Commission staff working document - Policy Coherence for Development Work Programme 2010- 2013 accompanying the Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - A twelve-point EU action plan in support of the Millennium Development Goals {COM(2010) 159} {SEC(2010) 418} {SEC(2010) 419} {SEC(2010) 420} {SEC(2010) 422}
Date: 2010-04-21
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: AIDS, development plan, development policy, environmental protection, hunger, infant mortality, international cooperation, poverty, primary education, sexual discrimination

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION 

Brussels, 21.4.2010 
SEC(2010) 421 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Policy Coherence for Development Work Programme 2010- 2013 

accompanying the 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS 

A twelve-point EU action plan in support of the Millennium Development Goals 

{COM(2010) 159} 
{SEC(2010) 418} 
{SEC(2010) 419} 
{SEC(2010) 420} 
{SEC(2010) 422} 

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COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Policy Coherence for Development Work Programme 2010- 2013 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 

Trade and Finance ........................................................................................................ 6 

Trade negotiations........................................................................................................ 6 

Market access ............................................................................................................... 7 

Core International Labour Organisation (ILO) labour standards, decent work agenda 
and environmental standards........................................................................................ 9 

Corporate social responsibility..................................................................................... 9 

Intellectual Property rights (IPR) ............................................................................... 10 

Good tax governance and finance .............................................................................. 11 

Climate change........................................................................................................... 13 

Strengthening the comprehensive approach to climate change ................................. 13 

Seeking synergies between climate, energy, and development policies.................... 15 

Facilitating access of developing countries to low-carbon and climate-resilient 
technologies................................................................................................................ 17 

Support for developing countries taking climate change measures including through 
their participation in the international carbon market ................................................ 18 

Food security.............................................................................................................. 20 

Agriculture policy ...................................................................................................... 20 

Trade .......................................................................................................................... 21 

Research and Development and innovation............................................................... 22 

Biodiversity ................................................................................................................ 22 

Land access and use and impact of bio energy production........................................ 23 

Common fisheries policy (CFP)................................................................................. 24 

Migration.................................................................................................................... 26 

Facilitation of legal migration, mobility and circular migration................................ 26 

Promotion of the Migration and Development agenda .............................................. 28 

1. 

2. 

2.1. 

2.2. 

2.3. 

2.4. 

2.5. 

2.6. 

3. 

3.1. 

3.2. 

3.3. 

3.4. 

4. 

4.1. 

4.2. 

4.3. 

4.4. 

4.5. 

4.6. 

5. 

5.1. 

5.2. 

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5.3. 

Enhancing migrants' rights and gender balance ......................................................... 32 

6. 

6.1. 

6.2. 

6.3. 

6.4. 

6.5. 

6.6. 

6.7. 

Security ...................................................................................................................... 33 

Improving strategic planning: integrating development objectives in the planning and 
implementation of peace operations........................................................................... 33 

Promoting conflict-sensitive development plans and improving the EU response to 
situations of fragility and conflict .............................................................................. 34 

Better control the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and address the issue 
of anti-personal land mines ........................................................................................ 35 

Supporting and promoting increased ownership of Security Sector Reform processes
.................................................................................................................................... 36 

Improving natural resource management................................................................... 36 

Strengthening partnerships with international, regional and subregional organisations
.................................................................................................................................... 38 

Enhancing synergies between development objectives and financial instruments 
addressing security issues .......................................................................................... 39 

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1. 

INTRODUCTION 

The  European  Consensus  for  Development1  states:  "It  is  important  that  non-development 
policies assist developing countries' efforts in achieving the MDGs."  

The  Policy  Coherence  for  Development  (PCD)  work  programme  translates  this  political 
principle into an operational framework involving concrete steps to enhance the coherence of 
EU  policies  with  development  objectives.  Building  on  the  PCD  Council  Conclusions  of 
November  20092,  this  work  programme  outlines  how  the  EU  will  address,  through  relevant 
policies,  processes  and  financial  means,  five  global  challenges  in  a  development-friendly 
manner:  

•  trade and finance, 

•  climate change, 

•  global food security, 

•  migration and  

•  security.  

The work programme does not provide a comprehensive list of all the initiatives that might be 
relevant  for  development  but  rather  focuses  on  those  initiatives  and  processes  planned  that 
stand  out  for  their  catalytic  potential  to  promote  PCD3.  In  setting  concrete  targets  and 
indicators it establishes a scoreboard to track progress towards the identified PCD objectives. 

The PCD work programme is conceived as a tool for all EU institutions and Member States, 
to guide their reflection and decision-making across the broad range of decisions that affect 
developing countries' opportunities, including development cooperation but going beyond it. 
The Commission, for its part, will focus its PCD work on the initiatives identified in the work 
programme.  Through  interservice  consultations  and  impact  assessments  (including  trade 
sustainability assessments) it will ensure that development objectives are taken into account 
and reconciled with other EU objectives. 

The PCD work programme also represents an important step towards strengthened dialogue 
with  developing  countries  on  PCD  issues.  On  the  basis  of  the  programme,  developing 
countries might identify relevant initiatives on which to engage in a dialogue with the EU. 

The  five  global  challenges  at  the  heart  of  this  programme  are  all  very  closely  linked  to  the 
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Food security and trade are explicitly mentioned in 
the  MDG  agenda.  The  combat  against  climate  change  as  well  as  policies  on  migration  and 

1 

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3 

December 2005 (OJ C 46, 24.2.2006, p. 1), Joint Statement by the Council and the representatives of 
the  governments  of  the  Member  Sates  meeting  within  the  Council,  the  European  Parliament  and  the 
European Commission – 'The European Consensus on Development'. 
Council Conclusions on Policy Coherence for Development (PCD),18 November 2009, No 16079/09. 
Commission Work Programme 2010 - COM(2010) 135, 31.3.2010. 

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security  all  have  clear  implications  for  progress  towards  the  MDGs4.  Thus,  the  work 
programme  sets  out  ways  for  the  EU  to  support  developing  countries  achieving  the  MDGs 
through its wider policy agenda. 

As the global policy context is not defined by the EU alone but also by other influential states, 
the PCD Work Programme makes the case for an international development agenda that goes 
beyond development cooperation and extends to key policies with a global impact.  

This  is  a  rolling  work  programme,  to  be  regularly  updated.  Progresses  will  be  reported  in 
2011 in the EU Report on Policy Coherence for Development. 

4 

The  2009  EU  Report  on  Policy  Coherence  for  Development  (SEC(2009)  1137)  provides  concrete 
evidence for this. 

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2.  TRADE AND FINANCE  

2.1. 

Trade negotiations 

The conclusion of the ongoing multilateral and bilateral trade negotiations is a priority which 
has also been underlined in the Communication on Europe 20205. These negotiations will be 
particularly important for promoting growth in developing countries. A successful outcome of 
the  ongoing  Doha  Development  Agenda  (DDA)  negotiations  would  mean  better  market 
access for goods and services, including those of interest to developing countries, and in the 
rules-based framework for international trade. Further key development deliverables under the 
DDA  include  a  reduction  in  developed  countries'  trade-distorting  domestic  support  by 
developed countries including on products exported by developing countries and the eventual 
elimination  of  export  subsidies,  subject  to  the  parallel  discipline  on  other  export  supporting 
measures by other developed countries.  

Bilateral  trade  agreements6  complement  multilateral  negotiations,  for  instance  by  providing 
for further liberalisation and rule-making. This includes promoting regulatory convergence to 
reduce  transaction  costs  and  non-tariff  barriers  even  further,  as  well  as  monitoring 
mechanisms to evaluate implementation and results. Inevitably, unilateral reductions of MFN 
tariffs, multilateral reduction of tariffs as discussed under the DDA as well as new free trade 
agreements  erode  existing  preferences  for  beneficiary  countries.  While  some  research 
indicates  that  the  vast  majority  of  developing  countries  have  more  to  gain  from  multilateral 
liberalisation than they lose from preference erosion7, there is a need to carefully assess on a 
case  by  case  basis  the  impact  of  unilateral  measures  or  of  new  free  trade  agreements  on 
developing countries.  

Alongside  its  support  for  developing  countries,  helping  them  to  reap  benefits  of  new  trade 
deals, including through Aid for Trade, EU trade policy also promotes regional integration of 
developing country markets, encouraging other developed countries to match the openness of 
the  EU,  promoting  South-South  trade  (in  particular  the  opening  up  of  emerging  markets  to 
imports  from  the  poorest  economies)  and  improving  the  WTO  framework  in  areas  such  as 
trade facilitation. 

5 
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COM(2010) 2020. 
At  this  stage,  ongoing  negotiations  include  Central  America,  Andean  countries,  India  and  ASEAN 
countries. 
For  example:  Lippoldt  D.  and  Kowalski  P.  (2005),  Trade  preference  erosion  –  Potential  economic 
impacts. OECD Trade policy Working Paper 17. 

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Targets 

Trade negotiations 

•  Conclusion of the negotiations of the WTO - Doha Development Agenda. 

•  Conclusion  of  WTO-compatible  and  development-oriented  Economic  Partnership 

Agreements (EPAs) with all regions in Africa and the Pacific. 

•  To  take  into  account  the  impact  of  new  Free  Trade  Agreements  or  other  bilateral 

agreements on developing countries. 

Indicators  

•  The outcome of the WTO-DDA round is ambitious, comprehensive and balanced. 

•  Number of regional/bilateral Economic Partnership Agreements concluded. 

•  Developing  countries  are  consulted  on  Free  Trade  or  other  bilateral  agreements  being 
negotiated  by  the  EU  and  which  have  potential  side  impact  on  their  own  development 
(ACP countries are consulted under Article 12 of the Cotonou Agreement). 

•  Analysis undertaken by sustainability impact assessments (SIAs) of trade negotiations and 

agreements. 

2.2.  Market access 

Developing  countries  often  find  it  difficult  to  make  use  of  the  opportunities  offered  by 
international  trade  and  to  adjust  smoothly  to  them.  In  addition  to  multilateral  and  bilateral 
negotiations, the EU also undertakes unilaterally measures which can have an impact in terms 
of  market  access  for  developing  countries.  These  measures  relate  for  example  to  unilateral 
trade  preferences  under  the  General  System  of  Preferences  (GSP)  as  well  as  standards  and 
regulations applying to the EU internal market. 

