Commission Directive 2008/128/EC of 22 December 2008 laying down specific purity criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffs (Codified version) (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 2008-12-22
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: codification of EU law, food chemistry, food colouring, food safety, foodstuff, human nutrition

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

DIRECTIVES

COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2008/128/EC

of 22 December 2008

laying down specific purity criteria concerning colours for use in foodstuffs

(Codified version)

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

(6)

Having regard to the Treaty
Community,

establishing the European

This Directive should be without prejudice to the obli­
gations of the Member States relating to the time-limits
for transposition into national law of the Directives set
out in Annex II, Part B,

to

regard

Council Directive

Having
of
21 December 1988 on the approximation of the laws of the
Member States concerning food additives authorized for use in
intended for human consumption (1),
and in
foodstuffs
particular Article 3(3)(a) thereof,

89/107/EEC

Whereas:

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Commission Directive 95/45/EC of 26 July 1995 laying
down specific criteria concerning colours for use in food­
stuffs (2) has been substantially amended several times (3).
In the interests of clarity and rationality the said Directive
should be codified.

It is necessary to establish purity criteria for all colours
mentioned in European Parliament and Council Directive
94/36/EC of 30 June 1994 on colours for use in food­
stuffs (4).

It is necessary to take into account the specifications and
analytical techniques for colours as set out in the Codex
Alimentarius as drafted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert
Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).

significantly different

Food additives prepared by production methods or
starting materials
from those
evaluated by the Scientific Committee for Food or
different from those mentioned in this Directive should
be submitted for safety evaluation by the European Food
Safety Authority with emphasis on the purity criteria.

The measures provided for
accordance with
Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health.

in this Directive are in
Standing
the

opinion

the

of

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 1

The purity criteria referred to in Article 3(3)(a) of Directive
89/107/EEC for colours mentioned in Directive 94/36/EC are
set out in Annex I hereto.

Article 2

Directive 95/45/EC, as amended by the Directives listed in
Annex II, Part A,
is repealed, without prejudice to the obli­
gations of the Member States relating to the time-limits for
transposition into national
in
law of
Annex II, Part B.

the Directives set out

References to the repealed Directive shall be construed as
references to this Directive and shall be read in accordance
with the correlation table in Annex III.

Article 3

This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following
that of
the European
Union.

its publication in the Official

Journal of

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Article 4

Done at Brussels, 22 December 2008.

For the Commission
The President

José Manuel BARROSO

(1) OJ L 40, 11.2.1989, p. 27.
(2) OJ L 226, 22.9.1995, p. 1.
(3) See Annex II, Part A.
(4) OJ L 237, 10.9.1994, p. 13.

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ANNEX I

A. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS FOR ALUMINIUM LAKES OF COLOURS

Definition

Aluminium lakes are prepared by reacting colours complying with the purity
criteria set out in the appropriate specification monograph with alumina under
aqueous conditions. The alumina is usually freshly prepared undried material
made by reacting aluminium sulfate or chloride with sodium or calcium
carbonate or bicarbonate or ammonia. Following lake formation, the product is
filtered, washed with water and dried. Unreacted alumina may also be present in
the finished product.

HCl insoluble matter

Not more than 0,5 %

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % (under neutral conditions)

Specific purity criteria for the corresponding colours are applicable.

E 100 CURCUMIN

Synonyms

Definition

B. SPECIFIC CRITERIA OF PURITY

CI Natural Yellow 3, Turmeric Yellow, Diferoyl Methane

Curcumin is obtained by solvent extraction of turmeric i.e. the ground rhizomes
of natural strains of Curcuma longa L. In order to obtain a concentrated curcumin
powder, the extract is purified by crystallisation. The product consists essentially
the colouring principle (1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphe­
of curcumins;
nyl)hepta-1,6-dien-3,5-dione) and its two desmethoxy derivatives in varying
proportions. Minor amounts of oils and resins naturally occuring in turmeric
may be present.

i.e.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: ethylacetate, acetone,
carbon dioxide, dichloromethane, n-butanol, methanol, ethanol, hexane.

