Commission staff working document - Accompanying the Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - Progress towards achieving the Kyoto objectives (required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol) {COM(2009) 630}
Date: 2009-11-12
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU environmental policy, greenhouse gas, impact study, international convention, pollution control measures, reduction of gas emissions, report, tradeable emission permit

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 12.11.2009 
SEC(2009)1581 final 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 
Accompanying the 

REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND 
THE COUNCIL 

PROGRESS TOWARDS ACHIEVING THE KYOTO OBJECTIVES  

(required under Article 5 of Decision 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of 
the Council concerning a mechanism for monitoring Community greenhouse gas 
emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol) 

{COM(2009) 630} 

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1. 

1.1. 

DETAILED ANALYSIS OF EMISSION TRENDS IN THE MAIN SECTORS  

Energy supply and use, excluding transport 

Table  1:  GHG  emissions  from  energy  supply  and  use,  excluding  transport  (1990-
2007)  

Total GHG 
emission  

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2007 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2007 

Change 
2000-2007 

EU-15 

EU-27 

60.4%

62.9%

58.5%

59.8%

-7.4%

-13.8%

-1.2% 

-1.2% 

•  Total GHG emissions from energy supply and use decreased in the period 1990-2007 by 

7.4% in EU-15 and by 13.8% in EU-27.  

•  Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from energy supply were 1 % above 1990 levels in 
2007 whereas fuel combustion increased by 20 % during the same time. Highest absolute 
reductions  were  achieved  in  Germany  and  the  United  Kingdom.  In  the  EU-27  emissions 
were  8 %  below  1990  emissions  in  2007.  This  reduction  was  achieved  despite  increased 
fuel combustion of 6 %.  

•  Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from energy use were 15 % below 1990 levels in 
2007. Fuel combustion, however, decreased only by 4 % between 1990 and 2007. Highest 
absolute reductions were achieved in Germany. In the EU-27 emissions were 20 % below 
1990 emissions in 2007. Fuel combustion, however, decreased only by 8 % between 1990 
and 2007.  

•  The  decoupling  of  fuel  combustion  and  greenhouse  gas  emissions  in  the  EU-15  and  the 
EU-27  is  caused  by  fuel  switching  (e.g.  from  coal  to  gas  or  renewable)  and  efficiency 
improvements. 

•  Greenhouse  gas  emissions  from  energy  supply  in  EU-15  and  EU-27  are  expected  to  be 
below  2007  levels  in  2010.  Germany,  Italy,  Spain  and  the  United  Kingdom  project  that 
they will contribute most to the EU-15 emission reductions between 2007 and 2010. 

•  Greenhouse  gas  emissions  in  the  EU-15  and  EU-27  from  energy  use  are  expected  to  be 
above 2007 levels in 2010. The highest absolute increase within the EU-15 is expected for 
Germany.  France,  Italy  and  the  United  Kingdom  expect  the  highest  reductions  between 
2007 and 2010 within the EU-15.  

•  For the energy supply and use sector (excluding transport), the key EU-wide Common and 
Coordinated Policies and Measures (CCPMs) that are projected to deliver greatest savings 
in  the  EU-27  are  in  the  areas  of  renewable  energy,  combined  heat  and  power  (CHP), 
energy taxation and energy performance standards in buildings. 

1.2. 

Transport 

Table 2: GHG emissions from transport (1990-2007)  

Total GHG 
emissions 

Share  in  1990 
total GHG 

Share  in  2007 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2007 

Change 
2000-2007 

EU-15 

EU-27 

16.5%

14.0%

21.3%

19.5%

23.7%

26.0%

4.0% 

7.1% 

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•  Transport sector noted the highest increase in total GHG emissions. Total GHG emissions 
from transport increased by 24% in EU-15 and by 26% in EU-27, between1990-2007. The 
trend of greenhouse gas emissions follows closely the trend of fuel combustion.  

•  Highest absolute increases occurred in France, Italy and Spain. Germany was the only EU-

15 Member State that achieved a reduction between 1990 and 2007.  

•  Road  transport  represents  93 %  of  total  transport  CO2  emissions  (international  aviation 
excluded)  in  1990.  CO2  emissions  from  road  transport  increased  by  25 %  between  1990 
and 2007, after 2003 emissions stabilised in the EU-15. 

•  Final energy demand for road transport, fuel combustion and CO2 emissions show a very 
similar  increasing  trend.  There  is  a  stronger  increase  in  passenger  transport  (36 %)  and 
especially freight transport (65 %) and emissions start to decouple from km driven. 

•  N2O  increased  by  20%  or  more  in  all  Member  States  except Hungary,  Lithuania  and the 
United  Kingdom.  The  increase  in  N2O  emissions  is  mainly  due  to  the  introduction  of 
catalytic converters.  

•  Additional measures will be necessary to keep control over GHG emissions from transport 

sector in the coming years. 

1.3. 

Agriculture  

Table 3: GHG emissions from agriculture (1990-2007)  

Total GHG 
emissions  

Share in 1990 
total GHG 

Share in 2007 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2007 

Change 
2000-2007 

EU-15 

EU-27 

9.9%

10.4%

9.2%

9.2%

-11.3%

-20.2%

-7.8% 

-6.3% 

•  Agriculture  is  the  main  CH4  and  N2O  emitter  and  accounts  for  9%  of  total  EU-15  GHG 
emissions  in  2007.  Total  EU-15  greenhouse  gas  emissions  from  agriculture  were  11 % 
below 1990 levels. Highest absolute reductions were achieved in France, the Netherlands 
and  the  United  Kingdom.  In  the  EU-27  emissions  were  20 %  below  1990  emissions  in 
2007.  

•  Swine  and  cattle  contribute  more  or  less  equally  to  CH4  emissions  from  manure 

management. 

•  The decrease in emissions is largely a consequence of efficiency improvements, the reform 
of the EU common agricultural policy (CAP) as well as the implementation of the Nitrate 
Directive aimed at reducing water pollution. 

•  For EU-15, the decrease in emissions from agricultural soils was most significant for direct 
emissions  from  the  application  of  synthetic  fertilizer  (-25%),  followed  by  indirect 
emissions from leaching and run-off (-17%) and volatilization of NH3+NOx (-16%). In the 
latter  two  cases,  the  reduction  of  emissions  can  be  explained  by  a  reduction  of  nitrogen 
input,  as the  implied emission factor was not or only slightly (leaching) changing during 
the reporting period. Animal manure applied to soils has been to some extent replaced by 
animal  waste  application;  however  the  overall  N2O  emissions  have  come  down  by  1% 
between 2006 and 2007. 

•  Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and EU-27 are expected to be slightly below 2007 
levels in 2010. France, Germany and Spain project the highest reductions (in the range of 
1-2 Mt CO2 equivalents) during this time. 

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1.4. 

