Commission staff working document - Technical Annex to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market - Accompanying document to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market COM(2010)84 final
Date: 2010-03-11
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: domestic market, economic recession, electrical energy, energy consumption, energy grid, energy policy, energy supply, gas, price of energy

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EUROPEAN COMMISSION  

Brussels, 11.3.2010 
SEC(2010)251 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Technical Annex to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the 
European Parliament 
Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market 

Accompanying document to the 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 

Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market 

COM(2010)84 final 

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   EN 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Technical Annex to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the 
European Parliament 
Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market 

Accompanying document to the 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 

Report on progress in creating the internal gas and electricity market 

COM(2010)84 final 

BACKGROUND TO THIS REPORT 

This  summary  technical  report  contains  important  background  information  relevant  to  the 
main 2009 Communication on the implementation of the electricity and gas Directives1. The 
bulk  of  the  information  is  based  on  the  reports  made  by  national  regulators,  which  were 
submitted in the second half of 2009. These individual reports have been published and can be 
found  on  the  website  of  the  European  Regulators’  Group  for  Electricity  and  Gas 
(www.ergeg.org).  

This  report  consists  of  comparative  tables  and  graphs  which,  as  in  previous  benchmarking 
exercises, draw together key indicators submitted by regulators. In addition, the Commission 
has this year conducted separate country reviews of Member States which are more forward 
looking  assessments  of  the  prospects  for  competition.2  Since  these  comprise  the  main 
evaluation work of the Commission, no commentary has been provided for the tables in this 
document.  

Most  of  the  data  used  was  submitted  at  the  end  of  July  2009  and  generally  reflected  the 
position  at  that  date.  However,  some  data  items,  referring  to  the  information  in  a  particular 
calendar year, will refer to the year 2008 as a whole. Where data is currently unavailable, this 
appears in tables as follows: “NA” (not available) or in the case the data is not applicable for 
the abbreviation: "NAP". 

1 
2 

2003/54/EC and 2003/55/EC  
see http://ec.europa.eu/energy/energy_policy/annexes_en.htm  

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. 

LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................ 5 

Table 1.1 Market opening gas & electricity: Proportion of market open to competition . 5 

2. 

CUSTOMER DIMENSION ...................................................................................... 6 

Table 2.1 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Electricity 2007/2008 (by volume).............. 6 

Table 2.2 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Electricity 2007/2008 (by eligible point).... 7 

Table 2.3 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Gas 2007/2008 (by volume)......................... 8 

Table 2.4 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Gas 2007/2008 (by metering point)............ 9 

Table 2.5 Existence of price controls – Electricity .............................................................. 10 

Table 2.6  Existence of price controls – Gas ........................................................................ 11 

3. 

ELECTRICITY MARKET INDICIATORS......................................................... 12 

Table 3.1 Degree of concentration ........................................................................................ 12 

Table 3.2 Wholesale Market Position Electricity – 2007/2008 ........................................... 13 

Table 3.3 Spot traded volumes as percentage of national electricity consumption.......... 14 

Table 3.4 Retail Market position Electricity – 2007/2008................................................... 16 

4. 

GAS MARKET INDICIATORS ............................................................................ 17 

Table 4.1 Market Structure in Import and Production of Gas.......................................... 17 

Table 4.2 Structure of Gas retail market ............................................................................. 18 

5. 

PRICE DEVELOPMENTS..................................................................................... 19 

Figure 5.1 Electricity prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in €/100kWh.............. 19 

Figure 5.2 Electricity prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in PPP ........................ 19 

Figure 5.3 Electricity prices for industrial consumers (2009 s01) ..................................... 20 

Figure 5.4 Gas prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in €/GJ  ................................. 20 

Figure 5.5 Gas prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in PPP ................................... 21 

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Figure 5.6 Gas prices for industrial consumers (2009 s01) ................................................ 21 

Table 5.7 Increase electricity price household consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 ............... 22 

Figure 5.8 % increase electricity price household consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 ......... 23 

Table 5.9 Increase in electricity prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 .... 24 

Figure 5.10 % increase in electricity prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01

.................................................................................................................................... 25 

Table 5.11 Increase gas prices household consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 ....................... 27 

Figure 5.12 % increase in gas prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 ....... 28 

Table 5.13 Increase in gas prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 ............. 29 

Figure 5.14 % increase in gas prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 ....... 31 

Table 5.15 Overview % increases of end prices 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 per Member State 32 

6.  

NETWORK ACCESS.............................................................................................. 33 

Table 6.1 Composition of electricity prices 2008 ................................................................. 33 

Table 6.2 Access Conditions to Gas Transmission networks ............................................. 34 

7. 

UNBUNDLING ........................................................................................................ 35 

Table 7.1 Unbundling of Network Operators: Electricity Transmission.......................... 35 

Table 7.2 Unbundling of DSO in Electricity ........................................................................ 36 

Table 7.3 Unbundling of Network Operators: Gas Transmission..................................... 37 

Table 7.4 Unbundling of Network Operators: Gas Distribution ....................................... 38 

8.  

SUPPLY – DEMAND BALANCE.......................................................................... 39 

Table 8.1 Electricity generation 2008 ................................................................................... 39 

Table 8.2 Gas Security of Supply.......................................................................................... 40 

Table 8.3 Production of natural gas in EU and Norway (2008)......................................... 41 

Table 8.4 LNG 2008 ............................................................................................................... 42 

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1. 

LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION 

Table 1.1 Market opening gas & electricity: Proportion of market open to competition 

Eligible consumption TWh/ GWh by annual consumption in the country 

% Market opening 

Electricity 

Gas 

2007 
100 
100 
100 
31,8 
100 
100 
13 
100 
100 
100 
100 
90,1 
22,29 
100 
100 
100 
74 
100 
: 
NAP 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

2008 
100 
100 
100 
31,8 
100 
100 
134 
100 
100 
100 
100 
90,15 
64,4 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
: 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

2007 
100 
100 
100 
0 
100 
100 
100 
0 
100 
100 
100 
73 
24,96 
100 
100 
NAP 
100 
100 
: 
NAP 
: 
100 
42,9 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

2008 
100 
100 
100 
0 
100 
100 
100 
0 
100 
100 
100 
90 
34,04 
100 
100 
NAP6 
100 
100 
: 
100 
: 
100 
42,99 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus3 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania7 
Luxembourg 
Malta8 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

3 No developed gas market 
4 Transitional period, for 2009: 35%, 2013: 100% 
5 All customers eligible except for micro-systems on all interconnected islands 
6 Derogation until 2010 
7 Derogation until 2010 
8 No developed gas market 
9 Derogation until 2010 

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2. 

CUSTOMER DIMENSION 

Table 2.1 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Electricity 2007/2008 (by volume) 

whole retail market 
2008 
9,30% 
NA 

2007 
5,50% 
NA 

∆ 
3,80% 

large industry 
2008 
15,90% 
NA 

2007 
2,70% 
NA 

∆ 
13,20% 

small industry and households 
∆ 
0,80% 

0% 
NA 

0% 
NA 

12,70%  13,80% 

13,70%  11,00% 

0% 
NA 
NA 
9,12% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
NA 
1% 
0% 
8% 

0% 
NA 
NA 
10,03% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
4,60% 
1% 
0% 
15% 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

2,50% 
NA 
7,70% 
0,10% 
8,97% 
0,90% 
2,60% 
NA 
9,20% 
NA 

NAP 
NA 
7,80% 
7,20% 
NA 
2% 
2,40% 
10% 
9,10% 
NA 

1,10% 
0,00% 

48,60%  49,60% 

-2,70% 

0% 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 

0% 
NA 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
-0,91%  13,19%  10,64% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
1,20% 
0% 
0,00% 
0% 
0,00% 
-7,00%  29,10%  15,20% 

NA 
0% 
NA 
12,37% 
NA 
0% 
0% 

0,00% 

8% 
NA 

NAP 
NA 
-0,10%  16,95%  17,00% 
0% 
-7,10% 
6,22% 
NA 
0% 
10% 
8,70% 
NA 

0% 
18,61% 
1,90% 
0,07% 
NA 
9,10% 
NA 

-1,10% 
0,20% 

0,10% 

EN 

medium sized industry 
∆ 
2008 
0,80% 

16,80%  17,60% 

2007 

NA 
1,08% 
0% 
NA 
20,80% 
0% 
NA 
NA 
9,71% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
7,00% 
1% 
0% 
0,40% 

NAP 
NA 
0,13% 
14,10% 
7,13% 
0% 
3,60% 
22% 
8,70% 
NA 

NA 
1,10% 
0% 
NA 
18% 
NA 
NA 
NA 
10,03% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
10,06% 
NA % 
1% 
0% 
1,10% 

5% 
NA 
0,31% 
0% 
3,29% 
0% 
1,70% 
NA 
9,10% 
NA 

0,02% 
0,00% 

-2,80% 

0,32% 

0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
0,70% 

0,18% 
-14,10% 
-3,84% 
0,00% 
-1,90% 

0,40% 

2007 
3,40% 
NA 
0% 
0% 
NA 
6,40% 
0% 
NA 
NA 
4,23% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
4,00% 
0% 
0% 
0,18% 

2008 
4,20% 
NA 
0% 
0% 
NA 
4% 
NA 
NA 
NA 
5,53% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
4,56% 
NA 
0% 
0% 
0,15% 

NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
5,20% 
0,93% 
0% 
1,23% 
3% 
10,40% 
NA 

5% 
NA 
0,05% 
0,20% 
0,12% 
0,92% 
0,83% 
NA 
9,70% 
NA 

1,00% 
0,00% 

-2,55% 

0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
-13,90% 

0,05% 
0,00% 
12,39% 

0,07% 

0,40% 

6 

0,00% 
0,00% 

-2,40% 

1,30% 

0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
-0,03% 

0,05% 
-5,00% 
-0,81% 
0,92% 
-0,40% 

-0,70% 

EN 

 
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.2 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Electricity 2007/2008 (by eligible point) 

∆ 
0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
0,10% 
-0,20% 
0,00% 
0,40% 
1,60% 
1,39% 