The  GSP,  GSP+  and  Everything  but  Arms  (EBA)  schemes  provide  additional  tariff 
preferences to developing countries, based on their level of development, and in some cases 
adherence  to  international  conventions.  The  current  regulation  expires  at  the  end  of  2011, 
providing  scope  for  a  discussion  on  how  to  best  adapt  it  to  differentiated  needs  of  various 
developing countries8.  
Standards on the EU market serve to prevent deceptive practices and protect human health or 
animal  safety.  Furthermore,  the  establishment  of  technical  regulations  and  standards  are 
legitimate  under  WTO  rules  subject  to  certain  conditions.  The  Technical  Barriers  to  Trade 
(TBT)  and  Sanitary  and  Phyto  Sanitary  (SPS)  agreements  under  WTO  contain  important 
mechanisms  which  ensure  that  legal  measures  decided  by  WTO  members  do  not 
unnecessarily and unjustifiably impose non-tariff barriers, taking development objectives and 

8 

The  Commission  intends  to  proceed  in  two  steps:  first,  to  propose  a  time  limited  extension  of  the 
present GSP regime beyond 2011; second to propose in early 2011 a new GSP regulation. 

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the  interests  of  developing  countries  into  account.  For  the  period  2010-2013,  a  number  of 
initiatives  are  envisaged  by  the  Commission,  in  particular  in  the  area  of  Plant  and  Animal 
Health. A careful assessment of the impact on developing countries, notably on LDCs, will be 
part  of  the  decision-making  process  in  line  with  the  Commission's  guidelines  for  Impact 
Assessment.  

Through  its  Aid  for  Trade  Strategy  (AfT),  the  EU  is  committed  to  provide  developing 
countries with technical assistance to anticipate and reduce any negative impacts of new trade 
rules  or  other  measures  affecting  trade,  and,  more  generally,  to  build  capacity  and  address 
constraints that prevent developing countries from exporting effectively. However, in order to 
ensure that AfT fulfils this purpose, developing partners must integrate trade in their national 
development strategies. A special report is issued annually on EU progress in implementing 
the EU AfT strategy9. 

The  Commission  also  recognises  the  potential  contribution  of  fair  trade  and  other  private 
trade-related  sustainability  assurance  schemes  to  sustainable  development  and  intends  to 
remain committed to continued support of these schemes10. 

Targets 

Market access  

•  To ensure maintenance of preferential access to EU market by developing countries under 

GSP. 

•  Helping  developing  countries'  to  adjust  to  SPS  measures,  technical  regulations  and 

standards or other market regulation. 

•  To implement effectively Aid for Trade. 

Indicators 

•  Time-limited extension of present GSP regulation and preparation by the Commission of a 
proposal  for  a  new  regulation  on  GSP  scheme  (2011),  on  the  base  of  an  analysis  of  the 
effectiveness of the current scheme in achieving its objectives and an impact assessment. 

•  The  impact  assessments  of  technical  regulations  and  standards,  including  SPS,  initiatives 
planned  for  2010-2013,  as  for  example  on  Plant  or  Animal  health  cover  impact  on 
developing countries. 

•  Volumes  by  categories  of  countries  of  assistance  requested  and  provided  under  the  AfT 

scheme. 

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10 

See  "EU  Aid  for  Trade  Monitoring  Report  2010",  Commission  Staff  Working  Document  SEC(2010) 
419. 
Communication COM(2009) 215: "Contributing to sustainable development: the role of fair trade and 
non-governmental trade-related sustainability assurance schemes". 

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2.3. 

Core International Labour Organisation (ILO) labour standards, decent work 
agenda and environmental standards 

In  an  analysis  of  the  interaction  between  globalisation  and  the  labour  market,  a  recent  joint 
WTO-ILO study noted that increased trade had contributed to global growth and job creation. 
However,  for  many  people  strong  growth  in  the  global  economy  has  not  led  to  a 
corresponding improvement in working conditions and living standards. The adherence to and 
effective  implementation  of  ILO  core  labour  standards,  including  in  the  maritime  sector,  as 
well support for the broader decent work agenda more generally need to be addressed in the 
context  of  these  countries'  overall  economic  and  social  development  strategy.  This  also 
applies to aligning environmental standards on key multilateral conventions (including in the 
maritime area). Hence, the most important instrument available to the EU for supporting this 
objective  in  line  with  the  principles  of  the  European  Consensus  for  Development  is 
development  cooperation.  Nevertheless,  other  policy  instruments,  including  trade  policy 
instruments,  should  contribute  as  well.  This  includes  sustainability  impact  assessments, 
inclusion  of  sustainability  development  provisions  and  monitoring  of  their  implementation. 
The  overall  objective  is  to  commit  partner  countries  to  a  framework  for  the  promotion  of 
employment/labour  and  environmental  policies,  while  recognising  the  right  of  developing 
countries to use their comparative advantage for economic development and fighting poverty. 
Moreover, the GSP+ scheme gives vulnerable developing countries incentives for adhering to 
and implementing core human and labour rights UN/ILO conventions and conventions related 
to the environment and to governance principles.  

Employment/labour and environmental standards 

Targets 

•  Continue to provide incentives for developing countries notably through the GSP+ scheme 
to adopt and effectively implement ILO core labour standards and environmental standards 
included in key multilateral conventions. 

•  Continue  to  use  EU  regional  and  bilateral  trade  agreements  to  support  improvements  in 

environmental and social standards.  

Indicators 

•  GSP+ countries effectively implement the conventions concerned by the scheme 
•  Inclusion  of  provision  on  environmental  and  employment/labour  standards  in  trade 
agreements;  partner  countries  adopt  and  implement  national  frameworks  for  promoting 
employment/labour and environmental standards. 

2.4. 

Corporate social responsibility 

Developing countries aim at attracting foreign investors to support their development. In order 
to  achieve  this,  they  may  provide  various  incentives.  However,  where  they  exist,  national 
social  and  environmental  standards  may  be  low  and  developing  countries  may  face  weak 
institutions and limited administrative resources to enforce them. In such a context, socially 
and  environmentally  responsible  behaviour  by  foreign  (and  national)  enterprises  is 
particularly  important,  not  only  to  ensure  the  sustainability  of  their  own  business  activities 
over the longer term, but as a demonstration of good practice to host governments and local 
business. The Commission encourages European companies to adhere on a voluntary basis to 
internationally  recognised  guidelines  for  corporate  social  responsibility  (CSR),  for  their 
business operations both within and outside the EU. The OECD Guidelines for Multinational 

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Enterprises are a particularly relevant instrument in this regard. In 2010, they are expected to 
undergo  a  substantial  update,  providing  an  opportunity  for  the  EU to  seek  to  reinforce  both 
their  content  and  their  practical  application.  In  trade  agreements,  the  EU  also  requires  its 
trading partners not to lower or reduce the enforcement of social and environmental standards 
in order to attract investment.  

The Commission is developing activities aimed at enhancing CSR, in particular in developing 
countries,  while  taking  into  account  the  voluntary  character  of  the  efforts  made  towards 
greater Corporate Social Responsibility. This includes addressing this issue at meetings of the 
High  Level  Group  of  Member  States  representatives  and  working  on  an  EU  contribution  to 
strengthen the OECD guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.  

2.5. 

Intellectual Property rights (IPR) 

A  number  of  features  and  flexibilities  have  been  built  into  the  trade  related  intellectual 
property  rights  (TRIPS)  agreement  to  ensure  that  the  IPR  national  legislations  of  WTO 
members  support  development-related  objectives,  in  particular  related  to  medicines.  Under 
the TRIPS Agreement, LDCs benefit from a transition period up to 2013. Concerning patents 
related to pharmaceuticals11, this transition period is even extended until 2016. Moreover, an 
amendment to TRIPS was adopted in 2005 with a view to facilitating access to generics for 
countries without pharmaceutical production capacities. While this amendment still needs to 
be  ratified  by  several  WTO  members,  it  has  already  been  incorporated  into  EU  legislation 
(Regulation (EC) 816/2006 on compulsory licensing of patents relating to the manufacture of 
pharmaceutical products for export to countries with public health problems). IPRs provisions 
are also included in the bilateral and regional trade agreements negotiated (see 2.1 above). In 
the area of intellectual property, EU activities which may be relevant for PCD relate mainly to 
three  goals  beside  provisions  being  included  in  the  EPAs  and  other  pluri-lateral  or  bilateral 
agreements: 

(a)  Enhancing  the  IPR  regime  inside  the  Union,  notably  with  the  adoption  of  a 
unitary  European  Union  patent  and  of  an  European  patent  jurisdiction.  This 
will  substantially  reduce  patent  costs  and  uncertainties  for  EU  and  foreign 
applicants. At least one provision will directly relate to a development goal: the 
one  on  implementing  the  objectives  of  the  Doha  Declaration  and  the 
Regulation 816/2006.  

(b)  Negotiating  improvements  of  the  international  regime  at  WTO  and  WIPO, 
notably on the protection of geographical indications and of genetic resources 
and  traditional  knowledge,  with  a  link  to  the  negotiation  of  the  International 
Regime  for  Access  and  Benefit  Sharing  under  the  UN  Convention  on 
biological diversity. 

(c)  Assisting  developing  countries  in  adopting  and  enforcing  IPR  regime  in  line 
with their international obligations and taking into account development level 
and needs, including awareness raising and capacity building. 

11 

http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/trips_e/factsheet_pharm01_e.htm  

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Intellectual property rights 

Target 

•  To  make  better  use  of  IPRs  for  development,  for  example  to  promote  investment  and 
innovation and to facilitate IPR protection in the EU of export products from developing 
countries. 

•  Ensure  that  balanced  IPR  provisions  (e.g.  in  bilateral  agreements)  help  developing 
countries to leverage the value of their intellectual creations and to promote technological 
progress, innovation and support domestic and foreign investment. 