Industrial processes 

Table 4: GHG emissions from industrial processes (1990-2007)  

Total GHG 
emissions 

Share  in  1990 
total GHG 

Share  in  2007 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2007 

Change 
2000-2007 

EU-15 

EU-27 

8.8%

8.6%

8.2%

8.5%

-10.8%

-9.9%

0.8% 

6.3% 

•  Total  EU-15  greenhouse  gas  emissions  from  industry  were  11 %  below  1990  levels  in 
2007.  Highest  absolute  reductions  were  achieved  by  France,  the  Netherlands  and  the 
United Kingdom. In the EU-27 emissions were 10 % below 1990 emissions in 2007. 

•  Cement  production,  chemical  industry  and  metal  production  dominate  the  trend  of  total 
GHG  emissions  from  industrial  processes.  Factors  for  declining  emissions  in  the  early 
1990s were low economic growth and cement import  from  east  European  countries.  It  is 
projected that cement production in the EU-15 will increase by 2010 by 2 %. 

•  Between 1990 and 2007, HFC emissions increased from almost zero to 57 Mt CO2 eq. in 
EU-15. Between 2000 and 2007 EU-15 HFC emissions from consumption of halocarbons 
increased  by  90 %,  while  HFC  emissions  from  production  of  halocarbons  decreased  by 
89 %.  HFC  emissions  from  refrigeration  and  air  conditioning  equipment  are  the  most 
important sub-category as regards the amount of emission. The main reason for this strong 
increase is the phase-out of ozone-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons under 
the Montreal Protocol and the replacement of these substances with HFCs. EU-15 Member 
States show much higher HFC emissions than the EU-12 Member States.  

•  Policies and measures in this sector are mainly aimed at abatement measures in adipic and 
nitric acid production and on substitutes for HFCs in refrigeration and air conditioning.  

•  Greenhouse gas emissions in the EU-15 and EU-27 are expected to be below 2007 levels 
in  2010.  Germany,  the  Netherlands  and  the  United  Kingdom  project  that  they  will 
contribute most to the EU-15 emission reductions between 2007 and 2010. 

1.5.  Waste management  

Table 5: GHG emissions from waste management (1990-2007)  

Total GHG 
emissions  

Share  in  1990 
total GHG 

Share  in  2007 
total GHG 

Change 
1990-2007 

Change 
2000-2007 

EU-15 

EU-27 

4.0%

3.8%

2.6%

2.8%

-38.9%

-33.7%

-23.0% 

-18.0% 

•  Total EU-15 greenhouse gas emissions from waste were 39 % below 1990 levels. Highest 
absolute  reductions  were  achieved  in  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany.  In  the  EU-27 
emissions were 34 % below 1990 emissions in 2007.  

•  Greenhouse  gas  emissions  in  the  EU-15  and  EU-27  are  expected  to  continue  decreasing 
between  2007  and  2010.  Within  the  EU-15  Germany  and  Spain  project  the  highest 
reductions (in the range of 2-3 Mt CO2 equivalents). 

•  The  main  driving  force  of  CH4  emissions  from  solid  waste  disposal  is  the  amount  of 
biodegradable waste and the amount of CH4 recovered and utilised or flared. The Landfill 
Directive  limits  the  amount  of  biodegradable  waste  going  to  landfill  to  65 %  (by  2006), 
50 % (by 2009) and 35 % (by 2016) of the waste generated in 1995. The implementation of 
the  Directive  means  also  that  all  new  landfill  sites  must  have  gas  recovery  facilities  and 

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that  such  facilities  will  need  to  be  installed  in  all  existing  landfill  sites  by  2009.  The 
achievement of these goals implies further reductions in methane emissions, part of which 
have  already  occurred.  However,  many  Member  States  are  still  far  from  fulfilling  the 
Directive’s targets. 

2. 

GHG EMISSIONS IN THE EU CANDIDATE COUNTRIES 

The Republic of Croatia is a Party to the Convention from April 1996 and ratified the Kyoto 
Protocol in May 2007 committing to a 5% reduction of GHG compared to base year. Between 
1990 and 2007 Croatia's GHG emissions increased by 3% and comparing to 2006 increased 
by  5.3%.  CO2  emissions  per  capita  are  at  7.3  tons  and  CO2  intensity  of  GDP  is  around  the 
double of that of the EU. In 2007, Croatia’s emissions were 32.4 MtCO2-eq. or 10% below 
base  year  emissions.  Croatia  is  projected  to  slightly  exceed  its  Kyoto  target  taking  into 
account  existing  measures  and  carbon  sinks,  but  would  meet  and  indeed  overachieve  the 
target with the effect of planned (additional) measures. 
Turkey  became  an  Annex  I  Party  to  the  UNFCCC  in  May  2004  and  ratified  the  Kyoto 
Protocol in May 2009. Turkey’s first national communication to the UNFCCC was submitted 
in  January  2007.  In  2009  Turkey  submitted  its  inventory  of  greenhouse  gas  emissions  and 
removals  in  the  country  until  2007.  In  2007,  Turkey’s  emissions  were  373  MtCO2-eq 
compared to 170 MtCO2-eq. in 1990, an increase of 119% and comparing to 2006 increased 
by  12%.  Between  1990  and  2007,  per  capita  GHG  emissions  have  increased  in  Turkey. 
However, at 5.3 tonnes, the capita emissions in Turkey are about half of the average EU-27 
per  capita  emissions.  Turkey's  emissions  intensity  doubled  between1990-2007,  whereas  in 
EU-27 emissions per GDP decreased by 45% over that period. 

The  former  Yugoslav  Republic  of  Macedonia  (fYRoM)  became  a  Party  to  UNFCCC  in 
January  1998  and  ratified  the  Kyoto  Protocol  in  November  2004.  FYRoM  is  considered  a 
developing  country  under  the  Convention  and  its  Protocol.  In  January  2009  the  fYRoM 
submitted to the UNFCCC secretariat its 2nd National Communication, including inventory of 
GHG emissions from 1990-2002. Between 1990 and 2002 total GHG emissions decreased by 
around 10%. Currently CO2 emissions per capita are at level of 4.1 ton and GDP per capita 
amounts to 2300 € in 2005. Currently, there is no information on projections available for the 
former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. 

Figure 1: GHG total emissions and emissions per capita in the EU candidate countries 

Turkey

170

Croatia

32

31

373

2007

1990

0

200
Mt CO2 eq. 

400

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Turkey

Croatia

5.3

3.0

2007

1990

7.3

6.6

0

5
t CO2 eq. per capita

10

Source: EEA 

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Table 6: GHG emissions in CO2 equivalents (excl. LULUCF) and Kyoto Protocol targets 
for 2008–12  

1990 

Base Year 
(1) 

GHG 
emissions 
2007  
(3) 

Change 
2006-2007 

Change 
2007 relative 
to Base Year 

EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto target 

EU burden-
sharing or 
Kyoto target 

in Mt CO2 

in Mt CO2 

in % 

in % 

in % 

in Mt CO2 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Cyprus  
Czech 
Republic 

Denmark 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

Luxembourg 

Malta  

Netherlands 

Poland 

Portugal 

Romania 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Spain 

Sweden 
United 
Kingdom 

EU-15 

EU-27 (2) 

