2005 and reaffirmed in Accra. The next 
High-Level  Forum  scheduled  for  2011  in  Seoul,  will  reveal  the  extent  to  which 
international  aid  has  indeed  become  more  effective  as  measured  by  greater 
ownership by partner countries and by being more focused, harmonised, transparent, 
predictable, accountable and by producing tangible results. 

In  this  context,  the  focus  in  2009  was  on  implementation.  The  European 
Commission's  commitment  to  the  aid  effectiveness  agenda  moved  forward  at  three 
levels: 

18 
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–  As a donor, the Commission implemented EU commitments to aid effectiveness 
via  its  own  €8  billion  annual  developm ent  assistance  programme  which  it 
implements through the EU Delegations across the world. 

–  At  EU  level,  the  Commission  promoted  collective  action  by  developing  and 
implementing  a  common  aid  effectiveness  strategy  for  the  27  Member  States. 
Between them, the Commission and the Member States account for more than half 
of global aid.  

–  The  Commission  played  an  active  part  in  aid  effectiveness  processes  at 

international level. 

The Commission as a donor 

In  April  2009,  the  Commission  adopted  an  Action  Plan20  to  promote  aid 
effectiveness  as  a  donor  and  to  assess  and  monitor  the  progress  made  in 
implementing the AAA at both headquarters and delegation level. The plan focuses 
on concrete actions in five priority areas: use of country systems including capacity 
building, division of labour, untied aid, changed conditionality and predictability and 
transparency.  In  addition,  it  covers  three  specific  themes:  countries  in  fragile 
situations, gender and non-state actors. The activities set out in the Action Plan are 
furthered  by  coordination  and  dissemination  exercises  such  as  coordinating 
headquarters  and  Delegation  level  aid  effectiveness  networks,  internet  and  intranet 
web  pages  on  aid  effectiveness,  awareness  raising  through  regional  seminars,  and 
guidance on specific issues. Significant emphasis was also put on developing training 
modules  on  aid  effectiveness  and  division  of  labour  for  headquarters  and 
Delegations. 

The  Action  Plan  was  monitored  in  mid-2009  to  take  stock  of  the  progress  already 
achieved  and  to  identify  further  actions  needed  in  2010  to  accelerate  progress  and 
demonstrate concrete results in time for the Fourth High-Level Forum. 

On the division of labour between the Commission and Member States,  substantial 
progress was made in 2009 to enhance coordination among donors at country level 
through  delegated  cooperation/co-financing.  In  December  2009,  there  were  48 
delegation agreements (from the Commission to a Member State) under preparation 
or signed for a total of €242.7 million, An example of these is the €5.8 million to be 
für  Technische 
delegated  by 
Zusammenarbeit (GTZ, Germany) to reform the justice sector in Zambia. In parallel, 
17  transfer  agreements  (from  a  Member  State  to  the  Commission)  for  a  total  of 
€123.3 million were in the pipeline or signed,  along the lines of the €13 million to be 
transferred  by  the  Department  for  International  Development  (DfID,  UK)  to  the 
Commission for a school sector reform programme. For further details (cid:198) 5.5  

to  Deutsche  Gesellschaft 

the  Commission 

Progress was also made in other areas. The Commission increased the use of country 
systems  through  new  mechanisms  such  as  decentralised  management  and  by 
promoting  an  extensive  and  innovative  use  of  budget  support,  and  has  pursued  the 
reform of its technical cooperation with the aim of improving quality. 

The  year  2009  was  important  as  the  mid-term  review  (MTR)  of  country  strategy 
papers  and  multi-annual  programme  documents  financed  under  EU  development 

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assistance  (DCI)  and  the  European  Neighbourhood  Partnership  Instrument  (ENPI) 
was  taking  place.  At  the  same  time,  the  MTR  exercise  for  the  10th  European 
Development Fund (EDF) began. Aid effectiveness principles were integrated in the 
guidelines  of  these  reviews.  The  processes  for  accelerating  effectiveness  of  EU  aid 
were set up/reinforced in 2009 with the preparation of a set of 10 high-impact actions 
to be implemented in 2010 in three priority areas consistent with the AAA and the 
EU's 2009 operational framework: 

–  Use of country systems 
–  Division of labour 
–  Better quality technical cooperation, inter alia by reducing the number of parallel 

project implementation units (PIUs). 

The EU level 

The  2009  'Spring  package'  accompanying  the  Commission  Communication  on 
Supporting  developing  countries  in  coping  with  the  crisis  included  a  Commission 
staff  working  paper  "Aid  effectiveness  after  Accra.  Where  does  the  EU  stand?"21, 
based  on  the  results  of  the  annual  Monterrey  questionnaire.  The  paper  focused  on 
four key areas to which the EU committed itself in the Council conclusions of May 
2008 and in the EU Guidelines for Accra: division of labour, use of country systems, 
predictability  of  aid  and  mutual  accountability  for  results, 
less 
conditionality.  The  paper  pointed  out  several  cases  where  EU  donors  were  able  to 
benefit  from  joint  action,  such  as  using  the  Commission  backbone  strategy  on 
technical cooperation to align and harmonise aid or utilising existing guidance from 
Member States on promoting programme-based approaches and country systems. On 
the  basis  of  these  results,  the  Council  requested  proposals  for  an  operational 
framework on aid effectiveness. 

including 

The EU Operational Framework22, adopted in November 2009, consists of thematic 
chapters on common, harmonised approaches for the EU and the Member States and 
a set of measures to be implemented individually and jointly by EU donors. The aim 
of the framework is to facilitate concrete progress and capitalise on the added value 
of the EU working together. New thematic chapters can be added to the framework 
in  the  future.  The  first  three  chapters  concerned  division  of  labour,  use  of  country 
systems and technical cooperation. 

To  promote  division  of  labour  among  donors  and  reduce  aid  fragmentation,  the 
framework  institutionalised  the  Fast  Track  Initiative  on  division  of  labour  (FTI-
DoL).  Within  the  FTI,  a  Member  State  or  the  Commission  has  taken  the  lead  to 
facilitate  and  promote  division  of  labour  in  a  particular  partner  country.  The 
Commission  is  lead  facilitator  in  five  countries:  Ethiopia,  Tanzania,  Vietnam, 
Bangladesh  and  Nicaragua  and  supporting  facilitator  in  12  others:  Benin,  Bolivia, 
Burundi,  Cambodia,  Central  African  Republic,  Ghana,  Haiti,  Lao  PDR,  Malawi, 
Mali, Mozambique and Zambia. 

Under  the  framework,  the  roles  of  facilitators  on  the  ground  were  clarified  and 
guidance  for  promoting  division  of  labour  arrangements  was  provided.  The 

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framework also launched a process of agreeing on joint programming by EU donors 
in a number of partner countries to be defined in 2010.  

In 2008 and 2009, the Fast-Track Initiative, thanks to a strong German contribution, 
underwent  its  first  two  rounds  of  monitoring.  The  latest  monitoring  included 
responses from EU donors in 28 developing countries. The results show that progress 
varies  significantly  from  country  to  country.  Good  performers  in  implementing  the 
division of labour can be found in all regions, but especially in eastern and southern 
Africa. Overall the last monitoring showed an encouraging momentum in preparing 
division  of  labour  through  donor  mapping,  lead  donor  arrangements  and  increased 
reprogramming.  However,  guaranteeing  commitment  and  ownership  by  partner 
countries  and  the  reluctance  of  donors  to  shift  sector  focus  often  pose  challenges. 
Further progress is needed to encourage local ownership, since it appears that partner 
governments play and active role in fewer than 30% of cases. 

On  the  use  of  country  systems,  EU  donors  agreed  on  a  common  approach  to 
implement  the  Accra  commitment,  using  the  partner  countries'  own  systems  as  the 
first option. This includes undertaking reviews of internal arrangements, agreeing on 
joint  assessments  for  the  use  of  country  systems  and  promoting  use  of  country 
systems irrespective of the aid modality used. 

The  EU  approach  on  technical  cooperation  builds  to  a  large  extent  on  the 
Commission  Backbone  Strategy  on  Technical  Cooperation.  Its  key  elements  are 
ownership  and  leadership  by  partner  countries,  a  demand-led  approach  where 
technical  cooperation  is  not  provided  by  default,  results  orientation  and  a  focus  on 
capacity development. 

The  Council  also  agreed  that  the  annual  Monterrey  report  would  be  used  as  a 
monitoring  mechanism  for  the  operational  framework,  while  avoiding  unnecessary 
duplication  with  the  Paris  Declaration  monitoring  exercise.  Finally  the  Council 
agreed  that  future  chapters  of  the  framework  could  include  issues  such  as  mutual 
accountability,  predictability  of  aid,  cross-country  division  of  labour,  vertical  funds 
and global initiatives and incentives for aid effectiveness. 

Based on a decision from the Council, an Experts Working Group was established to 
analyse  the  additionality  of  grants  in  the  framework  of  blending  mechanisms23  for 
external  assistance.  The  final  report  of  the  group  is  an  example  of  enhanced 
cooperation  between  the  Commission,  Member  states,  IFIs  and  Member  States' 
bilateral finance institutions or development agencies. 

International level 

The Commission continues to promote aid effectiveness within various international 
fora.  The  Working  Party  on  Aid  Effectiveness  (WP-EFF),  hosted  by  OECD-DAC 
(Development Assistance Committee), was instrumental in preparing the Third High-
Level  Forum  and  remains  the  main  forum  for  the  international  dialogue  on  aid 
effectiveness.  In  March  2009,  the  appointment  of  the  Director-General  of  the 

23 

In  general  terms,  loan  grant  blending  arrangements  combine  flows  with  different  financial  terms  and 
characteristics  (such  as  grants,  loans  and  guarantees)  to  gain  leverage  (financial  or  quantitative)  and 
thereby increase impact. 

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EuropeAid  Cooperation  Office  in  his  personal  capacity  as  co-Chair  of  the  OECD 
Working  Party  on  Aid  Effectiveness  provided  a  rare  opportunity  to  influence  the 
international aid effectiveness agenda by making tangible progress at country level. 
The  monitoring  of  the  Paris  Declaration  and  the  preparations  of  the  Fourth  High-
Level  Forum  in  Seoul  will  take  place  under  the  leadership  of  the  Working  Party. 
During  2009,  the  Commission  continued  active  participation  in  the  WP-EFF  and 
several Member States played key roles in its subsidiary bodies. The EU agreed and 
presented a common position on the renewed mandate and structure of the WP-EFF 
in  spring  2009,  with  regular  EU  coordination  in  advance  of  meetings.  The  EU  and 
the Commission have been in favour of a proactive role for the WP-EFF to support 
implementation  of  aid  effectiveness  at  country  level.  The  co-chairs  of  the  working 
party have since launched  an initiative  to engage with partner countries that  see an 
added value in WP-EFF involvement.  

In the next two years, the Commission faces three challenges: 
–  to make good progress in 2010 and meet aid effectiveness targets as a donor in its 

own right;  

–  to  monitor  Member  States'  progress  and  encourage  joint  EU  approaches  where 

these provide added value;  

–  to build strong unified EU positions, particularly in the run-up to the Fourth High-

Level Forum in Seoul. 

Delivering  on  these  challenges  will  require  time,  dedication,  prioritisation  and 
determined political will. 

For further details (cid:198) 1.4 & chapter 2 

Case study: Leading by example in Bangladesh 

Donor  coordination  in  Bangladesh  is  well  established,  with  government-led  coordination 
carried out through a joint cooperation strategy (JCS). Bangladesh is on the list of countries 
for  fast-tracking  division  of  labour  and  the  Commission  has  been  nominated  as  lead 
facilitator on the ground, with support from the Netherlands and the UK. The EU Member 
States  decided  to  lead  by  example,  by  putting  in  place  the  building  blocks  for  division  of 
labour  so  that  when  the  JCS  became  operational  it  would  serve  as  an  example  for  other 
donors to follow if they wished. 

In June 2009, with support from the Commission's country facilitation team in Brussels the 
EU  Delegation  in  Bangladesh  prepared  the  groundwork  and  led  the  DoL  implementation 
process. Staff from Member States, from government and from the Delegation was trained in 
aid  effectiveness  and  on  implementing  DoL,  using  the  Commission  toolkit.  A  series  of 
meetings  of  EU  heads  of  cooperation  were  organised  to  build  consensus.  They  agreed  an 
action  plan  for  implementing  division  of  labour  among  EU  Member  States  in  Bangladesh. 
The information was shared with government and the action plan is being implemented.  

1.7. 

Cooperation with international organisations 

•  United Nations 

The  EU  sees  the  UN  as  one  of  its  most  important  partners  in  the  field  of 
development. The EU-UN partnership is guided by the international policy agenda, 
in  particular  the  UN  Millennium  Declaration  and  the  Millennium  Development 
Goals.  Throughout  2009,  the  Commission  continued  its  contacts,  cooperation  and 
dialogue with the UN and its agencies, funds and programmes. This cooperation has 

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developed into a mutually beneficial partnership in policy, normative and operational 
terms with individual UN bodies and the UN system as a whole. These joint efforts 
have  resulted  in  saving  and  protecting  lives,  strengthening  governance,  protecting 
human  rights,  preventing  and  overcoming  crises  as  well  as  promoting  democracy, 
human development and sustainable livelihoods. 

The  Commission  has  continued  to  give  particular  attention  to  projecting  EU  policy 
priorities  and  values  in  the  UN  context.  This  goes  hand-in-hand  with  the 
Commission’s  increased  presence  and  input  in  policymaking  and  debates  at  UN 
institutional fora, conferences and conventions. UN reform remains a key priority for 
the Commission, which supports UN efforts to promote system-wide coherence and 
to increase UN effectiveness, including in its country-level operations. 

In 2009, as in previous years, the Commission actively participated, as an institution 
of  the  EU,  in  the  work  of  the  main  bodies  of  the  UN,  including  the  General 
Assembly  and  the  UN  Economic  and  Social  Council (ECOSOC).  The  Commission 
also  continued  its  policy  dialogue  with  UN  bodies.  Several  senior  meetings  took 
place in 2009 with UN agencies, funds and programmes (including UNODC, WFP, 
FAO,  UNEP,  etc.)  to  review  policy  priorities  and  technical  cooperation.  The 
Commission  also  participated  in  the  process  of  FAO  reform,  in  particular  of  the 
Committee on World Food Security. 

The  Commission  launched  concrete  European  action  in  spring  2009  to  support 
developing countries' efforts to deal with the adverse impacts of the global financial 
and economic crisis. This provided a solid basis for the EU contribution to the UN 
conference  on  the  financial  and  economic  crisis  and  its  impact  on  development24, 
which  took  place  in  June  2009  in  New  York.  The  conference  provided  an 
opportunity  for  all  UN  Member  States  to  voice  their  opinion  and  agreed  on  an 
outcome  document  by  consensus  avoiding  a  potential  north-south  clash.  The 
outcome  appropriately  highlighted  the  role  of  the  UN  in  the  global  response  to  the 
crisis  and  in  governance,  particularly  as  regards  development.  The  EU  has  since 
worked together with partners in the General Assembly and ECOSOC to follow up 
the decisions taken by the conference. 

Climate change was an important issue at the UN in 2009 culminating in the United 
Nations  Framework  Convention  on  Climate  Change  (UNFCCC)  climate  summit  in 
Copenhagen25,  where  Heads  of  State  and  Government  negotiated  the  Copenhagen 
Accord,  an  important  step  forward  on  the  way  to  an  ambitious  legally  binding 
international climate agreement. 

Cooperation with the UN on peace and security issues progressed during 2009. The 
EU  and  UN  cooperated  closely  inter  alia  on  peacekeeping,  conflict  prevention  and 
peacebuilding.  The  EU  continued  to  provide  significant  support  for  long-term 
peacebuilding  and  stabilisation  in  countries  where  UN  peacekeeping  missions  are 
deployed.  The  EU  successfully  handed  over  responsibilities  from  EUFOR  to  the 
military force of the UN mission in Chad/Central African Republic (MINURCAT). 

24 
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http://www.un.org/ga/econcrisissummit/ 
15th Conference of the Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate change (COP 15) and 5th 
Conference of Parties serving as Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP5) 

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Joint work also took place on post-crisis needs assessments, mediation capacity and 
women in peace and security. 

Finally  in  November  2009,  the  Commission  actively  participated  in  the  world 
summit  on  food  security  at  the  FAO  in  Rome.  The  summit  declaration  includes 
commitments to: 

–  take  urgent  action  to  eradicate  hunger  and  reduce  the  proportion  and  number  of 

people suffering from hunger and malnutrition by half by 2015; 

–  reverse the decline in funding for agriculture, food security and rural development 

in developing countries; 

–  face the challenge of climate change to food security. 

•  International financial institutions 

Cooperation  between 
international  financial 
the  European  Commission  and 
institutions (IFIs) – especially the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and 
regional  development  banks  (RDBs)  –  remained  strong  in  2009.  The  EU  also 
provides  a  €25.8  billion  mandate  to  the  Eu ropean  Investment  Bank  (EIB),  which 
allows it to finance projects outside the Union supporting EU policies, backed by an 
EU guarantee. By the mandate decision which entered into force in July 200926, the 
EIB was requested to enhance its activity in support of the EU's development policy 
objectives.  The  mid-term  review  of  the  EIB  external  mandate  provides  an 
opportunity  to  increase  the  EIB's  role  in  development  cooperation.  In  addition  to 
cooperation on policy initiatives, the Commission continued its efforts to coordinate 
the European position within the IFIs.  

Enhancing the European voice within the IFIs and RDBs 

In March 2009, the Commission organised an annual visit to the EU institutions by 
the  European  Executive  Directors  of  the  World  Bank  (EU  Member  States 
Representatives). A similar visit was organised for EU representatives at the IMF. In 
addition, 
in  regular  coordination  meetings  of 
representatives  of  Member  States  on  the  boards  of  those  institutions.  At  the  World 
Bank, these coordination meetings resulted in around 30 European common positions 
on board agenda items in 2009. 

the  Commission  participated 

World  Bank  (WB),  International  Monetary  Fund  (IMF)  and  African  Development 
Bank (AfDB) 

The  WB,  IMF,  AfDB  and  the  Commission  cooperated  on  crucial  policy  initiatives 
including financial instruments to mitigate the effects on the financial crisis (eg with 
the  WB  and  the  IMF  on  the  V-FLEX  instrument  to  ensure  that  financial  resources 
really  reached  developing  countries,  particularly  the  poorest  ones).  On  debt 
sustainability,  the  Commission  decided  to  support  the  Debt  Management  Facility 
(DMF)  managed  by  the  WB  in  order  to  enhance  the  capacities  of  eligible  Heavily 
Indebted  Poor  Countries  (HIPC)  to  sustainably  manage  their  debt  in  the  future.  In 

26 

Decision No 633/2009/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council.  

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addition,  the  EU  and  IFIs  also  aligned  their  policies  on  other  important  issues 
including  water,  food  security,  fragile  states,  post-crisis  exit  strategies,  climate 
change,  vulnerability  assessments  and  assessment  of  investment  climate.  In  2009, 
governance reform and capital increases were high on the agenda of the WB, IMF, 
G20, G8 and other international fora. The Commission presented its response to the 
crisis,  called  on  partners  to  reaffirm  their  existing  commitments,  pleaded  for  close 
international  cooperation  to  mitigate  the  effects  of  the  crisis  and  advocated  the 
rebalancing  of  voting  share  to  strengthen  developing  and  transition  countries  and 
thus preserve the WB's legitimacy and effectiveness. 

The  tripartite  partnership  on  Africa  between  the  World  Bank,  the  African 
Development  Bank  and  the  European  Commission  continued  on  three  key  sectors: 
budget  support  and  public  finance  management  (PFM);  managing  for  results;  and 
infrastructure.  Results  included:  a  tripartite  statement  on  infrastructure  which  was 
widely distributed (G8, Regional Economic Communities, etc), a common approach 
paper  on  budget  support  in  fragile  states,  dialogue  on  country  and  sector  level 
indicators,  the  preparation  of  a  joint  questionnaire  on  budget  support  and  donor 
coordination to strengthen statistical capacity in pilot countries. 

The African Development Bank (AfDB) 

The Commission maintained close ties with the AfDB including regular meetings by 
Development Commissioner Karel De Gucht and his predecessor Louis Michel with 
AfDB  President  Donald  Kaberuka  and  senior  colleagues.  The  Commission  also 
continued  financial  support  to  the  AfDB's  annual  publication  of  the  African 
Economic Outlook. 

•  OECD 

Cooperation  with  the  OECD  on  development  issues  continued  to  be  close  in  2009. 
The Commission participated in a reflection group preparing a new mandate for the 
Development Assistance Committee for the years to come and took an active role in 
the implementation of the recommendations of this group. At the annual high-level 
meeting of the DAC, the Commission expressed concern at the increasingly negative 
impact  of  the  economic  crisis  on  developing  countries  and  called  for  further 
reflection on a new paradigm for development finance. The Commission participated 
at Commissioner level in an annual OECD event (so-called Tidewater Conference), 
which  advanced  the  current  debates  on  development  goals,  finance  and  policy 
coherence. 

For further details (cid:198) 5.5 

1.8. 

Cooperation with non-state actors and local authorities 

In 2009, the Commission implemented the first stages of the strategy defined in its 
October 2008 Communication on Local authorities: actors for development27.  

As  proposed  in  the  Communication,  measures  were  taken  to  develop  an  atlas  of 
decentralised cooperation. This tool was to be online and hosted by the Committee of 

27 

COM2008(626) final of 8.10.2008 

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the  Regions  during  the  first  quarter  of  2010.  In  the  same  vein,  the  first  steps  were 
taken to create a portal of decentralised cooperation, to be operational in mid-2010. 
This tool, also hosted by the Committee of the Regions, would be the entry point for 
European local authorities working in the field of development cooperation. 

The  first  "Assizes  of  decentralised  cooperation"  attended  by  more  than  300 
representatives of local authorities from the EU and developing countries was held in 
Brussels  in  December  2009.  The  meeting  looked  at  how  local  and  regional 
authorities in the EU can improve their development cooperation with counterparts in 
the developing world, including discussions on particular policy sectors such as aid 
efficiency, governance, energy and health. 

The platform of dialogue for local authorities involved in development was also set 
up in 2009. Three regional seminars for local authorities will be organised in 2010. 

Throughout 2009, cooperation with non-state actors continued, both in terms of their 
involvement in defining development strategies (particularly the mid-term review of 
the 10th EDF and budget instruments) and their role as implementers of development 
policy actions.  

Besides  the  regular  in-country  consultations,  led  by  EU  Delegations  on  specific 
geographic and thematic field operations, a substantial dialogue with non-state actors 
and  local  authorities  has  been  ongoing  at  headquarters  level  on  several  key  policy 
issues. These include aid effectiveness, policy coherence for development, financing, 
the Joint EU-Africa Strategy and climate change. In addition, three regional seminars 
took  place  with  non-state  actors  and  local  authorities  from  the  North  and  from  the 
South as well as with representatives of governments and parliaments on policy and 
operational  issues.  Engaging  with  non-state  actors  and  local  authorities  remains  a 
high  priority  in  EU  development  and  external  policy.  This  factor,  coupled  with  the 
impact of global events, EU institutional and policy changes and the changing nature 
of  non-state  actors  and  local  authorities,  indicates  a  need  to  streamline  further  the 
consultations between them and the Commission.  

To  this  end,  the  Commission  developed  a  structured  dialogue  in  late  2009,  to  be 
launched in March 2010, on the involvement of non-state actors and local authorities 
in  EU  external  and  development  policy.  It  will  continue  throughout  2010  and  will 
seek to reach a common understanding on the main outstanding issues related to the 
strategic  role  of  NSAs  and  local  authorities  in  the  EU's  development  activities  and 
increasing the effectiveness of their involvement.  

Besides these strengthened efforts to engage in regular dialogue with non-state actors 
and local authorities, the Commission has sought to refine further the tools mobilised 
to  support  these  actors  and  build  their  capacity.  Findings  and  recommendations 
stemming  from  evaluations,  studies  and  audits,  completed  during  2009  were  taken 
into  account.  Preparations  for  a  mapping  study  in  Latin  America  were  finalised, 
whereas  another  one  has  started  for  Asia.  In  both  cases,  the  idea  is  to  provide 
guidance on how to better identify the actors, their added-value, their strengths and 
weaknesses, the global context in which they operate and to integrate this knowledge 
into implementation strategies.  

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Finally,  it  is  important  to  underline  that  the  European  Development  Days  of  2009 
was the largest stakeholder event organised by the Commission and the largest public 
event of the Swedish Presidency.  

1.9. 

Cooperation with middle-income countries 

There  are  more  than  80  Middle  Income  Countries  (MICs).  They  account  for  about 
half the world’s population and are home to one third of people living on less then $2 
per  day.  They  cover  a  wide  income  range,  and  differing  paces  of  socio-economic 
growth.  Overall  however  they  are  characterised  by  big  internal  income  disparities 
and  widespread  social  exclusion.  For  these  reasons,  they  still  benefit  from  EU 
development  assistance.  On  the  other  hand,  their  size  and  level  of  economic 
development  mean  that  they  also  play  an  increasingly  central  role  as  partners  in 
tackling  global  issues  such  as  climate  change,  promoting  global  economic  growth, 
security, and others.  

The  goal  of  EU  assistance  to  the  MICs  is  to  enhance  sustainable  development  and 
poverty reduction in pursuit of the Millennium Development Goals. The EU uses a 
variety  of  financial  instruments  like  the  Development  Cooperation  Instrument  for 
Latin  America,  Asia  and  South  Africa,  and  the  European  Neighbourhood  Policy 
Instrument for east European and south Mediterranean countries.  

The present cooperation between the EU and Latin America acknowledges that all 17 
Latin  American  countries  are  recognised  as  MICs,  while  accepting  the  need  for  a 
differentiated approach that corresponds to the level of development of each country. 
For  the  Lower  Middle  Income  Countries  ($1 000-$3 700  GNI  per  capita), 
cooperation  concentrates  support  on  policies  aimed  at  reducing  poverty,  inequality 
and  exclusion.  This  cooperation  includes  the  use  of  budget  and  sector  support 
programmes, aimed mainly at social sectors and public management. Other countries 
benefit mostly from cooperation on the promotion of good governance, stability and 
institution  building.  For  Upper  Middle  Income  Countries  ($3 700-$11 500  GNI  per 
capita) more emphasis is placed on economic and trade cooperation, the promotion 
of sectoral dialogues and support for higher education. 

The  EU  makes  a  similar  distinction  in  its  assistance  to  Asian  countries.  Regional 
poverty  levels  have  diminished  throughout  the  last  decade  thanks  mainly  to  the 
continued economic growth of the largest Asian countries. Stimulus programmes in 
China,  Japan,  South  Korea  and  ASEAN  countries  managed  to  preserve  positive 
growth  rates  in  most  of  Asia.  Yet  a  large  number  of  people  working  in  export 
industries  remain  vulnerable,  because  western  markets  have  stagnated  during  the 
global  financial  crisis.  It  remains  to  be  seen  however  whether  these  stimulus 
programmes  created  sustainable  growth  or  mostly  contributed  to  new  speculative 
bubbles through excess liquidity.  

The Asian countries which are less integrated into world markets have weathered the 
global crisis of 2008-2009 surprisingly well, and many have benefited from a decline 
in  the  price  of  food,  raw  material  and  energy.  In  countries  with  high  population 
growth, like Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines and Nepal, however, their limited 
economic  expansion  was  fully  offset  by  the  unsustainable  increase  in  population 
numbers. 

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With  regard  to  South  Africa,  high  levels  of  poverty  and  inequality  persist.  EU 
cooperation is focused on employment creation and capacity development for service 
delivery  and  social  cohesion,  with  a  number  of  programmes  focusing  also  on 
governance as well as regional and pan-African support. 

All countries in the ENPI eastern region are now classified as MICs. While poverty 
in the region has been reduced, significant social inequalities and exclusion persist. 
Introducing  ENPI  and  increasing  assistance  in  the  form  of  sector  budget  support 
added to the efficiency of EU assistance. The southern Mediterranean region is also 
affected by poverty, and 2009 was marred in several areas by social unrest. In some 
countries with particularly high poverty levels, ENPI assistance focused accordingly 
on developing the basic social infrastructure. 

1.10. 

Sectoral policy developments 

•  Human development 

In  the  area  of  human  development,  health,  education  and  gender  equality  as  core 
MDG areas were the focus of attention in 2009, with extensive preparations carried 
out  by  the  Commission  through  policy  or  staff  working  documents  in  each  field. 
These  policies  will  inform  the  EU's  debate  on  MDGs  and  feed  into  the  EU 
contribution to the UN's MDG Review summit in September 2010.  

The report "Progress on the European programme for action to confront HIV/AIDS, 
Malaria  and  Tuberculosis  through  External  Action  (2007-2011)"  adopted  in  May 
200928  and  subsequent  Council  Conclusions  in  November29  call  for  stronger,  more 
effective and more concerted efforts by the Commission and EU Member States in 
confronting the three diseases. In this context, three EU action teams led by the UK, 
France  and  the  Commission  respectively  have  been  launched  to  foster  concerted 
action.  Based  on  consultation  with  Member  States  and  other  stakeholders,  the 
Commission will prepare a geographically comprehensive European programme for 
action  to  confront  HIV/AIDS,  malaria  and  tuberculosis  through  external  action  for 
2012 and beyond.  

As  a  board  member  of  the  Global  Fund  to  fight  AIDS,  Tuberculosis  and  Malaria 
(GFATM)  and  one  of  its  main  financial  contributors  (€872.5  million  from  2002  to 
2009),  the  Commission  continued  to  play  an  active  role,  advocating  better  internal 
and  external  coordination,  stronger  involvement  in  local  processes,  and  a  more 
aligned  and  harmonised  approach.  The  Commission  issued  guidelines  for  EU 
Delegations  on  GFATM  country  processes  and  on  their  involvement  in  these 
processes in consultation with Members States representations, as recommended by 
the European Court of Auditors. In October 2009, the Commission organised the first 
Commission-GFATM partnership meeting to discuss the outcomes of the evaluation 
of the GFATM.  

In  2009,  the  Commission,  together  with  Australia  and  the  UK,  was  elected  to 
represent  donors  in  the  new  management  board  of  the  International  Health 
Partnership (IHP) in which the Commission has been involved since its inception in 

28 
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2007.  This  partnership  aims  at  strengthening  health  systems  through  joint  work  at 
country level under one health plan, one budget and one monitoring framework. The 
Commission also became actively involved in 2009 in the governance of the Global 
Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation (GAVI), through its participation in GAVI's 
programme and policy committee. 

In  the  Education  for  All  (EFA)  –  Fast  Track  Initiative  (FTI),  the  Commission 
contributed  substantially  to  work  on  evaluation,  replenishment  and  optimisation  of 
the  Initiative's  fund  structure  and  operating  modalities.  The  Commission  as  a 
permanent member of the FTI board since July 2009 will reinforce the country focus 
of the initiative as a platform for better aid effectiveness and catering better for the 
needs  of  fragile  states.  In  June  2009,  the  Commission  was  elected  co-chair  with 
Indonesia of the International Task Force for Teachers for EFA. The task force is a 
voluntary  global  alliance  of  EFA  partners  working  to  address  teacher  needs  –  in 
terms of policies, capacities and financing – through cooperation, both South-South 
and North-South. The Commission secured funding to support, along with Germany, 
France, Norway and Indonesia, the task force's secretariat and its first two years of 
activities.  The  Commission  also  reinforced  contacts  with  the  Association  for  the 
Development  of  Education  in  Africa  to  promote  political  dialogue  in  education 
between donors and African partners. 

In  the  G8  framework,  the  Commission  participated  in  the  G8  experts  groups  in 
health  and  education.  Reports  of  the  groups  widened  the  scope  of  G8  concerns  on 
addressing system issues and comprehensive sector approaches and highlighting the 
need to focus on the most vulnerable.  

On  gender  equality,  the  EU  Member  States  and  the  Commission  supported  an 
international  colloquium  on  "Women's  empowerment,  leadership,  development, 
international peace and security" in Liberia in March 2009. The colloquium adopted 
the  "Monrovia  Declaration"  which  addresses  major 
the 
implementation of UN Security Council resolution 1325, women's representation in 
politics, climate change and migration. 

issues  such  as 

A set of actions and priorities were adopted at the second ministerial conference on 
gender  equality  within  the  Euro-Mediterranean  Partnership  which  took  place  in 
Morocco in November 2009.  

The Commission has been at the forefront of efforts to link the gender equality and 
aid effectiveness agendas. The Commission/UN Partnership on Gender Equality for 
Development  and  Peace  has  produced  significant  findings  on  aid  effectiveness  and 
gender equality in 12 pilot countries through mapping and supporting in-country and 
regional  capacities  to  link  the  two.  The  European  Commission  /  UNIFEM 
programme  on  integrating  gender-responsive  budgeting  into  the  aid  effectiveness 
agenda, has also been a valuable resource for generating knowledge in this area. 

In April 2009 in Brussels, the Commission organised an international colloquium on 
Culture and Creativity  as vectors for development. More than 800  people from 65 
ACP  and  EU  states  took  part  including  political  decision  makers,  senior  officials, 
artists  and  cultural  professionals,  as  well  as  representatives  of  civil  society  and  the 
media.  The  colloquium  resulted  in  a  “Brussels  Declaration”  with  recommendations 
to improve market access for cultural goods and services from the South, to improve 

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the  cultural  sector's  governance  in  developing  countries,  and  to  strengthen  the 
cultural  partnership  and  dialogue  with  the  EU.  The  colloquium  has  given  culture  a 
more prominent place in the Commission's development strategies.  

Specific  attention  to  culture  in  development  will  continue  in  2010,  particularly  on 
improving access to regional and international markets for the cultural industries of 
developing countries and on enforcing the cultural dimension of development at all 
levels of EU external cooperation. As a follow up to the recommendations adopted at 
the  Brussels  colloquium,  the  Spanish  Presidency  was  to  organise  an  international 
seminar on culture and development in May 2010, in Gerona, Spain in collaboration 
with the Commission.  

The Commission launched in 2009 a mid-term review of the thematic programme for 
human  and  social  development  "Investing  in  People".  The  review  process  will  be 
completed  in  2010  when  the  Commission  will  also  adopt  a  multiannual  indicative 
programme for 2011-2013.  

In  2010,  the  Commission  will  also  continue  to  be  actively  involved  in  the  Global 
Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, the International Health Partnership, 
the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, the Education for All Fast Track 
Initiative and the International Task Force for Teachers For EFA. 

•  Environment, climate change, natural resources 

The adoption of the Joint ACP-EU Declaration on Climate Change and Development 
by the ACP-EU Council of Ministers in May provided a constructive signal ahead of 
the Copenhagen climate conference of December 2009. At the same time, under the 
second  pillar  of  the  Global  Climate  Change  Alliance,  concrete  cooperation  on 
climate  adaptation  was  to  be  stepped  up  with  several  target  countries,  including 
Bangladesh,  Cambodia,  the  Maldives,  Mauritius,  Rwanda,  Senegal,  the  Seychelles, 
Tanzania, and Vanuatu. Together with the Swedish EU Presidency, the Commission 
prepared a paper on climate change and development30. The paper builds on the work 
of  the  International  Commission  on  Climate  Change  and  Development  and  the 
Commission  Communication  on  Stepping  up  international  climate  finance:  A 
European blueprint for the Copenhagen deal. The paper takes a mid-term and long-
term  perspective,  going  beyond  the  Copenhagen  Conference  (December  2009)  to 
highlight  the  importance  of  developing  policies  and  strategies  to  cope  with  the 
climate  change  challenge  in  the  most  vulnerable  developing  countries.  It  provides 
guidance  on  how  the  EU  can  best  support  adaptation  and  mitigation  in  those 
developing  countries  and  improve  its  development  cooperation  approaches  and 
practices. 

Adaptation to climate change and the move towards low-carbon growth will mean 
rethinking  development  strategies.  The  paper  draws  attention  to  the  principles, 
objectives and modalities as well as the required additional finance for encouraging 
donors  and  partner  countries  to  invest  effectively  and  sustainably  in  adapting  to 
climate  change,  while  moving  towards  low-carbon  development.  The  paper 
encourages  the  EU  and  its  Member  States  to  contribute  their  fair  share  of  public 

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financing  for  adaptation  and  mitigation  and  in  particular  to  fast-start  financing  to 
support a sound climate agreement. 

The  Council  adopted  its  Conclusions  on  Climate  Change  and  Development  on  17 
November  2009  providing  a  strong  development  signal  for  the  preparation  of  the 
Copenhagen Conference. 

In  line  with  its  commitment  to  pay  its  fair  share  of  climate  finance,  the  European 
Council of 10 December 2009 announced a contribution to fast-start climate funding 
of €2.4 billion annually for the years 2010  to 2012. This funding will include support 
for adaptation, mitigation including forestry, and capacity building. A sizeable share 
of these funds must go to the Least Developed Countries, Small Islands Developing 
States and Africa. 

One  important  dimension  to  increase  resilience  to  the  effects  of  climate  change  is 
disaster risk reduction (DRR). While natural disasters are not only climate or weather 
related, the incidence of climate-induced disasters has increased rapidly over the past 
decades.  After  broad  consultations  with  Member  States,  the  Commission's  services 
finalised a Communication in February 2009 on EU Strategy for supporting disaster 
risk reduction in developing countries31. The overall objective is to reduce the burden 
of disasters on the poor and the most vulnerable countries and population groups, by 
means of improved DRR. 

In the second part of 2009, the Commission began preparing the implementation plan 
for the Strategy, to be  ready by summer 2010. The Commission's services together 
with the ACP Secretariat also worked on the preparation of the implementation of the 
disaster  risk  reduction  component  of  the  10th  Intra-ACP  cooperation  (€180  million 
for the period 2008-2013), which will become operational during 2010. 

The  EU  continues  to  lead  global  efforts  in  combating  illegal  logging  through  the 
Forest  Law  Enforcement  and  Governance  (FLEGT)  Action  Plan  and  particularly 
through  the  development  of  targeted  bilateral  agreements  with  timber  producing 
countries known as FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs). 

The  first  bilateral  VPA  was  agreed  with  Ghana  in  September  2008  and  ratified  in 
November 2009. During 2009 negotiations were completed with Congo (Brazzaville) 
and Cameroon (ratification processes are underway). Negotiations are ongoing or in 
preparation with several other countries notably Central African Republic, Equatorial 
Guinea,  Gabon,  Indonesia,  Ivory  Coast,  Liberia,  Malaysia,  Madagascar  and  Sierra 
Leone. 

The FLEGT initiative helps to tackle illegal logging at source and strengthen those 
countries'  efforts  to  regulate  and  enforce  the  rule  of  law.  By  improving  forest 
governance, FLEGT also contributes to reducing deforestation, which in turn reduces 
emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 

•  Energy 

31 

COM(2009) 84 final 

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The EU is engaged in several major initiatives to support the provision of adequate, 
affordable and sustainable energy services in developing countries, most notably by 
means  of  the  EU  energy  initiative  for  poverty  eradication  and  sustainable 
development and the EU–Africa Energy Partnership.  

The  EU-Africa  Energy  Partnership  aims  to  mobilise  increased  financial,  technical 
and  human  resources  in  support  of  Africa's  energy  development,  scaling  up 
investments  in  energy  infrastructure  and  energy  interconnections  within  Africa  and 
between Africa and the EU. It includes promotion of improved management, and the 
mainstreaming of climate change into development cooperation. 

A number of African countries have chosen energy as a focal sector of their national 
indicative  programmes  under  the  10th  EDF.  Programmes  supported  include  rural 
electrification  in  Tanzania,  renewable  energy  in  Burundi  and  Burkina  Faso, 
improved electrification in Sierra Leone and hydropower in Guinea-Bissau.  

The  increased  role  of  energy  in  national  programmes  is  being  facilitated  by  the 
Partnership  Dialogue  Facility,  a  flexible  and  demand-driven  EU  programme.  The 
Global  Gas  Flaring  Initiative  (GGFI)  and  the  Global  Energy  Efficiency  and 
Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) are also being supported. 

At the regional level, the EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund (ITF) will receive an 
additional €200 million. The flow of new pr ojects will benefit from the Programme 
for Infrastructure Development in Africa initiated by the African Union Commission 
and implemented by the African Development Bank. 

The  ACP-EU  Energy  Facility,  which  targets  local  access  to  energy  and  focuses  on 
renewable  energy,  will  receive  a  further  €200  million,  plus   possible  Member  State 
contributions. The Energy Facility has supported more than 70 projects for increased 
access, reaching out to more than six million people. The new funding is expected to 
support projects in Sub-Saharan Africa aimed at increased access to modern energy 
services in rural and peri-urban areas, focusing on renewable sources of energy and 
energy efficiency. 

•  Research  

Following  the  Communication  adopted  in  200832  on  the  international  dimension  of 
the European Research Area,  a Strategic Forum for International S&T Cooperation 
was created in 2009. This high-level group, comprising representatives from Member 
States and the Commission, adopted a work programme for 2009-2010. 

Throughout the year, work continued within the framework of the S&T cooperation 
agreements  with  Egypt,  Morocco,  Tunisia  and  the  Ukraine  among  neighbourhood 
countries  as  well  as  with  Argentina,  Brazil,  Chile,  Mexico,  China,  India  and  South 
Africa. 

The EU's Seventh R&D Framework Programme (FP7) offers new opportunities for 
cooperation with research centres in neighbourhood countries who are not associated 
with FP7 through the ERA-WIDE call for proposals. This call, issued in July 2009, 

32 

COM/2008)588 final of 24 Sept 2008 

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offered  €7.5  million  of  EU  funding  for  propos als  to  cover  networking  activities, 
training  modules  and  development  of  research  centres.  It  is  expected  that  a  second 
ERA-WIDE call will be issued in 2010. 

Aggregate data as of December 2009 show that a total of 2 256 applications from 120 
third countries had been selected for EU funding under FP7 which runs from 2007 to 
2013. With approximately 500 successful participations, Africa (Sub-Sahara & North 
Africa) equalled the share of projects involving non-EU industrialised countries. Asia 
comes  close  behind  with  about  430  successful  participations  followed  by  Latin 
America with 330.  

For further details (cid:198) Chapter 2 

1.11.  Outlook 2010 

The global economic situation is starting to show signs of stabilisation. Confidence is 
increasing, thanks essentially to the strong performance of Asian economies, together 
with evidence of stabilisation and modest recovery elsewhere, including in a number 
of  EU  Member  States.  Forecasts  suggest  a  weak  recovery  in  2010,  followed  by  a 
return to stronger growth in 2011. But uncertainties and fragilities remain, with the 
employment and social situation expected to deteriorate further in 2010. The poorest 
countries  are  likely  to  lag  behind  in  the  recovery  process.  Throughout  2010,  the 
European  Commission  will  monitor  closely,  in  partnership  with  international 
institutions, the evolution of the socio-economic situation in its developing partners. 
Short-term support under the EU Food Facility and the V-FLEX will continue to help 
the most vulnerable cope with the effects of external economic shocks. 

Overall progress has been made over the last few years on various MDG targets and 
indicators.  However  this  progress  is  uneven  and  some  countries  and  regions, 
especially  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa,  have  fallen  behind.  Besides,  the  prospects  for 
sustained  progress  look  increasingly  bleak  because  of  the  global  economic  crisis, 
combined with the impact of climate change and the effects of previous food and fuel 
shocks. As a year when a number of intermediary MDG targets or milestones have 
been  set  for  MDG  targets  (EU  Agenda  for  Action  on  the  MDGs)  and  for  ODA 
(volume and aid effectiveness), 2010 will be the "year of accountability". In view of 
the  UN  High  Level  Plenary  meeting  on  MDGs  in  September  2010,  the  European 
Commission  proposes  a  comprehensive  approach  on  how  to  accelerate  progress 
towards  the  MDGs  by  2015  and  how  to  consolidate  the  gains  that  will  have  been 
achieved  in  order  to  make  them  sustainable.  Several  policy  initiatives,  including  a 
Communication  on  cooperating  with  developing  countries  on  promoting  good 
governance  in  tax  matters  and  a  review  of  thematic  policies  in  the  field  of  health, 
education, gender and food security, will feed the preparation of the EU position and 
proposals for the UN event. 

Looking at global partnerships, the Commission will strengthen its cooperation both 
with traditional donors and emerging powers. It will strengthen cooperation with the 
US  via  the  EU-US  dialogue  on  development,  which  was  re-launched  at  the 
November 2009 EU-US Summit, focusing on food security, climate change and the 
MDGs. It will also establish a dialogue on development with Japan as agreed at the 
May 2009 EU-Japan Summit. Closer cooperation will also be established with South 
Korea  as  it  increases  its  ODA  and  becomes  the  first  ex-aid  recipient  to  join  the 

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DAC. Following the November 2009 EU-China summit, the Commission will pursue 
efforts  to  implement  EU-China-Africa  trilateral  cooperation. The  Commission  will 
also  establish  a  work  programme  on  trilateral  cooperation  with  Brazil,  as  agreed  at 
the October 2009 summit. Finally, the newly established South African Development 
Partnership Agency should provide a platform for the Commission to engage South 
Africa in its enhanced development cooperation activity on the continent. 

After  the  Commission  obtained  a  negotiation  mandate  from  the  Council  for  the 
second revision of the Cotonou Agreement, negotiations were officially launched by 
the  Joint  Council  in  May  2009.  The  Commission  as  lead  negotiator  committed  to 
conclude them in March 2010. The signature of the Amending Agreement is foreseen 
at the Joint Council at the end of June 2010 in Ouagadougou.  

The highlight of 2010 will be the third Africa-EU Summit in November. Three years 
after  the  launch  of  the  Africa-EU  Strategic  Partnership  in  Lisbon,  European  and 
African  heads  of  state  and  government  will  review  progress  in  implementing  the 
joint  strategy,  and  discuss  the  continental  and  global  challenges  that  require 
enhanced cooperation between the two continents. Parliaments, civil society, private 
sector  and  other  interested  stakeholders  will  also  be  associated  with  this  high-level 
political event. 

On  environment  and  climate  change,  2010  will  be  marked  by  the  follow-up  to  the 
Copenhagen Conference. This includes implementing the EU commitment to provide 
€2.4 billion fast-start funding annually to  developing countries from 2010 to 2012 for 
adaptation to the adverse impacts of climate change, focusing on mitigation, capacity 
building,  and  technology  cooperation.  Adaptation  funding  goes  as  a  priority  to  the 
most vulnerable countries such as LDCs, small island states and Africa. Negotiations 
will continue in 2010 among international negotiators with the aim of concluding a 
legally-binding agreement as soon as possible and advancing towards the joint goal 
of  mobilising  $100  billion  by  2020.  Policy  dialogue  in  the  context  of  the  Global 
Climate  Change  Alliance  will  continue  with  the  aim  to  consolidate  a  shared  vision 
with  the  most  vulnerable  developing  countries  on  climate  change.  New  climate 
change  adaptation  projects  will  be  funded  under  the  GCCA  framework.  The 
Commission  will  also  support  climate  change  mitigation  policies  in  developing 
countries, initiatives to reduce emissions from deforestation and  forest  degradation, 
and  technology  cooperation.  These  initiatives  will  be  complemented  by  continued 
work  on  innovative  sources  of  funding  for  development,  including  for  climate 
change issues. To complement these efforts the Commission will implement the EU 
disaster risk reduction strategy adopted in 2009 and continue with the revision of its 
environmental integration strategy. 

Policy  Coherence  for  Development  will  stay  high  on  the  EU  agenda.  To  put  its 
commitments  into  practice  the  Commission  will  prepare  a  PCD  work  programme 
focussing  on  the  five  global  challenges:  trade  and  finance,  climate  change,  global 
food security, migration and security. This work programme will outline how the EU 
through all its relevant policies, processes and financial means is concretely going to 
address  each  issue.  The  PCD  work  programme  will  function  as  a  blueprint  for  the 
years  2010-2013  and  guide  efforts  to  make  EU  policies  more  coherent  with 
development objectives. 

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On the research front, the second European Report on Development, to be published 
by  the  end  of  2010,  will  look  at  inequality  and  social  protection  in  developing 
countries, with a specific focus on low income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan 
Africa. The need to build and/or reinforce social protection systems has mobilised a 
lot  of  political  attention  recently  at  country  and  international  level  because  of  the 
socio-economic impact of the financial and economic crisis.  

2. 

IMPLEMENTATION 

This chapter presents the EU's external assistance through six major implementation 
instruments:  

•  the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI),  
•  the European Development Fund (EDF),  
•  the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI), 
•  the European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), 
•  the Instrument for Stability (IfS), 
•  the Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation (INSC). 
A section of this chapter is dedicated to humanitarian assistance33. This report does 
not  cover  the  Instrument  for  Pre-Accession  (IPA)34  nor  the  Common  Foreign  and 
Security Policy35 (CFSP). 

The European Development Fund is the main source of financing for EU assistance 
to Sub-Saharan Africa (except South Africa), the Caribbean and the Pacific regions 
(ACP).  The  EDF  is  not  part  of  the  EU  budget.  External  assistance  to  other 
geographic  areas  and  the  thematic  programmes  are  financed  from  the  EU's  general 
budget. 

Some  figures  and  data  are  used  to  illustrate  this  chapter  but  detailed  financial 
information can be found in Chapter 6.  

2.1. 

European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 

2.1.1. 

Introduction 

The  European  Neighbourhood  Policy  (ENP)  offers  16  of  the  EU’s  southern  and 
eastern neighbours36 a possibility for closer political association, enhanced trade and 
economic integration, greater mobility and assistance in sectoral reforms. The aim of 
the  ENP,  as  set  up  in  its  strategic  documents37  is  to  build,  together  with  partner 
countries,  a  prosperous,  secure  and  stable  neighbourhood  on  the  basis  of  shared 

33 

34 

35 
36 

37 

the  IPA:  http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-

The European Commission's Humanitarian assistance is covered in more detail by the annual report on 
humanitarian aid 2009 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/media/publications/annual_reports_en.htm  
information  on 
For  more 
assistance/instrument-pre-accession_en.htm 
For more information on CFSP: http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/cfsp/intro/index.htm 
Algeria,  Armenia,  Azerbaijan,  Belarus,  Egypt,  Georgia,  Israel,  Jordan,  Lebanon,  Libya,  Moldova, 
Morocco, the occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, Tunisia and Ukraine. 
COM(2004) 373, COM(2006)726 and COM(2007) 774 as well as the ENPI Regulation (EC Regulation 
No 1638/2006). 

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values and common interests, promoting greater prosperity, stability and security for 
all parties.  

The  EU  has  concluded  Association  Agreements  (AA)  or  Partnership  and 
Cooperation Agreements (PCA) with most ENP countries (13 out of 16). In October 
2009, the EU invited Syria to sign an AA. Negotiations on a framework agreement 
with Libya progressed throughout the year. The EU also wishes to see Belarus take 
its  place  as  a  fully  fledged  participant  in  the  ENP  once  political  reforms  are 
implemented and basic freedoms effectively granted. 

With the eastern neighbours, following the substantial upgrade of relations within the 
newly  created  Eastern  Partnership  (EaP),  new  AAs  will  gradually  replace  existing 
PCAs.  The  negotiations  on  a  new  Association  Agreement  with  Ukraine  should  be 
finalised in 2010, while an ambitious association agenda, was already adopted at the 
end  of  2009.  Negotiations  on  an  AA  with  Moldova  are  also  underway  while  the 
negotiating directives with three South Caucasus countries are being discussed in the 
Council.  

The  EU  and  12  ENP  partners  have  jointly  agreed  ENP  Action  Plans  (or  similar 
documents)  with  ambitious  cooperation  objectives,  ranging  from  political  and 
security issues, to economics and trade, common environmental concerns, integration 
of  transport  and  energy  networks,  scientific  and  cultural  cooperation,  people-to-
people  activities  etc.  According  to  the  Commission's  Communication  on  the  ENP 
adopted in April 200938, significant progress was made in several key areas of ENP 
cooperation,  particularly  in  the  economic  field  despite  an  overall  difficult 
environment.  Nevertheless  the  pace  of  reforms  slowed  down,  particularly  in 
democratic reforms and human rights standards.  

The  distinct  relationship  between  the  EU  and  the  Russian  Federation  is  developed 
through the wide-ranging strategic partnership, different from the ENP, implemented 
through its four 'Common Spaces' and roadmaps.  

Four dimensions of EU-Russia cooperation 

1. The Common Economic Space, covering economic issues and the environment;  

2. The Common Space of Freedom, Security and Justice;  

3.  The  Common  Space  of  External  Security,  including  crisis  management  and non-
proliferation;  

4. The Common Space of Research and Education, including cultural aspects.  

http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/russia/common_spaces/index_en.htm 

The  negotiations  for  a  new  overall  EU-Russia  agreement  are  ongoing.  This  new 
agreement  will  provide  a  comprehensive  framework  for  bilateral  relations.  During 
the  EU-Russia  summit  in  Stockholm  in  November  2009,  the  financing  agreements 

38 

Commission Communication on the Implementation of the European Neighbourhood Policy in 2008 - 
COM(2009) 188/3. 

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for  five  cross-border  cooperation  programmes  on  the  common  EU-Russia  border 
were signed.  

Besides reinforcing bilateral relations through the neighbourhood policy, the EU also 
actively  promotes  regional  and  multilateral  cooperation  thought  initiatives  such  as 
the Union for the Mediterranean, the Eastern Partnership, the Black Sea Synergy, and 
the Northern Dimension.  

Activities  and meetings of the Union for  the  Mediterranean  (UfM) were  suspended 
after the January 2009 Gaza crisis. A gradual resumption of work took place during 
the second half of the year with meetings on economic and financial affairs, the role 
of women in society and sustainable development. The Commission earmarked €70 
million in 2009 for UfM project priorities – an environmental programme to help de-
pollute  the  Mediterranean,  the  launching  of  a  Mediterranean  solar  plan,  the 
development  of  a  concept  for  motorways  of  the  sea,  as  well  as  setting  up  a 
mechanism for coordination of civil protection authorities around the Mediterranean. 

Following  the  launch  of  the  Eastern  Partnership  (EaP)  in  Prague  in  May  2009,  the 
four  multilateral  thematic  platforms  were  the  object  of  several  meetings,  including 
one at ministerial level in December. The EaP Civil Society Forum was organised in 
Brussels in November 2009. The first EaP flagship  initiatives were launched at the 
end  of  2009  such  as  the  integrated  border  management  in  the  “Prevention  of, 
preparedness for, and response to natural and man-made disasters”. Other flagships 
will follow (e.g. the energy efficiency initiative). 

The  Black  Sea  Synergy  has  established  its  first  sector  partnerships  in  the  fields  of 
environment,  transport  and  energy.  The  Northern  Dimension  is  a  framework  for 
cooperation  between  the  EU,  Iceland,  Norway  and  Russia.  A  senior  officials  meeting 
was  held  in  Stockholm  in  November  2009,  establishing  further  partnerships  in  the 
areas of transportation and culture on top of the existing environmental partnership. 

The EU cooperation agenda with all ENP countries and Russia is funded through the 
European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI). The ENPI supports a 
wide  range  of  cooperation  activities  through  15  country  programmes,  three  multi-
country  programmes39,  and  its  cross-border  cooperation  component40.  It  also 
provides the bulk of EU financial support to the Palestinian Authority. In 2009, the 
ENPI programming documents were subject to a mid-term review process which led 
to the preparation of the new country and multi-country Indicative Programmes for 
the period 2011-2013.  

The  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  (NIF),  financed  under  the  ENPI  inter-
regional  programme,  reached  cruising  speed  in  2009.  During  2008-2009  the  NIF 
supported  25  projects  in  transport,  environment,  and  energy  as  well  as  social  and 
private sectors with NIF grants totalling €170 million. This helped to mobilise €7.35 
billion  of  investment  from  international financial  institutions.  For  further  details (cid:198) 
2.1.4 

39 

40 

Regional  East  supporting  the  Eastern  Partnership,  Regional  South  supporting  the  Union  for  the 
Mediterranean and the Inter-Regional. 
13 CBC programmes are adopted and their implementation ongoing. 

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2.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

In  Armenia  and  Azerbaijan,  where  full  EU  Delegations  were  opened  in  2008,  the 
deconcentration  process  was  completed  in  the  course  of  2009.  This  improves  the 
possibilities for donor coordination and aid effectiveness.  

In line with the spirit of the 2008 Paris Declaration, more than 50% of aid to Georgia 
has  been  channelled  through  country  systems.  The  EU  Delegation  in  Georgia  has 
been  coordinating  with  all  major  donors  to  harmonise  aid  delivery.  Following  the 
October 2008 donors' conference, a joint working group comprising the Commission, 
IMF,  WB  and  UN  agencies  was  established  in  2009  to  follow-up  on  post-conflict 
activities and to draw up a "joint needs assessment". The implementation of activities 
foreseen  in  this  document  has  been  the  object  of  regular  reports  from  the  WB  in 
collaboration with the EU and UN agencies. 

In  Moldova,  the  Commission  continued  to  be  an  active  player  concerning  donor 
coordination and aid effectiveness. The EU Delegation participated in relevant donor 
initiatives  and  held  the  vice-chair  in  the  social  donors  working  group  with  the 
Moldovan social minister during most of the year. It was also active in health sector 
coordination. Moreover the Delegation also participated in drawing up a new code of 
conduct for donors in Moldova, an initiative led by the United Nations. 

Concerning  Ukraine,  the  donor-government  working  group  mechanism  for  each 
main  sector,  established  as  part  of  Ukraine's  coordination  commitment  under  the 
Paris Declaration, was still in place throughout 2009. However, its functioning may 
have  been  occasionally  impaired  by  the  political  instability  in  the  country, 
particularly  in  the  second  half  of  2009.  The  cabinet-level  bureau  of  European  and 
Euro-Atlantic integration originally established to improve dialogue and coordination 
has  failed  to  meet  some  of  the  original  expectations.  In  the  framework  of  the  joint 
cooperation initiative for Crimea, the Commission and the Member States have been 
effectively  conducting  joint  missions  and  agreed  on  the  division  of  labour  for 
implementation of assistance.  

In  most  countries  of  the  ENPI  South  region,  only  a  limited  number  of  donors  are 
present.  A  notable  exception  is  the  occupied  Palestinian  territory,  where  many 
Member  States  are  active  and  where  considerable  Member  States'  funds  are 
channelled  through  the  PEGASE  instrument.  Donor  coordination  efforts  and  the 
promotion  of  aid  effectiveness  assume  therefore  particular  importance  there. 
Responding  to  this  particular  situation,  a  division  of  labour  has  been  established 
between  leading  donors,  along  with  agreed  sector  strategy  papers  to  guide  donors. 
The  preparation  of  an  EU  local  aid  coordination  vade  mecum  has  strengthened  EU 
coordination.  

In  most  other  countries  of  the  ENPI-South  region,  aid  coordination  takes  place 
through thematic groups, with the EU Delegation taking a leading coordination role 
in many of them. Thematic groups are established around such themes as economic 
and social development, governance etc. The ENP action plans are increasingly the 
object of coordination between Member States and the EU Delegations. 

One way in which funds are being channelled via country systems is through budget 
support  which  is  used  to  support  reforms  in  the  region.  This  modality  to  support 

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reforms is already in action in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine 
in  the  ENPI  East  region;  and  in  Egypt,  Jordan,  Morocco,  and  Tunisia,  in  the  ENPI 
South region. Discussions and analysis is ongoing with the aim of extending its use 
to additional countries, notably Algeria, Lebanon and Syria. 

2.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

The  UN's  MDG  Monitor41  shows  that  most  countries  in  the  EU's  southern 
neighbourhood  region  are  on  track  to  achieve  the  MDGs  by  2015.  Nevertheless 
major challenges remain particularly in the area of access to education (MDG 2) and 
literacy and gender (MDG 3). A large part of ENPI resources are devoted to social 
purposes.  In  Egypt,  Jordan  Morocco  and  Algeria,  inter  alia,  programmes  in  the 
education sector aim to increase the access of young people to primary education. In 
the area of health, reduction of child mortality and improvement of maternal health 
are key targets of EU support. Examples of cooperation in this sector include support 
for  health  sector  reforms  in  Algeria  and  Syria.  In  the  occupied  Palestinian  territory 
(oPt), the EU works to improve the quality of teaching via UNESCO and supports a 
general  fund  of  UNRWA  for  education,  health  and  social  protection  services  for 
Palestinian refugees. Through the PEGASE mechanism, disbursements are made to 
vulnerable  Palestinian  families,  targeting  particularly  maternal  health.  Examples  of 
efforts 
for 
improvement  of  waste-water  services  and  sanitation  in  Algeria,  Egypt  and  the  oPt, 
and  the  reduction  of  sanitary  risks  and  pollution  in  Tunisia.  Furthermore,  a  big 
number of programmes aim directly or indirectly at poverty reduction, such as those 
promoting local socio-economic development and activities of civil society to reduce 
poverty in Algeria. 

towards  environmental  sustainability 

include  support 

to  work 

In the eastern neighbourhood region too, continuous progress towards achieving the 
MDGs  can  also  be  observed.  In  Moldova,  a  new  social  assistance  system  was 
implemented  in  2009.  This  means  that  a  large  number  of  poor  Moldovan  citizens 
receive a cash-benefit support, which has an important anti-poverty effect, especially 
for  rural  families  with  many  children  and  for  the  elderly  urban  poor  (MDG  1).  In 
Armenia,  the  2007  sector  budget  support  programme  for  vocational  education  and 
training,  supporting  the  country's  poverty  reduction  strategy  and  boosting  job 
creation, was implemented. In Ukraine a major project focusing on gender equality 
(MDG  3)  and  children's  rights  was  successfully  implemented  in  2009,  along  with 
other  projects  addressing  environmental  stability  (MDG  7)  and  healthcare  issues 
(MDG 4-5). 

2.1.4. 

Implementation 

The  European  Neighbourhood  and  Partnership  Instrument  entered  its  third  year  in 
2009 and implementation is now well underway. From the 2009 EU budget, a total 
of €1.6 billion was committed for the EU’s  17 eastern and southern neighbours and 
the respective Annual Action Programmes (AAPs) were adopted for all of them.  

Budget  support  continues  to  be  an  important  modality  for  implementing  bilateral 
cooperation to support reforms in the ENPI region. It accounted for broadly 69% of 
all bilateral support in 2009. Total budget support commitments in 2009 for the ENPI 

41 

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region  amounted  to  €597 million  with  €355 million  committed  to  ENPI  South 
countries  and  €242 million  committed  to  ENPI  East  countries.  For  disbursements, 
totals  amounted  to  €371 million,  with   €257 million  going  to  ENPI  South  and 
€114 million to ENPI East countries.  

Dialogue  and  support  for  public  financial  management  (PMF)  reforms  continue 
across  the  region  with  the  public  expenditure  and  financial  accountability  (PEFA) 
diagnostic having been completed or started in 2009 in Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. 
Plans have been made to update the PEFA in Jordan, Georgia and Moldova and to 
undertake the process in Syria and Algeria.  

In the ENPI region most programmes are sector-based and aim to support reforms in 
health, education, vocational training and water, as well as the increasingly relevant 
sectors of transport, energy, justice and environment. All programmes are advancing 
well with delays in only two cases. In Ukraine, the first sector support on energy was 
held  up  due  mainly  to  the  difficult  implementation  of  the  Stand-By  Arrangement 
with  the  IMF  in  the  course  of  2009.  In  Azerbaijan,  the  delay  was  largely  due  to 
updated budgetary procedures and inter-ministerial coordination. These programmes 
contribute to a strengthening of the policy dialogue with partner countries, including 
in the area of public finances which is facilitated by the PEFA diagnostic tool. 

Regarding Armenia, the sector budget support programme on justice reform began in 
late 2009, focusing on five different areas including effectiveness and accessibility of 
justice. The programme aims at restoring the trust of the population in the courts and 
judges,  and  improving  the  quality  of  justice  in  the  country.  Further  support  was 
provided  through  the  ongoing  food  security  programme  which  aims  to  increase  the 
quality  of  the  child  care  protection  system  by,  among  others,  helping  parents  to 
nourish their children. Moreover, the Commission has supported the development of 
civil  society  and  NGOs  in  Armenia,  while  further  projects  focused  on  the 
environment, nuclear safety and migration. With the adoption of the AAP 2009 for 
Armenia,  support  went  to  vocational  education  and  training  and  institutional 
Twinning projects.  

In Azerbaijan, the 2007 sector programme on energy started after a delay (see above) 
in 2009 but several activities had been already implemented, especially in the areas 
of renewable energy and energy efficiency. This includes the setting up of an Agency 
for  Renewable  Energies  in  the  country.  The  AAP  2009  will  contribute  to  the 
development  of  agricultural  and  rural  areas.  After  only  one  year  of  Twinning 
operations,  Azerbaijan  has  already  an  extensive  range  of  Twinning  projects, 
including  six  ongoing  projects  on  trade,  agriculture,  justice  and  home  affairs,  with 
ten  others  ready  to  be  launched  in  2010.  These  projects  cover  a  broad  range  of 
sectors  agreed  in  the  Action  Plan  such  as  veterinary  control,  social  protection  and 
public  finance.  They  also  support  the  Ombudsman's  office  and  the  promotion  of 
rights of vulnerable women and children.  

With  the  adoption  of  the  AAP  2009  for  Belarus,  the  Commission  focuses  on 
improving the quality of infrastructure in the country and on norms and standards for 
food  safety.  The  budget  of  the  2009  AAP  was  increased  from  €5  million  to  €10 
million in response to the positive developments acknowledged by the Council of the 
European  Union  in  late  2008.  Assistance  to  Belarus  in  2009  included  support  to 
young Belarusians in higher education, especially those Belarusian students enrolled 

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at  the  European  Humanities  University  which,  for  political  reasons,  is  located  in 
Vilnius, Lithuania.  

In  Georgia,  sector  budget  support  continued  with  the  PFM  reform  programme  and 
with  support  to  the  justice  sector  and  to  food  security.  In  these  sectors,  positive 
developments in 2009 included improvements in the penal system as well as in the 
national  accounting  system  and  the  strengthening  of  the  revenue  service.  The 
Commission has also followed up its post-crisis 2008 pledge and supported measures 
in favour of internally displaced persons (IDPs). These included the construction of 
1 263  new  houses  (and  related  basic  services),  the  rehabilitation  (ongoing  or 
completed)  of  285  collective  centres  for  IDPs  and  of  water  supply  systems.  Three 
Twinning  projects  in  the  transport,  education  and  cultural  domains  have  been 
ongoing throughout 2009. The list of projects is growing, covering new sectors such 
as trade, environment and border control.  

Case study: Supporting tax administration reforms in Georgia  

For  more  than  five  years,  the  EU  has  contributed  to  the  dramatic  improvement  of  tax 
administration  in  Georgia.  Using  so-called  'fiscal  blueprints',  the  project  has  contributed  to 
aligning  the  Georgian  tax  administration  with  its  EU  counterparts  in  terms  of  overall 
management,  efficiency  and  transparency.  As  growth  in  Georgia  is  largely  dependant  on 
foreign  investment,  the  legislative  framework  for  corporate  taxes  was  streamlined  to 
facilitate  business  operations  for  foreign  companies  in  the  country.  The  project  has  also 
helped  to  develop  a  taxpayer  service  culture  within  the  tax  administration.  A  pocket  guide 
and  explanatory  leaflets  on  various  aspects  of  the  tax  code  are  regularly  published  in 
Georgian and English. In May 2009, a call centre for taxpayers was inaugurated.  

Independent surveys showed a significant increase in taxpayers' satisfaction with the revenue 
department's services. 

Concerning Moldova, programmes supported reforms in social assistance, health and 
water. For example, the connection of the Moldovan citizens to safe drinking water 
and  sanitation  infrastructure  was  improved  in  line  with  relevant  EU  standards.  On 
Twinning,  one  project  on  penal  reform  is  currently  ongoing  while  three  others 
projects were launched during 2009, addressing the areas of competition, intellectual 
property  rights  and  public  procurement.  In  the  AAP  2009  for  Moldova,  further 
support was foreseen for Twinning projects as well as projects in the water sector. 

In  the  case  of  Russia,  the  ENPI  cross-border  cooperation  (CBC)  programme  and 
bilateral  projects  within  the  agreed  four  common  spaces  were  the  main  areas  of 
financial cooperation in 2009. In higher education, support went to the development 
of the European Studies Institute and to the establishment of EU Centres to promote 
greater  knowledge  of  the  process  of  EU  integration.  Furthermore,  the  Tempus  and 
Erasmus Mundus instruments supported cooperation and exchanges. The Kaliningrad 
region remained a main focus of assistance and a major project started to assist the 
regional government with public administration reform. Moreover, support was also 
granted to the institution building partnership programme and through TAIEX. 