•  Preserve access to affordable medicine in line with the principles of the Doha declaration 

and subsequent WTO agreements and EU legislation. 

Indicators 

•  Progress  in  negotiating  at  WTO  and  WIPO  the  protection  of  genetic  resources  and 
traditional  knowledge,  in  liaison  with  negotiations  under  the  Convention  for  Biological 
Diversity. 

•  Inclusion in EPAs and in other bilateral agreements of IPR provisions taking into account 

development needs and administrative capacities of partners. 

•  Ensure  that  any  EU legislation  on  IPR  enforcement  does  not  affect  the  principles  of  the 

Doha Declaration on access to medicine. 

•  Adoption of the report due in 2010 on the implementation of Regulation 816/2006.  

2.6. 

Good tax governance and finance 

Developing  countries  face  considerable  difficulties  in  funding  their  public  policies.  Better 
mobilisation  of  public  revenues  calls  for  more  effective  of  EU  support  for  fiscal  revenue 
systems  on  the  one  hand12,  and  for  the  promotion  of  a  transparent  and  cooperative  tax 
environment on the other, including the principles of good tax governance. Success will also 
depend  on  enhanced  international  cooperation  and  improved  transparency  of  transnational 
enterprises.  Particularly  important  is  the  implementation  of  transparency  rules  in  the 
extractive  sector,  more  particularly  those  rules  established  within  the  Extractive  Industries 
Transparency  Initiative  (EITI)  covering  payments  made  by  mining  companies 
to 
governments13. 

12 

13 

Analysis  of  it  and  related  proposals  are  included  in  Cooperating  with  developing  countries  on 
promoting good governance in tax matters - COM (2010) xxx. 
ibidem 

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Even  with  improved  fiscal  governance,  developing  countries  will  still  need  external 
assistance,  including  to  face  Climate  Change  challenges.  Substantial  efforts  by  developed 
countries  will  be  necessary  to  fulfil  ODA  commitments  and  deliver  the  aid  to  developing 
countries  agreed  in  the  Copenhagen  Climate  Change  Accord  of  December  2009.  In  this 
context, several schemes for multilateral innovative financing are being discussed14. 

Tax governance and finance 

Targets 

•  To encourage closer cooperation between relevant OECD and UN bodies when developing 
international  tax  cooperation  standards,  taking  into  account  the  specific  needs  and 
capacities of developing countries. 

•  To  support  the  implementation  of  principles  of  good  governance  in  the  tax  area,  e.g. 

transparency, exchange of information and fair tax competition. 

•  To  support  the  adoption  and  implementation  of  the  OECD  transfer  pricing  guidelines  in 

developing countries. 

•  To  support  ongoing  research  on  a  country-by-country  reporting  requirement  as  part  of  a 

reporting standard for multinational corporations, such as in the extractive sector. 

•  To  enhance  support  for  the  Extractive  Industries  Transparency  Initiative  in  order  to 
enhance revenue transparency, domestic accountability and good governance in resource-
rich settings. 

Indicators 

•  Agreement  at  the  OECD  and  the  UN  on  compatible  international  standards  of  tax 

cooperation. 

•  Number of countries having committed to the good governance principles in the tax area. 
•  Number  of  countries  adhering  to  OECD  transfer  pricing  guidelines  associated  with 

assessment of effective implementation.  

•  Assessment  of  progress  in  identifying  obstacles  to  the  adoption  of  country-by-country 

reporting for multinational corporations, such as in the extractive sector. 

•  Assessment of progress in the global EITI implementation, notably by taking into account 

the number of EITI compliant countries in resource-rich developing countries. 

14 

Staff Working Document on "Innovative Financing at a Global Level" - SEC(2010) 409, 1.4.2010. 

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3.  CLIMATE CHANGE 

3.1. 

Strengthening the comprehensive approach to climate change 

Combating climate change requires a comprehensive approach, which combines a number 
of policies ranging from research humanitarian assistance, and development to economic and 
agriculture  policies  and  must  address  interlinked  environmental  concerns  such  as  loss  of 
biodiversity, degradation of ecosystems, and desertification as well as their social and human 
impact. 

The  Communication  on  a  post-2010  biodiversity  policy  framework  for  the  EU15  stresses 
the role that terrestrial and marine ecosystems play in the combat against climate change by 
absorbing  around  half  of  anthropogenic  CO2  emissions  and  by  providing  cost-effective 
protection  against  some  of  the  threats  that  result  from  climate  change  such  as  storms  and 
flooding. Acknowledging that most of the world’s biodiversity is found outside the EU it calls 
for stepping up EU action to address the global biodiversity crisis. This may entail measures 
aimed at further reducing the impact of EU consumption patterns on biodiversity elsewhere in 
the world and enhancing efforts to protect biodiversity in other countries (on the importance 
of biodiversity for food security and related targets and indicators see 4.4). 

Through its Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) initiative, the EU 
contributes  to  reducing  emissions  from  tropical  deforestation  and  forest  degradation  which 
represent  around  20%  of  the  total  global  greenhouse  gas  (GHG)  emissions.  This  was 
recognised as a key priority in the Copenhagen Accord. FLEGT combats illegal logging and 
promotes sustainable forest management by improving the governance of the forestry sector 
through the negotiation of FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPA).16 In 2010, the 
EU will continue negotiations with Central African Republic, Gabon, Indonesia, Liberia, and 
Malaysia.  Work  on  FLEGT  is  planned  with  Democratic  Republic  of  Congo,  Equatorial 
Guinea, Guyana, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone. 

To  complement  FLEGT  and  to  minimise  the  risk  of  illegal  timber  being  placed  on  the  EU 
market, in October 2009 the Commission proposed legislation on Obligations of Operators 
who place Timber and Timber Products on the Market17. In ongoing discussions, both the 
EP and Council, have accepted the basic principle put forward by the Commission, whereby 
operators placing timber and timber products on the EU market for the first time (including 
importers  and  domestic  producers)  should  exercise  'due  diligence'  to  minimise  the  risk  of 
illegal  timber  entering  the  supply  chain.  In  principle,  timber  products  supplied  to  the  EU 
under  FLEGT  VPAs  will  be  considered  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  legislation,  thus 
providing favourable market conditions for countries with FLEGT VPAs.  

Another important initiative in this areas is the comprehensive study that the Commission has 
launched to assess the impact of EU production, consumption and trade in both food and 
non-food commodities on deforestation and forest degradation. The objective of this study 
is to identify the policy reforms needed at EU and national level. 

15 
16 
17 

Options for an EU vision and target for biodiversity beyond 2010 - COM(2010) 4. 19.1.2010. 
The Commission already concluded the negotiation of FLEGT VPA with Ghana, Congo and Cameroun. 
COM(2008) 644 - 2008/0198/COD. 

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The 7th EU Framework Programme for research and technological development (2007 - 
2013),  provides  a  framework  for  international  collaborative  research  and  covers  the  area  of 
climate  change.  The  programme  facilitates  collaboration  with  researchers  from  developing 
countries, who participate directly in a range of EU projects starting from understanding the 
phenomenon and its impacts up to the development of response options and new technologies. 
The  Annual  Work  Programme  for  research  and  technological  development  gives  a  high 
priority to developing countries in the field of climate change. For example, the 2010 Work 
Programme  for  the  Environment  Theme  (including  climate  change)  includes  topics  with  a 
focus on developing countries such as climate policy scenarios for developing countries and 
the development of a methodological framework for assessing the overall risks and benefits of 
alternative  GHG  emission  reduction  policies  for  health  and  well-being  in  urban  areas.  A 
number of other topics dealing with climate change issues have been included in the call for 
Africa, which is targeted as a priority region in 2010. The specific topics addressed within the 
2010 call deal with the effects of environmental change on the occurrence and distribution of 
water-related, vector-borne diseases in Africa, with early warning and forecasting systems to 
predict climate-related drought vulnerability and risks  as well  as with water management in 
Africa.  

Monitoring  climate  change  is  a  priority  of  the  Global  Monitoring  for  Environment  and 
Security  programme  (GMES),  with  Earth  Observation  providing  unique  tools  to  assess 
change and account for adaptation in early planning (budget FP7-Space). Adaptation planning 
in  Africa  is  indeed  difficult  as  in-situ  monitoring  networks  do  not  exist  for  many  variables. 
The  initiative  GMES  and  Africa  is  being  pursued  under  the  8th  partnership  of  the  Joint 
Africa-EU  strategy  and  duly  accounts  for  initiatives  on  climate  change  and  adaptation. 

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In an effort to improve synergies between research programmes at the level of Member States, 
the  European  Commission  is  accompanying  their  efforts  with  the  development  of  Joint 
Programming Initiatives, e.g. on 'Agriculture, Food Security and Climate Change'18. 

Strengthening the comprehensive approach to climate change 

Targets: 

•  Reduce  trends  regarding  the  loss  of  biodiversity,  degradation,  of  ecosystems  and 

desertification. 

•  Reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. 

•  Contribute to the understanding of the climate system and the implications for mitigation 

and adaptation in developing countries. 

Indicators: 

•  Number of FLEGT processes implemented and launched in 2010. 

•  Tropical deforestation rates have reduced since 2009. 

•  Within  the  annual  work  programme  on  research,  the  number  of  climate  change  topics 

specifically targeting developing countries. 

•  Number  of  EU-funded-climate-change  research  projects  targeting  /  involving  developing 

countries. 

3.2. 

Seeking synergies between climate, energy, and development policies 

The  main  challenge  of  climate  change  policy,  also  from  a  PCD  perspective,  is  the  further 
reduction  of  GHG  emissions.  At  EU  level  the  adoption  of  the  EU  Climate  and  Energy 
Package  in  April  2009  was  a  landmark,  highlighting  the  interactions  between  energy  and 
climate  issues.  With  this  package  the  EU  has  not  only  committed  itself  to  a  unilateral  20% 
GHG reduction by 2020, but has also set out a strategy for achieving this objective, including 
the  necessary  changes  in  consumption  and  production  patterns.  Following  up  the 
Copenhagen Accord, the EU is discussing further measures for its transition to a low carbon 
economy, including an analysis of what practical policies would be required to implement a 
30% reduction target by 2020. 