79,0 

143,2 

117,7 

5,5 

194,7 

69,1 

41,9 

70,9 

562,6 

1215,2 

105,6 

99,2 

55,4 

516,3 

26,7 

49,1 

13,1 

2,0 

212,0 

459,5 

59,3 

243,0 

73,3 

18,6 

288,1 

71,9 

771,1 

4232,9 

5564,0 

79,0 

145,7 

132,6 

5,5 

194,2 

69,3 

42,6 

71,0 

563,9 

1232,4 

107,0 

115,4 

55,6 

516,9 

25,9 

49,4 

13,2 

2,0 

213,0 

563,4 

60,1 

278,2 

72,1 

20,4 

289,8 

72,2 

776,3 

4265,5 

5767,3 

88,0 

131,3 

75,8 

10,1 

150,8 

66,6 

22,0 

78,3 

531,1 

956,1 

131,9 

75,9 

69,2 

552,8 

12,1 

24,7 

12,9 

3,0 

207,5 

398,9 

81,8 

152,3 

47,0 

20,7 

442,3 

65,4 

636,7 

4052,0 

5045,4 

-3,9% 

-3,9% 

5,4% 

1,6% 

1,2% 

-6,2% 

14,8% 

-2,0% 

-2,0% 

-2,4% 

2,9% 

-3,7% 

-0,7% 

-1,8% 

3,5% 

8,1% 

-2,9% 

2,6% 

-0,5% 

-0,1% 

-3,4% 

-1,0% 

-4,1% 

0,7% 

2,1% 

-2,2% 

-1,7% 

-1,6% 

-1,2% 

11,3% 

-9,9% 

-42,8% 

-13,0% 

-7,5% 

-8,0% 

83,6%  no target 

no target 

-22,4% 

-3,9% 

-48,3% 

10,3% 

-5,8% 

-22,4% 

23,2% 

-34,2% 

24,5% 

6,9% 

-53,4% 

-49,9% 

-1,9% 

-8,0% 

-21,0% 

-8,0% 

0,0% 

0,0% 

-21,0% 

25,0% 

-6,0% 

13,0% 

-6,5% 

-8,0% 

-8,0% 

-28,0% 

50%  no target 

no target 

-2,6% 

-29,2% 

36,1% 

-45,3% 

-34,8% 

1,8% 

52,6% 

-9,3% 

-18,0% 

-5,0% 

-6,0% 

-6,0% 

27,0% 

-8,0% 

-8,0% 

-8,0% 

15,0% 

4,0% 

-12,5% 

-8,0% 

69 

135 

122 

179 

55 

39 

71 

564 

974 

134 

108 

63 

483 

24 

45 

9 

200 

530 

76 

256 

66 

19 

333 

75 

679 

3924 

12,5%  no target 

no target 

(1)  For  EU-15  the  base  year  for  carbon  dioxide,  methane  and  nitrous  oxide  is  1990;  for  the  fluorinated  gases  12  Member 
States have selected 1995 as the base year, whereas Austria, France and Italy have chosen 1990. As the EU-15 inventory is 
the  sum  of  Member  States’  inventories,  the  EU-15  base  year  estimates  for  fluorinated  gas  emissions  are  the  sum  of  1995 
emissions  for  12  Member  States  and  1990  emissions  for  Austria,  France  and  Italy.  The  EU-15  base  year  emissions  also 
include emissions from deforestation for the Netherlands, Portugal and the UK. The base year for carbon dioxide, methane 
and  nitrous  oxide  for  Bulgaria  is  1988,  for  Hungary is  the average  of  1985-1987,  for  Slovenia  1986,  for  Poland 1988,  for 
Romania 1989; for the fluorinated gases Slovakia has chosen 1990 as the base year and Romania 1989 all other central and 
eastern European members states have selected 1995. 

(2) EU-27 does not have a common Kyoto Protocol target. 

(3) This data has not yet been reviewed by the UNFCCC 

Note: Malta and Cyprus do not have Kyoto targets.

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Table 7: EU-15 Kyoto targets for non-ETS sectors for 2008–2012, compared with emission projections  

 Base-
year 
emissions 
(BY) 

Kyoto or burden-
sharing target 

Member State 

Austria 
Belgium 
Denmark 
Finland 
France 
Germany 
Greece 
Ireland 
Italy 
Luxembourg 
Netherlands 
Portugal 
Spain 
Sweden 
United Kingdom 

Mt CO2-
eq. 

79,0 
145,7 
69,3 
71,0 
563,9 
1.232,4 
107,0 
55,6 
516,9 
13,2 
213,0 
60,1 
289,8 
72,2 
776,3 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
68,8 
134,8 
54,8 
71,0 
563,9 
973,6 
133,7 
62,8 
483,3 
9,5 
200,3 
76,4 
333,2 
75,0 
679,3 

 % 
change 
from 
BY 
-13,0% 
-7,5% 
-21,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
-21,0% 
25,0% 
13,0% 
-6,5% 
-28,0% 
-6,0% 
27,0% 
15,0% 
4,0% 
-12,5% 

Projection
s of non-
ETS 
emissions 
with 
existing 
policies 
and 
measures 

Projections 
of non-
ETS 
emissions 
with 
additional 
policies 
and 
measures 

Annual 
average  
2008-2012 

Annual 
average  
2008-2012 

Mt CO2-
eq. 

59,1 
79,9 
36,4 
35,4 
409,5 
463,2 
63,9 
49,9 
316,3 
10,6 
125,1 
50,9 
226,6 
43,7 
362,2 

Mt CO2-eq. 
57,9 
79,7 
36,4 
34,9 
382,0 
443,7 
61,5 
46,4 
308,1 
10,4 
125,1 
50,4 
217,4 
42,9 
362,2 

Kyoto or burden-
sharing target for 
the non-ETS 
sectors 

Removals from 
carbon sink 
activities 

Use of Kyoto 
mechanisms at 
government level 

Kyoto target for 
the non-ETS 
sectors, including 
carbon sinks and 
Kyoto mechanisms 

Gap between 
non-ETS 
projections with 
existing policies 
and measures 
and initial Kyoto 
target 

Gap between non-
ETS projections 
with additional 
policies and 
measures and Kyoto 
target including 
carbon sinks and 
Kyoto mechanisms 

Annual average  
2008-2012 

Annual average  
2008-2012 

Annual average 
2008-2012 

Annual average  
2008-2012 

Annual average 
2008-2012 

Annual average  
2008-2012 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
38,1 
76,3 
30,3 
33,4 
431,1 
520,5 
64,6 
40,5 
281,6 
7,0 
112,8 
41,6 
180,9 
52,2 
433,1 

% of 
base-year 
emissions 
48,2% 
52,4% 
43,7% 
47,1% 
76,5% 
42,2% 
60,4% 
72,9% 
54,5% 
53,1% 
52,9% 
69,1% 
62,4% 
72,4% 
55,8% 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
0,7 
0,0 
2,2 
0,6 
4,1 
4,5 
1,1 
2,2 
10,2 
0,0 
0,1 
4,7 
5,8 
2,1 
4,0 