In  Ukraine,  policy  dialogue  was  further  enhanced  on  transport,  environment  and 
border  management  with  a  view  to  preparing  further  sector  reform  operations. 
Dialogue  on  a  sector-wide  approach  to  judiciary  reform  has  continued  with  formal 
endorsement from major stakeholders. Ukraine remains the front-runner in the region 

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for the number of Twinning projects, with 23 in different phases of implementation. 
The  AAP  2009  for  Ukraine  covers  support  for  the  implementation  of  an 
environmental and a transport strategy. 

In  the  Southern  ENPI  countries,  the  main  focus  was  on  economic  diversification 
and  support  for  investments  and  competitiveness,  as  well  as  reforms  in  health, 
education,  environment  and  public  administration.  A  substantial  proportion  of  this 
cooperation  took  the  form  of  sector  budget  support.  In  several  countries,  new 
resources  were  made  available  to  support  the  implementation  of  their  Association 
Agreement and Action Plans, mainly through Twinning projects.  

The EU stepped up support for young people in Algeria in 2009, by launching two 
projects  on  higher  education  and  employment.  In  particular,  these  projects  support 
the  government's  reform  strategies  in  tackling  unemployment  and  modernising 
Algeria's university system. In addition, the first two Twinning projects in the fields 
of finance and standards & norms were launched. 

Cooperation  with  Egypt  built  upon  earlier  support  for  the  health  sector,  with  an 
increased focus on better access to high-quality primary health care, in particular for 
the  poor,  covering  infrastructure,  accreditation  and  training  for  primary  health  care 
centres  and  staff.  The  EU  supports  the  Egyptian  rural  development  strategy  which 
seeks  to  raise  the  incomes  of  rural  farmers  while  focussing  upon  environmental 
sustainability. In Egypt, as well as in Tunisia and Jordan, the EU finances research, 
development and innovation. Egypt is one of the most active users in the region of 
the  Twinning  instrument,  with  13  projects  terminated  or  under  implementation  and 
about 20 in the pipeline. 

Case study: Helping children at risk in Egypt 

In Egypt, the Children at Risk programme aims to improve the lives of children identified as 
particularly vulnerable or marginalised by society such as street children, and children who 
are  working  or  disabled.  Girls  without  access  to  education  and  who  are  at  risk  of  female 
genital  mutilation  (FGM)  also  benefited  from  the  programme.  With  a  budget  of 
€19.9 million,  the  programme  was  successful  in   raising  awareness  of  FGM  and  disability, 
and  it  has  increased  the  capacity  of  participating  NGOs  to  deliver  services  to  children  in 
need.  It  also  led  to  improved  dialogue  between  government  ministries  and  the  non-
governmental sector involved in child protection issues. 

The Children at Risk programme also contributed to improvements to the Child Law and a 
national  campaign  to  combat  the  practice  of  female  genital  mutilation.  191  schools  were 
completed  and  equipped  to  provide  education  to  around  30  000  girls.  14  NGOs  and 
70 community  development  associations  now  offer  advice  and  support  to  vulnerable 
children.  In  addition  four reception  centres  have  been  created  to  provide  services  to  street 
children, who now have health insurance cards. Working children have also been withdrawn 
from hazardous occupations and have received vocational training.  

In  Israel,  the  focus  of  cooperation  was  on  promoting  the  approximation  of  Israeli 
norms and standards to those of the EU through the Twinning tool, with two projects 
underway in data protection and urban transport. Two further Twinning projects on 
equal  opportunities  and  veterinary  health  were  selected  and  implementation  will 
begin in 2010.  

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Support for Jordan focused on a broad programme to improve the match between the 
needs of the market and the professional training provided in the country. This was 
complemented  by  a  programme  to  train  professionals  and  study  technical  solutions 
for  the  production  of  renewable  energies.  The  implementation  of  the  Association 
Agreement continues to be supported through the Twinning instrument. 

During 2009, the EU supported Lebanese reform priorities, with special emphasis on 
trade,  education  and  public  finance.  Capacity  building  was  provided  to  the  public 
sector  and  civil  society  to  reinforce  the  protection  of  human  rights  and  democracy, 
and to improve the access of young Palestinian refugees to the labour market through 
academic studies at  Lebanese  higher education institutions. The ongoing de-mining 
efforts  were  supported.  In  2009,  Lebanese  administrations  resumed  Twinning 
operations,  with  one  new  project  in  the  area  of  VAT  initiated  and  another  to  be 
launched in 2010. 

In Libya, the EU remains active in the field of health and HIV/AIDS. The fifth phase 
of  the  Benghazi  action  plan  assists  the  Benghazi  hospital  in  providing  appropriate 
medical and psychological care to 400 children infected by HIV and their families. 
The EU also supports the development and implementation of a National HIV/AIDS 
Strategy in Libya.  

through  supporting 

The 2009 programme for Morocco focused on access to quality education, especially 
targeting  women  and  people  in  remote  rural  areas,  and  the  protection  of  the 
industrial  water  sanitation 
environment, 
infrastructures  and  reinforcing  the  related  institutional  framework.  In  line  with  the 
advanced  status  granted  to  Morocco,  this  country  is  very  active  in  the  use  of 
Twinning,  boosting 
law  (acquis 
communautaire) and standards.  

legal  approximation 

the  EU  body  of 

the  set-up  of 

to 

The  substantial  aid  provided  to  the  occupied  Palestinian  territory  (€517  million  in 
2009)  was  channelled  mainly  through  the  PEGASE  mechanism,  covering  the 
recurrent  expenditures  of  the  Palestinian  Authority,  as  well  as  technical  assistance 
and equipment in key sectors for the Palestinian Reform and Development Plan and 
public  infrastructure  development.  Included  in  this  assistance  was  the  re-launch  of 
private-sector  businesses  in  Gaza  following  the  destruction  caused  by  "Operation 
Cast  Lead".  Support  for  Palestinian  institutions  in  East  Jerusalem  was  increased, 
covering the health, education and social sectors. The Commission also continued to 
support UNRWA42. 

In Syria, support for the reform of the health sector continued, with an emphasis on 
the  establishment  of  a  health  insurance  scheme.  The  transition  to  a  social  market 
economy in Syria involves socially painful measures, and the EU is assisting Syria in 
the design of poverty alleviation and welfare policies to offset the negative effects. A 
programme  on  decentralisation  of  urban  development  to  municipalities  is  also 
promoting  social  cohesion  and  poverty  reduction  in  the  country.  In  2009,  Syria 
expressed  its  interest  in  the  Twinning  instrument,  which  will  probably  start 
developing in the years to come. 

42 

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As  concerns  Tunisia,  the  Commission  continued  its  support  for  the  creation  of  a 
competitive  and  innovative  economy  by  measures  including  the  development  of 
scientific research to foster business innovation and support for the education sector 
to  enhance  employability  of  young  people.  The  first  phase  of  the  programme 
supporting the implementation of the Association Agreement with the EU concluded 
with 19 Twinning projects, notably on trade-related issues. 

Regional cooperation including the inter-regional dimension 

ENPI  programmes  for  regional  cooperation  help  foster  dialogue  and  cooperation 
between countries on major issue of mutual interest. In 2009, more than 70 regional 
programmes  were  implemented  in  the  Neighbourhood  countries.  They  targeted  key 
priorities: political dialogue, economic integration, mobility, culture, climate change, 
energy,  transport,  youth,  gender  and  education.  In  the  field  of  local  governance,  a 
pilot interregional programme was launched in 2009: sustainable urban development, 
CIUDAD.  The  goal  is  to  help  local  governments  address  urban  development 
problems in a sustainable manner.  

The interregional dimension includes two institution-building instruments originally 
created for the process of EU enlargement: TAIEX43 and SIGMA44, complementing 
the  institutional  Twinning  instrument,  implemented  bilaterally.  They  are  now 
boosting  the  approximation  of  local  practices  with  relevant  EU  legislation  and 
standards.  The  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  (NIF)  is  one  of  the  tools 
introduced in the framework of the ENP to strengthen EU support for the economic 
development  of  its  neighbours.  The  NIF  combines  grants  with  loans  provided  by 
European  finance  institutions,  to  finance  big  infrastructure  projects  and  support  to 
small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The NIF has also proven to be a useful and 
successful tool to enhance cooperation among European finance institutions.  

Erasmus  Mundus  II  and  Tempus  IV  are  part  of  an  overall  strategy  for  promoting 
education  and  training  in  the  EU  partner  countries.  While  Tempus  IV  aims  at 
promoting  voluntary  convergence  with  EU  developments  in  the  field  of  higher 
education,  Erasmus  Mundus  provides  for  student  and  staff  mobility  amongst 
participating institutions.  

Regional  cooperation  with  the  Mediterranean  neighbours  in  2009  focused  on 
improving environment, water management and the use of renewable energy through 
reforms  and  infrastructure  investments.  Awareness-raising  is  also  a  key  component 
in these programmes. In the energy sector, issues such as energy market integration, 
renewable energy and energy efficiency remain key priorities. Support for the Euro-
Arab gas market project was extended and the contribution to the EuroMed Energy 
Regulators (MEDREG) organisation was increased.  

The  Commission  continued  to  support  programmes  that  enhance  the  efficiency  of 
transport  connections  and  networks  between  the  two  shores  of  the  Mediterranean. 
The launch of the "motorways of the sea" programme made a major contribution to 
this  objective.  Sea  transport  will  enhance  trade  between  the  EU  and  its 
Mediterranean neighbours. 

43 
44 

TAIEX, Technical Assistance and Information Exchange instrument. 
SIGMA, Support for Improvement in Governance and Management 

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Case study: Feasibility study for concentrated solar power plant (CSP) in Tunisia 

One  of  the  main  priorities  of  the  Union  for  the  Mediterranean  is  to  develop  sustainable 
sources of energy. Despite excellent natural conditions for the production of solar power in 
the region, solar energy projects suffer from limited access to finance due to the many risks 
and implicit high costs. For this reason, investments in CSP still need grant support in order 
to  become  financially  viable.  The  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  (NIF)  is  financing  a 
feasibility study to assess the pre-requirements and implications of a new 20 MW CSP plant 
in  Tunisia.  Subject  to  a  positive  outcome  of  the  study,  the  project,  with  an  estimated  total 
could be financed by loans from KfW, AFD 
cost of between €90 million and €120 million, 
and/or  the  EIB.  Fully  in  line  with  the  Mediterranean  Solar  Plan,  the  installation  of  a  CSP 
plant in Tunisia would not only supply additional energy to meet increased domestic demand 
but also help solar power become an export product to the EU. 

through  final  development  and 

In  the  economic  field,  the  Commission  also  finances  technical  assistance  to 
strengthen  FEMIP45  operations  in  the  Mediterranean  region.  A  key  operation 
financed  in  2009  is  the  identification  of  a  shortlist  of  "Hot  Spots"  that  will  receive 
they 
full  support 
significantly  contribute  to  reducing  pollution  in  the  region.  In  parallel,  the 
Commission continues to delegate the management of risk capital operations to the 
European  Investment  Bank,  with  the  objective  of  providing  the  private  sector  in 
beneficiary  countries  with  financial  instruments  not  available  on  local  markets. 
Operations  have  been  innovative,  as  for  example  a  local  currency  microfinance 
operation  in  Egypt  and  a  multi-sector  investment  fund  working  around  industry 
specific investments.  

implementation  because 

The human dimension is at the centre of continuous efforts in favour of civil society 
(TRESMED  programme),  youth  and  gender  equality.  Mutual  understanding  and 
dialogue  between  cultures  throughout  the  Mediterranean  region  is  also  enhanced 
through  efforts  to  develop  the  value  of  cultural  heritage.  The  12  projects  of  the 
Euromed  Heritage  IV  programme  aim  at  creating  new  opportunities  for  people’s 
awareness and recognition of their extraordinary common cultural heritage.  

Case study: Guardians of water 

The use of water is at the heart of Mediterranean civilisation, a living reminder of society’s 
relationship with its environment. Yet the heritage and tradition of water is under threat from 
economic development and demographic change. To face this threat, a project is working to 
mobilise  local  communities  through  activities  that  aim  to  restore  water's  heritage  and  raise 
awareness. Pilot schemes deal with mass tourism challenges (in Tunisia) or with urban water 
heritage (in Morocco). In Marrakesh, the scheme aims to involve inhabitants of the medina 
in  preserving  Turkish  baths  and  fountains,  with  a  ‘heritage  inventory’,  interactive 
workshops, renovation sites and an exhibition on the uses of water in the medina. This is also 
the  aim  of  a  series  of  educational  programmes  in  all  participating  countries  where  young 
people work on the ‘memories of water’, such as the traditional profession of water carrier, 
or traditional drainage systems. 

45 
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Facility for Euro-Mediterranean Investment and Partnership (FEMIP)  

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The  Middle  East  peace  process  projects  accompany  the  Partnership  for  Peace 
initiative through strong support to local and international civil society initiatives that 
promote peace, tolerance and non-violence. 

Cooperation  with  eastern  European  neighbours  continued  to  focus  on  common 
challenges  such  as  developing  regional  markets  and  infrastructure,  management  of 
cross-border  water  resources  and  the  fight  against  terrorism.  Regional  programmes 
reflect  priorities  defined  under  the  Baku  Initiative  for  energy  and  transport,  and 
tackle sustainable management of natural resources, as well as migration and border 
management.  

In  the  field  of  energy,  the  INOGATE  programme  remains  the  most  important 
vehicle. A new project to support energy market integration and sustainable energy 
was  launched  and  will  strengthen  links  between  the  countries'  energy  regulatory 
bodies.  

In  the  transport  sector,  TRACECA  (Transport  Corridor  Europe-Caucasus-Asia) 
launched five new projects in 2009. One will work on the logistic dimension of the 
transport  network.  Another  will  reinforce  efforts  to  reduce  marine  pollution  by 
focusing on safety and security of shipping in the Black and Caspian Seas.  

Regional  programmes  function  also  as  a  forum  for  dialogue,  bringing  partner 
countries together on shared concerns. Georgia, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine joined 
forces to combat environmental damage to the Black Sea as part of an environmental 
collaboration project. 

In support of the Eastern Partnership, the Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) 
financed  several  key initiatives in 2009. In the field of energy and energy security, 
the  NIF  co-finances  the  establishment  of  an  interconnection  between  the  electricity 
supply  systems  of  the  southern  Caucasus  countries,  Turkey  and  Europe.  The 
electricity transmission network reinforcement in Ukraine improves energy security 
and reliability while also contributing to regional integration in the field of energy.  

Case study: Power transmission network reinforcement project in Ukraine 

In  Ukraine,  where  most  high-voltage  networks  were  constructed  in  the  1960s,  their 
deterioration  has  resulted  in  a  general  decline  in  reliability  and  quality  of  electricity 
transmission. Approximately 40% of the equipment has been in service for more than twice 
its normal operating life. The national grid company, NEP Ukrenergo, is seeking to address 
the situation. The Neighbourhood Investment Facility (NIF) has therefore awarded a grant of 
€10  million  for  technical  assistance  supporting  several  key  investments  financed  by  loans 
from the EBRD and the EIB (€400 million each). At  a total cost of more than €1.1 billion, 
the reinforcement of the Ukrainian high voltage power network will focus on technical loss 
reduction,  overall  network  reliability  and  stability  improvement,  as  well  as  fulfilment  of 
requirements for full synchronisation of the whole Ukrainian power network operation with 
the rest of Europe. 

Cross-border cooperation overview 

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All  13  ENPI  cross-border  cooperation  (CBC)  programmes  which  were  adopted  by 
the  Commission  by  the  end  of  2008  have  now  become  operational46.  Financing 
agreements  have  been  signed  between  partner  countries  and  the  European 
Commission and the programmes have established their structures. In addition to the 
Baltic  Sea  region  programme, 
ten  programmes  (Romania/Ukraine/Moldova; 
Hungary/Slovakia/Romania/Ukraine;  Black  Sea  basin;  Mediterranean  Sea  basin; 
Italy/Tunisia;  Poland/Belarus/Ukraine;  Latvia/Lithuania/Belarus;  Kolarctic;  Karelia; 
South-East Finland – Russia) have launched their first calls for proposals. 

Seven  calls  have  already  been  closed  and  more  than  1  600  applications  have  been 
received for a total value of over €120 m illion. Most applications received concern 
economic  and  social  development  projects.  Indicative  actions  range  from  reduction 
of  water  pollution  and  sustainable  management  of  fisheries  resources  to  improving 
waste  management  and  developing  renewable  energy  sources.  Other  priorities, 
approximately  20%-30%,  focus  on  environment  and  people-to-people  cooperation. 
This will include educational, social, cultural and scientific cooperation between civil 
society  groups  on  both  sides  of  the  border.  Project  selection  is  ongoing,  with  the 
implementation of activities beginning in summer 2010.  

The most advanced programme, the Baltic Sea Region one, is ready to launch a third 
call. Several projects target sustainable urban and regional development to enhance 
the competitiveness of Baltic Sea cities and regions at European level. Other projects 
concentrate on fostering innovation and address internal and external accessibility in 
the Baltic Sea region. 

The  Regional  Capacity  Building  Initiative  (RCBI)  project  assists  potential 
beneficiaries  and  partners  to  participate  in  the  programmes,  an  effort  which  is 
bearing  fruit.  At  a  programme  level,  the  Interact  ENPI  supports  institutions  and 
bodies involved in the day-to-day management of the ENPI CBC programmes, such 
as joint monitoring committees, joint managing authorities or national contact points. 

2.1.5.  Results  

In Moldova, the provision of new medical equipment for 100 primary health clinics 
and the  refurbishment of several day-care centres for children and the  elderly  were 
carried  out  successfully  as  a  result  of  EU  funding.  In  the  case  of  Azerbaijan,  the 
Commission  successfully  supported  the  reform  of  the  social  protection  system.  In 
Georgia,  Commission  efforts  were  instrumental  in  providing  support  to  several 
thousand internally displaced people.  

In Algeria, support for civil society has strengthened the capacities of more than 130 
small  Algerian  associations  and  20  networks  of  associations  active  in  social 
development. In Egypt, support for the national strategic plan for education has led to 
a  reorganisation  of  the  education  system,  including  a  new  career  structure  for 
teachers, enhanced community participation, curricula  reform,  and increased access 
to pre-school education. Bilateral cooperation with Morocco helped support reforms 
in the key areas of education and energy. More than 300 000 people learned to read 

46 

The Baltic Sea Region Programme (BSR) was adopted already at the end of 2007.The two programmes 
Spain-Morocco and CBC Atlantic have not been submitted, hence not adopted. 

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in 2009, whereas the use of renewable energies, such as solar and wind power, were 
promoted through the creation of a dedicated state agency.  

EU  assistance  has  enabled  the  Palestinian  Authority  and  UNRWA  (responsible  for 
Palestine  refugees)  to  meet  their  obligations  to  the  Palestinian  people  in  terms  of 
access to health and education services and a basic level of social protection, as well 
as  preparing  the  ground  for  an  independent  Palestinian  state  as  part  of  the  Middle 
East peace process. 

In  Syria,  support  for  the  modernisation  of  the  municipal  administration  paved  the 
way  for  further  devolution  of  urban  development  to  municipalities  during  2009. 
Through  support  for  health  sector  modernisation,  the  basic  skills  were  created  to 
develop and better steer the national health system.  

Regarding results of inter-regional instruments, Libya and Syria introduced TAIEX 
in 2009. The TAIEX instrument is now available for all the countries covered by the 
ENPI.  In  the  case  of  Armenia,  Georgia  and  Israel,  the  designation  of  a  national 
contact  point  for  TAIEX  has  proved  useful  for  the  introduction  of  the  Twinning 
instrument as well as SIGMA operations. 

Internal market is the sector that attracts most TAIEX requests from partner countries 
(45%  of  the  total).  Energy,  transport,  environment,  and  justice  and  home  affairs 
account  for  20%  of  the  requests  each.  More  than  1 000  TAIEX  requests  were 
introduced  in  the  first  three  years  of  implementation  in  the  ENPI  region.  In  2009, 
about  5  000  experts  from  Neighbourhood  countries  and  Russia  participated  in 
TAIEX  actions.  Operational  activities  of  SIGMA  actually  started  in  early  2009.  So 
far,  more  than  50  SIGMA  actions  were  conducted  in  the  following  areas:  legal 
framework,  civil  service  and  justice,  financial  control  and  external  audit,  public 
procurement and policy-making. 

After  less  than  two  years  of  activity,  the  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  has 
already produced impressive results. The NIF operations approved in 2009 confirm 
its effectiveness. With grants of close to €100 million, the NIF leveraged operations 
in 2009 worth more than €7.3 billion in tota l. These covered important investments 
in the field of renewable energies (such as the establishment of a 200 MW wind farm 
in  the  Gulf  of  El  Zayt  in  Egypt),  and  water  and  sanitation  (such  as  a  wastewater 
treatment plant in Lebanon). 

2.1.6.  Monitoring 

The ENPI region is made up of the partner countries previously part of the MEDA 
(ENPI South) and Tacis (ENPI East) programmes. While these two regions are now 
grouped  together,  findings  nevertheless  still  make  a  distinction  between  South  and 
East when presenting qualitative results (like monitoring scores), on the ground that 
presenting  the  ENPI  region  as  a  homogenous  entity  would  be  misleading.  It  is 
interesting  to  note  that  the  projects  monitored  more  than  once  show  a  marked 
improvement  over  time,  suggesting  that  re-monitoring  is  useful  in  guiding  projects 
towards better performance.  

The exercise of the results-oriented monitoring (ROM) carried out in 2009 confirms 
that most cooperation projects in the ENPI region are well on track. However, there 

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are some differences across the ODA sectors and between the monitoring criteria. In 
addition, the situation is somewhat different between ENPI East and ENPI South.  

ENPI East  

In the Eastern ENPI region, 231 ongoing projects (31 regional and 200 national) with 
a  total  budget  of  €471  million  were  mon itored  in  2009.  The  positive  ROM  results 
from the previous years for the East were confirmed by a good overall average score 
of 2.87 out of a possible total of 4.  

Overall,  operations  in  ENPI  East  achieved  very  satisfactory  impact  and  relevance 
scores  and  involvement  of  project  partners  in  the  identification  and  formulation 
process  improved  throughout  2009.  Nevertheless,  findings  for  example  in  the 
Caucasus,  revealed  that  all  too  often  financial  and  economic  viability  remains 
problematic, with institutional shortcomings in the support provided to projects after 
external assistance has ended. 

The social infrastructure sector as well as the economic infrastructure sector revealed 
a  good  overall  performance  within  each  ODA  sector.  The  production  sector  score, 
although  lower,  was  still  well  above  target.  The  lowest  performing  area  was  the 
multisector/crosscutting  one;  however,  progress  was  noted  in  2009  compared  to 
previous years. This area includes two thirds of all regional programmes, which on 
average  tend  to  score  slightly  lower  than  national  projects,  due  inter  alia  to 
difficulties faced in generating national ownership for this type of operation.  

Table 1: ENPI East - Monitoring results 2009 per ODA sector  

3.00

2.90

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50

Social Infrastructure
and Services

Economic
Infrastructure and
Services

Production sectors

Multisector -
Crosscutting

Relevance

Efficiency

Effectiveness

Impact

Sustainability

Table 2: ENPI East - Performance of ongoing projects  

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100

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20

10
0

81

84

86

13

5

2

2007

4

10

2

5

8

1

2008

2009

Very good  Good 

Problems Major difficulties

ENPI South  

In the ENPI South region, 164 ongoing projects (32 regional and 132 bilateral) were 
monitored in 2009, representing a value of €1.18 billion. Although slightly below the 
levels of the two preceding years, the overall average score of 2.77 out of a possible 
total of 4 still represents a good level of performance.  

Monitoring  findings  reconfirm  that  projects  across  all  ODA  sectors  are  performing 
well.  Most  problems  were  experienced  in  the  production  sector,  which  comprises 
agriculture, mineral resources, mining and industry projects, as well as trade policy. 
Overall, the economic infrastructure and services sector is the best performer.  

The high averages achieved for relevance seem to suggest that the projects are well 
embedded in a clear strategic framework. In addition, the use of calls for proposals 
allows for a demand-oriented approach involving civil society organisations. On the 
other hand, effectiveness and efficiency continue to have the lowest average scores in 
the  South,  although  well  above  the  “on-track”  average  of  2.50.  Many  projects  still 
tend  to  have  a  strong  focus  on  outputs,  which  may  be  explained  by  insufficient 
knowledge  of  project  cycle  management  principles  among  some  implementing 
partners. The lower average for efficiency suggests that projects experience problems 
with  availability  of  means  and  inputs, slow disbursement  of funds or delays due to 
adverse  external  hostile  conditions  (i.e.  conflicts  in  Lebanon  and  the  occupied 
Palestinian territory).  

Table 3: ENPI South - Monitoring results 2009 per ODA sector  

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3.00

2.90

2.80

2.70

2.60

2.50

Social Infrastructure and
Services

Economic Infrastructure
and Services

Production sectors

Multisector -
Crosscutting

Relevance

Efficiency

Effectiveness

Impact

Sustainability

Table 4: ENPI South - Performance of ongoing projects  

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

2.1.7.  Prospects 

69

70

69

15

9

7

7

18

5

3

21

7

2007

2008

2009

Very good  Good 

Problems Major difficulties

On a bilateral level, programme preparation is proceeding on schedule for all ENPI 
countries.  The  pattern  of  reinforcing  the  ENP  action  programmes  via  financial 
assistance is growing in tandem with strengthening the partnership agenda.  

Specific shifts of emphasis are worth highlighting for a few individual countries. In 
Belarus,  the  mid-term  review  of  the  Country  Strategy  Paper  is  expected  to  be 
conducted in the second half of 2010. In the meantime, the 2010 AAP will pursue the 
reform of quality infrastructure with a special emphasis on energy efficiency norms 
and standards.  

Concerning  Russia,  the  main  emphasis  will  be  on  starting  the  implementation  of 
cross-border  cooperation  programmes  signed  during  the  EU-Russia  Summit  on  18 
November 2009 in Stockholm as well as continued support for academic cooperation 
and  exchanges.  Both  sides  agreed  to  work  on  a  Partnership  for  Modernisation  and 
this  may  open  up  new  opportunities  for  more  intense  cooperation  in  the  coming 
years.  

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In line with the first National Indicative Programme 2011-2013 for Libya, the health 
sector will continue to be supported. Focus will also be on trade-related cooperation, 
closely  linked  to  Framework  Agreement  which  is  being  negotiated  with  Libya. 
Avenues for cooperation in the area of migration will be explored.  

For  2010  it  is  expected  that  PEGASE  will  still  be  the  main  channel  for  providing 
support  to  the  occupied  Palestinian  territory.  Already  in  late  2009,  €158.5  million 
were made available to cover the recurrent expenditures of the Palestinian Authority, 
together with €66 million to continue assisting UNRWA.  

The outlook for developing EU-Syria relations looks encouraging, with the signature 
of the Association Agreement by Syria expected for 2010. Actions planned for 2010 
include  support  for  the  reform  of  the  judiciary,  re-conversion  of  state-owned 
enterprises, and modernisation of vocational training.  

On  a  regional  level,  the  focus  of  attention  will  be  in  the  South  on  initiatives 
emanating  from  the  Union  for  the  Mediterranean.  Renewable  energy  and  climate 
change  will  remain  top  priorities,  along  with  enhancing  transport  network 
connections.  

In  the  East,  the  Eastern  Partnership  will  give  momentum  to  the  development  of  a 
number of flagship initiatives. In addition, emphasis will be on the human dimension 
of  regional  cooperation  with  an  important  emphasis  on  culture  with  the  eastern 
partners.  

The  Neighbourhood  Investment  Facility  will  address  in  2010  a  new  batch  of 
infrastructure projects waiting for funding support. In particular, the NIF will seek to 
support  strategic  projects  implementing  initiatives  adopted  in  the  framework  of 
recent  regional  or  multilateral  processes, 
the 
Mediterranean, the Black Sea Synergy and the Eastern Partnership. 

the  Union  for 

in  particular 

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Figure  5 E NPI - Bre ak down by se ctor of extern al aid f inanc ed on  the  Ge neral EU budget  man aged  by 
Eu ropeAid in 2009

Commitments in € million

196 M€; 12%

300 M€; 19%

68 M€;  4%

93 M€;  6%

Disb ursements in € million

167 M€; 12%

40 M€; 3%

67 M€; 5%

108 M€; 8%

187 M€; 13%

920 M€;  59%

Social  infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and  civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
t ransport , communications,  energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
f ishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade  and t ourism
Multisector/ crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget  support,  food  aid, food securit y

Ot hers - including  emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastruct ures  and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture,  forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction,  trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

824 M€; 59%

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).

Figure 6 ENPI - E xt ernal aid  finance d on the Gen eral EU b udget 
managed by Eu ropeAid .

€ m illions

2007

2008

2009

Commitments

         1 666              1 773    

        1 637    

Disb ursements

         1 412              1 530    

        1 474    

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral f lows (Eur opeAid only).

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Figure 7: ENPI - General and sector budget support per  country

Com mitme nts in € million

Count ry

GBS / 
SBS

Sec tor

A rmenia

SBS V ocational traini ng

A zer baija n

SBS

E gyp t

SBS

A gricultura l po licy and  
a dministrative m anag emen t
Hea lth  po licy and  
a dministrative m anag emen t

Description

Co ntinuation  of vocational ed ucation and  train ing reform  an d 
develop ment o f an  e mployment strateg y

Tota l

      15 ,0 0   

Agricultur al and rur al develop ment su ppor t pro gramme

      14 ,0 0   

He alth Secto r Policy Su ppor t Pro gram me II

    110 ,0 0   

G eorg ia

SBS V ocational traini ng

Supp ort to th e vo ca tio nal and  ed ucation secto r o f G eorg ia

      19 ,0 0   

G eorg ia

G eorg ia

G eorg ia

G eorg ia

SBS

SBS

SBS

SBS

Recon stru ction  re lief a nd 
re hab ilita tio n
Recon stru ction  re lief a nd 
re hab ilita tio n
Recon stru ction  re lief a nd 
re hab ilita tio n
Recon stru ction  re lief a nd 
re hab ilita tio n

Jor dan

SBS V ocational traini ng

Mold ova

Mold ova

Mor occo

Mor occo

Mor occo

Tun isia

Ukra ine

Ukra ine

SBS

SBS

SBS

SBS

SBS

SBS

SBS

SBS

W ater supply a nd sanitation - 
la rge systems
W ater supply a nd sanitation - 
la rge systems
W ater supply a nd sanitation - 
la rge systems
Hea lth  po licy and  
a dministrative m anag emen t
E ducation pol icy and 
a dministrative m anag emen t
E ducation pol icy and 
a dministrative m anag emen t
E nvironme ntal policy an d 
a dministrative m anag emen t
Tra nsport policy a nd 
a dministrative m anag emen t

G ra nd Total

G BS : G ener al budg et supp ort
S BS : Se ctor bu dget su ppo rt

Supp ort to Ge orgia 's IDP s Action Pla n 2009  Pa rt III

        3 ,1 3   

Supp ort to Ge orgia 's IDP s Action Pla n 2009  Pa rt III

        3 ,2 2   

Supp ort to Ge orgia 's IDP s Action Pla n 2009  Pa rt III

      31 ,1 5   

Supp ort to Ge orgia 's IDP s Action Pla n 2009  Pa rt III

        6 ,0 0   

Supp ort to th e Emplo ymen t an d Te ch nical Vocation al Education  
and Train ing refor m

      35 ,0 0   

Sector policy supp ort p rogr amme in the wate r se ctor

      45 ,0 0   

Sector policy supp ort p rogr amme in the wate r se ctor

        5 ,0 0   

Supp ort to th e nationa l san ita tio n p rogr amme 

Sectoral supp ort p rogra mme for reform of th e Mo roccan hea lth  
syste m - pa rt II

      50 ,0 0   

      22 ,0 0   

Supp ort p rogr amme for imple mentation of the  e ducation pol icy

      73 ,0 0   

Supp ort p rogr amme for edu ca tio n a nd empl oyme nt 

      65 ,0 0   

Supp ort to th e implem entation of a n environ mental stra te gy 

      35 ,0 0   

Supp ort to th e implem entation of the  tran sp ort strategy 

      65 ,0 0   

    596 ,5 0   

2.2. 

European Development Fund 

Implementation  performance  figures  remained  strong  in  2009,  confirming  the 
encouraging start of the 10th EDF on 1 July 2008, the date of the entry into force of 
the  revised  ACP-EC  Partnership  Agreement.  At  the  end  of  2009,  a  total  of  €8.34 
billion has been committed out of the €21.2 billion under the EDF managed by the 
Commission.  Thus,  within  18  months  of  its  launch,  around  40%  of  the  10th  EDF, 
which covers 2008-2013, has already been committed.  

During 2009, the Commission approved 62 annual action programmes, including the 
first regional programmes under the 10th EDF. At €3.5 billion, global commitments 
again exceeded their target compared to the previous year, while payments reached 
€3.12  billion.  Secondary  commitments,  i.e.  contracts  with  third  parties  to  deliver 
projects, also significantly exceeded the 2009 target, reaching €4.2 billion – a record 
for  the  EDF.  In  total,  €723  million  of  new  global  commitments  were  made  for 
general  budget  support  under  the  EDF,  including 
€215  million  under  the 
Vulnerability  FLEX  mechanism  in  favour  of  eleven  African  and  two  Caribbean 
countries to reduce the 2009 funding gaps in ACP governments' budgets caused by 
the  global  economic  and  financial  crisis.  As  for  sector  budget  support,  new 

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programmes  were  decided  for  more  than  €384  million  in  areas  such  as  human 
resources  development,  environment,  justice,  water  and  sanitation  as  well  as  rural 
development.  In  addition,  the  Commission  approved  important  initiatives  such  as 
new phases of the water and energy facilities for a total of €400 million. Support for 
the  Global  Climate  Change  Alliance  amounted  to  €40  million.  An  additional 
contribution of €200 million went to the  EU-Africa infrastructure trust fund.  

2.2.1.  Africa 

2.2.1.1.  Introduction 

Following  the  adoption  of  the  Joint  Africa-EU  Strategy  in  December  2007  and  the 
set-up of the institutional architecture to implement its Action Plan in 2008, the early 
results of the Strategic Partnership between Africa and the EU appeared in 2009.  

Progress  was  registered  in  the  eight  thematic  areas  of  the  partnership  (peace  and 
security;  democratic  governance  and  human  rights;  trade,  regional  integration  and 
infrastructure; MDGs; energy; climate change; migration, mobility and employment; 
and  science,  information  society  and  space)  for  which  concrete  projects  have  been 
identified  in  eight  implementation  roadmaps.  Successful  cooperation  was  achieved 
between the two continents in terms of political dialogue – for example in the area of 
peace and security with regular consultations on crisis and conflict country situations 
and  a  joint  meeting  between  the  EU  Political  and  Security  Committee  and  the 
African Union Peace and Security Council. Concrete projects were also implemented 
– for instance in energy with projects on renewable energy like the Felou run-of-river 
hydropower plant supplying Mauritania, Mali and Senegal. In the framework of the 
partnership on migration, mobility and employment, one of the key initiatives was to 
start  the  design  and  funding  for  the  establishment  of  the  African  Remittances 
Institute  (€1.7  million).  The  institute  will  facilit ate  cheaper,  faster  and  more  secure 
remittance flows from Europe to Africa. In the area of science, information society 
and space, financing was made available via the 7th Research Framework Programme 
and  via  the  EDF  to  support  some  landmark  projects.  Since  2007,  there  have  been 
about  500  successful  African  applications  under  FP7  with  a  total  value  of  €65 
million. Other key achievements include strengthened collaboration to jointly tackle 
new  international  challenges,  such  as  the  joint  Africa-EU  declaration  on  climate 
change ahead of the Copenhagen Summit.  

The Joint Africa-EU Strategy also led to the establishment of regional networks for 
sanitary  and  phytosanitary  standards  under  the  'better  training  for  safer  food  in 
Africa'  project  and  the  substantial  progress  made  by  the  World  Organisation  for 
Animal Health through the same project. 

Efforts  to  increase  the  pace  of  delivery  and  implementation  of  concrete  projects 
should still be intensified, as should the involvement of all associated stakeholders, 
be they parliaments, civil society or the private sector. 

2.2.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

In  2009,  the  Commission  continued  working  closely  with  other  donors  in  order  to 
improve  division  of  labour  between  them  and  to  enhance  aid  effectiveness. 
Delegation agreements (funds made available by the Commission to Member States 
or their agencies to manage implementation on its behalf) for a total of €54.6 million 

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were  concluded  for  South  Africa,  Madagascar,  Mozambique,  Zimbabwe,  Ethiopia, 
Mali and Zambia. Cooperating agencies were the German Organisation for Technical 
Cooperation  (GTZ),  the  French  Development  Agency  (AFD)  and  the  Portuguese 
Institute  for  Development  Assistance  (IPAD).  Transfer  agreements  (aid  money 
received  by  the  Commission  from  Member  States  or  their  agencies)  worth  around 
€22 million were agreed with Belgium, De nmark and the Netherlands for Benin as 
well as with Belgium and Denmark for Mozambique and Somalia respectively.  

In order to take better account of the impact of the present financial crisis on partner 
countries,  the  Commission  agreed  to  anticipate  the  10th  EDF  mid-term  reviews  of 
country  strategies.  This  offered  a  real  opportunity  for  enhancing  the  division  of 
labour, alignment and greater use of country systems where possible. Regarding the 
fast-track initiative on the division of labour in the ACP region, the Commission is 
lead  facilitator  in  Mali,  Tanzania,  Ethiopia  and  Mozambique  and  is  therefore  well 
equipped  to  foster  in-depth  discussions  on  division  of  labour  with  national 
governments and other development partners.  

Mali has been selected as a pilot country under the Fast Track Initiative on Division 
of Labour. Thirty development partners are currently working in Mali including eight 
EU  Member  States  and  the  European  Commission.  More  recent  donors,  including 
China and Libya, are playing an increasing role. The development partners operating 
in Mali have been working closely since 2007 to change aid practices in the country. 
This  has  resulted  in  the  preparation  of  a  common  country  aid  strategy  Stratégie 
Commune d'Assistance Pays. In 2008, the development partners reached a consensus 
on  complementarity/division  of  labour  and  alignment.  One  of  the  important 
constraints  in  the  process  remains  the  difficulty  of  ensuring  dynamic  ownership  of 
the strategy process by the national authorities. The strategy document was subject to 
discussions  between  the  government  and  donors  throughout  2009  and  was  finally 
adopted in early 2010. 

The EU has been a driving force for improving division of labour among donors in 
Tanzania, which altogether contribute a share of around 30% to the national budget. 
Division of labour has resulted in a significant streamlining of the donor matrix with 
a clear attribution of roles for donors in each sector. A cornerstone of this approach is 
the  use  of  budget  support,  reducing  government  transaction  costs  and  avoiding 
duplication of donor efforts. The EU code of conduct gave momentum to the entire 
process  and  provided  the  general  principles  for  a  meaningful  division  of  labour.  It 
also  triggered  a  similar  exercise  in  the  UN  system.  General  budget  support  is  the 
main  aid  delivering  modality  of  the  EU  to  Tanzania  in  the  period  2008-2014, 
concentrating  on  policy  dialogue  in  public  finance  management,  public  sector 
reform,  monitoring  of  poverty  reduction  and  improved  service  delivery  in  social 
sectors. 

The  EU  is  a  key  partner  to  Ethiopia.  In  2008,  the  EU  budget  and  Member  States 
together  provided  some  €540  million  to  the  country,  accounting  for  37%  of  all 
structural  aid  to  Ethiopia.  To  date  there  has  been  significant  progress  towards  aid 
effectiveness,  including  an  effective  donor  coordination  structure.  Ownership  of 
national development is strong, with the government co-chairing donor coordination 
structures  in  five  key  sectors.  Best  practices  include  considerable  donor  and 
government  support  for  pooled  funding  mechanisms.  Ethiopia’s  largest  programme 
for the protection of basic services, for example, is 65% government funded. The EU 

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also takes the lead in providing transport sector budget support. The years 2010 and 
2011  will  offer  significant  opportunities  to  raise  the  profile  of  division  of  labour, 
including in the formulation of Ethiopia’s five-year development plan (PASDEP II), 
the  re-launch  of  the  joint  government/donor  aid  harmonisation  task  force,  and  the 
2010 Paris Declaration survey. 

In  Mozambique,  the  Commission  is  part  of  a  group  of  19  budget  support  actors 
(G19), also known as the Programme Aid Partnership (PAP). Members of PAP are 
committed to specific principles of aid delivery. The group maintains dialogue with 
the  government  on  progress  towards  poverty  reduction,  mobilisation  of  internal 
resources and public sector financial management. PAP is also undertaking two joint 
reviews of Mozambique's action plan for the reduction of absolute poverty (PARPA) 
per  year.  In  March  2009,  a  revised  memorandum  of  understanding  was  signed  in 
order to open the forum  to the participation of non-budget support donors. The US 
and the UN are associated members since April 2009. Another positive example was 
the  establishment  of  a  triangular  collaboration  between  the  government  of 
Mozambique,  the  Commission  and  the  Portuguese  institutions  involved  in  the 
security sector to formulate a support project for the ministry of the interior. In this 
context,  the  Commission  was  not  only  able  to  capitalise  on  Portugal's  extensive 
expertise in the area by delegating its support to the country but was also able to pool 
the EU funds it manages with those of Portugal.  

the  different 

In  Uganda,  government  and  development  partners  are  very  active  in  donor 
coordination  and  implementation  of  aid  effectiveness  principles,  building  an 
advanced  coordination  structure  for  the  implementation  of  the  Paris  Declaration. 
Donors  meet  monthly  in  the  so-called  local  development  partners  group  which 
coordinates 
technical 
coordination issues. This structure is mirrored by a government structure hosted by 
the  office  of  the  Prime  Minister.  The  government  is  also  preparing  a  partnership 
policy defining the principles between the government and its development partners. 
A framework will be developed in order to institutionalise measures and mechanisms 
for  assessing  mutual  accountability  in  relation  to  the  provisions  of  official 
development assistance. 

technical  working  groups  and  discusses 

An  important  element  of  aid  harmonisation and  effectiveness  is  the  alignment  with 
national strategies. In Benin, a good example of this was the adoption of the national 
decentralisation and deconcentration policy at the end of 2009, which reviewed the 
set-up of a financial transfer system from the central government to the communes. 
Most donors have decided to support the communes through this mechanism which 
avoids parallel systems, facilitates predictability and promotes national ownership.  

2.2.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

For Sub-Saharan Africa the chances of reaching the MDGs are increasingly remote. 
Even  though  poverty  (MDG  1)  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa  has  fallen  since  1999,  the 
poverty  rate  remains  above  50%.  Rising  food  and  oil  prices  and  the  recent  global 
economic crisis have aggravated the situation. The most resilient countries have been 
able to take fiscal measures to ensure macroeconomic stability. But the crisis had an 
impact on governments' ability to implement poverty reduction strategies which were 
initially  based  on  high  growth-rate  assumptions.  In  some  of  the  most  vulnerable 
economies  of  Sub-Saharan  Africa,  the  number  of  poor  is  likely  to  increase. 

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According to the latest UN MDG progress report47 none of the goals will be reached 
if  current  trends  persist.  For  some  targets  in  the  area  of  health  and  environmental 
sustainability,  no  progress  can  be  noted  at  all.  However,  even  though  the  overall 
picture is not very encouraging, there are positive examples of progress.  

Sub-Saharan Africa still has the largest number of children out of school worldwide 
(MDG 2). Therefore, the Commission continued to support partner countries in their 
efforts to move towards the achievement of universal primary education. Average net 
enrolment ratios in Sub-Saharan Africa rose by 15% from 2000 to 2007. In Tanzania, 
enrolment rates for primary and secondary level education have increased. Progress 
can also be noted on improved infrastructure and increased number of teachers, two 
essential factors for the quality of education. The primary completion rate, however, 
declined  between  2006  and  2007  from  72%  to  65%.  The  pass  rate  for  the  primary 
leaving exam has fallen from 70.5% to 54% and some districts have a pupil-teacher 
ratio as high as 74:1.  

Case study: Education fast-track initiative  

The  European  Commission  remains  committed  to  the  "Education  for  All"  –  Fast  Track 
Initiative (EFA-FTI). The aim of the FTI is to ensure all children receive a quality primary 
school  education.  Within  the  FTI,  low-income  partner  countries  are  encouraged  to  commit 
20% of their national budget to education, half of which to primary education. From 2007 to 
2009, the Commission contributed more than €30  million to the FTI Catalytic Fund. Thanks 
to the FTI partnership, 20 million more children in Sub-Saharan Africa alone have enrolled 
in primary school since 2000. Fifteen FTI countries are 'on track' to reach the goal of 95% of 
all children completing primary school by 2015. 

The  Commission  is  increasingly  using  general  and  sector  budget  support  to  sustain 
education sector reforms in partner countries. Through its support for reforming the 
education  sector  at  country  level,  the  Commission  is  ensuring  the  concept  of  good 
governance, so as to enable equal opportunities and good quality education for all. In 
Botswana,  the  EU  supports  various  education  initiatives  set  out  in  the  national 
development  plan,  through  an  education  and  training  sector  policy  support 
programme over a period of five years (2006-2010). The aim is to ensure access for 
all  citizens  to  high  quality  lifelong  education  and  training.  Two  specific  targets  for 
improving primary education and raising awareness of HIV/AIDS are directly linked 
to supporting the country's progress towards meeting the MDGs. The programme has 
already  contributed  to  increased  decentralisation  of  financial  responsibility  and 
improved 
autonomy  of  schools,  additional  resources  for  primary  schools, 
infrastructure and consideration of new teacher incentives. There has also been very 
good progress in the roll-out of HIV/AIDS awareness programmes in schools and in 
the development of curricula for children with special needs. 

In Zimbabwe, the official estimate of textbooks per child in all primary schools is 1:7 
but this global ratio conceals the reality that many remote schools have just one book 
per  class  or,  in  some  cases,  none  at  all.  Therefore,  the  provision  of  textbooks  and 
stationery  is  amongst  the  government's  priorities.  Thanks  to  EU  support  for  the 
education  sector  in  Zimbabwe,  an  estimated  two  million  children  in  5  500  schools 
will have access to improved learning materials in the 2010 school year. 

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In 2009, the EU also supported progress towards the health-related MDGs (MDG 4, 
5 &, 6) and the prevention of poverty-related diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, 
and tuberculosis, through health sector reform and healthcare delivery approaches at 
country level. HIV rates are still on the rise in Sub-Saharan Africa, which accounts 
for 67% of the globally infected population. WHO data show that nearly one million 
people  died  of  malaria  in  2006,  95%  of  them  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa  with  children 
under  five  the  biggest  victims.  The  Commission  boosts  anti-malaria  efforts  in 
African countries, for example through international organisations such as UNICEF, 
by distributing insecticide-treated bed nets. Recent data show a dramatic rise in the 
use of bed nets among children from 2% in 2000 to 20% in 2006. Greater efforts in 
this area could yield major successes in the reduction of child mortality in the years 
to come. In order to support these types of activities, the EU is also a major donor 
the  Global  Fund  to  fight  HIV/AIDS, 
(annual  contribution  of  €100  million)  to 
Tuberculosis and Malaria, 60% of whose operations are in Africa.  

In  other  areas,  like  achieving  the  water  and  sanitation  Millennium  Development 
Goal, the EU provides sector budget support to increase access to drinking water and 
improved sanitation in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas of Burkina Faso, the 
aim is to increase the number of people with access to safe water from 52% in 2005 
to  76%  in  2015  and  sanitation  from  an  estimated  10%  in  2005  to  54%  in  2015.  In 
urban areas, the expected results are to improve access to clean water from 74% in 
2005 to 89% in 2015 and sanitation from 14% in 2005 to 57% in 2015.  

The  Commission  recently  conducted  a  study  of  data  on  general  budget  support 
(GBS) as well as performance trends of key MDG indicators across the ACP region. 
The  aim  was  to  analyse  possible  correlations  between  differences  in  MDG 
performance  of  countries  that  were  high  or  low  budget  support  recipients.  The 
overall results are quite encouraging, providing more comprehensive support for the 
view  that  countries  receiving  higher  levels  of  budget  support  perform  better.  This 
was the case for all five indicators under review.  For  example,  primary  enrolments 
improved  by  over  8%  in  high  GBS  countries,  but  only  1%  in  low  GBS  recipients. 
Gender equality improved by 6% in high GBS countries, but no change occurred in 
low  GBS  support  recipients.  The  improvement  in  the  Human  Development  Index 
was 70% higher in high GBS countries than in low GBS recipients. While the study 
shows  association  rather  than  causality,  it  indicates  a  contribution  of  GBS  to 
improved performance.  

2.2.1.4.  Implementation 

EDF  funding  for  Sub-Saharan  Africa  in  2009  totalled  €3.1  billion  in  commitments 
and €2.5 billion in payments. The greates t share of EDF commitments in 2009 was 
concentrated  on  budget  support  operations  (22%),  transport  (19%)  and  government 
and  civil  society  (14%).  The  Commission  also  approved  major  new  financing  to 
initiatives  such  as  the  Global  Climate  Change  Alliance  (€40  million)  and  the  new 
phases  of  the  EU-ACP  water  and  energy  facility  (€400  million)  as  well  as  an 
additional  contribution  to  the  EU-Africa  Infrastructure  Trust  Fund  of  €200  million  
For further details (cid:198)2.2.4. 

Case study: Sawlog production grant scheme  

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The Sawlog Production Grant Scheme (SPGS) is a joint initiative between the government of 
Uganda, the EU and the government of Norway, to encourage private sector involvement in 
commercial timber plantations in Uganda. The project, to which the Commission contributed 
€13.1 million, provides technical support to private sector investors in timber and pole crops. 
During  its  first  phase  (2004-2009),  the  SPGS  triggered  major  interest  in  commercial  tree 
planting in Uganda, creating some 11 000 hectares. More than 110 contracted private sector 
growers  and  almost  40  community  planting  associations  have  benefited  directly  from  the 
SPGS  over  the  past  five  years.  Moreover,  the  project  has  been  a  catalyst  for  private 
investment as well as for creating thousands of much-needed rural jobs. The second phase of 
the project, running until mid-2013, foresees some additional 32 000 ha of plantations. This 
already accounts for 40% of the 80 000 ha Uganda would require by 2025 to meet its own 
demand.  

In 2009, the Commission approved new budget support programmes under the 10th 
EDF in 26 countries of Sub-Saharan Africa worth €1.1 billion, co rresponding to 37% 
of  the  total  annual  funding.  New  programmes  have  been  decided  in  countries  not 
previously  eligible  for  budget  support,  namely  Togo,  Seychelles,  Liberia  and 
Comoros.  They  will  be  granted  budget  support  in  accordance  with  the  newly 
developed  guidelines  for  budget  support  in  fragile  states.  The  same  applies  to  the 
Democratic Republic of Congo where targeted budget support for some €49 million 
was granted to meet the food price crisis. 

Case study: Budget support programmes in Zambia  

Budget support has become the EU's preferred financing modality in Zambia with more than 
70%  of  10th  EDF  funding  provided  as  budget  support.  Because  of  its  satisfactory  track 
record, Zambia was selected by the Commission in 2008 to benefit from budget support in 
the form of an MDG-Contract for a total amount of €225 million to  be implemented over a 
period  of  six  years.  Despite  the  global  economic  crisis,  Zambia  managed  to  preserve  a 
satisfactory fiscal space for social expenditures. Since 2006, some progress of performance 
indicators on health and HIV treatment has been observed at national and decentralised level 
with appropriate funding released from the ministry of health to district boards. Public health 
care facilities have also registered an increasing number of first attendances and admissions 
and  a  higher  percentage  of  people  with  HIV/AIDS  (up  from  32.9%  in  2006  to  66.8%  in 
2008) have received antiretroviral drugs. 

Implementation  of  budget  support  programmes  under  the  9th  and  the  10th  EDF 
continued successfully.  

In  parallel,  the  Commission  disbursed  the  sums  committed  under  the  emergency 
response  to  the  increase  of  oil  and  food  prices.  Eleven  African  countries  (Benin, 
Burundi,  Central  African  Republic,  Comoros,  Ghana,  Guinea-Bissau,  Malawi, 
Mauritius, the Seychelles, Sierra Leone and Zambia) benefited from budget support 
programmes for a total amount of €215 m illion under the V-FLEX mechanism. The 
programmes,  adopted  at  the  end  of  2009,  were  the  first  financing  decisions  in  the 
framework  of  the  €500  million  V-FLEX  m echanism  which  was  adopted  in  August 
2009 as a response to the social impact of the global financial and economic crisis on 
to  preserve  core  public  expenditures, 
ACP  countries.  The 
particularly  in  social  sectors,  without  jeopardising  macro-economic  stability  in  the 
countries  concerned.  The  Commission  was  able  to  disburse  €160  million  to  11 
countries  before  the  end  of  the  year.  An  amount  of  up  to  €265  million  remains 
available for the 2010 V-FLEX exercise. In some countries, notably Madagascar and 
Niger,  budget  support  disbursements  initially  foreseen  were  not  paid  following  the 

instrument aims 

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application  of  measures  under  Article  96  of  the  Cotonou  Agreement  because  of 
unconstitutional  political  developments.  In  Malawi,  Haiti,  the  Democratic  Republic 
of Congo and Ethiopia, the Commission could not disburse planned end-year budget 
support pending confirmation of the fulfilment of general or specific conditions.  

The EU is also assisting millions suffering from chronic food shortages. In Ethiopia 
in  2009,  it  provided  more  than  €20  million 
in  support  of  the  productive  safety  net 
programme  to  help  achieve  food  sufficiency  and  improve  the  livelihoods  of  8.3 
million  chronically  food  insecure  people  in  286  drought-affected  areas.  The 
resources  channelled  through  the  programme  covered  the  beneficiaries'  food  gaps 
and  reduced  the  need  for  them  to  dispose  of  household  assets  to  meet  their  food 
needs. 

Case study: Namibia support programme for the water sector 

Over the last decade, Namibia has made impressive progress in the water sector. Population 
access to safe water improved from 58% in 1990 to 85% in 2008. The EU supported these 
achievements  by  providing  €11  million  of  budge t  support  to  Namibia's  rural  water  sector, 
which helped to increase rural access to drinking water by 10% during the implementation 
phase  from  2006  to  2008.  It  also  gave  a  major  boost  to  community-based  management, 
implemented at grassroots level, with several thousands of water points handed over to local 
water committees, many under full cost recovery. Community-based management promotes 
ownership  and  empowerment  of  local  communities  and  their  involvement  in  decision-
making  as  well  as  delegation  of  service  delivery  to  the  lowest  level.  It  also  assures 
sustainability for the structures created. The approach is now well institutionalised and may 
be  applied  in  the  upcoming  Namibia  water  supply  and  sanitation  sector  programme  2010-
2015 for which the Commission will provide budget support of up to €30 million.  

Implementation of the 10th EDF regional strategy papers has just started as most were 
signed  at  the  end  of  2008  and  in  2009.  Their  implementation  is  based  on  each 
region's own strategic priorities and integration efforts. In west Africa, on-going 9th 
EDF programmes are supporting economic and trade integration as well as transport 
facilitation. These programmes are implemented directly by west Africa's two main 
regional  organisations, 
the  Economic  Community  of  West  African  States 
(ECOWAS)  and  the  West  African  Economic  and  Monetary  Union  (WAEMU).  A 
conflict prevention and peace-building project implemented by ECOWAS provided 
funds for election observation missions to Ghana and Togo, for mediation activities 
in  the  Ivory  Coast  as  well  as  for  a  regional  small  arms  control  programme  and  the 
harmonisation of electoral legislations. In December 2009, the Commission decided 
on  a  technical  cooperation  facility  of  €6  million  in  favour  of  ECOWAS  and 
WAEMU. The programme will support the implementation of the 10th EDF strategy 
for  west  Africa  and  facilitate  ECOWAS  and  WAEMU  strategies  for  regional 
integration,  poverty  reduction  and  conflict  prevention.  The  10th  EDF  regional 
strategy  paper  for  west  Africa  foresees  an  amount  of  €597  million  for  the  period 
2008-2013.  

Case study: Supporting health in the Democratic Republic of Congo  

With a budget of €80 million, the 9 th EDF health programme in the Democratic Republic of 
Congo  provides  support  to  some  4.2 million  inhabitants  in  four  provinces  over  a  four-year 
period  (2006-2010). The  programme  aims  to  improve  the  access  to  and  quality  of  basic 
health  services,  thereby  reducing  infant  and  maternal  mortality.  These  objectives  are 

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achieved by significantly subsidising the costs of essential medicines, investing €6 million in 
health  infrastructure  and  equipment,  as  well  as  improving  the  quality  of  health  service  by 
introducing performance-based salaries for health staff and the strengthening of leadership. 
The  project  works  in  collaboration  with  the  Global  Fund  to  fight  AIDS,  Tuberculosis  and 
Malaria, where complementary funding has been forthcoming to tackle tuberculosis. 

In  December  2009,  the  Commission  approved  a  regional  programme  of  €117.7 
million to support regional integration in the Eastern and Southern Africa and Indian 
Ocean (ESA-IO) region. This covers the Common Market for Eastern and Southern 
Africa (COMESA), the Eastern African Community (EAC), the Inter-Governmental 
Authority  on  Development  (IGAD)  and  the  Indian  Ocean  Commission  (IOC).  The 
funds  will  be  allocated  from  a  total  regional  envelope  of  €645  million.  The 
programmes will contribute to deeper economic integration by reducing the barriers 
to trade and the free movement of goods and services across borders. Improving the 
management of shared resources in the region will help to ensure sustainable growth 
and  contribute  to  improved  food  security.  Closer  political  integration  between  the 
member countries is also supported, notably by focusing on conflict prevention and 
improved  governance.  Further  support  for  the  Southern  African  Development 
Community (SADC) integration process is also programmed. 

Case study: Support programme for civil society structuring in Cameroon 

The €5.4 million  Support Programme for Civil Society Structuring (PASOC) has contributed 
to  capacity  building  of  civil  society  organisations  in  Cameroon.  In  cooperation  with  other 
donors, a mapping of non-state actors was carried out and the coordination and networking 
of civil society organisations was improved. Interactions between civil society organisations, 
government representatives and members of parliament were developed notably as part of a 
participative dialogue on government policies. Increased involvement of local populations in 
all  areas  of  society  and  strengthened  relations  between  grassroots  organisations  and  local 
authorities are further results of the programme. 

Throughout  2009,  the  Commission  also  worked  on  an  implementation  plan  for  its 
Communications  Towards  an  EU  Response  to  Situations  of  Fragility  and  Security 
and  Development48.  Together  with  Member  States,  the  Commission  worked  in  11 
pilot  countries,  including  Burundi,  Sierra  Leone,  Guinea-Bissau,  Central  African 
Republic,  Chad  and  South  Africa  to  provide  feedback  on  ways  to  improve 
performance  in  fragile  states.  The  implementation  plan  is  currently  being  finalised 
pending clarification of the implications of the Lisbon Treaty. Implementation of the 
plan is scheduled to start in 2010. 

Fragile and crisis situations 

In order to ensure that programmes are effective in fragile and crisis situations, the 
Commission  tailors  its  strategies,  programming  and  procedures  to  respond  to 
circumstances  on  the  ground.  In  most  cases,  the  Commission  develops  and 
implements  a  variety  of  activities  which  respond  to  the  humanitarian,  security  and 
longer-term  development  situation  using  a  range  of  instruments  from  projects  to 
budget support.  

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During  2009,  31  countries  worldwide  were  considered  eligible  to  use  flexible, 
simplified  contractual  procedures  for  emergency  and  post-crisis  situations.  This 
enabled  the  Commission  to  be  more  responsive  to  rapidly  changing  situations  in 
these countries. For example, following the death of the President of Guinea-Bissau 
the  Commission  used  shortened  procedures  to  approve  an  election  support 
programme.  This  project  was  developed  and  approved  within  two  months  and 
implemented within three months – in time to support the unforeseen elections.  

In  2009,  the  Commission  also  developed  guidelines  for  budget  support  in  fragile 
situations and collaborated with the World Bank, the African Development Bank and 
the International Monetary Fund to develop a common approach to budget support in 
fragile situations. This has already been translated into tangible improvements on the 
ground.  For  example,  in  the  past  year  the  Central  African  Republic,  Haiti  and 
Guinea-Bissau  established  a  solid  format  for  coordinating  budget  support  through 
memoranda of understanding between the governments and donor partners to guide 
their cooperation. For further details (cid:198)5.2.2. 

2.2.1.5.  Results 

In 2009, work continued to deliver more, better and faster aid to Sub-Saharan Africa. 
Tanzania,  Kenya,  Somalia,  Ethiopia  and  Eritrea  are  good  examples  of  quick  aid 
disbursement  in  response  to  the  food  price  crisis.  Another  example  is  the 
enhancement  of  aid  predictability  through  budget  support  operations,  such  as  the 
MDG  Contract,  which  provides  a  financial  commitment  over  a  six-year  period  – 
twice as long as the classic budget support agreements – aligned with the country's 
procedures and policy priorities and focused on MDG-related results.  

The achievement of results in development cooperation, however, depends largely on 
the context in which it takes place. This is particularly true for Africa where political 
instability  and  poor  governance  remain  constraining  issues.  A  recent  evaluation  of 
cooperation  with  Chad  highlights  the  issue  of  development  in  a  difficult  context. 
Even though the envisaged results have been largely achieved (i.e. the national road 
transport  network  was  improved  and  the  village  water  supply  programme  now 
reaches 10% of the population) an overall stabilisation of the country is still far from 
a reality, risking the sustainability of progress made so far. 

A difficult challenge faced by the Commission and other donors has been a tendency 
to link budget support decisions to wider considerations going beyond the objective 
of  poverty  reduction  and  the  assessment  of  the  legally  established  budget  support 
eligibility  criteria.  In  this  context,  the  Commission  has  highlighted  the  specific 
relevant  provisions  in  the  Cotonou  Agreement.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  ongoing 
discussions  will  bring  greater  clarity  to  the  application  of  the  provisions  of  the 
Cotonou  Agreement  relating  to  budget  support  and  broader  political  cooperation  at 
country level. 

2.2.1.6.  Monitoring 

In  all,  43  missions  were  carried  out  in  Africa  and  South  Africa,  monitoring  408 
projects,  funded  both  from  the  EDF  and  the  EU  budget,  with  a  total  value  of  €3.2 
billion. Of these, 372 projects still had on-going activities and 36 completed projects 
were  subject  to  ex-post  monitoring.  In  addition,  two  sector  policy  support 

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programmes  with  a  Commission  contribution  of  €391  million  were  monitored  in 
South  Africa  and  Ethiopia  in  the  areas  of  social  services  and  transport.  The  total 
value of all operations monitored in 2009 was €3.6 billion. 

Projects are measured according to their frequency and percentage of ratings (a, b, c, 
d) in  the five  ROM criteria, with (a) and (b) ratings considered best. They are also 
classified  in  four  categories  according  to  their  overall  performance:  (I)  very  good, 
(II)  good  performance,  (III)  performing  with  some  problems  and  (IV)  presenting 
serious deficiencies. 

The  2009  results  show  a  satisfactory  performance  of  ongoing  operations  in  Sub-
Saharan Africa as well as South Africa with 66% falling into the categories I and II. 
Analysis  of  the  frequency  of  ratings  reveals  that  although  80%  of  the  projects  are 
highly  relevant  in  their  design  and  69%  show  good  future  impact  prospects, 
sustainability,  efficiency  and  effectiveness  only  reach  59%,  56%  and  50% 
respectively. 

The bulk of regional monitoring took place in the water and energy sector. A total of 
26 operations funded by the water and energy facilities (23 related to water and three 
to  energy)  were  monitored  in  22  African  countries,  representing  a  value  of  €77.3 
million. 82% of the projects fell in categories I and II. 81% had a relevant design and 
80%  good  impact  prospects,  73%  were  effective,  69%  had  good  potential 
sustainability,  while  only  50%  received  good  ratings  in  terms  of  efficiency.  The 
positive results stem from a high level of ownership at country as well as grassroots 
level, supporting the sustainability of the programmes. Poor efficiency levels are due 
to delays in the implementation of activities as well as procurement difficulties.  

The  main  ODA  sectors  concerned  by  the  monitoring  sample  were  social 
infrastructure  and  services  (210  projects  for  €1.4  billion),  economic  infrastructure 
and services (35 projects, €868 million), fo llowed by production sectors (55 projects, 
€284 million) and commodity aid (32 projec ts, €143 million). Results by ODA sector 
(see table) show the best overall performance in the area were commodity aid (78%), 
multi-sector and cross-cutting issues as well as social infrastructure and services with 
68% each. 

Figure 8: Africa - Monitoring results 2009 per ODA sector  

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Figure 9: Performance of ongoing projects - Africa  

With  45%,  the  production  sectors  present  the  highest  rate  of  projects  with  poor 
performance.  Factors  that  may  contribute  to  this  result  are  the  long  time  span 
between the conception and start of a project that can impact on its relevance due to a 
possible change of external conditions and/or the beneficiaries' needs. Other reasons 
may  be  a  lack  of  ownership  and  capacity,  ill  defined  objectives,  share  of 
responsibilities and risk management.  

As  regards  the  projects  that  were  subject  to  ex-post  monitoring,  86%  were  in 
categories  I  and  II.  84%  received  best  results  for  effectiveness,  75%  for  efficiency 
and 64% for the relevance of their project design. The results relating to the projects' 
real impact (78%) and sustainability (70%) also showed very satisfactory results.  

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2.2.1.7.  Prospects 

The  experience  of  implementing  budget  support  during  2009  served  to  consolidate 
and  reinforce  a  number  of  key  lessons  learned  over  recent  years.  In  particular,  the 
increased  scrutiny  of  budget  support  decisions  highlights  the  importance  of  clarity 
and  transparency  in  the  application  of  budget  support  eligibility  criteria.  In  this 
context,  the  Commission  is  streamlining  and  rationalising  its  internal  guidance  to 
better  reflect  the  concerns  of  the  Court  of  Auditors  and  European  Parliament  that 
budget support decisions be justified as rigorously as possible. In the course of 2010, 
the Commission expects to build upon the improvements noted in this respect by the 
Court of Auditors. 

Prospects for continued delivery of budget support programmes to ACP countries in 
2010  will  depend  on  a  number  of  factors  which  influence  the  environment  for 
successful  macroeconomic  and  sectoral  policies.  A  key  issue  will  be  the  expected 
growth recovery following the impact of the economic crisis in 2009. While the IMF 
expects a growth of 4% in Africa in 2010, this would still be significantly below the 
average of 5.3% over the period 2000-2008. Against this background, the pressure on 
public  finances  may  threaten  poverty-focused  programmes  and  hinder  progress 
towards  the  MDGs.  This  in  turn  may  also  have  an  impact  on  disbursements  of 
performance-based  tranches.  The  Commission  is  monitoring  this  issue  closely  on  a 
country-by-country  basis  to  ensure  sufficient  flexibility  in  the  implementation  of 
budget  support  programmes  to  accommodate  revised  performance  targets  where 
appropriate. 

2.2.2.  Caribbean 

2.2.2.1.  Introduction 

The EU strategy for the Caribbean is built around a vision of the future founded upon 
a history of shared values, in parallel with making maximum use of the opportunities 
of the Cotonou Agreement49. The strategy seeks to create an enhanced EU-Caribbean 
partnership capable of meeting a set of interrelated challenges: 

–  tackling economic and environmental opportunities and vulnerabilities; 
–  promoting  social  cohesion  and  combating  poverty  including  the  fight  against 

HIV/AIDS; 

–  strengthening health care systems; 
–  fighting against illicit drugs and tax fraud. 