0,00% 

1,80% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2007 
1,70% 
10,10% 
0,00% 
0% 
0,80% 
3,00% 
0% 
4,00% 
0,40% 
3,36% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
1,90% 
1% 
0% 
0,20% 

 whole retail market 
2008 
1,70% 
NA 
0,00% 
0% 
0,90% 
2,80% 
0% 
4,40% 
2% 
4,75% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
1,17% 
3,70% 
1% 
0% 
0,20% 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

0,40% 
7,80% 
NA 
1,20% 
0,01% 
0,17% 
0,60% 
NA 
11,30% 
9,30% 

NAP 
8,52% 
NA 
2,20% 
NA 
2% 
0,40% 
2% 
10% 
NA 

1,00% 
0,00% 
12,00% 

∆ 
9,30% 

2007 
5,10% 
1% 
35% 
0% 
33% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
1,20% 
15% 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
NA 

large industry 
2008 
14,40% 
NA 
36% 
0% 
45% 
NA 
NA 
NA 
1% 
17,36% 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
10,44% 
28,20%  32,50 % 4,30% 
0% 
0% 
3,60% 

0% 
0% 
11,44% 

-0,20% 
2,36% 

0,00% 
-7,84% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
3,00% 
-7,20% 

medium sized industry 
∆ 
2008 
2007 
17,90% 
16,60% 
1,30% 
NA 
NA 
0,01% 
0,01% 
0% 
0% 
18% 
15% 
13,50% 
20,70% 
NA 
0% 
NA 
NA 
0% 
0,03% 
4,57% 
4,65% 
NA 
NA 
NAP 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
9,83% 
NA 
32,80%  10,20% 
22,60% 
0,00% 
1% 
0,00% 
0% 
0,18% 
0,19% 

1% 
0% 
0,37% 

-0,03% 
-0,08% 

∆ 
0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
0,10% 
-0,10% 

small industry and households 
2008 
1,70% 
NA 
0% 
0,00% 
0,90% 
2,70% 
NA 
NA 
1,00% 
4,71% 
19,90% 
NAP 
NA 
1,13% 
10,40% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,17% 

2007 
1,70% 
NA 
0% 
0% 
0,80% 
2,80% 
0% 
NA 
2,20% 
3,18% 
19,10% 
NAP 
NA 
0,40% 
1,90% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,19% 

0,73% 
8,50% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
-0,02% 

-1,20% 
1,53% 
0,80% 

-0,72% 

-1,00% 

-1,83% 
0,20% 

1,30% 

NAP 
NAP 
NA 
0% 
4,42% 
2% 
0% 
18% 
10,30% 
NA 

8% 
NAP 
NA 
0% 
4,16% 
2,77% 
0% 
NA % 
7,50% 
NA 

NAP 
7,57% 
NA 
3,90% 
3,15% 
0% 
0,02% 
7% 
10,30% 
NA 

5% 
7,60% 
NA 
0% 
2,07% 
0,15% 
0,02% 
NA 
7,50% 
NA 

0,03% 

-3,90% 
-1,08% 
0,15% 
0,00% 

-2,80% 

NAP 
8,63% 
NA 
2,20% 
0,07% 
0% 
0,40% 
2% 
9,50% 
8,50% 

0,00% 
-0,25% 
0,77% 
0,00% 

-2,80% 

5,00% 
8,10% 
NA 
1,20% 
0,00% 
0,20% 
0,56% 
NA 
9,20% 
9,30% 

-0,53% 

-1,00% 
-0,07% 
0,20% 
0,16% 

-0,30% 
0,80% 

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Table 2.3 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Gas 2007/2008 (by volume) 

small industry and households 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

whole retail market 
∆ 
2008 
3,30% 
0,00% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 

2007 
3,30% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 

0,00% 

29,00%  16,00% 

-13,00%

NA 
NA 
NAP 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
4,35% 
3,79% 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
8,10%  14,20% 

NA 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
NA 

NA 
34,90% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

0,56% 

0,00% 
6,10% 

0,00% 
0,00% 

∆ 

0,00% 

large industry 
2008 
2007 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
NAP 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
6,82% 
4,76% 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
88,00% 91,30% 3,30% 
NA 
40,00%
0,00% 
0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 

NA 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2,06% 

0,00% 

25,00% -10,00%

2008 
4,20% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 

medium sized industry 
∆ 
2007 
4,20% 
0,00% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
35,00% 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
3,88% 
NA 
0,00% 
46,00% 
NA 
4,70% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

NA 
NAP 
NA 
6,49% 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
56,30% 10,30%

NA 
6,80% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2,10% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2,61% 

2007 
0,70% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
4,00% 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
1,23% 
NA 
0,00% 
4,80% 
NA 
1,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2008 
0,70% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
2,50% 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
2,57% 
NA 
0,00% 
11,80%
NA 
1,40% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
NA 
0,52% 
0,00% 
20,00%  6,00% 

NA 
NA 

NA 
NA 

0,00% 
0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
NAP 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
1,52% 
0,00% 
0,52% 
-14,00% 20,00% 9,00% 
NA 
NA 

NA 
NA 

0,00% 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
1,52% 
-11,00% 20,00% 

NA 
NA 

0,00% 

0,00% 
2,72% 
-12,00%

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
2,72% 
8,00% 
NA 
NA 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
15,00% 
NA 
NA 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
0,03% 
4,10% 
NA 
NA 

∆ 
0,00% 

0,00% 

-1,50% 

1,34% 

0,00% 
7,00% 

0,40% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

0,00% 

0,03% 
-10,90% 

Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

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Table 2.4 Increase in Annual Switching Rate Gas 2007/2008 (by metering point) 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

0,00% 

-0,30% 

 whole retail market 
∆ 
2008 
0,50% 
-0,10% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
0,02% 
0,60% 
NA 
NAP 
9,81% 
2,85% 
NA 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
1,20% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2007 
0,60% 
9,66% 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,90% 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
1,01% 
NA 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
0,80% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
NA 

-0,40% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

1,84% 

0,00% 

∆ 

0,00% 

1,42% 

large industry 
2008 
6,70% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
6,70% 
NA 
NA 
NAP 
NA 

15,81%  11,61% 

NA 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
14,20% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

0,00% 

8,80% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2007 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
5,28% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
4,20% 
NA 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
5,40% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

0,00% 

1,09% 
-1,00% 

medium sized industry 
∆ 
2008 
2007 
5,80% 
1,90% 
3,90% 
NA 
NAP 
0,00% 
0,00% 
NAP 
NAP 
0,11% 
1,20% 
14,00%  13,00% 
0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,85% 
NA 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
4,20% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

NA 
NAP 
NA 
8,63% 
NA 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
3,50% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

-0,70% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

7,78% 

0,00% 

0,00% 

∆ 
-0,10% 

0,20% 
-0,40% 

small industry and households 
2008 
0,50% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
0,20% 
0,50% 
2,10% 
NAP 
9,82% 
2,78% 
18,90% 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
1,10% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

2007 
0,60% 
NA 
0,00% 
NAP 
0,00% 
0,90% 
NA 
NAP 
0,50% 
1,01% 
18,40% 
0,00% 
NA 
NA 
0,70% 
0,00% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

9,32% 
1,77% 
0,50% 
0,00% 

0,40% 
0,00% 
0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

NAP 

0,00% 

0,00% 
0,00% 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
5,00% 
NA 
NA 

0,00% 
0,00% 
NA 
0,00% 
0,06% 
4,10% 
0,80% 
9,10% 

0,00% 
0,00% 

0,00% 
0,06% 
0,90% 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
20,00% 
NA 
NA 

0,00% 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
-11,00%  20,00% 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
0,00% 
11,76%  11,76% 
9,00% 
8,70% 
NA 

NA 
NA 

0,00% 

1,20% 
-12,00% 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
1,20% 
8,00% 
8,70% 
NA 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
0,00% 
5,00% 
NA 
8,30% 

0,00% 
NAP 
NA 
0,00% 
0,32% 
4,00% 
0,30% 
9,10% 

0,00% 

0,32% 
-1,00% 

0,80% 

Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN

EN 

9 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.5 Existence of price controls – Electricity  

Non-
households

End-user price regulation in 2008 
Number of customers 
supplied under end-user 
prices 

Consumption supplied 
under end-user prices (in 
TWh) 

Households

Non-
households

Households 

Non-
households

NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 

NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 

YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 

NO 
NO 
YES 
NO 

0 
NA 
4.292.375 
386.489 

0 
NA 
527.096 
NAP 
29.106.000 
NAP 
0 
5.715.479 
5.042.332 
1.974.757 
27.017.000 
995.000 
1.391.429 
NAP 

747 
NAP 
13.342.263 
5.836.057 
8.179.188 

617.798 
0 
24.173.317 
0 

0 
NA 
496.151 
114.000 

0 
NA 
NA 
0 
4.012.000 
NAP 
0 
NA 
257.752 
124.632 
5.621.000 
91.891 
55.952 
NAP 

NAP 
NAP 
1.224.470 
55.370 
593.746 

0 
0 
599.065 
0 

0 
NA 
10,03 
1,682 

0 
NA 
1,845 
0 
137 
NAP 
0 
18,1 
11,46 
9,083 
59,6 
1,657 
2,75 
NAP 

3,293 
NAP 
26,9 
18,249 
10,372 

1,64 
0 
76,45 
0 

0 
NA 
10,78 
2,873 

0 
NA 
NA 
0 
154 
NAP 
0 
NA 
1,34 
4,49 
42,5 
4,385 
5,9 
NAP 

1,518 
NAP 
2,8 
25,659 
12,977 

0 
0 
28 
0 

YES 

6.906.000 

1.025.000 

25,2 

12,985 

Households 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech 
Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern 
Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak 
Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The 
Netherlands 

NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 

NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 

YES 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 

YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 

YES 

Source: Regulators Data 

EN 

10 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 2.6  Existence of price controls – Gas  

Existence of price 
controls 

End-user price regulation in 2008 
Number of customers 
supplied under end-user 
prices 

Consumption supplied 
under end-user prices (in 
TWh) 

Households 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech 
Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern 
Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak 
Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The 
Netherlands 

NO 
NO 
YES 
NO 

NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 

YES 

YES 
YES 
YES 

YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 

YES 

Source: Regulators Data 

Non-
households
NO 
NO 
YES 
NO 

NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 

Households

0 
NA 
3.334 
0 

0 
NA 
51.306 
0 
9.940.000 
NAP 
0 
187.730 
3.294.883 
594.169 
17.597.115 
433.700 
544.400 

Non-
households
0 
NA 
46.187 
0 

0 
NA 
NA 
0 
473.000 
NAP 
0 
11.390 
208.194 
21.904 
813.686 
7.900 
5.710 

Households 

0 
NA 
0,44 
0 

0 
NA 
1,779 
0 
133 
NAP 
0 
2,8 
38,175 
9,111 
179,89 
1,3 
1,7 

Non-
households
0 
NA 
3,48 
0 

0 
NA 
NA 
0 
150 
NAP 
0 
2,91 
36,507 
7,042 
28,93 
14,2 
28,6 

YES 

110.000 

5.000 

1,172 

2,051 

YES 
YES 
YES 

NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 

6.500.642 
1.082.930 
2.674.407 

1.400.943 
0 
3.862.235 
0 

57.631 
4353 
157.735 

73.683 
0 
0 
0 

39,74 
3,251 
28,745 

15,149 
0 
38,7 
0 

111,05 
26,256 
NA 

46,981 
0 
0 
0 

YES 

6.559.000 

161.000 

9081 

4013 

EN 

11 

   EN 

 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3. 

