Council opinion of 10 March 2009 on the updated convergence programme of Sweden, 2008-2011
Date: 2009-03-10
Institutions: Council of the European Union
Subjects: Sweden, budget estimate, economic convergence, economic forecasting, public finance, stability programme

21.3.2009

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

C 68/23

COUNCIL OPINION

of 10 March 2009

on the updated convergence programme of Sweden, 2008-2011

(2009/C 68/05)

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,

Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 of 7 July 1997 on the strengthening of the surveil-
lance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies (1), and in particular
Article 9(3) thereof,

Having regard to the recommendation of the Commission,

After consulting the Economic and Financial Committee,

HAS DELIVERED THIS OPINION:

(1)

(2)

(3)

On 10 March 2009, the Council examined the updated convergence programme of Sweden, which
covers the period 2008 to 2011.

After many years of relatively strong economic growth, the Swedish economy decelerated significantly
in 2008 as a result of the global slowdown dampening external demand. Domestic demand kept up
rather well until the summer, but has since weakened markedly as business and consumer confidence
have fallen sharply along with major stock market indices. The slowdown appears to have worsened
in the last months of 2008 and unemployment has started to increase. Partly thanks to a generally
sound macro-economic framework, Sweden entered the downturn with public finances in a relatively
strong position and therefore has scope for letting automatic stabilisers play fully and taking discre-
tionary stimulus measures without jeopardising long-term fiscal sustainability. As Swedish public
finances have historically been relatively sensitive to the cycle and labour market developments, the
main challenge in the coming years will be to ensure a return to full employment so that the expected
rapid rise in unemployment does not have a permanent negative impact on public finances. Following
several interest rate hikes until September 2008 on account of inflation concerns, the Riksbank has
eased monetary policy via successive interest rate reductions (from 4,75 % to currently 1,00 %). The
nominal effective exchange rate of the krona depreciated by around 10 % during 2008.

The programme contains three different scenarios for the macro-economic and budgetary projections:
a ‘base scenario’ and two ‘alternative scenarios’, the latter two depicting more cautious macro-
economic and budgetary developments. The base scenario is considered the reference scenario for
assessing budgetary projections, as it is the only fully-developed scenario containing sufficiently
detailed projections. The reference scenario, which takes most of the planned stimulus measures
for 2009 into account, envisages that real GDP growth will fall from 1,5 % in 2008 to 1,3 % in
2009, before recovering to an average rate of 3,3 % over the rest of the programme period. In view
of the rapid deterioration of the macro-economic outlook in past months (2) this scenario, which was
finalised in September, appears to be based on markedly favourable growth assumptions, in particular
for the years 2009 and 2010. This is also reflected in markedly favourable projections for unemploy-
ment. The composition of growth is more plausible than the overall GDP growth outlook and the
programme's projections for inflation appear realistic. Inflation is expected to fall well below the Riks-
bank's 2 %-target in 2009 as a result of
lower commodity prices and a widening output gap
dampening price pressures from the demand side.

(1) OJ L 209, 2.8.1997, p. 1. The documents referred to in this text can be found at the following website:

http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/about/activities/sgp/main_en.htm

(2) The assessment notably takes into account the Commission services' January 2009 forecast, but also other information

that has become available since then.

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Official Journal of the European Union

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(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

For 2008, the general government surplus is estimated at 2,3 % of GDP in the Commission services'
January 2009 interim forecast, against a target of 2,8 % of GDP set in the previous update of the
convergence programme. Despite a positive base effect (reflecting a stronger outturn in 2007 than
anticipated in the previous programme), the worse-than-planned outcome in 2008 is to a large extent
explained by revenue from taxes on consumption and capital income falling short of expectations,
which more than offset the positive impact from lower-than-anticipated expenditure growth. This is a
reflection of the slower growth of consumption and investment and the significant fall in stock
market indices in the second half of 2008.

In the updated programme, the general government surplus in 2009 is foreseen to narrow by
1,7 percentage points to 1,1 % of GDP, which compares with a projection of a deficit of 1,3 % of
GDP in the Commission services' interim forecast. The 2009 target in the programme update includes
the fiscal stimulus measures contained in the 2009 Budget Bill amounting to about 1 % of GDP,
consisting mainly of tax cuts on earned income and a reduction in social contributions. The estimated
impact of the automatic stabilisers on the general government balance is a reduction of the surplus
by 0,6 % of GDP. The fiscal stance is foreseen to turn expansionary in 2009, with the structural
balance decreasing by about 1 percentage point of GDP. The relatively stronger deterioration of the
structural balance in the Commission forecast of around 2 percentage points of GDP is mainly due to
measures announced after the adoption of the convergence programme and the loss of tax revenues.