As provided for in the Cotonou Agreement, the traditional trading arrangements were 
replaced  by  a  wider  EU–Caribbean  Economic  Partnership  Agreement  signed  and 
provisionally applied since 2008, pending full ratification. Haiti, the sole country not 
to  sign  in  2008,  did  so  in  late  2009.  The  EPA  not  only  defines  the  trade  relations 
between  the  EU  and  the  Caribbean  but  also  promotes  regional  integration  and 
economic development. The 10th EDF regional programme will support the regional 
integration  process  and  as  such  is  complementary  to  the  EPA.  Significant  progress 
was achieved  in 2009 towards  defining  priority actions of the regional programme. 
This is also the case for the 10th EDF country strategies, signed at the end of 2008, 
which  address  both  private  and  public  actors.  Major  sectors  covered  include 

49 

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and 

infrastructure 

competitiveness, 

governance 
interconnectivity, 
macroeconomic  budgetary  support  and  poverty  reduction.  Other  sectors  explicitly 
include  capacity-building  related  to  the  regional  programme  for  additional  trade-
related  assistance  accompanying  the  EPA,  as  well  as  good  governance  in  the  tax 
area. In 2009, the 10th EDF mid-term review process was launched. This is a formal 
requirement of the Cotonou Agreement, which will review progress achieved to date 
in the national programmes and update, wherever necessary, the cooperation strategy 
and financial allocations of the countries concerned. 

and 

2.2.2.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

Further steps were taken towards strengthening donor coordination with the modest 
number of bilateral and multilateral donors active in the region. Information sharing 
has become more systematic and takes place on a regular basis. As regards division 
of labour, further progress was made in 2009. In general, public finance management 
continues to be an important area of cooperation. The financial and economic crisis, 
which had a severe impact on the eastern Caribbean countries, has led to increased 
coordination  with  other  donors  and  in  particular  the  International  Monetary  Fund 
(IMF).  

In the eastern Caribbean, the Commission works closely with, for example, the IMF, 
World  Bank,  the  UK  Department  for  International  Development  (DfID),  the 
Caribbean  Regional  Technical  Assistance  Centre  (CARTAC)  and  the  Caribbean 
Development  Bank  (CDB)  on  budget  support  and  public  financial  management. 
There  are  also  close  working  relations  with  the  World  Bank  and  UNDP  on  sub-
regional social protection reform and with FAO on agriculture. Donor coordination 
on trade issues is effective and becoming increasingly important on issues related to 
drug trafficking and crime prevention. 

As  regards  the  Dominican  Republic,  efforts  were  made  to  enhance  donor 
coordination both with Member States and other major donors, notably in the field of 
public finance management and education, leading to improved coordination with the 
World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank. 

In Haiti, the negotiations on a joint matrix to follow-up the implementation of debt 
and poverty reduction continued. Work was also initiated within 27 thematic groups, 
set-up  to  deal  with  issues  such  as  governance,  technical  assistance  and  division  of 
labour.  A  transfer  agreement  was  negotiated with  the French Development Agency 
(AFD)  for  an  amount  of  €39.1  million  in  the  area  of  infrastructure  –  a  concrete 
example  of  putting  into  practice  principles  of  donor  coordination  and  division  of 
labour. 

2.2.2.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

All  Caribbean  countries  have  been  affected  by  the  global  economic  and  financial 
crisis.  This  may  have  a  negative  impact  on  the  achievements  in  poverty  reduction 
and  redress  progress  towards  the  achievement  of  the  MDGs.  Progress  is  therefore 
mixed. Jamaica advanced on eight of the 14 MDG targets for 2015. The country has 
already  achieved  the  reduction  of  absolute  poverty,  malnutrition,  hunger  and 
universal  primary  enrolment.  It  is  on  track  for  combating  HIV/AIDS,  halting  and 
reversing the incidence of malaria and tuberculosis, access to reproductive health and 

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provision  of  safe  drinking  water  and  basic  sanitation.  Progress  is  not  on  track  in 
terms  of  gender  equality  and  environmental  sustainability  and  it  is  still  lagging 
behind child and maternal mortality targets. Of concern is the significant increase of 
the proportion of the urban population existing in unacceptable living conditions or 
slums.  

Already  in  2004,  the  government  of  Belize  launched  a  national  action  plan  to 
accelerate  progress  towards  the  MDGs.  This  includes  measures  to  build  more 
widespread public awareness and support for the MDGs and the national action plan. 
In  2005  the  government  issued  its  first  MDG  report.  As  a  key  component  of  the 
action  plan,  it  has  since  become  a  blueprint  for  Belize’s  ambition  to  integrate  the 
MDGs  into  its  national  development  planning  process.  Provided  some  policy 
adjustments can be made, the country is largely on track to achieve most MDGs by 
2015.  

The  Dominican  Republic  risks  not  achieving  the  education  MDGs  due  to  the  poor 
quality of education and the low level of adult literacy. Health problems persist, in 
particular  related  to  preventable  diseases,  caused  by  poor  living  conditions  in  per-
urban  and  rural  areas  with  low  levels  of  education  and  limited  access  to  basic 
services.  There  is,  however,  a  national  plan  to  combat  HIV/AIDS  and  the 
government  is  determined  to  accelerate  progress  towards  the  achievement  of  the 
MDGs. 

In  certain  countries,  available  data  are  insufficient  to  make  an  informed  progress 
assessment. This is the case for Guyana and Suriname. Guyana has sector strategies 
in place with regard to health and education but the latest MDG report, dating back 
to 2007, shows that quality and availability of data remain problematic. Suriname's 
includes  a  number  of 
multi-annual  development  plan  established 
development  targets  and  baseline  data  but  no  official  statistics  have  been  released 
since.  There  are  indications  that  the  prevalence  of  non-communicable  diseases  is 
increasing but successes have been recorded in combating malaria. An updated MDG 
report is expected shortly.  

in  2005 

2.2.2.4.  Implementation 

Up  to  the  end  of  2009,  13  annual  action  programmes  were  approved  for  the 
Caribbean  region  under  the  10th  EDF,  totalling  €333  million.   The  use  of  budget 
support increased further in the Caribbean during 2009. General budget support and 
sector  policy  support  programmes  accounted  for  16%  of  the  new  programmes 
approved  in  2009.  Of  EDF  commitments,  13%  were  devoted  to  general  budget 
support,  60%  to  transport  and  12%  to  government  and  civil  society  programmes. 
Payments under the 10th EDF in the Caribbean region totalled €274 million. From the 
EU  budget,  six  Caribbean  countries  benefited  from  accompanying  measures  to 
diversify  their  economies  and/or  increase  the  competitiveness  of  their  sugar 
industries  following  the  reform  of  the  EU  sugar  market.  In  2009,  these  countries 
received  €69  million  in  commitments  and  €49  million  in  payments.  Moreover,  the 
Caribbean  received  significant  support  under  the  Special  Framework  of  Assistance 
for  Traditional  ACP  Suppliers  of  Bananas:  €42  million  were  paid  in  2009.  These 
funds are contributing to the diversification of the local economies and assisting the 
seven  beneficiary  countries  (Belize,  Dominica,  Grenada,  Jamaica,  St.  Lucia,  St. 

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Vincent and the Grenadines, and Suriname) to cope with the effects of the changes in 
the banana market. For further details (cid:198)2.3.6 

The  year  2009  saw  the  adoption  of  additional  financing  in  favour  of  Haiti,  notably 
through specific instruments linked to the rise in food prices and the global economic 
crisis.  General  budget  support  operations  in  Haiti  were  topped-up  by  additional 
commitments amounting to €43 million from the Food Facility, the 10 th EDF and the 
V-FLEX  instrument.  Moreover,  a  pilot  project  of  €1  million  aiming  to  support 
micro-finance in the agricultural sector was approved in 2009.  

Following resumption of cooperation with Cuba at the end of 2008, the Commission 
carried  out  the  identification  and  formulation  of  programmes  in  record  time. 
Activities are funded by specific allocations earmarked for Cuba under the different 
thematic  programmes  and  the  Food  Facility.  The  programmes  cover  several  areas, 
such  as  food  security,  climate  change  and  renewable  energy,  jointly  identified  as 
priority sectors with the Cuban authorities. Already by April 2009, eight actions for a 
total  amount  of  €29.6  million  had  been  a dopted.  An  additional  allocation  of  €8.5 
million under the food security thematic programme was adopted in 2009, bringing 
the total commitment of funds in 2009 to €38.5 million. Further interventions for a 
total  amount  of  €8  million  were  introduced 
2010. 

in  the  decision  circuit  for  adoption  in 

In Grenada, a large water supply project took off, while the rehabilitation of several 
schools  was  completed.  The  timely  disbursement  of  budget  support  (including 
additional  funds  from  V-FLEX)  was  instrumental  in  allowing  the  government  to 
balance  its  budget  and  to  maintain  priority  social  expenditure.  The  EU  revived  the 
implementation of budget support programmes in Guyana towards the end of 2009. 
The  Government's  focus  and  commitment  to  low  carbon  strategies  and  measures 
related  to  climate  change  has  been  matched  by  an  additional  allocation  of  sector 
budget support from the Global Climate Change Alliance. 

Case study: Jamaican north coastal highway road  

The  rehabilitation  of  a  117  km  section  of  the  Jamaican  North  Coastal  Highway  Road 
between  Ocho  Rios  and  Fort  Prospect  was  completed  with  an  EU  contribution  of  €80 
million. Driving conditions have improved significantly and the average travelling time from 
Kingston to Port Antonio has been halved.  

In  Barbados,  budget  support  for  the  ICT  sector  –  a  top  priority  for  the  country  – 
commenced while budget support to reform the health sector came to an end. In Saint 
Kitts and Nevis, the strong efforts put into enhancing dialogue on national strategies, 
macroeconomic  management  and  public  finance  management  paved  the  way  for 
faster  disbursements  of  funds,  which  should  greatly  assist  the  country  to  fight  the 
effects of the global economic crisis. The construction of a new national hospital in 
Saint  Lucia  started  in  early  2009  and  all  parties  are  making  efforts  to  realise  this 
complex but greatly needed project.  

Case study: Tourism development in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines  

The project provided over €2 million to the local economy, paying for local contractors and 
materials  for  creating  various  tourist  facilities  ranging  from  nature  trails  to  jetties.  A 
community  approach  was  used  in  the  development  of  the  tourist  site  facilities  and 

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management  systems.  This  approach  commits communities  located  in  the  proximity  of  the 
14 tourist sites to their continued development and effective management as well as of the 
other sites and attraction identified for future development. 

The  10th  EDF  regional  programme,  signed  in  November  2008,  pays  particular 
attention  to  establishing  a  Caribbean  single  market  and  economy,  to  achieving 
maximum  benefits  from  the  Economic  Partnership  Agreement  (EPA)  and  to 
mitigating potential adverse effects of the adjustment process. Some 21 sector studies 
covering all areas of the EPA have been completed or are currently underway. By the 
end  of  September  2009,  the  regional  authorities  had  developed  a  roadmap  that 
identifies  the  region's  policy  priorities,  the  actions  required  for  implementation  and 
the institutions responsible. The roadmap will serve as guideline for donor activities 
over the coming years. 

Case study: Belize rural development programme  

The  Belize  rural  development  programme  (BRDP)  specifically  targets  the  rural  poor,  in 
particular  women,  to  increase  their  income,  employment  opportunities  and  profits.  BRDP 
grants  enabled  a  number  of  rural  women  to  establish  income-generating  businesses 
benefiting the entire community. A project was implemented by 14 women from Concepcion 
village.  Working  under  the  guidance  of  BRDP,  the  group  now  produces  affordable  quality 
garment products for the local and regional market. The women from the Trial Farm group 
had been producing soya milk without appropriate facilities to satisfy health and food safety 
requirements. With the help of BRDP, they were able to construct a small building for their 
enterprise, procure the appropriate equipment and learn how to better organise their business. 
By  2009  the  group  reported  full  sales  of  soya  milk  and  different  types  of  goods  produced 
from by-products. Both groups received grant funding from BRDP of roughly €8 300 over a 
three-year period. The projects are not required to repay any of these funds but must submit 
reports and business plans. The group from Concepcion village now reports average sales of 
€175 per month during non-peak periods while the  Trial Farm group reports an income of up 
to €700 per month.  

2.2.2.5.  Results 

More  aid  to  the  Caribbean  was  delivered,  better  and  faster.  Total  EDF  payments 
doubled from €125 million in 2005 to €286 million in 2009. Similarly payments for 
the accompanying measures for sugar increased from €8 million in 2007 (first year of 
operation) to €47 million, while payments from  the special framework of assistance 
for banana suppliers increased from €8.5 million in 2005 to €43 million in 2009.  

Although  the  use  of  budget  support  in  the  Caribbean  region  is  on  the  rise, 
implementation continues to be challenging due to a number of factors. The amount 
of EU aid provided to the region from the above mentioned sources totalled almost 
€2  billion  between  2000  and  2009.  This  amounts  to  €78  per  capita  for  a  total 
population of 25 million in the entire Caribbean region. The per capita amounts vary 
widely from €20 in the Dominican Republic  to €1 346 in Saint Kitts and Nevis. Five 
countries received more than €500 per capit a from 2000 to 2009. The combination of 
relatively  high  amounts  for  relatively  small  countries  (only  four  countries  in  the 
region  have  a  population  above  one  million)  have  led  to  problems  of  absorption 
capacities in several countries. 

Compared to other regions, only a limited number of donors are present with whom 
to coordinate initiatives. As most countries are middle-income countries and budget 

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support constitutes a smaller share of the budgets compared to assistance provided in 
other regions, it affects the actual leverage of the EU assistance and the case for an 
in-depth  policy  dialogue.  There  are  also  constraints  on  the  beneficiary  side,  in 
particular  on  the  small  islands  which  have  limited  administrative  capacities. 
Moreover, the absence of robust national and sector strategies as well as the lack of 
firm ownership have had a negative impact in some countries. In addition, showing 
progress  on  an  annual  basis  in  public  finance  management  systems  can  be  more 
challenging in middle-income countries than in countries where such systems are less 
advanced.  

2.2.2.6.  Monitoring 

In the course of the seven missions carried out in the Caribbean in 2009, 68 projects 
and  programmes  in  18  partner  countries  and  OCTs  were  monitored,  funded  both 
from the EDF and the budget for a total of €618 million. Of these, 56 projects were 
ongoing,  while  12  were  subject  to  ex-post  monitoring.  In  addition,  four  ongoing 
regional programmes were monitored.  

Based  on  the  ROM  criteria,  the  results  show  a  very  satisfactory  performance  of 
ongoing  national  operations  with  73.2%  falling  into  category  II.  However,  analysis 
of the frequency of ratings reveals that although 84% of projects are highly relevant 
in  their  design,  78.6%  show  good  future  impact  prospects  and  60.7%  potential 
sustainability, only 44.6% are assessed as effective and 37.5% as efficient. 

Results  of  ongoing  regional  operations  are  encouraging  with  80%  of  them 
performing well. Although 75% of projects had a very relevant design and 100% had 
impact prospects and potential sustainability, only 50% showed sufficient efficiency 
and effectiveness. Low results in efficiency and effectiveness may be related to low 
implementation capacities in small island countries. 

Results by ODA sector of ongoing projects (see table) reveal the best performance in 
economic  infrastructures  and  services  with  88.9%  of  the  monitored  projects 
performing well, followed by production with 83.3%. The sample of the other ODA 
sectors was rather small so that the results may not be considered representative. 

Figure 10: Caribbean - Performance per ODA sector  

100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

Very good (a)

Good (b)

Problems (c)

Serious deficiencies (d)

Figure 11: Performance of ongoing projects - Caribbean 

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100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

65,5%

73,2%

50,0%

37,5%

27,6%

23,2%

4,2%

8,3%

3,4%

3,4%

3,6%

2007 (72 projects) *

2008 (29 projects)

2009 (56 projects)

Very good performance (minimum  3 a, no c, no d)

Good performance ( a, b, maximum  2 c, no d)

Performing with problems (a, b, minimum  3 c, no d)

Not performing, or having major difficulty (minimum  1 d )

* Including monitoring notes

Even  though  results  of  the  ex-post  monitored  projects  may  not  be  considered 
representative,  the  overall  performance  presents  well:  75%  of  projects  were  assessed  as 
effective and with relevant design; 67% of them had a real impact but only 58% of 
them bore good results in terms of efficiency and 41% in terms of sustainability. This 
may be due to poor institutional capacity, low ownership or lack of know-how and 
adequate training.  

2.2.2.7.  Prospects  

The eastern Caribbean countries were severely hit by the global financial crisis and 
some  had  to  reduce  priority  expenditure.  For  this  reason,  the  Commission  received 
applications  for  support  under  the  V-FLEX  mechanism  from  eight  countries  in  the 
region,  including  Haiti,  Jamaica,  Dominica  and  Grenada.  The  Commission 
responded  positively  to  the  requests  from  Grenada  and  Haiti  at  the  end  of  2009, 
granting  an  allocation  from  the  2009  funding.  The  establishment  of  the  V-FLEX 
instrument has led to increased cooperation with the IMF in the region which is set to 
continue in 2010. 

In  Suriname,  the  policy  dialogue  with  the  government  on  the  transport  and 
infrastructure sector had to be revived in order to ensure that previous commitments 
would be met. However, the pace of implementation is not satisfactory. As a result, 
periodic  joint  assessment  and  evaluation  exercises  are  foreseen  to  keep  the 
implementation at a sustained pace. Moreover, policy dialogue needs to be enhanced 
in order to regularly assess progress and quickly identify solutions.  

Building  on  the  increasing  experience  with  budget  support,  the  implementation 
capacity  of  authorities  can  be  expected  to  improve.  The  more  formalised  and 
structured approach being put in place will have a positive impact in the longer term. 
The more systematic use of the PEFA methodology (public expenditure and financial 
accountability) as a tool to assess public finance management performance, provides 
an  excellent  basis  for  enhancing  dialogue  on  important  public  finance  management 

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issues and improving existing systems. In spite of these initiatives, further guidance 
will be needed, in particular on sector budget support in non-traditional sectors, such 
as private sector and trade development.  

2.2.3.  Pacific 

2.2.3.1.  Introduction 

During  2009,  the  Commission  continued  to  expand  and  intensify  its  action  in  the 
region.  The  EU  is  now  a  recognised  player  in  the  Pacific,  engaging  in  a 
comprehensive  and  articulated  programme  of  activities  from  the  promotion  of 
security,  democracy  and  human  rights  to  more  intense  and  effective  political 
dialogue  (Articles  8  and  96  of  the  Cotonou  Agreement),  trade,  climate  change, 
development and humanitarian assistance. The relationship with Australia and New 
Zealand on Pacific issues has also been boosted with numerous meetings at all levels 
to discuss and better coordinate initiatives. The effective support to the relief effort in 
the  aftermath  of  the  Tsunami  in  Samoa  is  an  example  of  this  coordination.  A 
renewed partnership with the US is also being established which will result in greater 
approximation  and  coordination  of  activities  in  particular  in  the  area  of  climate 
change. 

As  in  previous  years,  the  Pacific  Island  Forum  which  brings  together  all 
Pacific/Oceania leaders was the occasion to interact with the region and its countries. 
A  number  of  important  initiatives  where  launched  on  this  occasion  including:  a 
mechanism for political dialogue with the Smaller Island States (SIS); an agreement 
to  support  a  dedicated  SIS  programme  for  climate  change;  EU  participation  in 
regional  initiatives  in  the  area  of  aid  effectiveness  (the  Cairns  Compact)  and 
infrastructure development (Pacific Regional Infrastructure Facility). 

At individual country level, Fiji continued to be the main focus. The aim of the EU 
was  to  help  restore  democracy  through  the  promotion  of  an  inclusive  domestic 
political  dialogue.  Unfortunately,  due  to  lack  of  progress  on  a  number  of  agreed 
measures, the country lost in 2009 €32 m illion from the sugar budget line. Fiji and 
Papua  New  Guinea  signed  an  Economic  Partnership  Agreement  with  the  EU.  The 
Solomon Islands qualified for an additional €15.3 million from the vulnerability V-
FLEX  mechanism  aimed  at  mitigating  the  impact  of  the  global  financial  crisis. 
Timor-Leste also benefited from additional funding from the Instrument for Stability 
to  further  consolidate  its  remarkable  political  and  security  progress  and  Samoa  and 
Tonga both received funding for tsunami relief. 

European  Commission  President  José  Manuel  Barroso  welcomed  the  leaders  of 
Micronesia and Vanuatu to the 2009 European Development Days, reflecting, inter 
alia, the importance the EU attaches to the issue of climate change in the region. 

Climate change is and will remain at the centre of Pacific concerns. The EU, together 
with relevant international players, will need to increasingly engage with the Pacific 
region to ensure that adequate funding combined with effective absorption capacity 
will be in place to deal with the negative impact of climate change. 

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2.2.3.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

Most  ACP  countries  and  all  OCTs  in  the  Pacific  region  are  relatively  small  and 
isolated island states that depend on few development partners. Individual countries 
generally find it difficult to play a leading role in donor coordination, but 2009 saw a 
major  breakthrough  at  regional  level.  In  August  2009,  the  Pacific  Forum  leaders 
adopted  at  their  annual  meeting  in  Cairns,  Australia,  the  Cairns  Compact  on 
strengthening  development  coordination  in  the  Pacific.  The  key  objective  is  to 
coordinate more effectively available development resources from both Forum island 
countries and development partners, measured against progress towards the MDGs. 
Development partners are urged to report on their efforts to reduce aid fragmentation, 
to reduce transaction costs and to improve aid effectiveness by greater use of partner 
country systems, multi-annual funding commitments, pooled funding, the delegation 
of aid delivery to lead donors and shared analytical work. 

In addition, the Commission is part of a formal coordination process, which includes 
the region's main development partners, Australia and New Zealand, other bilateral 
donors  and  a  number  of  multilateral  agencies.  Exchange  of  information  and 
experience  with  regard  to  budget  support  to  Pacific  countries  has  been  an  essential 
part of this process.  

At national level, the Commission has been promoting increased donor coordination 
and  the  principles  of  division  of  labour.  Dialogue  and  coordination  of  top  priority 
issues,  such  as  energy  and  climate  change,  have  been  strengthened  as  well  as  the 
dialogue  on  thematic  issues  such  as  aid  for  trade  or  the  Pacific  Regional 
Infrastructure Facility. Effective coordination mechanisms have been established for 
core  aid  sectors  at  country  level  and  joint  analysis  is  working  reasonably  well.  In 
Tonga, for example, a joint European Commission mission with the World Bank, the 
International Union for Conservation of Nature and the Asian Development Bank in 
April  2009  led  to  the  Tonga  Energy  Roadmap  for  2010-2020,  with  the  aim  of 
achieving a significant reduction of fuel oil use in Tonga.  

In  line  with  the  EU  backbone  strategy  on  reforming  technical  cooperation,  the 
establishment  of  parallel  project  management  units  has  been  largely  avoided  in  the 
Pacific.  Programme  and  project  implementation  is  usually  carried  out  by  national 
authorising  offices  or  through  regional  organisations  using  contribution  agreements 
which allow these organisations to use their own systems of rules and procedures. 

2.2.3.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

Current indicators suggest that a number of MDGs will not be met by many Pacific 
ACP  countries  and  OCTs,  particularly  those  related  to  halving  poverty  (MDG  1), 
reducing  child  mortality  by  two  thirds  (MDG  4),  achieving  universal  primary 
education (MDG 2) and improving access to safe water supply and sanitation (MDG 
7).  Reducing  poverty  and  hunger  by  half  has  so  far  seen  the  least  progress  among 
MDGs  in  the  Pacific  region.  While  some  countries  like  Samoa  and  Tonga,  are 
making  reasonable  progress,  others  like  Papua  New  Guinea  or  Timor-Leste  are 
seriously  off  track  with  regard  to  most  MDGs.  In  Kiribati,  some  indicators  even 
show deterioration. This is a serious situation, taking place as it does despite efforts 
by  development  partners  to  provide  significant  resources  for  investment  in  growth 
and  services  in  the  region.  While  there  have  been  positive  changes  in  the  way 

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development partners and governments work together, there is still a need to further 
improve  effectiveness  through  prioritisation,  coordination,  sound  national  plans, 
good governance and sustained dialogue. This is the challenge for the years ahead in 
order to improve the MDG achievement rate by 2015. 

2.2.3.4.  Implementation 

The  year  2009  was  marked  by  a  consolidation  and  conclusion  of  ongoing 
cooperation programmes and the identification and formulation of new programmes 
and  projects  to  be  funded  from  the  10th EDF. A  total of  €3.5 billion under  the 10 th 
EDF  was  committed  during  2009.  At  the  end  of  the  year,  10th  EDF  funding  for 
projects in the water and energy sectors was approved for most of the smaller Pacific 
islands,  absorbing  a  large  part  of  their  respective  allocations.  Implementation  will 
start  in  2010.  The  greatest  share  of  EDF  commitments  in  2009  was  devoted  to  the 
transport  sector  (22%)  and  general  budget  support  (21%).  Government  and  civil 
society  accounted  for  13%  of  the  new  programmes  approved  in  2009.  Cooperation 
under  the  newly  approved  Annual  Action  Programmes  will  mainly  focus  on 
renewable energy and capacity building activities. The Commission's ongoing efforts 
have  focused  on  sectors  such  as  water,  energy  and  rural  development  as  well  as 
support for institutional reforms and capacity building. Enhanced productivity in the 
fisheries  and  agriculture  sectors,  regional  economic  integration  and  capacity 
development for sustainable resources management are other important sector.  

With the exception of Fiji, where cooperation remained suspended during the course 
of  the  year,  activities  in  the  Pacific  countries  and  OCTs  continued.  Fiji  remained 
under  the  continued  application  of  special  measures  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  Article  96  of  the  Cotonou  Agreement.  Full  cooperation  with  Fiji  will 
resume once the political situation returns to normal. 

Case study: Solomon Islands maritime infrastructure project 

The  €8  million  Solomon  Islands  Maritime  Infrastructure  Project  II  provides  for  the 
construction of seven wharfs and the rehabilitation of navigational aids. The construction of 
six  wharfs  was  finalised  in  2008.  Indicators  show  some  early  benefits  of  the  completed 
wharfs  in  terms  of  the  increased  frequency  of  shipping  services  and  improved  economic 
activities.  The  supply  and  installation  of  an  additional  42  navigation  lights  and  other 
equipment started in 2009. 

Vanuatu is so far the only country in the region to receive budget support from the 
European Commission. In 2010 it will be followed by Samoa and possibly Solomon 
Islands. The latter was the only Pacific country to qualify for an allocation from the 
V-FLEX  mechanism  in  2009.  However,  a  decision on the use of the allocation has 
been deferred to 2010. 

Case study: Timor-Leste rural development project (RDP) 

Assistance  to  Timor-Leste  is  focusing  on  rural  development.  In  this  multi-sector  field, 
important progress has been made. The RDP II is currently in its third year and concentrates 
on  improving  agricultural  extension,  value  chains,  community  development,  forestry 
management  and  rural  infrastructure  (i.e.  roads)  in  two  districts.  The  €10  million  RDP  III 
under the 9th EDF is still in its initial phase, focusing on agriculture, agribusiness and rural 
infrastructure  rehabilitation  in  Manufahi  district.  The  objective  is  to  contribute  to  the 

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development  of  national  policies  and  strategies  in  selected  areas  while  establishing 
associated  activities  in  Manufahi  district  to  act  as  a  development  model.  The  project  also 
develops  the  capacities  of  partners  and  target  groups  and  envisages  the  improvement  of 
farming techniques so as to raise productivity. By using the ‘lessons learnt’ approach and by 
concentrating on only one district, the project provides promising opportunities for achieving 
significant impact.  

As  concerns  regional  integration,  the  10th  EDF  regional  allocation  was  partially 
committed  in  2009,  targeting  three  different  initiatives  in  the  area  of  sustainable 
management  of  natural  resources.  In  December  2009,  the  Commission  approved  a 
regional programme totalling €21.9 million to  foster the governance and use of living 
and non-living marine resources of the Pacific.  

Case study: Facilitating agricultural commodity trade 

Increased  commodity  trade  is  the  main  and  often  the  only  option  for  substantial  economic 
development and ultimately poverty alleviation. Facilitating Agricultural Commodity Trade 
(FACT) is a pilot project targeting 14 Pacific countries. The programme is assisting selected 
commercial ventures and producers to become export-oriented and market-driven enterprises 
as well as increasing the quality and range of exports of agricultural forestry products. The 
improvement  in  the  export  competitiveness  of  commercial  farmers  in  the  Pacific  is 
constrained  by  a  lack  of  information  and  training.  They  also  lack  financing  in  order  to 
upgrade  equipment  and  post-harvest  facilities.  The  project  has  provided  14  selected 
agriculture and forestry enterprises and farmers' ventures with commercial viability analysis 
as  well  as  supply  chain  and  marketing  systems'  analyses.  It  also  provided  for  technical 
interventions improving quality assurance, post-harvest and marketing systems. The project 
also  facilitates  closer  cooperation  between  governments  and  the  private  sector,  improving 
communication and information exchange along the commodity value chain and supporting 
fairer trade arrangements for Pacific Island agriculture and forestry producers and exporters.  

Papua New Guinea and Fiji signed an interim Economic Partnership Agreement with 
the EU in 2009. Under the agreement, all imports from Fiji and Papua New Guinea 
have  duty-free  and  quota-free  access  to  the  European  market.  Fiji  will  remove 
customs duties on 87% of its imports from the EU over the next 15 years and Papua 
New  Guinea  will  liberalise  88%  in  the  first  year.  This  interim  EPA  is  a  stepping 
stone  to  a  future  comprehensive  regional  agreement  with  all  ACP  countries  in  the 
Pacific  region,  covering  not  only  trade  in  goods  but  also  trade-related  rules  and 
comprehensive cooperation to promote trade and investment.  

2.2.3.5.  Results 

European  aid  delivered  to  the  region  has  generally  contributed  to  enhancing 
livelihoods,  thereby  alleviating  poverty  and  improving  living  conditions.  One 
example  is  the  support  for  energy  initiatives  in  Micronesia,  Marshall,  Niue,  Nauru 
and  Palau,  whose  implementation  is  coming  to  a  close.  The  project  aimed  at 
improving  energy  efficiency  and  renewable  energies.  It  has  contributed  to  the 
training of energy technicians from national utility companies and to improving each 
country's  capacity  to  manage  renewable  energy  systems.  Particularly  in  the  more 
remote  outer  islands,  increased  energy  availability  has  provided  more  learning 
opportunities  and  small  livelihood  activities  at  household  level.  It  also  helped  to 
improve  the  health-care  situation  as  long-term  storage  of  medicines  or  vaccines  in 
dispensaries  is  now  possible.  Building  local  ownership  and  the  capacity  of  local 
management  systems  was  an  integral  part  of  the  project  implementation  strategy. 

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Particular attention has been paid to supporting the governments in formulating their 
energy policies and devising accompanying environmentally friendly measures. 

2.2.3.6.  Monitoring 

Six missions were carried out in the Pacific, monitoring 63 operations in 15 partner 
countries, funded both from the EDF and the EU budget for a total of €243 million. 
Of  these,  56  projects  still  had  on-going  activities,  while  seven  underwent  ex-post 
monitoring.  Ten  ongoing  regional  programmes  and  their  national  components  were 
also monitored.  

Projects  are  measured  under  the  ROM  system  as  explained  in  previous  sections  of 
this document. The overall results for the Pacific show a satisfactory performance of 
ongoing country operations in 2009 with 64.3% falling into category II. Analysis of 
the frequency of ratings shows that 75% of the projects are relevant in their design, 
82%  show  good  future  impact  prospects  and  58.9%  good  potential  sustainability. 
55.4% are assessed as efficient and 51.8% as effective. The weaker performance in 
terms of efficiency and effectiveness may be related to poor management of inputs, 
delays  in  the  availability  of  resources  and  difficulties  in  the  delivery  of  outputs 
according to plan. 

Results of ongoing regional operations are positive in terms of overall performance 
with 69.5% falling in category II. 70% of the programmes had a relevant design and 
100%  presented  good  impact  prospects.  However,  only  60%  had  good  ratings  for 
efficiency  and  effectiveness  and  only  50%  were  assessed  potentially  sustainable. 
This  might  be  due  to  the  fact  that  performance  of  regional  programmes  may  vary 
considerably from country to country, even if the overall management is good. The 
difference  may  also  be  linked  to  insufficient  implementation  capacity  of  regional 
organisations. 

Results  by  ODA  sector  of  ongoing  projects  (see  table)  show  the  best  performance 
scores  in  the  areas  economic  infrastructure  and  services  (76%),  multisector  and 
cross-cutting  issues  (72%),  production  (70%)  as  well  as  social  infrastructure  and 
services (62.5%).  

Figure  12:  Pacific  -  Performance  per  ODA  sector  %  of  frequency  of  ROM 
scores 

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Figure 13: Pacific- Performance of ongoing projects  

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

68,8%

64,3%

50,0%

27,5%

17,5%

25,0%

5,0%

3,1%

3,1%

23,2%

12,5%

2007 (40 projects) *

2008 (32 projects)

2009 (56 projects)

Very good performance (minimum  3 a, no c, no d)

Good performance ( a, b, maximum  2 c, no d)

Performing with problems (a, b, minimum  3 c, no d)

Not performing, or having major difficulty (minimum  1 d )

* Including monitoring 

Even though less representative due to the small amount of sample projects, the frequency of 
ratings  of  the  operations  subject  to  ex-post  monitoring  show  best  results  in  terms  of 
effectiveness  (71%),  followed  by  58%  for  efficiency  and  57%  for  real  impact  and 
actual  sustainability.  The  lower  figures  may  result  from  poor  institutional  capacity, 
lack of ownership, know-how and inadequate training. 

2.2.3.7.  Prospects 

A challenge for the years to come will be the gradual move from project support to 
sector  policy  and  budget  support  for  aid  delivery.  This  means  an  increasing 
percentage  of  aid  flows  will  be  channelled  through  national  treasuries,  in  line  with 
the Paris and Accra commitments on aid effectiveness. For this reason, a number of 
analytical  studies  will  be  needed  to  verify  various  countries'  eligibility  to  receive 
budget support from the EU and an increased cooperation, particularly with the IMF, 
regarding  monitoring  of  national  developments.  The  EU  Delegations  in  the  region 
will  increasingly  focus  on  policy  dialogue  and  reporting  on  macroeconomic 
developments as well as issues related to the management of public finances. 

Adjusting  the  EU's  response  to  the  challenges  the  Pacific  islands  are  facing  as  a 
result of climate change will be one of the major tasks ahead. Already now, the EU is 
providing  financial support to the University of the South Pacific in order  to better 
reply to formal and informal education needs in terms of climate change adaptation 
and  mitigation  strategies.  Some  of  the  countries  in  the  region  are  also  likely  to 
benefit from funding from the Global Climate Change Alliance. 

2.2.4. 

Intra-ACP programmes 

In 2009, the Commission continued to support the African peace and security agenda 
through the African Peace Facility (APF). An amount of €3 00 million was approved 

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for the period 2009-2011. In line with the priorities of the Joint Africa-EU Strategy 
and its Partnership on Peace and Security, the APF currently supports three capacity 
building  programmes  with  a  total  budget  of  €35  million  to  strengthen  the  African 
peace and security architecture. As the first set of capacity building programmes will 
end in June 2010, an additional €65 million were earmarked to consolidate what has 
been  accomplished  since  2004.  The  funding  of  African-led  peace  support 
operations represents another core activity of the APF. The African Union Mission to 
Somalia (AMISOM) played a key role in maintaining security in Mogadishu as well 
as providing support to the transitional federal government in its efforts to stabilise 
the  country.  In  2009,  the  mission  received  an  additional  allocation  of  €80  million. 
The  multinational  force  MICOPAX,  deployed  in  the  Central  African  Republic  to 
consolidate  peace  and  security,  was  allocated  a  further  €15  million.  An  early 
response  mechanism  has  been  established  to  finance  preparatory  stages  of  peace 
support  operations  or  initial  steps  of  mediation  processes,  where  urgent  funding  is 
required. A sum of €15 million was made  available for this mechanism.  

In  addition  to  the  APF,  the  €55  million  support  programme  for  the  African  Union 
seeks  to  deepen  the  AU-EU  partnership  and  to  strengthen  the  overall  institutional 
capacity  of  the  AU.  It  is  also  to  reinforce  the  effective  implementation  of  the 
partnership under the 10th EDF. 

During  2009,  75  actions  funded  under  the  first  ACP-EU  energy  facility  progressed 
satisfactorily.  It  is  projected  to  improve  the  lives  of  around  seven  million  people. 
Another €200 million have been allocated to a new  Energy Facility under the 10th 
EDF.  Besides  contributing  to  poverty  reduction  through  the  provision  of  energy 
services, the new instrument actively promotes the use of renewable energies to fight 
climate change. It also seeks increased participation from the private sector, together 
with  a  broader  mobilisation  of  loan  funding  from  European  development  banks 
through  an  innovative  pooling  mechanism.  The  first  call  for  proposals  of  the 
replenished  energy  facility  was  launched  in  November  2009,  concentrating  on 
improved  access  to  energy  services,  energy  management  and  governance,  while 
focusing on renewable energies and efficiency. For further details (cid:198) 1.10 

A new allocation of €200 million to the ACP-EU  Water Facility under the 10th EDF 
was approved by the Commission in December 2009. The water facility contributes 
to improving water governance and management of water resources as well as to the 
sustainable  development  and  maintenance  of  water  infrastructure.  It  also  helps 
achieve the water and sanitation MDG, which is to halve by 2015 the proportion of 
people  without  sustainable  access  to  safe  drinking  water  and  basic  sanitation. 
Following  a  stakeholder  consultation  process  in  2009,  guidelines  were  drafted  for 
two  calls  for  proposals  to  be  published  in  2010  to  address  the  above-mentioned 
objectives. 

Core  components  of  the  €25  million  Migration  Facility  in  favour  of  regional  and 
national  institutions  as  well  as  civil  society  organisations  were  agreed  in  2009, 
aiming  to  support  ACP  states  with  the  management  of  intra-ACP  migratory  flows 
and their consequences.  
The Annual Action Programme 2009 for intra-ACP cooperation under the 10th EDF, 
benefiting  all  ACP  states,  was  approved  in  November  2009  with  funding  of  some 
€800 million, including allocations for the energy  and water facilities. It is part of a 
cooperation  agreement  between  the  European  Commission  and  the  ACP  group  of 

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states signed in March 2009 for a total of €2.7 billion. It represents 12% of the total 
resources of the 10th EDF. It covers the fields of climate change, infrastructure and 
networks,  science  and  research,  education  and  culture,  trade  and  private  sector 
development. These programmes will become operational from 2010. In addition to 
these 10th EDF resources, a series of 9th EDF projects are still being implemented. 
The new BizClim Facility is a joint ACP-EU initiative financed under the 9th EDF to 
foster  a  business-enabling  environment  in  ACP  countries  or  regions  by  improving 
legislation,  institutional  frameworks  and  financial  measures  relating  to  the  private 
sector and by reforming state-owned enterprises. It will be allocated €10 million and 
is expected to commence its activities in mid-2010. 

the  EU/ACP  microfinance  programme, 

Pro€Invest,  one  of  the  European  Commi ssion's  largest  support  programmes  for 
private  sector  development  in  the  ACP  countries  with  global  funding  of  €110 
million,  has  now  established  a  solid  project  portfolio.  At  the  end  of  2009,  22 
contracts were awarded worth €21.2 million th rough a series of calls for proposals. 
the  Commission  continued 
Through 
supporting  the  development  of  strong  domestic  financial  systems  that  work  for  the 
poor.  A  new  programme  worth  €15  million  was  approved  in  2009  to  ensure 
continuation  of  activities  when  the  existing  programme  is  phased  out  during  2010. 
The  €50  million  TradeCom  facility  continued  to  enhance  capacity  on  trade  policy 
issues,  committing  approximately  €12  million  for  new  projects  in  2009.  The 
Commission  has  continued  its  support  for  the  Heavily  Indebted  Poor  Countries 
initiative  (HIPC)  both  as  a  donor  and  creditor.  The  contributions  as  a  donor  to  the 
World  Bank  debt  relief  trust  fund  are  used  to  fund  the  participation  of  the  African 
Development Bank in the initiative. The Commission participation as a creditor has 
provided more than €21 million in de bt relief to eligible HIPCs.  

In the education sector, there are 66 ongoing projects under the Edulink programme, 
providing  support  to  ACP  higher  education  institutions.  Support  continued  for  the 
catalytic fund under the Education for All – Fast Track Initiative in favour of primary 
education  (€63  million).  An  additional  €18  million  were  allocated  to  allow  ACP 
students to participate in  the Erasmus Mundus partnerships programme. Significant 
progress  has  been  made  on  the  preparation  of  the  new  ACP  academic  and  student 
mobility programme that will foster South-South cooperation. As part of EU support 
programmes  for  the  ACP  film  and  cultural  industries,  two  calls  for  proposals  were 
organised  in  2009.  As  a  result,  30  grant  contracts  for  a  total  value  of  €8.7  million 
were signed by the Commission in 2009.  

The  EU-Africa  Infrastructure  Trust  Fund  significantly  accelerated 
its 
implementation  in  2009  by  approving  13  new  projects.  This  brings  the  total  to  21 
grant  operations,  amounting  to  €123  million  and  mobilising  €1.7 billion  for  project 
financing.  

Case study: EU-Africa infrastructure trust fund 

Improving  infrastructure  and  infrastructure-related  services  are  at  the  heart  of  reducing 
poverty,  achieving  sustainable  economic  growth,  promoting  regional  trade  and  fostering 
regional  integration.  The  EU-Africa  infrastructure  trust  fund  is  an  innovative  financial 
instrument  launched  in  2007.  It  encourages  the  financing  of  cross-border  and  regional 
infrastructure  projects  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa  in  the  energy,  water,  transport  and 
telecommunications sectors, which facilitate interconnectivity and regional integration. The 

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trust  fund  combines  grants  from  the  European  Commission  and  EU  Member  States  with 
long-term  loan  finance  made  available  by  the  European  Investment  Bank  and  EU 
development financiers, in partnership with the African Development Bank. 

In  the  area  of  rural  and  agricultural  development,  the  second  and  final  tranche 
(€15 million) of the All-ACP Agricultural  Commodities Programme was allocated to 
the  implementing  international  organisations.  A  new  sanitary  and  phyto-sanitary 
programme under the 10th EDF worth €35 million was approved, contributing to the 
improvement of the quality and conformity of the ACP fruit and vegetable sector and 
to the activities of the standards and trade development facility hosted by the WTO.  

Figure 14 EDF - Bre akdown b y se ctor of  exter nal aid financed  on the Europe an  Development Fund 
(EDF) managed by E uropeAid in 2009

Commitments in € million

116 M€; 3%

905 M€; 27%

785 M€; 22%

428 M€; 12%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

397 M€; 11%

870 M€; 25%

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Disb ursements in € million

241 M€; 8%

714 M€; 24%

980 M€; 33%

183 M€; 6%

285 M€; 10%

550 M€; 19%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

B ilateral a nd Multilatera l ODA. Excl non-ODA resources (P eac e fac ility,… ).

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Figur e 15 E DF - Regional breakd own  of ext ernal aid financ ed on  the  Eu ropean 
Develop men t Fun d (E DF)  manage d b y Eur op eAid  in 2009

Africa

Caribbean

Pacific

O ve rseas Cou ntries & T erritories

ACP Unallocate d

Total

Commitments in € 
million

Disbursement s in  
€ million

3 070 

2 496 

333 

87 

-

11 

243 

57 

6 

150 

3 502 

2 953 

B ilateral a nd Multilatera l ODA. Excl non-ODA resources (P eac e fac ility,… ).

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Figure 16: EDF - Gener al and sector budget support per countr y

Com mitme nts in € million

Count ry

GBS / 
SBS

S ect or

Desc ription

B enin 

B enin 

GBS Po ve rty r eduction

SB S Road  tran sp ort

B otswan a 

SB S

Ed ucation policy a nd 
ad ministr ative  ma nage ment

G ene ral budg et sup port- Poverty re duction (Stratég ie d e 
cro issa nce p our la réd ucti on de la pau vre té ) 
S ecto r sup port prog ramme  in  the are a of tran sp ort 
( PAST)
Hum an resour ce d evelopm ent sector pol icy su ppor t 
p rogr amme 

Total

      26,40    

      25,00    

      60,00    

B urkina  Faso 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

P overty redu ction  b udge t supp ort 20 05-2 008

        5,42    

B urkina  Faso 

SB S

Ba sic drin king wate r su pply 
an d b asic san ita tion

B urun di 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

S ecto r sup port prog ramme  - W ate r su pply a nd wa te r 
san ita tio n ( PAP S-AE PA 200 9-20 14)
B udge t suppo rt pr ogra mme - macroe co nomic 
stabilisa tion  

      50,00    

        6,37    

B urun di 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt pr ogra mme - econom ic re co ve ry

      14,33    

Cap e Verd e 

SB S Multisecto r aid

B udge t suppo rt-  de ve lopmen t of th e S pecial 
P artnershi p

Cen tr al A fr ican 
Rep ublic

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

S uppo rt to econom ic stabilisation 

      11,50    

      12,21    

Com oros 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt pr ogra mme socio-eco nomic stab ilisati on

        7,27    

Con go (DRC) 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt pr ogra mme - econom ic stabilisation 

      22,62    

G han a 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

P overty redu ction  b udge t supp ort (P RBS 3)

        6,02    

G han a 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

MDG  Con tra ct (MDG-C)

G han a 

SB S

En vir onmen ta l p olicy and  
ad ministr ative  ma nage ment

G rena de 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

G han a -  Natura l Re so urce and  En vir onme nta l 
G overna nce - S PSP
P overty redu ction  thro ugh  pr iva te sector develop ment 
e mployment and gr owth

G uine a-Bissau  GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt - sta bilisation 

G uine a- Bissau  GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt  -  stabilisa tion   200 9/11

Haiti 

Haiti 

Haiti 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt pr ogra mme

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

G ene ral budg et sup port - Na tion al growth and po ve rty 
r eduction str ate gy 
G ene ral budg et sup port - Na tion al growth and po ve rty 
r eduction str ate gy 

Jama ica

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Tro pical Storm Gu stav Re hab ilita tio n

      35,00    

        8,00    

        5,29    

        3,77    

      11,18    

        2,58    

        5,00    

      30,00    

        1,90    

Mau ritius

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Impr ove d Co mpetitive ness for  E quitable  Develo pmen t

      10,90    

Mau ritius

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

P romoting  S usta inable  a nd Equ itab le Developme nt

      34,09    

L iberia  

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt for macro econo mic stabilisation  

      20,20    

Mala wi 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

P overty redu ction  b udge t supp ort pr ogra mme 2

        8,89    

Mala wi 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

P overty redu ction  b udge t supp ort  III

Mali  

Mali  

Mali  

Nige r

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

SB S Ag ricultural water resou rces

SB S

SB S

Decentra lisa tio n and supp ort to 
subn ational go ve rnmen t
Food  a id/Fo od security 
pro gram mes

Mul tian nua l pr ogra mme - Supp ort to the stra teg ic 
fra mework- Pover ty re duction 
S uppo rt Pr ogra mme - Imp lemen tation  o f the Niger 
O ffice's co ntract pla n  (P AMOCP- ON)
S uppo rt Pr ogra mme - admin istrative reform , 
d ecentralisation  a nd regio nal econ omic d evelopm ent 

S uppo rt pr ogra mme - fo od se curity 

Mozamb ique 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

P overty redu ction

      25,00    

        7,70    

      30,00    

      75,00    

        6,90    

      12,11    

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Rwand a 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt - po ve rty r eduction 

        9,44    

Rwand a 

SB S

Ag ricultural po licy and 
ad ministr ative  ma nage ment

Rwand a 

SB S Le gal and  ju dicial develo pment

S amoa 
(W estern)  

SB S

W ate r resource s po licy and 
ad ministr ative  ma nage ment

S ecto r b udge t supp ort for de ce ntralised ag riculture

      20,00    

S ecto r b udge t supp ort for the recon ci lati on, la w an d 
o rder  sector

      12,00    

W ater and  san itation  sector solicy supp ort p rogra mme

      15,30    

S eyche lles 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

S eyche lles E conomi c Reform Pr ogra mme 

      16,50    

S ierra  Le one 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt- p overty red uctio n 

S ierra  Le one 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

G ene ral budg et sup port

        6,42    

      12,00    

Tan za nia

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

 Bud get su ppor t - poverty re ducti on 2006 -200 8 

      14,84    

Tan za nia 

SB S Road  tran sp ort

Roa d tra nsport sector  p olicy suppo rt pr ogra mme 
( Tr anSP )

Tan za nia

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

MDG  Con tra ct (200 9/2015 ) 

Tog o 

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

B udge t suppo rt - po ve rty r eduction 

Zamb ia

GBS Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

 MDG CONTRACT 

G ra nd Total

G BS : G ener al budg et supp ort
S BS : Se ctor bu dget su ppo rt

2.2.5.  OCTs 

2.2.5.1.  Introduction 

      70,00    

    305,00    

      15,00    

      30,00    

 1.107,15    

In accordance with part four of the EU Treaty, OCTs are closely associated with the 
European Union. The purpose of this association "shall be to promote the economic 
and  social  development  of  the  countries  and  territories  and  to  establish  close 
economic relations between them and the Union as a whole." 

The original list of OCTs included countries and territories which have since become 
independent  and  sovereign  countries  located  in  Africa,  in  the  Caribbean  and  in  the 
Pacific. Consequently, a parallel has been established between the association linking 
the  OCTs  to  the  European Union  and  the  relations  between  the  ACP  countries 
and the EU. 

Nevertheless  since  2003,  the  OCTs  and  the  four  Member  States  with  which  they 
have special relations have been calling for a better recognition of the OCTs specific 
status and suggested building a new relationship with the OCTs based on their close 
link with the EU. An overall review of relations between the EU and the OCTs was 
proposed,  including  a  possible  substantial  revision  of  the  detailed  rules  and 
procedures governing the OCT-EU association. 

As a first step, the Commission published a green paper on 25 June 2008 to launch 
discussion  of  the  opportunity  of  replacing  the  current  OCT-ACP  parallelism  by  an 
innovative  partnership  strategy  for  the  OCTs  tailored  to  their  specific  status  and 
situation, based on the close link and solidarity between the OCTs and the EU. 

Based  on  the  outcome  of  the  public  consultation  launched  by  the  Green  Paper,  the 
Commission  published  a  Communication  on  6  November  2009.  This  set  out  the 

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Commission's standpoint on the essential elements for establishing a new partnership 
between  the  EU  and  the  OCTs.  The  intention  of  the  Communication  is  to  suggest 
more focused cooperation, to concentrate on issues of mutual interest and to narrow 
the scope of cooperation accordingly. 

Three central objectives have been identified: (i) to enhance the competitiveness of 
the OCTs, (ii) to strengthen  their  resilience and reduce  OCTs vulnerability and (iii) 
to promote cooperation between OCTs and their regional, European and international 
partners.  

The  Communication  provides  a  guide  for  the  further  work  in  replacing  the  current 
Overseas Association Decision when it expires on 31 December 2013. 

Numerous  issues  will  have  to  be  studied  including:  impact  of  regional  integration, 
principal  challenges  and  the opportunities  of  each  OCT,  identification  of  their 
potential,  their  level  of  competitiveness,  possible  adaptation  of  the  rules  of 
origin, possible  financing  mechanisms.  The  technical  studies  relating  to  these 
subjects will be conducted in 2010. 

Following the publication of the Communication, the Council of Ministers adopted a 
set of conclusions on 22 December 2009. 

Cooperation  between  the  EU  and  the  OCTs  is  implemented  via  the  EDF.  In  the 
current  programming  period  2008-2013,  OCTs  will  have  a  budget  of  €286  million. 
The  territorial  allocations  take  the  form  of  budgetary  support  while  the  regional 
allocation of €40 million will be implemented through a project approach. 

Throughout 2009, the European Commission services worked closely with the OCTs 
on the programming of the 10th EDF which should be completed by the end of 2010. 

2.2.5.2.  Implementation 

A new Technical Cooperation Facility for €2 million under the 10 th EDF covering all 
OCTs was approved in 2009. The Commission followed up a request from the OCTs 
to  set  up  a  bureau  for  the  administrative  management  of  EU-OCT  cooperation  and 
intra-OCT coordination in order to improve the management of EDF funds destined 
for the OCTs. 

The  9th  EDF  territorial  allocations  for  OCTs  have  come  to  their  final  stage  of 
implementation. Three OCTs currently receive funds through budget support. In St. 
Pierre and Miquelon, the ongoing sector support programme for environmental and 
transport policies (€19 million)  will enter its last year in 2010. Sector budget support 
for  infrastructure  development  in  St.  Helena  and  the  dependencies  Ascension  and 
Tristan da Cunha Islands will run until 2011. The €4.5 million sector budget support 
programme  for 
in  2009. 
in 
the  Falkland  Islands ended 
Preparations for the programming of the 10th EDF allocations are ongoing.  

trade  development 

In all Pacific OCTs, apart from New Caledonia, implementation has been slow and 
the  preparation  of  new  interventions  under  the  10th  EDF  is  much  delayed.  Even 
though  the  Association  Agreement  for  the  Pacific  OCTs  does  foresee  a  move 
towards budget support as the preferred form of aid delivery, none of the countries, 
apart from New Caledonia, is yet eligible. 

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Support  for  Greenland  from  the  EU  budget  continued  for  the  third  year  with  a 
disbursement  of  €27  million  in  budget  support  for  the  education  and  vocational 
training  sector.  This  contributes  to  the  government's  efforts  to  raise  the  education 
level of the Greenland workforce in view of enhancing economic development and 
improving living conditions. 

In the Caribbean, all seven OCTs started to benefit from the €5 million regional risk 
reduction  initiative  funded  by  the  EDF  and  implemented  by  the  UNDP  and  the 
Caribbean Emergency and Disaster Management Agency. The programme will assist 
the  OCTs  to  develop  local  capacities  and  provide  them  with  tools,  such  as  spatial 
data  infrastructure  and  models  as  well  as  best  practises  to  support  comprehensive 
disaster management. 

Anguilla,  Montserrat  and  the  Turks  and  Caicos  Islands  benefit  from  sector  budget 
support under the 9th EDF. Progress was limited in 2009 as only the second tranche 
(amounting  to  €4  million)  of  the  trade  in  services  sector  programme  in  Montserrat 
could  be  disbursed. In  the  Turks  and  Caicos Islands,  no disbursement  was  possible 
due to the government's inability to meet any of the agreed indicators on improved 
public finance management. It was decided to mobilise technical assistance of up to 
€2  million  to  assist  the  government  in  impl ementing  the  necessary  reforms.  Aruba, 
the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands receive project support. In Aruba, 
projects  for  the  National  Museum  (€4.5  million  to  renovate  buildings)  and  the 
National Park Arikok (€7 million for new in frastructure) were completed and opened 
in July 2009. On the Cayman Islands, a €7 million project for housing reconstruction 
following  Hurricane  Ivan,  which  caused  major  damage  in  September  2004,  was 
completed.  Some  300  houses  for  low-income  households  were  repaired  and  50 
houses  rebuilt.  Delegation  agreements  were  concluded  for  two  infrastructure 
programmes  in  the  Netherlands  Antilles,  receiving  an  overall  contribution  of  €44 
million. 

Case study: The National Museum and the Arikok National Park in Aruba 

On  26  July  2009,  the  revamped  Aruba  National  Archaeological  Museum  and  Arikok 
National  Park  were  officially  inaugurated.  The  museum  complex,  to  which  the  EU 
contributed €4.5 million, offers an authentic glim pse into 5 000 years of regional history in a 
complex of restored colonial-type buildings and a modern state-of-the-art section for ancient 
artefacts. The EU contributed €7 million to th e Arikok National Park's three-year makeover, 
rehabilitating roads and paths for visitors as well as installing a wind turbine and solar panels 
that make the site a landmark for innovative energy management. The park occupies 18% of 
Aruba's landmass and is home to countless indigenous flora and fauna. In addition to local 
visitors, both museum and park are anticipating an estimated 829 000 visitors and 578 000 
cruise  ship  passengers  per  year.  The  museum  and  park  and  are  expected  to  become 
financially self-sufficient in 2013.  

Only  limited  progress  was  made  in  programming  10th  EDF  resources.  Although 
PEFA-based  assessments  on  public  finance  management  were  successfully 
concluded for Anguilla, Aruba and Montserrat, no final agreement could be reached 
on  budget  support  programmes  in  other  OCTs.  For  the  Turks  and  Caicos  Islands, 
project  support  is  now  being  discussed  to  assist  in  the  reconstruction  efforts 
following the damage caused by Hurricane Ike in 2008. The 10th EDF programmes 
for all Caribbean OCTs are expected to be finalised in 2010. 

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2.3. 

Development Cooperation Instrument  

Launched in January 2007, the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI) replaces 
a wide range of geographic and thematic instruments which was created over time. 
The DCI covers three components: 
1)  geographic  programmes  supporting  cooperation  with  47  developing  countries  in 
Latin  America,  Asia  and  Central  Asia,  the  Gulf  region  (Iran,  Iraq  and  Yemen)  and 
South Africa. 
2)  thematic  programmes  benefiting  all  developing  countries.  These  programmes 
support actions in the following fields: 
•  investing in people;  
•  environment and sustainable management of natural resources including energy;  
•  non-state actors and local authorities in development;  
•  food security;  
•  migration and asylum.  
3) programme of accompanying measures for the 18 ACP sugar protocol countries, 
in order to help them adjust following the reform of the EU sugar regime. 

2.3.1.  Asia 

2.3.1.1.  Introduction 

EU-Asia relations continued to expand during 2009. The European Union’s overall 
objective  has  been  the  pursuit  of  an  increasingly  close  relationship  with  Asia  by 
going  beyond  traditional  cooperation,  to  economic  integration  and  deeper  political 
cooperation.  

The  strategic  framework  for  the  Commission’s  actions  in  Asia  is  based  on  the 
Commission’s Communication Europe and Asia of 2001, which concentrates on the 
following themes for EU-Asia cooperation: political and security issues, economics, 
development, energy security, climate change/environment as well as socio-cultural 
affairs and regional integration within ASEAN. Cooperation and policy approaches 
with  Asian  sub-regions  and  countries  have  been  developed  through  a  series  of 
follow-up  Communications  on  south-east  Asia,  India  and  China.  Asia 
is 
characterised by a tremendous diversity in terms of political, economic, security and 
social systems. Although Asia made progress during 2008 towards the achievement 
of the Millennium Development Goals, poverty remains a significant challenge; the 
region is still home to two thirds of the planet’s poor people. In addition, the global 
financial  crisis  is  impeding  progress  towards  the  MDGs.  Nevertheless,  Asia  has 
become Europe’s main trading partner, accounting for a third of Europe’s total trade 
flows  and  a  third  of  its  investment  abroad.  Strengthening  EU-Asia  relations 
continued therefore to be one of the EU’s external policy priorities during 2009. The 
EU has been fostering dialogue and cooperation with all Asian partner countries and 
numerous  sub-regional  partners  and  policy  fora,  such  as  the  Asia-Europe  Meeting 
(ASEM),  the  Association  of  South-East  Asia  Nations  (ASEAN),  the  ASEAN 
Regional  Forum  (ARF)  and  the  South  Asian  Association  for  Regional  Cooperation 
(SAARC).  

To  further  strengthen  political  and  economic  relations,  regular  summits  took  place 
during  2009,  within  the  ASEM  framework.  The  9th  ASEM  foreign  ministers’ 
meeting,  held  in  Vietnam  in  May  2009,  built  on  the  successful  7th  ASEM  summit 
(Beijing, 2008) and looked into enhancing Asia-Europe cooperation in addressing the 

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global  economic  slowdown,  taking  forward  the  elements  of  the  Beijing  declaration 
on sustainable development. The 1st ASEM energy ministerial meeting in Brussels in 
June  2009  was  the  opportunity  to  discuss  a  range  of  topics  related  to  international 
energy policies, sustainable energy choices, and global energy markets and trade. In 
2010, the 8th ASEM summit will take place in October in Brussels. In this context, 
the Commission will sponsor a high-level ASEM development conference in 2010 in 
Europe  to  address  future  development  policy  for  Asia  in  the  light  of  evolving 
economic and regulatory challenges.  

The 11th China-EU summit was held in Prague on 20 May 2009. Both sides stressed 
that  EU-China  relations  increasingly  take  on  an  international  dimension  and 
reaffirmed  their  active  commitment  to  peace,  stability,  security,  prosperity  and 
sustainable development in the world. Discussions focused on bilateral relations, the 
global economic and financial crisis, climate change and energy security, as well as 
an exchange of views on regional issues. The Second EU-China high-level economic 
and trade dialogue mechanism (HLM) took place in Brussels in May. The presence 
of  14  Commissioners  and  Directors-General  on  the  EU  side  and  the  Vice-Premier 
and a delegation of 12 ministers and vice-ministers on the Chinese side made it the 
largest high-level meeting between the EU and China outside the EU-China summits. 
The HLM will be followed up in the appropriate dialogues and working groups.  

The 10th EU-India summit took place in November 2009 in New Delhi. Discussions 
centred  on  global  issues  such  as  strengthening  the  multilateral  system,  climate 
change  and  energy,  international  financial  crisis  and  the  global  economy,  food 
security  and  rural  poverty,  human  rights,  terrorism,  disarmament  and  non-
proliferation, and peace-keeping, in addition to regional and bilateral issues. 

The first-ever EU-Pakistan summit took place in Brussels in June 2009. The leaders 
of  the  EU  and  Pakistan  agreed  on  substantial  measures  to  strengthen  their  mutual 
engagement  by  initiating  strategic  dialogue  on  their  common  commitment  to 
technology,  security,  counter-terrorism, 
development,  education,  science  and 
strengthening democracy, human rights and enhancing trade. The leaders reaffirmed 
their  commitment  to  strengthen  cooperation  within  the  framework  of  the  United 
Nations and in multilateral fora to address global concerns, including in the areas of 
development,  environment,  energy,  disarmament  and  arms  control,  including  arms 
trade and the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). 

The new Action Plan for Afghanistan and Pakistan agreed by the Council in October 
2009  gives  the  opportunity  to  help  build  an  Afghan  government  responsive  to  the 
needs  and  concerns  of  the  Afghan  people  as  part  of  a  coherent  EU  contribution 
within a coordinated international response. It also underlines that Pakistan should be 
a stable democracy free from  terror and able to join with its neighbours  in defence 
against  these  threats. The Action Plan  builds on the commitments made at the  EU-
Pakistan Summit.  

The  European  Commission  is  actively  negotiating  free  trade  agreements  with  India 
and  countries  of  ASEAN,  as  well  as  Framework  and  Partnership  and  Cooperation 
Agreements  with  China  and  several  ASEAN  countries.  In  December  2009,  EU 
Member  States  gave  the  green  light  to  the  Commission  to  pursue  negotiations 
towards  free  trade  agreements  with  individual  ASEAN  countries,  beginning  with 
Singapore. 

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To  meet  the  development  challenges  that  lie  ahead  and  further  deepen  EU-Asia 
relations,  the  Commission  has  adopted  18  individual  country  strategies  and  a 
regional  strategy,  covering  cooperation  with  Asia  for  the  period  2007-2013.  The 
budget  for  these  activities  is  some  €5.2  billion.  Relevant  multi-annual  indicative 
programmes for 2007-2010 are being implemented and were the object of a mid-term 
review in 2008-2009. Related multi-annual indicative programmes for 2011-2013 are 
being prepared.  

In 2009,  the  EU continued to use  its cooperation  instruments  in  a  coherent  manner 
through regular political dialogue, enhanced economic and trade cooperation and the 
efficient  use  of  all  financial  instruments  in  place.  The  EU  remains  determined  to 
strengthen  multilateralism  by  working  as  closely  as  possible  with  the  competent 
international  organisations  on  cooperation  with  Asia,  notably  with  the  UN  and  its 
agencies, the Asian Development Bank and other international financial institutions 
and partners.  

In parallel with the DCI-financed activities, preparatory actions have been launched 
for  the  third  consecutive  year  in  China  and  in  India  to  support  EU  research  and 
business  activities,  and  for  the  second  consecutive  year  in  several  Asian  middle 
income  countries.  Progress  has  been  made  in  developing  coordinated  calls  for 
proposals  in  selected  research  fields  of  mutual  interest.  India  launched  a  joint 
coordinated  call  on  renewable  energy  (solar)  with  a  total  EU-India  budget  of  €10 
million. China issued a specific call on aeronautics with a total EU-China budget of 
€6 million.  

2.3.1.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

The Commission has taken further steps to improve effectiveness of external aid in 
most  countries  in  Asia.  Progress  has  been  most  encouraging  in  countries  like 
Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam, but also in Burma/Myanmar, where 
the Commission has played a key role in joint donor programmes such as the Three 
Diseases  Fund  and  the  education  sector.  For  Afghanistan  and  Pakistan,  the  EU's 
Action  Plan  for  enhanced  EU  engagement  includes  important  sections  on  aid 
effectiveness.  In  Indonesia,  the  Commission  started  with  Australia  its  biggest-ever 
sector budget support programme in Asia in the field of education. 

New  joint  management  implementation  modes  were  initiated  through  transfer  and 
delegation  agreements.  This  procedure  is  to  be  applied  to  strengthen  labour 
legislation  in  Bangladesh,  school  sector  reform  in  Nepal,  vocational  education  in 
Pakistan and the health sector in Vietnam.  

In  line  with  the  major  international  commitments  on  aid  effectiveness  adopted  in 
Paris  and  Accra,  the  Commission  is  promoting  budget  support  and  sector  policy 
support  programmes  to  improve  aid  effectiveness  in  Asia  and  Central  Asia.  It 
supports  sector  reforms  through  the  country's  institutions,  thereby  maximising 
ownership,  leadership  and  responsibility  of  its  partners.  The  Commission  thus 
engages  with  the  partner  country  in  a  reform-  and  results-oriented  way  through 
policy dialogue, and in coordination with other donors. 

In  2009,  28%  of  the  actions  prepared  for  commitment  in  Asia  were  in  the  form  of 
budget  support. This represents a  considerable  increase  over the 2008 level of19%. 

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On  MIP  2007-2010,  in  the  Asian  countries  eligible  for  budget  support,  64%  of 
assistance is channelled through each country's own budget. 

The  focus  of  budget  support  programmes  in  Asia  and  Central  Asia  is  to  support 
reforms  and  efforts  towards  the  achievement  of  MDGs,  especially  in  education, 
health and to eliminate extreme poverty.  

2.3.1.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

Despite the impressive growth by most countries in the region, Asia is still home to 
600  million  people  living  in  poverty.  The  dynamic  economic  growth  has  not  been 
inclusive  enough,  and  has  not  sufficiently  benefited  the  poorest  members  of  the 
population.  In  China,  which  has  succeeded  in  halving  its  poor  population,  135 
million people continue to live in conditions of extreme poverty.  

As  far  as  2015  target  on  reducing  poverty  is  concerned,  Thailand,  Malaysia,  the 
Maldives  and  Vietnam  are  early  achievers.  China  and  Sri  Lanka  are  well  on  track. 
The  percentage  of  people  living  on  less  than  $1.25  a  day,  however,  remains 
particularly high in Nepal (55%), Bangladesh (50%) and Lao PDR (44%). 

Even  countries  which  have  experienced  rapid  economic  growth  in  recent  years  are 
lagging  behind  on  MDG  1  (eradicating  extreme  poverty  and  hunger),  notably 
Cambodia, Mongolia, Pakistan, but also India and the Philippines despite their status 
as middle-income countries.  

Combating  social  exclusion  and  poverty,  promoting  inclusive  growth  and  building 
cohesive  societies  constitute  therefore  the  keystone  of  the  EU's  development 
cooperation  partnerships.  Under  the  Development  Cooperation  Instrument,  EU 
development  cooperation  has  contributed  to  the  progress  of  the  Asian  countries 
towards the MDGs.  

Particular  priority  is  given  to  the  social  sectors.  32%  of  funds  committed  in  2009 
were  allocated  to  health  and  primary  and  secondary  education.  In  Asia,  the  EU  is 
providing  assistance  to  improve  primary  school  completion  rates  and  quality  of 
education, alleviate child hunger (and malnutrition), and promote gender equality in 
secondary  and  tertiary  education.  In  the  health  sector,  the  Commission  supported 
programmes  aimed  at  improving  access  of  the  poor  to  health  services,  with  the 
particular goal of reducing infant and child mortality in south and central Asia and to 
improve maternal health in all sub-regions. 

During  2009,  budget  support  helped  to  mitigate  the  development  impact  of  the 
financial crisis on MDG progress. In the majority of least developed and low-income 
countries, economic growth rates typically fell by 4-7% to around 0% to 3% which 
significantly  constrained  fiscal  space  for  social  spending  and  reforms.  EU  budget 
support programmes, generally implemented in partnership with other donors, have 
contributed  to  ensuring  that  governments  were  able  to  go  on  implementing  vital 
overall and sector-specific MDG reforms. 