% of 
base-year 
emissions 
0,9% 
0,0% 
3,2% 
0,8% 
0,7% 
0,4% 
1,1% 
4,0% 
2,0% 
0,0% 
0,1% 
7,7% 
2,0% 
3,0% 
0,5% 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
9,0 
4,4 
4,2 
1,4 
0,0 
0,0 
0,0 
3,6 
17,1 
3,7 
13,0 
4,8 
31,8 
0,0 
0,0 

% of 
base-year 
emissions 
11,4% 
3,0% 
6,1% 
2,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 
6,5% 
3,3% 
28,1% 
6,1% 
8,0% 
11,0% 
0,0% 
0,0% 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
47,8 
80,7 
36,7 
35,4 
435,2 
525,1 
65,8 
46,4 
308,9 
10,7 
125,9 
51,1 
218,6 
54,4 
437,1 

% of 
base-year 
emissions 
60,4% 
55,4% 
52,9% 
49,9% 
77,2% 
42,6% 
61,5% 
83,4% 
59,8% 
81,2% 
59,1% 
84,9% 
75,4% 
75,4% 
56,3% 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
21,0 
3,6 
6,2 
1,9 
-21,6 
-57,3 
-0,7 
9,4 
34,7 
3,6 
12,4 
9,4 
45,7 
-8,6 
-70,9 

% of 
base-year 
emissions 
26,6% 
2,5% 
8,9% 
2,7% 
-3,8% 
-4,7% 
-0,7% 
16,8% 
6,7% 
27,2% 
5,8% 
15,6% 
15,8% 
-11,9% 
-9,1% 

Mt 
CO2-
eq. 
10,2 
-1,1 
-0,2 
-0,6 
-53,2 
-81,4 
-4,3 
0,0 
-0,8 
-0,3 
-0,8 
-0,7 
-1,2 
-11,5 
-74,9 

% of base-
year 
emissions 
12,9% 
-0,7% 
-0,3% 
-0,8% 
-9,4% 
-6,6% 
-4,0% 
0,0% 
-0,2% 
-1,9% 
-0,4% 
-1,1% 
-0,4% 
-16,0% 
-9,6% 

EU-15 

4.265,5 

3.924,3 

-8,0% 

2.335,7 

2.266,0 

2.348,0 

55,0% 

42,4 

1,0% 

93,1 

2,2% 

2.483,5 

58,2% 

-12,3 

-0,3% 

-217,4 

-5,1% 

Note: The following method was applied to estimate the annual average for 2008-2012 figures: A distinction has been operated between the Member States who submitted 
emission  projections  for  the  whole  five-year  commitment  period  (Belgium,  Ireland,  Italy,  Netherlands),  those  who  reported  annual  emissions  for  the  whole  commitment 
period (Denmark and Spain) and those who reported emission projections for the single year 2010 only (all other MS). In the latter case, emissions for the whole commitment 
period  were  estimated  by  EEA,  based  on  2007  emissions  (reported  to  UNFCCC)  and,  2010  and  2015  projections  (reported  under  the  EU  Monitoring  Mechanism).  All 
Member States, except France, Greece and Portugal, submitted emissions projections for the ETS and the non-ETS sectors. To estimate projections for the non-ETS sectors in 
those  countries  that  did  not  submit  differentiated  projections,  it  was  assumed  that  projections  in  the  ETS  sectors  were  equal  to  allowed  emissions  under  the  National 
Allocation Plan for the period 2008-2012. 

EN 

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Table 8a: Aggregate of EU-15 MS' projections for the various scenarios  

Base year 
emissions 

Projections with existing 
measures 

+ with Kyoto mechanisms 
use by governments 

+ with carbon sinks 

+ with allowance and credit 
acquisition by EU ETS 
sectors 

Annual 
average 

2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 

from base 
year 

Annual 
average 

2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 

from base 
year 

Annual 
average 

2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 

from base 
year 

Annual 
average 

2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 

from base 
year 

Mt CO2 eq. 

+ with additional 
measures 

Annual 
average 

% 
change 

2008-
2012 

Mt CO2 
eq. 

from 
base 
year 

Aggregate of  

EU-15 MS with 
measures 
projections 

4.265,5 

3.973,1 

-6,9% 

3.880,0 

-9,0% 

3.837,6 

-10,0% 

3.776,5 

-11,5% 

3.706,8 

-13,1% 

Table 8b: Aggregate of EU-27 MS' projections for the various scenarios  

Base year 
emissions 

Projections with existing 
measures 

+ with Kyoto mechanisms 
use by governments 

+ with carbon sinks 

+ with additional measures 

Annual 
average 

2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 
from base 
year 

Annual 
average 

2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 
from base 
year 

Annual 
average 
2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 
from base 
year 

Annual 
average 
2008-2012 

Mt CO2 eq. 

% change 
from base 
year 

Mt CO2 eq. 

5.767,3 

5.026,9 

-12,8% 

4.949,3 

-14,2% 

4.901,4 

-15,0% 

4.813,9 

-16,5% 

Aggregate of  

EU-27 MS with 
measures 
projections 

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Table 9: Summary of implemented and planned policies and measures  

Cross-cutting measures 

Policies and measures 
‘Cross-cutting’ 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

EU Emission Trading 
Scheme 
Revision of the monitoring 
mechanism 
Link Kyoto flexible 
mechanisms to emissions 
trading 

Energy Supply 

Policies and measures 
‘Energy supply’ 

Promotion of electricity 
from RES-E (2001) 

(New) Renewable energy 
Directive 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

In force. First phase (2005-
07)Second phase (2008-12)Third 
phase (2013-20)  

In force  

In force 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

100-12521 

In force.  

600-90022 

In force. 

0.87523 

In force. 

CCS Directive  
Directive on promotion of 
cogeneration 

N/a 

6524 

Further measures on 
renewable heat (including 
biomass action plan) 
Intelligent Energy for 
Europe: programme for 
renewable energy 

36-4825 

N/a 

In force 
Biomass Action Plan, Dec 2005, 
over 20 further actions planned. 
Renewable heat included in 
proposed new Directive on 
renewable energy  

Programme for policy support in 
renewable energy  

Amendments to a number of 
directives26 to continue to help 
complete the internal energy 
market. 

Developing the internal 
energy market 

TOTAL  

80-120 21 
282-358 

600.9-900.9 

EN 

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Energy demand 

Policies and measures 
‘Energy demand’ 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Directive on the energy 
performance of buildings 
Directive on the energy 
performance of buildings 
(recast) 
Directive requiring energy 
labelling of domestic 
appliances 
-Existing labels 

- New (el. ovens &AC) 
- Envisaged revisions 
(refrigerators / freezers / 
dishwashers) 
- Planned new (hot water 
heaters) 
- Extension of scope of 
Directive 
Framework Directive on 
eco-efficiency 
requirements of energy-
using products 
Directive on energy end 
use efficiency and energy 
services  

Action Plan on Energy 
efficiency as a follow-up to 
the Green Paper  
Action under the directive 
on integrated pollution 
prevention and control 
(IPPC) on energy 
efficiency 
Intelligent Energy for 
Europe programme for 
energy efficiency 

Public awareness campaign 
on energy efficiency 
Programme for voluntary 
action on motors (Motor 
Challenge)  

Public procurement 

TOTAL  

2027 

121 

N/a 

10 21 

15 21 

9230 

N/a 

Not known 

N/a 

N/a 

30 21 

25-40 21 

193-208 

190-29028 

20029 

390-490 

Stage of implementation / 
timetable /comments 

In force  

Monitoring and review 
Currently in second reading; 
agreement expected for 
December 2009.  