The 2009 Climate and Energy Package is also important for developing countries because it is 
likely  to  increase  imports  of  biofuels.  As  part  of  the  Climate  and  Energy  package,  the 
Renewable  Energy  Directive  19  ,  aims  at  ensuring  the  EU's  energy  supply  and  at  reducing 
GHG emissions. It sets binding targets of a 20% overall share of renewable energy in 2020, 
and a 10% share of renewable energy in transport.  Moreover, the  2009 revision of the Fuel 
Quality  Directive  requires  a  reduction  in  the  greenhouse  gas  intensity  of  transport  fuels  by 

18 
19 

idem 
Directive 2009/28/EC. 

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2020.  It  is  expected  that  these  Directives  will  increase  imports  of  biofuels  from  developing 
countries.20 

To  limit  the  social  and  environmental  risks  associated  with  the  increased  production  of 
biofuels the Renewable Energy Directive requires all EU Member States to apply a common 
sustainability scheme. For the first time this scheme obliges economic operators to ensure that 
all  the  biofuel  used  to  meet  EU  targets  –  whether  of  EU  origin  or  imported  -  has  been 
produced  in  compliance  with  clear  environmental  criteria,  and  to  report  on  a  number  of 
additional  effects,  including  possibly  social  conditions  in  third  countries.  In  2010  the 
Commission is going to issue a Communication to assist Member States, economic operators, 
third  countries  and  non-governmental  organisations 
the 
implementation of the sustainability scheme. 

the  various  aspects  of 

in 

A second important step is the establishment of a sound monitoring system for the impacts 
of EU biofuels policy in the EU and third countries. To this end the Commission launched 
a  study  in  November  2009:  'Support  activities  for  the  development  of  baseline  data  and 
methodology for reporting requirements for biofuels'. This study as well as the statistical data 
on  biofuels  collected  by  the  Commission  systematically  already  will  be  the  main  inputs  for 
the biannual reports of the Commission on the impact of the promotion of biofuels, including 
in developing countries and will inform the decision of the Commission's decision on possible 
corrective action. The first reporting exercise by the Commission is due to be carried out in 
2012.  On  the  specific  issue  of  indirect  land-use  change  (land-use  change  as  a  result  of 
displacement) the Commission will issue a report in 2010 assessing the impact and identifing 
ways to address and minimise possible negative effects. 

Seeking synergies between climate, energy, and development policies 

Target: 

•  Identify the impacts of the Renewable energy directive's biofuels provisions on developing 

countries exporting biofuels to the EU. 

Indicators: 

•  A set of baseline data is established describing the situation in 2008, so that the impact of 

biofuels production can be measured from that date onwards. 

•  A  methodology  is  established  for  regular  monitoring  and  reporting  on  the  impacts  from 
increased consumption of biofuels in the EU and the main third countries of supply from 
2008 onwards. 

•  The  report  on  indirect  land  use  assesses  the  impact  of  the  promotion  of  biofuels  and 

identifies ways to address any negative effects. 

20 

For a more detailed exploration the positive and negative impacts of biofuels on developing countries as 
well  as  a  discussion  of  policy  options  see  the  Commission  Staff  Working  Paper  'the  EU  –  a  global 
partner  for  development.  Speeding  up  progress  towards  the  Millennium  Development  Goals.  Policy 
Coherence  for  Development  Climate  Change/Energy/Biofules,  Migration  and  Research  (SEC(2008) 
434. 

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3.3. 

Facilitating access of developing countries to low-carbon and climate-resilient 
technologies  

In  the  framework  of  the  Post-Copenhagen  negotiations  and  as  part  of  its  bilateral 
cooperation  activities  the  EU  and  the  Member  States  will  continue  to  promote  improved 
access to green technology for developing countries. The EU is already active in that regard 
through its trade and research policy and development cooperation. 

The  current  round  of  world  trade  talks  under  the  WTO,  the  Doha  Development  Agenda, 
includes negotiations on trade liberalisation for environmental goods and services, with a 
view to reducing and eliminating tariffs and non-tariff barriers on goods and services that can 
deliver  environmental  benefits.  The  reduction  of  tariffs  on  low-carbon  technologies  will 
promote  the  growth  of  markets  inside  and  outside  Europe  and  increase  the  take-up  of  low-
carbon  technology,  making  it  easier  for  developing  countries  to  embark  on  low-carbon 
development plans. 

Through  FP7-financed  research  on  climate  change  issues  and  low-carbon  technologies 
the EU contributes to the broadening of the science and technology knowledge base needed 
for  a  greener  economy.  The  FP7  Specific  energy  research  programme  may  include 
activities  which  promote  science  and  technology  cooperation  with  developing  countries  and 
research to support capacity building in developing countries.  

Today the FP7 energy theme is used to support the development of the EU Strategic Energy 
Technology Plan (SET-Plan)21. The SET-Plan is the technology pillar of the EU's energy and 
climate  change  policy  which  aims  at  a  20%  reduction  in  greenhouse  gases  by  2020.  In  the 
context  of  the  SET-Plan,  cooperation  with  developing  and  emerging  countries  will  duly  be 
taken into consideration where relevant. 

Development  cooperation  in  many  areas  contributes  to  technology  transfer.  The  Global 
Energy  Efficiency  and  Renewable  Energy  Fund  (GEEREF),  which  is  managed  by  the 
European  Investment  Fund(EIF),  facilitates  participation  in  small-scale  private  ventures  that 
introduce new technology in the area of renewable energy. 

21 

COM 2009) 519. 

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Facilitating access of developing countries to low-carbon and climate resilient 
technologies 

Targets: 

•  Liberalise trade in environmental goods and services at international level. 

•  Broaden  the  knowledge  base  in  developing  countries  with  respect  to  low-carbon  and 

climate-resilient technologies. 

•  Support technology transfer through GEEREF. 

Indicators: 

•  Tariffs and non-tariff barriers worldwide on environmental goods and services.  

•  Prices  and  availability  of  environmental  goods  and  services,  including  for  developing 

countries. 

•  Value of international exchanges in environmental goods and services. 

•  Deliverables  produced  within  EU  funded  research  projects  contributing  to  the  above 

mentioned target in 2010. 

•  Number of EIF funded private ventures introducing new green technology in 2010. 

3.4. 

Support  for  developing  countries  taking  climate  change  measures  including 
through their participation in the international carbon market  

Climate  change  will  have  significant  impact  on  developing  countries,  and  be  an  additional 
burden  on,  in  particular,  the  poorest  and  the  most  vulnerable  countries.  The  combat  against 
climate  change,  including  disaster  risk  reduction  strategies,  should  therefore  be  an  integral 
part  of  development  strategies.  However,  climate  financing  should  not  undermine  or 
jeopardise  the  eradication  of  poverty  and  continued  progress  towards  the  Millennium 
Development  Goals.  Support  for  mitigation  and  adaptation  in  developing  countries  will 
therefore require additional finance to be mobilised from a wide range of sources.  

In the Copenhagen Accord, developed countries committed to a goal of mobilizing jointly 
$100  billion  a  year  by  2020  to  address  the  needs  of  developing  countries.  This  funding 
should come from a variety of sources: public and private, bilateral and multilateral, including 
alternative  sources  of  finance.  In  the  short  term,  a  collective  commitment  was  made  to 
provide new and additional resources approaching $ 30 billion for the period 2010-2012. 

In this context, the EU announced it was prepared to contribute fast- start funding of €2.4 
billion  annually  for  the  years  2010  to  2012.  This  EU  funding  should  come  from  Member 
States  and  the  EU.  The  following  key  thematic  areas  will  be  covered:  adaptation  of 
developing  countries  to  the  adverse  impacts  of  climate  change;  mitigation  focusing  on 
capacity building; and technology cooperation. The EU will build on existing initiatives and 

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channels, ensuring that funding remains as close as possible to beneficiaries' needs and linked 
to  country  development  programmes.  For  adaptation,  the  priority  focus  will  be  on  the  most 
vulnerable countries such as LDCs, SIDS and African countries. 

From  2013  onwards,  the  revised  European  Emissions  Trading  System  (ETS)22  will 
generate  revenues  through  the  auctioning  of  emission  allowances,  estimated  at  nearly  €26 
billion per year by 2020. While Member States will decide on the use of the revenues, they 
have  agreed  to  allocate  at  least  50%  to  climate-change  related  activities,  including  in 
developing countries.23 

At this stage, the main way for developing countries to participate in the International Carbon 
Market  is  via  the  Clean  Development  Mechanism  (CDM).  The  CDM  is  an  innovative 
instrument  of  the  Kyoto  Protocol.  It  aims  to  help  industrialised  countries/companies  meet 
their emission targets by investing in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries. 
Over  the  past  few  years,  it  resulted  in  a  sizeable  new  flow  of  resources  to  developing 
countries  of  around  €5  billion  per  year.  However,  the  geographical  balance  needs  to  be 
improved  as  well  as  the  governance  and  environmental  integrity  of  CDM.  At  present,  the 
geographical distribution is highly skewed towards China and other emerging countries. Least 
Developed  Countries  (LDC),  particularly  countries  in  sub-Saharan  Africa,  have  so  far 
attracted  very  few  CDM  investments.  To  promote  their  participation  in  the  CDM,  the  EU 
supports  CDM  capacity  building  within  the  9th  EDF  intra-ACP  programme  for  the 
Multilateral  Environmental  Agreements.  One  option  from  which  LDCs  could  benefit  would 
be to extend the types of project that are permitted through the CDM in the EU's Emission 
Trading Scheme to include aforestation and reforestation as well as low-emission agricultural 
practices. The Commission also favours the gradual introduction of a sectoral mechanism to 
overcome the limitations of the current project mechanism. 

22 
23 

Directive 2003/87/EC as amended by Directive 2009/29/EC of 23 April 2009. 
Council conclusions on energy and climate change, no 17215, 12.12.2008. 