The EU also pays particular attention to environmental issues by contributing to the 
replenishment  of  forest  cover,  lower  CO2  emissions  and  better  access  to  safe  water 
and sanitation in rural areas. 

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Case study: Asia Pro-Eco programme - implementing voluntary approaches for urban 
environmental management in China 

The project aims at improving energy efficiency and reducing industrial emissions and waste 
through  the  adoption  of  voluntary  agreements  between  selected  local  governments  and 
companies. Taking the example of Nanjing, voluntary agreements have been made with six 
companies from the cement, petrochemical, power, steel and automobile sectors. Thanks to 
this  project,  the  cement  factory  was  able  to  construct  a  power  plant  that  now  supplies  two 
thirds  of  the  factory's  electricity  based  on  the  recovery  of  waste  heat.  The  success  of  this 
power  plant  in  reducing  both  energy  consumption  and  costs  led  the  factory  to  install  this 
technology in other branches all over China. The six companies in Nanjing achieved a total 
energy saving of 18 petajoule, a reduction in sulphur dioxide of 9 259 tonnes and chemical 
oxygen demand pollution of 1 567 tonnes in 2008. 

2.3.1.4.  Implementation 

In  2009,  €700  million  were  committed  to  Asia  for  policy  and  reform-oriented 
projects and programmes through beneficiaries' national institutions, many of them in 
partnership with other donors, including EU Member States. 

Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 

In  2009,  the  EU  maintained  its  commitment  to  help  Asian  countries  eradicate 
extreme  poverty  and  hunger  (MDG  1),  inter  alia,  by  deploying  food  security 
programmes  in  Afghanistan,  Bangladesh  and  Burma/Myanmar.  In  Bangladesh,  for 
example,  the  food  and  livelihoods  security  project  (€24  million  allocated  in  2009) 
contributes to the improvement of the food security of rural ultra-poor small farmers 
and rural day labourers and their dependants. Moreover, the project builds capacities 
local  non-governmental  and  community-based 
of 
organisations.  The  RAHA  programme  in  Pakistan  will  promote  sustainable  rural 
development  in  the  refugee  affected  and  hosting  areas  of  Pakistan.  Measures  in 
favour  of  uprooted  people,  contributing  to  rebuilding  livelihoods  and  rehabilitating 
infrastructure,  were  also  put 
in  Afghanistan,  Bangladesh  and 
Burma/Myanmar, as well as in Indonesia and Thailand.  

local  government  bodies, 

in  place 

Support Health, combating HIV/AIDS and other diseases  

As far as health is concerned, €20 million was allocated to fight infectious diseases at 
regional  level.  Moreover,  the  Commission  maintained  its  support  for  the  health 
sector reform agenda of the government of the Philippines contributing €36 million 
to the Policy Support Programme II. The mid-term review confirmed the relevance 
of the programme and further support will be granted to achieve MDG 5.  

Achieve primary and higher education 

In  Indonesia,  the  Commission  helps  fund  basic  education  through  the  use  of  sector 
budget support (€144.5 million in 2009 to be followed by additional €56.5 in 2010). 
The joint EC-AusAID Education Sector Support Programme will support Indonesia's 
education strategic plan 2010-2014 policies and strategies nationwide. These seek to 
achieve  equitable  access  to  high-quality  basic  education,  improved  quality  and 
relevance  of  basic  education  and  improved  governance  and  accountability.  The 
Nepal school sector budget support aims to expand access and improve the quality of 

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student  learning.  In  addition  to  basic  education,  this  programme  includes  early 
childhood education, secondary education, vocational training and adult  literacy. In 
Bangladesh,  the  Commission  is  providing  further  support  to  strengthening  basic 
education in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The regional Erasmus Mundus programme 
promotes  education  and  research  exchange  for  student  scholarships,  while  the 
Tempus programme aims at modernising higher education systems and institutions. 
In  Pakistan  support  for  basic  education  is  provided  in  the  North-West  Frontier 
Provinces while the TVET programme will address vocational training. 

Case  study:  Higher  Education  –  student  exchange  under  Asia  and  central  Asia 
windows of Erasmus Mundus 

In  the  field  of  development  cooperation,  Erasmus  Mundus  aims  to  contribute  to  the 
sustainable development of third countries in higher education, and to promote inter-cultural 
understanding. Over the period 2007-2009 an allocation of just under €110 million was made 
to encourage student mobility between Asia and Europe on degree, masters, doctorate, and 
post-doctorate courses. To date, over 4 500 students and academic staff have benefited from 
being  able  to  participate  in  courses  run  by  universities  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Furthermore, 
partnerships have been established between 23 consortia of universities in Asia and Central 
Asia for the promotion of student mobility. 

Improve governance and the rule of law, development, and poverty reduction 

The Commission contributed to the improvement of good governance and respect for 
human  rights  and  the  rule  of  law  in  a  large  number  of  Asian  countries.  The 
Commission  deployed  programmes  to  strengthen  the  rule  of  law  and  security  in 
Indonesia.  It  also  supported  dialogue  on  governance  in  the  Philippines  and  in 
Vietnam.  It  sustained  policy  dialogue  and  public  administration  in  China;  and 
contributed to improve public financial management in Bangladesh and governance 
and  human  rights  in  Cambodia  and  Lao  PDR.  In  Sri  Lanka,  the  Commission 
supported internally displaced persons, both as regards restoring livelihoods as well 
as  protecting  rights.  Since  2007,  support  for  public  finance  management  has  been 
provided to Bangladesh, Cambodia and Lao PDR. In Pakistan, it went on education 
sector budget support. A total of €110 m illion was committed in 2009 to support the 
electoral process and to provide regular and accountable remuneration to the Afghan 
national police in order to strengthen law and order in Afghanistan.  

Strengthening poverty reduction through economic development and social cohesion 

The EU is committed to promoting sustainable growth through economic and trade 
development and improving social cohesion in order to deliver higher incomes, thus 
impacting  significantly  on  poverty  reduction.  The  Commission  is  enhancing  trade 
capacity  in  Bangladesh,  China,  India,  Indonesia,  Lao  PDR,  Pakistan,  Philippines, 
Thailand,  Sri  Lanka  and  Vietnam  and,  at  the  regional  level,  in  ASEAN.  ASEAN 
received support in the areas of air transport, intellectual property rights and for its 
Free  Trade  Agreement  (FTA)  negotiations.  The  Commission  funded  multilateral 
trade policy assistance projects in Vietnam, and successfully supported the ministries 
involved in the WTO accession process. It  enhanced the  role of small  and  medium 
enterprises (SMEs) in order to attain sustainable economic and social development in 
Asia  through  instruments  like  the  Switch  regional  programme,  which  promotes 
sustainable consumption and production.  

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Case study: Trans-Eurasia information network (TEIN3)  

TEIN established a high-capacity internet network that enables researchers and universities 
in less developed countries in Asia to gain access to technologies, knowledge and research 
data  from  their  bigger  Asian  partners  or  the  EU.  Countries  like  Cambodia,  Vietnam  and 
Nepal  benefit  from  access  to  medical  data  through  telemedicine.  The  Philippines  obtains 
advice  on  typhoon  predictions  from  German  meteorologists.  And  Indonesia  uses  earth 
observations for fire watching. At the end of 2009, the project welcomed six new countries – 
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. 

Protecting the environment and promoting clean energy  

Environmental  cooperation  with  China  took  a  major  step  forward  with  a  large 
programme  to  support  a  clean  energy  centre  and  an  Institute  for  Clean  and 
Renewable  Energy  (ICARE),  and  to  promote  environmental  governance.  New 
regional programmes concerning climate change and environment were prepared to 
promote Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) and Switch.  

Case study: Pakistan – Water management for thirsty crops 

With  over  65%  of  its  population  directly  or  indirectly  dependant  on  agriculture,  the  sector 
plays  a  crucial  role  in  the  economy  of  Pakistan.  However,  agricultural  demand  for  fresh 
water  is  expected  to  outstrip  supply  by  2025  and  the  consequences  of  this  on  livelihoods, 
food security and ecology are a major concern. The project focused on reducing the need for 
water  (through  improvement  of  irrigation  techniques)  and  decreasing  the  use  of  chemical 
fertilisers  and  pesticides.  From  2006  to  2009,  28  000  farmers  learned  how  to  minimise 
pesticide  use  and  better  understand  health  and  environment  issues  by  attending  courses  on 
best management practices. As a result, farmers noted significant savings in production costs 
(30% in the case of cotton and 18% for sugar cane), thus increasing their profit margin. The 
more  environmentally  friendly  approach  reduced  by  almost  20%  the  need  for  treatment  of 
skin  and  respiratory  diseases  of  workers  in  charge  of  spreading  pesticides  (all  of  them 
women). 

2.3.1.5.  Results  

Through its development cooperation activities, the Commission has maintained its 
commitment to help Asian countries to achieve the MDGs. Measures financed by the 
DCI in Asia contributed to alleviate extreme poverty, improve health systems, foster 
universal primary education and promote the use of sustainable sources of energy.  

The  Commission,  for  example,  has  substantially  contributed  to  the  achievement  of 
MDG 2 (universal primary education) in Bangladesh through its participation in the 
second primary education development programme (see case study).  

Case study: Bangladesh - All girls to school: a key priority for the EU 

Thanks to the long-term support of the Commission and other donors, Bangladesh has made 
spectacular  progress  in  alleviating  gender  disparities  in  primary  and  secondary  education. 
MDG 2 to provide universal primary education has been reached. In 2003, the Commission 
contributed  €105  million  to  the  $1.8  billion 
sub-sector-wide  second  primary  education 
development  programme  (PEDP  II).  As  a  result,  by the  end  of  2008:  20  000  new  teachers 
were  recruited;  40  000  new  classrooms  are  under  construction;  50  million  textbooks  are 
being printed and distributed every year. School management committees comprising parents 

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and teachers have been formed and local communities are mobilised to send girls to school. 
In  addition,  the  Commission  is  a  major  contributor  to  non-formal  primary  education  with 
NGOs,  which  also  significantly  helps  to  increase  the  number  of  girls  going  to  school,  in 
particular in poor and marginalised communities.  

Furthermore,  it  has  contributed  to  the  eradication  of  extreme  poverty  and  hunger 
(MDG  1)  through  its  food  security  programmes  in  various  countries  (Afghanistan, 
Bangladesh  and  Burma/Myanmar)  and  financed  rural,  social  and  economic 
development programmes throughout Asia.  

Beyond the achievement of the MDGs, the Commission has worked to improve good 
governance  and  respect  for  human  rights  and  the  rule  of  law.  In  Afghanistan,  for 
example,  assistance  contributed  to  promoting  the  rule  of  law,  in  particular  through 
further funding for the Law and Order Trust Fund which finances police salaries, as 
well as through work on border management and customs support.  

At  the  same  time,  the  EU  is  striving  to  make  the  management  of  its  development 
cooperation activities more results-oriented, to respect international commitments on 
aid  effectiveness,  to  apply  the  principles  of  division  of  labour  between  donors  and 
respect the EU code of conduct. 

2.3.1.6.  Monitoring  

Figure 1750: Asia – Monitoring results by ODA sector 

The result-oriented monitoring (ROM) report which evaluated the impact of external 
cooperation projects and programmes carried out in 2009 in Asia shows an average 
mark of 2.85 (max 4, min 1). This represents a slight improvement over 2008 (2.78). 

Figure 18: Asia – Performance of ongoing projects 2007-2009 

50 

AWP: Annual Work Plan. The data in the graph are taken from the Result Oriented Monitoring (ROM) 
Report which evaluated the impact of external cooperation projects and programmes carried out in the 
first half of 2009. 

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80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

2007 (237
projects)

2008 (189
projects)

2009 (171
projects)

Very good performance
(minimum 3 a, no c, no
d)

Good performance (a, b,
maximum 2 c, no d)

Performing with
problems (a, b,
maximum 3 c, no d)

Not performing or having
major difficulty (minimum
1 d)

The final score is made up of five criteria. Compared to the average scores for Asia 
for  2008  all  the  five  criteria  improved.  Relevance/quality  of  design  of  projects  and 
programmes from 2.77 to 2.88, impact from 2.81 to 2.95, sustainability from 2.82 to 
2.85, efficiency from 2.69 to 2.71 and effectiveness from 2.82 to 2.86. 

2.3.1.7.  Prospects 

In 2010, the EU will continue to use its cooperation instruments in a coherent manner 
through continued political dialogue, enhanced economic and trade cooperation and 
the efficient use of all financial instruments in place.  

In order to comply with aid effectiveness commitments, the EU will strive to foster 
ownership  by  the  beneficiary  countries,  through  an  increased  use  of  SPSP,  general 
and sectoral budget support, and to improve its coordination with other donors, and 
competent international organisations through a more effective division of labour.  

Special attention will be devoted to implement the Action Plan for Afghanistan and 
Pakistan.  In  2010,  more  than  €65  million  will  be  devoted,  for  example,  to  a  rural 
governance  and  development  programme  in  Afghanistan,  while  some  €15  million 
will finance a natural resource management programme in Pakistan.  

2.3.2.  Central Asia 

2.3.2.1.  Introduction 

The adoption by the European Council of a strategy for a new enhanced partnership 
with  Central  Asia  in  June  2007  with  the  common  goal  of  achieving  stability  and 
prosperity  by  means  of  peaceful  interaction  has  provided  new  impetus  to  regional 
and  bilateral  dialogue.  It  has  also  enhanced  EU  cooperation  with  the  five  countries 
concerned  (Kazakhstan,  Kyrgyzstan,  Tajikistan,  Turkmenistan  and  Uzbekistan)  on 
major  issues  such  as  poverty  reduction,  sustainable  development  and  stability.  The 
bilateral relations of the Central Asian republics with the EU have since developed 
positively,  with  the  entry  into  force  of  the  Partnership  and  Cooperation  Agreement 
with Tajikistan and the PCA interim agreement with Turkmenistan in early 2010. At 
their cooperation council meeting in November 2009, the EU and Kazakhstan agreed 
to further strengthen their bilateral relations, calling for the review of the 1999 PCA 
with the aim of updating the present provisions or establishing a new agreement.  

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There is significant interest among the Central Asian countries for stronger relations 
with  the  EU.  As  a  result,  the  EU  can  pursue  its  cooperation  with  a  higher  level  of 
both political commitment and impact, as regards national reforms and key regional 
challenges. 

The  regionalised  EU  Delegations  in  Tajikistan  and  Kyrgyzstan  (which  so  far  have 
depended on the Delegation in Kazakhstan) have been upgraded and will operate as 
full EU Delegations by the end of 2010. It is planned to open an EU Delegation in 
Uzbekistan in 2010.  

Strategy  implementation  is  guided  by  regular  meetings  of  foreign  ministers.  The 
latest  meetings  of  the  EU  foreign  ministers  troika  with  Central  Asia  were  in 
Dushanbe, Tajikistan, in May and in Brussels in September 2009. 

the  board  (energy,  security,  human  rights  and  rule  of 

Implementation  of  the  EU  strategy  in  its  relations  with  Central  Asia  is  advancing 
well  across 
law, 
environment/water,  education  etc)  through  cooperation  projects  as  well  as  bilateral 
and regional dialogue, including human rights dialogues held with the five countries 
in 2009.  

The  Commission  is  playing  a  leading  role  in  the  strategy  implementation  process, 
including  by  the  use  of  EU  instruments  (Partnership  and  Cooperation  Agreements, 
increasing  assistance,  launching  of  new  projects,  opening  of  further  Delegations, 
etc).  The  Commission  is  the  ‘lead  coordinator’  on  the  EU  side  on  education.  It 
cooperates closely with France and Germany, the ‘lead coordinators’ on the rule of 
law, as well as with Italy, the ‘lead coordinator’ on environment/water. 

The leaders of Central Asian republics continue to mention the EU as their point of 
reference for the political, economic and social transition reforms in their countries. 
A number of  issues  regarding  poverty reduction,  rule of law and  good  governance, 
and  economic  and  social  reforms  are  best  addressed  by  means  of  assistance  at 
national  level  where  lessons  learned  from  the  political,  social  and  economic 
transformation of central and eastern Europe may be relevant in view of their shared 
experience of the Soviet system.  

The Central Asian countries are unevenly affected by the food and economic crisis, 
with  Kazakh  banks  most  heavily  affected  and  the  economies  of  Tajikistan  and 
Kyrgyzstan  (the  poorest  countries)  suffering  from  diminishing  remittances. 
Uzbekistan  and  Turkmenistan,  given  the  still  relatively  isolated  state  of  their 
economies,  have  suffered  less.  In  response,  special  EU  assistance  was  granted  to 
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to improve food security in 2009.  

EU assistance to the region has increased significantly to about €750 million for the 
period 2007-2013 (nearly double the previous level). The European Investment Bank 
has had its external mandate extended to cover Central Asia as well. The mid-term 
review  of  DCI  programming  is  ongoing  and  advancing  according  to  schedule.  The 
draft  indicative  programme  for  Central Asia 2011-2013 has been prepared and was 
discussed  during  the  last  part  of  2009  in  advance  of  its  formal  adoption  during  the 
first quarter of 2010. 

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2.3.2.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

During 2009, the Commission made further efforts to foster donor coordination and 
the implementation of the EU code of conduct on division of labour in Central Asia. 
In  2008,  the  Commission  joined  a  group  of  donors  establishing  a  joint  country 
support strategy for the Kyrgyz Republic and for Tajikistan to support the respective 
national  poverty  reduction  strategies.  The  strategy  for  the  Kyrgyz  Republic  was 
adopted for the years 2007-2010 and the strategy for Tajikistan was endorsed in 2009 
and covers the period 2009-2012.  

In the Kyrgyz Republic, the establishment of lead donors in some sectors and cross-
cutting  themes  is  ongoing,  but  in  2009  donor  coordination  still  remained  a  donor-
driven  process.  However,  at  the  end  of  the  year,  following  the  restructuring  of  the 
government,  a new central agency on  development, investment and innovation was 
established.  It  is  expected  that  the  agency  will  take  over  coordination  of  donor 
activities and increase country ownership.  

Donor coordination in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan is very active around public finance 
management issues, an area in which the Commission supports a number of projects. 
In  2009  in  Kyrgyzstan,  the  Commission  joined  a  multi-donor  trust  fund  on  public 
finance  management,  managed  by  the  World  Bank,  and  involving  also  DfID, 
DECO51 and SIDA.  

On MIP 2007-2010, it is planned that 33% of bilateral aid committed to Kyrgyzstan 
and  35%  of  aid  to  Tajikistan  will  be  delivered  through  budget  support  mechanism, 
thus using country systems and thereby increasing ownership. 

However,  the  Central  Asia  regional  programme  and  bilateral  cooperation  with 
Kazakhstan,  Uzbekistan  and  Turkmenistan  remain  generally  project-based,  but 
attention 
increased  donor  coordination  and  progressive 
implementation of the Paris principles for aid effectiveness. 

is  growing 

for 

2.3.2.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

Kazakhstan, a middle income country and the most developed in the region, is well 
on  track  to  meet  most  MDGs  and  has  already  achieved  the  first  three  (poverty 
reduction,  access  to  primary  education  and  empowerment  of  women).  Kazakhstan 
has  consequently  adopted  more  ambitious  objectives  for  those  areas:  the  MDG+ 
targets.  Although  progress  has  been  made  in  the  Kyrgyz  Republic  and  Tajikistan 
with regard to MDG 1 and MDG 2, these countries remain among the poorest in Asia 
according  to  the  Human  Development  Index  (HDI).  Progress  on  HIV/AIDS 
prevalence  has  been  made  in  Kyrgyzstan,  Kazakhstan  and  Tajikistan.  However, 
tuberculosis prevalence and infection rates have in fact worsened. 

EU external aid under DCI contributes to the fight against poverty and to achieving 
the MDGs in the region by strengthening social protection, contributing to economic 
growth,  either  by  enhancing  private  sector  development,  education  or  by  fostering 
economic  integration  at  the  regional  level.  Support  is  also  granted  to  improving 

51 

Development Consulting AS (DECO) was established in Oslo in October 1984 

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health  management  systems  and  to  fighting  infectious  diseases.  Attention  is  also 
given to environmental issues.  

Key  priorities  for  achieving  the  MDGs  in  Central  Asia  remain  tackling  child 
mortality,  tuberculosis  and  HIV/AIDS,  as  well  providing  access  to  safe  water  and 
sanitation in rural areas. 

2.3.2.4.  Implementation 

The  implementation  of  the  MIP  2007-2010  for  Central  Asia  put  emphasis  on 
strengthening higher education, governance, employment and social protection, and 
economic transition. The Commission has also committed funds to improve primary 
and secondary education, health, rural development and the sustainable use of natural 
resources including water and energy. 

In 2009, the level of commitment to Central Asia reached €93 million.  

In  the  area  of  higher  education,  the  Tempus  regional  programme  continued  to 
support  education  reform,  curricula  development  and  university  modernisation 
through partnerships between higher education institutions. Vocational education and 
training was also provided to help the population to access new opportunities in the 
growing and evolving private sector. Erasmus Mundus II - Action 2 Partnerships for 
Central  Asia  aims  to  develop  human  resources  through  student  and  academic  staff 
mobility.  

Case study: modernising higher education in Central Asia under Tempus IV 

Tempus  aims  at  modernising  higher  education  in  partner  countries  through  improved 
governance,  quality,  relevance,  and  capacity  of  higher  education  institutions  and  their 
courses.  Support  goes  on  improving  curricula,  teaching  methods,  and  introducing  quality-
assurance systems. Many of the modernisation reforms are inspired by the Bologna process 
of  improving  higher  education  in  Europe.  Over  the  period  2007-2009,  €15  million  were 
allocated.  This  enabled  18  projects  to  modernise  higher  education  in  Central  Asia  to  be 
financed. 

Under  the  previous  Tempus  III  programme,  targeted  results  were  in  the  area  of  improving 
teaching/learning  processes,  upgrading  curricula,  developing  new  teaching  materials, 
introducing modern technology and retraining teaching staff. 

The  Kyrgyz  Republic  and  Tajikistan  benefited  from  large  sector  budget  support  to 
reform  the  social  protection  systems.  In  Tajikistan,  the  EU  is  committed  to 
improving food security. Kyrgyzstan received additional budget support in the midst 
of the food crisis to top up social benefits. In 2009, Central Asia also benefited from 
a  €20  million  programme  to  fight  infectious   diseases  in  Asia  and  Central  Asia. 
Tajikistan  also  received  support  to  enhance  its  health  management  information 
system. 

Strengthening  governance  including  judiciary  reforms  is  a  major  concern  for  the 
Commission.  Assistance  has  been  provided  in  the  Kyrgyz  Republic  and  in 
Uzbekistan.  The  border  management  and  anti-drug  programmes  (BOMCA  and 
CADAP), continued to be implemented with the aim of making border controls more 
efficient  in  stopping  drugs  and  any  other  illicit  trafficking,  while  facilitating 

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legitimate  border  crossing,  in  particular  for  trade  purposes.  CADAP  supported 
Central  Asia  governments  in  improving  their  analysis  and  capacity  to  address  the 
drug problem. 

Case  study:  Central  Asia  border  management  and  anti-drug  programmes  BOMCA 
and CADAP.  

In  the  framework  of  BOMCA  and  its  sister  programme,  the  EU-UNDP  Central  Asia  Drug 
Action  Programme  (CADAP),  12  drug-profiling  units  have  been  established  in  all  five 
central  Asian  countries,  together  with  two  drug  rehabilitation  centres  in  Uzbekistan  and 
Tajikistan. 

Within  this  framework,  the  EU  fosters  institutional  reform  promoting  integrated  border 
management,  strengthens  training  capacities,  improves  the  infrastructure  along  trade  and 
transit  routes,  and  helps  counter  drug  smuggling  in  central  Asia.  This  is  complemented  by 
the Border Management Programme for Afghanistan (BOMAF) programme that aims to 
help secure the Tajik-Afghan border. 

The  cumulative  budgets  of  all  five  CADAP  phases  (2001-2013)  are  approximately  of  €21 
million. BOMCA's cumulative budgets in 2003-2010 amount to €26 million.  

At regional level, the Central Asia Invest programme promotes sustainable economic 
development of SMEs. In addition, Tajikistan will benefit from a specific support to 
private sector development committed in 2009. 

In  order  to  promote  environmental  sustainability,  two  regional  programmes  were 
launched to raise environmental awareness and support the use of sustainable energy 
within the framework of the Baku initiative on energy and transport and the Central 
Asia environment programme.  

Case study: Uzbekistan - enhancement of living standards in Fergana Valley  

The  €8.3  million  programme  is  being  implemented  by  the  UN  Development  Programme 
(UNDP). It runs from 2005 to 2010. So far 600 000 people in 231 communities have been 
supported and an additional 500 000 in 200 communities will be reached by the end of 2010. 
Access to drinking water increased by 30% in the project districts, which means that 295 000 
people  can  now  drink  clean  piped  water.  A  total  of  150  communities  now  have  improved 
access  to  agri-consulting  services.  Consequently,  living  standards  and  health  conditions  of 
target  communities 
to  drinking  water  supply.  Community 
development  planning  also  improved  and  communities  are  now  able  to  obtain  additional 
funding elsewhere. 

improved,  notably  due 

2.3.2.5.  Results  

Through  its  development  cooperation  activities,  the  Commission  has  contributed  to 
improve  governance  and  facilitate  economic  transition  in  Central  Asia.  In  the 
framework of support for public finance management in Kyrgyzstan, specific actions 
have  been  taken  to  strengthen  the  budgeting  process,  and  modernise  the  internal 
control  and  audit  systems.  In  Tajikistan,  the  Commission  is  supporting  the  public 
finance  management  reform  strategy  which  encompasses  an  action  plan  adopted  in 
March  2009.  This  follows  earlier  approval  by  Tajik  authorities  of  the  creation  of  a 
new  body  for  independent  external  audit.  With  respect  to  efforts  to  improve  social 
protection  systems,  Commission  support  for  the  Tajik  social  protection  strategy 

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resulted,  inter  alia  in  the  setting  up  of  a  system  of  non-residential  social  service 
institutions.  In  Kyrgyzstan,  it  has  contributed  to  establishing  the  legal  and 
institutional framework for social and child protection reforms, and strengthened the 
institutional  capacity  to  manage  their  implementation.  This  has  improved  targeting 
and  timely  payment  of  social  benefits,  and  improved  social  services  support  to 
vulnerable  families  and  children.  Furthermore,  with  its  regional  actions  supporting 
higher education (e. g. Tempus and Erasmus Mundus), the Commission has helped 
people  to  make  the  most  of  new  employment  opportunities  provided  by  a  growing 
and innovative private sector.  

2.3.2.6.  Monitoring  

Figure 1952: Central Asia – monitoring results by ODA 

Monitored projects were mainly implemented in four areas: social infrastructures and 
services, economic infrastructure and services, multi-sector and cross-cutting issues, 
and production sectors. 

Figure 20: Central Asia – performance of ongoing projects 2007-2009 

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

2007 (99
projects)

2008 (101
projects)

2009 (60
projects)

Very good performance
(minimum 3 a, no c, no
d)

Good performance (a, b,
maximum 2 c, no d)

Performing with
problems (a, b,
maximum 3 c, no d)

Not performing or having
major difficulty (minimum
1 d)

52 

AWP: Annual Work Plan. The data in the graph are taken from the Result Oriented Monitoring (ROM) 
Report which evaluated the impact of external cooperation projects and programmes carried out in the 
first half of 2009. 

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The average scores for Central Asia for 2009 all show an improvement over those for 
2008. Relevance/quality of design improved from 2.71 to 2.79; efficiency recovered 
from 2.61 to 2.67; effectiveness rose from 2.64 to 2.82; impact from 2.68 to 2.87 and 
sustainability from 2.66 to 2.75. 

2.3.2.7.  Prospects 

In the education sector, actions currently planned for 2010 include a programme to 
reform the Kyrgyz education sector combining budget support, technical cooperation 
and  grants,  and  regional  programmes  in  support  of  higher  education  (Erasmus 
Mundus, Tempus, CAREN, and technical assistance to the ministries of education). 
In  the  social  sector,  support  is  planned  in  Kyrgyzstan  and  Tajikistan  (social 
protection).  In  the  health  sector,  support  is  envisaged  for  Tajikistan.  Under  the 
central Asia regional programme, the Commission will promote the rule of law and 
will  strive  to  strengthen  the  transport  sector,  while  safeguarding  the  environment. 
Promotion of SMEs will continue through the Central Asia Invest II Programme. The 
regional  energy  programme  for  central  Asia  committed  in  2009  will  start  the 
implementation phase in 2010. 

The sound implementation of the MIP 2007-2010 and of the forthcoming MIP 2011-
2013,  will  be  reinforced  when  the  regionalised  EU  Delegations  in  Tajikistan  and 
Kyrgyzstan are upgraded to full Delegations in 2010. 

2.3.3.  Middle East 

2.3.3.1.  Introduction 

The DCI covers three countries in the Middle East – Iraq, Iran and Yemen.  

The continued positive – though certainly fragile – improvements in security in Iraq 
during  2009  enabled  the  Commission  to  move  from  emergency  reconstruction 
activities  towards  long-term  capacity  building.  Commission  support  in  the  medium 
term  therefore  will  concentrate  on  the  sustainability  of  Iraq’s  institutions,  the 
improvement  of  management  and  civil  service  capacity  and  boosting  the  provision 
and  quality  of  basic  services  (health,  water/sanitation).  The  Commission  has  also 
continued its programme of rule of law assistance – ranging from building up judicial 
institutions  and  the  machinery  of  human  rights  protection  to  support  for  NGOs 
providing  citizens’  rights  and  legal  advice.  This  dovetails  with  the  ‘EUJUSTLEX’ 
rule-of-law ESDP mission, whose mandate was renewed in 2009. 

In parallel, the Commission continued to focus a significant proportion of its aid in 
support  of  the  electoral  process.  The  value  of  this  was  reflected  in  the  successful 
holding of provincial and regional elections in January and July 2009, both of which 
also  benefited  from  a  small  EU  monitoring  mission.  Work  also  continued  to  assist 
internally  displaced  people  and  refugees  in  Jordan  and  Syria,  so  as  to  alleviate  the 
increasingly  difficult  living  conditions  of  displaced  Iraqis.  In  November  2009,  the 
EU completed negotiations for  a Partnership and Cooperation Agreement with Iraq 
with  the  aim  of  signing  in  2010.  This  agreement  provides  the  first-ever  contractual 
basis for EU relations with Iraq. 

In Yemen, the general situation continued to deteriorate, with fighting in the northern 
governorates  and  more  evidence  of  social  unrest  in  the  south.  The  EU  resolved  to 

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step up its engagement, to help prevent Yemen from state failure, again raising the 
planned  allocation  under  the  DCI  budget  line  by  around  20%.  Importantly,  the  EU 
also worked up a strategic ‘overall EU’ approach to help Yemen tackle its multiple 
challenges.  This  covers  dialogue  with  the  government  to  push  forward  its  political 
and economic reform agenda, broader and deeper assistance, including new work on 
security  and  counter-terrorism  under  the  Instrument  for  Stability,  and  renewed 
attempts  to  engage  with  Yemen’s  Arab  neighbours  in  the  interests  of  regional 
stability. 

The  EU  continued  to  support  the  E3+3  negotiations  with  Iran  in  the  hope  that 
progress on the nuclear dossier would open the way for enhanced cooperation. Little 
progress was made. The Commission provided support for non-state actors through 
an Iran-specific call for proposals, as well as support for Iran as part of cross-regional 
cooperation to combat drug trafficking. 

2.3.3.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

In  the  past,  donor  coordination  in  Iraq  was  done  through  the  International 
Reconstruction  Fund  Facility  for  Iraq  which  is  being  phased  out.  Donors  and 
international  organisations  are  working  out  ways  to  move  to  bilaterally  funded,  yet 
coordinated  programming  and  management.  The  recently  created  Iraq  Partners 
Forum,  serves  to  exchange  information  on  individual  initiatives  and  to  agree  on 
common approaches. Coordination with the government of Iraq is done through the 
Iraq  Strategic  Review  Board  and  through  regular  meetings  chaired  by  the  Prime 
Minister's  advisory  board  in  coordination  with  the  ministry  of  planning  and 
development  cooperation.  The  Commission  places  great  emphasis  on  coordination 
among donors as part of an Iraqi-owned strategy, and is therefore a major participant 
in all coordination efforts. 

Yemen is a signatory to the Paris Declaration and is very committed to applying the 
aid effectiveness principles in the development of the country. It has created an aid 
harmonisation  and  alignment  unit  inside  the  ministry  of  planning  and  international 
cooperation and took an active part in all recent related fora, such as the September 
2008 Accra meeting. The Commission has significantly contributed in recent years to 
the efforts by the government and international donors to coordinate aid work. Given 
the  small  number  of  international  donors  present  in  the  country  and  the  close 
relationship  between  them,  coordination  is  done  both  through  formal  coordination 
channels and informal ad-hoc meetings. 

2.3.3.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

Iran, Iraq and Yemen are making some progress to achieve the MDGs by 2015. In 
Iran progress has been good in most indicators with main progress in the health and 
education  sectors  and  in  poverty  reduction.  The  main  challenges  in  Iran  will  be  to 
promote gender equality and to combat HIV/AIDS, which has increased somewhat in 
recent  years.  There  is  also  need  for  stronger  efforts  to  ensure  environmental 
sustainability.  

In  Iraq  the  main  challenge  is  to  improve  the  quality  of  life  of  the  Iraqi  population, 
with a particular focus on social protection and the quality of basic services. Political 
instability and insecurity pose serious threats to the attainment of the MDGs. Almost 

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half  of  Commission  assistance  to  date  has  been  allocated  to  basic  services  such  as 
education, health, infrastructure and water and sanitation. The two main components 
of the 2009 assistance programme approved by the Commission in December 2009 
centre on improving the access and the quality of the education system, with a focus 
on basic education and on technical and vocational education and training.  

Yemen represents the biggest single development challenge in the Middle East. It is 
a  country  of  deep-rooted  tradition  endowed  with  limited  resources,  notably  scarce 
water,  limited  arable  land  and  fast  declining  oil  reserves.  Yemen  has  experienced 
dramatic  internal  and  external  shocks  in  the  last  two  decades.  It  is  the  only  poor 
country  in  a  rich  Gulf  region,  ranked  153  out  of  177  countries  in  the  2007  UNDP 
Human Development Index. Nearly 50% of Yemen's population is below the age of 
15 and 45% of the population live on less than $2 per day. In spite of this scenario, 
Yemen  is  in  a  good position to  reach some of the MDGs by 2015. There has been 
good progress in primary education, although child mortality and maternal mortality 
are  still  very  high,  and  gender  inequality  is  one  of  the  highest  in  the  world.  The 
Commission's support to Yemen concentrates on direct action on poverty reduction 
and progress towards the MDG in three main areas: food security, health and good 
governance.  

2.3.3.4.  Implementation 

The EU reconstruction aid to Iraq since 2003 amounts to over €827 million. The bulk 
of the assistance until now has concentrated on support for good governance and the 
political transition process and in the delivery of basic services to the population. For 
security  reasons,  EU  support  was  principally  channelled  through  the  International 
Reconstruction  Fund  Facility  for  Iraq  from  2004-2007,  a  multi-donor  mechanism 
established in 2004. From 2008 onwards, the  EU and other  donors  decided to  phase 
out  the  IRFFI,  in  recognition  of  the  gradual  normalisation  of  the  situation  and  to 
focus on bilateral programmes. 

The signature of the first financing agreement between the EU and the government of 
Iraq in March  2009 signalled the  start of a new phase in development cooperation. 
The agreement concerned a large technical assistance programme which will provide 
training to several government services and to the Iraq council of representatives, and 
which is part of the €72.6 million assist ance programme approved in 2008. In 2009, 
the  approved  assistance  programme  of  €42  million  will  focus  on  education  (basic 
education and vocational education and training), electoral assistance and support for 
the independent human rights commission. This programme was developed in close 
collaboration with the Iraqi authorities, following extensive consultations with other 
donors and NGOs.  

Case study: Promotion of Human Rights culture in Iraq 

The two-year project entitled "Promotion of Human Rights Culture in Iraq through support 
to Human Rights and Iraqi Civil Society Organisations (CSOs)" was coordinated by two UN 
agencies (UNDP and UNOPS) and implemented by Iraqi and international CSOs. As part of 
the  project  a  rehabilitation  centre  for  torture  victims  was  set  up  in  Basra,  creating  a  focal 
point  for  clinical  and  legal  work,  and human  rights advocacy.  Rehabilitation  services  were 
provided to 375 primary and 225 secondary victims of torture. The programme improved the 
skills  of  over  200  Iraqi  legal,  health  and  administrative  professionals  to  deliver  physical, 
psychological,  legal  and  social  rehabilitation  services  to  torture  victims,  and  to  provide 

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documentation  for  use  in  legal  proceedings.  It  assisted  the  Iraqi  ministry  of  health  in 
developing a comprehensive strategy for rehabilitation of torture victims and related mental 
health care and organised intensive capacity building training on human rights-related issues. 
The  Iraqi  "Justice  Network  for  Prisoners"  (JNP)  was  established,  comprising  30  NGOs 
active throughout Iraq and five coordinating groups. 

Given the lack of dialogue with the government of Iran, EU assistance to this country 
in  2009  was  implemented  exclusively  through  thematic  projects  by  Iranian  and 
European non-state actors and UN agencies. Despite the difficult political context, the 
two  existing  projects  promoting  good  governance  and  human  rights  (essentially  through 
UN  organisations)  and  the  project  in  the  field  of  drug  rehabilitation  proceeded 
satisfactorily. Two new projects got underway in 2009: one focuses on the reduction 
of  risk  vulnerability  of  communities  and  buildings  in  natural  disaster-prone  areas 
while the other aims to stimulate social and economic development in impoverished 
areas.  

By  the  end  of  2009,  four  new  projects  were  agreed  between  European  and  Iranian 
non-state  actors.  The  objectives  of  all  four  are  on  the  reintegration  of  marginalised 
populations and poverty reduction in the context of sustainable development. 

For  the  period  2007-2010,  the  Commission's  financial  cooperation  with  Yemen 
amounts to €90 million. There are two priorities: to assist the Yemeni government to 
promote good governance, with sub-priorities in the justice and human rights sectors; 
and to strengthen the government’s capacities to fight poverty, in the areas of food 
security, health, fisheries and local development.  

In  2009,  the  Commission  focused  its  support  to  Yemen  in  the  food  security  area, 
with  total  grants  of  €48  million.  This  suppor t  will  cover  all  areas  of  food  security, 
implementing a large number of actions ranging from nutrition to access to food to 
the  improvement  of  productivity.  In  addition,  Yemen  was  allocated  €21.3  million 
from the EU food facility set up in 2009 to help the poorer countries respond to the 
current high and unstable global food prices. 

2.3.3.5.  Results  

The  difficult  conditions  of  implementation  in  Iraq  often  cause  delays,  higher  costs 
and the cancellation of some activities. Persistence is therefore important and, given 
the  difficulties  in  the  daily  life  of  the  population,  results  are  very  often  quite 
rewarding. Among recent programmes started in 2009, one programme to support the 
return  and  reintegration  of  returnees  and  Internally  Displaced  People  within  Iraq, 
implemented by UNHCR, resulted in the complete rehabilitation of a large number 
of  shelters  and  small  houses  in  the  area  east  of  Baghdad,  where  hundreds  of  small 
villages had been severely damaged. Another  project  implemented  by  UNICEF  led 
to,  among  others,  the  upgrading  of  the  water  and  sanitation  facilities  of  20  schools 
and  ongoing  works  in  10  others  and  the  strengthening  of  the  capacity  of  50 
municipalities in solid waste management. 

Development assistance in Yemen, although very important in view of the country's 
multiple  needs,  is  challenging  given  the  weak  technical,  administrative  and 
managerial capacity of beneficiary institutions and their limited commitment to EU-
funded  reforms  and  the  sustainability  of  aid  projects.  For  that  reason,  cooperation 
with Yemen is totally implemented through a project approach. The results obtained 

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by  the  different  programmes  are  uneven.  Nevertheless,  the  Commission  has  been 
trying to find ways to improve aid effectiveness and make it less dependent on the 
level of commitment and support of the corresponding beneficiary institutions.  

One example of this approach is the implementation of the programmes in the health 
sector,  where  the  Commission  supports  local  structures  (the  Governorates'  health 
development  councils) 
the  heavily  centralised 
institutional  setup.  This  approach  has  been  providing  good  results  and  will  be 
continued  in  future  programmes.  The  Commission  is  also  promoting  a  sector-wide 
approach in health, to ensure more sustainability in the future for donors' efforts in 
this sector. 

to  counter-balance 

in  order 

2.3.3.6.  Monitoring  

In recent years, the ROM missions to Yemen were often subject to postponement for 
security reasons. In 2009, seven ongoing projects with a total value of €31.5 million 
were  monitored.  In  addition,  two  projects  worth  a  total  of  €2.4  million  were 
monitored ex-post.  

Overall, aggregate performance of ongoing projects in 2009 is relatively low (2.35), 
showing a slight decrease since the last monitoring mission in 2007 (2.49), when 11 
ongoing projects and one ex-post were monitored. This reflects the limited level of 
development in the country and the weak managerial capacity in general. 

In 2009 relevance and design was the highest ROM score with an average of 2.83. 
This was also the only criteria which showed an increase compared to 2007 (2.6). On 
the other hand, the potential sustainability dropped from 2.6 in 2007 to 2.27 in 2009, 
which  reflects  the  increasing  dependency  of  the  country  on  international  donors  to 
provide  basic  services  to  the  population.  The  Commission  is  in  fact  implementing 
highly relevant and significant projects in areas where other donors are not present. 

2.3.3.7.  Prospects 

In  view  of  the  growing  involvement  of  the  Commission  in  the  development  of 
Yemen, the European Union decided in 2008 to upgrade its Delegation to Yemen to 
full Delegation status, doubling its operational personnel in the process. This upgrade 
will  be  completed  during  2010,  and  should  be  operational  at  a  time  of  increasing 
international  attention  to  Yemen,  because  of  the  complex  regional  security  context 
and the mounting economic difficulties that the country faces. 

In order to move progressively towards a regular multi-annual programming strategy 
for  Iraq,  the  Commission  defined  a  two-year  integrated  assistance  package  for  the 
period  2009-2010  with  a  total  budget  of  €65.8  million.  In  2009  and  beyond  the 
volume  of  EU  resources  will  significantly  decrease,  in  line  with  a  move  from 
reconstruction  towards  bilateral  technical  assistance.  Iraq  has  a  rich  and  diverse 
resource base, and the effective and efficient utilisation of these resources can lay the 
foundation  for  sustainable  growth.  The  key  role  for  the  EU  as  part  of  the 
international  community  is  to  help  Iraq  mobilise  its  own  resources  to  improve  the 
welfare of its people and rebuild its infrastructure. Therefore, future programmes of 
the  Commission  for  Iraq  are  expected  to  focus  on  capacity  building  in  the  areas  of 
good governance and the delivery of basic services. This will be the case for the first-

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ever Country Strategy Paper (CSP) for Iraq, which covers the period 2011-2013 and 
is now being drafted. 

2.3.4.  Latin America 

2.3.4.1.  Introduction 

Political relations with Latin America continued to strengthen in 2009. In September, 
the  Commission  adopted  a  Communication53  which  constitutes  a  policy  framework 
for relations between the EU and Latin America. The Communication recommends 
in particular  

1) to step up bi-regional dialogue, notably by making summits more action-oriented 
and focusing on priority areas such as environment and climate change, technology 
and innovation, migration, and drugs;  
2)  to  strengthen  regional  integration  and  inter-connectivity,  notably  by  facilitating 
investments  and  completing  negotiations  on  association  and  other  agreements  with 
the various sub-regions of Latin America;  
3) to reinforce bilateral relations by taking full advantage of existing agreements and 
strengthening bilateral relations with individual Latin American countries;  
4)  to  tailor  and  adapt  cooperation  programmes  to  the  needs  of  the  different  Latin 
American countries through the mid-term review exercise.  

Bi-regional dialogue took place over the year in a number of instances. A ministerial 
meeting of the Rio Group was held in Prague on 13-14 May 2009. Key themes were 
renewable sources of energy and the recovery of world financial stability. The XIX 
Ibero-American summit in Estoril (30 November - 1 December) addressed the issues 
of  innovation,  the  region’s  economic  resilience  in  times  of  financial  crisis  and  the 
situation in Honduras. 

Two  senior  officials  meetings  took  place  in  2009.  One  in  Buenos  Aires  (March) 
focused on the implementation of the conclusions of the 2008 EU-Latin America and 
Caribbean (LAC) summit in Lima and bi-regional cooperation in the fields of drugs 
and migration. The second meeting in Brussels (December) discussed, in particular, 
the preparations for the forthcoming EU-LAC summit in Madrid and the necessary 
steps for the creation of the EU-LAC Foundation.  

The EU-LAC Structured Dialogue on Migration was launched on 30 June 2009 and a 
first high-level migration meeting took place on 25 September 2009 in Brussels. The 
main issue discussed was the synergies between migration and development, with an 
exchange  of  views  on  the  mutual  benefits,  opportunities,  and  challenges  of 
migration.  

Another important event in EU–LAC relations in 2009 was the high-level meeting of 
the  Coordination  and  Cooperation  Mechanism  on  Drugs  between  the  European 
Union,  Latin  America  and  the  Caribbean  regions  (Quito,  May)  devoted  to 
strengthening the mechanism itself.  

Negotiations with Central America and some Andean countries (Colombia/Peru) saw 
further  progress  in  2009.  Negotiations  for  the  EU-Central  America  Association 

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Agreement  progressed  well  until  their  suspension  following  the  June  2009  coup  in 
Honduras. The Commission aimed to resume and conclude them by the time of the 
VI  EU-LAC  Summit  to  be  held  in  Madrid  in  May  2010.  Negotiations  for  a 
multiparty  trade  agreement  with  Colombia  and  Peru  should  be  finalised  in  March 
2010.  In  late  2009,  key  American  leaders  confirmed  their  willingness  to  resume 
negotiations  on  an  EU-Mercosur  Association  Agreement,  which  were  suspended  in 
2004. The Commission has started a series of exploratory meetings in this regard.  

Memoranda  of  understanding  were  signed  by  the  Commission  with  Peru  (29 
October)  and  Colombia  (2  December)  to  establish  a  mechanism  for  improved 
bilateral consultations and cooperation. A memorandum of understanding was signed 
on  17  December  with  the  Organisation  of  American  States  (OAS)  on  dialogue  and 
cooperation  in  areas  of  common  concern  in  the  Latin  American  and  Caribbean 
region.  

Some meetings took place in preparation for the EU-LAC summit (May 2010), such 
as the EU-LAC forum on fiscal policies (May 2009, Montevideo) and the EU-LAC 
forum on corporate social responsibility (October, Buenos Aires). The Commission 
has  also  been  working  on  concrete  deliverables  for  the  summit  such  as  the  Latin 
America investment facility (LAIF), which  should  help finance investment  projects 
contributing to regional integration and improved interconnectivity, and the EU-LAC 
Foundation, which is expected to play a key role in strengthening EU-LAC relations 
and giving them more visibility. 

The  EU  Council  of  Ministers  adopted  conclusions  on  Latin  America  in  December 
2009,  reaffirming  the  importance  of  the  EU’s  strategic  partnership  with  Latin 
America  in  the  global  context,  expressing  its  determination  to  further  strengthen 
cooperation  in  the  mutual  interest  of  both  regions  and  welcoming  the  September 
Communication of the Commission on Latin America as a basis to achieve this goal. 

2.3.4.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

Continued  efforts  are  being  made  to  foster  aid  effectiveness  and  the  principle  of 
division  of  labour  –  including  donor  coordination  –  in  Latin  America.  The  first 
conference  on  EU  donor  coordination  in  Latin  America  was  organised  by  the 
Commission  and  the  French  EU  Presidency  in  December  2008  in  Brussels.  Since 
then, further steps have been taken.  

The Commission developed an internal action plan to report further progress and to 
improve  aid  effectiveness  in  Latin  America.  The  new  backbone  strategy  on 
"Reforming  Technical  Cooperation  and  Project  Implementation  Units  for  External 
Aid  provided  by  the  European  Commission"  followed  by  a  work  plan,  is  being 
applied in  Latin America. Many  activities have been launched in the field to apply 
the  EU  code  of  conduct  on  division  of  labour  among  donors.  In  Nicaragua,  for 
instance, the EU blue book mapping all EU cooperation in the country in 2008 was 
drawn up together with DfID.  

In November 2009, the second monitoring report of the EU Fast Track Initiative on 
Division  of  Labour,  launched  in  2008,  was  completed.  Several  Latin  American 
countries together with EU facilitating donors were surveyed on progress made in the 

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field  of  donor  coordination  and  the  ongoing  division  of  labour  process  in  their 
respective countries.  

2.3.4.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

According to  the Millennium  Development Goals Report  200954, an  important step 
has been taken towards achieving universal primary education, with 95% of children 
in  the  Latin  American  and  Caribbean  region  now  enrolled.  Progress  has  also  been 
made  in  providing  equal  opportunities  for  women  in  education  and  work,  and  the 
region  has  a  very  good  record  in  reducing  the  death  rate  of  children  under  five. 
Nevertheless,  several  challenges  still  need  to  be  addressed,  such  as  the  very  high 
adolescent  pregnancy  rate,  the  proportion  of  children  under  five  suffering  from 
malnutrition, and the eradication of hunger.  

The European Commission actively contributes to the achievement of the MDGs in 
Latin  America.  In  Paraguay,  the  European  Commission  is  financing  a  €24  million 
poverty  reduction  programme  that  aims  at  alleviating  extreme  and  severe  poverty 
(MDG 1) by consolidating the social protection network of the government through 
improved  basic  services  such  as  better  access  to  drinking  water  and  waste 
management,  maternal  healthcare  and  education.  Taking  2006  as  baseline,  the 
percentage of the population with access to safe drinking water increased from 50% 
to 56%. 

In  Ecuador,  a  €41.2  million  sector  suppor t  programme  contributes  to  improving 
universal education (MDG 2). In 2009, the Commission  approved a new project in 
Brazil  (€4.9  million)  to  reduce  defore station  in  the  Amazon  region  (and  the 
associated  CO2  emissions)  in  order  to  contribute  to  environmental  sustainability 
(MDG  7).  The  Commission  will  provide  local  authorities  and  stakeholders  with 
adequate  tools  for  effective  environmental  and  territorial  management  to  control 
deforestation. 

Case study: PAPDE Ecuador 

PAPDE, a sector support programme for the Decennial Education Plan 2006-2015, started in 
2008  and  ends  in  2012.  The  aim  is  to  enlarge  the  coverage  and  improve  the  quality  of 
education in Ecuador. In 2008, the ministry of education provided 11 380 additional places 
for  children,  contracted  17  000  new  teachers  and  plans  to  construct  200  schools  in  the 
coming three years. More than 145 000 beneficiaries have been taught to read and write, and 
adult education has been provided. An evaluation programme for teachers and students has 
been developed. The EU contributed €41.2 million.  

2.3.4.4.  Implementation 

In  2009,  the  Commission  approved  34  actions  with  Latin  American  countries 
(bilateral,  regional  and  sub-regional)  for  a  total  value  of  around  €350  million.  The 
most  important  activities  concern  regional  integration,  trade  and  the  private  sector, 
and social cohesion, followed by peace and stability, the environment and sustainable 
management of natural resources.  

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In the trade and private sector, a €15.2 milli on project targeting SMEs in Nicaragua 
was  approved.  The  project  aims  at  improving  SME  competitiveness  through 
increasing  added  value  in  the  production  chain,  reducing  costs,  and  providing 
training. In Bolivia, two projects approved in 2009 aim at fostering economic growth 
by  tackling  decent  work  (€12  million)  and  employment  in  the  mining  areas  (€10 
million).  

Case study: Programme on alternative development in Bolivia 

The  PRAEDAC  programme  on  alternative  development  in  Bolivia  (1998-2006)  tried  to 
create alternative production opportunities to the illicit coca crop for peasants in the Chapare 
region,  to  strengthen  state  presence  and  to  improve  people’s  livelihoods.  30  000  Quetchua 
and  Aymara  peasant  families  benefited  from  the  programme  and  108  schools,  hospitals, 
roads  and  other  basic  service  infrastructures  were  built.  School  enrolment  rose  by 13%.  In 
addition, a better environment for public and private investment  has been created and eco-
tourism is a new source of income. The EU contributed €19 million to the programme. 

The  social  cohesion  sector  includes  actions  to  improve  the  situation  of  vulnerable 
groups (specifically, indigenous populations and women), to prevent discrimination, 
and  to  promote  transparency  and  access  to  information.  Among  these  are  the  EU-
Mexico integrated social cohesion programme, approved in 2009 (€10 million), Pro-
Jovenes II which targets violence prevention and rehabilitation in El Salvador (€11.3 
million), and sector policy support to the strategic Peruvian malnutrition programme, 
worth €60.8 million.  

Case study: PRODAPP Peru 

The PRODAPP Programme (EU contribution €16  million) promotes integrated development 
of the areas  of Pozuzo and Palcazú in  the Peruvian jungle, by helping local populations to 
develop  the  necessary  skills  to  no  longer  depend  for  their  livelihoods  on  the  cultivation  of 
coca.  Strategies  for  economic  development  have  been  drawn  up  and  infrastructure  works 
have been carried out, including 60 km of road, 120 km of primary and secondary network 
for  rural  electrification  of  21  municipalities  and  one  commercial  platform  for  the  meat 
industry involving 160 cattle dealers. 

The  EU  also  supports  actions  in  the  sector  of  civilian  peace-building,  conflict 
prevention and resolution. One example is the project "Regional Development, Peace 
and  Stability  II"  in  Colombia  with  a  contribution  of  €8.4  million.  The  three 
successive "peace laboratories" are the flagship of the cooperation in Colombia: they 
apply an integral approach to fighting the root causes of conflicts in the regions.  

Sector budget support is the preferred approach to deliver aid in Latin America and 
has  already  been  used  for  sectors  such  as  poverty  reduction,  education,  water 
management, government decentralisation and economic sustainability in Nicaragua, 
Bolivia,  Honduras,  El  Salvador,  Paraguay  and  Ecuador.  In  2009  the  Commission 
committed a total of €158 million to support national nutritional programmes in Peru 
and Guatemala, and education, economic growth and trade in El Salvador. 

However,  difficulties  arose  in  2009  with  Honduras  and  Nicaragua,  the  second  and 
third largest beneficiaries of EU assistance in Latin America. 

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The political situation in Honduras has resulted in the suspension of EU aid, with the 
exception  of  emergency  assistance  and  activities  implemented  by  NGOs  and  other 
local bodies. 

As  for  Nicaragua,  the  European  Commission  and  other  EU  donors  decided  to 
suspend the disbursement of the aid channelled through sector support programmes 
since January 2009. The Commission continued its other activities while maintaining 
a dialogue with the Nicaraguan government. It will review the situation in the light of 
action taken by the Nicaraguan government. 

The Commission gives high priority to supporting the integration processes in Latin 
America. In the Andean region this support targets sectors such as statistics, the fight 
against  illicit  drugs,  disaster  prevention  and  trade.  In  2009,  the  Project  for  the 
Support of Economic and Social Cohesion in the Andean Community (CESCAN II) 
was approved, with an EU contribution of €6.5 million. The objective is to help the 
CAN (Comunidad Andina de Naciones) member countries and its general secretariat 
to design a regional policy for economic and social cohesion, territorial development 
and the implementation of a pilot action to achieve these goals.  

In 2009, one cooperation action was approved for Mercosur to support the deepening 
of  the  integration  process  and  sustainable  development  of  Mercosur,  with  an  EU 
contribution of €12 million. The objective is to  enhance the quality and standards of 
Mercosur products, while  strengthening  its capacity to reconcile growing economic 
activity and trade with a high level of environmental protection.  

The  Commission  is  supporting  the  political,  economic  and  social  integration  in 
Central America in the context of the current preparation of an association agreement 
EU/CA. The EU acts in three areas: institutional strengthening, economic integration 
and regional governance and security matters. In 2009 the Commission adopted two 
projects: a programme to support the creation of a regional system for quality control 
and  the application of sanitary and phytosanitary measures  (€23.5 million),  and the 
regional  border  security  programme  (€5.5  million),  which  aims  at  enhancing  the 
capacity  of  both  national  and  regional  institutions  directly  involved  in  border 
management. 

Case study: PREDECAN (CAN) 

The  PREDECAN  Programme  (2003-2009)  aimed  at  disaster  prevention  in  the  Andean 
Community  by  enhancing  disaster  risk  management  in  order  to  reduce  the  vulnerability  of 
people  and  goods  exposed  to  natural  hazards  and  risks,  and  to  promote  sustainable 
development.  The  Commission  contributed  to  the  design  and  the  implementation  of  the 
Andean  information  system  for  disaster  prevention  and  relief  (SIAPAD)  and  helped 
strengthen  capacities  through  communication  and  education  materials,  and  by  training  350 
communicators,  which  led  to  8  556  professionals  being  successfully  trained.  The  EU 
contribution was €9.5 million.  

In 2009, the following ongoing regional programmes continued:  

•  Alßan  (Programme  for  higher  education  and  training  scholarships  in  the  EU  for 

Latin American citizens) 

•  ALFA III (Programme between higher education institutions of the EU and Latin 

America) 

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•  URB-AL (Programme targeting local authorities of the EU and Latin America as 

well as other actors involved in the urban sector)  

•  AL-INVEST  (Programme  to  facilitate  the  international  activities  of  Latin 

American SMEs)  

•  EUROsociAL (Programme supporting new practices and policies that to increase 

levels of social cohesion in Latin American societies). 

The  @LIS  2  Programme  (Alliance  for  the  information  society),  adopted  in  2008, 
aims  at  reducing  the  digital  divide  and  integrating  Latin  America  into  the  global 
information  society.  With  an  EU  contribution  of  €22  million,  all  contracts  for 
individual  projects  were  signed  at  the  end  of  2008  and  are  currently  being 
implemented. 

Case study: @LIS 

The @LIS programme (Alliance for the Information Society) establishes a policy dialogue 
on  regulatory  frameworks  and  boosts  interconnections  between  research  networks  and 
communities  in  both  regions,  thus  helping  to  integrate  Latin  America  into  the  global 
information society. Activities have been organised in four areas: e-Education, e-Inclusion, 
e-Governance and e-Health, involving more than 220 stakeholders. In the education sector, 
the Integra project has integrated new  information and communication technologies in 370 
primary  and  secondary  schools  in  Argentina,  Chile  and  Uruguay.  The  EU  contribution  is 
€63.5 million.  

The  EURO-SOLAR  Programme  (EU  contribution  €28.7  million),  aims  at  reducing 
poverty  in  eight  beneficiary  countries  (Bolivia,  Ecuador,  El  Salvador,  Guatemala, 
Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Paraguay  and  Peru),  by  enabling  remote  rural  communities 
without  access  to  electricity  to  benefit  from  renewable  electric  energy.  In  2009,  all 
supply contracts were signed and implementation began.  

In 2009 the Commission allocated €10.8 millio n for the Latin American investment 
facility  which  aims  at  promoting  additional  investments  in  key  infrastructures, 
focusing on transport, energy, and environment The facility also supports social and 
private sector development in Latin American countries.  

Within the Erasmus Mundus external cooperation window, which contributes to the 
promotion  of  partnerships  and  institutional  cooperation  exchanges  between  higher 
education  institutions  from  both  regions,  €41.6  million  were  contracted  in  2009 
through two calls for proposals.  

2.3.4.5.  Results  

EU development assistance has contributed to progress by Latin American countries 
in key areas like social cohesion and regional integration as well as trade and private 
sector development together with the achievement of the MDGs.  

In terms of improving social cohesion, the poverty alleviation support programme in 
El Salvador (PAPES, EU contribution €37  million), contributed to increase incomes 
of  the  poorest  municipalities.  Health  services  were  extended  to  81  municipalities 
benefiting 413 000 people. More than 250 000 inhabitants have benefited from rural 
roads,  schools,  health  units  and  bridges.  In  the  32  municipalities  classified  as  in 
severe poverty there was an increase from 65% to 77% of population with access to 

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sanitary services; an increase from 66% to 81% of schools with access to electricity 
and from 57% to 85% of schools with access to safe drinking water. 

As  regards  regional  integration,  the  project  to  support  the  development  of 
biotechnologies  in  Mercosur  (EU  contribution  €6  million),  has  helped  to  establish 
regional coordination and to define and implement a regional strategy in this sector. 
A  regional  biotech  platform  "BIOTECSUR"  was  created  with  members  of  the 
academic, public and private sectors. In addition, regional biotechnology demands in 
the agricultural, industrial and healthcare sector were identified.  

A good example in the trade and private sector is the project on competitiveness and 
export  promotion  for  SMEs  in  Uruguay  (PACPYMES,  EU  contribution  €5.4 
million).  It  has  enhanced  the  competitiveness  of  the  Uruguayan  economy  by 
strengthening  association  mechanisms,  export  capacities  and  the  international 
capabilities of its SMEs. Nine national clusters were created bringing together more 
than 4 000 entrepreneurs, and more than 500 SMEs have increased their export and 
management capacities. 

The  analysis  of  the  result-oriented  monitoring  of  the  ongoing  project  portfolio  for 
Latin America shows that the majority of projects monitored in 2009 are performing 
well or very well in terms of effectiveness and potential impact. 

2.3.4.6.  Monitoring  

In 2009, 183 ongoing projects were monitored including bilateral, regional and sub-
regional  projects.  Additionally,  two  sector  policy  support  programmes  were 
monitored: the education sector in Ecuador and innovation strategy in Uruguay.  

The  total  value  of  ongoing  projects  monitored  amounts  to  €816  million,  which 
represents  approximately  50%  of  the  overall  portfolio  of  ongoing  projects  in  the 
region. A total of 19 monitoring missions were carried out in all 17 countries in the 
region,  as  well  as  for  sub-regional  groups  (Mercosur,  CAN  and  Central  America), 
and the two SPSP interventions. 

As the table below shows, 83% (categories 1 + 2) of the projects in Latin America 
have good or very good results, while 15% have some problems and 2% experience 
major  difficulties.  The  percentage  of  projects  on  track  (categories  1  and  2)  has 
increased from 76% in 2007 to 83% in 2009, while the percentage of projects facing 
serious difficulties has decreased from 5% in 2007 to 2% in 2009. This positive trend 
is  confirmed  by  the  so  called  "re-monitoring"  exercise:  out  of  the  183  projects 
monitored  in  2009,  34  of  them  (20%)  had  been  monitored  previously  in  2007  and 
2008,  showing  a  positive  evolution  in  their  performance:  71%,  74%  and  88% 
respectively.  

Table  21  -  overview  of  performance  for  ongoing  projects  (%  of  frequency  of 
ratings) 

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Region total 

Ongoing (ntl.) projects

Very  good 
(a) 

Good (b) 

Problems (c) 

Serious 
deficiencies (d) 

Average 

Relevance 

Efficiency 

Effectiveness 

Impact 

Sustainability 

TOTAL 

7% 

6% 

1% 

6% 

4% 

5% 

80% 

55% 

64% 

80% 

72% 

70% 

13% 

38% 

35% 

14% 

24% 

25% 

0% 

1% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

0% 

2,94 

2,72 

2,80 

2,94 

2,84 

2,85 

Overall, 65% of all projects monitored in 2009 are doing well or very well in terms 
of effectiveness (i.e. delivery of results/outcomes and the achievement of the project 
purpose).  Similarly,  86%  of  the  projects  have  good  and  very  good  ratings  under 
potential  impact  (i.e.  contribution  to  improving  the  livelihood  of  the  people  and/or 
the overall environment in which they operate). 

Social infrastructure and services is the most important sector in Latin America (36% 
of  the  total  portfolio  monitored  in  2009,  with  a  value  of  €296  million  and  73 
monitoring  reports);  followed  by  multisector/crosscutting  projects  (21%,  €170 
million and 44 reports) and the production sector (15%, €123 million and 35 ROM 
reports). In terms of performance, all sectors are showing similar performances with 
the majority of projects (more than the 80%) on track.  

Table 22: Latin America - monitoring results per ODA sector 

Table 23: Latin America - performance of ongoing projects 

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2.3.4.7.  Prospects 

Regional and bilateral cooperation actions with Latin America in 2010 will continue 
in line with the strategic orientations contained in the regional and country strategy 
papers 2007-2013, bearing in mind the current financial and economic situation. The 
ongoing mid-term review of the strategy documents will be completed in 2010, thus 
confirming  or  reorienting,  in  terms  of  sectors  and  financing,  cooperation  strategies 
for the remaining programming period (2011-2013) where relevant.  

EU policy priorities towards Latin America for the coming years were defined in the 
recent  Communication  on  EU  and  Latin  America:  Global  players  in  Partnership". 
Funding will continue to concentrate on the poorest countries – notably to promote 
economic and social sustainable development and to reduce inequalities. At the same 
time, new forms of cooperation with countries with higher levels of development will 
be  looked  at,  which  may  entail  more  emphasis  on  areas  such  as  climate  change, 
higher education, science and technology, energy efficiency and renewable energy.  

In 2010, the political dialogue between the two regions will be marked by the sixth 
European  Union–Latin  America  and  the  Caribbean  summit  taking  place  in  May  in 
Madrid.  The  key  summit  theme  is  innovation  and  technology  for  sustainable 
development and social inclusion. 

The European Commission will continue to seek closer coordination on development 
cooperation  with  EU  Member  States  as  well  as  with  other  multilateral  donors.  The 
use of aid delivery modalities promoting ownership and supporting partners’ national 
accountability and procedures will be pursued, whenever the appropriate conditions 
are met. 

2.3.5. 

South Africa 

2.3.5.1.  Introduction 

Since the end of apartheid, relations between the EU and South Africa have grown 
exponentially.  Today,  the  EU  and  South  Africa  cooperate  on  a  broad  range  of 
political,  trade  and  economic  matters,  as  well  as  on  issues  such  as  science  and 
technology, environment and energy. The year 2009 marked the 10th anniversary of 

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the  signing  of  the  EU-South  Africa  trade,  development  and  cooperation  agreement 
(TDCA), which forms the overall legal basis for the relationship. 

In recognition of South Africa's increasing role as an emerging economy and a key 
player in peace and security matters on the African continent, a strategic partnership 
with South Africa and an action plan for its implementation were adopted in 2007. 
During 2009, further steps were taken to strengthen ties with South Africa under this 
partnership. 

Following  national  elections  in  South  Africa  in  April  2009,  the  second  EU-South 
Africa  summit  was  hosted  in  September  in  South  Africa  by  newly  elected  South 
African  President  Jacob  Zuma.  The  summit  provided  an  opportunity  to  discuss 
global issues and peace and security matters with South Africa as a leading player in 
Africa and potential bridge-builder, notably on climate change and the reform of the 
international financial institutions. 

On the basis of South Africa's strong engagement in conflict management in Africa, 
the  EU  and  South  Africa  significantly  stepped  up  their  dialogue  on  peace  and 
security matters in 2009. From now on, the EU and South Africa will, on an annual 
basis,  jointly  review  respective  assessments  and  commitments,  with  a  view  to 
developing  converging  approaches  on  conflict  areas  like  Zimbabwe,  Sudan  and 
Somalia.  South  Africa  and  the  EU  have  also  extended  cooperation  and  expert 
contacts  to  cover  the  fields  of  migration,  health,  energy,  the  environment,  science 
and  technology,  ICT,  transport,  and  customs  and  statistics.  Concerning  space 
collaboration,  the  EU  and  South  Africa  started  to  work  towards  extending  the 
coverage of the EGNOS satellite navigation system to South Africa. 

2.3.5.2.  Aid effectiveness and donor coordination 

EU  cooperation  with  South  Africa  responds  to  the  principles  of  aid  effectiveness, 
such  as  ownership,  predictability,  results  orientation,  accountability  and  division  of 
labour.  Since  2007,  policy  coordination  was  given  strong  importance  through  the 
creation  of  six  donor  coordination  working  groups  on  employment,  education  and 
training,  health,  science  and  technology,  and  governance.  The  six  working  groups 
were broadened to include non-EU donors such as USAID, the UN and its agencies 
and  the  World  Bank.  The  working  groups  help  to  exchange  information  and  ideas 
and  to  improve  the  complementarity  of  programmes  supported  by  the  EU.  The 
government  of  South  Africa  takes  part  in  the  discussions  but  the  leadership  of  the 
line departments involved could be strengthened. The National Treasury has set up a 
monitoring  and  evaluation  mechanism  in  relation  to  the  mid-term  review  of  the 
country  strategy  paper  in  2009  while  the  EU  Delegation  and  Member  States  are 
collaborating on a joint report on the results of EU aid to South Africa. 