Class

Dicinnamoylmethane

Colour Index No

75300

Einecs

207-280-5

Chemical names

I 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione

II 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl-)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-

dione

III 1,7-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)hepta-1,6-diene-3,5-dione

Chemical formula

I C21H20O6

II C20H18O5

III C19H16O4

Molecular weight

I. 368,39

II. 338,39

III. 308,39

Assay

Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 1 607 at ca 426 nm in ethanol

Orange-yellow crystalline powder

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in ethanol at ca 426 nm

B. Melting Range

179 °C-182 °C

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9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than 50 mg/kg,
singly or in combination

Purity

Solvent residues

Ethylacetate

Acetone

n-butanol

Methanol

Ethanol

Hexane

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 101 (i) RIBOFLAVIN

Synonyms

Class

Einecs

Lactoflavin

Isoalloxazine

201-507-1

Chemical names

7,8-Dimethyl-10-(D-ribo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxypentyl)benzo(g)pteridine-2,4
(3H,10H)-dione

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

7,8-dimethyl-10-(1′-D-ribityl)isoalloxazine

C17H20N4O6

376,37

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

E1 cm

1 % 328 at ca 444 nm in aqueous solution

Yellow to orange-yellow crystalline powder, with slight odour

A. Spectrometry

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,31 and 0,33

The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,36 and 0,39

Maximum in water at ca 444 nm

9
=
; in aqueous solution

B. Specific rotation

[α]D20 between – 115° and – 140° in a 0,05 N sodium hydroxide solution

Purity

Loss on drying

Sulfated ash

Not more than 1,5 % after drying at 105 °C for 4 hrs

Not more than 0,1 %

Primary aromatic amines

Not more than 100 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 101 (ii) RIBOFLAVIN-5′-PHOSPHATE

Synonyms

Definition

Riboflavin-5′-phosphate sodium

These specifications apply to riboflavin 5′-phosphate together with minor
amounts of free riboflavin and riboflavin diphosphate

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Class

Einecs

Chemical names

Isoalloxazine

204-988-6

Monosodium

(2R,3R,4S)-5-(3′)10′-dihydro-7′,8′-dimethyl-2′,4′-dioxo-10′-benzo[γ]pteridinyl)-
2,3,4-trihydroxypentyl phosphate;

Chemical formula

monosodium salt of 5′-monophosphate ester of riboflavin
For the dihydrate form: C17H20N4NaO9P·2H2O

For the anhydrous form: C17H20N4NaO9P

Molecular weight

541,36

Assay

Description

Identification

not
Content
C17H20N4NaO9P·2H2O

less

than 95 % total

colouring matters

calculated

as

E1 cm

1 % 250 at ca 375 nm in aqueous solution

Yellow to orange crystalline hygroscopic powder, with slight odour and a bitter
taste

A. Spectrometry

The ratio A375/A267 is between 0,30 and 0,34

The ratio A444/A267 is between 0,35 and 0,40

9
=
; in aqueous solution

B. Specific rotation

Purity

Loss on drying

Sulfated ash

Maximum in water at ca 444 nm
[α]D20 between + 38° and + 42° in a 5 molar HCl solution

Not more than 8 % (100 °C, 5 hrs in vacuum over P2O5) for the dihydrate form

Not more than 25 %

Inorganic phosphate

Not more than 1,0 % (calculated as PO4 on the anhydrous basis)

Subsidiary colouring matters

Riboflavin (free):

Not more than 6 %

Primary aromatic amines

Not more than 70 mg/kg (calculated as aniline)

Riboflavine diphosphate: Not more than 6 %

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 102 TARTRAZINE

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

CI Food Yellow 4

Tartrazine consists essentially of trisodium 5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-
sulfonatophenylazo)-H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate and subsidiary colouring matters
together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

Tartrazine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are
also permitted.