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Innovative  sources  of  financing  can  also  play  a  role  in  increasing  financial  flows  to  help 
developing countries implement ambitious adaptation and mitigation strategies while ensuring 
predictable  development  cooperation  flows.  The  EU  supports  efforts  made  at  internal  and 
international levels to explore the potential of innovative financing from international aviation 
and maritime transport for example, to raise revenue for global challenges. 

Support to developing countries taking climate change measures including through their 
participation in the international carbon market 

Targets: 

•  Annually  provide  €2.4  billion  for  the  period  2010-2012,  combining  different  financial 
instruments,  in  a  coordinated  way  at  EU  level  and  meeting  developing  countries 
expectations and needs. 

•  Integrate fast-start financing into development strategies. 

•  Adapt the CDM to facilitate the offsetting of emission reductions also in LDC. 

•  Continue  to  explore  new  sources  of  financing  climate  change  adaptation  and  mitigation 

measures. 

Indicators: 

•  Amount  of  funding  available  to  developing  countries  for  adaptation  and  mitigation 

measures in 2010: EU reporting on fast-track funding. 

•  Appropriate channels are used for effective spending of fast-start funding. 

•  Number of Country Strategy Papers including climate change in 2010. 

•  Level of ODA in 2010. 

•  CDM finances in 2010. 

•  Share of CDM investment going to LDCs in 2010. 

•  Policy papers issued on innovative financing at EU level. 

4.  FOOD SECURITY 

4.1. 

Agriculture policy 

A  fundamental  challenge  the  world  faces  today  is  to  ensure  that  1  billion  people  living  in 
poverty and hunger have access to enough food to maintain a healthy life. Substantial efforts 
to  sustain  an  agricultural  policy  which  optimises  food  production  and  augments  farmers' 
incomes are necessary in many developing countries. At the same time, a well designed and 

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coordinated  food  humanitarian  assistance  is  still  needed24.  On  its  part  the  EU's  common 
agricultural  policy  (CAP)  has  undergone  fundamental  reforms  over  time,  responding  to 
changing economic conditions as well as societal expectations and demands25. In the future, 
the  EU  would  need  to  produce  more  food  using  less  land,  water  and  energy.  An  important 
initiative in EU agricultural policy expected to be taken in 2010 will be the Communication 
on  the  post-2013  CAP.  At  the  operational  level,  there  are  several  ongoing  initiatives  to 
improve  the  functioning  of  the  food  supply  chain  which  have  a  potential  impact  on 
developing countries. They include initiatives aimed at simplifying or rationalising marketing 
standards, geographical indication schemes, labelling requirements. This is an opportunity to 
enhance the Commission's capacity to assess, on a case by case basis, the impact of legislation 
of this nature on development objectives. 

Targets 

Agricultural Policy 

•  To  prepare  a  post-2013  CAP  reform  taking  into  account  food  security  and  development 

objectives in a balanced manner. 

•  To  propose  EU  initiatives  in  the  field  of  agricultural  product  quality  policy  taking  into 

account development objectives.  

Indicators 

•  Communication on post-2013 CAP reform considers impact on development objectives. 

•  Development  objectives  are  taken  into  account  in  preparing  impact  assessment  for 

agricultural product quality policy initiatives. 

4.2. 

Trade 

Trade can provide a major contribution to food security. With the intended conclusion of the 
WTO  DDA  as  well  as  the  Economic  Partnerships  Agreements,  there  will  be  new 
opportunities and challenges for developing countries as a result of improved market access 
for exports in the EU. In the context of the Doha Round and the current draft modalities on 
agriculture the EU would reduce its border protection, with a minimum average cut of 54%, 
reduce  trade  distorting  subsidies  by  80%  and  to  eliminate  all  export  subsidies  by  2013, 
provided that similar disciplines are agreed upon for equivalent measures. As regards bilateral 
agreements,  developing  countries  can  use  build-in  flexibility  and  transition  periods  to 
reinforce the resilience of their agricultural sector and production chains. Furthermore, EPAs 
include a special food security safeguard clause allowing ACP countries to take measures to 
protect their markets when their food security is threatened26.  

24 

25 

26 

Aspects  of  food  security  related  to  development  cooperation  are  more  particularly  addressed  in  the 
communication  "An  EU  policy  framework  to  assist  developing  countries  in  addressing  food  security 
challenges"  -  COM(2010)  127,  31.3.2010  -  and  those  related  to  humanitarian  assistance  in  the 
communication 'Humanitarian Food Assistance' - COM(2010) 126, 31.3.2010.  
See  also  the  updated  prospective  study  "Scenar  2020"  on  trends  affecting  the  rural  economy  and  the 
agricultural sector: http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/external/scenar2020ii/report_en.pdf. 
For trade related targets and indicators, see the Trade and Finance Chapter of this document  

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4.3. 

Research and Development and innovation  

Innovation  can  have  clear  benefits  for  smallholder  farmers,  in  terms  of  improving  their 
livelihoods,  including  incomes  and  nutrition,  and  strengthening  resilience  to  the  impacts  of 
climate change27. Several activities are being developed by the European Commission to steer 
research  towards  development  needs,  for  example  under  the  so  called  'Africa  call'.  In  2010 
and  2011,  research  issues  include  sustainable  water  resource  management  and  soil  fertility 
conservation  for  food  production  in  Africa,  as  well  as  identification  of  research  needs  on 
malnutrition in Africa28. Furthermore, the European Commission is accompanying the efforts 
of various MS in the development of the Joint Programming Initiative on 'Agriculture, Food 
Security and Climate Change'.  

Targets 

Research and Development 

•  To strengthen research efforts targeted on malnutrition and agricultural production 

•  To strengthen research into agricultural production 

Indicators 

•  Identify and share with the Research community in Africa research needs on malnutrition. 

•  Number  and  value  of  research  projects  launched  under  the  Framework  Program  7  on 

agricultural production 

4.4. 

Biodiversity 

Biodiversity  and  ecosystems  deliver  a  range  of  vital  services  to  people,  such  as  productive 
soils  and  improved  water  services,  which  are  essential  elements  for  food  production  and, 
therefore  for  global  food  security.  As  such,  biodiversity  loss  and  ecosystem  degradation 
caused  by  overexploitation,  pollution,  invasive  species  and  habitat  change  will  have 
increasingly significant implications for food security, human health and wellbeing. 

Specific  attention  will  be  paid  to  the  linkages  and  interactions  between  biodiversity, 
development and poverty. It will aim at maintaining ecosystem services, avoiding the loss of 
biodiversity,  preserving  agro-biodiversity,  and  will  thus  contribute  to  food  security.  The 
Commission  will  also  fund  a  study  on  the  impact  of  EU  consumption  on  deforestation  in 
developing countries, which relates to both food security and climate change (see also 3.1 of 
this document). 

27 

28 

See  COM(2010)  127:  'An  EU  policy  framework  to  assist  developing  countries  in  addressing  food 
security challenges', 31.3.2010. 
The FP 7 is also supporting coordination actions related to Food Security, for instance the ERA Net on 
Agricultural Research for Development (second phase 2 approved, starting in 2010). 

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Target 

Biodiversity 

•  Step  up  the  EU  contribution  to  averting  global  biodiversity  loss  (in  accordance  with  the 

2020 EU biodiversity target) 

Indicators 

•  Terrestrial and marine protected areas have increased since 2009 (MDG indicator). 

•  Improvement  in  the  state  of  the  World's  plant  and  animal  genetic  resources  for  food  and 

agriculture. 

•  Increase in fish stocks within safe biological limits since 2009. 

4.5. 

Land access and use and impact of bio energy production 

To secure access to land as well as land tenure29, effective national land policies and laws are 
required, as well as internationally approved principles to guide investors, host countries and 
other stakeholders, towards investments in agriculture that respect (human) rights, livelihoods 
and resources. The EU and its Member States will support the development of principles for 
responsible investments in agricultural land, building upon the EU Land Policy Guidelines30. 
Thus, governments in partner countries, farmer organisations and other stakeholders will be 
assisted  in  making  informed  choices  that  ensure  the  sustainability  of  large-scale  foreign 
investments  in  agricultural  land  so  as  to  maximise  social,  economic  and  environmental 
benefits for the country. 

Under  The  Renewable  Energy  Directive31  the  Commission  has  a  specific  obligation  to 
monitor  and  report  to  the  Parliament  and  the  Council  by  2012  on  economic,  environmental 
and social impacts in main third countries of supply. 

Target 

Land access and use 

•  To  progress  towards  greater  security  of  access  to  land  and  of  land  tenure  to  protect 

vulnerable groups. 

29 

30 

31 

See  communication:  Towards  an  EU  policy  framework  to  assist  developing  countries  addressing 
agriculture and food security challenges - COM (2010) 127 
EU  Land  Policy  Guidelines:  Guidelines  for  support  to  land  policy  design  and  land  policy  reform 
processes in developing countries:   
http://ec.europa.eu/development/policies/9interventionareas/ruraldev/rural/landpolicy_en.cfm 
Directive 2009/28/EC. 

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

 
                                                 
Indicator 

•  Agreement  at  EU  level  on  principles  for  responsible  investments  in  agricultural  land 

(2010). 

4.6. 

Common fisheries policy (CFP) 

The intended post- 2013 reform of the Common Fisheries Policy (CFP), especially its external 
dimension (Fisheries Partnership Agreements) is an important initiative which is expected to 
have an impact on developing countries, especially with regard to the sustainability aspect of 
the exploitation of sea resources. 

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Target 

Fisheries policy reform 

•  To adopt a reform of the post-2013 CFP which takes into account development objectives. 

Indicator 

•  Proposals  for  post-2013  Common  Fishery  Policy  are  based  on  an  Impact  Assessment, 

including an assessment of the impact on developing countries. 

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5.  MIGRATION 

5.1.  Facilitation of legal migration, mobility and circular migration  

The Stockholm Programme, unanimously adopted by EU Member States in December 200932, 
defines the priorities  of  the  European  migration agenda for  the next  five  years. Reaffirming 
the  relevance  of  the  EU  Global  Approach  to  Migration  the  European  Council  invites  the 
Commission  and  the  Council  to  continue  to  implement  the  2005  Policy  Plan33  on  legal 
migration and to strive towards improved skills recognition and labour matching between the 
European Union and third countries.  