2.3.5.3.  Working towards the MDGs 

South  Africa  maintains  a  favourable  performance  towards  meeting  most  of  the 
MDGs  but  the  negative  impact  of  the  global  economic  crisis  on  the  country's 
employment  levels  is  halting  and,  in  some  cases,  reversing  the  previously  positive 
trends  on  poverty  reduction.  Recent  estimates  from  the  South  African  presidency 
show an increase in income disparities. The economic recovery in the second half of 
2009 and progress on implementing the national employment programme supported 

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by  EU  funds  are  expected  to  enable  net  job  creation  to  resume  with  consequent 
improvement  of  income  indicators.  Despite  difficult  conditions  in  the  health  sector 
due to weak public healthcare systems and an increase in HIV/AIDS levels, progress 
reports show signs of improvement in the underlying MDG indicators. For example, 
South Africa has one of the largest HIV/AIDS treatment programmes in the world. 
Moreover,  significant  advances  are  reported  in  reducing  incidences  of  malaria, 
almost full eradication of measles, and increased immunisation. 

2.3.5.4.  Implementation 

The  2009  Annual  Action  Programme  for South  Africa  committed  a  total  of  €137.7 
million,  focusing  on  primary  education  (€122.7   million  in  sector  budget  support), 
Erasmus  Mundus  scholarships  (€5  million)  and  youth  empowerment  (€10  million).
The package continues the pattern of the previous two years to deliver about 90% of 
new  commitments  in  the  form  of  sector  budget  support.  Financial  implementation 
also gained momentum in 2009. Payments accounted for €106 million. Several major 
budget  support  disbursements  were  completed  in  2009,  reaching  a  total  amount  of 
€79 million. National authorities signalled gr owing appreciation of EU aid with the 
shift  from  traditional  projects  to  sector  budget  support.  The  focus  on  primary 
education is directly related to the country's focus on improving social services and 
the underlying MDG targets.  

Case study: Sector budget support to the legislature 

The  €15  million  EU  sector  budget  support  prog ramme  for  the  legislative  sector  in 
South Africa is aimed at enhancing participatory democracy in accordance with the 
constitution,  legislation  and  mandates  of  members  of  parliament  and  members  of 
provincial legislatures. Although the programme is in an early phase, it has already 
produced impressive achievements. The national parliament and the nine provincial 
legislatures  have  consolidated  a  wide  array  of  activities,  including  the  preparation 
and  adoption  of  legislative  acts,  the  setting  up  of  mutual  administrative  bodies,  the 
joint creation of governance models and the improvement of governance structures. 
Various public participation activities have taken place, such as public hearings, the 
establishment  of  standardised  petitioning  procedures  as  well  as  face-to-face 
campaigns in rural areas. 

EU funding also supports regional cooperation through programmes for the Southern 
African Development Community (SADC) and contributions under the South Africa 
budget  line  to  intra-ACP  projects.  The  latter  will  rise  substantially  in  2010  with 
planned  contributions  in  the  area  of  science  and  technology  as  well  as  academic 
mobility. 

For the government of South Africa, regional trade and political cooperation remain 
at  the  top  of  the  agenda  alongside  greater  South-South  cooperation.  The  aim  is  to 
take  a  more  pro-active  development  cooperation  role  on  the  African  continent  to 
tackle  poverty  and  underdevelopment  through  the  establishment  of  a  development 
partnership agency, to boost regional cooperation and to improve donor coordination. 
The  plan  is  to  upgrade  the  African  Renaissance  Fund  and  to  transform  it  into  an 
effective  funding  tool  for  development  cooperation.  Trilateral  cooperation  between 
the  EU,  South  Africa,  and  its  African  partners  is  envisaged  in  the  SA-EU  strategic 
partnership joint action plan. 

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Case study: Risk capital facility 

In support of South Africa's efforts to create jobs, the EU has funded a risk capital 
facility.  The  facility  provides  equity  and  quasi-equity  financing  to  a  wide  range  of 
enterprises.  Success  stories  include  the  rehabilitation  of  the  Booysens  Hotel  and 
conference centre by underprivileged individuals in Johannesburg, the expansion of 
the Blue Fin Marine in Western Cape, and the creation of numerous new jobs at Port 
Elizabeth's high-tech fabrics manufacturer, BreatheTex. For the second phase alone, 
the  South  African  department  of  trade  estimates  that  the  40  planned  investment 
activities  will  create  some  3  700  jobs  for  disadvantaged  persons.  Women  occupy 
more than 30% of all new jobs created. Additional openings are expected under the 
programme's niche fund channel, supporting venture capital funds. All activities take 
place in sectors that are usually not financed by banks due to the high risks involved.  

2.3.5.5.  Results  

The  country  strategy  for  South  Africa  for  2007-2013  strongly  focuses  on 
employment  creation  and  social  services.  The  shift  to  budget  support,  representing 
about 90% of all new commitments, is highly appreciated by national authorities and 
has improved quality of aid delivery in various aspects, such as national ownership, 
substantial reduction in administrative costs, predictability and focus on results. The 
mid-term review carried out in 2009 concludes that EU aid delivery has made good 
progress by concentration on fewer but larger actions with bigger impact on national 
policy priorities. However, job creation activities are offset by the global economic 
crisis  which  is  why  unemployment  still  weighs  on  poverty  indicators.  The  critical 
sectors  of  education  and  health  services  have  been  addressed  and  continuity  is 
assured  by  the  new  programme  on  primary  education  approved  in  2009  and  the 
preparation of a new programme in the health sector to be approved in 2010. 

2.3.5.6.  Prospects 

EU  development  cooperation  policies  will  continue  to  focus  on  employment  and 
social services with a consequent reduction in poverty gaps in the years to come. For 
the period 2011-2013, it is intended to concentrate on service delivery/public finance 
management,  climate  change  and  sustainable  development,  as  well  as  regional  and 
pan-African  co-operation  activities.  The  2010  Annual  Action  Programme  foresees 
two major interventions: a sector budget support programme in the healthcare sector 
and  a  job  creation  project  providing  support  to  risk  financing.  Further  regional 
cooperation activities are planned through contributions to intra-ACP projects for the 
exchange of academics and promotion of science and technology. These actions will 
be  followed  by  a  major  sector  budget  support  programme  for  poverty  reduction  in 
accordance  with  the  recommendations  of  the  mid-term  review  of  South  Africa's 
Country Strategy Paper. 

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Figure  24 DCI Geographic - B reakdown by sector of exter nal aid financed  on t he G ener al E U bud get 
managed b y Eur op eAid  in 2009

Commitments in € million
149 M€; 11%

58 M€; 4%

114 M€; 8%

218 M€; 15%

859 M€; 61%

13 M€; 1%

Disb ursements in € million

147 M€; 13%

23 M€; 2%

82 M€; 7%

108 M€; 9%

63 M€; 5%

742 M€; 64%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).

Figur e 25 DCI Geographic - E xte rnal aid  finance d on the ge neral 
EU bu dget managed by Eu ropeAid .

€ m illions

2007

2008

2009

Commitments

         1 362              1 371    

        1 414    

Disb ursements

         1 279              1 137    

        1 192    

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral f lows (Eur opeAid only).

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Figure 26: DCI Geographic - General and sector budget suppor t per country

Com mitme nts in € million

Sec tor

Desc ription

Count ry

E cu ador

E cu ador

GBS / 
SBS

SB S

SB S

E l S alvador

SB S

E l S alvador

SB S

G uatema la

SB S

Indo nesia

SB S

K yrgyz Rep .

SB S

E ducation pol icy and 
a dministrative m anag emen t
Indu stria l p olicy and  
a dministrative m anag emen t
Tra de policy a nd admin istra tive 
ma nage ment

S econda ry edu catio n

Foo d aid/Food security 
p rogra mmes
E ducation pol icy and 
a dministrative m anag emen t

Multisector aid for basic so ci al 
ser vices 

Nep al

Nep al

E ducation pol icy and 
a dministrative m anag emen t
E ducation pol icy and 
a dministrative m anag emen t

SB S

SB S

P eru
P hilipp ines

B asic nu tri tion

SB S
SB S B asic he alth ca re

S outh Africa

SB S

P rimary e ducation

G ra nd Total

G BS : G ener al Budg et Su ppor t
S BS : Se ctor Bu dget Sup port

Total

13,00 

13,40 

12,10 

25,00 

33,80 

Supp ort to 10- yea r e ducation pla n 2006 -201 5
Supp ort p rogr amme to system  for solida rity and 
su stain able econ omic syste m (P ASE S)
Prog ramme  to stre ngthen the nation al quality 
syste m (P ROCALIDAD)
Str engthe ning social cohe sio n in E l S alvado r's 
education  system (PRO -EDUCA)
Supp ort p rogr amme to strategi c pla n for  foo d 
se cu rity and nu trition

Education  S ecto r S uppo rt Pr ogra mme (ES SP-I)

145,00 

Sector policy supp ort p rogr amme -social 
protection and  P FM - 2007 -200 9 - 3 rd allocation

School sector reform 

School sector reform 
Supp ort to stra te gic p rogr amme on nu tri tion  
(EURO-P AN)
He alth se ctor po licy su ppor t pro gramm e - II
Primar y edu ca tio n se ctor po licy su ppor t 
prog ramme

9,00 

13,00 

13,35 

60,80 
36,00 

122,68 

49 7,1 3 

2.3.6.  Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol (AMSP) countries 

The  EU's  AMSP  programme  supports  the  adaptation  process  of  18  ACP  sugar-
exporting  countries  following  the  reform  by  the  EU  of  its  previous  sugar-market 
regime. This reform included annual cuts in the EU's raw sugar reference price from 
2006/07 to 2009/2010. 

To help ACP countries adjust to this cut in price, the Commission set up the AMSP 
as an eight-year programme. This started in 2006 and will run until 2013, supporting 
the 18 ACP countries in restructuring their sugar industries (see table below).  

The AMSP's indicative allocation – the funding it gets from the EU budget - is €1.2 
billion. This is shared between beneficiary countries, depending on: 

–  the reform's impact on each country's economy and 
–  the importance of the sugar sector in each country. 

ACP sugar-exporting countries supported by the AMSP programme  

Africa (11) 

Caribbean (6) 

Pacific (1) 

Ivory Coast  

Republic of Congo 

Barbados  

Fiji 

Kenya  

Swaziland  

Belize  

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Madagascar  

Tanzania 

Malawi  

Zambia  

Guyana 

Jamaica  

Mauritius  

Zimbabwe 

St. Kitts & Nevis  

Mozambique 

Trinidad & 
Tobago  

EU assistance is tailored to each country, based on that country's adaptation strategy. 
It has three main aims: 

–  to strengthen the competitiveness of the sugar sector, where this is sustainable,  
–  to support the development of alternative economic activities, and/or  
–  to  mitigate  the  broader  impact  of  the  EU's  sugar  sector  reform,  in  particular  its 

social, environmental and macroeconomic consequences. 

In 2009, the Commission adopted new financing decisions for the 2009 budget and 
continued with the implementation of the 2006-2008 annual action programmes. 

Since 1 January 2008, ACP countries have had duty- and quota-free access to the EU 
under  Economic  Partnership  Agreements  for  all  their  exports.  For  sugar,  a 
transitional safeguard applies until 2015, with high trigger thresholds55. The benefits 
of EPAs come on top of the free access to its market which the EU already grants to 
Least Developed Countries under its "Everything But Arms" initiative. 

ACP sugar exports to the EU: a short history  

1975 

The EU and ACP countries sign the ACP-EU Sugar Protocol.  

- In the agreement, the EU is committed to buying fixed quantities of sugar each year from 
ACP countries, at guaranteed prices.  

- For their part, ACPs are committed to delivering these quantities. 

- The EU negotiates its guaranteed price with ACPs each year. In practice, this price is the 
same as the 'intervention price' which the EU guarantees to its own producers.  

2006 

-  The  EU  reforms  its  sugar  market.  This  includes  a  cut  in  the EU's  internal  sugar  market 
reference price (and thus also in the price paid to ACP exporters).  

- The EU continues to buy fixed amounts of sugar each year from ACP countries.  

-  To  help  ACP  exporters  adjust,  the  Commission  sets  up  an  eight-year  programme,  the 
Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol Countries.  

55 

A transitional safeguard for rice also applied until January 2010. 

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2007 

- The EC revokes the 1975 Sugar Protocol with effect from 1 October 2009.  

2008 

-  (interim)  Economic  Partnership  Agreements  (EPAs)  between  the  EU  and  ACP  countries 
enter into force.  

-  For  sugar,  EPAs  offer  ACPs  and  LDCs  an  additional  export  quota  to  the  EU  until  30 
September 2009.  

2009 

- From 1 October the EU opens its sugar market: 

i) for sugar from LDCs, the EU lifts all import quotas and duties 

ii)  for other ACP  countries  which  have  concluded  EPAs  with  the  EU,  the  EU also  lifts  all 
import  quotas  and  duties.  A  transitional  safeguard  mechanism  applies  until  30  September 
2015,  but  only  if  the  volume  of  ACP  exports  to  the  EU  in  a  given  year  exceeds  two 
thresholds simultaneously. 

EU  importers  must  pay  a  minimum  price  to  ACP  exporters  –  at  least  90%  of  the  EU 
reference price. 

2.3.7. 

Investing in people 

The  EU  is  committed  to  assist  poor  countries  in  achieving  the  MDGs  and  a  more 
equitable access to social services. It supports health, education, employment, social 
protection  and  culture  through  a  variety  of  instruments  and  modalities,  including 
budget  support.  In  2009  the  proportion  of  country-level  assistance  to  basic  and 
secondary education and basic health was 20% of DCI commitments. The aim is to 
strengthen  national  systems  and  a  guiding  principle  is  the  alignment  with  national 
policies and joint accountability on results.  

Health 

In  2009,  the  Investing  in  People  Programme  (IiP)  complemented  the  country-level 
assistance, through a variety of actions. The EU supported the Global Fund to Fight 
AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis with €100 m illion as a way to tackle these poverty-
related  diseases.  It  also  supported  a  programme  implemented  by  UNAIDS  on 
provision  of  adequate  technical  assistance,  identified  as  a  key  challenge  in  the 
implementation  of  HIV  programmes.  One  call  (€3.6  million)  was  launched  to 
identify  innovative  ways  of  addressing  ill  health  caused  by  non-communicable 
diseases  –  a  growing  burden  for  poor  countries.  Others  targeted  key  problems  in 
developing  countries  such  as  access  to  reproductive  health  commodities  and  the 
shortage  of  health  workers,  the  latter  being  the  object  of  a  call  for  proposals  (€6.5 
million). For another priority health problem, sexual and reproductive health (SRH), 
€16  million  were  committed  to  support  civil  society  organisations  to  advocate  for 
SRH services.  

Education 

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The second pillar of the IiP programme covers actions to promote universal access to 
quality  primary  education.  The  Commission  contributed  to  this  objective  in  2009 
with €4.5 million via the Fast  Track Initiative Catalytic Fund. The FTI has become a 
key vehicle to contribute to education MDGs with the catalytic fund as a complement 
to bilateral funding. Under the education pillar the Commission also supports policy-
related events promoting transfers of experience and best practices to provide quality 
education.  Quality  education  depends  on  having  good-quality  teachers  trained  and 
deployed  appropriately,  working  in  an  enabling environment  and with a reasonable 
class size. Teacher shortages are a significant barrier to progress on education for all. 
Worldwide, ten million primary school teachers are needed over the next five years 
to  meet  MDG  2.  The  Commission  committed  €1.5  million  in  2009  to  support  the 
Education  for  All  Partnership’s  efforts  to  address  the  critical  shortage  of  qualified 
teachers.  

Employment and social protection 

The economic and financial crisis shaped to a large extent the development debate in 
2009. Employment and social protection received much attention. To address these 
issues,  the  European  Commission  continued  in  2009  to  develop  and  strengthen 
cooperation  with  the  International  Labour  Organisation  (ILO).  Under  the  IiP 
Program,  four  larger  projects  are  jointly  managed  by  the  ILO  and  the  Commission 
covering  the  thematic  areas  of  trade  and  employment,  statistical  systems,  social 
protection  and  employment  policy  in  developing  countries,  and  occupational  safety 
and health for a total of €11.3 million. The pr ojects aim at developing new tools that 
are tested and implemented in different regions of the world. Two calls for proposals 
were  launched  in  2009  covering  technical  and  vocational  education  and  training 
(€5.8 million) and labour market information systems (€5.1 million).

Culture 

Under  the  Investing  in  People  programme,  the  Commission  promotes  access  to 
culture and the protection and promotion of cultural diversity, including inter-cultural 
dialogue and respect for the equal dignity of all cultures. In 2009, a call for proposals 
for €13.2 million (€5.9 million from the 2009 budget) was launched and generated an 
overwhelming  response  with  585  project  concept  notes  submitted  by  civil  society 
organisations and other eligible actors. After a thorough evaluation exercise, the 22 
best projects were selected for contract award. Because of the high number of good 
quality  proposals  received,  a  culture  'auction  floor'  was  launched  to  identify  other 
potential donors for the quality proposals the EU was unable to fund itself. 

Children 

Regarding  the  "children  and  youth"  component  of  the  Investing  in  People 
programme,  the  2009  credits  (€11  million)  were  allocated  to  a  call  for  proposals 
targeting children's participation, one of the rights contained in the Convention on the 
Rights  of  the  Child  adopted  in  1989,  but  which  lacks  genuine  implementation  in 
development aid programmes. More than 800 proposals were received. In addition, 
the  development  of  a  comprehensive  toolkit  to  address  child  rights  in  European 
development  cooperation  and  external  relations  received  support.  The  Commission 
was involved in a project aimed at prevention and rehabilitation measures concerning 

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children associated with armed forces and groups or involved in the worst forms of 
child labour in conflict or post-conflict situations. 

Gender 

Gender  equality  is  addressed  in  two  ways.  First  it  is  promoted  as  a  cross-cutting 
issue; and second, gender equality is supported by specific targeted actions. In 2009 
priority was given to support non-state actors in their efforts to fight adult illiteracy 
and  promote  women's  property  ownership  (€8.4  million).  With  funding  from  the 
Investing in People programme, 14 organisations in Africa and Asia have launched a 
series  of  activities  designed  to  promote  women's  property  rights  and  the  right  to 
literacy. Over the years, the EU has supported a range of activities designed to assist 
the  Mediterranean  partner  countries  in  promoting  gender  equality.  A  call  for 
proposals  on  ‘Strengthening  the  capacity  of  non-state  actors  to  promote  women’s 
rights and gender equality in ten Mediterranean countries' was launched in 2009 with 
a  budget  of  €7.8  million.  To  advance  the  im plementation  of  UN  Security  Council 
Resolutions  on  women,  peace  and  security,  the  Commission  supported  an 
international  colloquium  on  women’s  leadership  in  Liberia  in  March  2009.  An 
important  outcome  of  the  colloquium  was  the  launching  of  the  ‘Angie  Brooks 
International  Centre’,  which  will  further  enhance  women’s  empowerment  and 
leadership.  The  Commission  contributed  €0.5  million  to  organise  the  event  and  its 
follow-up. 

Case study: Making aid work for both women and men  

The European Commission/UN Partnership on Gender Equality for Development and Peace 
has  produced  significant  findings  on  aid  effectiveness  and  gender  equality  in  12  pilot 
countries.  This  has  been  achieved  through  a  mapping  exercise  in  each  country  and  by 
developing  the  professional  capacity  at  both  national  and  regional  levels  that  is  needed  to 
bring a stronger gender equality perspective to the aid effectiveness agenda. The pioneering 
online  course  on  “Gender  Equality  and  Aid  Effectiveness”  has  generated  unprecedented 
demand  from  government,  donor,  multilateral  and  civil  society  organisations.  For  more 
information: www.gendermatters.eu.  

The  European  Commission/UNIFEM  programme  on  integrating  gender-responsive  budget-
ing into the aid effectiveness agenda, has also proved to be a valuable resource for generating 
both  knowledge  and  awareness  in  this  area.  A  report  presenting  composite  findings  of 
research focusing on 10 countries is now available. It should be read in conjunction with the 
10  more  detailed  country  reports:  Ethiopia,  India,  Mozambique,  Peru,  Uganda,  Nepal, 
Morocco, Rwanda, Cameroon and Tanzania (http://www.gender-budgets.org).  

2.3.8.  Non-State actors and local authorities in development  

The European Union has long recognised the vital contribution of non-state actors to 
the  development  process  by  virtue  of  their  dual  role  as  strategic  partners  in  the 
political,  social  and  economic  dialogue  and  key  aid  delivery  agents.  Development 
policy  and  programmes  are  generally  more  effective  when  the  priorities  of  the 
different development actors are consistent with those of civil society, as this gives 
local  populations  a  sense  of  ownership  of  national  development  policy.  EU 
development  policy  encourages  non-state  actors  to  play  an  active  role.  Recent  EU 
emphasis on participatory approaches has resulted in many innovations, such as more 
decentralised  management  and  empowering,  and  involving  a  broad  range  of  civil 

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society  bodies  like  NGOs,  trade  unions,  political  foundations,  universities  and  the 
media.  

Supporting non-state actors and local authorities means encouraging participation in 
development,  at  both  national  and  local  level.  It  also  means  working  for  better 
governance  and  more  participative  development.  The  Commission's  thematic 
programme  on  non-state  actors  and  local  authorities  in  development  facilitates  and 
promotes dialogue between state and non-state actors on development priorities and 
strategies  in  partner  countries.  The  programme’s  overarching  objective  is  poverty 
reduction, including working towards the Millennium Development Goals and other 
internationally  agreed  targets.  It  is  an  ‘actor-oriented’  programme  aimed  at 
strengthening the abilities of non-state actors and local authorities to provide help. It 
also  serves  to  co-finance  actions  in  areas  as  diverse  as  rural  development,  health, 
environmental  protection  and  education,  as  well  as  long-term  partnerships  between 
civil society and local authorities. These initiatives can be grouped according to three 
principal objectives:  

1.  Supporting  actions  aimed  at  a  democratic,  cohesive  and  autonomous  society  in 
partner countries by enhancing the skills of non-state actors and local authorities.  
2.  Financing  awareness-raising  and  educational  initiatives  among  the  European 
population on the topic of development, by encouraging a better understanding of the 
stakes involved. 
3.  Facilitating  coordination  and  communication  between  local  authority  networks 
and  civil  society  stakeholders  involved  in  the  European  public  debate  on 
development.  

Under  the  programme's  multi-annual  strategy  (2007-2010),  the  Annual  Action 
Programme  for  2009  was  adopted.  In  the  2008  annual  action  programme,  404 
projects  proposed  by  non-state  actors  from  the  EU  and  partner  countries  (€181.5 
million)  and  66  projects  proposed  by  local  authorities  from  the  EU  and  partner 
countries  (€31.7  million)  were  selected.  Th e  total  value  of  the  projects  was  €213.1 
million,  of  which  €135  million  went  to  pr ojects  selected  under  local  calls  for 
proposals  managed  by  EU  Delegations  in  partner  countries  and  €78.1  million  for 
projects selected under centralised calls. In addition, a restricted call for proposals on 
local authorities in development was published at the end of 2009 by the European 
Commission.  

(cid:198) PADOR 

Online registration for EU grant applicants, PADOR (Potential Data Online Registration), is 
a central database collecting administrative data of applicants to calls for proposals. It was 
launched in 2007. Now considered a corner-stone the new non-state actor approach, it was 
made compulsory for all calls for proposals covered by the 2008 annual action programme. It 
reduces the administrative burden for applicants and provides the Commission with a tool to 
improve  knowledge  and  understanding  of  the  needs  of  its  implementation  partners.  At  the 
end  of  2009,  there  are  nearly  50  000  organisations  identified  in  PADOR  and  20  000 
registered.  Since  2009,  the  possibility  also  exists  for  local  authorities  to  register. 
Simplifications  have  been  introduced  in  the  last  year,  including  the  obligation  to  register 
only  if  the  project  concerned  is  selected,  and  the  exemption  for  lead  organisations  whose 
proposal is for less than €25 000. 

Since mid-2008, projects have been monitored. Results-oriented monitoring provides 
independent advice which is useful on three levels – the micro level of the project, 

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the macro level of Commission development portfolio performance, and the level of 
the  programming  cycle.  The  centrally  managed  thematic  projects  (CMTP)  are 
worldwide  operations  financed  by  the  Commission  through  the  external  assistance 
thematic financial instruments and programmes. From January to December 2009 a 
total of 53 projects were monitored and 118 monitoring reports were produced. The 
total value of projects involved in 2009, was €215.7 million. This represented 4% of 
the  total  number  of  projects  and  17%  in  terms  of  the  total  budget.  In  general,  the 
ongoing  CMTP  which  were  monitored  performed  in  a  positive  way  in  2009  with 
regard  to  all  five  criteria.  No  projects  with  overall  really  serious  deficiencies  were 
identified.  

Case study: Capacity building of NGOs in supporting MDGs 

The  project  "Capacity  building  of  NGOs  in  Hungary,  Poland  and  Czech  Republic  for 
mobilising  support  for  Millennium  Development  Goals",  with  a  grant  of  €440 000, 
represents  a  good  opportunity  for  the  NGOs  to  build  their  capacity  in  a  sustainable  way. 
Until  July  2009,  2 300  people  had  participated  in  32  info  sessions  and  350  persons  had 
participated in media events. A total of 8 000 persons were informed about the MDGs. 

2.3.9.  Migration and asylum 

The  adoption  by  the  European  Council  in  December  2009  of  the  Stockholm 
Programme  -  an  open  and  secure  Europe  serving  and  protecting  the  citizen,  will 
significantly  affect  EU  external  assistance  policies  on  migration  and  asylum.  The 
focus of this new multi-annual programme is on the rights and security of European 
citizens.  However,  it  also  outlines  a  vision  for  the  years  2010-2014  of  access  to 
Europe  in  a  globalised  world,  and  highlights  Europe's  role  in  terms  of  its 
responsibility,  solidarity  and  partnership  in  migration  and  asylum  matters.  The 
current  European  pact  on  immigration  and  asylum  will  remain  the  basis  for  future 
development. Its objective is to establish a common asylum system in 2012, ensuring 
people in need of protection access to legally safe and efficient asylum procedures. 
But  the  Stockholm  Programme  also  says  that  in  order  to  maintain  credible  and 
sustainable  immigration  and  asylum  systems  in  the  EU,  it  is  necessary  to  prevent, 
control  and  combat  illegal  migration.  Finally,  the  programme  highlights  the 
importance of the external dimension of EU policy in the area of freedom, security 
and justice and the need to integrate this policy further into the general policies of the 
European  Union.  In  2010,  the  objectives  of  the  Stockholm  Programme  will  be 
moulded into a concrete action plan. 

In  2009,  the  Annual  Action  Plan  of  the  thematic  programme  of  cooperation  with 
third  countries  in  the  areas  of  migration  and  asylum  (TPMA)  encompassed  four 
major components: 

•  support measures for the programme itself;  

•  a €4.5 million targeted project focusing on th e prevention of irregular migration in 

Libya; 

•  €3  million  as  a  targeted  action  to  support  the  implementation  of  the  Africa-EU 

partnership on migration, mobility and employment; 

•  a call for proposals combining the budgets for 2009-2010 totalling €70 million.  

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Launched  in  August,  the  call  resulted  in  the  submission  of  368  concept  notes.  The 
process should result in the contracting of successful project proposals in the second 
half  of  2010.  In  December  2009,  the  Commission  also  decided  to  allocate  the  €5 
million  earmarked  for  special  measures  (unforeseen  needs  or  circumstances  related 
to  natural  disasters,  civil  strife  or  crises)  to  regional  protection  programmes  in  the 
Horn of Africa. 

In parallel, various initiatives have been launched to prepare the 2011-2013 TPMA 
strategy  and  multi-annual  indicative  programme.  An  evaluation  was  done  of  the 
2004-2006 AENEAS programme, the predecessor of the TPMA. A mid-term review 
of the TPMA has been launched as well. The principal lessons learned will feed into 
the 2011-2013 strategy and MIP under preparation. It should also be mentioned that 
in  order  to  enhance  their  effectiveness,  impact  and  sustainability,  and  to  boost 
ownership,  a  process  has  been  initiated  to  devolve  the  monitoring  of  the 
implementation of projects funded from the TPMA to EU Delegations.  

A number of important steps were taken in 2009 in the area of human trafficking. In 
March,  the  Commission  tabled  proposals  regarding  the  fight  against  trafficking  in 
human beings and the protection of victims, including provisions on approximation 
of  criminal  law  as  well  as  assistance,  support  and  protection  measures  for  victims. 
The ensuing discussions in the Council led to an agreement which will be turned into 
a  proposal  for  a  Directive.  In  October,  an  EU  Ministerial  Conference  “Towards 
global EU action against trafficking in human beings”, in Brussels, brought together 
nearly  600  participants.  Its  final  declaration  marked  agreement  on  a  number  of 
crucial  objectives  in  the  fight  against  human  trafficking.  It  also  contributed  to  the 
development  of  an  action-oriented  paper,  adopted  by  the  Council  in  December, 
aiming  to  strengthen  the  commitment  and  coordinated  action  of  the  EU  and  the 
Member  States  to  prevent  and  fight  all  forms  of  trafficking  in  human  beings  in 
partnership with third countries, regions and organisations at international level.  

The  implementation  of  the  pilot  mobility  partnerships  between  Moldova  and  Cape 
Verde  and  the  Commission  with  a  range  of  Member  States  remained  on  course  in 
2009. A new mobility partnership with Georgia was signed in November. 

The  Commission  also  continued  to  play  an  active  role  in  the  policy  dialogue  on 
migration and asylum issues in various international and regional fora and at events 
such  as  the  global  forum  on  international  migration  and  development,  which  took 
place in Athens in November 2009. Work has also continued on the partnership on 
migration, mobility and employment of the Lisbon action plan, adopted in December 
2007. Of particular importance at international level was the launch, in June, of the 
structured  and  comprehensive  bi-regional  dialogue  on  migration  between  the 
European Union and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.  

Case study: MIEUX gets going 
Migration  EU  Expertise  (MIEUX)  is  a  Joint  EC-ICMPD56  initiative  that  supports  third 
countries  in  addressing  irregular  migration  and  mixed  migratory  flows.  As  part  of  a 
comprehensive  approach  to  migration  management,  it  facilitates  peer-to-peer  transfer  of 
knowledge and experience by EU Member States experts.  

56 

International Centre for Migration Policy Development  

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With €3 million funding, this three-year project is  able to fast track requests for short-term 
technical  assistance  in  a  wide  range  of  irregular  migration-related  areas.  A  major  asset  of 
MIEUX is its very 'light' procedural approach: only a simple written request is required.  
In  2009,  its  first  year  of  implementation,  20  requests  were  received  confirming  growing 
interest.  Requests  received  related  to  both  southern  and  eastern  migratory  routes  and 
represented  a  wide  geographic  scope.  They  ranged  from  border  management  to  the 
development  of  national  migration  policies  and  improvement  of  migration  management, 
legislation,  return  and  readmission,  migration  statistics,  trafficking  in  human  beings  and 
information campaigns.  
Two  actions  have  already  been  completed:  in  Malawi,  MIEUX  increased  the  capacities  of 
the relevant authorities in the field of border management, and a seminar on visa facilitation 
and  migration  was  organised  in  Kazakhstan.  Approval  has  been  granted  to  prepare  the 
implementation of actions in Angola, Armenia, Cape Verde, Mozambique and Sierra Leone.  

2.3.10.  Environment and sustainable management of natural resources including energy 

Support for the environment and the sustainable management of natural resources is 
one of the main priorities of EU development cooperation. 

The  Development  Cooperation  Instrument  makes  provision  for  a 
thematic 
programme for the environment and the sustainable management of natural resources 
including  energy  (ENRTP).  A  total  budget  of  €889.5  million  has  been  foreseen  to 
support  this  thematic  programme  from  2007  to  2013.  The  2007-2010  thematic 
strategy paper put an emphasis on assisting developing countries to achieve MDG 7. 
Based on this strategy paper, the 2009 annual action programme was adopted by the 
Commission  in  May  with  a  budget  of  €163  million.  It  focuses  on  major 
environmental issues, such as climate change, desertification, biodiversity, fisheries 
and forest preservation (including the EU FLEGT initiative against illegal logging). 
implement  multilateral 
Support  for 
environmental agreements also continued. An external review was carried out on the 
implementation  of  the  ENRTP  as  part  of  the  mid-term  review  process,  and  draft 
results were presented at a meeting of Member States and civil society in September 
2009. The preparation of the strategy for 2011-2013, which will take into account the 
results of the review process, has started with a view to adoption in the first half of 
2010. 

the  developing  countries’  capacity 

to 

In 2009, the Global Climate Change Alliance received an allocation of €35 million to 
support  poor  developing  countries  most  vulnerable  to  climate  change,  in  particular 
the  least  developed  countries  and  small  island  developing  states.  Eight  countries 
benefited  from  financial  support  in  2009:  Bangladesh,  Guyana,  Jamaica,  Mali, 
Mauritius,  Rwanda,  Senegal  and  Seychelles.  In  addition,  a  €3  million  facility  has 
been  set  up  to  provide  support,  hold  events  and  conduct  analyses  and  studies.  A 
complementary  €40  million  GCCA  support  programme  was  decided  under  the  10th 
EDF  intra-ACP  strategy.  This  programme  is  focused  on  regional  activities  in  the 
Caribbean,  in  the  Pacific  and  in  Africa,  and  involves  cooperation  with  regional 
organisations that deal with climate change policy. The Commission also started the 
implementation  of  the  EUrocLIMA  initiative  aimed  at  fostering  climate  change 
dialogue between the EU and Latin America. 

Case study: The Global Climate Change Alliance 

The GCCA is an EU initiative aimed at strengthening political dialogue and cooperation on 
climate  change  with  the  most  vulnerable  and  poorest  developing  countries.  Through  the 

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GCCA,  support  is  being  tailored  primarily  towards  actions  integrating  climate  change  in 
developing  countries'  policies.  Support  focuses  on  adaptation  activities,  especially  in  the 
water and agricultural sectors; reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation; 
disaster  risk  reduction;  and  on  enhanced  participation  of  least  developed  countries  in  the 
carbon market.  

Fifteen  countries  have  been  identified  and  activities  have  started  12  of  them:  Bangladesh, 
Cambodia,  Guyana,  Jamaica,  Mali,  Maldives,  Mauritius,  Rwanda,  Senegal,  Seychelles, 
Tanzania  and  Vanuatu.  More  countries  will  be  able  to  benefit  from  this  support  over  the 
coming years.  

In the context of the EU’s overall energy policy objectives, support continued for the 
Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) with an allocation 
of €15 million in 2009. The objective is to  pool public and private funds through an 
innovative  public-private  partnership  in  order  to  offer  new  risk  sharing  and  co-
funding options for investors in the areas of energy efficiency and renewable energy. 
In 2009, GEEREF invested €22.5 million in two  new funds in Asia and South Africa. 

All  these  ENRTP  activities  have  been  complemented  by  projects  and  programmes 
funded  under  the  geographical  financial  instruments.  The  Commission  pursued  its 
efforts in preserving tropical forests and improving forest governance. Progress has 
been made under the FLEGT initiative with the signature of a voluntary partnership 
agreement with the Republic of Congo, in addition to one already signed with Ghana. 
FLEGT  negotiations  continued  with  Cameroon,  Malaysia  and  Indonesia  and  were 
started with Liberia and the Central African Republic. In the area of biodiversity and 
protected  areas,  the  Commission  continued  its  support  for  the  conservation  and 
sustainable  management  of  the  tropical  forest  in  Africa  (Democratic  Republic  of 
Congo,  Sierra  Leone,  Liberia)  and  central  America  (Honduras).  In  addition  to 
individual  field  projects,  the  Commission  has  actively  contributed  to  international 
processes  against  desertification,  such  as  the  International  Land  Coalition  or  the 
organisation of the first open scientific conference on desertification in the UNCCD 
context. It has also carried out preparatory studies under the EU/AU Partnership of 
the Green Wall initiative, which aims to counter the advance of desertification in the 
Sahel and the Sahara using ecosystem approaches. 

As  part  of  the  external  fisheries  policy,  the  Commission  pursued  its  actions  to 
promote the sustainable use of marine resources outside EU waters. The Commission 
encouraged  the  strengthening  of  fisheries  management  in  ACP  countries  under  the 
10th  EDF  through  regional  programmes  in  the  Pacific  and  the  south-west  Indian 
Ocean. In total, EU financial support57 to the fishery sector in developing countries 
amounted to about €180 million in 2009. 

In 2009, the Commission applied for the first time the budget support method to the 
environment  sector  with  the  aim  of  implementing  national  environment  policies. 
Two  countries  have  benefited  from  this  new  approach:  Ukraine  (€35  million)  and 
Ghana (€8 million).   

57 

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2.3.11.  Food security 

It is estimated that more than one billion people were undernourished worldwide in 
2009. Maternal and child malnutrition is responsible for 3.5 million child deaths per 
year.  Even  before  the  last  food  and  economic  crises  these  numbers  had  been 
increasing  for  a  decade.  This  worrying  trend  has  interlinked  structural  causes: 
demographic growth; increase of meat consumption in developing and, even more, in 
emerging  countries;  urban  growth;  and  speculation  on  food  commodities.  These 
factors increased pressure on the world food market and led to high price volatility. 
In  addition  agricultural  production  in  many  developing  countries  is  negatively 
affected  by  climate  change  and  ecosystem  degradation.  Competition  is  intensifying 
for access to agricultural land, be it for food or agro-fuel production.  

In  this  context  EU  development  activities  were  confronted  in  2009  with  a  double 
challenge: 

–  Implement  the  ambitious  "rapid  response"  mechanism  decided  in  2008  for  €1 
billion, to mitigate in the short- to medium-term the impacts of the food crisis; 

–  Address on a longer-term basis the structural causes of food insecurity. 

Implementation of the Food Facility has been remarkably fast, bringing the European 
Union to the forefront of the global response to the food crisis, with a rapid, concrete 
and  transparent  mechanism  for  local  action.  From  the  total  of  €1  billion,  two 
financing decisions were adopted at the beginning of 2009. The first for an amount of 
€313  million  concerned  joint  management  proj ects  with  international  organisations 
(FAO, WFP, UNICEF, World Bank, UNDP, IFAD, African Union-IBAR, UNOPS, 
UNRWA, …). A second decision allocated €393 million for supporting projects with 
international organisations and for financing a call for proposal from civil society. A 
third set of financing decisions for a total value of €129.7 milli on, mainly including 
budget  support  measures,  was  approved  in  December,  bringing  the  total  amount 
committed in 2009 to €837 million. 

Addressing  the  structural  causes  of  food  insecurity  is  pursued  through  the  EU's 
"regular"  instruments  for  external  assistance,  in  particular  the  Development 
Cooperation  Instrument  and  the  European  Development  Fund.  In  2009,  the 
Commission  committed  some  €236  million  under  the  food  security  thematic 
programme  while  €264  and  €235  million  were
  committed  for  rural  development, 
agriculture and food security under the geographic allocations of the DCI and EDF 
respectively.  

In  addition,  the  European  Commission  took  steps  in  2009  to  do  more  to  address 
malnutrition, issuing a concept note on malnutrition and hosting a high-level meeting 
of  the  UN  standing  committee  on  nutrition  with  key  participation  from  developing 
countries. The objective is to pave the way for a sustained response to the multiple 
factors  that  affect  food  security  for  the  most  vulnerable  populations  in  developing 
countries  through  social  action  on  safety  nets  and  nutritional  initiatives,  linking  in 
with  health  and  education,  and  complementing  actions  to  promote  agricultural 
production and marketing.  

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Figure 27 DCI T hematic  - Bre akd own  by sec tor of ext ernal aid financ ed on the  Gen eral EU b udget 
managed by Eu ropeAid  in 2009

Commitments in € million

82 M€ ; 4%

190 M€; 10%

19 M€; 1%

374 M€; 20%

319 M€; 17%

870 M€; 48%

Disb ursements in € million

72 M€; 6%

397 M€; 32%

282 M€; 23%

36 M€; 3%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

62 M€; 5%

379 M€; 31%

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).
Including Food Facility.

Figure  28 DCI The matic -  Exter nal aid financed  on t he E U bud ge t 
managed by Eu ropeAid.

€ m illions

2007

2008

2009

Commitments

            834                 956    

        1 854    

Disb ursements

            745                 838    

        1 233    

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral f lows (Eur opeAid only).

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Figure 29: DCI Them atic - G eneral and sector budget support per country

Com mitme nts in € million

Country

GBS / 
SBS

B olivia

SB S

Con go, De m. Rep. GB S

G eorg ia

G han a

G uya na

G uya na

Haiti

Jama ica

Jama ica

Mala wi

Mau ritius

Mau ritius

SB S

GB S

SB S

SB S

GB S

SB S

GB S

GB S

GB S

GB S

S ector

Description

Total

Ag ricultural po licy and 
ad ministr ative  ma nage ment

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Food  a id/Fo od security 
pro gram mes

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Industrial crop s/expo rt crop s

Flood  p revention/contro l

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Respo nse to  the food  pr ice s crisis by 
r einforceme nt o f food sovere ignty and  secur ity 
o pera tion s 
B udge t suppo rt pr ogra mme for econom ic 
stabilisation  o f DRC (foo d fa cili ty)

Foo d Security Pr ogra mme 200 9 
g ener al b udg et supp ort in  r esponse to high 
in te rnationa l foo d prices  
A nnua l A ction  P lan 200 9 o n Acco mpan ying  
Mea sures on Sug ar
S usta inable  coa stal zone pro te ction  thro ugh 
Man grove man agem ent
S et of measur es im plemen tin g the  Facility for 
r apid respo nse to  soa ring food pr ice s in 
d evelopin g co untries

Ag ro-in dustries

A ccom panying mea su res 2009  for  suga r protocol 
cou ntries -  S ecto r b udge t supp ort comp onen t 

7,75 

26,00 

2,00 

15,00 

18,13 

4,17 

5,80 

8,47 

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Deb t Redu ction  en han ce ment p rogr amme 20 09

8,35 

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Foo d Fa cil ity to add ress the bu dgetar y and social 
imp act of so arin g in te rnation al fo od prices 

15,90 

P romoting  sustaina ble and  eq uitable  de ve lopme nt

58,98 

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Rura l d eve lopme nt

Rwand a

SB S

Rwand a
S eyche lles

Ag ricultural po licy and 
ad ministr ative  ma nage ment

SB S
GB S Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

S t.Kitts-Ne vis

GB S

Ge nera l b udge t supp ort

Taj ikistan

SB S

So cia l/ welfare  services

G ene ral budg et sup port - G loba l Clima te  Cha nge 
S ecto r b udge t supp ort for en vir onmen t and  
n atu ral resou rces "Glob al Cl imate Ch ange  
A lliance"
S ecto r b udge t supp ort for ag ricultural 
in te nsification
Clima te  Cha nge supp ort p rogra mme 
A ccom panying Measu res 2 009 for Sug ar Pro toco l 
Cou ntries
S uppo rt to th e S ocial Safety Nets - Gl obal Food  
Facility Pr ogra mme 

3,00 

4,56 

15,60 
2,00 

10,43 

7,75 

10,76 

224 ,64  

Trin idad  &  Tob ago SB S

Trad e-re lated adju stmen t

 Ann ual Action Plan  2 009 un der AMSP

G ra nd Total

G BS : G ener al Budg et Su ppor t
S BS : Se ctor Bu dget Sup port

2.4. 

Democracy and human rights 

The universality and indivisibility of human rights, the responsibility to defend them 
throughout the world, the promotion of pluralist democracy, support to civil society 
and effective guarantee for the rule of law are essential principles for the European 
Union. 

In promoting human rights and democracy worldwide, the EU uses a whole range of 
approaches, from political dialogue and diplomatic initiatives to specific instruments 
of  financial  and  technical  cooperation.  Improving  the  design  and  the  impact  of 
external assistance by ensuring coherence, complementarity and synergy between the 

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geographic  and  thematic  instruments  and  programmes  has  been  a  priority  over  the 
past years.  

Instrument 

for  Democracy  and  Human  Rights 

(EIDHR)58 
The  European 
complements  and  reinforces  actions  on  human  rights  and  democracy  within  the 
framework of relevant EU policies. EIDHR is a free-standing financing instrument to 
contribute  to  the  development  and  consolidation  of  democracy  and  the  rule  of  law 
and respect for all human rights and fundamental freedoms across the globe. 

Building on its key strength, which is the ability to operate without the need for host 
government  consent,  EIDHR  is  able  to  focus  on  sensitive  political  issues  and  to 
cooperate  directly  with  local  civil  society  organisations  which  need  to  preserve 
independence  from  public  authorities.  In  addition,  it  works  through  strategic 
cooperation with international organisations. EIDHR can also be active in countries 
that  may  be  described  as  “difficult  partnerships”  where  fundamental  freedoms  are 
most at risk and where geographic programmes meet obstacles. 

For  2007-2010,  the  main  EIDHR  aims  are  to:  (i)  enhance  respect  for  human  rights 
and fundamental freedoms in countries and regions where they are most at risk; (ii) 
strengthen the role of civil society in promoting human rights and democratic reform, 
in  supporting  the  peaceful  conciliation  of  groups  of  interest,  and  in  consolidating 
political participation and representation; (iii) support actions in areas covered by EU 
guidelines,  including  human  rights  dialogues,  human  rights  defenders,  the  death 
penalty, torture, children and armed conflict and the promotion and protection of the 
rights  of  the  child;  (iv)  support  and  strengthen  the  international  and  regional 
framework  for  the  protection  of  human  rights,  justice,  the  rule  of  law  and  the 
promotion  of  democracy;  and  (v)  build  confidence  in  and  enhancing  the  reliability 
and transparency of democratic electoral processes, in particular through EU election 
observation missions.  

EIDHR has made considerable provisions for country-specific small-scale projects in 
order  to  further  enhance  local  ownership  and  improve  access  by  civil  society 
organisations  from  the  countries  and  regions  concerned.  In  all,  64  local  calls  for 
proposals were launched during 2009 with a total budget of €49.6 million, resulting 
in the signature of 371 contracts. An additional 79 contracts were signed with a total 
budget  of 
international 
organisations  as  well  as  the  projects  selected  under  four  global  calls  for  proposals. 
These covered: the guidelines on torture; the human rights masters programme; the 
human  rights  and  fundamental  freedoms  where  they  are  most  at  risk;  and  civil 
society  support  for  the  International  Criminal  Court.  This  gives  a  total  EIDHR 
budget for 2009 of €115 million, excluding  election observation missions.  

€65.4  million,  covering  strategic 

partnerships  with 

The  chart  below  gives  an  idea  of  the  wide  range  of  topics  covered  by  this  global 
instrument to promote democracy and human rights. 

Figure 30: EIDHR implementation - Breakdown by project theme and number 
(January 2007-April 2009) 

58 

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Instrument 2007-April 2009, Complete Overview without 
EOM
Breakdown by Theme and No. Implemented Projects

Governance, 53 projects, 
7.7 m €

Strengthening of the Civil 
Society, 49 projects,  7.7 
m €

Torture, 39 projects, 26.6 m 

Women, 33 projects, 4.4 m 

Children, 32 projects, 4.4 m 

Abolition of the Death 
Penalty, 1 project, 0.63 m 

Promotion and Protection 
of Human Rights and 
Fundamental Freedoms, 94 
projects,  36.7 m €

Human Rights Dialogues, 2 
projects, 0.12 m €

Trafficking (of human 
beings) , 4 projects, 0.21 m 

Human Rights Protection 
Mechanisms , 5 projects, 
8.5 m €

Domestic Violence, 5 
projects, 0.61 m €

Peaceful Conciliation, 8 
projects, 4.4 m €

The Rights of Indigenous 
Peoples, 9 projects, 2.1 m 

Rule of Law and Justice 
including the Penal 
Systems, 21 projects, 4.5 
m €

Persons with Disabilities, 
14 projects, 1.2 m €

Human Rights Defenders, 
11 projects, 9.9 m €

The Rights of Persons 
Belonging to Minorities and 
Ethnic Groups, 19 projects, 
2.7 m €

The Fight against Racism, 
Xenophobia and 
Discrimination, 17 projects, 
1.7 m €

International Criminal 
Justice, 11 projects, 9 m €

Lessons learnt 

To  learn  from  its  actions  and  to  improve  the  impact  of  its  work,  the  Commission 
carried out two global evaluations and studies of EIDHR during the reporting period. 
In its effort to scrutinise its core activities, an evaluation was concluded in December 
2008  on  EIDHR  support  for  the  establishment  and  functioning  of  the  International 
Criminal Court.59 The evaluation covered 29 projects worldwide supported under the 
EIDHR since 2000, implemented both by the ICC directly and by CSOs working to 
support its functioning. The report says that EU support has been highly relevant and 
that the EU is a major donor worldwide in this field. The support has been efficient 
and effective in terms of state ratifications of the ICC's Rome Statute, but it could be 
improved  in  relation  to  national  implementing  legislations  and  complementarity 
between  the  ICC  and  the  national  judicial  apparatus.  The  evaluation  further 
concludes  that  projects  have  contributed  to  enhance  the  capacity  of  governments, 
civil society organisations and legal experts in relation to the ICC. In addition to this 
global  evaluation,  the  EU  Delegations  in  Colombia  and  Sri  Lanka  have  carried  out 
evaluations published in 2009 of their local human rights projects.60  

59 
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€
€
€
€
€
€
 
                                                 
Further,  a  compilation  of  all  EIDHR  projects  was  concluded  to  give  a  complete 
overview  of  the  activities  supported  since  2000.  An  electronic  Compendium61  is 
available.  

Case study: A tale of Dalits in Nepal 

Dalan, a highly successful TV soap opera on caste-based discrimination in Nepal, received 
initial  funding  from  the  EIDHR  allocations  to  Nepal.  Jagaran  Media  Centre,  a  Nepalese 
NGO  working  on  Dalit  issues,  produced  the  series  with  additional  financial  support  from 
Denmark and Germany. Dalan is shown every week and will remain on Nepal television for 
at least another 12 months.  

Dalan, meaning suppression, is based on the suffering, over the centuries, of naïve citizens, 
the shame they encountered and their struggle for liberation.  

Pre-production  planning  included  talks  with  various  interested  stakeholders.  A  survey  to 
ascertain what viewers would like to watch on TV was also carried out. 

Films  and  documentaries,  covering  the  sensitive  issue  surrounding  Dalits,  have  been  rare. 
Encouraged  by  the  soap  opera,  many  youths  in  different  parts  of  the  country  have  formed 
clubs.  They  have  started  lobbying  and  advocacy  against  various  discriminations.  Dalan  is 
also  being  screened  internationally.  Thus,  it  is  reaching  mass  audiences,  and  spreading 
effectively the issue of equal rights. By endeavouring to transform the psychological mindset 
of  society,  the  series  has  met  with  success  in  raising  awareness  about  discrimination,  and 
combating it. 

Protection and promotion of human rights through mainstreaming 

The  European  Union  is  committed  to  mainstreaming  human  rights  throughout  its 
activities, as outlined by the European consensus on development. 

As an  example of  mainstreaming, the EU supported  several projects in 2009 in the 
justice  sector  within  the  bilateral  cooperation  framework.  Being  tailored  to  each 
country's  legal  system,  social  values  and  accepted  principles,  these  projects  were 
centred on ensuring a better access to justice for people and guaranteeing the respect 
of human rights for the persons processed through the justice system.  

Various  approaches  were  designed  for  this  purpose,  from  support  for  institutional 
reforms aimed at strengthening the independence, impartiality and professionalism of 
the  judiciary  (Egypt),  to  the  improvement  of  national  legal  frameworks  ensuring  a 
fair  and  timely  trial,  provision  of  free  legal  aid  and  civic  education  (Malawi, 
Nigeria),  improving  detention  conditions,  prison  management  and  introducing 
alternatives to imprisonment (Jordan) as well as addressing the issue of the efficiency 
and  transparency  of  the  judiciary,  notably  through  court  automation  and  case 
management (Syria). 

Case study: EIDHR support for parliamentarians for global action 

For a number of years, the EIDHR has supported global civil society campaigns designed to 
ensure the effective functioning of the International Criminal Court.  

61 

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The  organisation  "Parliamentarians  for  Global  Action"  (PGA)  has  been  one  of  the 
longstanding beneficiaries.  PGA  is  a  network  of  more  than  1  300  members  of  national  (or 
regional) parliaments around the world who agreed to contribute to a common human rights-
based  agenda.  One  of  the  key  activities  of  PGA  is  to  use  its  membership  of  national 
parliamentarians to lobby for ratification of the Rome Statute, complementary legislation and 
implementation  of  international  justice  commitments  by  governments.  PGA’s  contribution 
has been widely acknowledged by many actors. The EIDHR-supported projects implemented 
by  PGA  have  been  successful  in  widening  the  support  base  for  the  ICC,  in  increasing  the 
understanding  and  support  for  the  principles  and  rules  of  the  Rome  Statute,  and  in  the 
adoption  of  legislation  on  ICC  ratification  and/or  implementation  in  a  wide  range  of 
countries. 

Electoral support 

A  democratic  electoral  process  is  part  of  establishing  a  system  of  government  that 
can  ensure  respect  for  human  rights  and  the  rule  of  law,  and  thereby  contribute  to 
preventing violent conflicts. To support the conduct of genuine, democratic elections 
the  EU  has  been  providing  electoral  support  (electoral  observation  and  electoral 
assistance) to a wide range of partner countries. 

Electoral observation  

The  purpose  of  EU  Electoral  Observation  Missions  (EOMs)  is  to  assist  partner 
countries  in  their  objective  to  hold  elections  of  a  high  standard.  In  this  context, 
EOMs conduct comprehensive analysis of the electoral process and provide impartial 
and  informed  assessments  of  elections  to  strengthen  voters'  confidence  in 
participating freely. 

Since 1993, the EU has conducted more than 110 observation missions all over the 
world. In 2009, EU EOMs were deployed to Bolivia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Malawi, 
Lebanon, Afghanistan, Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. Experts' missions were sent 
to follow the electoral processes in Ivory Coast, South Africa, Niger, Indonesia, and 
Iraq. 

Case study: EU EOM Lebanon (2009) 

The  June  2009  parliamentary  elections  marked  an  important  step  for  the  consolidation  of 
democracy in Lebanon. Its population showed a high degree of civic awareness throughout 
the campaign, with a high turn-out on election day. 

Deeply committed to the democratic process in Lebanon, the EU deployed a mission of 100 
observers  from  26  Member  States  to  assess  electoral  preparations,  voting  and  counting 
processes. 

While  there  were  some  improvements,  work  still  remains  to  bring  Lebanon  into  line  with 
international  standards.  The  mission  made  36  recommendations  to  improve  the  electoral 
process and further boost voter confidence. The final report is published in Arabic, French 
and English at www.eueomlebanon.org 

Electoral assistance  

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The strategy for an effective electoral assistance that supports electoral processes and 
that  integrates  activities  into  a  wider  democratic  governance  perspective  has  been 
further developed.  

In 2009, the Commission adopted financing decisions to support electoral assistance 
related  programmes/projects  in:  Afghanistan,  Bolivia,  Guinea-Bissau,  Moldova, 
Tanzania  and  Togo,  with  a  total  budget  around  €60  million.  The  development  of 
methodological  tools  and  the  coordination  and  collaboration  with  the  main  actors 
involved continued to be a priority. A pioneer eLearning course on effective electoral 
assistance  developed  within  the  Train4Dev  initiative  and  in  collaboration  with 
UNDP,  the  Institute  for  Democracy  and  Electoral  Assistance,  the  International 
Organization for Migration, the Canadian International Development Agency and the 
Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs was launched in June 2009. Cooperation in the 
field of electoral assistance with regional organizations and in particular with African 
Union,  the  Economic  Community  Of  West  African  States,  Southern  African 
Development Community and the Arab League was further strengthened and two joint 
workshops were held in Brussels in 2009, one with the African Union and the other 
with the Arab League. 

Recommendations by EU election observation missions represent a valuable tool for 
better  assessing  the  strengths  and  weaknesses  of  the  electoral  process  in  a  given 
country and ensuring their integration into the design of the post-electoral activities.  

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Figure  31 EIDHR -  Br eakdown b y se ctor of extern al aid f in an ced on  th e EU budget  man aged  by 
Eu ropeAid in 2009

Commitments in € million

8 M€

; 5%

Disb ursements in € million

11 M€; 9%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

153 M€; 95%

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

116 M€; 91%

M ains sectors : Gover nm ent a nd civil society, Administrative s costs related to EIDHR
B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).

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Figure  32 EIDHR - Br eakdown b y region of ext ernal aid financ ed on the  EU b udget managed  by 
Eu ropeAid in 2009

Commitments ( € million)

ENPI East

ENPI South

Asia

Latin America

ACP

Regional

162 M€; 100%

Disb ursements ( € million)

35 M€; 27%

15 M€; 12%

10 M€; 8%

ENPI East

ENPI South

20 M€; 16%

Asia

Latin America

28 M€; 22%

19 M€; 15%

ACP

Regional

B ene fic iar y countrie s not identifie d at commitment stage. (multi-regional c all f or  proposal)
B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).

Figu re 33 EIDH R - External aid financ ed on the  EU b udget 
managed by Eu ropeAid.

€ m illions

2007

2008

2009

Commitments

            142                 153    

           162    

Disb ursements

            130                 121    

           131    

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral f lows (Eur opeAid only).

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2.5. 

Stability 

2.5.1.  Crisis response and preparedness 

2.5.1.1.  Short-term measures 

Three  years  after  its  launch,  the  Instrument  for  Stability  (IfS)62  is  now  a  well-
established  EU  crisis  management  tool.  Over  the  three-year  period,  €350  million 
were mobilised in total for close to 100 individual actions worldwide.  

In 2009, 42 actions for a total of €145 million were launched and the entire available 
budget  executed.  The  2009  budget  for  crisis  response  was  cut  by  €70  million  as  a 
result of the political decision to redeploy €240 million from  the overall IfS financial 
envelope to funding the new food facility. This redeployment will be carried out over 
several years, with another €70 million be ing redeployed in 2010, and the remaining 
€100 million spread over 2011-2013. 

In  terms  of  the  geographic  distribution  of  crisis  responses  since  2007,  the  picture 
remains fairly balanced, with the main share of support continuing to be provided in 
Africa (mainly Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic , Chad, 
Zimbabwe, Somalia – some 25%), followed by actions in Asia (mainly Pakistan, Sri 
Lanka,  Nepal,  Philippines,  southern  Thailand,  Bangladesh,  Timor-Leste  –  some 
20%),  the  Middle  East  (Lebanon,  occupied  Palestinian  territory  Iraqi  refugees  in 
Syria  –  now  some  18%),  followed  by  Kosovo  (€34  million)  and  Georgia  (€31 
million). 

Thematically,  the  adopted  measures  cover  a  broad  range  of  issues,  targeted  on  the 
specific needs of each conflict/post-conflict situation:  

–  short-term  advice  to  develop  and  kick-start  post-conflict  security  system  reform 
(Central  African  Republic,  DRC,  Guinea-Bissau,  Lebanon,  occupied  Palestinian 
territory, Pakistan, Timor-Leste),  

–  flanking measures in areas where European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) 
missions  are  deployed  (Afghanistan,  Chad,  DRC,  Horn  of  Africa,  Georgia, 
occupied Palestinian territory, Kosovo63),  

–  support  for  regional  peace-building  capacity  (AU  –  AMISOM  Somalia,  AU-UN 

Mediation in Darfur),  

–  Rule  of  law  and  transitional  justice  (Afghanistan,  Colombia,  Haiti,  Kyrgyzstan, 

Lebanon, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, western Balkans),  

–  support  for  interim  administrations  and  special  tribunals  (International  Civilian 

Office Kosovo, Hariri Tribunal),  

–  support  for  conflict  resolution  and  reconciliation  (Burma,  Colombia,  Moldova, 
Nepal, Peru, occupied Palestinian territory, southern Thailand, Sri Lanka, Uganda, 
Zimbabwe),  

–  support  to  fragile  electoral  processes  (Africa-wide,  Bolivia,  Comoros,  Haiti, 

Moldova, Pakistan), 

–  post-conflict  and  post-disaster  recovery  programmes  and  needs  assessments 

(Bangladesh, Cuba, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Peru),  

62 

63 

Regulation (EC) N° 1717/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 November 2006 
establishing an Instrument for Stability 
UNSCR 1244/99 

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–  support for displaced populations (Lebanon, Syria) 

2.5.1.2.  Long-term measures 

Regarding  the  long-term  programmes  under  IfS,  a  total  of  €139  million  was 
mobilised in the first three years, of which €20 million were committed in 2007-2009 
for actions under the crisis preparedness component (peace-building partnership). An 
additional €30-39 million are foreseen for the period 2009-2011 under the indicative 
programme adopted in April 2009. 

In  2009  itself,  the  peace-building  partnership  mobilised  a  total  of  €5  million, 
focusing on the following activities: i) reinforcing cooperation and building capacity 
with international, regional and sub-regional organisations, inter alia for their early 
warning networks through the deployment of common tools and working practices; 
ii)  Training  of  up  to  600  additional  police  experts  for  participation  in  civilian 
stabilisation missions.  

Dialogue with civil society organisations was further enhanced by four consultation 
meetings which took place in 2009 under the peace-building partnership.  

In  the  first  half  of  2009,  stocktaking  and  scoping  study  on  the  peace-building 
partnership was commissioned to draw lessons from the first year of implementation 
and  formulate  recommendations.  It  constitutes  the  basis  for  the  draft  2010  Annual 
Action Programme for the IfS crisis preparedness component.  

2.5.2.  Global and regional trans-border challenges 

Global  and  regional  trans-border  challenges  are  addressed  by  actions  funded  under 
the long-term component of the Instrument for Stability (Article 4). A total of €139 
million  was  mobilised  in  the  first  three  years,  of  which  €36  million  for  actions 
addressing trans-regional security threats and €83 million for actions mitigating the 
risk from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons. 

The indicative programme for 2009-2011 adopted in April 2009 foresees up to €225 
million  over  three  years,  with  €63  million  for  actions  addressing  trans-regional 
security  threats,  and  €123  million  for  act ions  to  mitigate  chemical,  biological, 
radiological and nuclear risks. 

2.5.2.1.  Trans-regional threats 

In  2009,  a  major  project  was  launched  to  tackle  trafficking  and  organised  crime 
along the “cocaine route” from Latin America via the Caribbean and west Africa to 
Europe. With an overall budget of €6.5 million, the objectives are to: 

-  strengthen  the  anti-drug  capacities  of  beneficiary  countries  in  west  Africa  at 
selected airports;  
- strengthen cooperation in countering maritime trafficking and supporting capacity 
building in the fight against international criminal networks in west Africa;  
-  enhance  the  capacity  of  law  enforcement,  judicial  and  prosecuting  authorities  of 
Latin American and Caribbean countries in tackling transnational organised crime;  
- support the fight against money laundering and financial crime in LAC countries.  

EN 

138 

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In  the  field  of  counter-terrorism,  a  contribution  agreement  has  been  signed  with 
ACSRT (African centre for studies and research on terrorism). Specific objectives of 
the  project  are:  capacity  building,  networking,  information  exchange,  raising 
awareness and understanding on the need to address the global scourge of terrorism 
through  cooperation.  Two  contracts  have  been  signed  for  feasibility  studies  with 
regard to possible future actions in the field of counter-terrorism for the Sahel region 
and south Asia. 

Adopted  in  September  2009,  the  programme  on  critical  maritime  routes  aims  to 
contribute  to  the  security  and  safety  of  navigation  in  the  Straits  of  Malacca  and 
Singapore, the Horn of Africa and Gulf of Aden (together €4.5 million) inter alia by 
providing support to capacity building of local maritime administrations. 

A pilot project on "Piracy, maritime awareness and risks" (PMAR, €1 million) aims 
to  deliver  maritime  surveillance  data  of  the  region  off  the  coast  of  Somalia  on  a 
routine basis to operational users in the field. 

Through PRELAC (Prevention of the diversion of drugs precursors in the Latin American 
and  Caribbean  region)  the  EU  is  providing  support  (€2.2  million)  to  12  countries  in 
Latin  America  and  the  Caribbean.  It  serves  to  strengthen  the  capacities  of  national 
administrative control authorities within the region, mainly by means of an enhanced 
exchange of information.  

In  2009,  the  European  Union  continued  to  promote  the  control  of  small  arms  and 
light  weapons  (SALW)  in  all  multilateral  fora  and  in  political  dialogue  with  third 
countries.  The  EU  also  addressed  the  destabilising  effects  of  the  proliferation  and 
trafficking  of  SALW,  firearms  and  explosive  materials  through  concrete  projects 
with  a  trans-regional  dimension.  A  validation  workshop  in  October  2009  discussed 
SALW priorities for the Annual Action Plan 2010. 

In Central America, the EU supported the Central American small and light weapons 
control  programme  (CASAC)  in  its  efforts  to  fight  against  the  illicit  trafficking  of 
firearms and explosive materials in Central America and neighbouring countries (€1 
million).  

In Africa, the EU provided support to the regional centre on small arms, located in 
Nairobi,  in  the  fight  against  illicit  accumulation  and  trafficking  of  firearms  and 
explosive  materials  within  the  framework  of  the  Africa-EU  strategic  partnership 
(€3.3 million).  

2.5.2.2.  Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) risk mitigation 

In 2009, support was provided for efforts to fight the trafficking of CBRN materials, 
principally  by  supplying  former  Soviet  republics  (Russian  Federation,  Ukraine, 
Armenia,  Moldova, Georgia,  Azerbaijan and Belarus) with equipment for detection 
of nuclear and radioactive materials (NRM) at border check points. Assistance in the 
improvement  of  the  technical  and  organisational  measures  for  detection  of  illicit 
trafficking was extended to Afghanistan, Central Asia, some Mediterranean countries 
and the ASEAN region. In parallel, two projects on knowledge management systems 
in  south-east  Europe,  the  Caucasus,  North  Africa  and  selected  countries  in  the 
Middle East contributed to develop a durable cooperation in the area of trafficking of 
CBRN materials through improved exchange of information and knowledge among 

EN 

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participating states, standardised data collection concerning CBRN traffic incidents, 
and enhanced access to the accumulated international and national experience in this 
field. 

In addition to continued EU support to two dedicated science and technology centres 
in  Moscow  and  Kiev  which  cover  former  Soviet  republics,  the  EU  has  allocated 
funds  to  support  the  redirection  of  former  weapons  scientists  and  engineers  in  Iraq 
through  their  engagement  in  a  comprehensive  decommissioning,  dismantling  and 
decontamination of nuclear facilities. This was considered the most sustainable way 
to provide new civilian opportunities for these persons as well as to contribute to the 
economic development and environmental remediation in the country.  

To  strengthen  capabilities  against  biological  threats  projects  will  be  implemented 
with  a  special  focus  on  improving  bio-safety  and  bio-security  in  Russia  and  in  the 
central Asian region by raising the scientific and technical skills of the personnel of 
relevant  laboratories  in  the  partner  countries,  by  providing  training  and  additional 
equipment and through the improvement of epizootiological monitoring systems and 
diagnostics capabilities for infectious diseases.  

Support  is  also  foreseen  for a  network  to  control  of  health  and  security threats and 
other bio-security risks in the Mediterranean region and south-east Europe aiming at 
enhancing preparedness of participating countries to common health threats and bio-
risks at national and regional levels.  

Regional  centres  of  excellence  on  CBRN  matters  will  allow  the  spread  of  best 
practices and raise the general level of security and safety awareness. The first phase 
of the  project  concentrates on a key region of economic  growth and related CBRN 
risks,  south-east  Asia,  in  close  cooperation  with  the  United  Nations  (UNICRI)  and 
ASEAN.  A  workshop  attended  by  almost  all  ASEAN  countries  was  organised  in 
Singapore  in  November,  which  acknowledged  the  potential  benefits  of  the  EU 
approach.  If  the  interest  expressed  in  the  workshop  is  confirmed,  the  first  regional 
CBRN  CoE  could  be  operational  in  ASEAN  in  the  second  half  2010.  A  similar 
approach will be applied to the Middle East/Mediterranean basin and Africa. 