Monoazo

19140

217-699-5

Trisodium-5-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-H-
pyrazole-3-carboxylate

Chemical formula

C16H9N4Na3O9S2

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Molecular weight

534,37

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 530 at ca 426 nm in aqueous solution

Light orange powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 426 nm

B. Yellow solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-hydrazinobenzene
sulfonic acid

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic
acid

5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-2-
pyrazoline-3-carboxylic acid

4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene
sulfonic acid)

Tetrahydroxysuccinic acid

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 104 QUINOLINE YELLOW

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Yellow 13

Quinoline Yellow is prepared by sulfonating 2-(2-quinolyl)
indan-1,3-dione.
Quinoline Yellow consists essentially of sodium salts of a mixture of disulfonates
(principally), monosulfonates and trisulfonates of
the above compound and
subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium
sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Quinoline Yellow is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium
salt are also permitted.

Class

Chinophthalone

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical name

47005

305-897-5

The disodium salts of
(principal component)

the disulfonates of 2-(2-quinolyl)

indan-1,3-dione

Chemical formula

C18H9N Na2O8S2 (principal component)

Molecular weight

477,38 (principal component)

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Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

Quinoline Yellow shall have the following composition:

Of the total colouring matters present:
— not less than 80 % shall be disodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-disul­

fonates

— not more than 15 % shall be sodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-mono­

sulfonates

— not more than 7,0 % shall be trisodium 2-(2-quinolyl) indan-1,3-dione-trisul­

fonate

E1 cm

1 % 865 (principal component) at ca 411 nm in aqueous acetic acid solution

Yellow powder or granules

Description

Identification

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous acetic acid solution of pH 5 at ca 411 nm

B. Yellow solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 4,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

2-methylquinoline

2-methylquinoline-sulfonic
acid

Phthalic acid

2,6-dimethyl quinoline

2,6-dimethyl quinoline
sulfonic acid

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

2-(2-quinolyl)indan-1,3-dione

Not more than 4 mg/kg

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 110 SUNSET YELLOW FCF

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Yellow 3, Orange Yellow S

Sunset Yellow FCF consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophe­
nylazo) naphthalene-6-sulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with
sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Sunset Yellow FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the
potassium salt are also permitted.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Monoazo

15985

220-491-7

Chemical names

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)naphthalene-6-sulfonate

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Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

C16H10N2Na2O7S2

452,37

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm

1 % 555 at ca 485 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Orange-red powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 485 nm at pH 7

B. Orange solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 5,0 %

1-(Phenylazo)-2-naphthalenol
(Sudan I)

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic
acid

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-
disulfonic acid

6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-
sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-
disulfonic acid
4,4′-diazoaminodi(benzene
sulfonic acid)
6,6′-oxydi(naphthalene-2-
sulfonic acid)

Not more than 0,5 mg/kg

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

E 120 COCHINEAL, CARMINIC ACID, CARMINES

Definition

Carmines and carminic acid are obtained from aqueous, aqueous alcoholic or
alcoholic extracts from Cochineal, which consists of the dried bodies of the
female insect Dactylopius coccus Costa.

The colouring principle is carminic acid.

Aluminium lakes of carminic acid (carmines) can be formed in which aluminium
and carminic acid are thought to be present in the molar ratio 1:2.

In commercial products the colouring principle is present in association with
ammonium, calcium, potassium or sodium cations, singly or in combination,
and these cations may also be present in excess.

Commercial products may also contain proteinaceous material derived from the
source insect, and may also contain free carminate or a small residue of unbound
aluminium cations.

Class

Anthraquinone

Colour Index No

75470

Einecs

Cochineal: 215-680-6; carminic acid: 215-023-3; carmines: 215-724-4

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Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

7-β-D-glucopyranosyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-
carboxylic acid (carminic acid); carmine is the hydrated aluminium chelate of this
acid

C22H20O13 (carminic acid)

492,39 (carminic acid)

Content not less than 2,0 % carminic acid in the extracts containing carminic
acid; not less than 50 % carminic acid in the chelates.