ELECTRICITY MARKET INDICIATORS 

Table 3.1 Degree of concentration  

Very highly concentrated  

BE, FR, GR,  LV, LU,  SK,  

Electricity (generation) 

[HHI above 5000] 

Highly concentrated  

[HHI 1800-5000] 

CZ, DE, LT, PT, SI, RO, HU, DK, 
NO 

Moderately concentrated  

FI, PL, UK,  ES, IT, NL, AT 

[HHI 750-1800] 

Source: Regulators’ submissions, DG TREN calculations 

(HHI by capacity – sum of squared shares of individual companies) 

EN 

12 

   EN 

 
 
Table 3.2 Wholesale Market Position Electricity – 2007/2008 

ELECTRICITY 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

Number of companies with 
more than 5 % share of 
generation capacity (%) 

Share of 3 biggest 
companies (by capacity) 
(%) 

HHI (by capacity) 

2007 
5 
2 
6 
1 
1 
2 
1 
4 
1 
4 
8 
1 
5 
5 
5 
1 
3 
3 

NAP 
6 
5 
2 
5 
1 
3 
5 
3 
6 

2008 
6 
2 
6 
1 
1 
2 
1 
4 
1 
4 
8 
1 
5 
4 
5 
1 
3 
3 

4 
6 
5 
2 
5 
1 
3 
5 
3 
4 

∆ 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
-1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
-2 

2007 
51,2 
99,9 
56,4 
100 
76,85 
75 
99 
68 
93 
85,4 
41 
NA 
67 
71 
61,2 
93 
84 
80 

NAP 
40 
50,9 
72,5 
63,7 
85,2 
92,7 
76 
78 
61 

2008 
50 
97,5 
56,4 
100 
75,31 
75 
99 
68 
93 
84,7 
42 
NA 
67,9 
86 
57,6 
94 
85 
79 

86 
43 
52,5 
72,2 
70,98 
83,9 
92,5 
72,9 
74,7 
69,9 

∆ 
-1,2 
-2,4 
0 
0 
-1,54 
0 
0 
0 
0 
-0,7 
1 

0,9 
15 
-3,6 
1 
1 
-1 
0 

3 
1,6 
-0,3 
7,28 
-1,3 
-0,2 
-3,1 
-3,3 
8,9 

2007 
NAP 
8390 
NA 
1 
NA 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
6960 
NA 
986 
10000 
2119 
NA 
2126 
8110 
3160 
5843 

NAP 
NA 
1312,7 
4472 
1813 
6930 
7208 
1827 
NA 
1592 

2008 
NAP 
7206 
NA 
1 
NA 
NA 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
2008 
901 
10000 
1911 
NA 
1351 
8110 
3095 
5682 

4096 
1826 
1363,3 
4521 
2116 

∆ 

-1184 

0 

-85 
0 
-208 

-775 
0 
-65 
-161 

50,6 
49 
303 

5019,922 -1910,08 

4369 
1716 
NA 
1551  

-2839 
-111 

-41  

Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN  

EN 

13 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 3.3 Spot traded volumes as percentage of national electricity consumption 

consumption 
(TWh) 

electr traded (PX - 
spot) TWh 

volume % of consumption  Number of traders active at 

Poland 
Czech Republic 
Great Britain 
Romania 
France 
The Netherlands 
Germany 
Lithuania 
Finland 
Spain 
Norway 
Italy 
Sweden 
Portugal 
Denmark 
Greece 
Ireland 
Northern Ireland 

2007 
153,1 
72 
350,08 
54,126 
480,3 
112 
569,2 
9,1 
90,3 
276,3 
125,8 
339,9 
157,4 
50,05 
35,7 
55,25 
28,9 
NAP 

2008 

2007 

2008 

2007 

2008 

152,5 
72 
351,37 
55,206 
494,5 
119 
569 
9,8 
86,9 
279,9 
127,4 
339,5 
155 
50,574 
36,2 
55,68 
27 
9,6 

2,46
0,5
16,5
5,043
44,2
20,7
122,26
2
41,4
163,7
71,1
221,3
134,3
21,839
35,4
58,4
6,44
NAP

2,11
1,36
11,4
5,208
51,6
24,826
152,1
3,7
43,6
141,6
77,5
232,6
132,7
47,144
34,7
58,83
36,51
36,51

1,61
0,69
4,71
9,32
9,20
18,48
21,48
21,98
45,85
59,25
56,52
65,11
85,32
43,63
99,16
105,70
22,28

1,38
1,89
3,24
9,43
10,43
20,86
26,73
37,76
50,17
50,59
60,83
68,51
85,61
93,22
95,86
105,66
135,22
380,31

∆ 
-0,22 
1,19 
-1,47 
0,12 
1,23 
2,38 
5,25 
15,78 
4,33 
-8,66 
4,31 
3,41 
0,29 
49,58 
-3,30 
-0,04 
112,94 

2007 

NA
29
60
99
68
NA
192
5
NAP
25
130
89
150
2
9
27
NAP
NAP

Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

Sorted by 2008 % volume of consumption 

Notes: 

PX 
2008 

33
29
62
87
70
65
203
5
NAP
25
133
106
NA
2
9
38
NAP
NAP

∆ 
NAP
0
2
-12
2
NAP
11
0
NAP
0
3
17
NAP
0
0
11
NAP
NAP

BE: In 2007, 7,6 TWh was traded on Belpex DAM (which is about 8,5% of the Belgian consumption). The bought volume amounts to 6,8 TWh, whereas the sold volume is 4,9 TWh. These figures differ because Belpex DAM 
is coupled with Powernext and APX. 
BG: There is no power exchange - spot in Bulgaria. 
DK: Total trade on Nord Pool in physical spot market in 2004: 167 TWh. Denmark contributes with 19,2 TWh corresponding to 11,5% of the total. Total trade on Nord Pool in physical spot market in 2005: 176 TWh. Denmark 
contributes with 25,7 TWh corresponding to 14,6% of the total. Total trade on Nord Pool in physical spot market in 2006: 250 TWh. Denmark contributes with 34,4 TWh corresponding to 13,8% of the total. Total trade on Nord 
Pool in physical spot market in 2007: 291 TWh. Denmark contributes with 35,4 TWh corresponding to 12,2% of the total. 
FI: Not relevant due to Nordic markets. 
FR: Source: Powernext Day-ahead. 

EN 

14 

EN 

 
  
  
 
  
DE: 2007: Day-ahead spot market for the market area of Germany/ Austria 117,93 TWh; market area Switzerland 4,33 TWh; 2008: Day-ahead spot market for the market area of Germany/ Austria 145.94 TWh; market area 
Switzerland 6.16 TWh; source: EEX. 
GR: Calculated as the sum of generated energy plus imports. 
HU: There is no power exchange in Hungary (although the HUPX Hungarian Power Exchange Closed Company Limited by Shares has been established in 2007). 
IE: The Single Electricity Market for the island of Ireland is a gross mandatory pool, therefore all energy goes through the pool. The market started on the 1st November 2007 and the 2007 figure above represents energy for 
Nov and Dec 2007. The 2008 figure represents Jan - Dec 2008. The Single Electricity Market is not a power exchange. 
LU: No power exchange in Luxembourg. 
Northern Ireland: 2008 - The Market for the Island of Ireland is a gross mandatory pool, therefore all energy goes through the pool. 
PT: Only the period 2008/07/01-2008/12/31; Includes day-ahead and intraday demand. 
ES: Besides, in 2006, 104 TWh were negotiated in bilateral contracts out of the PX spot market, and 59 TWh were cleared at the PX over the counter. 
The amount of bilateral contracts negotiated out of the PX (104 TWh) was a temporary consequence of the (already revoked) Royal Decree Law 3/2006 (see National Report 2007). Excludes trading on bilateral, VPPs and 
CESUR contracts. 
SE: The values show the total purchased volume in the Swedish Elspot Bid Area. 

EN 

15 

EN 

 
  
Table 3.4 Retail Market position Electricity – 2007/2008 

ELECTRICITY 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

Number of 
nationwide 
suppliers 

Companies with market share 
over 5% in the whole retail 
market (%) 

Market share of three largest 
companies in whole retail 
market (%) 

2008 
10 
12 
1 
1 
310 
16 
3 
25 
17 
17 
17 
37 
78 
9 
23 
2 
2 
7 

18 
26 
19 
4 
138 
176 
13 
75 
104 
21 

2007 
7 
4 
3 
1 
3 
7 
1 
4 
1 
3 
NA 
1 
4 
4 
3 
1 
1 
3 

NAP 
5 
6 
2 
5 
3 
7 
4 
3 
4 

2008 
6 
NA 
3 
1 
3 
7 
1 
4 
1 
3 
NA 
1 
4 
4 
3 
1 
1 
4 

4 
5 
6 
2 
5 
3 
7 
4 
3 
4 

∆ 
-1 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

2007 
64 
NA 
97,5 
100 
99 
NA 
99 
40 
94 
46,1 
NA 
100 
87,18 
85 
60 
100 
100 
93 

NAP 
31,2 
44,9 
99,6 
44 
35 
68 
83,9 
NA 
NA 

2008 
62 
NA 
97,5 
100 
99 
NA 
99 
40 
97 
52 
NA 
100 
80,73 
84 
59 
100 
100 
94 

90 
36 
44,3 
99,6 
48 
60 
58 
84,8 
NA 
NA 

∆ 
-2 
NA 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
3 
5,9 

0 
-6,45 
-1 
-1 
0 
0 
1 

4,8 
-0,6 
0 
4 
25 
-10 
0,9 

Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

EN 

16 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4. 