EN 

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Figure 34: IfS -  Br eakdown by sector of exte rnal aid  finance d on the EU b udget managed  by DG  
E uropeAid an d DG  Exter nal Relations in 2009

Commitments in € million

51,5 M€; 37%

10,5 M€; 7%

Disb ursements in € million

52,9 M€; 41%

0,3 M€; 0%

1,1 M€; 1%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

78,3 M€; 56%

74,7 M€; 57%

B ilateral a nd Multilatera l ODA (Eur opeAid + DG External R elations)

EN 

141 

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Figure 35:  IfS - B reakdown by re gion of  exter nal aid financed  on t he EU bu dget managed by DG 
E uropeAid an d Relex in 2009

Commitments (  € million)

4,8 M€; 4%

34,1 M€; 27%

ENPI East

ENPI South

11,5 M€; 9%

Asia

Latin America

25,4 M€; 20%

29,9 M€; 24%

ACP

Regional

Disb ursements (  € million)

10,2 M€; 8%

24,7 M€; 20%

27,7 M€; 22%

ENPI East

ENPI South

Asia

Latin America

ACP

Regional

12,6 M€; 10%

21,1 M€; 17%

B ilateral a nd Multilatera l ODA (Eur opeAid and DG Exte rna l Relations).

Figure  36: IfS - E xte rnal aid  finance d on the  EU b udget man aged  
by DG  Eu ropeAid and  DG External Relation s

€ m illions

2007

2008

2009

Commitments

            137                 181    

           187   

Disb ursements

              49                 129    

           144   

B ilateral a nd Multilatera l ODA (Eur opeAid + DG External R elations)

EN 

142 

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2.6. 

Nuclear safety 

The  EU  continued  its  support  for  enhanced  nuclear  safety  in  members  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Independent  States  (CIS)  with  the  main  aim  of  strengthening 
regulatory authorities in Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, Belarus and Georgia to promote 
an effective nuclear safety culture at all levels and to improve management policies 
on spent fuel and radioactive waste. The Commission paid the last instalment of its 
third pledge (€49.1 million in 
total) to the Chernobyl Shelter Fund (CSF), aimed at 
fulfilling  the  shelter  implementation  plan.  An  additional  contribution  of  €10.7 
million  to  the  CSF  has  been  committed,  together  with  the  new  contribution  (€15 
million)  to  the  nuclear  safety  account,  for  the  completion  of  waste  management 
facilities  at  Chernobyl.  Other  nuclear  safety  projects  in  the  domain  of  radioactive 
waste  management  are  ongoing  at  the  Chernobyl  site,  with  a  total  budget  of  about 
€16 million. In addition, the contract for th e establishment of an industrial complex 
for solid radioactive waste management was successfully completed. In Armenia, the 
EU  provided  on-site  assistance  to  the  Medzamor  nuclear  power  plant  in  the 
framework of an IAEA-driven action as well as to the Armenian regulatory authority. 

In addition, radioactive waste management projects were adopted in Georgia (2008 
and 2009 action programmes of the Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation) and 
Armenia  (2009  INSC  action  programme).  Further  radioactive  waste  management 
project were adopted in Ukraine, for a total budget of €13 million, mainly devoted to 
activities in the Chernobyl exclusion zone. 

In Ukraine on-site assistance projects foreseen under AAP 2008 are under way in all 
nuclear power plants. A pilot plant will be designated to start the implementation; the 
other plants will benefit from the results in a roll-out system. 

The national training centre for maintenance and management in Zaporozhye, which 
will  dispense  training  to  all  staff  of  NNEGC  Energoatom  and  its  nuclear  power 
plants, has been the object of a major project that is presently under implementation. 

The  Instrument  for  Nuclear  Safety  Cooperation  promotes  the  transfer  of  safety 
culture, radiation protection and the application of efficient and effective safeguards 
of nuclear material in non-EU countries on a worldwide scale.  

After  the  exploratory  missions  to  Jordan  and  Egypt  in  2008,  the  EU  conducted 
similar  expert  missions  in  south-east  Asia,  the  Maghreb  and  Latin  America.  As  a 
result  of  these  missions  projects  to  support  the  regulatory  authorities  have  been 
defined for Vietnam, Philippines, Morocco and Brazil. 

In addition projects with the Brazilian nuclear operator were also prepared.  

Cooperation  with  the  IAEA  saw  the  implementation  phases  of  the  EC-IAEA  – 
Ukraine joint project on the safety evaluation of Ukrainian nuclear power plants with 
all  assessments  based  on  the  IAEA  safety  guides.  This  project  was  due  for 
completion by February 2010. The final conclusions and recommendations are under 
preparation. A package consisting of other projects with the IAEA has been defined 
for  the  action  programme  2009  part  II.  These  projects  mainly  deal  with  non-CIS 
countries.  

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The  Annual  Action  Programme  for  2009  also  includes  a  contribution  to  the 
Multilateral Nuclear Assurances initiative. In addition, The Indicative Programme for 
the IfS covering 2009-2011 has been adopted by the Commission. 

Figure  37 NSI - Bre ak down by sec tor of external aid financ ed on  the  EU b udget man aged  by E uropeAid 
in  2009

Commitments in € million

1.1 M€; 1%

Disb ursements in € million

1.3 M€; 2%

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services

Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

73.7 M€; 99%

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

Social infrastructures: education, health,
water, government and civil society,
other 
Economic infrastructures and services:
transport, communications, energy, other
services
Production: agriculture, forestry and
fishing, industry, mining and
construction, trade and tourism
Multisector/crosscutting: environment,
other

Budget support, food aid, food security

56.1 M€; 98%

Others - including emergency
assistance, reconstruction relief

M ain sec tor : Nuclear  power  pla nts
B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).

EN 

144 

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Figure 38 NSI - B reakdown by r egion of  extern al aid fin an ced on th e E U bud ge t manage d b y 
Eu ropeAid in 2009

Commitments ( € million)

13.1 M€; 18%

1.0 M€; 1%

Disb ursements ( € million)

1.2 M€; 2%

2.0 M€; 3%

ENPI East

ENPI South

Asia

Latin America

52.2 M€; 69%

ACP

Regional

ENPI East

ENPI South

Asia

Latin America

ACP

Regional

54.1 M€; 95%

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral ODA ( EuropeAid only).

Figure 39 NS I - E xte rnal aid  finance d on the EU bu dget managed 
by E uropeAid.

€ m illions

2007

2008

2009

Commitments

         78.01              72.49    

        74.89    

Disb ursements

         56.27              76.33    

        76.94    

B ilateral a nd M ultilateral f lows (Eur opeAid only).

EN 

145 

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2.7. 

Humanitarian Assistance 

2.7.1.  Context 

The  Commission,  through  its  Directorate-General  for  Humanitarian  Aid  (DG 
ECHO), provided needs-based humanitarian assistance to the victims of natural and 
man-made disasters in more than 70 countries in 2009 for a total of €930 million. 

The  initial  humanitarian  aid  budget  was  increased  several  times.  This  was  in 
response to the continuing effects of the global food, fuel and financial crises and to 
meet  increased  needs  in  a  number  of  new  or  worsening  crises,  including  natural 
disasters that occurred during the year. 

The steady increase in humanitarian needs in recent years is due to a combination of 
factors: larger numbers of refugees and displaced people because of conflicts that are 
often long-running, more natural disasters linked to climate change, and an economic 
crisis that has increased the vulnerability of many people.  

In 2009, natural disasters continued to cause serious damage throughout the world. 
ECHO intervened in the following disasters:  

•  Floods in Afghanistan, India, Tajikistan and west Africa;  
•  Cyclones,  tropical  storms  and  hurricanes  in  Bangladesh,  Cambodia,  Cuba,  El 
Salvador,  Fiji,  India,  Lao  PDR,  Nicaragua,  Philippines  Papua  New  Guinea  and 
Vietnam;  

•  Droughts  in  the  Horn  of  Africa,  the  Sahel  region,  Madagascar,  the  occupied 

Palestinian territory and Syria;  

•  Earthquake in Indonesia;  
•  Epidemics in west African countries, southern Africa and Papua New Guinea.  
•  Emergency assistance was also provided to Lao PDR and Bangladesh, following 
rodent  outbreaks,  and  to  Uganda  following  crop  failures  in  the  north  of  the 
country. 

In  terms  of  man-made  crises,  the  conflict  between  government  forces  and  the 
LTTE64  in  the  north  of  Sri  Lanka  escalated  dramatically  from  February  2009, 
prompting an emergency intervention to help internally displaced people (IDPs) and 
conflict-affected populations. By the end of the year when the fighting had ended and 
the  government  had  formally  declared  victory  over  the  Tamil  Tigers,  more  than 
100 000  IDPs  had  returned  to  their  places  of  origin  and  a  further  25 000  were 
released  to  host  families.  ECHO  provided  integrated  humanitarian  assistance  to 
IDPs, returnees, host families and other conflict-affected people. 

On 27 December 2008, the Israeli Defence Force launched a large-scale attack on the 
Gaza strip. Civilians, caught in the crossfire paid a high price and the humanitarian 
situation deteriorated sharply. ECHO provided emergency assistance and integrated 
relief for those affected. In Pakistan, emergency humanitarian aid actions were also 
launched  to  provide  the  relief  assistance  to  the  victims  of  conflict  following  the 
internal  displacement  of  over  2.5  million  people.  In  Afghanistan,  the  security 
deterioration and  the  consequences  of  extensive  military  operations,  aggravated  by 

64 

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years  of  drought  and  recurrent  small-scale  disasters,  caused  a  sharp  increase  in 
humanitarian needs in 2009 which is likely to continue in 2010. The main focus of 
ECHO's intervention was on the humanitarian needs of the over 5 million returnees 
and Internally Displaced People. In Yemen, the governate of Sa'ada has experienced 
six rounds of fighting since the first clashes in 2004. The emergency aid funded by 
ECHO  aimed  among  other  things  at  providing  integrated  relief  assistance  to  the 
internally displaced people and others affected by the conflict.  

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Dongo region, was torn by violent conflict 
from the end of October 2009. The fighting provoked a huge movement of refugees 
from  the  DRC  into  the  Republic  of  Congo.  In  Somalia,  the  humanitarian  crisis 
continued  unabated,  throughout  2009,  with  half  the  population  (an  estimated  3.76 
million people) requiring humanitarian assistance. Those in need included victims of 
a  severe  drought,  urban  populations  still  struggling  with  very  high  prices  for  food 
and other essentials and more than 1.4 million IDPs who have fled from the fighting. 

In  addition  to  these  new  crises,  the  Commission  had  to  manage  worsening 
humanitarian  situations  often  involving  protracted,  complex  emergencies  dating 
from previous years. The two main examples are Sudan and the Democratic Republic 
of Congo. In financial terms, these two crisis zones were DG ECHO's main theatres 
of intervention. 

In Sudan, the Commission has contributed massively to the delivery of humanitarian 
aid to support over 6.5 million internally displaced persons, refugees, returnees, host 
communities  and  nomads  across  the  country.  These  actions  respond  to  needs 
generated  by  the  protracted  Darfur  crisis  and  by  new  emergencies  resulting  from 
conflicts,  inter-tribal  violence,  epidemics  of  cholera  and  floods.  In  the  south  and 
transitional  areas,  ECHO  supported  life  saving  interventions  and  services  for  the 
most vulnerable, in areas where returnees, displaced people and/or communities were 
facing  extreme  hardship.  In  DRC,  ECHO  financed  actions  in  the  north-eastern 
provinces of north and south Kivu and Haut and Bas Uele, its priority areas. ECHO 
assisted  around  three  million  people  with  multi-sectoral  humanitarian  aid  and  food 
assistance. Following improvements of the security situation, ECHO also supported 
IDP  returnees.  The  issue  of  sexual  violence  continued  to  be  integrated  within  all 
supported  health  programmes  and  specifically  through  the  financing  of  a  clinic  for 
victims of sexual violence in south Kivu. 

the  most  basic  protection  afforded  under 

Humanitarian  organisations  face  increasingly  limited  access  to  beneficiaries  due  to 
limitations  imposed  by  governments  and  non-state  actors.  There  is  increasing 
disregard  for  even 
international 
humanitarian law. More governments are restricting the delivery of humanitarian aid 
(e.g.  Sri  Lanka,  Burma/Myanmar).  In  many  conflict  zones  (e.g.  Somalia,  Sudan, 
DRC) relief workers come up against brutal methods of warfare involving targeting 
of  civilians  and  frequent  use  of  sexual  violence.  Humanitarian  workers  are  often 
specifically  targeted  and  are  expelled,  assaulted  or  killed.  In  addition,  some 
governments, by expelling aid organisations and stripping them of their assets, have 
effectively expropriated (or "borrowed") funds and property financed by donors. 

Figure 40: Humanitarian assistance in 2009 

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Following a strictly needs-based approach, humanitarian assistance was provided to 
the following regions: 

Humanitarian assistance in 2009 (in euro thousands) 

Region 

Africa 

   Sudan & Chad 
   Central Africa  
   Horn of Africa 
   Southern Africa, Indian Ocean 
   West Africa 

Amount 

% 

489 560 

53%

149 600 
79 500 
173 475 
35 535 
51 450 

Middle East, Mediterranean, Caucasus & Central Asia 

121 775 

13%

   Mediterranean and Middle East 
   Caucasus and Central Asia 
Asia and Latin America, Caribbean and Pacific 
regions 
   South Asia 
   South-East and East Asia 
   Latin America 
   Caribbean 
   Pacific 

Worldwide (capacity building, technical assistance & support) 

109 475 
12 300 

248 175 

27%

157 500 
45 500 
28 325 
14 000 
2 850 

70 940 

8%

TOTAL 

930 450 

100%

The  humanitarian  aid  was  implemented  by  European  NGOs  (47%),  UN  agencies 
(39%)  and  international  organisations  (14%,  mainly  the  International  Red  Cross 
family).  

As  part of its programming,  the  Commission paid particular attention to "forgotten 
crises",  i.e.  situations  where  major  humanitarian  needs  receive  little  attention  from 
donors and low media coverage. These forgotten crises received 12% (€40.5 million) 
of the initial humanitarian aid budget allocated on a geographic basis. 

For more details on humanitarian aid by the Commission in the field of humanitarian 
aid, please refer to the annual report, available on the humanitarian aid department's 
website65.  

2.7.2.  Humanitarian policy 

On  a  policy  level,  the  European  consensus  on  humanitarian  aid  of  2007  and  the 
adoption  of  a  five-year  action  plan  in  2008  created  a  common  set  of  values, 
principles  and  objectives  intended  to  strengthen  the  coherence  of  its  overall 
humanitarian  action.  The  Consensus  clearly  lays  out  the  EU's  "added  value"  in 
humanitarian  aid,  which  is  well  accepted  by  the  Member  States.  As  far  as  the 
Commission's  contribution  to  Consensus  implementation  is  concerned,  matters 

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progressed well: by the end of 2009, 80% of the actions were either completed66 or 
underway in line with the indicative timetable. 

The Consensus has also served to bring the EU closer together in humanitarian aid, 
with  Member  States  increasingly  looking  to  the  Commission  for  leadership.  The 
newly formed Council working group on humanitarian aid and food aid (COHAFA) 
is  the  main  institutional  vehicle  for  ensuring  coordinated  positions  and  EU-wide 
implementation of the Consensus commitments. 

DG ECHO organises evaluations of humanitarian assistance operations financed by 
the Commission. Evaluations  of geographical operations are carried out either on a 
three-year cycle or when budgets in excess of €30 million have been allocated to a 
particular  country  or  region.  Projects  in  some  eight  to  ten  countries  are  examined 
each year. 

In  2009  the  following  evaluations  were  carried  out:  DIPECHO  Central  Asia, 
DIPECHO  Caribbean,  Saharawi  refugees,  Burundi,  Iraq  crisis,  partnership  with 
UNRWA,  mid-term  drought  response  in  the  Horn  of  Africa,  food  aid,  a  gender 
review, unit cost approach and mapping of donor coordination at field level. These 
evaluations  confirm  the  global  relevance  and  effectiveness  of  DG  ECHO's 
humanitarian  actions  and  provide  relevant  input  to  budgeting,  programming  and 
policy strategy. 

2.7.3.  Disaster preparedness 

The Commission supports disaster preparedness actions within local communities in 
several regions prone to natural disasters. The aim is to help them react rapidly and 
appropriately in the event of a disaster, thus allowing lives to be saved. 

In  2009,  the  Commission  continued  to  support  DIPECHO  (Disaster  Preparedness 
ECHO)  programmes  launched  in  2008  (in  Central  Asia,  south-east  Asia,  Central 
America, southern Africa & Indian Ocean) while new funding was allocated to the 
Caribbean, south Caucasus, south Asia and South America. ECHO's contribution to 
disaster  preparedness  goes  well  beyond  the  DIPECHO  action  plans:  many  major 
humanitarian financing decisions also include disaster preparedness or mitigation of 
disaster  impacts  as  an  objective.  Examples  of  where  disaster  risk  reduction  (DRR) 
components  were  mainstreamed  in  humanitarian  aid  decisions  adopted  in  2009 
include the global plans for Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Haiti, Somalia and Sudan. In 
addition, a specific drought preparedness programme for the greater Horn of Africa 
was adopted67. . 

A  total  of  €43.4  million  was  therefore  alloca ted  to  disaster  preparedness  activities, 
reaching more than nine million beneficiaries in regions prone to natural disasters. 

66 

67 

Defined as one for one-off actions or, concerning systemic issues, as having become a systemic part of 
how the EC does its business. 
ECHO/-HF/BUD/2009/01000- http://ec.europa.eu/echo/funding/decisions_archives_en.htm 

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2.8.  Macro-financial assistance 

The  Commission  implements  macro-financial assistance  (MFA)  in  association  with 
support  programmes  of  the  IMF  and  the  World  Bank.  The  individual  MFA 
programmes are decided by ad hoc legislative acts. The MFA instrument is governed 
by a set of principles which underline its exceptional character, its complementarity 
to  financing  from  international  financial  institutions  and  its  macroeconomic 
conditionality.  It  is  an  instrument  designed  to  help  the  beneficiary  countries 
experiencing  serious  but  generally  short-term  macro-economic  imbalances  (balance 
of payments and fiscal difficulties). In close coordination with IMF and World Bank 
programmes, MFA has promoted policies that are tailored to specific country needs 
with  the  overall  objective  of  stabilising  the  external  and  internal  financial  situation 
and establishing market-oriented economies. 

Several new operations were decided in 2009. On 30 November, the Council decided 
to  provide  MFA  to  Serbia68  (up  to  €200  million  in  loans),  to  Bosnia  and 
Herzegovina69  (up  to  €100  million  in  loans),  to  Armenia 70  (up  to  €35  million  in 
grants and €65 million in loans), and to Georgia 71 (up to €46 million in grants). 

Regarding the implementation of ongoing assistance, the second payment to Lebanon 
of €25 million in the form of a loan was made  in June. For Georgia a disbursement of 
€15.3 million, in the form of grant, as a part  of the first tranche, was completed at the 
end of December 2009. 

3. 

FEATURE ARTICLES 

3.1. 

Food security: a global challenge 

Food  security  has  moved  to  the  top  of  the  international  development  agenda  as  a 
result  of  the  food  price  crisis  of  2007-2008.  This  crisis  has  reversed  the  gains  of 
recent  decades  in  the  fight  against  hunger,  fuelled  political  instability  and  social 
unrest, and pushed many poor people further into poverty. The economic crisis has 
made  things  worse,  while  the  effects  of  climate  change,  combined  with  global 
population growth, further threaten food security in many developing countries.  

Despite  a  relative  decrease,  food  prices  remain  high  in  domestic  markets,  and  the 
number of those who lack food security is on the rise. In fact, FAO estimates put the 
number of malnourished people worldwide at over one billion in 2009, compared to 
915  million  in  2008.  This  is  the  highest  level  since  1970,  the  first  year  for  which 
comparative statistics are available. The majority of the world's malnourished live in 
Asia  and  the  Pacific  (642  million),  followed  by  Sub-Saharan  Africa  (265  million), 
Latin America and the Caribbean (53 million), the Middle East and North Africa (42 
million); and in developed countries (15 million).  

EU responses to food security challenges  

68 
69 
70 
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Council decision 2009/891/EC 
Council Decision 2009/890/ EC 
Council Decision 2009/889/EC 

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The European Commission funds a wide range of food security actions ranging from 
emergency and short-term humanitarian relief, to long-term support to develop food 
security.  The  Humanitarian  Instrument  delivers  food  aid  in  crisis  and  immediate 
post-crisis situations at the level of about €250 million a year. For medium and long-
term support, bilateral cooperation with developing countries is essentially channeled 
through  geographical  instruments:  the  European  Development  Fund  (EDF),  the 
Development  Cooperation  Instrument  (DCI),  or  the  European  Neighbourhood  and 
Partnership Instrument (ENPI). In addition, the Food Security Thematic Programme 
(FSTP)  addresses  food  security  at  global,  continental  and  regional  levels,  and 
complements the geographical programmes in areas where they cannot fully operate 
(€920 million globally for the period 2007-2010).  

The  Commission  adapted  these  instruments  as  much  as  possible  to  respond  to  the 
2007-2008  food  price  crisis.  But  the  magnitude  of  the  global  challenge  required 
bolder action, and additional funding. The Commission therefore proposed a specific 
facility  to  address  the  effects  of  the  soaring  food  prices.  In  December  2008,  the 
European  Parliament  and  the  Council  of  Ministers  duly  adopted  a  Regulation 
establishing  a  €1  billion  'facility  for  rapid  response  to  soaring  food  prices  in 
developing countries', better known as the Food Facility. With a maximum three-year 
lifespan, the Food Facility aims to bridge the gap between emergency aid and long-
term development assistance. It finances interventions that help increase agricultural 
productivity, and secure access to food for the most vulnerable. 

Food Facility implementation 

By  early  2009,  the  European  Commission  had  submitted  an  overall  plan  to  the 
Council  and  the  European  Parliament  for  the  distribution  of  Food  Facility  funds72. 
This  plan  defines  the  list  of  50  beneficiary  countries  (see  map),  and  gives  an 
indicative breakdown of the allocation  of  funds. This planning was further detailed 
through  a  set  of  three  Commission  Decisions,  resulting  at  the  end  of  2009  in 
commitments  of  around  €837  million.  Impl ementation  of  the  Food  Facility 
Regulation  is  fully  on  track  with  the  original  planning  and  with  the  budgetary 
provisions. 

Map of the 50 Food Facility target countries73 

72 
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By  the  end  of  the  year  about  150  contracts  had  been  concluded  with  international 
organisations,  national governments and non-governmental  organisations. Contracts 
with international organisations, as of 1 December totalled nearly €477 million. The 
main partners are FAO (42.7% of the contract value), the World Bank (18.0%), WFP 
(16.2%),  UNRWA  (8.3%)  and  IFAD  (6.7%).  Other  cooperating  international 
organisations include the UN Development Programme and UNICEF. 

In  addition  a  €200  million  call  for  propos als  was  launched  in  2009,  under  which 
NGOs, local authorities, private sector and Member State aid agencies were invited 
to submit project proposals for activities to be funded from the Food Facility in 35 
target  countries.  In  response  to  the  very  large  number  of  high  quality  proposals 
received,  this  amount  was  increased  by  an  additional  €11.7  million.  Over  800 
proposals  were  initially  submitted,  of  which  more  than  120  have  been  awarded  a 
grant.  

Case study: Pakistan 

In  Pakistan,  the  EU  Food  Facility  provided  €40  million  to  a  joint  FAO  and  World  Food 
Programme project to improve the livelihood of over one million extremely poor people in 
food-deficient areas across the country. 

Farmer field schools trained 3 000 peasants, both women and men, to apply more sustainable 
farming practices. At the same time thousands of landless peasants are currently engaged in 
the rehabilitation of 1 000 km of irrigation channels. They are paid in kind for their work. 

In  addition,  more  than  100  000  small-scale  farmers  working  2-4  hectares  of  land  and 
women-headed  households  farming  tiny  plots  received  quality  inputs  and  improved  wheat, 
vegetable  and  lentil  seeds  to  boost  their  harvest  and  guarantee  their  own  families'  food 
security. 

Early  signs  show  that  the  programme  is  already  starting  to  have  a  positive  impact  on  the 
beneficiaries' daily lives. 

The  specific  nature  of  the  Food  Facility  called  for  very  fast  planning  and 
implementation.  The  different  Commission  Directorates-General  involved  worked 
closely  together  and  a  dedicated  task-force  was  set  up.  The  rapid  approval  process 
was also made possible thanks to the flexibility shown by the European Parliament in 
the reduction of its normal scrutiny period.  

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Case study: Ethiopia 

In Ethiopia, the Food Facility allocated €19.8 million for 13 food security projects by NGOs. 
The projects are being implemented through 13 leading NGOs and 26 international and local 
implementing  partners  in  65  Woredas  (districts).  A  total  of  around  one  million  people  are 
expected  to  benefit  from  the  projects,  as  well  as  78  primary  farmers'  cooperatives,  three 
regional agricultural research institutes and administration sector offices. 

In  addition,  the  Food  Facility  provided  a  €20  million  grant  in  2009  to  the  on-going 
productive safety net programme in the country. This programme is an innovative approach 
towards  creating  a  more  predictable  mechanism  to  address  chronic  hunger  rather  than 
reacting through emergency appeals. The programme includes transfers (in cash and/or kind) 
and community asset creation by more than 80% of the beneficiaries, through participation 
in micro-projects related to soil and water conservation, and construction and maintenance of 
rural infrastructure. The programme assists more than eight million chronically food insecure 
individuals, who are among the poorest and most vulnerable people in the world. 

The food security thematic programme (FSTP) 

Independently  of  its  specific  anti-crisis  measures,  the  European  Union  operates  the 
FSTP programme which is designed to reduce medium to long-term food insecurity. 
This  programme  covers  all  key  aspects,  including  food  availability,  access  to  food, 
quality of nutrition and prevention of food crises. It has three broad aims. The first 
addresses  the  delivery  of  international  public  goods  contributing  directly  to  food 
security,  and  focuses  mainly  on  continental,  inter-regional  and  regional  levels.  The 
second  addresses  food  insecurity  in  the  most  vulnerable  countries  or  regions.  The 
third aim is to develop innovative policies and strategies in the field of food security, 
irrespective of geographic region. In 2009, the mid-term review of the Food Security 
Thematic Programme was launched and will be completed in the course of 2010.  

Re-thinking the food security policy framework 

The European Commission also started reviewing its food security approach, which 
is intended to lead to a proposal for a new policy framework on food security for the 
European Union. The main purpose of the review is to integrate lessons learned from 
past  interventions  and  new  approaches  to  food  security  in  order  to  establish  a 
framework which is fully adapted to today's world. A public web-based consultation 
was launched in November 2009 on the basis of an Issues Paper74, and the new EU 
food security policy is expected to be finalised in 2010.  

EU role in international initiatives 

The  recent  crisis  has  focused  attention  on  the  need  for  coordinated  and  concerted 
action by the international community. This led the EU, as the biggest aid donor, to 
interact  closely  with  the  UN  High-Level  Task  Force  (HLTF)  on  the  global  food 
security crisis set up in 2008. The European Commission and participating Member 
States were active promoters of the G8 initiative in l’Aquila to commit $20 billion to 
combat  food  insecurity,  which  was  subsequently  supported  by  the  G20  meeting  in 

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Pittsburgh. The EU is also a strong supporter of efforts to improve global governance 
in the context of food security, such as the reform of the UN Committee for World 
Food Security. 

3.2.  Mainstreaming human rights and women's rights and gender equality  

There is little doubt that a poor democratic and human rights environment limits the 
scope  for  sustainable  development,  including  an  equitable  access  to  resources  and 
services. Action to consolidate the rule of law and respect for human rights will lay 
the  basis  for  participation  by  people  in  decisions  which  affect  them.  Development, 
therefore, should involve not just economic growth, but the equitable distribution of 
wealth, the enhancement of people’s capabilities and the widening of their choices.  

This is why the EU aims to further the respect for human rights and democracy not 
only as a policy in its own right but to make it an integral, or 'mainstream', element in 
all  its  external  policies.  In  its  Communication  on  the  European  Union's  role  in 
promoting  human  rights  and  democratisation  in  third  countries75,  the  Commission 
set out its vision for promoting human rights and democracy as part of the planning, 
design,  implementation,  and  monitoring  of  a  whole  range  of  policies  and 
programmes, as well as in the dialogue with partner countries.  

The fundamental principles 

The European  Consensus on Development recognises this need for a multi-sectoral 
response in calling for “a strengthened approach to mainstreaming” for cross-cutting 
issues of special importance. These issues are: the promotion of human rights, gender 
equality, democracy, good governance, rights of children and of indigenous peoples, 
environmental sustainability and combating HIV/AIDS.  

Equality  between  men  and  women  is  recognised  as  an  objective  and  fundamental 
value in itself. But focusing on equality raises issues concerning actions on poverty 
reduction.  Mainstreaming  gender  equality  thus  means  recognising  the  unequal 
situations of women, and men and designing all projects and activities in a way that 
contributes  to  gender  equality.  The  reduction  of  existing  inequalities  between  the 
sexes is therefore no longer only an issue of women’s policy but a responsibility for 
men, too, and a duty across all sectors of social policy. Mainstreaming embodies this 
process-oriented approach, introducing a new way of thinking and acting to achieve 
better human rights protection.  

While  not  yet  adopting  a  full  human  rights-based  approach  in  all  development 
programmes,  the  European  Commission  strives  to  integrate  its  fundamental 
principles in as many policies, strategies and programmes as possible. It recognises, 
for  instance,  the  need  to  anchor  its  strategies  in  internationally-recognised  human 
rights as defined by the United Nations, which most states have voluntarily adhered 
to,  and  where  the  UN  has  provided  comprehensive  interpretation  of  what  these 
obligations mean in terms of practical commitments. Commission response strategies 
should also pay specific attention to ensuring the protection of human rights and the 
inclusion in the democratic processes of the most vulnerable groups of society (e.g. 

75 

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when  deciding  which  roads  to  build,  where  to  build  schools)  in  order  to  avoid 
contributing to the further marginalisation and exclusion of these groups. 

The appropriate tools 

This  challenge  presupposes  a  proactive  approach  at  all  levels  of  cooperation.  The 
Commission  invests  significant  effort  in  supporting  direct  human  rights  and 
democracy  programmes.  The  European  Instrument  for  Democracy  and  Human 
Rights  is  its  most  visible  tool.  Mainstreaming,  however,  implies  a  recognition  that 
significant change cannot only be achieved by a collection of free-standing ‘human 
rights and democracy’ projects. All development and external assistance instruments 
must contribute in a coordinated fashion. Traditional country aid envelopes, as well 
as other thematic budget lines such as the non-state actors programme, or Investing 
in People, play an important part. 

For  example,  under  the  Investing  in  People  instrument,  an  €11  million  worldwide 
call  for  proposals  was  launched  by  the  Commission  in  2009  on  child  participation. 
Selected  projects  will  aim  to  empower  children  to  play  a  greater  role  in  their  own 
development,  by  increasing  their  voice  in  decision-making  at  local,  national  and 
regional 
in  schools  and  child-care 
institutions will be set up or reinforced. 

levels.  Youth  parliaments,  consultations 

The  Instrument  for  Stability,  the  EU’s  tool  for  crisis  response,  also  promotes  long-
term human rights and democracy objectives. This is the case under the initiative for 
peace-building  which  draws  together  the  complementary  geographic  and  thematic 
expertise  of  10  civil  society  organisations  and  their  networks  to  research  ways  to 
improve  participation  in  political  decision-making  in  conflict-prone  and  conflict-
affected contexts.  

The  greatest  impact  can  be  achieved  by  integrating  human  rights  and  democracy 
concerns  into  the  EU's  largest  cooperation  programmes,  which  are  carried  out 
through  the  European  Development  Fund  for  Africa,  Caribbean  and  Pacific 
countries,  and  via  the  Development  Cooperation  Instrument  for  other  developing 
countries. The Commission and the EU have various tools for assessing the human 
rights  and  democracy  situation  in  partner  countries,  including  human  rights  fact 
sheets,  governance  profiles  and  progress  reports.  These  draw  on  and  complement 
analyses  made  by  partner  countries  themselves,  by  UN  bodies  or  by  other 
international organisations and civil society. They set the basis for the EU developing 
its own, or whenever possible, joint strategies with partner countries.  

An evaluation carried out in 2006 estimated European Commission spending in the 
wider ‘democratic governance area’ at about 27% of aid commitments. Democratic 
governance  provides  the  ‘enabling  environment'  for  developing  states  to  become 
effective  and  legitimate  in  their  fight  against  poverty.  Fostering  democratic 
governance  involves  changing  longstanding  practices,  entrenched  interests,  cultural 
habits, even social and religious norms. In recent years, EU concepts and approaches 
to  governance  have  evolved  considerably.  The  initial,  rather  restricted  and 
technocratic governance focus (i.e. on public financial management and corruption) 
has  been  abandoned  in  favour  of  an  integrated  concept,  embracing  all  political 
dimensions of partnership relations with third countries and regions. 

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Direct support for governance can be done through individual or combined projects 
as in the case of the 8th EDF human rights programme in Uganda which piloted an 
approach called ‘poverty resource monitoring’. This enhanced the dialogue between 
local governments and civil society on the use of sector funding for service delivery 
and  development.  It  focused  on  participatory  planning  and  communication  of  local 
governments in order to strengthen ‘downward accountability’. The programme also 
supported the creation of district NGO networks which could become interlocutors in 
the district planning and budgeting process. The 9th EDF decentralisation programme 
has  integrated  this  component  and  promotes  it  across  other  partner  districts.  This 
approach  is  also  supported  through  some  projects  under  the  9th  EDF  civil  society 
capacity building programme. 

Democratic governance 

Human  rights  and  democratisation  linkages  can  be  established  for  all  the  sectors 
which the EU supports in partner countries. For example, fostering sustainable forest 
management  raises  major  challenges  in  terms  of  protecting  the  interests  of  local 
communities and enhancing corporate responsibility. In response to these challenges, 
sector  specialists  increasingly  encourage  broader  stakeholder  participation,  the 
inclusion of women and marginalised communities, transparency and accountability. 
For  water  and  land  issues,  competition  between  public  and  private  interest  groups 
over  scarce  resources  raises  issues  of  equitable  access,  particularly  for  the  poorest 
groups,  or  the  enforcement  of  property  rights.  The  EU  recognises  that  whichever 
sector  it  works  in,  the  programming  and  identification  process  should  be  as 
participatory  and  transparent  as  possible,  involving  a  wide  range  of  local  actors, 
including local civil society.  

Public financial management, supported by EU budget support programmes, is also 
key  to  improving  respect  for  human  rights.  Democratic  governance  by  public 
authorities, especially those responsible for public finances, and respect for the rule 
of  law  help  create  an  environment  conducive  to  sustainable  economic  growth  and 
private  investment.  By  the  same  token,  poor  governance  of  natural  and  energy 
resources in countries with resources such as diamonds, oil, timber and fish can lead 
to violations of human rights and the rule of law and, ultimately, to armed conflict. 

The EU also supports the engagement of the private sector in the promotion of social 
standards.  The  2005  Commission  Communication  on  Corporate  Social 
Responsibility called for the increased contribution of the private sector to integrate 
on  a  voluntary  basis  social  and  environmental  concerns  in  their  business  activities 
not  only  in  the  EU  but  also  world-wide.  The  Commission  has  established  the 
European  multi-stakeholder  forum  for  Corporate  Social  Responsibility,  aiming  at 
developing a new form of linkages between different policy areas and interests and at 
exploring how to define an EU approach and guiding principles.  

The Commission strives to mainstream human rights into its political dialogue with 
third countries. They are raised, as appropriate, at all levels of political dialogue with 
partner  countries,  such  as  summits,  cooperation  councils  and  cooperation 
committees,  as  well  as  in  the  constant  contacts  between  EU  Delegations  and  the 
authorities  of  third  countries.  The  EU  has  sought,  for  example,  to  discuss  matters 
such as the fight against torture, support for the International Criminal Court, or the 
state of preparation of elections with its Sub-Saharan African partners during 2009. 

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Discussing  these  issues  is  not  only  a  way  for  the  EU  to  state  its  own  position  and 
enquire about that of its partners, but also to pave the way for cooperation activities. 
Human  rights  and  democracy  issues  are  not  necessarily  firmly  anchored  in  partner 
country  government  priorities.  This  has  an  important  implication  for  Commission 
support  strategies:  the  pursuance  of  these  objectives  through  political  dialogue 
should be an attempt to contribute positively and achieve pro-poor policy agenda in 
partner countries, presupposing a proactive/advocacy approach. By promoting these 
values  universally,  the  Union  has  set  itself  the  challenge  to  achieve  legitimacy  for 
these  fundamental  values  and  to  promote  substantial  change  in  the  direction  of  the 
values. 

4. 

PERFORMANCE AND RESULTS 

Introduction 

For  several  years  the  European  Commission  has  been  assessing  the  effects  of  its 
development policy and the results of its implementation. The Commission uses two 
major tools to evaluate the impact of its actions in partner countries: 

•  The results-oriented monitoring system which provides a harmonised overview of 
the portfolio of projects and programmes under five evaluation criteria (relevance, 
effectiveness,  efficiency,  impact,  sustainability).  This  system  answers  the  main 
question: "are projects and programmes on target to deliver the intended results?" 

•  The  evaluation  of  results  of  geographic,  sectoral/thematic  policies  and 
programmes,  as  well  as  of  aid  delivery  and  programming  performance.  This 
exercise is crucial for the external assistance policies as a whole and needs to feed 
back  into  the  programming  cycle.  Evaluations  are  important  for  accountability 
towards  the  public  and  provide  lessons  about  what  has  worked  and  not  worked 
and the reasons why. 

4.1. 

Project results: results-oriented monitoring 

4.1.1.  Results-oriented monitoring  

Results-oriented  monitoring  (ROM),  in  place  since  2000,  plays  a  vital  role  in 
ensuring  the  quality  of  EU  development  aid  and  thus  value  for  money  for  the 
European taxpayer. ROM forms a part of the overall quality assurance cycle, which 
starts during the design of projects and ends after their implementation.  

ROM monitors conduct onsite visits to projects and programmes, review key project 
documents  and,  most  importantly,  interview  relevant  stakeholders  including  the 
beneficiaries. Based on empirical data, they produce and deliver objective, impartial 
and  comparable  reports.  The  methodology  is  based  on  internationally  agreed 
evaluation criteria: relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact, and sustainability. It 
long-term.  To  promote 
is  firmly  focused  on  results,  both  short-term  and 
transparency, ROM reports are distributed by the EU to project managers and partner 
governments. 

ROM provides benefits: 

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•  At  the  micro  level  of  a  project  or  programme:  it  gives  feedback  to  project 
managers  on  the  performance  of  the  operations  under  their  responsibility  and 
makes recommendations on how to improve them, if necessary. 

•  At  the  macro  level  of  general  policy  articulation,  implementation  and  review: 
ROM provides a statistical overview of the performance of the EU development 
aid portfolio with data comparable over time, across regions, between sectors, etc. 

•  At  the  level  of  programming  and  learning:  quantitative  and  qualitative  studies 
based  on  ROM  data  contribute  to  lessons  learned  and  best  practices  to  the 
programming and planning of new projects. 

4.1.2.  ROM performance in 2009  

In 2009, a total of 1 548 monitoring reports were produced (1 130 ongoing national 
projects,  174  closed  national  projects,  150  regional  programmes,  and  six  sector 
policy  support  programmes).  This  is  an  increase  of  24%  over  2008  and  9%  over 
2007. 

The  total  amount  of  aid  monitored  in  money  terms  was  €8.3  billion,  which  is  an 
increase of just over €2.3  billion compared with 2008.  

ROM  covered  28%  of  the  expenditures  managed  by  EuropeAid  and  21%  of  the 
projects and programmes being implemented in 2009 (including budget support and 
SPSP). 

In 2009, the overall coverage in terms of project numbers increased by 3% compared 
with 2008 (based on the methodology used in 2008).76 

Figure 41 - Overview of ROM activities 

ROM 
coverage 

activities 

and

N°  of  Monitoring  Reports
produced 
(excluding
SPSPs) 

ENPI 
East 

ENPI 
South Africa Caribbean Pacific Asia 

Latin 

America CMTP* 

Total 
2008  Total 2009

Change 
in % 
from 
2008 

361  164  323 

56 

56 

295

183 

110 

1249 

1548 

24% 

N°  of  ongoing  national
monitored
projects 
(without 
regional
programmes and SPSPs)  200  132 

323 
[1] 

98 

200

155 

22 

865 

1130 

31% 

384 

11% 

N° 
regional
programmes  (as  a  whole)

of 

31 

32 

0 

14 

31 

15 

27 

150 

76 
The comparison of project performance by evaluation criteria has been omitted for two reasons: 
ROM is designed to give a feedback on a project's performance at a specific point in time. ROM is not able to 
cover  all  projects  and  programmes  in  EuropeAid's  portfolio  every  year  but  only  a  selection.  Yearly 
figures  are  therefore  always  to  be  compared  with  caution  as  the  sample  of  operations  monitored 
changes.  In  addition,  EuropeAid  has  improved  its  basic  tool  to  rate  projects  on  the  level  of  the 
evaluation criteria in 2009 which makes comparison with previous years impossible. 

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monitored 

of 

N° 
national
components  of  Regional 
Programmes monitored  

national
ongoing 
N° 
projects 
regional
and 
programmes  monitored
(with  /  without  national. 
components) 

Million € covered ongoing
projects 

N°  of  closed  projects
monitored ex-post 

110 

0 

0 

20 

72 

13 

61 

276 

231  164  323 

112 

231

170 

47 

1280 / 
1556  na / 1249

na / 
25% 

486  1181  3120

538 

231  929

816 

212 

5456 

7513 

29% 

Million € covered ex-post 

39  153  230 

80 

12 

144

140 

25 

24 

33 

19 

33 

36 

4 

8 

139 

174 

25% 

489 

805 

65% 

Estimate 
ongoing 
portfolio of operations  

of 
EU 

overall
project

571  679  787 

115 

66  2368

526 

1155 

5677 

6267 

10% 

Estimate  of  actual  ROM
coverage  in  %  in  relation
to overall project portfolio  41%  24%  41%

49% 

85%  10% 33% 

4%  22% [3] 

21% / 25% 
[2] 

3% [4]

of 

overall
Estimate 
ongoing  EU  portfolio  of
operations (Million €) 

Estimate  of  actual  ROM
commitment  coverage  in
%  in  relation  to  overall
project portfolio 

1055  6451  10213

830 

349  4825 1680 

1248 

na5 

26651 

na5 

46%  18%  31%

63% 

51%  19% 49% 

17% 

na5 

28% 

na5 

 [1]  For  Africa  23  projects  financed  by  the  water  facility  and  energy  facility  are  counted  under 
national projects monitored but can be categorised as pseudo Regional Programmes. 
[2]  First  figure  gives  coverage  without  Regional  Programmes  national  components  counted,  the 
second figure with Regional Programmes components counted. 
[3] In 2008, Regional Programmes national components were counted in the coverage. 
[4] Comparison 2008-2009 is done of coverage with Regional Programmes components counted. 
[5] Portfolio budget estimate is not available for 2008. 
[*] Centrally Managed Thematic Programme (managed by the Commission) 

Figure 42 - Overall performance by project 

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Performance of a large majority of projects is rated positively with a slight increase in 2009.  

Figure 43 - Performance by evaluation criteria 

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The  2009  project  performance  is  strong  especially  in  terms  of  relevance  and  impact.  Some 
room for improvement remains for efficiency and effectiveness.77 

Figure 44 - Project performance by ODA sector 

ODA Sector 

Very good 
performance 
(I) 

Good 
performance 
(II) 

Performing 
with 
Problems 
(III) 

Not 
performing/ 
Having 
serious 
difficulties 
(IV) 

N° 
reports 
produced 

Million 
€ 
covered 

Social 
and Services 

Infrastructure 

2.4% 

72.6% 

19.9% 

5.1% 

680 

2583 

Economic 
Infrastructure 
Services 

and 

2.7% 

74.9% 

16.6% 

5.9% 

338 

1320 

Production Sectors 

2.4% 

69.6% 

22.2% 

5.8% 

207 

1100 

Multisector 
Crosscutting 

– 

Commodity  Aid  + 
General  Programme 
Assistance 

Emergency 
Assistance 

2.2% 

76.8% 

14.9% 

6.1% 

181 

690 

6.1% 

65.3% 

26.5% 

2.0% 

49 

281 

3.7% 

66.7% 

18.5% 

11.1% 

27 

45 

276 

115 

Other  

4.4% 

68.9% 

24.4% 

2.2% 

For further details (cid:198) 5.3 on using lessons learned  

4.1.3.  New developments in 2009 

•  Capturing the regional dimension 

In July 2009 a specific ROM methodology for regional programmes was introduced 
in order to make sure that the regional dimension of these interventions is properly 
covered.  This  new  methodology  provides  a  more  comprehensive  overview  of  how 
regional  projects/programmes  are  currently  reviewed  and  a  proposal  for  how  they 
should be monitored, including numbers and frequencies of monitoring. Four types 
of  regional  programmes  have  been  identified:  1  –  regional  programmes  with 
exclusively  regional  objectives  and  without  national  components;  2  –  regional 
programmes  with  exclusively  regional  objectives,  but  with  national  components  or 
activities;  3  -  hybrid  regional  programmes  with  both  regional  and  national 

77 

The comparison of project performance by evaluation criteria has been omitted for two reasons: ROM 
is designed to give a feedback on a project's performance at a specific point in time. With the existing 
budget ROM is not able to cover all the projects and programmes in EuropeAid's portfolio every year 
but only a selection. Yearly figures are therefore always to be compared with caution as the sample of 
operations  monitored  changes.  In  addition,  EuropeAid  has  in  2009  improved  and  reformulated  the 
Background Conclusion Sheet, a guiding questionnaire serving as basic tool to rate projects on the level 
of the evaluation criteria, which makes comparison with previous years impossible. 

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dimensions  in  terms  of  objectives  and  activities;  4  -  pseudo  regional  programmes 
without regional dimension in objectives or activities, but with regional funding. For 
larger  regional  programmes  a  desk  phase  is  required  and  a  consolidated  report  is 
produced.  

•  Assessing real impact and sustainability 

ROM can be applied during project implementation or once implementation has been 
completed (ex-post). The added value of the ex-post ROM is to provide information 
on real impact and actual sustainability. A test phase completed in 2009, allowed the 
consolidation of the ex-post ROM methodology and demonstrated the usefulness of 
this system for providing lessons learnt. For further details (cid:198) 5.3 

•  Systematic feedback 

Project managers and other stakeholders can provide feedback on monitoring reports 
by  filling  in  documents  called  response  sheets.  In  order  to  make  better  use  of  this 
feedback for future monitoring, the response sheets have been made mandatory and 
easily accessible internally through the ROM database.  

•  Better ROM reports 

A  2009  version  of  ROM  reports  includes  new  sections,  providing  additional 
information on horizontal and crosscutting issues linked to  a given project, such as 
environmental  aspects,  gender  issues,  and technical  assistance  provided.  The  report 
also  verifies  whether  the  recommendations  made  during  the  project's  design  were 
correct and whether they were implemented.  

•  Identifying lessons learned 

Based on the ROM reports in 2008 a qualitative study was conducted to determine 
explanatory  causes  for  poor  or  good  performance.  The  study  analysed  completed 
projects which had been monitored during as well as after their implementation.  

The study identifies three main areas of improvement: 

1. During the early design phase, greater attention should be given to the analysis of 
problems,  including  the  analysis  of  the  risks  involved  and  the  real  needs  of  the 
beneficiaries; 
2.  Project  management  should  ensure  that  results  are  continuously  monitored  and 
assessed, leading to adjustments and corrections of activities if necessary; 
3.  Partner  governments  and  stakeholders  should  be  closely 
communicated with at all stages. 

involved  and 

Factors for good and bad performance 

(Source:  Study  on  causes  underlying  effectiveness  and  impact  of  EU  development 
projects, May 2009) 

Factors for poor performance: 

I. Weak analysis and problem identification prior to project formulation resulting in projects 
with crucial flaws.  

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II.  Projects  with  apparent  formal,  strategic  relevance  (for  EU  or  partner  government)  that 
does not correspond to real relevance for the target groups and final beneficiaries due to their 
limited involvement in the identification and planning, causing low ownership. 

III.  Overambitious  formulations  in  terms  of  a  mismatch  between  allocated  resources  and 
planned objectives that impede the attainment of results. 

IV. Inadequate risk management, rendering the project highly vulnerable towards foreseeable 
assumptions. 

V.  Non-existent  or  very  poor  internal  monitoring  and  reporting  systems,  which  hinder 
accountability, visibility, learning and adaptation. 

VI.  Weak  adaptation  capacity  and  communication  among  partners,  which  hamper 
adjustment to the changing environment. 

Factors for good performance: 

I.  Project  teams  which  include  qualified  staff  and  proactive  managers  that  apply  inclusive 
management approaches.  

II. The choice of implementing partners with a strong organisational and technical capacity. 

III.  Appropriate  implementation  set-ups  based  on  a  sound  analysis  in  order  to  target  real 
problems/priorities with well-suited strategies. 

IV.  High  relevance  in  terms  of  beneficiaries'  priorities  addressed  throughout  the  project’s 
lifetime. 

V.  Demand-driven  and  service  provision-oriented  implementation  ensuring  widespread 
access and use of services and high levels of ownership. 

VI.  Strong  adaptation  capacity  as  a  result  of  good  communication  among  project  partners 
and overall proactive management. 

4.1.4.  Outlook for 2010 

ROM coexists with other monitoring mechanisms, such as self-monitoring by project 
management,  internal  monitoring  by  EU  Delegations  and  partner  countries'  own 
monitoring mechanisms. Ideally they should all complement each other. 

Monitoring with partners 

In  line  with  the  Paris  declaration  on  aid  effectiveness  and  the  Accra  Agenda  for 
Action, (alignment, harmonisation, managing for results and mutual accountability), 
EuropeAid is exploring the feasibility of a two-level joint monitoring system:  

1.  Joint  monitoring  (J-ROM):  involving  selected  EU  Delegations  and  partner 
governments;  

2. Multi-donor monitoring (MDM): involving the other development agencies. 

Project evaluations 

Project evaluations, more in-depth assessments of projects in addition to ROM, done 
by EU Delegations, are to be stored on a central database compatible with the current 

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ROM  database.  The  new  IT  tool  to  be  delivered  2010/2011  is  going  to  facilitate 
access to evaluation reports and their analysis, especially in terms of aggregation and 
transfer of lessons learned from specific cases. It will also ensure a more coordinated 
and  effective  use  of  both  performance  assessment  tools:  project  evaluations  and 
ROM. 

4.2. 

Evaluation: review of the 2009 work programme 

4.2.1.  Organisation of the evaluation function 

The  EuropeAid  evaluation  unit  carries  out  a  joint  evaluation  function  for  three 
Commission  Directorates-General 
and 
EuropeAid)78.  A  multi-annual  programme  for  2007-2013  was  approved  in  March 
2007. This programme confirmed the three previous priorities: a greater emphasis on 
geographic  evaluations  (i.e.  partner  countries  and  regions);  an  enlarged  scope  for 
thematic  and  sectoral  evaluations;  and  a  continuation  of  evaluations  covering  aid 
modalities. 

(Development,  External  Relations 

The joint evaluation function is responsible for evaluations covering geographic and 
sectoral policies, programmes and programming cycles only, and for the provision of 
methodological support for all types of evaluations. 

The  Commission  takes  into  account  the  results  and  lessons  of  these  evaluations  in 
order to improve the quality and impact of its external assistance. 

4.2.2.  The 2009 work programme 

Thirteen geographical reports were completed in 2009: Angola, ASEAN, Botswana, 
Chad,  Central  African  Republic,  Lao  PDR,  Malaysia,  the  MEDA  II  regulation, 
Namibia, Nicaragua, Thailand, Uganda and Vietnam. One sector report (health) was 
rejected  because  of  its  poor  quality  and  will  be  re-launched  in  2010.  The  first  part 
(inventory)  of  the  conflict  prevention  and  peace  building  evaluation  was  also 
completed. Full texts of these reports are available on the evaluation website79. 

Eighteen  new  evaluations  were  initiated  in  2009.  Nine  concerned  individual 
countries:  Senegal  (carried  out  jointly  with  Spain),  Dominican  Republic,  Liberia, 
Ethiopia, Djibouti, Philippines, Ukraine, Honduras and Maldives. Two country-level 
evaluations (Pakistan and Sri Lanka) were postponed, mainly due to security reasons. 
One  dealt  with  the  OCTs.  Five  thematic  or  sectoral  evaluations  were  launched: 
support  for  the  decentralisation  process;  respect  for  human  rights  and  fundamental 
freedoms;  visibility  of  EU  external  action;  judicial  and  security  sector  reform;  and 
agricultural commodities in ACP countries (under EDF financing). One aid modality 

78 

79 

When the last reform of external aid management took place, it was stated that "the evaluation of the 
results of regional and sectoral policies, programmes and programming performance is crucial for the 
success of the external aid policies as a whole, and needs to feed back into the programming cycle. To 
ensure objectivity, this level of evaluation should be conducted independently and serve as a feedback 
loop for the services responsible for policy, programming and implementation. The evaluation services 
would be accountable to the Group of Relex Commissioners. The Group will decide on the work 
programme of the evaluation services and act on its reports recommendations", (SEC(2000)814/5 of 15 
May 2000).  
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/evaluation/index_en.htm 

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evaluation  covering  technical  assistance  was  initiated  and  a  feasibility  study  of  the 
European  consensus  was  also  launched.  Finally,  two  Commission  pilot  evaluations 
for budget support were launched in Tunisia and in Mali. 

Nine  evaluations  launched  in  2008  were  still  ongoing  at  the  end  of  2009:  Niger 
(jointly  with  four  Member  States),  Burkina  Faso,  Nigeria,  El  Salvador,  Tunisia, 
Egypt,  health  and  poverty  diseases,  conflict  prevention  and  peace  building, 
employment and social inclusion. 

With regard to dissemination and feedback mechanisms, 11 seminars were organised 
in-country  to  discuss  the  evaluation  report  findings  for  Chad,  Central  African 
Republic,  Angola,  Uganda,  Namibia,  Botswana,  Nicaragua,  Lao  PDR,  Malaysia, 
Thailand  and  Vietnam.  Two  other  seminars  were  organised  in  Brussels  to  present 
evaluation  findings  on  aid  delivery  through  civil  society  organisations  and  on  the 
MEDA  II  regulation.  Twelve  "fiches  contradictoires"  (which  follow  up  on  earlier 
evaluation  recommendations)  were  published  for  the  reports  on:  Rwanda,  Mali, 
Mauritius (including Seychelles and Comoros), central Africa region, China, central 
America  region,  Moldova,  India,  Pacific  region,  Bolivia,  Mozambique  and  rural 
development. 

4.2.3.  Lessons learned from evaluations finalised in 2009 

Chad:  The  evaluation  report  covered  the  period  1996-2007.  The  study  concluded 
that  the  EU  cooperation  strategy  is  relevant  to  partner  needs.  The  activities  in  the 
road  sector  were  judged  to  have  contributed  towards  the  development  and 
improvement  of  the  road  network.  Activities  in  the  area  of  water  supply  have 
benefited  10%  of  the  population  (mainly  in  rural  zones)  and  were  successful  in 
achieving  their  expected  results.  In  contrast,  activities  in  the  health  sector  did  not 
improve  health  conditions  for  the  targeted  population.  Despite  efforts,  the  EU  was 
unable to help develop an overall stabilisation strategy. The efficiency of cooperation 
was  relatively  low  in  all  sectors  due  to  high  transaction  costs  caused  by  high  staff 
turnover and delays in implementation. 

Central African Republic: The period covered by the evaluation (1996-2007) was a 
time  of  political  and  military  crisis.  As  a  result,  the  Commission  was  not  able  to 
implement  the  strategy  as  set  out  in  EDFs  7  to  9.  However,  it  was  able  to  use  a 
combination  of  instruments  (African  Peace  Facility,  ECHO,  EDF  and  thematic 
programmes). These activities were well targeted towards mitigating the long-lasting 
crisis  in  the  Central  African  Republic  and  produced  good  results  in  softening  its 
harmful effects. While it was generally able to create islands of relative effectiveness 
in an unsupportive or even hostile environment, the Commission took several years 
to  draw  up  a  global  response  to  the  crisis,  showing  it  to  be  a  slow  learner  in  this 
situation.  The  Commission  was  especially  weak  at  implementing  projects  or 
programmes  aimed  at  securing  the  transition  from  instability  to  development. 
However, budget support has contributed to macroeconomic stability and proved to 
be a decisive factor in the 2007 decision to implement a 75% reduction in national 
public debt. 

Uganda:  The  evaluation  assessed  assistance  to  Uganda  for  the  period  2001-2007. 
the  development  cooperation  programme  with  Uganda  has 
The  design  of 
significantly improved. The three focal sectors have shown improvement and thanks 

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to  general  budget  support,  Uganda's  macroeconomic  stability  has  been  maintained, 
along  with  increased  availability  of  social  services.  The  rural  development  sector 
provided positive results in terms of improved food security and increased incomes 
for  the  rural  population  (despite  continuing  inequality  between  different  population 
groups).  The  future  challenge  is  to  develop  a  strategy  that  promotes  growth  with 
equity.  While  supporting  the  upgrade  of  a  key  regional  transit  corridor  of  major 
economic importance was a success, this was done at the expense of well-balanced 
regional development. The Commission also  faced  problems  in  managing  the  costs 
and delays involved in the implementation of projects. 

Angola:  The  evaluation  report  covered  the  period  2002-2007.  The  strategy  was 
judged  to  be  relevant  in  supporting  development  and  post-war  recovery.  The 
transition  from  humanitarian  aid  to  development  was  logical,  consistent  and 
strategic;  and  the  Commission  produced  a  value  added  which  was  considered  best 
practice.  Effectiveness  was  quite  high 
in  disarmament,  rehabilitation  and 
reintegration  (which  consolidated  the  peace  process),  food  security,  access  to 
primary  health  care,  and  improved  access  to  primary  education.  Lower  levels  of 
effectiveness  were  found  in  the  areas  of  governance,  water  and  sanitation,  and 
institutional  aspects  across  the  sectors.  While  there  were  positive  impacts  for  the 
population  as  a  whole,  these  were  less  visible  for  vulnerable  groups.  Sustainability 
was not yet proven due to the lack of strong ownership from the government. Despite 
efforts,  coordination  between  donors  remained  poor.  Implementation  arrangements 
were  considered  to  be  medium  to  low  in  terms  of  efficiency,  mainly  because 
monitoring  procedures  proposed  in  project  designs  were  not  followed  during 
implementation. 

Namibia:  The  evaluation  assessed  assistance  to  Namibia  between  2001  and  2007. 
Following the key recommendations of the 2002 evaluation, the cooperation strategy 
was designed with national policies at its centre. Aid was effective in several areas 
such  as  rural  development,  land  reform,  HIV/AIDS,  and  vocational  education  and 
training. Rural incomes increased, the quality of life improved for those infected or 
affected  by  HIV/AIDS  and  there  was  greater  efficiency  in  implementation  of  land 
reform. In other cases, the expected results did not happen as in education, regional 
integration,  capacity  development  across  sectors  and  the  mainstreaming  of  cross-
cutting issues such as gender and the environment. The issue of sustainability did not 
receive  sufficient  attention  in  the  design  and  implementation,  putting  long-term 
impacts  at  risk.  Efficiency  could  have  been  improved  by  using  appropriate  result 
frameworks. 

Botswana: The evaluation report covered the period 1999-2008 and concluded that 
the EU strategy was in line with national development strategies. Dialogue linked to 
budget  support  and  the  technical  cooperation  facility  proved  to  be  the  best  aid 
method for a middle-income country like Botswana. Efficiency improved as a result. 
In  the  key  sector  of  human  resources  development,  access  to,  and  the  quality  and 
equity of technical education improved. This is despite the fact that the private sector 
was not fully satisfied by the actual level of technical education provided for young 
people. 

Nicaragua:  The  evaluation  report  covered  the  period  1998-2008.  The  EU  strategy 
was  in  line  with  the  poverty  reduction  strategies  of  successive  governments  and 
demonstrated the necessary flexibility over time. The Commission achieved positive 

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results  in  rural  development  on  various  fronts.  The  rehabilitation  programme  post-
hurricane  Mitch  achieved  important  results,  but  only  applied  very  partially  the 
linkage  between  relief  rehabilitation  and  development.  The  evaluation  stressed  the 
positive  links  between  the  implementation  of  budget  support  and  improvement  in 
public financial management, noting how budget support design and harmonisation 
with  other  donors  had  improved  over  time.  The  effectiveness  and  impact  of 
Commission  interventions  were  in  general  satisfactory  but  uneven.  Coordination 
with  other  donors  and  with  the  government  had  improved  but  without  leading  to  a 
better  division  of  labour.  Global  efficiency  improved  thanks  to  the  devolution 
process  and  the  use  of  budget  support  but  no  positive  evolution  is  reported  for 
traditional projects. 

Lao PDR: The evaluation report covered the EU cooperation with the Lao PDR for 
the  period  1997-2007.  While  it  displayed  positive  impacts  over  the  assessment 
period,  overall  results were limited and sustainability was low. By recently making 
the transition towards budget support and by linking its remaining project support to 
improvement  of  population  relocation,  the  Commission  had  taken  steps  towards 
addressing  the  need  in  Lao  PDR  for  fundamental  reform  of  governance  and  public 
sector  financial  management  in  particular.  In  the  area  of  trade  and  economy, 
assistance had been very effective and efficient in accelerating the integration of Lao 
PDR into the regional and global economy. However, the question of who benefits 
from  this  international  economic  integration  is  still  open,  as  Laotian  SMEs  are  not 
yet internationally competitive. 

Vietnam:  The  evaluation  assessed  the  cooperation  with  Vietnam  for  the  period 
1996-2008.  Overall,  it  was  judged  that  engagement  in  Vietnam  was  relevant  to 
national  needs.  The  cooperation  programme  was  effective  in  supporting  many 
poverty reduction activities, although there was room for further improvement. Aid 
efficiency  had  also  improved  during  the  evaluation  period.  Despite  shortage  in 
relevant  skills  in  the  Delegation's  staff,  the  move  to  general  budget  support  was 
successful  overall.  The  Commission was  commended  for  its  efforts  in  coordination 
and harmonisation  with  other donors at the sectoral level (especially in health) and 
for budget support. 

Thailand:  The  evaluation  report  covered  the  period  1997-2007,  during  which  the 
Commission  moved  away  from  traditional  development  assistance  towards  a 
partnership  of  equals.  The  European  Commission  was  successful  in  resolving 
disputes  on  tariff  and  non-tariff  issues.  Activities  in  higher  education  generated 
stable  academic  networks  between  EU  and  leading  Thai  higher  education 
institutions. Intervention in the health sector contributed to sustainable improvement 
in  the  capacity  of  the  Thai  ministry  of  health  towards  providing  universal  health 
coverage. Activities in the environmental sector helped to increase the commitment 
of the Thai government on global environmental issues. 

Malaysia: The evaluation report covered the period 1997-2007. Despite the limited 
financial amounts from the EU, its bilateral cooperation had a positive impact in the 
field of trade and economy, contributing towards the strengthening and maturing of 
political  and  economic  relations  between  the  EU  and  Malaysia.  In  other  sectors, 
notably higher education, environment, good governance and human rights, support 
was  limited  in  its  impact  and  sustainability.  Commission  projects  were  efficiently 
implemented. 

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ASEAN: The report assessed the European Commission-ASEAN relationship for the 
period  from  2000  to  2007.  Assistance  during  this  time  contributed  significantly  to 
progress  in  ASEAN  regional  economic  integration  and  helped  to  foster  closer  EC–
ASEAN trade relations, despite a recurring mismatch between ASEAN commitments 
and  national  implementation.  The  programme  met  the  strategic  EU  goals  of 
contributing  towards  poverty  reduction  through  indirect  support  (e.g.  industrial 
standards,  regional  integration,  etc).  Cooperation  in  the  field  of  energy  and 
biodiversity conservation was successfully established, with European best practices 
in  sustainable  economic  development  introduced  to  the  ASEAN  region.  However, 
only symbolic impacts were noted. 

MEDA  II:  The  evaluation  covered  EU  cooperation  with  Mediterranean  partner 
countries  under  the  MEDA  II  regulation  for  the  period  2000-2006.  MEDA  II 
contributed  to  improved  formulation  and  implementation  of  major  reforms  and  to 
progress in public sector management and professional practices. While the rationale 
behind the choice of EU aid instruments was not always clear, the increased use of 
budget  support  was  positive  and  effective  in  stimulating  important  policy  reforms. 
The  evaluation  indicated  improved  effectiveness  and  efficiency,  when  compared  to 
the  MEDA  I  programme.  Regional  interventions  under  MEDA  II  suffered  from 
insufficient  ownership  at  the  national  level.  At  the  regional  level,  the  Commission 
faced the absence of national structures to take over post-programme responsibilities, 
which undermines the sustainability of the interventions. 

Evaluating  budget  support:  Following  a  presentation  to  the  OECD/DAC 
Evaluation  Network,  a  methodology  for  evaluating  budget  support  was  developed. 
Pilots for this methodology were launched during the course of 2009 in Tunisia, Mali 
and  Zambia.  The  European  Commission  is  leading  the  two  first  studies,  while 
Germany and the Netherlands are leading the one in Zambia. If the results of the tests 
are  positive,  the  finalised  methodology  will  allow  evaluation  of  budget  support  to 
take place in a harmonised way in all countries. The results of the pilots are expected 
by early 2011, with final methodology available by mid-2011. 

Based  on  the  Commission's  geographical  evaluations  finalised  in  2009,  some 
preliminary  conclusions  can  be  drawn:  in  nearly  all  countries  (Uganda,  Botswana, 
Nicaragua,  and  Vietnam)  and  in  the  MEDA  region  where  budget  support  was 
introduced, the external evaluators gave a positive assessment of the shift toward this 
aid  channel.  They  noted  the  improvement  of  dialogue  between  the  EC  and  the 
governments  of  partner  countries,  the  improved  harmonisation  and  coordination 
amongst  donors,  the  improvement  of  public  financial  management,  the  positive 
effect on the budget allocation towards the social sectors of health and education, and 
the  important  role  of  budget  support  in  accompanying  and  stimulating  partners' 
policy reforms. These findings are based on a limited number of cases and cannot be 
generalised. 

4.2.4. 

Synthesis of main lessons learned 

Main lessons are: 

•  Commission  programming  and  implementation  addressed  the  needs  of  partner 

countries and remains coherent with the goals of the EU; 

•  Effectiveness  is  good  for  the  majority  of  activities.  However,  a  lack  of 
coordination and synergy between actions at the partner country level remains; 

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•  Efficiency  is  still  seen  as  the  weakest  element  of  Commission  interventions. 
Establishing  a  good  management  tool  for  implementation  of  activities  would 
improve this situation (e.g. monitoring, score boards, etc); 

•  Commission  interventions  do  generate  positive  impacts  as  demonstrated  in  the 
various  country-level  evaluations  but  there  is  an  urgent  need  to  set  up  a 
comprehensive  system  to  measure  these  impacts  both  at  programming  and 
implementation levels; 

•  Sustainability  of  Commission  interventions  is  at  risk  because  of  poor  ownership 

on the part of partners and the lack of exit strategies; 

•  The Commission has a clear added value in its regional programming. However, 
linkages  remain  between  national  and  regional  programming  and 

weak 
implementation; 

•  The  first  findings  on  budget  support  in  various  country-level  evaluations  show 

positive results in the move towards budget support; 

•  Following the expansion of various types of aid channels in recent years, it would 
be  useful  to  reflect  on  the  right  mix  of  aid  modalities,  both  at  the  level  of 
headquarters and in Delegations. 

4.2.5.  Outlook for 2010 

The  evaluation  programme  for  2010  will  follow  the  structure  laid  out  in  the 
multiannual  evaluation  programme  for  2007-2013.  The  following  evaluations  are 
planned  to  be  launched  in  2010:  12  geographic  evaluations  (Caribbean  region, 
Colombia, Congo-Brazzaville, Ecuador, Haiti, Jamaica, Malawi, Nepal, Zambia, plus 
ENP  East,  South  and  Interregional;  four  thematic  evaluations  (health,  integrated 
border  management  and  fight  against  organised  crime,  private  sector,  and  trade 
related assistance); and one evaluation on EU aid channelled through the Council of 
Europe. 