In force: monitoring and review 

Consultation on amending 
Directive held in 2008. 

In force; preparatory studies for 
daughter directives underway;  
In force; National Energy 
Efficiency Action Plans adopted 
in all EU-27. 

Launched Oct 200631. Identifies 
10 priority actions to achieve up 
to 20% energy savings by 2020.  

Reference document on Best 
Available Techniques regarding 
Energy Efficiency now finalised 
and will be adopted in 2008. 

Programme for policy support in 
energy efficiency 
Supporting program as part of 
Intelligent Energy for Europe: In 
implementation 
Supporting programme for 
voluntary action on efficient 
motor systems 

EU Handbook developed for 
guidance for increased energy 
efficient public procurement 

EN 

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Transport 

Policies and measures 
‘Transport’ 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Fuel quality Directive  
Directive on the promotion 
of transport bio-fuels 
Voluntary agreements with 
European, Japanese and 
Korean car manufacturers.  

Strategy for Car CO2 
Infrastructure charging for 
heavy goods (revised 
Eurovignette) 
Shifting the balance of 
transport modes 

Fuel taxation 
Directive on mobile air 
conditioning systems: 
HFCs 
Inclusion of Aviation in 
EU ETS 
Public procurement of 
vehicles 
TOTAL  

Industry & non CO2 gases 

35-4021 

75-8021 

N/a 

N/a 

N/a 

See regulation on 
fluorinated gases 

110-120  

62.532 

5033 

18334 

1.935 
 297.4 

Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 

First implemented in 1998. 
Revisions adopted in December 
2008 

In force 

Implemented  

Adopted  

Adopted 
Package of measures in 
implementation  
In force  
Focus on EU harmonisation of 
taxation, not on CO2 reduction; 
ongoing review  

In force 
Adopted. Will include all flights 
from 1/01/2012 

Policies and measures 
‘Industry’ 
Regulation on fluorinated 
gases 

2336 

IPPC & non-CO2 gases  

60-7021 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 

In force 
In force 
In 2008 the Directive was 
codified.  

EN 

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Waste 

Policies and measures 
‘Waste’ 
Landfill Directive 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 
4121 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Waste Framework 
Directive  
Directives on waste 
electrical and electronic 
equipment (WEEE) 

3538 

Integration Research & Development 

Policies and measures 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

R&D framework Program 

N/a 

Competitiveness and 
Innovation Framework 
Programme (CIP) 

Integration Cohesion Policy 

Policies and measures 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Integration climate change 
in structural funds 
&cohesion funds 

N/a 

N/a  

Stage of implementation / 
timetable / comments 

In force 
Adopted.  
Launched December 200537, 
including a revision of the 
original waste directive of 1975, 
revised in 2008. 

In force. Revised directive in 
2008 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

In force. Under the 7th 
Framework program (FP7), 
which runs from 2007 to 2013, a 
budget of 50.5 billion euros will 
be allocated over the entire 
period. Over 2.3 billion to 
energy related R&D activities. 
CIP runs from 2007 to 2013 with 
a total budget of 3.6 billion 
euros. The CIP is divided in 
three operational programmes 
two of which are related to 
energy and climate change.  

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

The Community Strategic 
Guidelines highlight investments 
to promote Kyoto commitments, 
including renewable energy, 
energy efficiency and 
sustainable transport systems as 
eligible areas for support. About 
€ 48 billion are planned to co-
finance projects on climate 
change in the 2007-2013 
Cohesion Policy. 

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Agriculture 

Policies and measures 
‘Agriculture’ 

CAP health check (2003 
reform) 
- Rural development 
policies 
- Market policies 

60-7039 
1239 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Emission reduction 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 

Adopted. In 2008 the EU 
Commission decided to move to 
new changes to the CAP.  

Rural development policy for 
2007-13 focus on: 

- Improving competitiveness 

- Improving the environment 
- Improving quality of life and 
encourage diversification of the 
rural economy.  

 Abolished as of 2010 

Improved implementation of the 
nitrates Directive  

The European Climate Change 
Programme (ECCP) Working 
Group on Sinks Related to 
Agricultural Soils estimated this 
potential at equivalent to 1.5 to 
1.7% of the EU’s anthropogenic 
CO2 emissions during the first 
commitment period under the 
Kyoto Protocol41 

Rural development policy 
Support scheme for energy 
crops 

N2O from soils 

N/a 

N/a 

1040 

Proposed soil directive  

N/a 

N/a 

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Forests 

Policies and measures 
‘Forests’ 

Sequestration 
potential in 2010 in 
EU-15 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

Sequestration 
potential in 2020 in 
EU-27 (Mt CO2-eq.) 

EU Forest Action Plan  
Afforestation and 
reforestation: 
- Afforestation 
programmes 

- Natural forest expansion 

Forest management 
(various measures) 

N/a 

N/a 

1421 

19 21 

Stage of implementation 
/timetable /comments 
Adopted. The Forest Action Plan 
presented in June 2006 builds on 
the EU’s Forestry Strategy 
adopted in 1998. 

Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development 
Possibility for support through 
forestry scheme of rural 
development, dependent on 
national implementation. 

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Table 10: Key figures of the emissions trading scheme for 2005-2007 and 2008 for EU-27 

Number of
installations (a)

Allocated
allowances

Verified
emissions

Difference between 
allocated allowances 
and verified 
emissions

1 Combustion installations
2 Mineral oil refineries
3 Coke ovens
4 Metal ore roasting or sintering
5 Pig iron or steel
6 Cement clinker or lime
7 Glass including glass fibre
8 Ceramic products by firing
9 Pulp, paper and board
99 Other activity opted-in
All installations

2005-07 (b)

2008

2005-07

2008

2005-07

2008

2005-07

2008

 6 938
  148
  20
  20
  229
  531
  412
 1 140
  798
  323
10 559

[1 000 EUA (c)]

[kt CO2 eq]

 7 047
  145
  21
  28
  233
  544
  429
 1 052
  788
  393
10 680

1 469 934
 159 619
 22 789
 25 248
 155 631
 193 715
 22 495
 18 118
 37 138
 2 424
2 107 111

1 236 490
 150 374
 22 527
 21 928
 184 622
 205 066
 23 835
 17 941
 37 425
 1 618
1 901 826

1 490 293
 150 626
 20 857
 17 209
 131 478
 186 884
 20 497
 14 821
 29 769
 9 038
2 071 472

1 490 512
 152 325
 20 989
 17 643
 132 897
 187 550
 22 675
 13 220
 31 011
 22 061
2 090 883

-1%
6%
9%
47%
18%
4%
10%
22%
25%
-73%
2%

-17%
-1%
7%
24%
39%
9%
5%
36%
21%
-93%
-9%  

Notes: 

(a) All installations which have participated in the scheme are included, even if their account is already closed.  