GAS MARKET INDICIATORS  

Table 4.1 Market Structure in Import and Production of Gas 

GAS 

1 
0 
0 
0 
0 

∆ 
0 
2 
0 

2006 
4 
2 
1 
NAP 
1 
3 
2 
1 
2 
NA 
NA 
1 
4 
NA 
3 
1 
2 
1 

Number of companies 
with more than 5 % 
share of available gas 
(%)10 
2008 
4 
4 
1 
NAP 
2 
3 
2 
1 
2 
7 
NA 
1 
4 
5 
3 
1 
2 
2 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
-3 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

1 
0 
3 
1 
2 
4 
NA 
1 

0 
0 
-1 
0 
1 
0 

1 
0 
4 
1 
1 
4 
5 
4 

0 
0 
0 
1 

NAP 

0 
0 

5 

Share of 3 biggest 
companies by 
available gas (%) 

2007 
80 
99,4 
32,47 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
99 
100 
88,97 
58,65 
28 
100 
92,8 
NA 
86,7 
100 
100 
100 

2008 
86 
92 
89 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
99 
100 
88 
61,82 
NA 
100 
86,9 
81,64 
85,2 
100 
100 
100 

NAP 

82,7 

100 
0 
74 
100 
100 
75 
NA 
NA 

100 
0 
83,19 
100 
100 
66 
NA 
87,8 

∆ 
6 
-7,4 
56,53 

0 
0 
-0,97 
3,17 

0 
-5,9 

-1,5 
0 
0 
0 

0 
0 
9,19 
0 
0 
-9 

HHI 

2008 
4290 
5438 
NAP 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
NA 
NAP 
6324 
1706 
NA 
10000 
3066 
2499 
4336 
10000 
5800 
9057 

10000 

951 
NAP 
NAP 
10000 
8981 
1887 
NA 
6841,24 

10 Note: No answer to this question was required in 2007 

EN 

17 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Table 4.2 Structure of Gas retail market  

GAS 

Number of 
nationwide 
suppliers 

Companies with market 
share over 5% in the 
whole retail market (%) 

Market share of three 
largest companies in 
whole retail market (%) 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

2008 
5 
8 
32 
1 
14 
2 
0 
1 
13 
NA 
24 
1 
14 
5 
4 
2 
2 

0 

1 
0 
24 
1 
3 
34 
0 
14 

2007 
5 
NA 
5 
NAP 
7 
4 
1 
6 
3 
4 
NA 
1 
7 
2 
3 
1 
2 
4 

NAP 

1 
0 
4 
1 
2 
5 
5 
4 

2008 
5 
NA 
4 
NAP 
8 
4 
1 
6 
2 
4 
NA 
1 
7 
2 
4 
1 
2 

4 

1 
0 
6 
1 
4 
5 
5 
3 

∆ 
0 
0 
-1 

1 
0 
0 
0 
-1 
0 

0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 

0 
0 
2 
0 
2 
0 
0 
-1 

2007 
NA 
92,3 
32,47 
NAP 
NA 
NA 
99 
NA 
98,5 
26,3 
72 
100 
75 
100 
66,5 
100 
100 
88,5 

2008 
80 
NA 
12,87 
NAP 
47,35 
NA 
99 
NA 
NA 
35,2 
72 
100 
72,6 
100 
63,4 
100 
100 

NAP 

86 

100 
0 
83 
100 
86 
74 
NA 
NA 

100 
0 
59,11 
100 
82 
71 
NA 
NA 

∆ 

-19,6 

0 

8,9 
0 
0 
-2,4 
0 
-3,1 
0 
0 

0 
0 
-23,89 
0 
-4 
-3 

Source: Regulators data, ∆ calculations DG TREN 

EN 

18 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5. 

PRICE DEVELOPMENTS  

Figure 5.1 Electricity prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in €/100kWh11 

Source: Eurostat 

Figure 5.2 Electricity prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in PPP 

Source: Eurostat 

11 

'Household consumers' refer to consumer band Dc (annual consumption between 2500 and 5000 kWh). 

EN 

19 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Figure 5.3 Electricity prices for industrial consumers (2009 s01) 12 

Source: Eurostat 

Figure 5.4 Gas prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in €/GJ 13 

Source: Eurostat 

12 
13 

'Industrial consumers' refer to consumer band Ic (annual consumption between 500 and 2000 MWh). 
'Household consumers' refer to consumer band D2 (annual consumption between 20 and 200 GJ). 

EN 

20 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
                                                 
Figure 5.5 Gas prices for household consumers (2009 s01) in PPP 

Figure 5.6 Gas prices for industrial consumers (2009 s01) 14 

Source: Eurostat 

14 

'Industrial consumers' refer to consumer band I3 (annual consumption between 10 000 and 100 000 GJ). 

EN 

21 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Table 5.7 Increase electricity price household consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

(Prices in €/kWh, end prices without taxes) – sorted by ∆ %  

Band DC: 2 500 kWh 
 < Consumption < 5 000 kWh 

2008 s02 

2009 s01 

∆ % 

CY  
PL  
RO  
BE  
NO  
UK  
SE  
DK  
HU  
EU27  
IE  
BG  
LV  
SK  
ES  
FI  
CZ  
EA  
FR  
DE  
GR  
EE  
AT  
NL  
LT  
MT  
LU  
SI  
PT  
IT  

0,1754 
0,1005 
0,0920 
0,1578 
0,1237 
0,1530 
0,1137 
0,1323 
0,1281 
0,1249 
0,1791 
0,0685 
0,0956 
0,1283 
0,1277 
0,0955 
0,1080 
0,1233 
0,0931 
0,1341 
0,1005 
0,0670 
0,1268 
0,1320 
0,0732 
0,1463 
0,1391 
0,0919 
0,1066 
: 

0,1336  -23,83    
0,0883  -12,14    
0,0814  -11,52    
-9,32    
0,1431 
-8,57    
0,1131 
-8,56    
0,1399 
-8,53    
0,1040 
-6,35    
0,1239 
-4,22    
0,1227 
-1,04    
0,1236 
-0,11    
0,1789 
0,00    
0,0685 
0,10    
0,0957 
0,86    
0,1294 
1,33    
0,1294 
1,99    
0,0974 
2,04    
0,1102 
2,11    
0,1259 
3,01    
0,0959 
4,47    
0,1401 
4,98    
0,1055 
6,27    
0,0712 
8,83    
0,1380 
9,09    
0,1440 
0,0799 
9,15    
0,1627  11,21    
0,1619  16,39    
0,1070  16,43    
0,1264  18,57    
:    

: 

Source: Eurostat; ∆ calculation by DG TREN  

Band DD: 5 000 kWh 
 < Consumption < 15 000 kWh 

2008 s02 
0,1809
0,0921
0,0951
0,1262
0,0898
0,0954
0,1402
0,1156
0,1334
0,1719
0,1219
0,1625
0,0680
0,0954
0,1150
0,1233
0,0808
0,0886
0,0823
0,1156
0,0649
0,1207
0,1196
0,0697
0,1220
0,1095
0,1283
0,0870
0,0921
:

CY  
RO  
PL  
HU  
NO  
SE  
BE  
DK  
UK  
MT  
ES  
IE  
BG  
LV  
EU27 
GR  
FR  
CZ  
FI  
EA  
EE  
DE  
AT  
LT  
NL  
SK  
LU  
SI  
PT  
IT  

2009 s01 

∆ % 

0,1379  -23,77 
0,0783  -14,98 
0,0834  -12,30 
0,1113  -11,81 
0,0793  -11,69 
0,0847  -11,22 
0,1255  -10,49 
-7,61 
0,1068 
-6,07 
0,1253 
-1,92 
0,1686 
-1,31 
0,1203 
-0,37 
0,1619 
0,00 
0,0680 
0,00 
0,0954 
0,61 
0,1157 
1,62 
0,1253 
2,35 
0,0827 
3,16 
0,0914 
3,52 
0,0852 
3,98 
0,1202 
5,08 
0,0682 
5,39 
0,1272 
5,60 
0,1263 
8,18 
0,0754 
0,1330 
9,02 
0,1247  13,88 
0,1476  15,04 
0,1036  19,08 
0,1146  24,43 
: 
: 

EN 

22 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
  
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 5.8 % increase electricity price household consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

DC DD

30

20

10

0
CY 
-10

PL 

RO 

BE 

NO 

UK 

SE 

DK 

IE 

BG 

LV 

SK 

ES FI 

CZ 

EA 

FR 

DE 

GR 

EE 

AT 

NL 

LT 

MT 

LU 

SI 

PT 

IT 

HU 
EU27 

-20

-30

 ∆ % sorted on DC  

EN 

23 

   EN 

 
Table 5.9 Increase in electricity prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

(Prices in €/kWh, end prices without taxes) – sorted by ∆ %  

Band IC: 500 MWh 
 < Consumption < 2 000 MWh 

Band ID: 2 000 MWh 
 < Consumption < 20 000 MWh 

2008 s02 

0,1785 
0,0885 
0,1419 
0,0950 
0,0768 
0,0748 
0,1619 
0,1108 
0,0644 
0,0853 
0,0926 
0,1195 
0,0647 
0,0951 
0,1050 
0,0920 
0,0915 
0,0890 
0,0550 
0,1016 
0,0838 
0,1283 
0,0951 
0,0796 
0,0561 
0,0781 
0,0927 
: 
: 
0,0905 

CY  
DK  
IE  
RO  
SE  
NO  
MT  
CZ  
BG  
PL  
EU27  
HU  
FI  
DE  
UK  
GR  
EA  
NL  
EE  
ES  
LT  
SK  
SI  
LV  
FR  
PT  
LU  
BE  
IT  
AT  