The  'EU  Blue  Card  directive',  adopted  in  May  200934,  facilitates  the  entry  and  residence  of 
highly qualified migrants and represents a first step in the implementation of the 2005 Policy 
Plan on legal migration. It aims at establishing common conditions and a fast-track procedure 
for  the  admission  of  highly-qualified  workers  from  third  countries  and  grants  a  number  of 
socio-economic rights on the basis of equal treatment with EU nationals as well as favourable 
conditions for family reunification. It aims for intra-EU mobility of such workers and circular 
migration  with  the  countries  of  origin.  In  2010,  the  European  Commission  also  intends  to 
present, in 2010, proposals for directives on seasonal workers (generally low skilled migrants) 
and  intra-corporate  transferees,  which  will  potentially  have  a  positive  impact  on  the 
development of countries of origin by providing more transparent conditions to work in the 
EU and ensuring a secured legal status to the workers.  

The  launch  of  the  EU  immigration  portal  (scheduled  for  2010)  will  also  contribute  to 
providing more transparent information on the conditions of entry and residence in each of the 
27 Member States. 

Facilitation of legal migration35 

Target: 

•  To organise legal immigration and mobility options for nationals of developing countries 
who  seek  learning  opportunities  and  legal  employment  in  the  EU,  while  taking  into 
account the priorities, labour market situations and reception capacities of Member States, 
respecting  Member  States’  national  competences  and  the  principle  of  Community 
preference. 

Indicators:  

•  Proposals for directives on seasonal workers and intra-corporate transferees to be presented 

in 2010 by the European Commission.  

•  Launch of the EU immigration portal in 2010. 

32 
33 
34 
35 

Doc. 17024/09. http://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/news/intro/doc/stockholm_program_en.pdf 
COM(2009) 669. 
Directive 2009/50/EC of 25 May 2009 (OJ L 155, p. 17). 
In this box and all other of the chapter on Migration, the targets reflect specific conclusions drawn by 
the Council on the coherence of migration policies for development (December 2009). 

EN 

26 

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Model of good PCD practice 

The Mobility Partnership with the Republic of Moldova 

Mobility  Partnerships  appear  to  be  an  interesting  framework  to  address  migration  and 
mobility issues in a more coordinated fashion at EU level. In the framework of the Mobility 
Partnership  with  the  Republic  of  Moldova,  thirteen  EU  Member  States  took  part  in  an 
initiative  funded  by  the  European  Community  to  strengthen  the  capacities  of  the  National 
Employment Agency of the Republic of Moldova to provide viable options in the Republic of 
Moldova for migrants willing to return. Some Member States additionally offered to change 
their  legislation  to  facilitate  circular  migration  of  Moldovan  citizens,  by  revising  the 
conditions  governing  loss  of  residence  rights.  EU  assistance  is  provided  to  the  Moldovan 
authorities to negotiate and implement bilateral labour migration agreements as well bilateral 
agreements  on  social  protection  between  the  Republic  of  Moldova  and  interested  Member 
States. 

Mobility partnerships36 and cooperation platforms continue to be important instruments of the 
Global Approach to Migration, according to the Stockholm Programme. There is one formal 
cooperation platform in Ethiopia, but the various EU political dialogue missions on migration 
(since  2006)  have  established  a  regular  political  dialogue  on  migration  issues  gathering 
stakeholders from the EU and third countries (including Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania and 
the Black Sea). Efforts to consolidate political dialogue on migration issues will be pursued. 

Target 

Mobility Partnerships 

•  To continue to strengthen the implementation of the migration and development agenda of 
the  Global  Approach  to  Migration,  such  as  promoting  the  positive  synergies  between 
migration  and  development  within  the  frameworks  of  the  Mobility  Partnership  and 
cooperation platform instruments. 

Indicators 

•  Launch of new mobility partnerships, based on a preliminary political dialogue with third 

countries to outline respective expectations and agree on priorities accordingly. 

•  Structured  dialogue  mechanisms, 
established with more countries.  

including  cooperation  platforms,  on  migration 

It  is  often  argued  that  circular  migration  can  contribute  with  "triple  win"  outcomes:  the 
country  of  destination  can  meet  the  needs  of  its  labour  market;  it  can  provide  a  job  to  the 
migrant  who  will  bring  expertise,  knowledge  and  funding  back  home;  and  such  recurrent 
return flows can benefit the country of origin. Circular migration can be facilitated through: 
support  to  circular  migration  management  programmes.  It  can  also  be  facilitated  by  legal 

36 

Mobility  Partnerships  have  for  the  moment  been  concluded  with  Cape  Verde,  Moldova  and  Georgia. 
See SEC(2009) 1240 for more details. 

EN 

27 

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frameworks  that  provide  opportunities  to  return  to  countries  of  origin  for  longer  periods  of 
time without losing residence rights in the host countries, and by guaranteeing the portability 
of social rights. As mentioned in the Stockholm Programme, the European Union will further 
explore  the  concept  of  circular  migration,  taking  place  within  or  outside  the  framework  of 
specific projects or programmes, including a wide-ranging study, to be completed before 2012, on 
how relevant policy areas may contribute to and affect the preconditions for increased temporary 
and circular mobility. 

Facilitation of circular migration 

Target 

•  To further examine issues which may have the potential to facilitate circular migration and 
voluntary  return,  such  as  portability  of  social  rights,  migrants’  opportunities  to  return  to 
their countries of origin for longer periods of time without losing their right to residence in 
countries of destination as well as the promotion of viable livelihood options in countries 
of origin. 

Indicators  

•  Launch of a study on circular migration during 2010, based on data and best practice from 

Member States. 

•  Explore  mobility  options  in  the  framework  of  mobility  partnerships  drawing  on  the 

Moldovan example. 

•  Explore  possibilities  of  cooperation  between  employment  agencies  as  in  the  ANAPEC 

example. 

5.2.  Promotion of the Migration and Development agenda  

Whenever  possible,  the  EU  promotes  cheaper,  safer,  faster  and  more  secure  flows  of 
remittances  through  its  regulatory  framework  for  payments.  This  has  been  extended  by  14 
Member States in order to cover money transfers from the EU to third countries carried out in 
currencies other than those of the Member States. The Commission is actively monitoring this 
process  and  investigating  whether  migration  regulations  in  the  EU  could  negatively  affect 
remittance sending costs.  

The EU will continue to support programmes implemented in partner countries with the aim 
of developing the financial sector, improving financial literacy and supporting the creation of 
a more favourable business environment. 

The EU will also continue to meet its commitments within the framework of the Monterrey 
process: 

•  Implementation of the General Principles for International Remittances Services agreed by 

the Committee on Payments and Settlements Systems (CPSS),  

•  Implementation of solutions to overcome barriers to financial services access for migrants 
to  reinforce  the  impact  of  remittances  on  economic  and  social  development  for  migrants 
and their families.  

EN 

28 

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•  Availability  of  robust  and  reliable  data  concerning  the  amounts  and  destination  of 

remittances from your country37 

37 

See the 2010 Monterrey report for a complete overview. Reference to be added. 

EN 

29 

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Target 

Migrants' remittances 

•  To promote cheaper, faster and more secure flows of remittances to migrants’ countries of 
origin,  and  to  ensure  that  relevant  legislation  does  not  contain  provisions  hampering  the 
effective use of legal remittances channels. 

Indicators 

•  Implement the commitments taken in the framework of the Monterrey process 

•  Monitor migration regulations in the EU to make sure they do not contain provisions which 
could  negatively  impact  on  the  globally  agreed  objective  of  reducing  remittances  costs, 
either directly or through measures of equivalent effect. 

•  Support  actions  aiming  to  lower  remittances  costs  and  to  develop  the  capacities  of  third 

countries to better channel those financial flows towards productive investments 

PCD challenges related to brain drain were further explored in 2008 by the Commission in a 
Staff  Working  Document38.  This  Document  indicates  that  definition  and  implementation  of 
country  specific  policies  are  to  be  undertaken,  focussing  on  training,  retention,  ethical 
recruitment, return and integration. The European Commission will continue to support third 
countries on the basis of these principles.  

The programme for EU action to tackle the critical shortage of health workers in developing 
countries (2007-2013)39 is a good example of the EU effort to ensure that policies in the EU 
are coherent with external action and that internal EU policies do not have an adverse impact 
on the situation in developing countries. The EU has made a commitment to develop a Code 
of Conduct for the ethical recruitment of health workers from non-EU countries and to take 
other  steps  to  minimise  the  negative  (and  maximise  the  positive)  impacts  on  developing 
countries resulting from the immigration of health workers to the EU. The need to deliver on 
these  commitments  is  reiterated  in  the  Progress  Report  on  the  implementation  of  the  PfA 
Programme for Action adopted in September 2008. 

The  Directive  to  facilitate  the  entry  and  residence  of  High  Skilled  Workers  contains 
safeguards to prevent brain drain. The Directive on intra-corporate transferees to be presented 
in 2010 does not raise such concerns due to the temporary nature of migration in its context. 
Lessons can also be drawn from the Mobility Partnership with the Republic of Moldova and 
Cape  Verde  on  how  to  favour  circular  migration  and  temporary  or  permanent  return,  thus 
favouring  'brain  circulation',  for  example  in  the  project  on  migration  of  Moldovan  health 
workers,  as  well  as  from  the  Marie  Curie  Fellowship  scheme  of  the  EU's  7th  Framework 
Programme  for  Research  and  Development,  where  'Incoming  fellowships'  not  only  provide 
the possibility for researchers to come to Europe to work for a couple of years, but include a 
countries. 
dedicated 

return  mechanism 

researchers 

developing 

from 

for 

38 

39 

Commission  Staff  Working  Document  Policy  Coherence 
change/Energy/Biofuels, Migration and Research - SEC(2008) 434/2. 
COM(2006) 870, 21.12.2006. 

for  Development.  Climate 

EN 

30 

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Target 

Brain Drain 

•  To  combat  brain  drain  by  applying  relevant  codes  of  conduct  on  ethical  recruitment,  by 
assisting developing countries with the development of human resource strategies and the 
promotion  of  a  safe  and  attractive  work  environment,  by  facilitating  the  temporary  and 
permanent return of migrants as well as their reintegration and by supporting cooperation 
in areas such as local employment, education and vocational training. 