5. 

AID MANAGEMENT 

Introduction 

The  Commission  has  sought  to  raise  its  standards  in  recent  years  for  aid 
implementation,  quality  control,  accountability  and  results  monitoring.  It  has 
engaged  in  a  reform  of  its  processes  in  to  order  to  make  them  simpler,  focused  on 
quality  and  results,  and  in  line  with  internationally  agreed  objectives  on  aid 
effectiveness.  The  Commission  has  also  developed  more  dynamic  forms  of 
partnership  with  beneficiaries  and  with  other  donors  and  has  simplified  its 
procedures and clarified the rules for delivery and implementation. 

In 2009, efforts concentrated on: 

•  The  implementation  of  the  reform  of  the  Commission's  technical  cooperation  to 
improve  aid  effectiveness.  The  key  elements  at  this  stage  were  developing 
guidance and establishing a system of monitoring the results of the reform; 

•  Linked 

the 

launch  of 
to 
internal 
www.capacity4dev.eu, 
communication,  including  EU  Delegations,  and  opening  up  a  dialogue  with  a 

reform  was 
platform, 

cooperation 
interactive 

the 
improving 

technical 
an 

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range of external stakeholders in the area of capacity development and technical 
cooperation; 

•  A number of instruments were adopted in 2009 in order to simplify and streamline 

the implementation of EU external aid; 

•  Budget  support  has  become  a  Commission's  preferred  aid  modality  as  it  helps 

increase local ownership and reduce transaction costs; 

•  The  development  of  skills  and  capacity  of  staff  involved  in  delivering  external 
assistance  at  HQ  and  Delegation-level.  EuropeAid  has  become  a  front-runner  in 
the delivery of training; 

•  A revision of the main quality tool implemented at the design phase in a project's 
lifecycle, which is a peer review mechanism called oQSG (office Quality Support 
Group)  and  which  in  2009  covered  nearly  100%  of  eligible  projects  and 
programmes. The changes agreed focus on problem analysis and involvement of 
stakeholders  from  the  earliest  phase  of  design.  Studies  show  that  this  approach 
leads to better results in the end. 

•  Cooperation and partnership with other donors has remained significant, making 
more and bigger interventions possible, enhancing effectiveness and efficiency of 
aid  delivery  and  impacting  positively  on  beneficiaries.  Also,  by  working  with 
others,  the  Commission  has  benefited  from  the  expertise,  experience  and 
synergies created. 

5.1. 

Developments in aid delivery modalities and channels 

The EU approach to aid delivery 

In  line  with  international  commitments  on  aid  effectiveness  and  the  Accra  Agenda 
for Action agreed in September 2008, EU external assistance is implemented through 
three  main  delivery  modes  (project  approach,  sector  approach  and  budget  support). 
The actual choices depend on a joint Commission/partner government analysis of the 
country and sector involved. 

At a policy level, the sectoral approach and the use of budget support as preferred aid 
mode  follow  the  orientations  of  the  European  Consensus  on  Development,  which 
states that “where circumstances permit, the use of general or sectoral budget support 
should  increase  as  a  means  to  strengthen  ownership,  support  partner’s  national 
accountability and procedures, to finance national poverty reduction strategies and to 
promote  sound  and  transparent  management  of  public  finances”.  The  sector 
approach,  where  a  sector  policy  support  programme  is  used,  aims  to  underpin  an 
agreed  sector  policy  and  a  realistic  strategic  framework  monitored  through 
performance  criteria  and  indicators.  SPSPs  may  be  financed  by  (i)  sector  budget 
support  (SBS),  with  funds  transferred  to  the  national  treasury  of  the  beneficiary 
country;  (ii)  pool  funds  with  beneficiary  governments  and  other  donors,  or  (iii) 
project procedures using EU procurement and grant award processes.  

The  Commission  also  supports  national  or  macro-level  goals  expressed  in  national 
policy  and  strategy  documents  (such  as  a  poverty  reduction  strategy  paper).  This 
support is financed through general budget support (GBS), with funds transferred to 

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the  national  treasury  of  the  beneficiary  country.  It  is  usually  accompanied  by 
financial 
capacity-development  activities,  generally 
management. 

the  area  of  public 

in 

The  project  approach  is  used  in  situations  such  as  support  to  non-state  actors  and 
regional  programmes,  or  where  conditions  do  not  allow  for  complete  use  of 
government  systems,  as  in  conflict  or  post-conflict  situations.  Projects  are 
implemented using the EU’s procurement and grant award procedures. 

5.1.1.  The ‘backbone strategy’ for reforming technical cooperation and capacity4dev.eu 

In July 2008 the European Commission launched the so-called backbone strategy for 
reforming technical cooperation. The strategy provides a set of principles including: 
focus  on  development  of  local  capacity,  demand-led  approach,  partner  country 
ownership,  strong  result  orientation.  Special  attention  is  paid  to  innovative  options 
for the provision of technical cooperation, including the use of national and regional 
resources  and  of  public  sector  expertise,  as  well  as  various  forms  of  twinning 
arrangements. The strategy is fully in line with EU commitments on aid effectiveness 
and the Accra Agenda for Action with respect to capacity development. In 2009, the 
Commission worked intensively to implement the first phase of the reform focused 
on reviewing systems and developing guidance. Major achievements include: 

•  The  "Guidelines  on  making  technical  cooperation  more  effective"  as  well  as  the 
"Toolkit for capacity development" were produced and widely disseminated;  
•  Criteria  for  quality  checks  to  be  used  during  identification,  formulation, 
monitoring and evaluation of technical cooperation programmes were established;  
•  From  January  2009,  results-orientated  monitoring  reports  on  more  than  1  500 
projects/year  include  a  new  section  called  ‘Review  of  Technical  Cooperation 
Quality Criteria';  

•  At  country  level,  the  backbone  strategy  implementation  kicked  off  with  the 
mapping  of  ongoing  and  pipeline  programmes  while  and  Delegations  have  also 
initiated  country  action  plans  to  redress  policy  gaps  and  to  ensure  quality  of 
ongoing and pipeline programmes;  

•  Procurement  and  contracting  procedures  for  technical  cooperation  support  were 
reviewed and a short guide produced: "How to apply EC procedures to Technical 
Cooperation".  

Capacity4dev.eu  (www.capacity4dev.eu),  an  interactive  platform,  was  launched  in 
October  2009  to  facilitate  and  to  follow  up  the  implementation  of  the  backbone 
strategy and to open up a dialogue with a broad range of stakeholders in the area of 
capacity development and technical cooperation. During the first two months after its 
public  launch  the  platform  enlisted  around  500  registered  users  from  outside  the 
Commission.  Through  online  workgroups,  discussion  forums,  and  various 
communication  tools,  development  practitioners  can  now  exchange  best  practices, 
and engage in an open dialogue on development-related issues. 

The implementation of the second phase of the technical cooperation reform started 
in  November  2009.  Its  focus  substantially  shifted  towards  the  operational  level, 
where EU Delegations would play the main role.  

Simultaneously,  in  November  2009  the  EU  policy  on  technical  cooperation  was 
endorsed  by  the  Council  which  approved  the  EU  operational  framework  on  aid 

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effectiveness  measures  to  enhance  common  approach  on  technical  cooperation  and 
foster coordinated action.  

5.1.2.  Budget support 

Budget support is an aid modality where funds are transferred to the national treasury 
of  the  beneficiary  country  if  agreed  conditions  for  payment  are  met  by  the  partner 
country.  During  2009,  the  Commission  continued  to  use  budget  support,  which 
represented  28%  (€2.32  billio n)  of  all  commitments  from  the  EU  budget  and  the 
EDF.  

The  funds  are  provided  either  as  general  budget  support  (GBS),  where  the  EU 
supports the implementation of a national development policy/strategy, or as sector 
budget support (SBS), where the EU funds help the partner country reach progress in 
a given sector. 

In  2009,  GBS  commitments  made  up  35%  of  all  new  budget  support  operations, 
amounting to €860 million. The beneficiaries we re all ACP countries (23 countries). 
This  marked  a  significant  decrease  compared  to  €2.3  billion  in  the  previous  year 
(60% of all 2008 budget support commitments), which is almost entirely due to the 
fact that most MDG-Contract commitments (€1.3 billion) were made in 2008. 

In  2009  about  10%  of  new  GBS  operations  were  made  to  countries  in  fragile 
situations  (see  box).  Beneficiaries  were  Comoros,  Liberia  and  the  Democratic 
Republic of Congo (targeted budget support). 

A  slight  increase  was,  however,  seen  in  2009  in  the  use  of  Sector  Budget  Support. 
Total SBS commitments amounted to €1.5 billion, about 65% of new budget support 
operations committed in 2009.  

SBS  operations  represented  33%  of  new  budget  support  commitments  for  the  ACP 
region, and up to 100% in most countries in Asia, Latin America, among the EU’s 
eastern and southern neighbours and South Africa. In the ENP countries and South 
Africa,  budget  support  operations  are  concentrated  in  the  areas  of  vocational 
education  and  training,  public  health  reform,  water  and  waste  water  management, 
transport,  environment  and  employment,  and  primary  education.  In  Asia,  all 
commitments  were  made  in  the  social  sectors.  In  Latin  America,  the  main  sectors 
were education and social cohesion. In the ACP region SBS operations concentrated 
on traditional sectors (roads, health and education), with some emerging new sectors 
like decentralised agriculture and human resources development. 

•  Evaluating the impact 

Following a presentation to the OECD/DAC Evaluation Network, a methodology for 
evaluating  budget  support  was  developed.  If  the  results  of  the  tests  are  positive, 
finalised  methodology  will  allow  evaluation  of  budget  support  to  take  place  in  a 
harmonised way in all countries.  

The evaluations finalised in 2009 show that in nearly all countries and regions where 
budget  support  was  introduced,  the  move  toward  this  aid  modality  had  a  positive 
impact  for  instance  on  dialogue  between  the  European  Commission  and  the 

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governments of partner countries, donors coordination, public financial management 
and policy reforms. 

For further details (cid:198) 4.3.4  

•  Public finance management 

To  be  eligible  for  budget  support,  countries  are  required  to  have  national  and/or 
sector  development  and  macro-financing  policies  and  strategies  in  place  (or  under 
implementation).  In  addition,  the  fulfilment  of  specific  performance  indicators 
determines the amounts disbursed. The area of public finance management (PFM) is 
the  third  eligibility  criteria.  The  working  and  evolution  of  public  finance 
management systems continue to be essential to the provision of budget support, so 
as to ensure that governments are accountable for the utilisation of their budgets to 
their own and European taxpayers.  

to  use 

the  Public  Expenditure  and  Financial 
The  Commission  continues 
Accountability  (PEFA)  diagnostic  tool  in  order  to  establish  PFM  baselines  that  are 
used  to  measure  whether  countries  are  making  progress  within  their  PFM  systems 
over time. From June 2005 to the end of 2009, PEFA assessments were carried out in 
105  countries,  out  of  which  62  are  from  the  ACP  region.  All  ACP  countries  and 
almost all countries in the rest of the world benefiting from EU budget support had 
completed a PEFA assessment by 2009. 

The  Commission  has  committed  itself  to  carry  out  a  rigorous  approach  when 
applying  budget  support  as  regards  the  assessment  of  the  eligibility  criteria 
(national/sectoral  reform  strategy;  PFM  and  macroeconomic  stability), 
the 
assessment and monitoring of risks, and the assessment and monitoring of progress 
of reforms. On this basis, i.e. where conditions are met, budget support will also in 
the future continue to play an important role.  

In  order  to  enhance  Commission  staff  capacities  to  implement  budget  support 
programmes  and  engage  in  related  discussions  on  public  finance  management  or 
macroeconomic  policies,  training  courses  are  delivered  in  Brussels  as  well  as  at 
country level. Participants at these training events mostly include personnel from the 
Commission  and  EU  Delegations,  but  courses  are  usually  open  to  officials  from 
partner governments and to personnel from other donor agencies as well. In 2009, 41 
training events were organised for a total of 141 days with about 2 500 attendees in 
fields  such  as  budget  support  programme  design  and  implementation,  dialogue  on 
national  and  sector  development  policies,  public  finance  management  assessments 
and  reforms  (including  the  PEFA  instrument),  macroeconomic  programming,  and 
performance measurement. 

Budget support to countries in fragile situations  

An annex to the European Commission's 2007 guide on general budget support was drafted 
in  2009  to  clarify  the  methodological  approach  to  budget  support  for  countries  in  fragile 
situations (post-conflict, post-crisis).  

The Commission considers that, in certain circumstances of fragility, budget support 
is  the  most  appropriate  aid  instrument  to  underpin  stabilisation  and  avoid 
deterioration of the economic and political situation.  

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However,  it  is  often  hard  for  such  countries  to  meet  the  eligibility  criteria  for 
obtaining  budget  support.  Thus,  while  under  'classical'  budget  support  programmes 
the beneficiary countries need to have a poverty reduction strategy in place, countries 
in fragile situations need to demonstrate that they make satisfactory progress in the 
PRSP process. All other eligibility criteria remain the same.  

On PFM, the baseline situation will have to be determined (e.g. through PEFA assessments 
or work done by the IMF Fiscal Affairs Department) and basic functions of a PFM system 
need  to  be  in  place  to  ensure  transparent  execution  of  public  resources  (the  "ultra-basics 
elements")  before  BS  can  be  provided.  The  relevance  and  sequencing  of  the  PFM  reform 
plans  will  also  have  to  be  scrutinised.  In  the  course  of  the  programme  implementation, 
progress  made  against  the  initial  situation  will  be  assessed  so  as  to  confirm  eligibility  in 
accordance with the dynamic interpretation before any disbursement. 

Coordination with the other donors is key to the success of budget support programmes. The 
role of the IMF, both on the maintenance of macro-stability and on PFM reforms is crucial. 
To  be  eligible,  countries  in  fragile  situations  should  have  access  to  an  IMF  programme.  If 
this is not the case, an assessment letter confirming that a stability oriented macro-economic 
policy is in place will be required from the IMF. 

Programmes will be designed in such a way that risks are mitigated while ensuring a proper 
use  of  the  "window  of  opportunity"  immediately  following  a  conflict  or  a  crisis  situation. 
Thus  programmes  can  address  specific  issues  such  as:  targeting  or  not,  the  duration  of  the 
programmes  (e.g.  one  year),  the  size  of  the  financial  envelope  and  the  specific  conditions 
(pre-conditions and /or variable tranche indicators).  

5.2. 

Progress on qualitative issues in aid management 

•  Quality of design  

The Commission is constantly improving its system to screen and support the quality 
of  operations  at  design  stages  –  identification  and  formulation  based  on  a  peer 
review, called the office Quality Support Groups (oQSGs). In 2009, nearly 100% of 
operations were subject to these structured reviews that took place at 181 meetings 
which discussed a total of 970 operations.  

After  a  thorough,  year-long  discussion  within  the  Commission  and  by  Delegations 
new  rules  for  oQSGs  have  been  approved.  A  new  set  of  guidelines,  templates  for 
identification  fiches  and  checklists  have  been  agreed,  focusing  on  context  and 
problem  analysis  as  well  as  involving  stakeholders  from  the  very  beginning  of  the 
identification process. The aim of the reform is to ensure that effective and efficient 
support is provided to Delegations and headquarters. A growing number of projects 
are  discussed  interactively  via  videoconferences.  This  also  helps  identify  projects 
where  additional  support  from  headquarters,  in  particular  regarding  the  quality  of 
operations,  is  needed.  The  review  enshrined  the  principle  that  it  takes  up  to  24 
months to design a project or programme so as to ensure result-oriented solutions are 
developed.  

In 2009, a new IT project, the Project Cycle Management Platform, was launched. It 
should improve accessibility of project data and the dissemination of lessons learnt, 
as  well  as  allow  interaction  between  staff  in  charge  of  project/programme  design, 
implementation and evaluation.  

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•  Using lessons learnt from results-oriented monitoring 

The  results-oriented  monitoring  system  not  only  provides  recommendations  for 
improving the monitored project or programme but also collects lessons learned to be 
applied in future activities. In this regard, ex-post ROM following project completion 
is  especially  valuable  as  this  methodology  analyses  the  actual  impact  and 
sustainability of an intervention.  

The  ROM  database  enables  project  managers  to  retrieve  the  lessons  learned  from 
previous projects in similar sectors, regions or with similar implementation strategies 
and  apply  them  to  the  actions  they  are  in  charge  of.  In  addition,  studies  were 
launched  to  analyse  all  recommendations  and  lessons  learned  in  ROM  in  order  to 
extract the most pertinent, recurrent lessons.  

In  2009  a  pilot  study  on  ex-post  ROM  identified  12  recurrent  factors  influencing 
good  or  bad  performance  linked  to  three  crucial  areas:  problem  analysis  at  the 
earliest phase of design, adaptation capacity of the project management, and the full 
participation of stakeholders. The findings were taken on board in the review of the 
oQSG process described above. For further details (cid:198) 4.2 

•  Development in working with indicators 

As  stated  in  previous  annual  reports,  the  European  Commission  launched  a  pilot 
initiative in 2006 to test a method based on a list of aggregated standard indicators 
(ASI)  in  order  to  synthesise,  in  a  quantitative  way,  the  results  of  development 
programmes  in  terms  of  output  and  outcome  and  increase  the  visibility  of 
programmes financed by the EU.  

After a one-year test phase with the assessment of 145 projects worth €2.8 billion, it 
appears  that  the  ASI  exercise  is  not  conclusive  and  does  not  lead  to  the  expected 
effects in terms of better visibility of results.  

As  follow-up,  a  guide  is  being  developed  in  order  to  capitalise  on  the  acquired 
experience  and  provide  guidelines  for  evaluating  projects  in  terms  of  results  and 
impacts, and better identify appropriate indicators during the phase of formulation of 
projects/programmes. The final version of this guide called "Policy guidance – role 
and  use  of  indicators  for  performance  measurement"  should  be  available  in  mid-
2010.  This  guide  will  strengthen  the  analysis  skills  and  capabilities  of  Delegations 
during  the  dialogue  with  partner  countries  on  results,  impact  and  corresponding 
indicators. 

•  Methodological work and training  

Developing  skills  and  capacities  of  key  actors  involved  in  the  design  and 
implementation  of  EU-funded  programmes  is  essential  for  improving  their  quality, 
impact  and  sustainability.  The  Commission  is  investing  in  the  development  of  the 
capacity of its staff and other stakeholders involved in delivering external assistance 
through methodological work and training. In 2009, particular attention was paid to 
meeting  the  challenges  of  supporting  public  financial  management  reforms, 
decentralisation and local governance in partner countries.  

Three new documents have been issued in the Tools and Methods series: 

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•  Guidelines  on  making  technical  cooperation  more  effective80:  this  document 
provides  advice  on  how  to  implement  the  technical  cooperation  reform  in  the 
design  and  management  of  any  technical  cooperation-supported  programme.  It 
covers the whole cycle of operations. The Guidelines are complemented by useful 
annexes. Among them, Annex 6 - Short guide to European Commission rules and 
procedures - is a key component of the reform;  

•  Toolkit for capacity development81: the purpose of this document is to improve the 
planning and implementation of capacity development. It applies mostly to sector 
programmes  where  several  organisations  may  be  part  of  a  sector-wide  capacity 
development processes but the tools may also be useful for processes in individual 
organisations.  

•  Public sector reform - an introduction82: This document introduces public sector 
reform  for  people  involved  in  designing  and  delivering  aid  operations,  in 
particular at sector level or through budget support. The Commission's shift from 
project  support  to  sector-wide  approaches  and  to  budget  support  has  resulted  in 
greater involvement with national public administration systems and with  public 
sector reforms. 

EuropeAid is active in providing training and learning events in various areas related 
to sector approaches, such as public financial management, institutional analysis and 
capacity  development,  applied  macroeconomics,  decentralisation  and  public  sector 
reform.  These  events  were  aimed  at  progressively  improving  the  dialogue  with 
partners, the contexts analysis and the choice of aid modalities. In 2009, over 2 000 
participants  attended  more  than  100  sessions  of  methodological  courses  held  in 
Brussels  and  in  various  partner  countries.  New  training  launched  in  2009  included 
courses  on  ‘growth  challenges’;  public  policies'  cycles  and  dialogue,  public 
expenditure 
and 
measurement,  introduction  to  a  new  approach  on  technical  cooperation,  and  aid 
effectiveness. Workshops on sector approaches in various areas were also organised 
covering energy, water, transport and rural development.  

accountability,  performance  management 

financial 

and 

In  2009,  the  Commission  continued  its  active  involvement  in  the  joint  donors' 
competence development network, known as Train4Dev. The network is chaired by 
EuropeAid  for  the  period  2008-2010.  The  goal  of  Train4Dev  is  to  promote  the 
implementation  of  the  Paris  Declaration  through  joint  learning  events  addressed 
mainly to donors’ staff. 

Measuring progress: the need for statistics 

In order to manage development processes, it is essential to measure them. While statistics 
may  not  directly  reduce  poverty  or  hunger,  they  are  essential  components  in  assuring  the 
effectiveness of aid and sustained improvements. 

80 
81 
82 

http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/guidelines-making-technical-cooperation-more-effective 
http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/toolkit-capacity-development 
http://capacity4dev.ec.europa.eu/concept-paper-public-sector-reform-introduction 

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In 2009, as in previous years, some progress has been recorded concerning capacity building 
of statistical systems and availability of statistical information in developing countries, even 
if statistics are still often undervalued and under-funded. 

MDG  indicators  have  contributed  to  stimulating  demand  and  coordinated  international 
support  for  sustainable  national  statistical  capacity-building.  A  recent  study  of  the  official 
UN  database  on  MDGs83  shows  a  positive  trend  in  the  number  of  available  indicators. 
However there is still a significant lack of indicators for a number of countries.  

As well as quantity, data quality is also an issue. In general the weaknesses of most statistical 
systems in developing countries can essentially be attributed to poor data availability and to 
the  lack  of  comparability  due  to  differences  in  definitions  and  methodologies.  The  Global 
Statistical  System,  in  which  the  EU  is  a  major  player,  is  making  considerable  efforts  to 
improve the situation. 

5.3. 

Simplification of procedures 

In the context of the review of the financial regulation and implementing rules, a list 
of  more  than  50  proposals  was  put  forward.  These  proposals,  agreed  within  the 
External  Relations  Directorates-General,  call  on  the  Commission  to  create  and 
manage  trust  funds,  to  simplify  and  streamline  the  requirements  for  each  type  of 
management  mode,  to  render  more  flexible  the  current  mechanism  of  assigned 
revenues and to facilitate the implementation of grants and procurement. 

A number of instruments were adopted in 2009 in order to simplify and streamline 
the implementation of EU external aid. For instance, an updated PRAG84 entered into 
force  on  1  January  2009,  mainly  to  respond  to  the  alignment  of  the  EDF  to  EU 
budget  procedures.  The  guide  to  the  financial  procedures  of  the  10th  EDF  was 
accordingly  updated.  Additionally,  two  guides  have  been  published  to  streamline 
work.  One  of  these,  the  Short  guide  to  EU  rules  and  procedures  was  published  to 
provide guidance on legal and procedural issues relating to technical cooperation in 
light of the Paris Declaration and the Accra follow-up. The other, the Short guide to 
decentralised  management  provides  guidance  to  all  services  implementing  external 
aid, explaining decentralisation in practical terms whilst considering the implications 
of the aid effectiveness objectives. The Practical guide to procedures for programme 
estimates  has  also  been  updated  in  order  to  reflect  changes  to  the  legal  framework 
and 
improvements  and  clarifications  following 
integrate  simplifications, 
observations from services and Delegations. 

to 

5.4. 

Cooperation with international organisations and other donors 

Cooperation and partnership with the UN and the World Bank Group has remained 
significant,  with  contributions  amounting  to  €937.3  million  to  the  UN  and  €456.2 
million to the World Bank Group in 2009. The UN and the World Bank continue to 
work together with the Commission to support programmes in areas such as election 
monitoring  and  assistance,  institution  building,  rehabilitation,  rural  development, 
education  and  health.  This  increasing  cooperation  has  made  more  and  bigger 

83 

Indicators  for  monitoring  the  Millennium  Development  Goals,  United  Nations  Statistics  Division, 
December 2009, http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc10/2010-15-MDG-E.pdf 

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http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/work/procedures/implementation/practical_guide/index_en.htm 

The Practical guide is available at:  

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interventions  possible,  enhancing  effectiveness  and  efficiency  of  aid  delivery  and 
impacting  positively  on  beneficiaries.  By  working  with  these  partners,  the 
Commission has also benefited from the expertise, experience and synergies created.  

EU  financial  regulations  allow  for  EU  funds  to  be  managed  by  international 
organisations in accordance with their own procedures. The Commission first checks 
that  these  procedures  meet  international  standards,  and  has  the  right  to  carry  out 
checks  (known  as  verifications),  including  on  the  spot,  that  the  funds  have  been 
correctly  managed.  In  2009,  an  agreement  on  standard  terms  of  reference  for  these 
verifications was reached with the UN. A new framework agreement was signed with 
the World Bank group in March 2009, replacing one from 2001, which will enable 
funds  to  be  channelled  through  the  World  Bank  in  accordance  with  the  latest  EU 
financial  regulations  and  World  Bank  procedures.  A  similar  framework  agreement 
was signed for the first time with the International Monetary Fund in 2009, making it 
easier,  for  instance,  for  the  Commission  to  join  with  the  IMF  in  supporting  anti-
money laundering programmes. 

The  Commission  also  works  closely  with  regional  development  banks  such  as  the 
African,  Asian  and  Inter-American  Development  Banks.  This  cooperation 
encompasses  areas  such  as  infrastructure,  rural  development,  education,  debt  relief 
and results measurement. 

The  Commission  has  continued  to  check  that  the  international  organisations  with 
which  it  works  meet  international  standards  as  regards  accounting,  external  audit, 
internal control and procurement. 

More  information  on  the  political  aspects  of  Commission's  cooperation  with 
international organisations is provided in Section 1.7. 

5.4.1.  The United Nations 

Sharing  common  objectives  and  values,  and  similar  policy  priorities  in,  inter  alia, 
poverty  reduction,  human  rights,  democratic  governance,  crisis  prevention  and 
recovery, the Commission and the UN work together in over 100 countries. 

The  Commission  and  the  UN  continued  to  streamline  the  way  they  work  together 
under  the  2003  Financial  and  Administrative  Framework  Agreement  (the  FAFA). 
The  annual  meeting  saw  the  adoption  of  terms  of  reference  for  the  conduct  of 
verification missions by the Commission to UN-implemented projects and agreement 
on a set of frequently asked question (FAQs) to facilitate the work of staff from both 
organisations. Joint training activities have continued to take place and have proved 
to be an effective means of fostering mutual understanding between the UN and the 
Commission. Efforts were also made to streamline the collection and publication of 
information  on  the  beneficiaries  of  Commission  funds  resulting  in  greater 
transparency. 

In  2009,  the  UN-European  Commission  Partnership  Report85,  produced  by  the  UN 
with  Commission  support,  took  an  in-depth  look  at  post-crisis  situations  showing 

85 

UN report “Renewing hope, rebuilding lives: Partnership between the United Nations and the European 
Commission in post-crisis recovery” (downloadable at www.undp.org/eu) 

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how the Commission and the UN work together to help people facing the challenges 
of  living  in  such  environments.  The  report  provides  extensive  examples  of  how, 
through working together, the Commission and the UN have been able to positively 
affect  community  security  and  social  services,  jump-start  economic  activities, 
strenghten institutions and help to build more resilient societies.  

During the year, the European Court of Auditors carried out a performance audit on 
EU assistance implemented through United Nations bodies. The special report of the 
first  part  of  the  audit  on  EU  decision-making  and  monitoring  was  adopted  by  the 
Court  in  October  and  covers  funds  managed  between  2002  and  2008.  The 
Commission  has  already  addressed  many  of  the  Court's  concerns  through  the 
adoption  of  the  terms  of  reference  for  verification  missions  mentioned  above  and 
through  improvements  in  the  way  it  documents  its  decisions  to  work  with 
international  organisations.  The  second  phase  will  examine  the  effectiveness  of  the 
aid  and  whether  objectives  were  achieved  in  an  efficient  and  sustainable  way.  The 
report is expected to be adopted before the end of 2010.  

UNDP  continues  to  be  the  Commission's  main  partner  on  major  rehabilitation  and 
reconstruction  programmes.  Support  for  elections  is  another  area  where  the 
Commission  and  UNDP  have  continued  to  cooperate.  The  Commission  has  also 
cooperated  with  the  UN  in  election  monitoring,  with  the  elections  in  Afghanistan 
among the most challenging of these undertakings. 

The  year  2009  saw  extensive  cooperation  under  the  Food  Facility  with  FAO,  WFP 
and  UNRWA.  In  total,  contribution  agreements  for  over  €240  million  were  signed 
with  these  three  organisations  which  will  go  towards  promoting  food  security  in 
vulnerable countries throughout the world. 

5.4.2.  The World Bank Group  

The  Commission  remains  one  of  the  major  donors  to  trust  funds  managed  by  the 
World  Bank  Group.  Since  2001,  an  average  of  €400  million  per  year  has  been 
channelled via the WBG, thus fulfilling the commitment to reinforce pooled funding, 
harmonisation  and  alignment.  The  channelling  of  funds  through  the  WBG  has 
promoted  cost  efficiency,  enhanced  aid  effectiveness  and  contributed  to  a  better 
coverage of beneficiaries' needs. This cooperation has proved particularly important 
for implementing global initiatives and intervening in post-crisis situations, such as 
in Iraq and Timor-Leste. 

The  Commission  is  conscious  of  the  need  to  ensure  that  the  substantial  amounts 
channelled through the WBG are properly managed, reported on and accounted for. 
Since  2001,  cooperation  between  the  two  organisations  has  been  facilitated,  to  a 
great  extent,  by  the  conclusion  of  the  Trust  Fund  and  Co-financing  Framework 
Agreement which regulates the operational aspects of Commission's contributions to 
WBG-administered trust funds. As indicated above, a new framework agreement was 
signed to reflect new financial and legal requirements of the Commission as well as 
the recent trust fund reform initiatives approved by the World Bank Group. This new 
agreement  is  an  important  step  forward  in  increasing  simplification,  ensuring 
consistency, improving transparency and sound management of Commission's funds 
and enhancing EU visibility. 

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Consultations  on  the  implementation  of  the  Trust  Funds  and  Co-Financing 
Framework  Agreement  are  held  annually,  to  review  administrative  and  operational 
issues,  discuss  new  mechanisms  for  joint  financing  and  assess  the  pipeline  of 
proposals  for  the  following  year.  Coordination  is  good  and  relations  in-country 
between  EU  Delegations  and  the  Bank's  offices  help  to  reinforce  the  frequent 
contacts at headquarters level. In some of the key programmes, such as in aid to the 
Palestinians and in Iraq, the need for a common approach is reinforced. 

5.4.3.  OECD 

Cooperation  between  the  Commission  and  the  OECD  continued  to  develop 
satisfactorily. The OECD  has  undertaken a wide-ranging review of its internal  cost 
recovery policies and discussions have taken place on the updating of the framework 
agreement,  which  has  been  in  place  since  April  2006.  It  is  expected  that  these 
discussions will continue in 2010. 

At the OECD-Development Aid Committee, the appointment in March 2009 of the 
EuropeAid  Director-General,  in  his  personal  capacity,  as  Co-Chair  (with  Egypt)  of 
the  DAC  working  party  on  aid  effectiveness  (WP-EFF)  added  a  new  dimension  to 
the Commission's work. Following a Commission proposal to demonstrate concrete 
results  in  time  for  the  Fourth  High-Level  Forum  (HLF  IV)  on  aid  effectiveness  in 
Seoul  in  2011,  the  WP-EFF  outputs  now  largely  focus  on  supporting  change  at 
country  level.  The  Commission  also  played  a  proactive  role  in  shaping  a  common 
position of EU donors on all issues and was active in all clusters and task-teams of 
the working party. 

5.4.4.  Council of Europe 

The  signature  in  May  2007  of  a  memorandum  of  understanding  on  enhanced 
cooperation and political dialogue further deepened relations between the EU and the 
Council  of  Europe.  The  Commission,  which  contributed  significantly  to  the 
negotiating process, is now  actively implementing the memorandum. Part of this is 
the  decision  to  open  an  EU  Delegation  to  the  Council  of  Europe.  The  new 
relationship  is  also  reflected  in  the  volume  of  joint  projects,  which  reached  €62 
million at the end of 2009. The shared values of pluralist democracy, the rule of law, 
and  human  rights  and  fundamental  freedoms  form  the  core  areas  in  which  the 
Commission  and  the  Council  of  Europe  concentrate  their  cooperation,  which  is 
particularly  beneficial  to  the  countries  participating  in  the  EU’s  Neighbourhood 
Policy and the enlargement process. But cooperation also goes beyond the European 
continent,  as  projects  in  the  framework  of  EU-African  youth  cooperation  or  in  the 
rule of law initiative for Central Asia demonstrate. 

5.4.5.  Other international organisations 

In 2009, cooperation between the EU and the OSCE continued both at the level of 
headquarters and between OSCE field presence and EU Delegations on the ground. 
Good coordination efforts and financial support ensured efficient implementation of 
several EU and OSCE programmes. In Ukraine, implementation continued on a €3.5 
million  electoral  assistance  project,  funded  by  the  Commission,  which  will  lead  to 
the establishment of an electronic voter register.  

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The  Commission  encourages  contacts  with  all  international  organisations  which 
share  and  complement  the  values  and  objectives  of  the  EU. The  International 
Organisation  for  Migration  (IOM)  has  emerged  as  a  substantial  partner  for  the 
Commission,  in  particular  in  implementing  Election  Observation  Missions  where  it 
has  developed  a  specific  expertise. Discussions  have  been  held  with  IOM  on  the 
negotiation of a framework agreement, which may be concluded in 2010.  

The Commission contributes to technical assistance and training activities provided 
by  the  International  Monetary  Fund  (IMF) which  are related  to  financial  sector 
stability,  macroeconomic,  fiscal,  monetary  and  exchange  rate  policies,  and  in  the 
enhancement  of  macroeconomic  and  financial  statistics.  In  January  2009,  a 
Framework  Agreement  between  the  two  organisations was signed. It sets the terms 
and conditions under which the Commission will contribute to financing activities of 
the trust funds administered by the IMF. 

Coordination  with  international  organisations  and  other  donors  is  crucial  and  is  in 
line  with  the  Commission's  strong  commitment  to  the  Paris  declaration  on  aid 
effectiveness.  To  this  end,  the Commission  is  engaged  in  –  and  contributes 
technically and financially to – several sectoral initiatives related to agriculture, rural 
development  and  livestock,  aiming  at  ensuring  that  the  needs  of  the  rural  poor  and 
the  food insecure are  appropriately considered  in international agendas. The Global 
Donor  Platform  on  Agriculture  and  Rural  Development  (GDPRD)  made  an 
important  contribution  to  the  Accra  High-Level  Forum  in  2008  and  it  continues  its 
active  participation  in  the  OECD  working  party  on  aid  effectiveness  and  the 
associated joint ventures. 

5.5. 

Visibility and communication 

Better  communication  of  the  results  achieved  by  the  EU's  external  assistance 
instruments is a major objective which was further developed in 2009. 

Progress included the mainstreaming of communication into the whole project cycle, 
the  delivery  of  the  training  module  on  communication  for  project  managers,  and 
improved  sharing  of  good  practice.  Special  attention  was  paid  on  communicating 
results and on improved monitoring and evaluation. A big effort is made to provide 
concrete examples of external assistance in action as demonstrated by the wide range 
of case studies supplied by EU Delegations. 

The  Commission  continued  to  work  in  2009  with  other  organisations  to  improve 
joint  communication  on  results.  Examples  of  this  were  the  signing  in  May  of  joint 
visibility guidelines with the World Bank, which resulted in guidance and practical 
tools  for  implementing  partners.  Further  examples  were  the  development  of  case 
studies with the Department for International Development (UK) and the beginning 
of  a  project  with  UNICEF  to  develop  a  joint  portal  showing  examples  of 
EU/UNICEF  cooperation.  The  Commission  also  worked  during  the  Swedish 
Presidency of the EU on a media campaign focusing on Swedish citizens working in 
EU Delegations. 

Other events and activities in 2009 included further improvements to the website and 
the delivery of the second phase of the youth campaign in EU member states through 

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a  music  contest86.  The  European  Development  Days  in  October  provided  an 
excellent  opportunity  to  communicate  with  key  actors  in  development  and  provide 
them  with  information  on  EU  actions  in  the  field.  The  External  Cooperation  Info 
Point  in  Brussels  received  around  6  500  visitors  and  organised  conferences,  film 
screenings, group visits, exhibitions and other events. 

Key communication products produced included a review of the implementation of 
external aid 2004-200987 and a brochure88 and interactive map89 on climate change. 
An evaluation of stakeholders' information needs in 2009 will lead to the production 
of communication tools better targeted to address their needs. 

6. 

ANNEXES 

6.1. 

Introduction to financial tables 

The Annual Report provides an overview of policies, objectives and achievements in 
2009.  The  tables  and  graphs  that  follow  present  the  main  data  on  development 
assistance in 2009 by country, region, or sector and per instrument of EU funding.  

Regarding  the  external  assistance  of  the  European  Union,  the  geographical 
cooperation for Sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific regions (ACP), is 
based  on  the  Partnership  Agreement  with  the  ACP  signatory  states  and  is  mainly 
financed, South Africa excepted, from the European Development Fund i.e. outside 
the  EU  budget.  External  assistance  for  other  geographic  areas  and  the  thematic 
programmes  with  worldwide  coverage  are  financed  from  the  general  budget  of  the 
European Union.  

Data  for  2009  again  show  an  improvement  of  overall  Official  Development 
Assistance (ODA) levels.  

Figure 6.1 shows the importance of external assistance in the overall expenditure of 
the European Commission. Defined as the resources used to foster programmes and 
projects  outside  the  European  Union,  external  assistance  accounted  for  9%  of  the 
total allocation in 2009 (General EU budget and EDF).  

The  sources  of  External  Assistance  are  the  General  Budget  of  the  EU  and  the 
European Development Fund. A global overview of the share of resources is given in 
Figure  6.2. A detailed breakdown of the budget by  policy areas that contributes to 
this external assistance effort can be found in Table 6.3. A similar breakdown for the 
EDF is presented in Table 6.4.  

The  concept  of  ODA  used  throughout  the  tables  and  figures  is  that  defined  by  the 
OECD’s  Development  Assistance  Committee  via  its  directives  and  reported  by  the 
European  Commission.  Not  all  EU  external  assistance  can  be  reported  as  ODA. 
Whether an action, programme or project is classified as ODA or not depends on the 
recipient country and the purpose and content of the aid.  

86 
87 
88 
89 

http://www.ifightpoverty.eu/music_contest/vote2/finalList9.php?lg=en&video=36 
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/infopoint/publications/europeaid/better-faster-more_en.htm 
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/multimedia/publications/publications/thematic/climate_change_en.htm 
http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/climate-change-actions/ 

EN 

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Figure 6.5 shows the share of the EU’s external assistance classified as ODA. In all, 
96%  of  the  total  resources  of  EU  external  assistance  committed  in  2009  are 
considered  reportable  as  ODA,  indicating  an  increased  focus  on  development  in 
external financial allocations.  

Figures  6.6  and  6.7  show  the  evolution  over  time,  from  2001  to  2009,  of  external 
assistance and ODA. Figure 6.6 shows the evolution of the main sources of funding: 
external  assistance  from  the  EU  budget  and  EDF,  indicating  the  share  managed  by 
EuropeAid. Figure 6.7 shows the evolution of the sector breakdown of ODA.  

Turning to beneficiary countries and regions, Figure 6.8 and Table 6.9 present the 
breakdown  per  region.  For  this  breakdown,  it  is  necessary  to  differentiate  between 
bilateral and multilateral aid. Bilateral aid, as defined by the Development Assistance 
Committee,  is  direct  cooperation  by  the  Commission  with  a  country  (or  region) 
where  the Commission controls  the activities and knows how,  when  and where  the 
resources are being spent. Multilateral aid comprises direct contributions to the core 
funding of multilateral agencies, who report back to the Commission at a later stage 
about  the  expenditure.  Figure  6.8  provides  a  breakdown  of  EU  ODA  per  region. 
Africa continues to top the list (38% of ODA). Overall, Sub-Saharan Africa received 
33% of total ODA in 2009.  

A  more  detailed  breakdown,  per  country  and  region,  in  line  with  the  OECD/DAC 
recipient list, is presented in Table 6.10. Leaving aside regional programmes, the top 
ten ODA countries in 2009 were Turkey, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, 
occupied Palestinian territory, Haiti, Afghanistan, Kosovo, Kenya, Pakistan, Serbia.  

Figure  6.11  focuses  on  ODA  recipients  classified  under  the  four  UN/OECD 
categories  based  on  GNI.  The  table  monitors  disbursements  in  2009  by  DAC 
recipient  and  by  main  OECD  sectors.  An  indicator  shows  ODA  disbursement  per 
capita.  

It  is  also  important  to  identify  the  main  sectors  of  activities  that  receive  support. 
Table  6.12  shows  this  breakdown  of  EU  ODA  per  main  sector  as  defined  by  the 
DAC.  

A  more  detailed  sector  breakdown  of  ODA  is  provided  in  Table  6.13  for 
commitments and in Table 6.14 for payments.  

Tables 6.15 and 6.16 give an overview of the ODA managed by EuropeAid, with a 
breakdown per sector and region. In these tables, the definition of region reflects the 
country groupings used in the EU instruments and corresponding budget structure.  

Tables 6.17 and 6.18 show the sector breakdown of ODA per EU external assistance 
instrument  and  sub-component  within  the  instruments,  with  the  associated  Figure 
6.19 providing a closer look. 

Finally,  Table  6.20  focuses  on  budget  support  commitments  2009  by  EuropeAid 
instruments. 

For  all  tables  and  figures,  the  reference  to  the  EU  budget  does  not  include  the 
financial contributions from the European Investment Bank. 

EN 

183 

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6.2. 

Financial tables 

Fig.6.1 Percentage of EU Budget committed on External Assistance in 2009.

External Aid 
(Budget + EDF); 
12 298 M€; 9%

EU Budget 
without External 
Aid; 130 983 M€; 
91%

Comm it ments  in € m illion

E U Bud get withou t Externa l Ai d

E xtern al Aid (Bud get + EDF)

E U Bud get + EDF

130 983  M€

12 298  M€

143 281  M€

EN 

184 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.2 Sources of External Assistance in 2009

non EuropeAid 
Budget; 3 319 
M€; 27%

EuropeAid EDF; 
3 502 M€; 28%

EuropeAid 
Budget; 5 477 
M€; 45%

Com mitm ents in € million

Euro peAi d B udge t
Euro peAi d E DF
non  Eu rope Aid Bud get

5 477 M€
3 502 M€
3 319 M€

Exte rnal Aid  (B udge t + EDF)

1 2 298 M€

EN 

185 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.3 General EU Budget for External Assistance in 2009

Total

Managed by  
E uropeAid

Manage d by ot her 
DGs

of w hich ODA

 Hea ding / Policy 
Are a

Descript ion

Commit.

Disburs.

Commit.

Disburs.

Commit.

Disburs.

Commit.

Disburs.

01 - ECFI N M acroe conomic assistance + EB RD

04 - EMP L

05 - AGRI

4

06 - ENERGY

07 - ENV

I nstrum ent for  Pr eacc ession (IPA)                          
—  Human r esource s de ve lopment
The Sapard pr e-acc ession instrume nt —  
C om pletion of the progra mme (2000 to 2006) 
C om pletion of Inte lligent energy —  Eur ope  
program me ( 2003 to 2006): e xternal strand — 
C oopener
LIF E (Europe an Fina nc ial I nstrument for the 
Environment)
I nternational fishe rie s agreeme nts

11 - FIS H
13 - REGIO P re-ac cession IP A and former  ISP A

14 - TAXUD C ustom s coope ration and inter na tiona l assistance

15 - EAC

17 - SANCO

19 - RELEX

Education
I nternational agre ements and member ship of 
inte rna tiona l or ga nisations
M ultilatera l relations, cooperation in the ar eas of 
m igration a nd asylum , a nd gener al exte rna l 
r ela tions m atter s
C om mon foreign a nd se cur ity policy
European initia tive for democrac y and huma n 
r ights (EI DHR )
R elations and coope ration with industrialised non-
m ember countries
C risis response and global thre ats to security
European Neighbourhood P olicy and re lations 
with R ussia
R elations with Latin America
R elations with Asia, Centr al Asia and East of 
Jordan c ountr ies ( 1)
P olicy str ate gy and c oordination for External 
r ela tions polic y area

20 - TRADE External trade r ela tions
21- DEV

F ood sec urity
Non-State ac tors in developme nt
Environment and sustaina ble management of 
natural re sources, including energy
Human a nd social developm ent
Geographical cooperation with ACP  C ountr ies 

81.45

76.90

16.57

65.24

81.45

76.90

16.57

65.24

81.45

76.90

16.57

65.24

127.08

259.69

127.08

259.69

121.50

4.48

1.70

1.70

1.70

3.51

6.82

3.51

6.82

1.00

3.98

157.91
287.82

1.70

27.47

0.17

149.07
705.23

1.90

22.37

0.17

157.91
287.82

149.07
705.23

0.86
253.20

1.70

27.47

0.17

1.90

22.37

0.17

19.87

2.71
176.26

0.20

18.80

51.36

60.07

51.36

60.07

51.36

56.99

242.75

315.97

242.75

315.97

219.09

288.16

153.23

122.30

153.23

122.30

153.23

118.96

28.19

15.68

28.19

15.68

256.83

215.10

120.70

99.59

136.13

115.51

210.81

182.00

1 672.67

1 463.63

1 672.67

1 463.63

355.67

308.34

355.67

308.34

881.49

727.17

881.49

727.17

41.18

24.39

15.94

13.90

11.70
1 075.86
218.56

12.34
672.54
180.85

1 075.86
218.56

672.54
180.85

176.66

81.30

176.66

81.30

143.36
301.27

112.68
256.41

143.36
301.27

112.68
256.41

25.25

11.70

10.49

12.34

1 539.85

1 356.84

355.67

302.77

869.49

709.93

22.11

18.63

5.47
1 075.86
218.56

2.35
672.54
180.31

176.66

80.96

143.36
301.27

111.88
256.41

Other c oopera tion actions and ad-hoc program mes

29.92

29.47

27.59

27.14

2.33

2.33

0.26

1.50

P olicy str ate gy and c oordination for De velopment 
a nd r elations with AC P S ta tes polic y area

18.07

15.20

9.58

5.66

8.49

9.55

18.07

14.91

22 - ELAR G M anagement of the I nstr um ent for  Pr e-Accession

1 017.23

1 160.62

1 017.23

1 160.62

1 014.67

934.27

23 - ECHO

I nform ation and comm unication str ate gy
Humanita ria n aid including aid to uprooted 
people, food aid and disaste r prepar edne ss

14.00

8.87

884.55

771.83

14.00

8.87

14.00

8.87

884.55

771.83

879.15

763.98

4

4

4

4

2
4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4
4
4

4

4
4

4

4

4

4

4

4+5 Administr ative expenditure of Exter na l assistance (2)

456.93

513.18

272.91

327.76

184.02

185.42

438.94

494.43

T OTAL

8 795.49

8 296.69

5 476.85

4 459.33

3 318.64

3 837.36

8 262.67

6 846.62

(1) Non-ODA projects related to preparatory action on business and scientific exchanges (€12 million).
(2) Includes administrative cost of EDF management charged to heading 5. 

     Total ODA (Budget + EDF) administrative cost (from headings 4 & 5 and EDF adm. envelope) shown in tables 6.13 & 6.14
Breakdown by budget line of external aid financed on the General EU Budget in 2009 (Amount in € million).

EN 

186 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.4 European Development Fund (EDF) in 2009

Instruments  ( 1)

Lom é

NIP / RIP  S ubvention s
Total ind icative pr ogram mes
Intere st-ra te  Su bsidies
E merge ncy Aid
A id fo r Refug ees
Risk Ca pital
S tab ex
S YSMIN
S tru ctur al Adjustmen t Facility
Hor s pr ogram me indicative (Lome )
Tra nsfer  6th EDF
Tra nsfer  7th EDF
Tota l

Cot onou

A  En ve lope  - Pro gram mable  Ai d
B  En ve lope
B  En ve lopp e u nforesee n
Reg iona l Pr oject
Co finan cin g
Intra ACP Pro ject
Imple mentation expe nditure  + Con go Rep. De m.
Tota l

Tota l EDF

Commitments ( 2)

Disbursem ents 
(3)

Co mmitments (2 )

Disburseme nts 
(4)

O f Which ODA

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

1 

1 

2 44 8 
47 0 
15 5 
41 0 
1 9 
-
-
3 502 

3 502 

75 
52 
-
-

0 

-
23 
1 

-

1 
1 
20 
173  

1 569 
433 
144 
716 
90 
0 
2 
2 954  

3 127  

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

1  

1 

2 448  
470  
155  
409  
19  
-
-
3  5 01 

3  5 02 

75 
52 

0 

23 
1 

-
-

-

-

1 
1 
20 
173  

1  5 37 
4 29 
1 42 
6 51 
90 

-

2 
2 851  

3 023  

Breakdown by instrument of development assistance financed on the European Development  Fund (EDF) in 2009 (amount 
in €  million).

(1) Except The Investment Facility (10th EDF) managed by the EIB
(2) Commitments 2009 have been calculated following DAC procedures :

 Total commitments made in 2009 reduced by decommitments made on projects committed in 2009
(3) Before recoveries

(4) Before recoveries - Inclunding EDF contribution to common administ rative support expenditure also included in Budget f igures.  (Fig 6.3)

EN 

187 

   EN 

 
                
                 
 
                
                 
 
                
                 
 
                
                 
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
                   
 
                
                   
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
                   
                 
                   
                 
 
                
                   
 
                
                   
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
 
                
                   
 
                
                   
 
                
                   
 
                
                   
 
                
                 
 
                
                 
                   
               
                   
               
            
            
            
            
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
               
                 
                 
                 
                 
 
                
                   
 
                
 
                
 
                
                   
 
                
                   
          
          
           
            
            
            
            
            
 
Fig.6.5 Proportion of  External Assistance used for Official Developm ent Aid (ODA)

-

50 0

1  00 0 1  5 00 2  0 00 2 5 00 3 000 3 500 4 000 4 500 5 000 5 50 0 6  00 0

Budg et Eu rope Aid

E DF

B udge t non  Eu rope Aid

ODA

non ODA

Comm it ments  in €  m illion

ODA

non O DA

Total

B udge t Eur opeA id

E DF

B udge t non  Eu rope Aid

Total

5 2 45 

3 5 02 

3 0 18 

1 1 7 64 

23 2 

1 

30 1 

53 3 

5 477  

3 502  

3 319  

12 298  

EN 

188 

   EN 

        
           
        
       
              
      
        
           
        
      
           
      
 
Comm itments  in €  m illion

Fig.6.6 2001-2009 External Assistance

13 000

12 000

11 000

10 000

9 000

8 000

7 000

6 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000

0

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

200 9

Eu rope Aid Bud get

E urop eAid EDF

non Eu rope Aid Bud get

G ran d To ta l

Disburs eme nt s in € million

13  0 00

12  0 00

11  0 00

10  0 00

9  0 00

8  0 00

7  0 00

6  0 00

5  0 00

4  0 00

3  0 00

2  0 00

1  0 00

0

200 1

2002

20 03

2004

2 005

200 6

2 007

20 08

2009

EuropeAid Budget

EuropeAid EDF

non EuropeAid Budget

Grand Total

External aid financed on the General Commission Budget and the European Development Fund (EDF) managed by EuropeAid. 

Bilateral and Multilateral ODA  / Other flows.

EN 

189 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.7 Sectoral breakdown of Official Development Assistance (ODA) 2001 - 2009

Comm it ments  in €  m illion

14 000

12 000

10 000

8 000

6 000

4 000

2 000

0

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Bilateral and Multilateral ODA flows.

9. Other/Unallocated : admin.
costs, support to NGOs,
unspecified

7. Emergency assistance,
reconstruction relief

6. Action relating to debt

5. Budget support, food aid,  food
security

4. Multisector/Crosscutting :
environment, other

3. Production : agricult ure, forestry
and fishing, industry, mining  and
construction, trade and tourism

2. Economic infrastructures  and
services : transport,
communications, energy,  other
services
1. Social infrastructures: education,
health, water, government and  civil
society,  other 

EN 

190 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.8 Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) in 2009

ODA Multilateral Aid,Total; 
125  M€; 1%

Bilateral unallocated; 
 2 000 M€; 17%

Europe;  2 030 M€;  17%

Oceania; 89 M€;  1%

America; 899 M€; 8%

Asia  : South & Central,  
Far East; 1 375 M€; 12%

Asia : Middle East;
 669 M€; 6%

Commitments in € million

Africa, North of Sahara; 
618 M€; 5%

Africa, South  of Sahara;  3 
959 M€; 33%

(  € Million )
Region (1)

Grand  total 

Man age d by Europe Aid Managed by O ther DGs

C om mitments Disbursements Commitments Disburseme nts C om mitments Disbursements

Europe
Africa, North of Sahara
Africa, South of Sahara
Asia : Middle East
Asia : South &  Central,  Far  East
America
Ocea nia
B ilateral unallocated
ODA Multilate ral Aid,Total

TOTAL ODA

2 030 
618 
3 959 
669 
1 375 
899 
89 
2 000 
125 

11 764 

1 720 
610 
3 501 
617 
1 237 
809 
59 
955 
142 

9 650 

392 
607 
3 471 
524 
1 002 
842 
87 
1 698 
124 

8 747 

325 
597 
3 067 
469 
951 
747 
58 
697 
141 

7 052 

1 638 
11 
488 
145 
373 
58 
2 
302 
1 

3 018 

1 395 
12 
434 
148 
287 
62 
2 
258 
1 

2 598 

(1 ) Fo llowing OE CD reg ion. 
Cfr ta ble "Coun try breakd own o f EC Developme nt Ai d in  2 009".

EN 

191 

   EN 

     
     
        
        
     
     
        
        
        
        
          
          
     
     
     
     
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
     
     
     
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
            
            
     
        
     
        
        
        
        
        
        
        
            
            
   
     
     
     
     
     
 
Fig.6.9 Regional distribution of aid to developing countries (ODA) 2004-2009

Comm itments  in €  m illion

E urop e
A fr ica

No rth O f S ahara
South Of Sah ara
Re gion al

A merica

A sia

No rth &  Cen tr al
South
Re gion al

Mi ddle Ea st
South & Central
Fa r E ast
Re gion al

O ceania
B ilateral un allocated
O DA Mu ltila te ral Aid,Total
TO TAL ODA

Disburs eme nt s in € Million

E urop e
A fr ica

No rth O f S ahara
South Of Sah ara
Re gion al

A merica

A sia

No rth &  Cen tr al
South
Re gion al

Mi ddle Ea st
South & Central
Fa r E ast
Re gion al

O ceania
B ilateral un allocated
O DA Mu ltila te ral Aid,Total
TO TAL ODA

20 04
996  
2 910  
480  
2 428  
2  
609  
317  
230  
63  
1 357  
398  
517  
391  
52  
52  
1 172  
441  
7 538  

20 04
733  
2 916  
558  
2 357  
2  
535  
308  
152  
75  
1 302  
511  
526  
210  
55  
54  
876  
510  
6 926  

2005
1  1 44 
4  1 43 
5 03 
3  6 40 
1 
6 05 
3 31 
2 11 
62 
1  6 41 
4 20 
8 58 
2 14 
1 49 
87 
1  1 89 
4 79 
9  2 87 

2005
7 80 
3  1 61 
5 59 
2  6 02 
0 
6 45 
3 05 
2 33 
1 07 
1  4 84 
4 20 
6 61 
2 57 
1 47 
73 
8 46 
5 08 
7  4 97 

20 06
1 532  
3 806  
543  
2 867  
396  
759  
505  
214  
40  
1 852  
587  
831  
347  
88  
32  
1 245  
605  
9 832  

20 06
1 069  
3 341  
658  
2 683  
0  
666  
365  
246  
56  
1 596  
494  
699  
295  
108  
64  
790  
602  
8 130  

2 007
1 56 5 
3 68 7 
52 1 
3 11 3 
5 3 
82 0 
38 7 
33 4 
10 0 
1 72 8 
74 3 
73 9 
16 4 
8 1 
14 1 
1 58 6 
43 1 
9 95 9 

2 007
1 06 2 
3 77 9 
69 2 
3 02 4 
6 3 
77 6 
45 4 
27 5 
4 7 
1 49 6 
57 4 
60 4 
26 3 
5 5 
5 2 
85 6 
47 2 
8 49 3 

200 8
2 0 93 
5 2 72 
5 46 
4 7 26 
-
6 42 
3 29 
3 12 
2 
1 9 46 
7 35 
8 86 
2 33 
91 
19 
1 5 86 
3 66 
1 1 9 23 

200 8
1 2 42 
4 0 03 
5 70 
3 4 33 
1 
7 69 
4 15 
3 14 
40 
1 8 50 
7 09 
8 58 
2 50 
33 
65 
1 0 25 
2 39 
9 1 94 

20 09
2 030  
4 577  
618  
3 929  
30  
899  
621  
260  
19  
2 043  
669  
1 024  
295  
56  
89  
2 000  
125  
11 764  

20 09
1 720  
4 111  
610  
3 478  
23  
809  
441  
348  
20  
1 854  
617  
908  
266  
63  
59  
955  
292  
9 800  

B ilateral an d Mu ltila te ral ODA flows.
(1 ) Fo llowing OE CD re gion. 
Cfr ta ble "Cou ntr y brea kdown of E U Develo pment Aid in 200 9".

EN 

192 

   EN 

       
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
    
    
    
    
    
    
           
           
       
         
 
        
         
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
         
         
         
       
           
         
    
    
    
    
    
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
         
       
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
       
         
         
    
    
    
    
    
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
    
    
    
    
  
  
       
       
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
    
    
    
    
    
    
           
           
           
         
           
         
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
         
       
         
         
         
         
    
    
    
    
    
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
         
       
       
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
         
       
       
       
       
    
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
    
    
    
    
    
    
 
Fig.6.10 Country breakdown of EU Development Aid in 2009

( € Million )

Country/Region

Total

M anaged by Europe Aid Mana ge d by Other DG's

Com mit.

Disbu r.

Commit.

Disbur .

Commit.

Disbur.