2009 s01 

∆ %    
0,1164  -34,79    
0,0738  -16,61    
0,1206  -15,01    
0,0811  -14,63    
0,0662  -13,80    
0,0669  -10,56    
-6,36    
0,1516 
-4,60    
0,1057 
-0,78    
0,0639 
0,47    
0,0857 
1,62    
0,0941 
2,18    
0,1221 
2,47    
0,0663 
2,52    
0,0975 
2,57    
0,1077 
3,04    
0,0948 
3,93    
0,0951 
5,62    
0,0940 
6,73    
0,0587 
0,1098 
8,07    
0,0924  10,26    
0,1416  10,37    
0,1063  11,78    
0,0896  12,56    
0,0647  15,33    
0,0919  17,67    
0,1096  18,23    
:    
0,1026 
:    
: 
:    
: 

Source: Eurostat; ∆ calculation by DG TREN 

2008 s02 
0,1694
0,0885
0,1276
0,0681
0,0799
0,1323
0,0930
0,5880
0,0833
0,0975
0,0831
0,1064
0,0823
0,0554
0,0616
0,0738
0,0850
0,0798
0,0847
0,0472
0,1164
0,0770
0,0704
0,0704
0,0501
0,0711
:
:
:
0,0813

CY  
DK  
IE  
SE  
RO  
MT  
CZ  
BG  
EU27 
UK  
DE  
HU  
EA  
NO  
FI  
PL  
NL  
GR  
ES  
EE  
SK  
SI  
LT  
PT  
FR  
LV  
BE  
IT  
LU  
AT  

2009 s01 

∆ % 
0,1061  -37,37 
0,0725  -18,08 
0,1070  -16,14 
0,0587  -13,80 
-8,14 
0,0734 
-7,03 
0,1230 
-0,11 
0,0929 
0,00 
0,5880 
0,36 
0,0836 
1,13 
0,0986 
1,44 
0,0843 
1,79 
0,1083 
1,94 
0,0839 
1,99 
0,0565 
2,44 
0,0631 
3,12 
0,0761 
3,53 
0,0880 
3,88 
0,0829 
7,08 
0,0907 
7,42 
0,0507 
8,51 
0,1263 
0,0842 
9,35 
0,0781  10,94 
0,0830  17,90 
0,0592  18,16 
0,0849  19,41 
: 
0,0928 
: 
: 
: 
0,0858 
: 
: 

EN 

24 

   EN 

 
  
  
  
  
Figure 5.10 % increase in electricity prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

30

20

10

IC ID

Average EU increase

0
CY 

-10

DK 

IE 

RO 

SE 

NO 

MT 

CZ 

BG 

HU FI 

DE 

UK 

GR 

EA 

NL 

EE 

ES 

LT 

SK  SI 

LV 

FR 

PT 

PL 
EU27 

-20

-30

-40

-50

∆ % sorted on IC 

EN 

25 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Band IE: 20 000 MWh 
 < Consumption < 70 000 MWh 

2008 s02 

2009 s01 

∆ % 

0,0983  -35,24 
0,0658  -22,13 
0,0967  -15,91 
0,0522  -15,12 
-7,42 
0,0474 
-5,10 
0,0595 
-4,24 
0,0520 
-2,93 
0,0663 
-1,82 
0,0757 
-1,41 
0,0769 
-1,25 
0,0788 
0,57 
0,0709 
2,07 
0,0739 
2,20 
0,0974 
3,13 
0,0527 
4,48 
0,0862 
4,76 
0,0880 
6,35 
0,0419 
0,0794 
6,86 
0,1097  11,26 
0,0741  12,10 
0,0650  12,26 
0,1108  14,94 
0,0611  18,87 
0,0823  19,97 
0,0856  : 
:  : 
:  : 
:  : 
:  : 

CY  
DK  
IE  
SE  
NO  
SI  
FI  
RO  
EA  
EU27  
DE  
PL  
GR  
UK  
BG  
CZ  
NL  
EE  
ES  
SK  
LT  
PT  
HU  
FR  
LV  
BE  
IT  
LU  
MT  
AT  

0,1518 
0,0845 
0,1150 
0,0615 
0,0512 
0,0627 
0,0543 
0,0683 
0,0771 
0,0780 
0,0798 
0,0705 
0,0724 
0,0953 
0,0511 
0,0825 
0,0840 
0,0394 
0,0743 
0,0986 
0,0661 
0,0579 
0,0964 
0,0514 
0,0686 
: 
: 
: 
: 
0,0794 

Source: Eurostat 

∆ calculation by DG TREN 

Band IF: 70 000 MWh 
 < Consumption < 150 000 MWh 

  CY  
  DK  
  SE  
  NO  
IE  
  GR  
  SI  
  FI  
  EU27 
  EA  
  UK  
  ES  
  SK  
  CZ  
  DE  
  BG  
  PL  
  LV  
  RO  
  HU  
  NL  
  FR  
  EE  
  PT  
  BE  
IT  
  LT  
  LU  
  MT  
  AT  

2008 s02 
0,1530
0,0845
0,0618
0,0342
0,1004
0,0664
0,0741
0,0536
0,0744
0,0728
0,0967
0,0690
0,0937
0,0841
0,0755
0,0450
0,0667
0,0684
0,0548
0,0874
0,0820
0,0465
0,0362
0,0505
:
:
:
:
:
0,0735

2009 s01 

∆ % 

0,0985  -35,62 
0,0658  -22,13 
0,0491  -20,55 
0,0298  -12,87 
0,0879  -12,45 
-5,57 
0,0627 
-4,32 
0,0709 
-3,54 
0,0517 
-2,15 
0,0728 
-1,92 
0,0714 
-1,55 
0,0952 
0,29 
0,0692 
0,85 
0,0945 
2,14 
0,0859 
3,18 
0,0779 
3,33 
0,0465 
3,45 
0,0690 
6,58 
0,0729 
8,21 
0,0593 
9,38 
0,0956 
0,0900 
9,76 
0,0516  10,97 
0,0405  11,88 
0,0610  20,79 
0,0789  : 
:  : 
:  : 
:  : 
:  : 
:  : 

EN 

26 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
Table 5.11 Increase gas prices household consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

(Prices in €/Gigajoules, end prices without taxes) – sorted by ∆ % 

Band D1: Consumption < 20 GJ 

Band D2: 20 GJ 
 < Consumption < 200 GJ 

Band D3: Consumption > 200 GJ 

2009 s01 

∆ % 

2008 s02 
14,7528
22,2253
6,1610
17,7570
22,8800
27,7450
19,9400
21,9768
19,0010
22,9700
13,4520
13,1277
18,6810
17,6629
17,3600
21,4060
11,4258
9,3427
22,8942
15,4800
20,0580
18,3799
16,7900
9,6585
12,8454

PL  
SE  
RO  
IT  
BE  
FR  
SI  
EA  
EU27 
DE  
UK  
DK  
ES  
CZ  
IE  
PT  
HU  
EE  
SK  
AT  
NL  
LV  
LU  
BG  
LT  
Source: Eurostat 
∆ calculation by DG TREN  

11,8108  -19,94 
18,0466  -18,80 
5,2951  -14,05 
15,2880  -13,90 
19,7900  -13,51 
24,2100  -12,74 
17,8700  -10,38 
-8,89 
20,0224 
-8,64 
17,3600 
-8,27 
21,0700 
-6,10 
12,6314 
-5,57 
12,3959 
-5,57 
17,6400 
-4,93 
16,7918 
-2,59 
16,9100 
-2,50 
20,8700 
-1,88 
11,2107 
-0,41 
9,3048 
1,98 
23,3480 
3,49 
16,0200 
3,80 
20,8200 
9,92 
20,2039 
19,0800  13,64 
11,0287  14,19 
16,2928  26,84 

  PL  
  SE  
  BE  
  DE  
  RO  
  UK  
  EU27 
  SI  
  EA  
  CZ  
  ES  
  PT  
  DK  
  FR  
  LU  
IE  
  SK  
  LV  
  HU  
  AT  
IT  
  EE  
  NL  
  LT  
  BG  

2008 s02 
11,7191
16,9480
16,3700
16,1400
6,1445
12,7323
13,8443
15,6800
14,8054
12,3418
15,6360
16,6450
13,1277
13,7090
12,7300
15,9000
10,8599
13,2013
10,7727
12,5500
13,5540
8,3818
13,4050
9,0050
9,0500

2009 s01 

∆ % 

8,8525 -24,46 
13,9953 -17,42 
13,5400 -17,29 
13,4800 -16,48 
5,2832 -14,02 
11,2776 -11,43 
-8,59 
12,6553
-7,91 
14,4400
-7,66 
13,6706
-6,39 
11,5531
-6,37 
14,6400
-5,80 
15,6800
-5,57 
12,3959
-5,10 
13,0100
-4,24 
12,1900
-0,88 
15,7600
-0,73 
10,7810
0,06 
13,2097
3,48 
11,1477
4,62 
13,1300
4,66 
14,1850
7,29 
8,9926
7,67 
14,4330
11,04 
9,9989
20,96 
10,9469

  PL  
  SE  
  BE  
  DE  
  RO  
  ES  
  PT  
  UK  
  CZ  
  EU27 
  EA  
  DK  
  LU  
  SI  
  HU  
  FR  
  LV  
IE  
  AT  
  SK  
  NL  
  EE  
IT  
  BG  
  LT  

2008 s02 
10,5599
16,2376
15,3500
14,6000
6,1174
13,5640
15,2840
11,1731
12,3891
12,4034
13,2113
13,1277
11,7400
14,7400
11,0929
12,0630
12,9183
15,1400
10,9000
10,1501
12,5940
8,2393
11,5320
9,6891
7,5341

2009 s01 

∆ % 
8,4861 -19,64
13,2587 -18,35
12,5700 -18,11
12,0900 -17,19
5,2596 -14,02
11,7800 -13,15
13,3300 -12,78
-9,48
10,1141
-8,47
11,3397
-7,82
11,4336
-7,09
12,2748
-5,57
12,3959
-4,60
11,2000
-3,26
14,2600
-2,16
10,8535
-1,60
11,8700
-0,27
12,8840
0,13
15,1600
5,87
11,5400
6,32
10,7920
6,64
13,4300
8,85
8,9688
12,5560
8,88
15,88
11,2281
27,12
9,5771