Indicators 

•  Establishing  at  EU  level  a  set  of  principles  for  the  recruitment  of  health  workers  from 
developing countries, that should be reflected in a global Ethical recruitment code of health 
workers, the elaboration and implementation of which the EU will support and contribute 
to and introducing methods for monitoring. 

•  Extend the good practices on 'brain circulation' from the Moldova Mobility Partnership in 

particular to other Mobility Partnerships. 

•  Through the Erasmus Mundus and Nyerere higher education mobility programmes,provide 

conditions for and facilitate the retention of highly educated Africans. 

Diaspora organisations are generally recognised to be significant players in the development 
of  their  countries  of  origin  both  because  of  the  financial  and  social  remittances  they  send 
home.  However,  limited  institutional  capacities  restrain  their  involvement  in  mainstream 
development cooperation. The European Commission funds a number of projects supporting 
the  involvement  of  Diaspora  organisations  in  the  development  of  their  countries  of  origin, 
such  as  the  EC-UN  Joint  Initiative  on  Migration  and  Development.  It  will  continue  to  fund 
such  initiatives  and  will  also  seek  to  engage  in  a  more  structured  dialogue  with  Diaspora 
organisations by supporting the establishment of an African Diaspora platform in Europe. 

Target 

Dialog with Diaspora 

•  To strengthen dialogue and cooperation with Diaspora groups and migrant organisations, 
to  encourage  contacts  between  migrants  and  their  countries  of  origin,  and  to  support 
migrant networks at the European level. 

Indicators 

•  Promote the contribution of the diaspora to act in Africa as a development actor through 

the establishment of an African diaspora Platform for development in Europe. 

•  Provide  tailor-made  support  to  diaspora's  involvement  in  the  development  of  their 

countries of origin through EC financial instruments. 

EN 

31 

   EN 

 
5.3.  Enhancing migrants' rights and gender balance  

Migrants' rights are recurrently raised in the EU's dialogue with third countries. The EU has 
extensive legislation and a number of legal instruments regarding the protection of migrants' 
rights,  which  were  extended  with  the  ratification  of  the  Lisbon  treaty  and  the  Charter  of 
Fundamental  Rights.  However,  the  non-ratification  by  EU  Member  States  of  the  1990  UN 
Convention  on  migrants'  workers  and  their  families  is  a  controversial  issue  and  remains  a 
challenge to be recognised, also acknowledged by the Universal Periodic Review of the UN 
Human  Rights  Council.  As  the  Convention  largely  repeats  obligations  contained  in  other 
international conventions already ratified by the Member States, the Commission will open a 
discussion with the Member States concerning this issue. 

The Stockholm Programme confirms that the key to maximising the benefits of immigration 
remains  the  successful  integration  of  legally  residing  third-country  nationals.  Amore  robust 
integration policy should aim at granting legal migrants rights and obligations comparable to 
those of EU citizens, and this should remain an objective of a common immigration policy, 
implemented as soon as possible, no later than 2014. The Lisbon Treaty now offers an explicit 
legal basis in the area of integration, also with regard to the definition of the rights of third-
country nationals residing legally in a Member States and including the conditions governing 
freedom of movement and of residence in other Member States.  

The Commission presented a proposal for a Directive on a single application procedure for a 
single permit for third-country nationals to reside and work in the territory of a Member State 
and on a common set of rights for third-country workers legally residing in a Member State 
(single  permit  directive)40.  The  proposal  aims  at  granting  equal  treatment  in  a  number  of 
socio-economic  areas to all legally residing third country nationals, whatever the reason for 
entry and residence in the Member State. 

Migrants' rights in the European Union 

Target 

•  To  seek  further  progress  in  the  definition  and  implementation  of  a  common  approach  to 
migrants’  rights,  so  as  to  strengthen  coherence  of  European  migration  policy  with 
employment,  integration,  development,  social,  human  rights  and  other  policies  that 
influence the development outcome of migration. 

Indicators  

•  Adoption of the single permit directive 

In the implementation of all its policies, the European Union is aware of the need to ensure 
gender  equity.  Special  attention  is  for  example  paid  to  the  protection  of  women  as  well  as 
other  vulnerable  groups  in  the  framework  of  anti-trafficking  policies,  and  the  protection  of 
victims of trafficking in human beings in particular.  

40 

COM(2007) 638.  

EN 

32 

   EN 

 
                                                 
Target 

Gender balance 

•  To promote gender balance in EU migration policies and programmes. 

Indicator 

•  Successful mainstreaming of gender in migration related programmes  

6.  SECURITY 

6.1. 

Improving strategic planning: integrating development objectives in the 
planning and implementation of peace operations 

The Treaties on European Union and the Functioning of the European Union should facilitate 
better  coordination  between  those  involved  in  EU  development  and  security  policies.  The 
creation  of  the  post  of  High  Representative  of  the  European  Union  for  Foreign  Affairs  and 
Security  Policy/Vice  President  of  the  Commission  and  the  establishment  of  a  European 
External Action Service are important steps in this direction. 

With Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) crisis management missions being one 
of the main instruments of European Union security policy, the EU must ensure that they are 
also  informed  by,  and  coordinated  with  development  strategies  in  order  to  take  account  of 
development  concerns  and  improve  the  integration  of  the  civil,  police  and  military 
components. To that end development actors will be fully involved during the planning and 
implementation stages. 

Improving strategic planning: integrating development objectives in the planning and 
implementation of peace operations 

Target: 

•  To  adapt  the  institutional  framework  to  ensure  that  security  and  development  policies 

complement each other.  

Indicators: 

•  Extent  to  which  development  actors  are  involved  in  the  planning  and  implementation 

stages of crisis management missions in 2010. 

•  Number of joint (Commission - EEAS and EU wide) assessments, joint planning and joint 

programming conducted in 2010. 

•  Number  of  joint  EU  wide  political  strategies  that  are  in  place  for  partner  countries  in 

fragile, conflict or post-conflict situations in 2010. 

•  Extent  to  which  crisis  management  missions  take  account  of  development  objectives  in 

2010. 

EN 

33 

   EN 

 
 
6.2. 

Promoting conflict-sensitive development plans and improving the EU response 
to situations of fragility and conflict  

The  EU  engages  in  conflict  prevention  and  response  through  a  variety  of  instruments  and 
processes.  The  two  general  policy  frameworks  guiding  this  engagement  are  the  EU 
Programme for the Prevention of Violent Conflicts, and the forthcoming EU Action Plan for 
situations  of  fragility  and  conflict.  The  EU  Programme  for  the  Prevention  of  Violent 
Conflicts41 presents an integrated approach to conflict prevention and the overall framework 
for  the  promotion  of  conflict-sensitive  development  plans.  The  European  Commission’s 
support  for  conflict  prevention  (including  crisis  resolution)  and  peace  building  (including 
demobilisation, disarmament and reintegration) is currently being evaluated. The outcomes of 
this evaluation will inform a new policy document to be adopted in 2011. Following up from 
the  2007  Council  Conclusions  on  Security  and  Development  and  on  Fragile  Situations,  the 
EU will adopt an EU Action Plan for situations of fragility and conflict.  

Promoting conflict sensitive development plans and improving the EU response to 
situations of fragility and conflict 

Targets: 

•  To  evaluate  the  EU's  conflict  prevention  programme  and  the  contribution  it  has  made  to 

development. 

•  To issue an action plan to improve the EU's response to conflict and fragility. 

Indicators: 

•  The evaluation assesses how EU support for conflict prevention has promoted cooperation 
amongst all those involved, the coordination of the instruments, and the reconciliation of 
development and security objectives. 

•  The  evaluation  looks  at  the  different  situations  of  men  and  women  and  their  role  in 

promoting peace and development. 

•  Number of development strategies integrating conflict prevention objectives in 2010. 

•  The Action Plan includes the following points:  

Agree on joint EU strategies for a more coherent use of the various instruments. 

Focus on the building of peaceful, legitimate and inclusive states. 

Address challenges related to aid effectiveness in fragile environments. 

41 

Presidency Conclusions, Göteborg European Council, 15 and 16 June 2001, endorsing this programme  

EN 

34 

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6.3. 

Better control the proliferation of small arms and light weapons and address the 
issue of anti-personal land mines 

The  proliferation,  trafficking  and  destabilising  use  of  small  arms  and  light  weapons 
(SALW)  continue  to  pose  a  serious  threat  to  human  security,  to  state  stability  and  to  the 
normal functioning of societies. In line with the guidelines of the 2005 EU SALW strategy, 
the European Union addresses both the supply and the demand side of SALW with the aim of 
diminishing  the  opportunities  for  arms  proliferation  and  trafficking  while  reducing  –  and  if 
possible eliminating – the need people feel for possessing SALW and making them aware of 
the threat they represent to their well-being. The objective is to impact on the drivers and the 
effects  of  armed  violence  in  order  to  break  the  cycle  of  violence  and  promote  a  culture  of 
peace. To this end, the EU uses all its available instruments, both from a development and a 
security  perspective,  to  support  a  wide  array  of  measures  such  as  legislative  assistance, 
capacity-building,  making  and  tracing  of  arms,  stockpile  management,  violence  prevention, 
public  awareness  campaigns  and  victim  assistance42.  The  EU  will  take  an  active  role  in  the 
Fourth  Biennial  Meeting  of  States  Parties  on  the  implementation  of  the  UN  Programme  of 
Action on Small Arms, in June 2010 to promote a comprehensive approach to SALW.  

At multilateral level, the EU is fully engaged in negotiating an Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) to 
establish common international standards for the import, export and transfer of conventional 
arms. The objective is to have a comprehensive and legally binding instrument to prevent the 
diversion of the conventional arms trade and its destabilising effects for peace and security. 
Next,  the  EU  will  contribute  to  the  preparatory  meetings  in  2010  and  2011  to  prepare  a 
successful UN Conference on the Arms Trade Treaty in 2012.  