Red to dark red, friable, solid or powder. Cochineal extract is generally a dark red
liquid but can also be dried as a powder.

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous ammonia solution at ca 518 nm

Maximum in dilute hydrochloric solution at ca 494 nm for carminic acid

Purity

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 122 AZORUBINE, CARMOISINE

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical name

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

CI Food Red 3

consists

of
essentially
naphthalene-1-sulfonate

disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-
Azorubine
naphthylazo)
colouring matters
and
together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

subsidiary

Azorubine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt
are also permitted.

Monoazo

14720

222-657-4

Disodium 4-hydroxy-3-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-1-sulfonate

C20H12N2Na2O7S2

502,44

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm

1 % 510 at ca 516 nm in aqueous solution

Red to maroon powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 516 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-
sulfonic acid

4-hydroxynaphthalene-1-
sulfonic acid

9

>>>>=
>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

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Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 123 AMARANTH

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical name

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

CI Food Red 9

consists

essentially

Amaranth
trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-
naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters
together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

of

Amaranth is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are
also permitted.

Monoazo

16185

213-022-2

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

604,48

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm

1 % 440 at ca 520 nm in aqueous solution

Reddish-brown powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 520 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-
sulfonic acid

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-
disulfonic acid

6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-
sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-
disulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-
6-trisulfonic acid

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Not more than 3 mg/kg

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Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 124 PONCEAU 4R, COCHINEAL RED A

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Red 7, New Coccine

essentially of

Ponceau 4R consists
trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-
naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters
together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

Ponceau 4R is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt
are also permitted.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Monoazo

16255

220-036-2

Chemical name

Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1-(4-sulfonato-1-naphthylazo) naphthalene-6,8-disulfonate

Chemical formula

C20H11N2Na3O10S3

Molecular weight

604,48

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt.

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 430 at ca 505 nm in aqueous solution

Reddish powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 505 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-
sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-
disulfonic acid

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-
disulfonic acid

6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-
sulfonic acid

7-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-
6-trisulfonic acid

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

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Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 127 ERYTHROSINE

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Red 14

Erythrosine consists essentially of disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxox­
anthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrate and subsidiary colouring matters together
with water, sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

Erythrosine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt
are also permitted.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Xanthen

45430

240-474-8

Chemical name

Disodium 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-oxido-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoate monohydrate

Chemical formula

C20H6I4Na2O5.H2O

Molecular weight

897,88

Assay

Content not less than 87 % total colouring matters, calculated as the anhydrous
sodium salt

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 1 100 at ca 526 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Red powder or granules.

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 526 nm at pH 7

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Inorganic iodides calculated as
sodium iodide

Not more than 0,1 %

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters
(except fluorescein)

Not more than 4,0 %

Fluorescein

Not more than 20 mg/kg

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

Tri-iodoresorcinol

Not more than 0,2 %

2-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,5-diodo­
benzoyl) benzoic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH from 7 through 8, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Aluminium Lakes

The hydrochloric acid insoluble matter method is not applicable. It is replaced by
a sodium hydroxide insoluble matter, at not more than 0,5 %, for this colour
only.

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E 128 RED 2G

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical name

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

CI Food Red 10, Azogeranine

Red 2G consists essentially of disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazo­
naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with
sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Red 2G is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are
also permitted.

Monoazo

18050

223-098-9

Disodium 8-acetamido-1-hydroxy-2-phenylazo-naphthalene-3,6-disulfonate

C18H13N3Na2O8S2

509,43

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm

1 % 620 at ca 532 nm in aqueous solution

Red powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 532 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

5-acetamido-4-hydroxy­
naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic
acid

5-amino-4-hydroxy­
naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic
acid

9

>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 129 ALLURA RED AC

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Red 17

Allura Red AC consists essentially of disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-
methyl-4-sulfonato-phenylazo)
subsidiary
colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the
principal uncoloured components.

naphthalene-6-sulfonate

and

Allura Red AC is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium
salt are also permitted.