EN 

27 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 5.12 % increase in gas prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

D1 D2 D3

Average EU increase

30

20

10

0
PL 

SE 

RO 

IT 

BE 

FR SI 

EU27DE 
EA 

UK 

DK 

ES 

CZ 

IE 

PT 

HU 

EE 

SK 

AT 

NL 

LV 

LU 

BG 

LT 

-10

-20

-30

∆ % sorted on D1 

EN 

28 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 5.13 Increase in gas prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 

(Prices in €/Gigajoules, end prices without taxes) – sorted by ∆ % 

Band I1: Consumption < 1 000 GJ 

Band I2: 1 000 GJ 
 < Consumption < 10 000 GJ 

Band I3: 10 000 GJ 
 < Consumption <100 000 GJ 

2008 s02  2009 s01 
9,0022 
9,6047 
12,5221 
8,2600 
12,4500 
11,1544 
12,0700 
5,2832 
11,4999 
11,9646 
11,1540 
12,3959 
15,3600 
14,4000 
12,1800 
11,5238 
8,9301 
14,0990 
13,2380 
12,5300 
13,2000 
14,6600 
13,7930 
9,6942 
: 
: 

PL 
LT 
SE 
ES  
BE 
HU 
DE 
RO 
EU27 
EA 
CZ 
DK 
SI 
IE 
FR 
UK 
EE 
SK 
LV 
IT 
LU 
PT 
NL 
BG 
AT 
FI 
Source: Eurostat ∆ calculation by DG TREN  

12,3044
12,9240
16,5421
10,5630
15,8400
13,2659
14,3200
6,1182
12,4641
12,9258
11,9708
13,1318
16,2500
15,1500
12,4380
11,6638
9,9971
13,8669
12,8334
12,1360
12,6900
13,7780
12,6400
8,0632
:
:

∆ % 
-26,84
-25,68
-24,30
-21,80
-21,40
-15,92
-15,71
-13,65
-7,74
-7,44
-6,82
-5,60
-5,48
-4,95
-2,07
-1,20
0,50
1,67
3,15
3,25
4,02
6,40
9,12
20,23
:
:

  LT 
  SE 
  PL 
IE 
  DE 
  RO 
  BE 
  ES 
  HU 
  SI 
  EE 
  CZ 
  SK 
  EU27
  EA 
  DK 
  UK 
  FR 
  LV 
IT 
  NL 
  LU 
  PT 
  BG 
  AT 
  FI 

2008 s02  2009 s01 
9,3088
11,1410
8,4995
10,5100
11,7100
5,2383
10,8100
8,3300
10,9976
13,9600
8,3436
10,0409
12,0980
10,5756
11,2155
12,3959
8,9057
11,0100
12,0204
12,1880
11,4740
12,1600
12,0100
9,3977
:
:

12,6915
14,7154
10,7579
12,7000
13,7000
6,1234
12,5900
9,6860
12,7073
15,7800
9,3179
11,0601
13,1475
11,3924
11,9783
13,1318
9,3017
11,2760
12,1259
11,8990
10,9970
11,3800
11,0790
7,9354
:
:

∆ % 
-26,65 
-24,29 
-20,99 
-17,24 
-14,53 
-14,45 
-14,14 
-14,00 
-13,45 
-11,53 
-10,46 
-9,22 
-7,98 
-7,17 
-6,37 
-5,60 
-4,26 
-2,36 
-0,87 
2,43 
4,34 
6,85 
8,40 
18,43 
: 
: 

  LT 
  SE 
  RO 
  PL 
  BE 
  DK 
IE 
  CZ 
  EE 
  DE 
  SK 
  HU 
  EU27
  FI 
  EA 
  FR 
IT 
  SI 
  ES 
  UK 
  NL 
  LV 
  LU 
  PT 
  BG 
  AT 

2008 s02  2009 s01 
8,7301
9,2995
5,0966
7,7331
8,7300
7,3820
9,3000
8,9816
7,3011
10,8600
11,1200
10,0444
9,3464
8,0000
9,8971
9,7600
10,1660
11,3400
8,7300
7,9883
9,0190
10,8594
11,0800
9,8100
8,7432
:

12,1420
12,8886
6,3579
9,3301
10,4800
8,8126
10,9900
10,6050
8,5652
12,6900
12,9417
11,4110
10,3172
8,8000
10,8635
10,6060
10,8220
11,8700
9,0340
8,2369
9,1470
10,9940
11,1900
9,2130
7,4292
:

∆ % 
-28,10
-27,85
-19,84
-17,12
-16,70
-16,23
-15,38
-15,31
-14,76
-14,42
-14,08
-11,98
-9,41
-9,09
-8,90
-7,98
-6,06
-4,47
-3,37
-3,02
-1,40
-1,22
-0,98
6,48
17,69
:

EN 

29 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
 
Band I4: 100 000 GJ 
 < Consumption < 1 000 000 GJ 

Band I5: 1 000 000 GJ 
 < Consumption < 4 000 000 GJ 

2008 s02  2009 s01 
7,1847 
7,5501 
4,7587 
8,1367 
6,6812 
6,9176 
9,9400 
8,6338 
8,8400 
8,2300 
8,0950 
8,0300 
8,4892 
9,0620 
6,9133 
7,5300 
7,1380 
7,7000 
8,2810 
8,7200 
10,3356 
7,1000 
7,3500 
8,1399 
: 
: 

10,6677
10,5545
6,3706
9,8805
8,0883
8,2896
11,8978
10,1143
10,2300
9,4550
9,2423
9,1200
9,5826
10,2180
7,7489
8,4400
7,9921
8,4000
8,8590
9,0700
10,5837
7,2410
6,9500
6,8821
:
10,8400

LT 
SE 
RO 
CZ 
DK 
PL 
SK 
HU 
DE 
FR 
EU27 
BE 
EA 
IT 
EE 
ES 
UK 
FI 
NL 
IE 
LV 
PT 
LU 
BG 
AT 
SI 

∆ % 
-32,65
-28,47
-25,30
-17,65
-17,40
-16,55
-16,46
-14,64
-13,59
-12,96
-12,41
-11,95
-11,41
-11,31
-10,78
-10,78
-10,69
-8,33
-6,52
-3,86
-2,34
-1,95
5,76
18,28
:
:

  EU27
  EA 
  BE 
  FR 
  UK 
  RO 
  CZ 
  PL 
  HU 
  NL 
  DE 
  SK 
  ES 
  EE 
IT 
  FI 
  LV 
  BG 
  PT 
  DK 
IE 
  LT 
  LU 
  AT 
  SI 
  SE 

2008 s02  2009 s01 
:
:
6,4200
7,0900
5,7619
5,1580
7,8349
6,1691
8,1868
7,0980
7,7000
9,7840
6,9300
6,8414
9,4300
7,1000
9,4011
8,0223
8,5500
:
:
:
:
:
:
7,5501

:
:
8,8100
9,1470
7,3679
6,3894
9,6794
7,4923
9,8519
8,3110
9,0000
11,1775
7,6220
7,3805
10,1130
7,6000
9,7771
6,6980
7,0000
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

∆ % 

: 
: 
-27,13 
-22,49 
-21,80 
-19,27 
-19,06 
-17,66 
-16,90 
-14,60 
-14,44 
-12,47 
-9,08 
-7,30 
-6,75 
-6,58 
-3,85 
19,77 
22,14 
: 
: 
: 
: 
: 
: 
: 

EN 

30 

EN 

 
  
 
 
 
  
 
  
 
 
 
Figure 5.14 % increase in gas prices for industrial consumers 2008 s02 – 2009 s01  

∆ % sorted on I3  

I1

I2

I3

I4

Average EU increase

BEDK IE CZ

EEDESKHU

EU27 FI

EA FR IT SI

ESUK NL LV LU PT

BG

30

20

10

0
LTSERO PL

-10

-20

-30

-40

EN 

31 

EN 

 
  
Table 5.15 Overview % increases of end prices 2008 s02 – 2009 s01 per Member State 

Household consumers 

electricity 

gas 

DC 

DD 

D1 

D2 

D3 

8,83 
-9,32 
0,00 
2,04 
-23,83 
-6,35 
6,27 
1,99 
3,01 
4,47 
4,98 
-4,22 
-0,11 
na 
0,10 
9,15 
16,39 
11,21 
9,09 
-12,14 
18,57 
-11,52 
16,43 
0,86 
1,33 
-8,53 
-8,56 
-1,04 

5,60 
-10,49 
0,00 
3,16 
-23,77 
-7,61 
5,08 
3,52 
2,35 
5,39 
1,62 
-11,81 
-0,37 
na 
0,00 
8,18 
15,04 
-0,92 
9,02 
-12,30 
40,07 
-14,98 
19,08 
13,88 
-1,31 
-11,22 
-6,07 
0,61 

3,49 
-13,51 
14,19 
-4,93 
na 
-5,57 
-0,41 
na 
-12,74 
-8,27 
na 
-1,88 
-2,59 
-13,90 
9,92 
26,84 
13,64 
na 
3,80 
-19,94 
-2,50 
-14,05 
-10,38 
1,98 
-5,57 
-18,80 
-6,10 
-8,64 

4,62 
-17,29 
20,96 
-6,39 
na 
-5,57 
7,29 
na 
-5,10 
-16,48 
na 
3,48 
-0,88 
4,66 
0,06 
11,04 
-4,24 
na 
7,67 
-24,46 
-5,80 
-14,02 
-7,91 
-0,73 
-6,37 
-17,42 
-11,43 
-8,59 

5,87 
-18,11 
15,88 
-8,47 
na 
-5,57 
8,85 
na 
-1,60 
-17,19 
na 
-2,16 
0,13 
8,88 
-0,27 
27,12 
-4,60 
na 
6,64 
-19,64 
-12,78 
-14,02 
-3,26 
6,32 
-13,15 
-18,35 
-9,48 
-7,82 