The main goal of the medium-term budgetary strategy in the programme is to achieve a budget
surplus of 1 % of GDP on average over the business cycle, supported by multi-annual expenditure
ceilings for the central government and a balanced budget requirement for local governments. This
surplus target corresponds to Sweden's medium-term objective (MTO) of a structural surplus of 1 %
of GDP. Despite the significant deterioration in the government balance in 2009, the programme
foresees to respect the MTO with a good margin throughout the programme period. This is based on
a no-policy-change assumption for 2010 and 2011. Both the headline and the primary balance are
projected in the programme to strengthen as from 2010, with the headline surplus increasing to
1,6 % of GDP and 2,5 % of GDP in 2010 and 2011, respectively.

The budgetary outcomes are subject to downside risks. The main risk to the programme's budgetary
projections stems from the macro-economic scenario. In recognition of this risk, the programme
contains two alternative scenarios, both with less favourable growth assumptions based on the inter-
national financial crisis proving deeper and more protracted than assumed in the reference scenario.
From the information available, it would seem, however, that even the least favourable of the two
alternative scenarios might underestimate the impact on the general government balance of the
economic downturn projected in that scenario. This confirms that there is substantial uncertainty as
to the degree of sensitivity of the government balance to changes in economic activity at the current
juncture. While the uncertainty concerns both the revenue and the expenditure side, it is probably
larger on the revenue side, given the recent volatility of some revenue components, notably revenues
from capital income taxes. On the expenditure side, there is uncertainty about the impact of recent
reforms of the sickness and unemployment insurance systems on government expenditure and about
potential consequences for public finances of explicit and implicit guarantees to the financial sector.

The long-term budgetary impact of ageing is lower than the EU average. The budgetary position in
2008 as estimated in the programme with a high primary surplus contributes to the reduction of
gross debt and the large assets accumulated by the public pension schemes will help finance part of
the increase in pension expenditure. However, if the 2009 budgetary position as projected by the
Commission services'
interim forecast was taken as the starting point, a small sustainability gap
would arise. Maintaining high primary surpluses over the medium term would contribute to limiting
the risks to the sustainability of public finances, which are currently at a low level.

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(9)

The Swedish budgetary framework can overall be considered as strong and has contributed to the
significant debt reduction observed since its introduction. To increase transparency, the government
has in recent years taken a number of steps to refine the framework and is committed to continue
reviewing the performance of the framework to address remaining weaknesses. In the context of the
recent review, a Fiscal Council was set up with the task of evaluating how well the government has
implemented its fiscal policy objectives. This Council presented its first annual report in 2008.
Remaining weaknesses relate to the risk of the framework not being sufficiently able to prevent
expansionary policies in good times, when the surplus target or balanced budget requirement at the
local level are not binding. This may limit the room for manoeuvre in downturns. The government
has recently also strengthened the rules regarding the expenditure ceiling and has the explicit ambi-
tion of gradually lowering the tax burden on the economy.

(10) With a view to stabilising the financial sector, the Swedish authorities have adopted a range of
measures,
including a doubling of the ceiling of the depositors' guarantee (to SEK 500 000 per
account), a system of credit guarantees for banks' medium-term borrowing (maximum amount of
SEK 1 500 billion or almost 50 % of GDP) and a scheme to facilitate the recapitalisation of solvent
banks (maximum amount of SEK 50 billion or about 1,5 % of GDP).

(11)

(12)

In line with the EERP agreed in December by the European Council, Sweden adopted a number of
fiscal stimulus and structural reforms measures. The fiscal stimulus packages for 2009 adopted by
Sweden are an adequate response to the economic downturn. While the measures implemented or
proposed are timely and reasonably well targeted, they are principally permanent in nature. This is
notably the case for the lowering of income taxes and social contributions, which forms part of the
government's structural agenda to improve incentives to go from inactivity to employment. The
measures are related to the Lisbon structural reform agenda for Sweden as reviewed by the Commis-
sion on 28 January 2009. The measures proposed in the Supplementary Bill, on the contrary, are
mostly temporary in nature and were proposed as a direct response to the downturn.