Class

Colour Index No

Monoazo

16035

L 6/32

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Einecs

Chemical name

247-368-0

Disodium 2-hydroxy-1-(2-methoxy-5-methyl-4-sulfonatophenylazo)
naphthalene-6-sulfonate

Chemical formula

C18H14N2Na2O8S2

Molecular weight

496,42

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 540 at ca 504 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Dark red powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 504 nm

B. Red solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

6-hydroxy-2-naphthalene
sulfonic acid, sodium salt

4-amino-5-methoxy-2-
methylbenezene sulfonic
acid

Not more than 0,3 %

Not more than 0,2 %

6,6-oxybis (2-naphthalene
sulfonic acid) disodium salt

Not more than 1,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 131 PATENT BLUE V

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

CI Food Blue 5

Patent Blue V consists essentially of the calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-
(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene)2,5-cyclo­
hexadien-1-ylidene] diethylammonium hydroxide inner
salt and subsidiary
colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate and/or
calcium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

The potassium salt is also permitted.

Triarylmethane

42051

222-573-8

The calcium or sodium compound of [4-(α-(4-diethylaminophenyl)-5-hydroxy-
2,4-disulfophenyl-methylidene) 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene] diethyl-ammonium
hydroxide inner salt

Chemical formula

Calcium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Ca½

Sodium compound: C27H31N2O7S2Na

10.1.2009

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Official Journal of the European Union

L 6/33

Molecular weight

Calcium compound: 579,72

Sodium compound: 582,67

Assay

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 2 000 at ca 638 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Dark-blue powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at 638 nm at pH 5

B. Blue solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 2,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

3-hydroxy benzaldehyde

3-hydroxy benzoic acid

3-hydroxy-4-sulfobenzoic
acid

N,N-diethylamino benzene
sulfonic acid

9

>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Leuco base

Not more than 4,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 5 not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 132 INDIGOTINE, INDIGO CARMINE

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

CI Food Blue 1

Indigotine consists essentially of a mixture of disodium 3,3′dioxo-2,2′-bi-indo­
lylidene-5,5′-disulfonate,
disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-
disulfonate and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride
and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

and

Indigotine is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are
also permitted.

Indigoid

73015

212-728-8

Disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,5′-disulfonate

C16H8N2Na2O8S2

466,36

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt;

disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more than 18 %

E1 cm

1 % 480 at ca 610 nm in aqueous solution

L 6/34

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Description

Identification

Dark-blue powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 610 nm

B. Blue solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Excluding disodium 3,3′-dioxo-2,2′-bi-indolylidene-5,7′-disulfonate: not more
than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

Isatin-5-sulfonic acid

5-sulfoanthranilic acid

Anthranilic acid

9

>>>>=
>>>>;

Total not more than 0,5 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 133 BRILLIANT BLUE FCF

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

CI Food Blue 2

Brilliant Blue FCF consists essentially of disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatoben­
zylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino)
cyclohexa-2,5-dieny­
lidene)
toluene-2-sulfonate and its isomers and subsidiary colouring matters
together with sodium chloride and/or sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

Brilliant Blue FCF is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium
salt are also permitted.

Triarylmethane

42090

223-339-8

Disodium α-(4-(N-ethyl-3-sulfonatobenzylamino) phenyl)-α-(4-N-ethyl-3-sulfona­
tobenzylamino) cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene) toluene-2-sulfonate

C37H34N2Na2O9S3

792,84

Content not less than 85 % total colouring matters, calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm

1 % 1 630 at ca 630 nm in aqueous solution

Reddish-blue powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 630 nm

B. Blue solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 6,0 %

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L 6/35

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

Sum of 2-, 3- and 4-formyl
benzene sulfonic acids

Not more than 1,5 %

3-((ethyl)(4-sulfophenyl)
amino) methyl benzene
sulfonic acid

Not more than 0,3 %

Leuco base

Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % at pH 7

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 140 (i) CHLOROPHYLLS

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

CI Natural Green 3, Magnesium Chlorophyll, Magnesium Phaeophytin

Chlorophylls are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant
material, grass, lucerne and nettle. During the subsequent removal of solvent, the
naturally present co-ordinated magnesium may be wholly or partly removed
from the chlorophylls to give the corresponding phaeophytins. The principal
colouring matters are the phaeophytins and magnesium chlorophylls. The
extracted product, from which the solvent has been removed, contains other
pigments such as carotenoids as well as oils, fats and waxes derived from the
source material. Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction:
acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol,
ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Porphyrin

75810

Chlorophylls: 215-800-7, chlorophyll a: 207-536-6, Chlorophyll b: 208-272-4

Chemical names

The major colouring principles are:

Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-
13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta [at]-porphyrin-17-yl)pro-
pionate, (Pheophytin a), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll a)

Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-
trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-
17-yl)propionate, (Pheophytin b), or as the magnesium complex (Chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): C55H72MgN4O5

Chlorophyll a: C55H74N4O5

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): C55H70MgN4O6

Chlorophyll b: C55H72N4O6

Molecular weight

Chlorophyll a (magnesium complex): 893,51

Chlorophyll a: 871,22

Chlorophyll b (magnesium complex): 907,49

Chlorophyll b: 885,20

Assay

Content of total combined Chlorophylls and their magnesium complexes is not
less than 10 %

E1 cm

1 % 700 at ca 409 nm in chloroform

L 6/36

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Description

Identification

Waxy solid ranging in colour from olive green to dark green depending on the
content of co-ordinated magnesium

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca 409 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl Ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 140 (ii) CHLOROPHYLLINS

Synonyms

Definition

CI Natural Green 5, Sodium Chlorophyllin, Potassium Chlorophyllin

The alkali salts of chlorophyllins are obtained by the saponification of a solvent
extract of natural strains of edible plant material, grass, lucerne and nettle. The
saponification removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially
cleave the cyclopentenyl ring. The acid groups are neutralized to form the salts
of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl
ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol
and hexane.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Porphyrin

75815

287-483-3

Chemical names

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:

— 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)pro­

pionate (chlorophyllin a)

and

— 3-(10-carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-

yl)propionate (chlorophyllin b)

Depending on the degree of hydrolysis the cyclopentenyl ring may be cleaved
with the resultant production of a third carboxyl function.

Magnesium complexes may also be present.

Chemical formula

Chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H34N4O5

Chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H32N4O6

Molecular weight

Chlorophyllin a: 578,68

Chlorophyllin b: 592,66

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

10.1.2009

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Official Journal of the European Union

L 6/37

Assay

Content of total chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried at ca
100 °C for 1 hour.

E1 cm

E1 cm

1 % 700 at ca 405 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

1 % 140 at ca 653 nm in aqueous solution at pH 9

Dark green to blue/black powder

Description

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 9 at ca 405 nm and at ca 653 nm

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 141 (i) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLS

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

CI Natural Green 3, Copper Chlorophyll, Copper Phaeophytin

Copper chlorophylls are obtained by addition of a salt of copper to the
substance obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible plant
lucerne, and nettle. The product, from which the solvent has
material, grass,
been removed, contains other pigments such as carotenoids as well as fats and
waxes derived from the source material. The principal colouring matters are the
copper phaeophytins. Only the following solvents may be used for
the
extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide,
methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol and hexane.