The Guidelines on European Community Mine Action 2008-201343 steer the work of desk 
officers  and  programmers  at  European  Union  headquarters  and  in  the  delegations.  They 
ensure the integration of mine action projects in the overall cooperation framework with mine 
and  cluster  munitions-affected  countries.  The  implementation  of  these  guidelines  will 
strengthen the security-development nexus. 

Better control the proliferation of SALW and address the issue of anti-personal land 
mines 

Targets: 

•  To support developing countries in addressing the proliferation of SALW.  

•  To increase support for an ATT at global level. 

•  To promote the implementation of the mine guidelines.  

Indicators: 

•  Number of developing countries with effective small arms control and coherent arms trade 

systems in place in 2010. 

•  Funding allocated to SALW projects in 2010, number of SALW projects supported. 

42 
43 

2005 EU SALW strategy. 
Guidelines on European Community Mine Action 2008-2013 - SEC(2008) 2913, 24.11.2008. 

EN 

35 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
•  Ambitious and agreeable proposals identified for governing the trade of arms in 2010. 

•  Number  of  mine  action  projects  supported  and  integrated  within  the  overall  cooperation 

framework; funding allocated to these projects in 2010. 

6.4. 

Supporting and promoting increased ownership of Security Sector Reform 
processes 

In fragile or conflict-prone countries the state typically does not fulfil even its core function of 
protecting  its  people  from  violence,  often  due  to  problems  in  the  security  sector.  Security 
Sector Reform (SSR) has therefore been identified as an important link between security and 
development  policy  as  well  as  a  significant  element  in  statebuilding.44  The  'Guiding 
Framework for EU SSR Assessments' provides a practical tool for the correct identification 
of possible EU SSR support actions, either in the framework of CSFP or under EU external 
assistance programmes with a view to ensuring consistency in the overall long-term approach 
and creating synergies between the different policies and instruments. The implementation of 
this guiding framework is critical, because ultimately SSR processes will only succeed if they 
are  perceived  as  legitimate,  owned  and  led  by  the  partner  countries.  SSR  strategies  should 
therefore be coherent with – or better integrated into – national development strategies. 

Support to and the promotion of increased ownership of SSR processes 

Target: 

•  EU  SSR  support  actions  under  CSDP  or  EU  external  assistance  programmes  take 

development policy objectives into account and are linked to development strategies.  

Indicators: 

•  Number of EU-supported SSR aligned with the partner countries' development strategies in 

2010. 

•  EU-supported SSR include specific actions for women in 2010. 

6.5. 

Improving natural resource management  

Natural  resources  can  be  both  a  source  of  conflict  and  a  source  of  prosperity  depending  on 
how they are managed. To ensure that they fuel development rather than conflict, the EU is 
involved in a number of processes. It works with the OECD on the promotion of responsible 
investment through enhanced due diligence. As one of the follow-up actions to the EU Raw 
Materials Initiative, it is setting up a multi-stakeholder working group to agree on a set of 
actions  to  improve  raw  material  governance  in  Africa.  The  EU  actively  contributes  to  the 
Kimberley Process (KP) and chairs its Monitoring Working Group (MWG). The KP has as 
its  objective  to  ensure  that  the  rough  diamonds  trade  serves  sustainable  development  rather 
than  conflict,  and  to  implement  certain  UN  resolutions  providing  for  sanctions  against 
‘conflict resources’. As MWG Chair the EU is promoting initiatives aimed at making the KP 

44 

((1) 2007 CC on security and development and joint paper, (2)outstanding issues 2009 EU PCD report, 
(3) 2009 CC on PCD, (4) CC on (GAERC 17/11)). 

EN 

36 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
more effective, for example, by funding the use of satellite imagery and statistical analysis to 
detect  illicit  production  and  trade  in  crises  situations,  e.g.  in  Cote  d'Ivoire.  It  provides 
technical assistance in countries where diamond production emerges as a major challenge for 
development e.g. in Liberia and acts as a mediator e.g. with Zimbabwe. In addition, the EU 
has embarked on a review of its own certification system and internal controls to prevent 
internal  market. 
the 

infiltration 

diamonds 

conflict 

illicit 

into 

the 

of 

EN 

37 

   EN 

 
Earth Observation is an important tool on resources management. The GMES programme can 
also help monitoring natural resources, in particular through the GMES and Africa initiative. 

Improving natural resource management 

Target: 

•  To enhance the effectiveness of the Kimberley Process.  

Indicators: 

•  Number of KP agreements and decisions on crisis situations in 2010. 

•  Satellite imagery and statistical analysis is available to detect illicit production. 

•  Funding for technical assistance to countries to control trade in diamonds in 2010. 

•  Proposal made for the strengthening of EU controls on diamonds in 2010. 

6.6. 

Strengthening partnerships with international, regional and subregional 
organisations 

The EU has a clear commitment to partnerships with international, regional and subregional 
organisations.  Strategic  partnerships  with  the  UN,  NATO  and  the  AU  allow  for  deeper 
cooperation and are the pre-conditions for an effective common foreign, security and defence 
policy.  

The  partnership  on  peace  and  security  of  the  Joint  Africa-EU  Strategy  has  been 
particularly  vibrant  and  productive  and  has  played  an  important  role  in  promoting  PCD 
through  intensified  political  dialogue,  the  strengthening  of  capacities  for  peacekeeping 
operations  and  support  for  the  operationalisation  of  the  Continental  Early  Warning  System. 
The forthcoming communication on the Joint Strategy will make proposals for the Joint 
Africa-EU Strategy beyond 2010 and will outline how Africa-EU cooperation in the security 
area can better contribute to development.  

The EU also strives to improve the security and development link through the United Nations. 
It plays an important role in the work of the UN Peacebuilding Commission (PBC), which 
has  overseen  the  development  of  integrated  peacebuilding  strategies  in  Guinea-Bissau, 
Burundi, the Central African Republic and Sierra Leone. In 2010 the UN will hold a formal 
review of the work of the PBC. The review presents an opportunity for the EU to improve 
further the PBC's role in supporting societies recover from protracted conflict through more 
flexible, coordinated and efficient mechanisms. 

EN 

38 

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Strengthening partnerships with international, regional and subregional organisations 

Targets: 

•  To improve Africa-EU cooperation in the security area in order to facilitate development. 

•  PBC mechanisms are more flexible, visible, coordinated and efficient.  

•  Improved focus of PBC peacebuilding efforts and stronger leverage and advocacy role. 

•  Increased coordination between peacekeeping and peacebuilding efforts. 

Indicators: 

•  Further operationalisation of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA): Pooling 
of  the  sub-regional  and  continental  peace  and  security  agenda  into  a  comprehensive  and 
coherent APSA Roadmap. 

•  African peace-keeping missions take better account of development objectives.  

•  Percentage of conflicts in Africa that were the subject of a political dialogue between the 

EU and the AU in 2010. 

•  Greater  PBC-UN  Security  Council  coordination  and  with  regional  organisations  and 

financial institutions. 

•  Field-based PBC work reinforced. 

6.7.  Enhancing synergies between development objectives and financial instruments 

addressing security issues 

Ensuring  PCD  in  the  security  sector  is  not  just  a  matter  of  reconciling  different  policy 
objectives and cooperating amongst different institutions. It is also a question of coordinating 
different  financial  instruments.  Some  of  the  EU's  financial  instruments  addressing  security 
issues, such as the EDF45 and the DCI46 are mainly geared towards development objectives, 
while  others,  such  as  the  Stability  instrument  or  the  Security  theme  of  the  7th  Framework 
programme for research, development and demonstration (FP7 Security) are used mainly for 
conflict prevention, peacebuilding and security purposes. They are administered by different 
institutions and while some instruments such as the DCI, are part of the EU budget, others, 

45 

46 

The  European  Development  Fund  (EDF)  is  the  financial  instrument  of  the  Cotonou  Agreement,  the 
Partnership Agreement between the Members of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States of 
the  one part  (ACP  countries),  and  the  European  Community  and  its  Member  States  of  the other  part, 
providing development aid in the ACP countries. 
The  Development  Cooperation  Instrument  (DCI)  covers  mainly  geographic  programmes  supporting 
cooperation  with  47  developing  countries  in  Latin  America,  Asia  and  Central  Asia,  the  Gulf  region 
(Iran, Iraq and Yemen) and South Africa and thematic programmes benefiting all developing countries. 

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namely the EDF or ATHENA47, are outside and Member States contribute to them according 
to specific keys.  

Since  many  security  issues  contain  a  short-term  security  dimension  and  a  long-term 
development purpose, they can be addressed both by Common Security and Defence Policy 
tools  as  well  as  by  development  and  cooperation  instruments,  depending  on  the  main 
objective  of  each  project.  In  this  context,  it  is  of  utmost  importance  to  ensure  coherence 
between  all  available  EU  instruments,  as  well  as  to  foster  possible  synergies  leading  to  the 
overall reduction of violence and the establishment of the right conditions for development. 
With  the  establishment  of  the  EEAS  and  the  preparations  for  the  next  Multiannual 
Financial  Framework  2014-2019  the  appropriate  structure  will  be  put  in  place  to  better 
facilitate  synergies  between  the different financial instruments and to integrate development 
perspectives into the security operations financed by non-development instruments. 

Enhancing the synergies of financial instruments addressing security issues with 
development objectives 

Target: 

•  All EU security spending takes development objectives into account.  

Indicators: 

•  The coordination mechanisms for the different financial instruments are adapted to the new 

institutional framework in 2010. 

•  Number  of  security  operations  financed  in  2010  with  non-development  funding 

instruments which include a development perspective. 

•  Preparations for the next Multiannual Financial Framework in 2014-2019 take account of 

the security development nexus. 

47 

Operations with military implications or defence operations cannot be financed from Community funds. 
For the common costs of such operations the Council of the EU has established a special mechanism 
called ATHENA. ATHENA is managed under the authority of a Special Committee. 

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