P art  I : De veloping Countrie s & Territorie s (ODA)

E urop e, Total
Alba nia
Bela rus
Bosnia  a nd Herzegovina
Croatia
Kosovo (1)
fYRoM
Repub lic o f Moldo va  (2 )
Montene gro
Ser bia
Turkey
Ukraine
States o f ex-Yu goslavia unsp ecif.
Eur ope, Re gion al

A fr ica , Total

North Of S aha ra, Total

Alge ria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
North Of S aha ra, Reg ional

Sou th O f Sah ara, Total

Ang ola
Ben in
Botswana
Bur ki na Faso
Bur undi
Camer oon
Cape Ve rde
Central African  Rep .
Chad
Comor os
Congo , Dem. Re p.
Congo , Rep.
Cote d 'Ivoire
Djibou ti
Equ atorial Gu inea
Eritrea
Ethiop ia
Ga bon
Ga mbia
Gh ana
Gu inea
Gu inea- Bissau
Ken ya
Lesotho
Libe ria
Madag ascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritan ia
Mauritius
Mayo tte
Mozambiqu e
Namibia
Niger
Nigeri a
Rwa nda
St.Hel ena
Sao  Tom e &  P rincipe
Sen egal

2 03 0.49
8 2.14
1 2.20
11 1.26
13 9.04
21 9.59
7 7.89
6 3.21
3 1.29
18 5.42
53 3.26
15 5.00

42 0.20
4 57 7.38
61 8.49
4 6.58
14 0.03

14 6.08
7 7.03
20 8.76
3 92 8.90
1 4.05
7 3.38
6 5.56
6 0.24
5 8.49
7 8.22
1 1.50
7 1.21
9 1.52
3 0.44
41 7.69
7.62
6 9.06
1.35

6 2.99
10 0.91
3.71
2.65
6 4.04
5.33
2 8.53
20 7.98
4.00
11 4.41
2.81
8 7.36
13 0.38
2.09
10 7.48

2 8.68
2.07
8.81
1.57
10 3.92

1 5.60
7 7.15

1 719.57
51.65
7.99
54.79
93.88
215.75
39.21
76.31
11.03
221.67
571.16
138.18
3.77
234.18
4 110.91
609.76
59.44
147.01
7.38
203.35
77.64
114.93
3 477.74
27.94
105.31
23.34
119.89
94.23
42.54
16.20
39.27
85.45
10.94
179.08
18.80
51.60
7.37
2.31
30.81
148.23
6.63
10.95
119.86
29.58
47.06
54.77
11.58
42.77
39.95
60.40
73.34
25.24
66.91
0.87
146.95
23.43
45.51
58.76
75.13
1.09
2.58
96.56

193 

392 .3 5

12 .2 0

57 .0 0

154 .5 0

168 .6 5
4 078 .2 4
607 .3 6
35 .6 0
140 .0 0

146 .0 0
77 .0 0
208 .7 6
3 440 .8 8
13 .5 0
73 .3 7
65 .0 0
60 .2 2
42 .4 9
78 .2 0
11 .5 0
69 .2 1
59 .5 0
30 .4 4
348 .1 2
7 .6 0
69 .0 4

58 .5 6
62 .8 8
3 .7 0
2 .6 5
64 .0 2
5 .3 3
26 .9 9
172 .2 5
4 .0 0
102 .4 0
2 .8 0
86 .8 0
130 .3 5
2 .0 8
107 .4 7

27 .1 1
1 .5 0
8 .8 0

103 .9 1

15 .6 0
77 .1 4

3 24.84
1.97
7.99
1.53
1.33

1.18
74.61

4.26
2.07
1 37.67
0.47
91.76
3  6 64.77
5 97.34
48.90
1 46.84
7.10
2 03.12
76.66
1 14.73
3  0 45.53
27.93
1 05.30
23.23
1 10.63
77.23
42.24
15.97
32.13
52.48
9.99
1 07.80
18.78
50.90
7.37
1.56
29.05
1 25.45
6.62
10.95
1 19.82
29.58
42.67
32.30
11.42
31.50
39.18
60.13
70.49
23.52
66.90
0.87
1 46.32
23.27
37.92
56.05
75.12
1.09
2.58
95.54

EN 

1 638.15
82.14

1 39 4.7 3
4 9.6 8

111.26
139.04
219.59
77.89
6.21
31.29
185.42
533.26
0.50

251.55
499.14
11.13
10.98
0.03

0.08
0.03

488.01
0.55
0.01
0.56
0.02
16.00
0.02
0.00
2.00
32.02

69.57
0.02
0.02
1.35

4.43
38.03
0.01

5 3.2 6
9 2.5 5
21 5.7 5
3 8.0 3
1.7 0
1 1.0 3
21 7.4 1
56 9.0 9
0.5 1
3.3 0
14 2.4 2
44 6.1 4
1 2.4 2
1 0.5 4
0.1 7
0.2 8
0.2 4
0.9 8
0.2 0
43 2.2 1
0.0 0
0.0 0
0.1 1
9.2 6
1 7.0 0
0.3 1
0.2 3
7.1 4
3 2.9 7
0.9 5
7 1.2 8
0.0 2
0.7 0

0.7 4
1.7 5
2 2.7 8
0.0 0

0.02

0.0 4

1.54
35.73
0.00
12.01
0.01
0.56
0.03
0.00
0.01

1.57
0.57
0.01
1.57
0.00

4.3 8
2 2.4 7
0.1 7
1 1.2 7
0.7 7
0.2 7
2.8 5
1.7 2
0.0 1

0.6 3
0.1 6
7.5 9
2.7 1
0.0 0

0.01

1.0 1

   EN 

 
Seychelle s
Sier ra Leon e
Soma lia
Sou th  Africa
Sud an
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Ugand a
Zambia
Zimbab we
Sou th  O f Sa hara, Region al

Africa, Re giona l

A merica, To ta l

North & Ce ntral, To tal

Ang uilla
Antigu a &  B arbu da
Bar bado s
Belize
Costa  Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican  Re public
El Salvad or
Gre nada
Gu ate mala
Haiti
Hondu ras
Jamaica
Mexico
Montserra t
Nicarag ua
Pan ama
St.K itts-Nevis
St.L ucia
St.V incent & G ren adine s
Trinid ad & Tobag o
We st In dies, Reg ional
N. & C. Ame rica, Reg ional

Sou th, Total
Arg entina
Bolivia
Bra zil
Chile
Colomb ia
Ecuad or
Gu yana
Par agua y
Per u
Sur iname
Urugu ay
Ven ezu ela
Sou th  Am erica, Re giona l

Amer ica, Regio nal

1 9.15
1 8.43
7 7.46
12 8.25
11 7.39
2 1.89
41 8.69
2 7.14
15 5.45
4 1.82
5 8.76
63 1.70
3 0.00
89 9.42
62 0.91

3.40
1.48
2 4.94
4.00
3 5.12
0.00
8.02
4 8.91
5.30
4 3.96
28 9.30
2.02
2 2.86
1 0.05

3 2.56
1 0.58
1 1.10
0.12
0.04
1 0.77

5 6.37
26 0.01
4.43
4 4.72
1 7.17
0.03
2 3.24
3 0.38
2 3.30
0.03
6 4.85
1 7.50
0.72
8.80
2 4.85
1 8.50

8.66
78.23
73.18
110.12
162.17
10.81
99.39
34.89
91.14
109.51
57.24
599.21
23.41
808.69
440.61

0.37
5.59
7.12
4.95
12.12
16.19
47.50
17.85
10.63
20.08
73.93
28.58
75.92
4.42
4.00
33.16
1.54
1.83
11.61
9.39
1.25
0.27
52.31
347.64
16.20
56.42
13.58
7.74
32.56
44.84
37.50
22.31
52.70
19.25
8.37
2.40
33.76
20.44

19 .1 5
18 .4 2
30 .0 0
127 .6 8
0 .3 0
21 .8 9
408 .6 6
27 .1 2
131 .4 8
41 .1 3
21 .8 1
598 .7 0
30 .0 0
841 .6 5
593 .5 1

3 .4 0
1 .4 6
24 .9 4
4 .0 0
20 .6 0
0 .0 0
8 .0 0
48 .4 0
5 .3 0
42 .6 0
278 .9 8
2 .0 0
22 .8 5
10 .0 0

32 .0 0
10 .5 8
11 .1 0
0 .1 2
0 .0 4
10 .7 6

56 .3 7
229 .6 3
4 .4 0
40 .6 9
17 .0 6

9 .1 3
26 .4 0
23 .2 9

62 .8 3
17 .5 0
0 .6 9
4 .8 0
22 .8 5
18 .5 0

8.66
77.36
36.57
1 09.90
43.17
10.72
91.31
34.74
73.24
1 08.96
31.75
5 97.27
21.90
7 46.86
4 08.36

0.37
5.58
6.80
4.85
6.23
16.19
45.46
16.86
10.63
19.18
59.36
28.30
75.90
4.37
4.00
26.35
1.51
1.83
11.61
9.39
1.04
0.27
52.28
3 18.05
14.74
50.09
13.47
7.71
20.66
42.21
37.49
21.52
49.52
19.24
8.34
1.71
31.34
20.44

0.01
47.46
0.57
117.08
0.00
10.03
0.02
23.97
0.69
36.94
33.00

57.78
27.40

0.01

0.00
14.52

0.02
0.51

1.36
10.32
0.02
0.01
0.05

0.56

0.8 7
3 6.6 2
0.2 2
11 9.0 0
0.0 9
8.0 9
0.1 5
1 7.8 9
0.5 5
2 5.4 9
1.9 4
1.5 1
6 1.8 3
3 2.2 5

0.0 1
0.3 2
0.1 0
5.8 9

2.0 5
0.9 9

0.9 0
1 4.5 7
0.2 9
0.0 1
0.0 5

6.8 1
0.0 2

0.00

0.2 1

30.38
0.03
4.03
0.11
0.03
14.11
3.98
0.01
0.03
2.02
0.00
0.03
4.00
2.00

0.0 3
2 9.5 8
1.4 5
6.3 3
0.1 1
0.0 3
1 1.9 0
2.6 3
0.0 1
0.7 9
3.1 8
0.0 0
0.0 3
0.6 9
2.4 2

EN 

194 

   EN 

 
A sia , Total

Middle  Ea st, To ta l

Bah rain
Ir an
Ir aq
Jorda n
Leb anon
Oma n
Occupie d Palestinia n ter rito ry
Syria
Yeme n
Middle  E ast, Re giona l
Sou th & Centr. Asia, Total

Afgha nista n
Arme nia
Azerba ijan
Ban glade sh
Bhu ta n
Ge orgia
In dia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Rep.
Maldives
Myan mar (Bu rma)
Nepal
Pakistan
Sri La nka
Tajikistan
Turkme nista n
Uzb ekistan
Central Asia, Region al
Sou th  Asia , Regio nal
Sou th  & Centra l A sia , Regio nal

Far East, Total
Cambo dia
China
In done sia
Kor ea, Dem .
Lao s
Malaysia
Mongo lia
Phili ppine s
Thaila nd
Timor- Leste
Viet Nam
Far East A si a, Regio nal

Asia, Re giona l

O ceania , Total

Cook Islan ds
Fiji
Kirib ati
Marshal l Island s
Microne sia , Fed. Sts.
Nauru
Niue
Pala u
Pap ua New G uine a
Samo a
Solo mon Isla nds
Tokela u
Tong a
Tuvalu
Van uatu
Wa llis & Futuna
Ocea nia, Re giona l

B ilateral un allocated

Pa rt I ( ODA)  Bila teral, Total

2 04 3.21
66 8.63

1 854.49
616.99

1 525 .9 5
524 .1 2

1  4 19.59
4 69.04

517.25
144.51

43 4.9 0
14 7.9 5

42 .0 4
68 .0 0
43 .0 0

301 .0 8
40 .0 0
27 .0 0
3 .0 0
689 .3 8
211 .0 0
35 .7 0
20 .0 0
85 .1 0

73 .4 0

20 .6 0
4 .0 0
18 .5 0
26 .3 5
105 .0 0

22 .7 5

11 .0 0
46 .7 7
4 .0 0
5 .2 0
256 .9 1
4 .2 1
21 .0 0
150 .0 0
9 .0 0

2 .0 0
43 .7 0
13 .5 0
3 .5 0
10 .0 0

55 .5 5
86 .6 0

4 .1 0

2 .3 0
2 .5 5

0 .6 6
15 .3 0
9 .9 6

0 .9 0
4 .4 0
10 .1 0

36 .3 4
1 697 .9 9
8 622 .7 8

7.29
6 2.05
6 8.03
4 8.19

39 9.78
4 8.78
3 1.52
3.00
1 02 3.65
26 9.83
7 2.76
2 0.62
9 8.13

15 0.69
1 7.64
0.08
2 0.61
4.00
3 3.05
3 2.38
20 0.19
1 3.64
2 3.08

1 1.00
4 6.77
4.00
5.20
29 5.37
6.85
2 1.51
15 5.00
9.00
4.10
0.08
2.00
5 9.68
1 9.71
3.52
1 3.91

5 5.55
8 8.84

0.39
4.10

2.30
2.55

1.74
1 5.30
1 0.33

0.90
4.40
1 0.48

3 6.34
2 00 0.34
11 63 9.70

1.43
53.07
60.88
52.35

386.57
43.33
16.95
2.41
907.72
286.65
27.90
8.97
94.92
2.34
120.56
71.57
9.57
20.70
2.70
55.16
31.46
69.67
42.43
26.76
2.85
4.36
19.07
8.44
1.62
266.33
32.66
32.11
81.46
2.46
18.21
0.43
3.88
36.24
15.40
7.37
36.11

63.45
59.16
0.21
9.23
1.40
1.01
1.19
0.66
0.24
0.43
23.27
6.44
2.68

0.54
0.29
2.00
0.13
9.45
954.78
9 507.60

195 

0.48
28.97
57.27
31.98

2 94.02
39.56
14.36
2.41
6 57.90
2 03.91
26.05
8.56
73.91
1.95
73.83
62.36
9.51
19.01
2.70
29.10
24.06
34.27
26.80
25.85
2.85
4.23
18.90
8.44
1.62
2 29.26
29.69
31.35
76.74
2.31
15.16
0.38
3.88
24.69
4.16
6.95
33.94

63.39
57.51
0.21
8.85
1.40
1.01
1.19
0.66
0.24
0.43
22.90
6.44
1.78

7.29
20.02
0.03
5.18

98.70
8.78
4.52

334.28
58.83
37.06
0.62
13.03

77.29
17.64
0.08
0.01

14.55
6.02
95.19
13.64
0.33

38.46
2.65
0.51
5.00

4.10
0.08

15.98
6.21
0.02
3.91

2.24

0.39

0.9 5
2 4.1 0
3.6 1
2 0.3 8

9 2.5 5
3.7 7
2.5 9

24 9.8 2
8 2.7 4
1.8 5
0.4 1
2 1.0 1
0.3 9
4 6.7 3
9.2 2
0.0 6
1.6 9

2 6.0 6
7.4 0
3 5.4 0
1 5.6 3
0.9 2

0.1 3
0.1 6

3 7.0 7
2.9 7
0.7 5
4.7 3
0.1 5
3.0 4
0.0 6

1 1.5 4
1 1.2 4
0.4 2
2.1 6

0.0 6
1.6 5

0.3 7

1.09

0.38

0.3 7

0.9 0

0.54
0.29
1.99
0.13
9.45
6 97.17
6  9 10.73

0.38

0.0 0

302.36
3 016.92

25 7.6 2
2 59 6.8 7

   EN 

EN 

 
P ublic Private Partne rships
United  Nation s
UNRW A
UNDP
WFP
WHO
FAO

W orld  Ba nk Grou p
W orld  Tra de Org anisation
Reg iona l Develo pment Ban ks
O th er Multilateral Institutions

GFTAM

O th ers

7 4.53
6 7.00

92.10
66.00

73 .7 6
67 .0 0

91.37
66.00

0.77

0.7 2

1.03

0.49

0 .2 6

0.13

0.77

0.3 5

5 0.00
5 0.00

200.00
200.00

50 .0 0
50 .0 0

2 00.00
2 00.00

P art I (ODA) Multilateral Aid,Total

12 4.53

292.10

123 .7 6

2 91.37

0.77

0.7 2

P art I (ODA), Total

11 76 4.23

9 799.70

8 746 .5 4

7  2 02.10

3 017.69

2 59 7.6 0

P art  II: Countrie s a nd Territorie s in Tra ns ition ( non ODA)

Mor e Advanced  Develo ping Coun tr ies

1.53

Aru ba
Bah amas
Ber muda
Bru nei
Caym an Islan ds
Taiwan
Falkland  Island s
French Po lyne si a
Gib raltar
Hong Ko ng, Ch ina
Isra el
Kor ea
Kuwait
Macao
Netherla nds Antilles
New Cale don ia
Northern  Ma riana s
Qa tar
Sau di Arab ia
Sing apor e
Turks & Ca ico s Islands
United Ara b E mirates
Virg in Islan ds (UK )
MADCT Una llocated

29.82
0.90

1 .5 0

29.82
0.90

0.03

4.15

0.04
0.14

4.15

0.04
0.14

1.50
0.03

3.17

1 .5 0

3.17

0.03

20.72
0.70

20.72
0.70

0.01

0.01

CEE C's/NIS

1 1.56

71.70

6 .1 0

64.91

5.46

Bulg aria
Cypr us
Cze ch  Rep ublic
Estonia
Hunga ry
Latvia
Lithua nia
Malta
Pola nd
Roman ia
Russia
Slovak Repu blic
Sloven ia
CEECs Un allocated
CEECs/NIS Unallo cate d

2.18
0.28

0.75
0.02
0.49

0.44
0.41
62.91
0.17
0.33
3.71

7.90

3.66

Part II ( Non-O A)  Bila teral Aid, Tota l

1 3.10

101.52

0.10

0.42
0.02
0.49

0.35
0.41
62.91
0.14
0.06

94.73

2 .5 0

3 .6 0

7 .6 1

5.40

0.06

5.49

6.7 9

2.1 8
0.1 8

0.3 2

0.0 9

0.0 3
0.2 7
3.7 1

6.7 9

EN 

196 

   EN 

 
Pa rt  II (non-ODA) Multilateral Aid, Total

EBRD

Part II (non- ODA) , Total

1 3.10

101.52

7 .6 1

94.73

5.49

6.7 9

Grand Tota l Part I & Part II

11 77 7.32

9 901.22

8 754 .1 5

7  2 96.83

3 023.18

2 60 4.3 9

Bre akdown by cou ntr y/regi on of e xtern al aid finance d o n the  G ene ral Commission Bu dget and the Eur opea n 
Developm ent Fun d (EDF) in 2009 .
Bilater al and Multilatera l O DA  / non- ODA flows.
(1) UNSCR 1 244 /99
(2) he nceforth Moldova

Disburs ements  in €  m illion

Fig.6.11 ODA Recipient by main OECD sector in 2009

ODA per Capita 
(Euro / Capita) 
(1)

Total

Social 
Infrastruc-    

tures

Economic 
Infrastructu-  
re & Services

Production

Multisector 
Cross      
cutting

Budget 
Support, 
Food Aid/ 
Security

Action 
relating to 
debt

Humanita-  
rian Aid

Other / 
Unallocated

Lea st Developed Countries  (LDC)

Afgh anista n
An gola
Ba nglad esh
Be nin
Bh uta n
Bu rkina Faso
Bu rundi
Cambo dia
Central African  Rep .
Chad
Comor os
Cong o, Dem. Re p.
Djibo uti
Eq uatorial Gu inea
Eri tre a
Ethiop ia
Ga mbia
Gu inea
Gu inea- Bissau
Haiti
Kir ibati
La os
Le so tho
Lib eria
Mada gascar
Malawi
Maldives
Mali
Maur ita nia
Mozambiq ue
Mya nmar (Bu rma)
Nepa l
Niger
Rwanda
Sa moa
Sa o To me & P rincipe
Se nega l
Sie rra Leo ne
So lomon Isl ands
So malia
Su dan
Tanzan ia
Timor -Leste
Togo
Tuvalu
Ugan da
Va nuatu
Yem en
Zambia
So uth  O f Sa hara , Region al - L DC's
Asia, Re gion al -  L DC's
Total Le ast Deve loped 
Count ries

9 .8 4 
1 .4 7 
0 .5 8 
11 .4 3 
3 .3 0 
7 .3 6 
11 .0 6 
2 .1 7 
8 .7 2 
7 .4 3 
15 .8 2 
2 .6 4 
8 .3 9 
3 .3 2 
5 .9 0 
1 .7 4 
6 .2 5 
2 .8 7 
28 .5 6 
7 .2 6 
14 .0 2 
2 .8 3 
5 .5 6 
10 .4 3 
1 .9 8 
3 .8 5 
8 .6 2 
5 .5 0 
7 .5 0 
6 .2 8 
1 .0 9 
1 .0 5 
2 .8 6 
7 .3 1 
35 .9 9 
15 .6 2 
7 .5 1 
13 .4 0 
5 .0 0 
7 .8 2 
3 .7 5 
2 .2 1 
6 .3 0 
5 .1 5 
29 .5 0 
2 .7 0 
8 .1 3 
0 .7 0 
8 .2 6 

286.65
27.94
94.92
105.31
2.34
119.89
94.23
32.66
39.27
85.45
10.94
179.08
7.37
2.31
30.81
148.23
10.95
29.58
47.06
73.93
1.40
18.21
11.58
42.77
39.95
60.40
2.70
73.34
25.24
146.95
55.16
31.46
45.51
75.13
6.44
2.58
96.56
78.23
2.68
73.18
162.17
99.39
7.37
34.89
0.29
91.14
2.00
16.95
109.51

206 .4 0
19 .3 1
30 .4 7
18 .8 5
0 .1 6
11 .5 4
13 .7 9
15 .1 2
7 .3 9
18 .4 5
2 .3 0
65 .4 7
2 .8 1
1 .1 9
12 .7 9
41 .0 9
2 .3 8
4 .7 8
10 .7 3
16 .3 2
1 .4 0
3 .2 8
10 .5 3
3 .1 5
11 .1 8
21 .1 9
0 .4 3
24 .6 5
3 .1 3
45 .2 3
11 .7 9
15 .8 1
13 .5 4
9 .5 6
6 .4 4
0 .9 8
9 .6 0
23 .6 4
1 .1 5
14 .7 0
18 .7 2
29 .9 8
2 .2 2
19 .1 4

15 .1 9
0 .7 9
6 .7 8
22 .8 6

2.38
0.06

2 1.05

1 0.93
2 3.54
1.83
6.34
2 7.42
1.34
3 7.00
4.56

2.06
3 5.68
7.23
1 7.38
1 1.66
1 1.03

0.01

3.55
6.40
1 0.66

3.46
1 2.52
1 8.09
0.10
2.08
1 2.20
1 3.02

1.09
3 9.62
1 8.86

1.09
0.12
6.03

0.18

1 8.91
0.02
0.04
7.22

23 .51
5 .78
8 .65
11 .53
1 .05
12 .79
2 .99
4 .50
1 .11
1 .89

10 .70

5 .68
3 .49
1 .27
2 .85
0 .51
2 .94

3 .21
0 .26
3 .16
13 .62
6 .52
0 .08
5 .95
2 .44
15 .48
2 .36
0 .26
4 .85
6 .53

0 .06
3 .87
0 .77

8 .41
13 .07
4 .49

0 .58

0 .32
0 .21
3 .46
6 .12

5 .13
1 .87
7 .70
7 .58
0 .74
0 .84
3 .28
3 .52
2 .25
2 .22
0 .02
11 .51

0 .19
0 .04
0 .18
0 .06
0 .07
0 .69
1 .16

0 .66
0 .02
9 .81
0 .86
6 .10
0 .03
2 .34
0 .39
0 .87

0 .53
2 .01
0 .48

11 .69
0 .97
1 .27
0 .09
0 .42
0 .16
2 .68
1 .46

0 .12

0 .18
3 .30

7.0 3
0.6 1
2 2.8 1
4 6.2 7

7 4.5 2
3 7.1 4
4.3 8
1 6.5 5
0.9 4
7.2 7
2.6 4

4.0 2
3 6.9 3

4.0 9
2 3.1 6
1 5.2 0

7.7 5
0.6 1
4.3 0
3.6 6
1 5.5 9

3 2.6 9
2.7 8
6 6.1 1
1 4.9 6
3.5 7
3.4 6
4 5.4 4

0.4 2
3 0.3 9
3 3.5 9

1.6 4
6.7 0
5 0.5 2
1.9 4
9.8 2

3 1.2 9
0.7 3
3.6 4
6 8.1 5

41 .9 0
0 .1 7
24 .4 2

0 .3 9
9 .2 5
13 .0 5
2 .9 0
5 .5 1
33 .0 0

51 .7 3

0 .7 4
6 .1 9
30 .7 7

0 .2 8
0 .2 2
25 .9 8

3 .0 3
0 .1 6
11 .4 5
3 .9 7
0 .2 7
2 .1 7
3 .2 1
3 .3 1
1 .0 2
25 .8 0
8 .9 0
9 .2 0
0 .0 0

1 .0 0
0 .2 8
0 .2 2
47 .2 5
123 .1 3
8 .0 6
0 .4 1
0 .1 4
0 .2 8
25 .2 6

2 .5 8
1 .3 8

0.03

7.34

3.13

0 .2 9
0 .1 4
0 .8 7
0 .0 2

0 .0 2
0 .4 4
0 .4 0
0 .1 0
1 .5 4

0 .0 1

0 .1 8
0 .0 2
0 .0 8

0 .1 4
0 .0 8
1 .3 0

0 .2 7
0 .0 0
0 .0 1
0 .2 5
0 .0 7

1 .0 4
0 .6 7
0 .1 6
0 .1 5
0 .3 1
0 .2 6
0 .1 0

0 .0 3
0 .3 8
0 .1 2
0 .0 5

0 .0 1
0 .1 6
0 .1 1
0 .4 4
0 .0 2
0 .0 6
0 .2 5
0 .2 8
0 .4 8

3 .3 3 

2 842.07

848 .4 1

39 6.77

207 .31

95 .49

74 3.3 2

10.49

528 .9 6

11 .3 1

EN 

197 

   EN 

 
          
          
          
        
          
          
        
          
          
          
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
        
          
        
          
          
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
        
        
          
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
        
          
          
          
          
          
 
O ther Low Inc ome Countries (OLIC)

Cote d'Ivoire
Gh ana
Ke nya
Ko rea, De m.
Kyrgyz Rep.
Niger ia
Pa ki stan
Pa pua New G uine a
Tajikistan
Uzb ekista n
Vie t Nam
Zimbab we

Total Other Low  Income  
Countries

2 .3 9 
4 .9 3 
1 .3 4 
0 .1 0 
3 .7 3 
0 .3 7 
0 .3 8 
3 .3 8 
3 .7 8 
0 .1 6 
0 .4 1 
4 .5 3 

51.60
119.86
54.77
2.46
20.70
58.76
69.67
23.27
26.76
4.36
36.11
57.24

31 .0 6
51 .4 6
9 .7 7
0 .5 9
14 .8 2
54 .9 1
17 .9 6
14 .3 2
16 .5 1
3 .6 5
14 .1 6
19 .4 8

3.67
1 8.80
1.03

1.81
0.59
0.00

0.09

0.21
0.35

11 .59
11 .97
4 .82
0 .68
1 .21
0 .53
2 .85
5 .06
0 .86

4 .90
3 .80

0 .16
1 .44
3 .65

0 .10
0 .07
0 .20

7 .24
0 .15
1 .12
4 .07

3 5.7 9
5.0 9
1.0 5
2.1 4

5.3 7

0.8 8

1 3.0 0
4.5 2

4 .9 5

29 .9 8
0 .1 2
0 .1 1
2 .4 9
43 .2 6
2 .0 8
0 .9 2
0 .1 3
2 .2 0
24 .9 8

0 .8 7 

525.58

248 .6 9

2 6.54

48 .27

18 .20

6 7.8 4

111 .2 3

Lowe r Middle Inc om e Countrie s (LMIC)

Alb ania
Alg eria
Arm enia
Azerb aijan
Bo livia
Bo sn ia and Herzegovina
Camer oon
Cape  V erde
China
Colom bia
Cong o, Rep.
Cuba
Domin ica n Re public
Ecua dor
Eg ypt
El Sal vad or
Ge orgia
Gu atemala
Gu yan a
Hond uras
India
Indon esia
Iran
Iraq
Jamaica
Jord an
Ko so vo  (2 )
fYRoM
Marsha ll Island s
Microne si a, Fed. Sts.
Repu blic o f Moldo va
Mong olia
Moro cco
Namib ia
Nicarag ua
Niue
occupie d Palestinian  terri tor y
Pa ragua y
Pe ru
Ph ilippine s
Sri  La nka
Swaziland
Syria
Thai land
Tokela u
Tong a
Tuni sia
Turkme nista n
Ukrain e
Wa llis &  Futuna

16 .3 0 
1 .6 8 
9 .0 3 
1 .0 0 
5 .6 2 
14 .5 7 
2 .1 3 
31 .6 1 
0 .0 2 
0 .7 0 
5 .0 0 
1 .0 8 
4 .6 5 
3 .2 6 
1 .7 4 
2 .8 8 
28 .5 7 
1 .4 0 
49 .2 5 
3 .7 5 
0 .0 6 
0 .3 5 
0 .0 2 
1 .6 9 
27 .8 1 
9 .4 1 
119 .5 4 
19 .1 9 
15 .8 9 
10 .6 8 
21 .3 4 
1 .4 4 
6 .2 8 
10 .5 9 
5 .7 0 
169 .5 8 
87 .6 7 
3 .4 5 
1 .7 9 
0 .3 9 
2 .0 8 
9 .0 0 
1 .9 3 
0 .2 3 
-
5 .2 0 
7 .4 8 
0 .5 5 
3 .0 4 
8 .2 4 

51.65
59.44
27.90
8.97
56.42
54.79
42.54
16.20
32.11
32.56
18.80
12.12
47.50
44.84
147.01
17.85
120.56
20.08
37.50
28.58
71.57
81.46
1.43
53.07
75.92
60.88
215.75
39.21
1.01
1.19
76.31
3.88
203.35
23.43
33.16
0.24
386.57
22.31
52.70
36.24
42.43
10.81
43.33
15.40

0.54
77.64
2.85
138.18
0.13

32 .4 8
17 .4 6
20 .9 1
5 .8 1
18 .9 9
40 .1 5
8 .0 5
4 .7 3
22 .2 4
10 .8 8
2 .3 8
0 .5 3
16 .1 5
31 .7 8
101 .7 4
14 .4 1
46 .1 0
13 .1 2
3 .2 0
2 .7 5
54 .1 2
21 .3 6
0 .3 6
20 .1 1
15 .9 0
45 .5 5
191 .9 2
20 .8 1
0 .0 0
0 .0 0
60 .1 3
0 .7 6
116 .7 4
15 .0 1
13 .4 6
0 .0 0
246 .4 4
12 .4 4
37 .3 5
11 .8 1
20 .5 9
6 .0 4
25 .5 7
4 .0 5

0 .1 0
41 .1 1
2 .3 1
51 .7 8
0 .1 3

3.96
6.34
2.73
1.16
1 1.15
7.01
2 3.82
0.34
0.90

1 4.26

3.55
1.66
2 8.11
0.18
3.09
2.30

1.35
0.35
3.11

2 3.36
2.77
1 6.37
0.94
0.56
0.52
1 3.95

6 0.90
4.00
1.36
0.24
9.72

4.41

6.07
0.37
1.83

3.80
0.01
6 5.66

9 .98
6 .53
0 .05
1 .30
12 .33
4 .73
5 .73
0 .26
3 .05
3 .69
0 .28
6 .31
6 .24
6 .07
2 .28
1 .98
1 .38
0 .56
22 .61
7 .15
1 .19
4 .26

7 .73
5 .81
1 .69
3 .15

1 .67
3 .02
4 .24
0 .02
2 .48

4 .43
1 .51
6 .35
5 .85
0 .40
4 .12
10 .15
0 .44

4 .70

7 .33

4 .41
18 .47
1 .03

3 .61
0 .85
3 .13
3 .92
4 .52
0 .01
1 .68
0 .19
0 .33
2 .50
14 .03
0 .03
1 .45
0 .42
5 .28
16 .63
6 .28
0 .59

14 .00
1 .12
1 .81
0 .78
12 .15
0 .01
0 .03
0 .23
0 .09
5 .75
4 .13
2 .50

3 .85
0 .39
1 .38
0 .87
0 .06
0 .19
0 .13

3 .72
0 .16
12 .09

0.0 2

3.0 3

6.8 0

1.5 0
6.7 1
0.0 3

1 8.5 0

0.0 4
1 5.4 1
2.6 1
6.3 4
0.2 7

2 7.5 0
1.0 0

1 5.5 4

6.0 6

2 6.6 7
6.5 9

6.2 2

0.0 5

2 4.0 9

0 .0 4
10 .5 9

0 .4 0
3 .0 0
0 .2 3
0 .2 9
0 .2 3
0 .5 1
17 .8 8
0 .1 7
5 .0 7
2 .6 5
2 .8 1

0 .9 7
52 .5 0
0 .8 7

0 .3 5
9 .0 7
51 .8 8
1 .0 7
18 .9 5

3 .6 1

0 .4 3
0 .5 5
0 .1 8

0 .1 4
6 .8 5

94 .4 6
0 .7 6
3 .1 6
11 .3 8
15 .1 1
0 .0 9
5 .5 4
10 .7 2

0 .4 4

0 .0 7

5.00

0 .1 8
0 .4 0
0 .4 3
0 .0 3
0 .5 1
0 .1 7
0 .0 3
1 .8 2
0 .2 6
0 .4 3
0 .5 2
0 .0 4

4 .8 1

0 .7 6
0 .0 6
0 .1 6
0 .3 0
0 .5 4
1 .8 1
0 .0 2

0 .8 7
0 .1 0
0 .0 3
0 .0 2
0 .0 7
0 .0 2
0 .8 5
0 .2 5
0 .6 4
0 .2 1
0 .0 7
0 .0 7
0 .5 6
0 .2 7

0 .0 0
0 .3 0
0 .3 4

2 .1 7

0 .0 8
0 .1 5

0 .1 9
0 .1 3
0 .4 6

1 .0 1
0 .6 1
0 .0 5
0 .1 0
0 .1 9
0 .0 0
0 .0 9
0 .1 4

0 .2 2
0 .3 7
1 .2 6

Total Low er M iddle  Income 
Countries

0 .7 4 

2 648.43

1 449 .8 5

33 2.20

183 .07

154 .79

17 4.9 7

5.00

333 .0 2

15 .5 4  

EN 

198 

   EN 

          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
        
          
          
          
          
        
          
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
        
          
        
          
          
          
          
          
        
          
      
        
        
        
        
          
          
        
          
      
        
          
          
          
          
          
          
          
 
            
          
          
          
          
          
          
Upper Middle  Income Countries (UMIC)

An guilla
An tigu a & B arbu da
Arg entina
Ba rbado s
Be larus
Be lize
Bo tswana
Bra zil
Chile
Cook Isla nds
Costa Rica
Croa tia
Domin ica
Fiji
Ga bon
Gr enad a
Ka zakh stan
Le bano n
Lib ya
Malaysia
Maur itiu s
Mayotte
Mexico
Monten egro
Montserra t
Naur u
Om an
Pa lau
Pa nama
Se rbia
Se ychelle s
So uth  A fri ca
Su riname
St.He lena
St.Kitts-Nevis
St.Lucia
St.Vincent & Gren adine s
Trini dad & Tobag o
Turke y
Urug uay
Ve nezuela

-
4 .1 5 
0 .4 0 
21 .8 0 
0 .8 3 
22 .7 5 
11 .8 0 
0 .0 7 
0 .4 5 
10 .6 8 
1 .0 7 
21 .2 9 
243 .4 8 
10 .8 1 
4 .4 1 
101 .8 8 
0 .6 1 
12 .3 1 
1 .1 3 
0 .0 2 
51 .6 0 
4 .3 8 
0 .0 4 
17 .6 3 
670 .9 2 
64 .0 3 
-
20 .7 2 
0 .4 4 
27 .5 3 
102 .3 4 
2 .1 8 
36 .7 0 
247 .9 4 
34 .8 7 
66 .7 5 
85 .8 9 
0 .9 3 
7 .5 4 
2 .4 8 
0 .0 8 

0.37
16.20
5.59
7.99
7.12
23.34
13.58
7.74
0.21
4.95
93.88
16.19
9.23
6.63
10.63
9.57
52.35
7.38
0.43
66.91
0.87
4.42
11.03
4.00
0.66

0.43
1.54
221.67
8.66
110.12
19.25
1.09
1.83
11.61
9.39
1.25
571.16
8.37
2.40

0 .3 0
10 .0 7
0 .4 1
4 .9 7
0 .1 2
18 .0 6
3 .8 4
4 .1 4
0 .1 4
0 .5 0
20 .0 5
3 .2 8
7 .5 9
1 .5 0
2 .8 7
4 .5 5
24 .2 9
7 .3 8
0 .1 6
2 .4 5
0 .2 5
2 .0 7
5 .5 3

1 .4 1
86 .9 3
0 .5 8
100 .8 4
0 .7 0

0 .4 3
0 .5 6
3 .0 9
0 .8 1
270 .4 5
3 .6 4
1 .2 5

4 .40
0 .23
0 .05
2 .69
4 .26
4 .71
3 .00

0 .33
4 .67
4 .43
1 .17
2 .61
0 .34
1 .13
6 .69

0 .04

0 .12
1 .74
2 .05
4 .00

0.07

4.94
1.69
1.74
0.06
0.00
0.13

3.93
5.86
5.91
0.02
1.87
0.00
2.40
0.04

0.18

2.39

0.46

0.19

4 5.16

17 .69

1.26
1 4.30
1.00
0.30
0.85
0.17

9 6.65
0.20

0 .77
4 .09

1 .05
7 .52
4 .36
0 .17
1 .68
2 .81
0 .24

0 .28

0 .02
1 .43
0 .56
4 .55
0 .41

0 .09
62 .66
2 .57
0 .18
0 .60
0 .13
1 .29
0 .78

0 .50
0 .56
0 .23

0 .02
10 .57

7 .07
0 .03

2 .67
1 .24

202 .28
1 .46
0 .17

7.2 9

6 4.4 5

0.0 1

5 0.0 0
8.0 0

0.0 3

0.2 3

1 .4 3

0 .3 2
0 .1 0

0 .0 7
0 .0 9

0 .2 4
0 .0 4

20 .0 5

0 .2 0

0 .2 4
0 .0 2
7 .0 4
0 .0 7

0 .0 9

0 .2 1

0 .6 5

0 .0 2
0 .0 1
1 .2 6
0 .8 2
0 .3 0
0 .4 8
0 .0 6

0 .0 1
0 .6 5

0 .0 2
0 .0 0

0 .2 0
0 .4 9

0 .0 6
0 .0 1

0 .0 5
0 .8 1

0 .0 8
4 .2 8
0 .0 1
0 .1 7
0 .1 3

0 .0 2

0 .5 3
0 .0 6
0 .0 9
0 .0 3
0 .0 9

Total Upper Middle Incom e 
Countries

2 .1 8 

1 350.03

595 .2 1

19 1.77

89 .02

302 .37

13 0.0 1

30 .8 7

10 .7 8

Tot al LDC + O LIC + LMIC + UMIC

1 .3 1 

7 366.11

3 142 .1 6

94 7.28

527 .67

570 .85

1 11 6.1 3

15.49

1 004 .0 9

42 .4 4

By region
Eu rope
Africa
Ame rica
Asia
Ocea nia
Bila te ral unallo cate d

Total Region

10 .8 7 
3 .9 8 
1 .3 9 
0 .4 8 
6 .4 6 
0 .1 7 
1 .6 9 

1 719.57
4 110.91
808.69
1 854.49
59.16
954.78
9 507.60

869 .5 5
1 309 .1 4
292 .3 9
1 000 .5 9
35 .7 6
135 .1 9
3 642 .6 2

30 9.93
59 7.96
11 3.64
5 1.77
2.64
1 9.81
1  09 5.76

60 .43
505 .35
145 .02
122 .36
9 .04
106 .23
948 .44

366 .10
240 .78
54 .12
72 .01
2 .63
25 .80
761 .44

5 1.0 6
84 2.2 6
9 7.5 6
14 1.6 3
0.7 3
10 5.5 8
1 23 8.8 1

5.00
110.49

115.49

9 .9 5
474 .3 1
96 .0 3
454 .7 0
5 .7 4
36 .9 7
1 077 .7 1

47 .5 4
30 .6 1
9 .9 2
11 .4 3
2 .6 2
525 .2 1
627 .3 4

B reakdo wn  by co untry/reg ion of e xter nal aid financed  o n the  G ener al Co mmissio n Budg et an d the  Eu rope an Developme nt Fund  ( EDF)  in  20 09.
B ilateral ODA flows.
(1 ) Sour ce  : W orld  P opula tion  P rospects - United Nations Popu lation Division  - 20 08 revision
(2 ) UNS CR 124 4/9 9

EN 

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Fig.6.12 Sectoral breakdown of ODA managed by the EC in 2009

Comm it ments in € Million

1 262 M€;  11%

13 M€; 0%

1 298 M€; 11%

Disburseme nts in € M illion

627 M€; 6%

4  082 M€; 34%

1  140 M€; 12%

115 M€; 1%

1 239 M€;  13%

1 612 M€; 14%

763 M€; 8%

1 707 M€; 14%

1 243 M€; 11%

973 M€; 10%

3 846 M€; 39%

1 096 M€;  11%

1.  Social infrastructures: education,  health, water,  government and civil  society,  other 

2.  Economic inf rastructures and services: transport,  communications, energy, other
services
3.  Production: agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry, mining and  construct ion, trade
and tourism
4.  Multisector/ Crosscutting : environment , other

5.  Budget support,  food  aid, food security

6.  Action relating to debt

7.  Humanitarian Aid

9.  Ot her/Unallocat ed : admin. costs, support  to NGOs,  unspecified

EN 

200 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.13 Detailed description of ODA by sector in 2009 - Com mitments

Comm it ments  in €  Million

Se ctor of Destination

S OCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE  AND SE RV ICES

Educ ation

E ducation, leve l u nspecified
B asic ed ucati on
S econda ry edu ca tio n
P ost-secon dary e ducation

He alth

Hea lth , gen eral
B asic he alth

Population police s/program s and reproduct iv e hea lt h
Water supply and sa nitat ion
Governme nt  and civil society
Other S ocia l Inf ras truc ture

E CO NOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE  AND SE RV ICES

Transport and storage
Com munic ations
Energy generation and supply
Ba nk ing and financial se rv ic es
Business  a nd other se rv ice s

P RO DUCTION SECTO RS

Agriculture , Fore stry a nd Fis hing

A griculture
For estry
Fishing

Industry, Mining and Cons truc tion

Indu stry
Mine ral resou rces an d mining
Con struction
Trade and Touris m

Tra de policy an d regu lati on
Tou rism

MULTISECTOR/CRO SSCUTTING

General e nv ironmenta l prote ction
Other m ult ise ctor

CO MMODITY AID AND GE NERAL PROG RAMME AS SISTANCE

General budget support
De velopm ent food aid/f ood security a ssista nc e
Other c ommodity assista nce

ACTIO N RELATING TO DEBT
Action relating to debt

HUMANITARIAN AID

Eme rgency Response
Re construc tion re lief and rehabilita tion
Disa ster prev ention and preparedne ss

O THE R/UNALLOCATED/UNSP ECIFIED
Adminis tra tive costs  of donors
Support to non-gov ernmental organisations
Re fuge es in donor c ountries
Unallocated/unspecified

G RAND TO TAL

Tota l

Manage d by 
EuropeAid

Managed by 
Other DG s

4  08 2.4 9
90 5.9 6
42 4.9 5
14 0.5 3
15 4.4 7
18 6.0 1
42 4.5 6
20 8.0 5
21 6.5 1
5 9.3 6
38 1.5 7
1  75 6.0 8
55 4.9 6
1  24 3.4 3
1  00 1.3 2
1 9.8 2
15 9.5 2
2 2.6 7
4 0.1 0
1  70 7.1 3
1  30 2.5 4
1  23 9.7 3
2 2.7 6
4 0.0 6
15 4.8 0
14 9.9 3
4.7 0
0.1 7
24 9.7 8
24 9.7 8

1  61 2.2 3
36 0.6 6
1  25 1.5 7
1  29 8.0 7
94 9.9 1
34 8.1 6

1 2.8 7
1 2.8 7
1  26 2.1 8
1  08 8.1 2
12 1.6 3
5 2.4 4
54 5.8 4
46 1.7 5

3 045 .20
845 .29
403 .45
136 .78
134 .60
170 .45
409 .61
193 .10
216 .51
59 .36
336 .97
964 .32
429 .66
1 067 .88
846 .25
15 .01
152 .32
15 .00
39 .30
1 555 .31
1 168 .87
1 107 .91
22 .76
38 .20
151 .63
146 .93
4 .70

234 .81
234 .81

1 183 .98
244 .77
939 .21
1 217 .07
868 .91
348 .16

12 .87
12 .87
336 .40
222 .40
95 .00
19 .00
327 .84
272 .80

1 037.29
60.68
21.50
3.75
19.87
15.56
14.95
14.95

44.60
791.77
125.30
175.55
155.07
4.81
7.20
7.67
0.80
151.82
133.68
131.82

1.86
3.17
3.00

0.17
14.97
14.97

428.25
115.89
312.36
81.00
81.00

925.78
865.71
26.63
33.44
218.00
188.95

8 4.0 9
11  76 4.2 3

55 .04
8 746 .54

29.05
3 017.69

B reakdo wn  by se ctor of Officia l Develo pmen t Assistan ce  (O DA) financed  o n the  G enera l E U Bu dget and the 
E urope an Developm ent Fun d ( EDF) in  2 009.
B ilateral and  Multilatera l O DA flo ws.

EN 

201 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.14 Detailed description of ODA by sector in 2009 - Disbursements

Disburs eme nt s in € Million

S ector of Dest inat ion

S OCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND S ERVICES

Education

E ducation, level unspe cified
B asic ed ucation
S econda ry ed ucation
P ost- se co ndar y edu ca tio n

He alth

Hea lth , gen eral
B asic he alth

Population polic es/programs  and re productive health
Water supply and s anit ation
Governme nt a nd civil societ y
Other Social Infra structure

E CO NOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND S ERVICES

Trans port and s torage
Com munic ations
Energy  generat ion a nd supply
Ba nking and financial s ervices
Bus ines s a nd other s ervices

P RO DUCTION SE CTO RS

Agriculture, Fore stry and Fishing

A griculture
For estr y
Fishin g

Industry, Mining and Construction

Ind ustry
Min eral reso urces a nd minin g
Con stru ction
Trade  and Tourism

Tr ade pol icy a nd reg ulation
To urism

MULTISECTOR/CROSS CUTTING

General environme ntal protection
Other multis ector

CO MMODITY AID AND G ENERAL PRO GRAMM E ASS IS TANCE

General budget support
De velopment food a id/food se curity ass is tance
Other comm odity ass is tance

ACTIO N RELATING  TO  DEBT
Act ion relating t o debt

HUMANITARIAN AID

Eme rgency  Res ponse
Re construction relief  a nd re habilitation
Disa ster prev ention and preparedness

O THER/UNALLO CATED/UNS PECIFIE D
Adminis trative cost s of donors
Support to non-governme nt al orga nisa tions
Re fugees in donor count ries
Una llocate d/unspecified

GRAND TOTAL

Total

Manage d by 
EuropeAid

Managed by 
Other DGs

3 845 .9 2
635 .2 3
265 .0 0
104 .2 7
90 .3 9
175 .5 7
544 .9 1
111 .5 2
433 .3 8
50 .4 0
380 .4 2
1 674 .4 4
560 .5 2
1 095 .7 6
672 .1 6
43 .6 8
242 .7 8
27 .2 0
109 .9 4
972 .7 3
566 .1 3
513 .5 7
39 .2 3
13 .3 3
230 .2 4
187 .5 7
38 .4 5
4 .2 2
176 .3 6
166 .4 3
9 .9 3
763 .1 1
191 .9 4
571 .1 7
1 238 .9 5
865 .6 6
373 .2 8

115 .4 9
115 .4 9
1 140 .4 1
921 .3 0
163 .4 9
55 .6 1
627 .3 4
524 .4 8
12 .2 4

90 .6 1
9 799 .7 0

2 966 .8 5
580 .4 3
260 .7 7
102 .2 9
67 .4 3
149 .9 4
530 .6 5
98 .3 4
432 .3 1
49 .9 2
360 .8 2
962 .3 2
482 .7 1
894 .5 9
590 .7 3
33 .6 0
197 .1 9
16 .3 9
56 .6 7
919 .6 9
545 .8 8
496 .3 8
39 .0 3
10 .4 7
211 .6 1
173 .9 4
33 .9 1
3 .7 6
162 .2 0
153 .0 6
9 .1 5
408 .9 8
114 .9 6
294 .0 2
1 173 .6 2
800 .3 5
373 .2 7

110 .4 9
110 .4 9
319 .3 0
163 .6 6
127 .0 7
28 .5 6
408 .5 8
341 .3 4
11 .9 7

879 .07
54 .79
4 .23
1 .98
22 .96
25 .62
14 .25
13 .19
1 .07
0 .48
19 .60
712 .12
77 .81
201 .17
81 .43
10 .07
45 .58
10 .81
53 .27
53 .04
20 .25
17 .19
0 .20
2 .86
18 .64
13 .63
4 .54
0 .46
14 .15
13 .37
0 .78
354 .13
76 .98
277 .15
65 .32
65 .32
0 .01

5 .00
5 .00
821 .12
757 .64
36 .42
27 .05
218 .75
183 .14
0 .27

55 .2 7
7 202 .1 0

35 .34
2 597 .60

B reakdo wn  b y sector  o f Official Developm ent A ssistance (O DA ) fin anced on  the Ge nera l Com missio n Budg et an d 
the Eu rope an Developm ent Fun d (EDF) in 2009 .
B ilateral an d Mu ltila te ral ODA flows.

EN 

202 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.15 EuropeAid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per region

Commit ments  in € Million

Se ctor of Destination

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERV ICES

Education

E ducation, level unspecified
B asic educati on
S econdary education
P ost-secondary education

He alth

Health, general
B asic health

Population polices/programs and reproduct iv e healt h
Water supply and sa nitat ion
Governme nt  and civil society
Other Social Inf ras truc ture

ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE  AND SERVICES

Transport and storage
Communic ations
Energy generation and supply
Ba nking and financial servic es
Business and other se rv ices

PRODUCTION SECTORS

Agriculture, Forestry a nd Fishing

A griculture
For estry
Fishing

Industry, Mining and Cons truc tion

Industry
Mineral resou rces and mining
Construction
Trade and Tourism

Tra de policy and regulati on
Tourism

MULTISECTOR/CROSSCUTTING

General environmenta l protection
Other mult isector

COMMODITY AID AND GENERAL PROGRAMME ASSISTANCE

General budget support
De velopment food aid/f ood security assistanc e
Other commodity assistance

ACTION RELATING TO DEBT
Action relating to debt

HUMANITARIAN AID

Emergency Response
Re construction relief and rehabilitation
Disaster prevention and preparedne ss

OTHER/UNALLOCATED/UNSPECIFIED
Administra tive costs  of donors
Support to non-governmental organisations
Unallocated/unspecified

GRAND TOTAL

ENPI 
East

ENPI 
South

ENPI

Asia

133
67

34
33

51
12
3
124
65

52

7
14
14
14

123
42
81
5

5

50

44
6
50

788
248
152

35
62
147
132
15

60
59
275
22

22

55
1
1

54
54

140

140
14

14

95
77
18

0

1

1

39

39

53 1
24 8
17 1
7
2 6
4 4
4 1
5
3 6

22 4
1 8
1 5
5

1 0

14 4
9 8
9 8

2 6
2 6

2 0
2 0

8 3
2 3
6 0
6 9

6 9

9 7
8 4

1 3
4

Latin 
A merica
202
45
13

25
7
61

61

14
31
51
9

2
7

88
13
8
5

29
29

46
46

48
11
37
78

78

ACP

1 049
221
61
130
7
23
75
20
55
14
211
473
56
871
776
13
34
15
32
525
316
268
10
38
41
36
5

168
168

460
80
379
965
869
96

13
13
95
61
34

14
14

Multi 
Reg ion
342
16
6

8
2
86
36
50
46
2
165
27
28

28

731
728
719
8

3
3

293
89
204
87

87

260
259

Total

3 045
845
403
137
135
170
410
193
217
59
337
964
430
1 068
846
15
152
15
39
1 555
1 169
1 108
23
38
152
147
5

235
235

1 184
245
939
1 217
869
348

13
13
336
222
95
19
328
273

50
499

0
1 113

4
94 1

40

424

3 990

1
1 740

55
8 747

Breakdo wn by sector and Region of exter nal aid financed o n the Gener al Commission Budget managed by EuropeAid  a nd the Europ ean 
Development Fund (EDF).
Bilateral and  Multilatera l ODA flows.
On budg et side, region i s identified following geographica l budget lines and recipient countries for them atic budget lines.
ENP I East : Armenia, Azer baija n, Belarus, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Ukraine. (Russia excluded)
ENP I South : Algeria, Egypt, Jor dan, Lebanon, Libya, Moro cco, occupied Palestinian territory, Syria, Tu nisia. (Israel excluded)

Asia : Ir an, Iraq, Oman, Yemen, Afg hanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, In dia, Kazakhsta n, Kyrgyz Rep., Mald ives, Myanmar (Burm a), Nepal, Pakistan, 
Sri L anka, Tajikista n, Turkme nistan, Uzbekista n, Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Korea, Dem., Laos, Malaysia, Mon golia, Philippines, Th ailand, 
Timor-Leste, V iet Nam.

Lat in America  : Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Hondu ras, Mexico, Nicar agua , Panama, A rgen tina, Bolivia, Bra zil, Chile, Colombia, 
Ecuador , Paraguay, Pe ru, Uruguay, Venezuela

ACP : Sou th of Saha ra + Oceania + Anguilla, Antigua & Bar buda, Bar bados, Belize, Domi nica, Domin ican Republi c, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, 
Mon tser rat, St.Kitts-Nevis, St.Lucia, St.Vincent & Grenadines, Trinidad & To bago, West Indies, Regional, Guyana, Surin ame.  (Tu rks & Caicos 
Islands excluded)
Multi region : covering sever al regions or  unspecified location.

EN 

203 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.16 EuropeAid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdow n per region

Disburs eme nt s in € Million

S ector of Dest inat ion

S OCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND S ERVICES

Education

E ducation, level unspe cified
B asic ed ucation
S econda ry ed ucation
P ost- se co ndar y edu ca tio n

He alth

Hea lth , gen eral
B asic he alth

Population polic es/programs  and re productive health
Water supply and s anit ation
Governme nt a nd civil societ y
Other Social Infra structure

E CO NOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND S ERVICES

Trans port and s torage
Com munic ations
Energy  generat ion a nd supply
Ba nking and financial s ervices
Bus ines s a nd other s ervices

P RO DUCTION SE CTO RS

Agriculture, Fore stry and Fishing

A griculture
For estr y
Fishin g

Industry, Mining and Construction

Ind ustry
Min eral reso urces a nd minin g
Con stru ction
Trade  and Tourism

Tr ade pol icy a nd reg ulation
To urism

MULTISECTOR/CROSS CUTTING

General environme ntal protection
Other multis ector

CO MMODITY AID AND G ENERAL PRO GRAMM E ASS IS TANCE

General budget support
De velopment food a id/food se curity ass is tance
Other comm odity ass is tance

ACTION RELATING  TO  DEBT
Act ion relating t o debt

HUMANITARIAN AID

Eme rgency  Res ponse
Re construction relief  a nd re habilitation
Disa ster prev ention and preparedness

O THER/UNALLO CATED/UNS PECIFIE D
Adminis trative cost s of donors
Support to non-governme nt al orga nisa tions
Una llocate d/unspecified

GRAND TOTAL

ENPI 
E ast

ENP I 
Sou th

E NP I

A sia

2 18
34
4
1
1
28
20
15
5
1
25
1 09
29
1 16
29
1
83
2
1
14
3
2
1

5
4
1

7
7
0
17
2
15
4
3
1

41
39
2
0
24
0
1
24
4 35

644
178
107
7
38
26
31
28
3
7
56
102
270
122
45
4
38
4
31
96
11
11
0

68
68

17
14
3
51
4
47
67
40
28

82
74
7
1
4
0
2
3
1 067

1 6
0
0

0
0
0

1
1 4
0
4
3
0
1

0
2
0
0

0
0

2

2
1
1
1

1
0

1
2 5

5 33
1 58
39
56
7
56
65
22
43
6
17
2 20
67
30
14
5
7
3
1
92
56
50
5
2
18
12
4
3
18
15
2
62
16
45
96
18
77

79
7
69
2
7
1
2
4
8 98

Latin 
A merica
218
88
47
2
11
28
40
0
40
3
15
51
21
34
14
4
11
0
6
66
37
29
8

15
15
0

14
14
0
37
21
16
23
7
16

14
5
2
7
6
2
1
2
398

ACP

1 193
115
57
37
10
12
318
29
289
27
245
400
88
568
487
20
38
7
17
524
315
293
13
9
104
74
29
1
105
103
2
216
53
164
878
733
145

110
110
103
38
47
19
33
16
4
12
3 626

Mu lti 
Re gion
14 4
8
6
0
2

5 7
4
5 3
6
1
6 5
6
2 0

0
1 9

12 5
12 4
11 2
1 3

0
0

1
0
0
2 5
1 8
7
10 6

10 6

0

0
33 4
32 2
3
9
75 3

Total

2 9 67
5 80
2 61
1 02
67
1 50
5 31
98
4 32
50
3 61
9 62
4 83
8 95
5 91
34
1 97
16
57
9 20
5 46
4 96
39
10
2 12
1 74
34
4
1 62
1 53
9
4 09
1 15
2 94
1 1 74
8 00
3 73

1 10
1 10
3 19
1 64
1 27
29
4 09
3 41
12
55
7 2 02

B reakdo wn  b y sector  a nd Region  o f externa l a id fin anced on  the Ge nera l Com missio n Budg et ma nage d by Eur opeA id and the Eur opea n 
Develo pmen t Fund (E DF).
B ilateral an d Mu ltila te ral ODA flows.
O n budg et side , reg ion is id entified fo llowing ge ogra phical bud get l ines and recip ient cou ntries fo r the matic bu dget lines.
E NP I Ea st : Arm enia, Aze rbai jan, B elar us, Ge orgia , Repub lic o f Moldo va , Ukraine . (Russia exclude d)
E NP I South : Alge ria, Egypt, Jo rdan , Le bano n, Lib ya, Morocco, o ccup ied Pa lestin ian te rritory, Syria, Tu nisia. ( Israe l e xclu ded)

Asia : Ir an, Ira q, O man, Y emen, Afgha nista n, Ba nglad esh, B hutan, Ind ia, K aza khsta n, Kyrgyz Rep., Mald ive s, Myan mar (Bu rma), Ne pal, Pakistan, 
S ri L anka, Tajikistan, Tu rkmenistan, Uzbe kistan, Cambod ia, Chin a, Indo nesia, Kore a, Dem., L aos, Mala ysia, Mo ngolia , Ph ilippin es, Thaila nd, 
Timo r-Le ste, Viet Na m.

Lat in Am erica  : Co sta Rica, Cub a, El  Sa lva dor, Gua te mala, Ho ndur as, Mexico, Nicara gua , Pan ama, A rge ntin a, B olivia, Br azi l, Chile, Co lombi a, 
E cu ador , Par agua y, P eru, Urugu ay, V ene zue la

ACP : Sou th  of Sah ara + O ce ania + An guilla , Antigu a & Barb uda, Barb ados, B elize, Domin ica, Domin ican Repub lic, Gre nada , Haiti, Jama ica , 
Mon tser rat, St.K itts-Nevis, St.Lucia, S t.Vin ce nt &  G rena dines, Tr inida d &  To bago , We st In dies, Reg ional, Guyana , Sur iname .  (Turks &  Ca ico s 
Island s exclude d)
Multi region : coveri ng se ve ral reg ions or unspe cified  lo ca tio n.

EN 

204 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.17 External aid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrument

Comm it ments  in €  m illion

Sec tor of De stina tion

ENPI

E DF

DCI - 
Ge o ( 1)

DCI - 
The ma 
( 2)

Fo od 
Facility 
(3)

EIDHR

IFS

NSI

CFSP

IPA

Echo

Other

Total

8

15 3

78

219

S OCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE  AND SE RV ICES

Educ ation

E ducation, leve l u nspecified
B asic ed ucati on
S econda ry edu ca tio n
P ost-secon dary e ducation

He alth

Hea lth , gen eral
B asic he alth

Pop ulation  polices/prog ram s & reprod uctive health
Water supply and sa nitat ion
Governme nt  and civil society
Other S ocia l Inf ras truc ture

E CO NOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE  AND SE RV ICES

Transport and storage
Com munic ations
Energy generation and supply
Ba nk ing and financial se rv ic es
Business  a nd other se rv ice s

P RO DUCTION SECTO RS

Agriculture , Fore stry a nd Fis hing

A griculture
For estry
Fishing

Industry, Mining and Cons truc tion

Indu stry
Mine ral resou rces an d mining
Con struction
Trade and Touris m

Tra de policy an d regu lati on
Tou rism

MULTISECTOR/CRO SSCUTTING

General e nv ironmenta l prote ction
Other m ult ise ctor

CO MMODITY AID AND GE NERAL PROG RAMME 

General budget support
De velopm ent food aid/f ood security a ssist.
Other c ommodity assista nce

ACTIO N RELATING TO DEBT
Action relating to debt

HUMANITARIAN AID

Eme rgency Response
Re construc tion re lief and rehabilita tion
Disa ster prev ention and preparedne ss

O THE R/UNALLOCATED/UNSP ECIFIED
Adminis tra tive costs  of donors
Support to non-gov ernmental organisations
Unallocated/unspecified

G RAND TO TAL

92 0
31 5
15 2

6 9
9 4
14 7
13 2
1 5

11 0
7 1
27 8
9 3
6 5

2 1

7
6 8
1 4
1 4

5 4
5 4

30 0
4 2
25 8

14 5
7 7
6 2
6
5 1
3 8

9 05
93
61
8
7
18
75
20
55
12
2 10
4 70
46
8 70
7 76
13
33
15
32
3 97
2 12
1 64
10
38
27
23
5

1 58
1 58

4 28
57
3 71
7 85
7 23
62

13
13
90
56
34

14
14

859
421
184
129
51
56
102
5
97

11
255
70
13
5
2
6

218
99
94
5

53
53

66
66

114
17
97
58

58

97
84

13
52
48

182
16
6

8
2
76
26
50
48
1
13
28
19

19

103
75
67
8

17
17

11
11

319
129
190
311
83
228

5
5

71
35

8

767
767
767

63
63

719
41
22
4

16
15
15

45
493
125
176
155
5
7
8
1
145
133
132

1
3
3

0
10
10

417
115
302

4 0
2 0

2 0

1 0
1 0

6
4

0

0

8
3
2

1
0
0

5
5

2 5
1
2 4
8 1
8 1
0

87 9
84 6

3 3
9
9

88 8

26 5
24 4

2 1
42 0

64
54

10
1 520

4 0 82
9 06
4 25
1 41
1 54
1 86
4 25
2 08
2 17
59
3 82
1 7 56
5 55
1 2 43
1 0 01
20
1 60
23
40
1 7 07
1 3 03
1 2 40
23
40
1 55
1 50
5
0
2 50
2 50

1 6 12
3 61
1 2 52
1 2 98
9 50
3 48

13
13
1 2 62
1 0 88
1 22
52
5 46
4 62

84
1 1 7 64

15 3

78

219

74

74

11

11

47
20
27

5
5

1
1

0
0

7
7

8
8

1 4
1  57 6

3 5 02

4
1 410

36
1 009

844

16 2

1 40

75

219

B reakdo wn  by se ctor an d Re gion of exter nal aid finan ce d o n the  G ener al Co mmission Budg et ma nage d b y Euro peAid  a nd th e E urop ean Develop ment Fu nd (EDF).
B ilateral and  Multilatera l O DA flo ws.
(1 ) DCI -  G eo : Asia, Latin Amer ica , Sou th  Africa
(2 ) DCI -  The ma : Migra tion , Food  security, Non-state a ctor s, Environ ment, Human  &  social de vel opmen t, A CP su gar pro gramme s
(3 ) Fo od Facility : Fa cility for  ra pid respo nse to soarin g fo od prices in develop ing co untries, P ilot p roject —  Fin ance for agricultura l p rodu ction
(4 ) Admini strative co sts o f do nors : column   "O the r" include s EDF co ntribution to co mmon adm inistr ative supp ort expe nditure  an d also expend itu re co ncernin g oth ers i nstru ment
(5 ) CFSP  is financed  o n the  G enera l E U Bu dget mana ged by DG Externa l Rel atio ns

EN 

205 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.18 External aid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrum ent

Disburs eme nt s in € Million

S ector of Dest inat ion

ENPI

EDF

DCI -  
G eo (1)

DCI - 
Thema  
(2)

Food  
Facility 
(3 )

EIDHR

IFS

NSI

CFSP

IP A

Echo

Othe r

Tota l

S OCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND S ERVICES

Education

E ducation, level unspe cified
B asic ed ucation
S econda ry ed ucation
P ost- se co ndar y edu ca tion

He alth

Hea lth , gen eral
B asic he alth

Population polic es/programs  and re productive health
Water supply and s anit ation
Governme nt a nd civil societ y
Other Social Infra structure

E CO NOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND S ERVICES

Trans port and s torage
Com munic ations
Energy  generat ion a nd supply
Ba nking and financial s ervices
Bus ines s a nd other s ervices

P RO DUCTION SE CTO RS

Agriculture, Fore stry and Fishing

A griculture
For estr y
Fishin g

Industry, Mining and Construction

Ind ustry
Min eral reso urces a nd minin g
Con stru ction
Trade  and Tourism

Tr ade pol icy a nd reg ulation
To urism

MULTISECTOR/CROSS CUTTING

General environme ntal protection
Other multis ector

CO MMODITY AID AND G ENERAL PRO GRAMM E ASS IS TANCE

General budget support
De velopment food a id/food se curity ass is tance
Other comm odity ass is tance

ACTIO N RELATING  TO  DEBT
Act ion relating t o debt

HUMANITARIAN AID

Eme rgency  Res ponse
Re construction relief  a nd rehabilitation
Disa ster prev ention and preparedness

O THER/UNALLO CATED/UNS PECIFIE D
Adminis trative cost s of donors (4)
Support to non-governme nt al orga nisa tions
Una llocate d/unspecified

GRAND TOTAL

8 24
2 10
1 11
6
38
55
50
42
7
1
82
1 86
2 96
1 87
76
5
68
6
33
1 08
9
9

74
73
1

25
21
4
67
6
61
40
40

980
105
56
30
8
10
284
25
258
11
201
326
53
550
485
13
30
6
15
285
101
90
4
8
81
51
29
1
102
102
1
183
43
140
714
688
26

74 2
24 0
8 5
5 4
1 6
8 4
11 0
2 1
8 9
2
6 1
23 3
9 6
6 3
2 7
9
1 6
3
7
10 8
4 5
3 9
4
2
3 2
2 6
4
3
3 1
2 9
2
8 2
3 1
5 1
2 3
2 3
1

110
110
103
37
46
19
28
16
2
10
2 953

1 23
1 13
9
1
44
37
0
7
1 3 94

9 2
1 3
7 1
9
5 5
4 9
1
5
1 16 5

2 80
24
7
11
5
0
82
5
76
36
16
93
30
38
2
5
28
2
0
1 67
1 43
1 13
29
1
22
22

2
1
1
64
34
30
1 54
50
1 04

1
1
1
0
69
33
6
30
7 74

2

2

2

212
212
210
2

242

242

2
2

458

116
0
0
0
0

0

0
0

115
0
0

0

0

0

11
9
2
0
127

7 5
0

0
0

0

0

7 2
2
1

1

1
1
1

0

0

4 7
1 8
2 8

6
5

2
13 0

288

288

56

56

50 8
3 6
4
2
4
2 6
1 4
1 3
1
0
2 0
36 1
7 7
19 5
8 1
5
4 4
1 1
5 3
4 7
1 5
1 5
0
0
1 9
1 4
5
0
1 3
1 2
1
34 9
7 3
27 6
5 0
5 0
0

5
5
1 0
0
8
1
6 8
4 9
0
1 9
1 23 2

7 64
7 38

26
8
8

7 72

1
1

0
57

0
0

288

31
20
0
0
19
1
4
4

0
2
5
6

5
0

1
45
40
37

3
2
2

3
2
1
17
4
13
15
15
0

1
1

334
316

18
450

3 846
635
265
104
90
176
545
112
433
50
380
1 674
561
1 096
672
44
243
27
110
973
566
514
39
13
230
188
38
4
176
166
10
763
192
571
1 239
866
373

115
115
1 140
921
163
56
627
524
12
91
9 800

B reakdo wn  b y sector  a nd Region  o f externa l a id fin anced on  the Ge nera l Com missio n Budg et ma nage d by Eur opeA id and the Eur opea n De ve lopme nt Fund  (E DF) .
B ilateral an d Mu ltila te ral ODA flows.
(1 ) DCI - G eo : A sia , Latin Ame rica, S outh Africa
(2 ) DCI - Th ema : Migr atio n, Foo d se cu rity, Non -sta te actors, E nvironme nt, Human  &  social de vel opmen t, ACP su gar pr ogra mmes
(3 ) Fo od Facility : Facility fo r rapid  re sp onse to so aring  food  p rices in  d evelopin g co untries, P ilot p roject —  Fi nance for agr icu ltu ral prod ucti on
(4 ) Admin istra tive costs of d onor s : colu mn  "Other" in cl udes EDF con tr ibution to co mmon adm inistr ati ve supp ort e xp end itur e and also expe nditure conce rning  othe rs in strum ent
(5 ) CFS P i s finan ce d on th e G ene ral Commission Bu dget mana ged by DG  E xtern al Re lations

EN 

206 

   EN 

 
Fig.6.19 External aid in 2009: A closer look. Sectoral breakdown per instrument

0 %

1 0%

20 %

30%

40%

50 %

60%

70%

80 %

90%

100 %

ENP I

EDF

DCI -  G eo

DCI - Th ema

Food Facility

EIDHR

IFS

NS I

CFSP

IPA

Echo

1. So cial infrastructure s: education, health, water, government and civil society, other 
2. Economic infrastructures and services : transport, communica tions, energy, other services
3. Produ ction : agriculture, forestry and fishing, industry, mining and construction, trade and tourism
4. Multisector/Crosscutting : en vironment, other
5. Bu dget support, food aid, food security
6. Action relating to debt
7. Emergency assistance, reconstruction relief
9. Other/Unallocated : admin. costs, support to NGOs, unspecified

Commitments %

Fig.6.20 Budget Support 2009 : breakdown by instrument

Comm it ments  in €  Million

E urope an Neighb ourh ood Pa rtn ership Instr ument (ENPI)

Develo pment Coope ration In strum ent -  G eogra phic (1)

Develo pment Coope ration In strum ent - Th ematic ( 2)

E urope an Developm ent Fun d ( EDF)

G rand  Total

G eneral 
Budget 
Support

Sect or 
Budget  
Support

Total 
Budge t 
S upport

Tot al O DA

Budget 
Support  / 
Total O DA

-

-

1 45 

7 23 

8 69 

597 

497 

79 

384 

597  

497  

225  

1 57 6 

1 41 0 

1 00 9 

1 107  

3 50 2 

1 557 

2 425  

7 49 7 

38%

35%

22%

32%

32%

(1 ) DCI -  G eogr aphic : Asia, Latin Amer ica , Sou th  Africa
(2 ) DCI -  The matic : Mig ration, Foo d se cu rity, Non -state actors, En vir onmen t, Hu man & so cial developm ent, ACP sugar  
p rogra mmes

EN 

207 

   EN 

 
 
        
       
       
    
 
        
       
       
    
       
         
       
    
       
       
    
    
       
    
    
    
 
6.3. 

Glossary 

AA 

AAP 

ACP 

AFD 

AfDB 

Association Agreements 

Annual Action Plan 

African, Caribbean and Pacific States 

French Development Agency  

African Development Bank 

African  Union-
IBAR 

African Union–InterAfrican Bureau for Animal Resources 

AMSP 

ARF 

ASEAN 

ASEM 

AU 

CAN 

Cariforum 

CARTAC 

CBC 

CDB  

CIDA  

CIS 

CCRIF 

CMTP 

CSP 

DAC 

DCI 

DCT 

DfID  

DMF 

DRR 

EaP 

Accompanying Measures for Sugar Protocol  

ASEAN Regional Forum  

Association of South-East Asian Nations  

Asia-Europe Meeting  

African Union 

Andean Community 

Caribbean Forum of ACP states  

Caribbean Regional Technical Assistance Centre  

Cross-border Cooperation 

Caribbean Development Bank  

CIDA Canadian International Development Agency  

Commonwealth of Independent States  

Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Fund  

Centrally managed thematic projects  

Country Strategy Paper 

Development Assistance Committee of the OECD 

Development Cooperation Instrument  

Developing and transition countries 

UK Department for International Development  

Debt management facility 

Disaster Risk Reduction  

Eastern Partnership  

EN 

208 

   EN 

ECLAC 

ECOSOC 

ECOWAS 

EDF  

EFA 

EIB 

EIDHR 

ENP 

ENPI 

ENRTP 

EPA 

ESDP 

EU 

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean 

United Nations Economic and Social Council  

Economic Community of West African States  

European Development Fund  

Education for all 

European Investment Bank 

European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights  

European Neighbourhood Policy 

European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument 

Thematic Programme for Environment and Sustainable Management 
of Natural Resources including Energy  

Economic Partnership Agreement 

European Security and Defence Policy 

European Union 

EU EOMs 

European Union Election Observation Missions  

FAFA 

FAO 

FLEGT 

FPA 

FTI 

GAVI 

GCCA 

GDPRD 

GEEREF 

GFATM 

GGFI 

GTZ 

HDI 

HIPC 

The EC/UN Financial and Administrative Framework Agreement 

Food and Agriculture Organisation 

Forest law enforcement, governance and trade 

Framework  Partnership  Agreement  (between  the  Commission  and 
its operational partners)  

Fast track initiative 

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation  

Global Climate Change Alliance 

Global Donor Platform for Rural Development 

Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund 

The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria  

Global Gas Flaring Initiative  

German Organisation for Technical Cooperation  

Human Development Index  

Heavily Indebted Poor Countries  

EN 

209 

   EN 

IAEA 

ICI 

IDEA 

IDPs 

IFAD 

IfS 

IFI 

ILO 

IMF 

INGO 

INSC 

IOM  

IPAD 

IRFFI 

International Atomic Energy Agency  

Industrialised Countries Instrument 

International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance 

Internally displaced persons 

International Fund for Agricultural Development 

Instrument for Stability  

International Financial Institutions 

International Labour Organisation  

International Monetary Fund  

International Non-governmental organisation 

Instrument for Nuclear Safety Cooperation 

International Organisation for Migration 

Portuguese Institute for Development Assistance  

 International Reconstruction Fund Facility for Iraq 

ITC/ILO  

International  Training  Centre  of 
Organization  

the 

International  Labour 

ITF 

LA 

LAC 

LAIF 

LDC 

LIC 

LMIC 

LRRD 

MFA 

MDGs 

EU-Africa Infrastructure Trust Fund  

Local authorities 

Latin America and Caribbean 

Latin America Investment Facility  

Least Developed Countries 

Low Income Countries 

Lower Middle Income Countries 

Linking relief, rehabilitation and development 

Micro Financial Assistance 

Millennium Development Goals  

MERCOSUR 

Regional  Trade  Agreement  among Argentina,  Brazil,  Paraguay  and 
Uruguay 

MIC 

NEPAD 

Middle Income Countries 

New Partnership for Africa’s Development  

EN 

210 

   EN 

NIF 

NGO 

NSA 

OAS  

OCT 

ODA 

OECD 

PAHO 

PCA 

PCD 

Pegase 

PIF 

PFM 

PRAG 

PRSP 

Quartet 

oQSG 

RDB 

REC 

RIP 

ROM 

RSP 

SAARC 

SADC 

SBS 

SIDS 

SIGMA 

SPSP 

Neighbourhood Investment Facility 

Non-governmental organisation 

Non-State actors 

Organisation of American States  

Overseas Countries and Territories  

Official Development Assistance  

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 

United Nations - Pan American Health Organisation 

Partnership and Cooperation Agreements  

Policy Coherence for Development 

Mecanisme  "Palestino  Europeen  de  Gestion  et  d'Aide  Socio-
Economique" 

Pacific Island Forum 

Public finance management 

Practical Guide 

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 

The Quartet on the Middle East gathering the United States, Russia, 
the European Union, and the United Nations  

office Quality Support Group 

Regional Development Banks 

Regional economic communities 

Regional Indicative Programme 

Results Oriented Monitoring System  

Regional Strategy Paper 

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation  

Southern African Development Community 

Sector budget support 

Small island developing states 

Support for Improvement in Governance and Management 

Sector policy support programme 

EN 

211 

   EN 

TAIEX 

TA 

TIM 

TVET 

UfM 

UMIC 

UNDP 

UNEP 

UN-FAO 

UNFCCC 

UNHCR 

UNICEF 

UNIFEM 

UNOCD 

UNOPS 

UNRWA 

UNSG 

UNCTAD 

UN-WFP 

UN-WHO 

V-FLEX 

VPA 

WAEMU 

WB 

WFP 

WMDs 

Technical Assistance and Information Exchange  

Technical Assistance 

Temporary International Mechanism  

Technical and Vocational Education and Training 

Union for the Mediterranean 

Upper Middle Income Countries 

United Nations Development Programme 

United Nations Environment Programme 

United Nations - Food and Agriculture Organization 

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change  

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 

United Nations Children’s Fund 

United Nations Development Fund for Women 

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 

UN common services 

United Nations - Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in 
the Near East 

United Nations Secretary-General 

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 

United Nations - World Food Programme 

United Nations -World Health Organisation 

Vulnerability FLEX mechanism 

Voluntary Partnership Agreement 

West African Economic and Monetary Union 

World Bank 

World Food Programme 

Weapons of mass destruction  

EN 

212 

   EN