Porphyrin

75815

Copper chlorophyll a: 239-830-5; copper chlorophyll b: 246-020-5

[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-
13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-17-yl)pro­
pionate] copper (II) (Copper Chlorophyll a)

[Phytyl (132R,17S,18S)-3-(8-ethyl-7-formyl-132-methoxycarbonyl-2,12,18-
trimethyl-13′-oxo-3-vinyl-131-132-17,18-tetrahydrocyclopenta[at]-porphyrin-
17-yl)propionate] copper (II) (Copper chlorophyll b)

Chemical formula

Copper chlorophyll a: C55H72Cu N4O5

Molecular weight

Copper chlorophyll a: 932,75

Copper chlorophyll b: C55H70Cu N4O6

Copper chlorophyll b: 946,73

Assay

Content of total copper chlorophylls is not less than 10 %.

E1 cm

E1 cm

1 % 540 at ca 422 nm in chloroform

1 % 300 at ca 652 nm in chloroform

L 6/38

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Description

Identification

Waxy solid ranging in colour from blue green to dark green depending on the
source material

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca 422 nm and at ca 652 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Copper ions

Total copper

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper phaeophytins

E 141 (ii) COPPER COMPLEXES OF CHLOROPHYLLINS

Synonyms

Definition

Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin, Potassium Copper Chlorophyllin, CI Natural
Green 5

The alkali salts of copper chlorophyllins are obtained by the addition of copper
to the product obtained by the saponification of a solvent extraction of natural
strains of edible plant material, grass,
lucerne, and nettle; the saponification
removes the methyl and phytol ester groups and may partially cleave the cyclo­
pentenyl ring. After addition of copper to the purified chlorophyllins, the acid
groups are neutralized to form the salts of potassium and/or sodium.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: acetone, methyl
ethyl ketone, dichloromethane, carbon dioxide methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol
and hexane.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Porphyrin

75815

Chemical names

The major colouring principles in their acid forms are:

3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-1,3,5,8-tetramethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)pro­
pionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin a)

and

3-(10-Carboxylato-4-ethyl-3-formyl-1,5,8-trimethyl-9-oxo-2-vinylphorbin-7-yl)
propionate, copper complex (Copper chlorophyllin b)

Chemical formula

Copper chlorophyllin a (acid form): C34H32Cu N4O5

Copper chlorophyllin b (acid form): C34H30Cu N4O6

Molecular weight

Copper chlorophyllin a: 640,20

Copper chlorophyllin b: 654,18

Each may be increased by 18 daltons if the cyclopentenyl ring is cleaved.

10.1.2009

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Official Journal of the European Union

L 6/39

Assay

Content of total copper chlorophyllins is not less than 95 % of the sample dried
at 100 °C for 1 h.

Description

Identification

Spectrometry

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

E1 cm

E1 cm

1 % 565 at ca 405 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

1 % 145 at ca 630 nm in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5

Dark green to blue/black powder

Maximum in aqueous phosphate buffer at pH 7,5 at ca 405 nm and at
ca 630 nm

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Copper ions

Total copper

E 142 GREEN S

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 8,0 % of the total copper chlorophyllins

CI Food Green 4, Brilliant Green BS

Green S consists essentially of sodium N-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl] 2-hydroxy-
3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)methylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methyl­
methanaminium and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride
and/or sodium sulphate as the principal uncoloured compounds.

Green S is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are
also permitted.

Triarylmethane

44090

221-409-2

Sodium N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl](2-hydroxy-3,6-disulfo-1-naphthalenyl)-
methylene]2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium;

Sodium 5-[4-dimethylamino-α-(4-dimethyliminocyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)
benzyl]-6-hydroxy-7-sulfonato-naphthalene-2-sulfonate (alternative chemical
name).