(b) For this analysis installations have been included if allocated allowances or verified emissions have been published for each year. With this attribute the average values are not the same as in last 
year's report, where averages have been calculated in a different way.  

(c) European Union Allowance. 

Source:  Community independent transaction log (CITL) (29 April 2009 and 26 May 2009). 

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Table 11: Overview on the EU ETS verified emissions and 2nd NAPs  
Member State

Average 2005–2007 
verified emissions

2008 
verified 
emissions

2008 - 2012 
EU ETS cap

Share of EU 
ETS in total 
GHG 
emissions in 
2007

CDM / JI 
limit for EU 
ETS 
operators

%
10,0%
8,4%
12,6%
10,0%
10,0%
17,0%
0,0%
10,0%
13,5%
20%
9,0%
10,0%
10,0%
15,0%
10,0%
20,0%
10,0%
tbd
10,0%
10,0%
10,0%
10,0%
7,0%
15,8%
20,0%
10,0%
8,0%

Mt CO2-eq. Mt CO2-eq./yr

32,0
55,5
38,0
na
80,1
26,5
13,5
36,2
123,4
472,6
69,9
27,2
20,4
220,7
2,7
6,1
2,1
na
83,5
204,1
29,9
63,6
25,5
8,9
163,5
20,0
265,0

30,7
58,5
42,3
5,5
86,8
24,5
12,7
37,6
132,8
453,1
69,1
26,9
22,3
201,6
3,4
8,8
2,5
2,1
87,5
208,5
34,8
75,9
32,6
8,3
152,3
22,8
246,2

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Republik
Slovenia 
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom

Mt CO2-eq. per year
32,50 
54,30 
40,60 
5,24 
84,49 
30,41 
13,30 
40,06 
125,81 
473,96 
70,79 
26,11 
21,67 
221,70 
2,84 
6,33 
2,63 
1,98 
78,92 
207,37 
33,51 
69,60 
25,09 
8,83 
183,04 
19,43 
244,55 

EU 27

2.125,1

%
36%
40%
52%
53%
58%
44%
70%
54%
24%
51%
55%
35%
31%
41%
24%
24%
20%
67%
38%
53%
38%
46%
52%
44%
42%
29%
40%

43%

2.090,9

2.090,1

13,4%  

na – not available  
tbd – to be determined 
Source:  EEA  GHG  data  viewer  and  CITL,  8  July  2009;  European  Commission;  Questionnaires  and  projection  reports 
submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism 

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Table 12: Planned government use of the Kyoto mechanisms 

EU Member State 

Planned use of 
Kyoto 
mechanisms at 
government 
level

Type of Kyoto 
mechanisms 
(IET, JI, CDM) 

Achievement of 
Kyoto target 
planned through 
domestic action 
only

Intended use of 
flexible 
mechanisms at 
government level 
[Mt CO2 eq./yr]

Allocated 
budget at 
government 
level
[million EUR]

Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
Total EU-15

Yes 
Yes 
No
No
No
Yes 
No
Yes 
No
No
No
Yes
Yes 
Yes 
No
No
Yes 
No
Yes 
No
Yes 
No
No
Yes 
Yes 
No 
No
Yes 

IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
-
IET
IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
IET, JI, CDM
-
-
IET, JI, CDM
IET, JI, CDM
(JI, CDM) 
-
IET, JI, CDM

No
No 
Yes
Not applicable (a)
Yes
No 
Yes
No 
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No 
No 
Yes
Yes
No 
Not applicable (a)
No 
Yes
No 
Yes
Yes
No 
No 
Yes 
Yes
No 

9,0
4,4

4,2

1,4

-16.5 (b)
3,6
17,1

3,7

13,0

4,8

1.0 (c)
31,8
(2) (d)

93,1

531
252
-
-
-
152
-
70
-
-
-
-
290
79
-
-
330
-
506
-
305
-
-
80
409
38
-
2962

Notes:  
(a) Cyprus and Malta are non-Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and do not have an emissions target for the period 2008-
2012. 
(b) Hungary is the only country which has reported quantified projections of AAU selling. 
(c) Slovenia plans to acquire units either through project mechanisms or on the carbon market but has not yet decided on the 
exact quantity. The value depends on the actual development of emissions, especially in the transport sector. 
(d ) Sweden intends to achieve its Kyoto target without the use of flexible mechanisms but has made the necessary 
preparations to use them if necessary. Sweden intends to acquire 2 Mt CO2-eq. per year through the Swedish CDM and JI 
programme. This figure has not been considered in the target assessment for Sweden and EU-15. 
The exchange rates US$ and SEK per Euro were assumed to be 1.4 and 10.19, respectively. 
Source: Questionnaires submitted under the EC greenhouse gas Monitoring Mechanism; projection reports. 

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Table 13: Projected net carbon stock changes under Articles 3.3 and 3.4 for the first 
commitment period 

Article 3.3 

Article 3.4 

Total 

Net carbon stock change 
during 2008–12 

Election of 
activities(1) 

Net carbon stock 
change during 2008–12 

Maximum allowance 
for forest 
management 

[million tonnes CO2 per 
year] 

[million tonnes CO2 
per year] 

[million tonnes CO2 
per year] 

None 

n.a. 

No separate 
estimates available 

[million tonnes CO2 per 
year] 

-0,7 

No estimates available 

Not reported 

Not reported 

Probably small sink 

None 

None 

None 

n.a. 

FM 

Austria 

Belgium 

Bulgaria 

Cyprus 

Czech 
Republic 

Denmark 

-0,288 

FM, CM, GM 

Estonia 

Finland 

France 

No separate estimates 
available 

+ 1.9 to + 2.4 

- 0.84 

Germany 

No estimates available 

Greece 

Hungary 

Ireland 

Italy 

Latvia 

Lithuania 

-0,8 

Not reported 

-2,236 

No separate estimates 
available 

Net sink 

No separate estimates 
available 

Luxembourg 

Net sink 

Malta 

Not reported 

Netherlands 

- 0.11 

Poland 

Net sink 

FM 

FM 

FM 

FM 

FM 

None 

FM 

FM 

FM 

None 

n.a. 

None 

FM 

Portugal 

- 3.36 

FM, CM, GM 

Romania 

Not reported 

FM, 
Revegetation 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Net sink 

No estimates available 

None 

FM 

Spain 

Not estimated separately 

FM, CM 

Sweden 

United 
Kingdom 

EU15 

EU27 

0,6 

-2,68 

-8,23 

-8,23 

FM 

FM 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Likely larger than max. 
allowance 

FM: - 3.6 CM&GM: -
1.72 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

- 1.17 

-0,18 

- 2.5 to - 3.0 

-67,62 

- 7.3 

- 2 to - 4 

Not reported 

n.a. 

-10,2 

No estimates available 

No separate estimates 
available 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

Likely larger than max. 
allowance 

FM: - 0.8 CM&GM: -
0.5 

Not reported 

n.a. 