Austria  
Belgium  
Bulgaria  
Czech Republic  
Cyprus 
Denmark  
Estonia  
Finland  
France  
Germany 
Greece 
Hungary  
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia  
Lithuania  
Luxembourg 
Malta  
Netherlands  
Poland  
Portugal  
Romania  
Slovenia  
Slovakia  
Spain 
Sweden  
United Kingdom  
EU Average 

Industrial consumers 

electricity 

IC 

ID 

I1 

I2 

gas 
I3 

I4 

na 
na 
-0,78 
-4,60 
-34,79 
-16,61 
6,73 
2,47 
15,33 
2,52 
3,04 
2,18 
-15,01 
na 
12,56 
10,26 
18,23 
-6,36 
5,62 
0,47 
17,67 
-14,63 
11,78 
10,37 
8,07 
-13,80 
2,57 
1,62 

na 
na 
0,00 
-0,11 
-37,37 
-22,13 
7,42 
2,44 
18,16 
1,44 
3,88 
1,79 
8,51 
na 
19,97 
10,94 
na 
-13,80 
3,53 
3,12 
18,16 
-2,93 
9,35 
8,51 
0,08 
-15,12 
1,13 
0,36 

na 
-21,40 
20,23 
-6,82 
na 
-5,60 
0,50 
na 
-2,07 
-15,71 
na 
-15,92 
-4,95 
3,25 
3,15 
-25,68 
4,02 
na 
9,12 
-26,84 
6,40 
-13,65 
-5,48 
1,67 
-21,80 
-24,30 
-1,20 
-7,74 

na 
-14,14 
18,43 
-9,22 
na 
-5,60 
-10,46 
na 
-2,36 
-14,53 
na 
-13,45 
-17,24 
2,43 
-0,87 
-26,65 
6,85 
na 
4,34 
-20,99 
8,40 
-14,45 
-11,53 
-7,98 
-14,00 
-24,29 
-4,26 
-7,17 

na 
-16,70 
17,69 
-15,31 
na 
-16,23 
-14,76 
-9,09 
-7,98 
-14,42 
na 
-11,98 
-15,38 
-6,06 
-1,22 
-28,10 
-0,98 
na 
-1,40 
-17,12 
6,48 
-19,84 
-4,47 
-14,08 
-3,37 
-27,85 
-3,02 
-9,41 

na 
-11,95 
18,28 
-17,65 
na 
-17,40 
-10,78 
-8,33 
-12,96 
-13,59 
na 
-14,64 
-3,86 
-11,31 
-2,34 
-32,65 
5,76 
na 
-6,52 
-16,55 
-1,95 
-25,30 
na 
-16,46 
-10,78 
-28,47 
-10,69 
-12,41 

  Austria  
  Belgium  
  Bulgaria  
  Czech Republic  
  Cyprus 
  Denmark  
  Estonia  
  Finland  
  France  
  Germany 
  Greece 
  Hungary  
Ireland 
Italy 
  Latvia  
  Lithuania  
  Luxembourg 
  Malta  
  Netherlands  
  Poland  
  Portugal  
  Romania  
  Slovenia  
  Slovakia  
  Spain 
  Sweden  
  United Kingdom  
  EU Average 

Based on ∆ % calculations in previous tables. Legend: No fill + white = increase in line with EU-average; fill + white = increase well below EU-average; fill + black = increase well 
above EU average. 

EN 

32 

EN 

 
  
 
  
 
  
  
 
  
 
 
6.  

NETWORK ACCESS 

Table 6.1 Composition of electricity prices 2008 

HOUSEHOLDS 

Composition of the household prices in € per 100 kWh 

Share in price without tax 
(%) 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Rep. 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain (UK) 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland15 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
Netherlands 

Total 
price 

17.72 
20.81 
8.23 
20.40 
12.99 
27.85 
8.50 
12.73 
12.32 
21.95 
16.03 
10.99 
15.53 
20.33 
21.95 
10.03 
8.65 
15.56 
15.36 
NA 
17.00 
12.95 
15.25 
11.03 
15.27 
11.56 
15.57 
17.46 
17.80 

Source: Eurostat 

Note 
"e" = estimated value 

15 Included in UK 

EN 

Energy&supply

Network 
costs 

Taxes&levies Energy&supply 

Network 
costs 

5.03 
3.62e 
1.38 
NA 
2.18e 
14.62 
1.81 
3.18 
NA 
8.54 
0.73 
NA 
2.72 
NA 
5.37e 
0.48 
1.32 
1.86 
0.77e 
NA 
4.63 
2.90 
4.28e 
1.82 
2.44 
2.37 
2.80 
6.11 
NA 

53.4 
56.5 
59.7 
NA 
58.8 
60.6 
46.5 
57.6 
NA 
59.7 
NA 
NA 
64.7 
NA 
69.6 
51.6 
49.8 
45.0 
84.9 
NA 
47.8 
48.4 
63.7 
38.8 
50.6 
49.7 
70.0 
54.5 
NA 

46.6 
43.5 
40.3 
NA 
41.2 
39.4 
53.5 
42.4 
NA 
40.3 
NA 
NA 
35.3 
NA 
30.4 
48.4 
50.2 
55.0 
15.1 
NA 
52.2 
51.6 
36.3 
61.2 
49.4 
50.3 
30.0 
45.5 
NA 

6.78 
8.95e 
4.09 
NA 
6.35e 
8.05 
3.11 
5.50 
NA 
8.01 
10.65 
NA 
8.28 
NA 
11.13e 
4.93 
3.65 
6.16 
12.39e 
NA 
5.91 
4.86 
6.99e 
3.57 
6.50 
4.57 
8.94 
6.20 
NA 

5.91 
6.88e 
2.76 
NA 
4.45e 
5.23 
3.59 
4.05 
NA 
5.40 
4.53 
NA 
4.53 
NA 
4.86e 
4.63 
6.68 
7.54 
2.20e 
NA 
6.46 
5.19 
3.98e 
5.63 
6.33 
4.62 
3.83 
5.18 
NA 

33 

   EN 

 
  
 
 
 
                                                 
Table 6.2 Access Conditions to Gas Transmission networks 

Transmission 

Tariff model 

Congestion 
management 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Rep. 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 
Netherlands 

3 
1,2,3 
3 
NAP 
2,3 
2 
1 
---3 
2 
2 
uncoupled 
NAP 
1 
2 
2 
1 
NAP 
1 

3 

3 
NAP 
As described below 
2 
--- 
2 (1 for big 
consumers) 
2 
2 

NAP 
4,5,6,7,8 
7 
NAP 
2,6,7 
5,6,7 
- 
NAP 
1,2,5,6,7 
6,7 
4,5,6,7 
5 
1,2,5,6,7 
6 
2,6,7 
NAP 
7 
NAP 

5,6,7 

2,5,6,7,8 
1,5 
As described below 
6,7 
2,6,7 

Capacity 
allocation 
mechanism 
5 
1,2,3,4,5 
1 
NAP 
3 
1,3 
1 
NAP 
1,2,3,5 
1 
1,2,5 
1 
1,2,3,5 
1 
3 
NAP 
1 
1 

Balancing 
model 
applied 
2,3 
1,2,3 
1,3 
NAP 
2 
2,3 
NAP 
---; 2 
1,3 
1,2,3 
NA 
2 
1,2,3 
2 
3 
- 
1 
1 

1 

1 
4,5 
1 
1 
4 

2 

2,3 
3 
3 
2 
1 

2,3 

2 
2 

1,2,5,6,7 

1,2,3,5 

- 
5,7 

5 
1 

Source: Regulators’ data 

Note: 
Tariff model (1- entry exit coupled, 2- entry exit uncoupled, 3- point-to point);  
Congestion management (1- auction, 2-pro rata, 3- lottery 4- capacity by back, 5- UIOLI, 6- secondary market, 7- 
Interruptible capacity, 8- use it or sale it).; 
Capacity allocation mechanism (1- first come first served, 2- auction, 3- pro rata, 4- allocation on deadline, 5- capacity goes 
with the costumer); 
Balancing model applied (1- TSO buys balancing gas on the regular market, 2- TSO contracts sources of balancing gas, 3- 
TSO uses storage for balancing). 
Romania, Tariff model: The mechanisms for calculation of prices and regulated tariffs are of „revenue–cap” type for 
regulated underground storage, and „price-cap” for regulated distribution and supply.  
For the second regulatory period (2007-2012), until the “entry-exit” pricing system shall be introduced, the tariff for the 
transmission through the national transmission system is unique and has a binomial structure 
Romania,  Congestion  management:  In  order  to  settle  the  congestions,  the  approved  but  unused  capacity  may  make  up  the 
object of 
a) voluntary return to the TSO 
b) capacity transfer facility CTF 
c) mandatory transfer from one network user to another by the TSO 

EN 

34 

   EN 

 
 
 
  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7. 

UNBUNDLING 

Table 7.1 Unbundling of Network Operators: Electricity Transmission 

Electricity 

Number 
of TSOs 

Number of 
TSOs 
Ownership 
Unbundled 

Public  
Ownership

Private 
Ownership

TSO network 
assets 
with           without

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

Source: Regulators data 

3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
1 
1 
1 
8 
1 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
1 
0 
1 
0 
0 
1 
0 
0 
1 
1 
0 
0 
0 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

75,5 
NA 
100 
100 
100 
100 
100 
12 
84,66 
0 
0 
51 
0,01 
100 
30 
100 
61,7 
32,8 

0 
100 
100 
51 
76,5 
100 
100 
20 
100 
100 

24,5 
64,45 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
88 
15,34 
100 
100 
49 
99,99 
0 
70 
0 
38,3 
67,2 

100 
0 
0 
49 
23,5 
0 
0 
80 
0 
0 

1 
1 
0 
0 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
1 
0 
1 
0 
8 
0 
1 
0 

0 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 

2 
0 
1 
1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
1 
0 
1 
0 
1 
0 
1 

1 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 
0 

EN 

35 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Table 7.2 Unbundling of DSO in Electricity 

Electricity 

Number 
of DSOs 

Number of 
DSOs 
Owner-ship 
Unbundled 

Number of 
DSOs 
Legally 
Unbundled 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators Data 