Based on the fiscal measures contained in the updated programme, the structural balance is expected
to decrease by about 1 % of GDP, implying an expansionary fiscal stance. Taking into account the
additional measures proposed in the Supplementary Bill, the expansionary stance is somewhat more
pronounced. This is appropriate given the worsening of the economic outlook that has occurred in
recent months. Under a no-policy-change assumption, the updated programme foresees that the
structural balance increases only slightly in 2010 and by about ½ percentage point in 2011, implying
a mildly restrictive policy stance in that period.

(13) As regards the data requirements specified in the code of conduct for stability and convergence

programmes, the programme has some gaps in the required and optional data (1).

The overall conclusion is that the medium-term budgetary position is sound. Large surpluses in good times
allow fiscal policy to play an active role in the current downturn, not only by boosting demand in the short
term but also by strengthening the economy's long-term growth potential. The fiscal stance has appropri-
ately become expansionary in 2009. However, there are short-term risks to the fiscal balance, and there is a
need to strengthen the fiscal framework to ensure that the government balance improves once the economy
picks up again.

In view of the above assessment, Sweden is invited to implement the planned fiscal policy,
including
stimulus measures, in 2009, in line with the EERP and within the framework of the SGP, and subsequently
ensure returning to the MTO.

(1) In particular, the data on nominal GDP growth and privatisation proceeds are not provided.

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21.3.2009

Comparison of key macro-economic and budgetary projections

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

Real GDP
(% change)

HICP inflation
(%)

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

Output gap (1)
(% of potential GDP)

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009 (2)

CP Nov 2007

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

2,7

2,5

3,2

2,5

1,7

1,7

1,0

2,5

0,6

8,4

8,3

7,1

1,5

0,5

3,2

3,6

3,3

2,7

1,3

– 1,4

2,5

1,5

0,7

2,5

3,1

1,2

2,2

n.a.

1,0

2,1

3,5

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

n.a.

– 0,5

– 1,6

– 1,0

– 0,2

0,7

0,9

8,2

6,1

7,2

– 1,9

– 2,0

0,6

8,2

6,5

7,4

0,0

8,3

6,6

7,7

n.a.

n.a.

8,1

n.a.

n.a.

Net lending/borrowing
vis-à-vis the rest of the
world
(% of GDP)

General government
revenue
(% of GDP)

General government
expenditure
(% of GDP)

General government
balance
(% of GDP)

Primary balance
(% of GDP)

CP Dec 2008

56,2

55,4

54,1

53,8

53,3

COM Jan 2009

56,4

55,1

53,0

52,7

CP Nov 2007

56,300

55,5

54,9

54,6

n.a.

n.a.

CP Dec 2008

52,6

52,5

53,1

52,2

50,8

COM Jan 2009

52,8

52,8

54,3

54,1

CP Nov 2007

53,3

52,6

51,8

51,1

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

3,6

3,6

3,0

5,4

5,4

4,6

2,8

2,3

2,8

4,7

4,1

4,4

1,1

1,6

– 1,3

– 1,4

3,1

2,6

0,2

4,5

3,6

3,0

0,1

4,8

n.a.

n.a.

2,5

n.a.

n.a.

3,8

n.a.

n.a.

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Cyclically-adjusted
balance (1)
(% of GDP)

Structural balance (3)
(% of GDP)

Government gross debt
(% of GDP)

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

CP Dec 2008

COM Jan 2009

CP Nov 2007

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

3,0

2,1

2,7

2,2

2,1

2,3

40,6

40,6

39,7

3,1

1,9

2,3

2,8

1,6

2,0

35,5

34,8

34,8

2,0

– 0,2

2,8

1,9

2,2

– 0,2

3,6

2,1

– 0,3

– 0,2

2,8

32,2

36,2

29,8

3,6

28,3

36,0

24,5

2,6

n.a.

n.a.

2,5

n.a.

n.a.

23,8

n.a.

n.a.

Notes:
(1) Output gaps and cyclically-adjusted balances according to the programmes as recalculated by Commission services on the basis of the

information in the programmes.

(2) Based on estimated potential growth of 2,6 %, 2,3 %, 1,3 % and 1,2 % respectively in the period 2007-2010.
(3) Cyclically-adjusted balance excluding one-off and other temporary measures. One-off and other temporary measures are 0,3 % of GDP
in 2008 and 0,1 % in 2009-2011 all deficit-reducing according to the most recent programme and 0,3 % of GDP in 2008 and 0,1 %
in 2009; all deficit-reducing in the Commission services' January interim forecast.

Source:
Convergence programme (CP); Commission services' January 2009 interim forecasts (COM); Commission services' calculations.