-1,3 

Not estimated 
separately 

-15 

-1,69 

-25,57 

-31,07 

- 0.59 

- 3.23 

- 4.55 

- 0.33 

- 1.06 

n.a. 

- 10.19 

- 1.25 

- 1.03 

n.a. 

n.a. 

n.a. 

- 3.01 

-0,81 

- 4.03 

n.a. 

- 1.32 

- 2.46 

-2,13 

-1,36 

-0,7 

n.e. 

n.e. 

n.e. 

-1,17 

-2,185 

n.e. 

-0,59 

-4,07 

-4,547 

-1,13 

n.e. 

-2,236 

-10,2 

n.e. 

n.e. 

n.e. 

n.e. 

-0,11 

-3,01 

-4,66 

n.e. 

n.e. 

-1,3 

-5,8 

-2,13 

-4,04 

-42,40 

-47,87 

Notes:  
Consistent with the reporting of emission inventories a negative sign '-' is used for removals and a positive sign '+' for 
emissions; n.a.: not applicable; n.e.: not estimated. 
(a) FM: forest management; CM: cropland management; GM: grazing land management. 

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(b) In addition to accounting for forest management up to the maximum allowance Parties may account for removals from 
forest management to compensate net emissions under Art. 3.3. In Finland and Sweden, removals from forest management 
are projected to exceed the sum of emissions under Art. 3.3. and the maximum allowance for forest management. 
(c) Spain only estimated the aggregated reductions of Articles 3.3 and 3.4 together. 
(d) The individual sums for Art. 3.3 and 3.4 do not include the Spanish estimate. 
Source: Questionnaires submitted by EU Member States; The European Community's initial report under the Kyoto Protocol 
(EEA Technical report No 10/2006); Initial reports under the Kyoto Protocol of Greece and Romania; Decisions 16/CMP.1 
and 8/CMP.2 of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. 

EN 

20 

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Figure 2: Greenhouse gas emissions per capita of EU-27 Member States for 1990 and 2007 

10,2

11,8

10,3

11,6

9,6

12,4

10,0

10,5

5,3

7,1

7,2

8,4

5,7

7,3

7,3

9,6

7,6

7,7

5,9

8,6

9,7

8,7

9,3
9,1

9,9

9,9

7,4

10,3

9,3

10,4

13,3

13,8

13,5

13,5

10,5

12,1

10,6
10,3

11,6

11,8

10,4

15,3

12,2

13,4

12,4

14,4

12,7

14,2

12,9

9,4

18,8

14,6

14,8

14,2

15,9
15,8

16,4

26,7
26,9

34,4

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

1990

2007

t CO2 per capita

EU-27

EU-15

EU-12

Latvia

Romania

Sweden

Malta

Lithuania

Hungary

Portugal

France

Slovakia

Italy

Spain

Bulgaria

Slovenia

United Kingdom

Poland

Austria

Germany

Greece

Denmark

Belgium

Netherlands

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Finland

Ireland

Estonia

Luxembourg

Source: EEA

EN 

21 

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Figure 3: Greenhouse gas emissions of EU-27 Member States for 2005-2007 split into EU ETS 
and non-ETS sectors 

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

Mt CO2-eq

T
A

E
B

G
B

Y
C

Z
C

K
D

E
E

N

I

F

R
F

E
D

R
G

U
H

E

I

T

I

V
L

T
L

U
L

T
M

L
N

L
P

T
P

O
R

K
S

I

S

S
E

E
S

K
U

2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007
2005
2006
2007

Note: The figure is a preliminary estimate. 

Source: European Commission 

ETS

non-ETS

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22 

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Technical notes 

(1) 

(2) 

(3) 

(4) 

(5) 

(6) 

(7) 

(8) 

(9) 

In  the  Council  decision  (2002/358/EC)  on  the  approval  by  the  EU  of  the  Kyoto 
Protocol the various commitments of the Member States are expressed as percentage 
changes from the base-year. In 2006 the respective emission levels were expressed in 
terms  of  tonnes  of  CO2-equivalent  in  the  Commission  Decision  2006/944/EC.  In 
connection with Council decision 2002/358/EC, the Council of Environment Ministers 
and  the  Commission  have,  in  a  joint  statement,  noted  “that  the  respective  emission 
levels  referred  to  in  the  decision  shall  be  expressed  in  terms  of  tonnes  of  carbon 
dioxide  equivalent,  …,  taking  into  account  the  assumptions  relating  to  base  year 
emissions  as  also  reflected  in  the  relevant  statements  to  the  Council  minutes  to  the 
Council  Conclusions  of  16-17  June  1998.  …”.  Following  the  UNFCCC  reviews  of 
Member  States'  ‘initial  reports’  during  2007  and  2008  and  pursuant  to  Article  3, 
paragraphs 7 and 8 of the Kyoto Protocol, the base-year emissions for the EU-15 have 
been fixed to 4 265.5 million tonnes CO2 equivalents. 

The  Annual  European  Community  greenhouse  gas  inventory  1990–2007  and 
inventory report 2009 (EEA, Technical report No 4/2009). Under the EU monitoring 
mechanism decision (Decision 280/2004), all MS submitted all or almost all Common 
Reporting Format (CRF) tables, (i.e., more than 90 %) for 1990–2007. 

Based on Member State (MS) submissions until May 31st. 

EU 2020  climate  target: 20% reduction  requires five-fold increase in impact of CO2 
polices, MNP 2008, L.G. Wesselink, H. Eerens, J. Vis 

Cyprus and Malta do not have targets under the Kyoto Protocol 

further 

For 
website: 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/highlights/new-estimates-confirm-the-declining-trend-in-eu-
greenhouse-gas-emissions 

information 

EEA 

see 

the 

The  six  corresponding  legislative  acts  were  published  in  the  Official  Journal  of  the 
European Union in June 2009(5.06.2009 L 40), and are already in force. 

The projections are based on Member States' projections submitted in accordance with 
Decision 280/2004/EC and the draft EEA report "Greenhouse gas emission trends and 
projections  in  Europe  2009".  The  robustness  of  the  GHG  projection  estimates  from 
Member  States  is  affected  by  both  the  uncertainty  surrounding  the  current  economic 
crisis and the recent adoption of the EU climate change and energy package which has 
not yet been taken into account by all Member States in their reported projections.  