130 
26 
4 
1 
3 
89 
40 
89 
148 
862 
19 
1 
6 
1 
151 
10 
2 
8 

1 
162 
20 
13 
35 
3 
1 
346 
175 
8 

0
NA
4
0
0
0
NA
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
130
9
0
0

0
9
0
10
5
0
0
0
0
5

11
26
4
0
3
89
1
50
4
150
19
0
6
0
12
1
2
1

1
41
14
11
8
3
1
346
175
8

Application 
of  
100.000  
Customer 
Exemption 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 
NO 
NO 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 

NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
YES 
NO 

Numbers of 
DSOs 
 with less than
100.000 
Customers 

119
NA
1
0
278
82
39
82
143
787
5
0
0
0
139
9
5
7

0
155
6
10
27
159
0
340
166
2

EN 

36 

   EN 

 
  
 
 
  
 
Table 7.3 Unbundling of Network Operators: Gas Transmission 

GAS 

Number 
of TSOs 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators Data 

7 
1 
1 
NAP 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
18 
1 
1 
1 
1 
3 
1 
1 
1 

3 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
8 
3 
1 

Number of 
TSOs Owner-
ship 
Unbundled 
0
0
0
NAP
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0

2

1
1
1
0
0
1
2
1

Public  
Ownership

Private 
Ownership 

TSO with network 
assets 
with           without 

31,5
45,22
100
NAP
0
100
0
24
35,7
0
NA
65
0
100
1,98
2,77
17,7
21

100
51
75,01
51
0
5
0
100

68,5 
54,78 
0 
NAP 
100 
0 
100 
76 
64,3 
100 
NA 
35 
100 
0 
98,02 
97,33 
76 
79 

0 
49 
24,98 
49 
100 
95 
100 
0 

5 
1 
1 
NAP 
1 
1 
1 
NAP 
2 
3 
1 
1 
1 
0 
3 
NAP 
0 
0 

3 

0 
1 
1 
0 
1 
8 
2 
NA 

2
0
0
NAP
0
0
0
NAP
0
15
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

0

1
0
NAP
1
0
0
1
NA

EN 

37 

   EN 

 
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
 
  
  
 
Table 7.4 Unbundling of Network Operators: Gas Distribution  

Gas 

Number 
of DSOs 

Number of 
DSOs 
Owner-ship 
Unbundled 

Number of 
DSOs 
Legally 
Unbundled 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators Data 

20 
18 
32 
NAP 
91 
4 
27 
32 
24 
686 
8 
3 
10 
1 
295 
1 
6 
4 

2 

6 
11 
38 
46 
17 
20 
5 
12 

0
NA
NA
NAP
0
0
NA
0
0
NA
8
0
0
0
130
0
0
0

0

0
0
2
1
0
0
0
10

8
18
0
NAP
8
4
1
0
3
145
8
0
5
1
292
0
0
0

1

6
4
38
1
0
20
5
12

Application 
of  
100.000 
Customer 
 Exemption 
YES 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
NO 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 
YES 
YES 

YES 

YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
YES 
NO 
YES 
NO 

Numbers of 
DSOs 
 with less than
100.000 
Customers 

14
NA
32
NAP
83
2
27
32
21
659
0
2
5
0
214
0
5
4

1

1
7
36
45
17
13
5
2

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8.  

SUPPLY – DEMAND BALANCE 

Table 8.1 Electricity generation 2008 

Electricity 

demand/consumption
(TWh) 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators Data 

NA
NA
34,64
4,996
72
36,2
8,557
86,9
494,5
569
351,37
55,68
37,4
27
339,5
7,79
9,8
6,703

9,6
127,4
152,5
50,574
55,206
30
13,43
279,9
155
119,5

Peak 
load 
(GW) 

9,955
13,65
7,03
1,01
10,88
6,3
1637
13,77
84,4
76,8
59,2
10,393
6,388
4,873
55,3
1,42
2,05
1,071

1,762
21,589
25,1
8,959
8,6
4,342
1,963
42,96
24,9
13,9

max. net 
generation 
capacity (GW) 

total net  
generation 
volume 
(TWh) 

20,179 
16,67 
8,07 
1,189 
17,724 
12,7 
1,96 
13,3 
117,7 
147,1 
79,9 
11,871 
6,979 
6,013 
86,9 
2,692 
3,81 
0,598 

8,215 
30,811 
35,4 
14,916 
16,6 
7,762 
3,112 
94,97 
34,18 
15 

67,046
80,67
39,64
4,719
77085
34,7
9498
74,2
549,1
599,3
359,02
56871
37,38327
26,7
307064,5
5,2
12,6
2682

36,51
142,667
154,607
41,782
64772
29
15,032
294583
146,021
100,456

1. The capacity should be reported at 31st December of the relevant reported year.Includes electrical capacity of 
both  electricity  (only)  and  CHP  plants.The  Net  Maximum  Electrical  Capacity  is  the  sum  of  the  net  maximum 
capacities  of  all  stations  taken  individually  throughout  a  given  period  of  operation.  The  period  of  operation 
assumed  for  present purposes  is  continuous  running:  in practice  15 hours  or  more  per  day.  The  net maximum 
capacity is the maximum power assumed to be solely active power that can be supplied, continuously, with all 
plant running, at the point of outlet to the network 

2. Sweden: The reported figures are not in line with the IEA definition. The reported figures are total installed 
capacity on 31 of December. 

3. Netherlands: Only the production facilities connected to the national grid are included. If decentral production 
is included as well, the total is around 24 Gwe. 

EN 

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Table 8.2 Gas Security of Supply 

Gas 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 
Source: Regulators Data 

demand/consumpti
on 
(TWh/year) 
93,23 
192,5 
32,92 
NAP 
91,67 
40 
8,999 
47 
515,988 
979,4 
1094,03 
44,51 
125,195 
56,504 
898,1 
15,5 
30,3 
14,1 

Peak load 
(TWh/day
) 
0,4343 
0,911 
0,1387 
NAP 
0,54 
0,21 
0,0626 
0,178 
2,698 
NA 
414,1 
0,17 
0,7467 
0,215 
4,3 
0,1 
0,155 
0,06067 

National 
production 
(TWh/year) 
17,2 
0 
2,32 
NAP 
1,23 
97 
0 
0 
9,962 
151,5 
809,3854647 
0 
24,619 
4,77 
98,4 
0 
0 
0 

18,58149 

71,68449 

0 

157,3 
53,5 
165,01 
62,128 
11,304 
448,5 
9,5 
419,4 

0,697 
0,195 
0,7844 
0,336 
0,0503 
1,789 
NA 
2,33 

44,69 
0 
124,01 
1,08 
0 
1,3 
0 
814,2 

Figures are only indicative and do not fully match due to inconsistent statistical approaches 
Note: 
1. Consumption = Production + Imports - Exports + Storage variations 
2. Lithuania: total consumption only import 

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Table 8.3 Production of natural gas in EU and Norway (2008) 

Production of Natural Gas in 2008 in TWh/yr

GERMANY; 152; 5%

GREAT BRITAIN; 809; 24%

ROMANIA; 124; 4%

ITALY; 98; 3%

DENMARK; 97; 3%

THE NETHERLANDS; 814; 25%

Other; 204; 6%

NORWAY; 1112; 33%

Source: Regulators’ Data, Statistics Norway 

POLAND; 45; 1%

HUNGARY; 25; 1%

AUSTRIA; 17; 1%

FRANCE; 10; 0%

IRELAND; 5; 0%

BULGARIA; 2; 0%

SPAIN; 1; 0%

CZECH REPUBLIC; 1; 0%

SLOVAK REPUBLIC; 1; 0%

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Table 8.4 LNG 2008 

Total LNG import capacity 
in TWh/h 

LNG gas volume flow into the 
country 
in TWh/yr 

2007 
NAP 
28,6 
NAP 
NAP 
NAP 
NAP 
0 
0 
114,7 
0 
14,9 
9,59 
NAP 
NAP 
25,72 
0 
0 
NAP 

NAP 

NA 
31,5 
NAP 
0 
0 
281 
0 
NA 

2008 
NAP 
21 
NAP 
NAP 
NAP 
NAP 
0 
0 
140 
0 
8,91 
9,81 
NAP 
0 
16,45 
0 
0 
NAP 

0 

NA 
30,1 
NAP 
NA 
0 
332 
0 
NA 

∆ 

-7,6 

25,3 

-5,99 
0,22 

-9,27 

-1,4 

0 
51 
0 

Austria 
Belgium 
Bulgaria 
Cyprus 
Czech Republic 
Denmark 
Estonia 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Great Britain 
Greece 
Hungary 
Ireland 
Italy 
Latvia 
Lithuania 
Luxembourg 
Malta 
Northern Ireland 
Norway 
Poland 
Portugal 
Romania 
Slovak Republic 
Slovenia 
Spain 
Sweden 
The Netherlands 

2007 
NAP 
0,007 
NAP 
NAP 
NAP 
0 
0 
0 
0,029 
0 
89,9 
0,0029 
NAP 
NAP 

2008 
NAP 
0,02 
NAP 
NAP 
NAP 
0 
0 
0 
0,029 
0 
90,4 
0,0065 
NAP 
0 

∆ 

0,013 

0 

-3,1 
0,0036 

0,0048402  0,00484022

1,7E-08 

0 
0 
NAP 

NAP 

NA 
0,00714 
NAP 
0 
0 
0,072 
0 
NA 

0 
0 
NAP 

0 

NA 
0,0081 
NAP 
NA 
0 
0,068 
0 
NA 

0,00096 

-0,004 

Source: Regulators data 

Note: 
1. Changes in stocks: (-) injection, (+) withdrawal. 
Conversation factors 
1 PJ (GCV) = 25,6 million m3 gas 
1 m3 of natural gas = 39 mega joules (MJ – GCV) = 10,8 kWh 
1 Mtoe = 1 million tones of oil equivalent = 41,86 PJ (NCV) 
1000 m3 of natural gas = 0,9 ton oil equivante (toe – crude oil) 
1 BCM = 1 billion cubic meters 
1 cubic meter (m3) = 35,315 cubic feet (cf) 
1 million m3 of LNG = 593 million m3 of gas 
Net Caloric value (NCV) = 0,9 Gross calorific value (GCV) 
1 megajoule = 106 joules (MJ) 
1 gigajoule = 109 joules (GJ) 
1 terajoule = 1012 joules (TJ) 
1 petajoule = 1015 joules (PJ) 

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