Directive  2009/29/EC  expands,  strengthens  and  improves  the  functioning  of  the  EU 
ETS post-2012. From 2013 an emission cap will be set at EU level and cut each year 
to  reach  -21%  in  2020  (comparing  to  2005  levels).  The  auctioning  system  of 
allowances  will  be  increased  and  ambitious  ex-ante  benchmark  for  free  allocation. 
Industrial  installations  not  subject  to  carbon  leakage  will  be  required  to  buy  20%  of 
allowances in 2013 rising to 70% in 2020 and 100% in 2027, while those identified to 
be exposed to the risk of carbon leakage will receive 100% of the quantity determined 
by  benchmarks  for  free.  Use  of  offset  credits  from  outside  of  the  EU  is  allowed  but 
this amount remains below half of the reduction effort in order to ensure a sufficient 
level of emissions reductions inside the EU. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140),  

(10)  Decision 406/2009/EC sets national commitments to reduce GHG emissions which are 
outside  the  scope  of  the  EU  ETS  (small-scale  emitters:  transport,  buildings, 
agriculture, waste), which represent some 60% of total GHG emissions in the EU. The 

EN 

23 

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decision  sets  legally  binding  annual  targets  in  the  period  2013-2020  for  each  MS 
ensuring  that  by  2020  emissions  from  these  sectors  will  be  reduced  at  EU  level  by 
10% comparing to 2005 levels. The efforts (targets ranging from -20% to +20%) are 
shared between MS according to differences in GDP per capita. Less wealthy Member 
States  will  be  allowed  to  increase  their  emissions  in  non-ETS  sectors  by  up  to  20% 
above 2005 levels. These targets do, however, still represent a cap on their emissions 
and will still require a reduction effort compared to business as usual. By contrast, the 
wealthier Member States, with GDP/capita above the EU average, will have to reduce 
emissions, up to a maximum figure of -20% below 2005. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 
(11)  Directive  2009/28/EC  on  the  promotion  of  the  use  of  renewable  energy  sets  legally 
binding targets for each Member State in order to reach the EU target of 20% share of 
renewable energy in the EU’s final energy consumption by 2020. Also a 10% share of 
renewable  energy  sources  in  transport  by  2020  target  was  adopted.  (OJ  5.06.2009  L 
140) 

(12)  Directive  2009/31/EC  on  geological  storage  of  CO2

  provides  a  legal  framework  to 
manage  possible  environmental  risks  and  liability  issues  and  includes  a  long-term 
incentive  for  investment  in  demonstration  projects  to  capture  and  geologically  store 
CO2. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 

(13)  Regulation  (EC)  No  443/2009  sets  standards  for  CO2  emissions  from  new  passenger 
cars, which will ensure that emissions from the new car fleet are reduced to an average 
of 130g  CO2/km by 2015. A stringent  long-term target of 95g  CO2/km  by  2020  was 
also set. Estimate of total GHG emission savings per year amounts to 50 Mt CO2 eq. 
(OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 

(14)  Fuel  quality  directive  2009/30/EC  puts  an  obligation  on  suppliers  to  reduce 
greenhouse gas emission from entire fuel production chain by 6% by 2020. A review 
in  2012  will  consider  increasing  the  target  to  10%  by  2020.  Estimate  of  total  GHG 
emission savings per year amounts to 62.5 Mt CO2-eq. (OJ 5.06.2009 L 140) 

(15)  Directive 2008/101/EC included aviation into EU ETS. It is estimated that a total of 
183 million tonnes of CO2 will be saved per year on the flights covered by the scheme 
equal to a 46% reduction by 2020 compared with business as usual. From 1 January 
2012 flights between EU airports and all flights arriving or departing form the airports 
in the EU will be covered by the system. (OJ 13.01.2009 L 8) 

(16)  OJ 15.05.2009 L 120 

(17)  CITL, 30 June 2009 

(18)  Please  note  that  no  data  for  Bulgaria  is  included  yet,  data  for  Romania  are  for  2007 

only. 

(19)  The ‘combustion installations’ sector contains units installations for the public supply 
of heat and electricity as well as installations in various industrial sectors. Depending 
on Member States and individual circumstances combustion installations belonging to 
the industrial sector (e.g., a heat plant in a paper mill) are either included in the sector 
‘combustion  installations’  or  in  the  respective  industrial  sector  (e.g.,  ‘production  of 
pulp and paper’). 

(20)  The revised directive on EU ETS allows existing operators (from 2013) to use JI and 
CDM credits in such a way that the overall use of credits is limited to 50% of the EU-
wide reductions below the 2005 levels over the period 2008-2020 and for new sectors 
and  aviation  50%  of  the  reductions  below  the  2005  levels  over  the  period  from  the 

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24 

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date  of  their  inclusion  in  the  EU  ETS  to  2020.  This  amounts  to  an  overall  JI/CDM 
limit of roughly 6.5% of the EU-wide cap over the period 2008-2020.The exact limits 
for each installation will still need to be determined but the Directive already grants to 
existing operators an access to credits of at least of 11% of their allocation during the 
period  2008-2012.  In  addition,  new  entrants  and  new  sectors  including  aviation 
receive minimum levels of access to JI and CDM credits.  

(21)  Second 

ECCP 

progress 

report 

April 

2003 

http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/climat/pdf/second_eccp_report.pdf 

(22)  Directive on the promotion of energy from renewable sources, Citizens' Summary, 23 

January 2008 

(23)  The original figure refers to a cumulative estimate of 7 MtCO2eq by 2020.  

(24)  Proposal  for  a  Directive  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  the 
promotion  of  cogeneration  based  on  a  useful  heat  demand  in  the  internal  energy 
market  

(25)  COM (2005) 628 final “Biomass Action Plan, December 2005” 

(26)  Decision No 1229/2003/EC, Regulation (EC) No 807/2004, Directive 2003/54/EC & 

2003/55/EC, Regulation (EC) No 1228/2003 

(27)  COM (2004)366 – final “The share of renewable energy in the EU, May 2004 

(28)  Energy  performance  of  buildings  –  impact  assessment  on  the  revised  directive 

SEC(2008) 2864 

(29)  Proposal for a directive on Eco design of EuP, COM (2003) 453 final 

(30)  Proposal  for  a  Directive  of  the  European  Parliament  and  of  the  Council  on  End-Use 

Energy Efficiency and Energy Services, COM(2003) 739 final 

(31)  COM(2006)545 – final “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential” 

(32)  Questions  and  answers  on  the  EU  strategy  to  reduce  CO2  emissions  from  cars, 

MEMO/07/46.  

(33)  Questions  and  answers  on  the  EU  strategy  to  reduce  CO2  emissions  from  cars, 

MEMO/07/46.  

(34) 

Inclusion  of  Aviation  in  the  EU  Greenhouse  Gas  Emissions  Trading  Scheme  (EU 
ETS), Summary of the Impact Assessment, SEC(2006) 1685 

(35)  Directive  on  the  promotion  of  clean  and  energy  efficient  road  transport  vehicles, 

2005/0283 (COD) 

(36)  Regulation proposal on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases, COM (2003) 492 final 

(37)  Thematic Strategy on Waste Prevention, COM (2005) 666 and 667 (final) 

(38)  Value  in  2011  -  Directive  on  waste  electrical  and  electronic  equipment  (WEEE), 

(recast) Impact Assessment, {COM(2008) 810}, {SEC(2008) 2933} 

(39)  From  ECCP  working  group  on  agriculture  and  sub-group  on  carbon  sinks  related  to 
agricultural  soils.  Some  of  potential  for  bioenergy  crops  will  be  covered  within 
potential from biofuels, cogeneration from biomass, further promotion of RES-H etc. 

(40)  EEA, 

Europe 
http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/eea_report_2008_5/TPReport2008Annexes.pdf 

Projections 

Trends 

2008, 

GHG 

and 

in 

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25 

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(41)  Thematic Strategy for Soil Protection, COM(2006)231 

EN 

26 

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