Chemical formula

C27H25N2NaO7S2

Molecular Weight

576,63

Assay

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 1 720 at ca 632 nm in aqueous solution

Dark blue or dark green powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 632 nm

L 6/40

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B. Blue or green solution in

water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 1,0 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-
benzhydryl alcohol

4,4′-bis(dimethylamino)-
benzophenone

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 0,1 %

3-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-
disulfonic acid

Not more than 0,2 %

Leuco base

Not more than 5,0 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 150a PLAIN CARAMEL

Definition

is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates
Plain caramel
(commercially available
the
monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups,
sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose). To promote caramelization, acids,
alkalis and salts may be employed, with the exception of ammonium
compounds and sulphites.

sweeteners which are

food grade nutritive

Einecs

Description

Purity

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE
cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl
cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,01-0,12

Total nitrogen

Total sulphur

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 0,1 %

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

_____________
(1) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.

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L 6/41

E 150b CAUSTIC SULPHITE CARAMEL

Definition

Einecs

Description

Purity

Caustic sulphite caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbo­
hydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the
monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups,
sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in
the presence of sulphite compounds (sulphurous acid, potassium sulphite,
potassium bisulphite, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite); no ammonium
compounds are used.

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE
cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,05-0,13

Total nitrogen

Sulphur dioxide

Total sulphur

Sulphur bound by DEAE
cellulose

Not more than 0,3 % (2)

Not more than 0,2 % (2)

0,3-3,5 % (2)

More than 40 %

Absorbance ratio of colour
bound by DEAE cellulose

19-34

Absorbance ratio

Greater than 50

(A 280/560)

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 150c AMMONIA CARAMEL

Definition

Einecs

Description

Purity

Ammonia caramel is prepared by the controlled heat treatment of carbohydrates
(commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which are the monomers
glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof, e.g. glucose syrups, sucrose, and/
or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or alkalis, in the presence
of ammonium compounds
(ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate,
ammonium hydrogen carbonate and ammonium phosphate); no sulphite
compounds are used.

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE
cellulose

Not more than 50 %

Colour bound by phosphoryl
cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (1)

0,08-0,36

Ammoniacal nitrogen

Not more than 0,3 % (2)

4-methylimidazole

Not more than 250 mg/kg (2)

2-acetyl-4-tetrahydroxy-butyli­
midazole

Not more than 10 mg/kg (2)

_____________
(1) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(2) Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.

L 6/42

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Total sulphur

Total nitrogen

Not more than 0,2 % (1)

0,7-3,3 % (1)

Absorbance ratio of colour
bound by phosphoryl cellulose

13-35

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 150d SULPHITE AMMONIA CARAMEL

Definition

Einecs

Description

Purity

is prepared by the controlled heat

Sulphite ammonia caramel
treatment of
carbohydrates (commercially available food grade nutritive sweeteners which
are the monomers glucose and fructose and/or polymers thereof (e.g. glucose
syrups, sucrose, and/or invert syrups, and dextrose) with or without acids or
alkalis in the presence of both sulphite and ammonium compounds (sulphurous
acid, potassium sulphite, potassium bisulphite,
sodium
bisulphite, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate, ammonium hydrogen
carbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium sulphate, ammonium sulphite and
ammonium hydrogen sulphite).

sodium sulphite,

232-435-9

Dark brown to black liquids or solids

Colour bound by DEAE
cellulose

More than 50 %

Colour intensity (2)

0,10-0,60

Ammoniacal nitrogen

Not more than 0,6 % (1)

Sulphur dioxide

Not more than 0,2 % (1)

4-methylimidazole

Not more than 250 mg/kg (1)

Total nitrogen

Total sulphur

Nitrogen/sulphur ratio of
alcohol precipitate

0,3-1,7 % (1)

0,8-2,5 % (1)

0,7-2,7

Absorbance ratio of alcohol
precipitate (3)

8-14

Absorbance ratio (A 280/560)

Not more than 50

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 25 mg/kg

E 151 BRILLIANT BLACK BN, BLACK PN

Synonyms

CI Food Black 1

_____________
(1) Expressed on equivalent colour basis i.e. is expressed in terms of a product having a colour intensity of 0,1 absorbance units.
(2) Colour intensity is defined as the absorbance of a 0,1 % (w/v) solution of caramel colour solids in water in a 1 cm cell at 610 nm.
(3) Absorbance ratio of alcohol precipitate is defined as the absorbance of the precipitate at 280 nm divided by the absorbance at

560 nm (1 cm cell).

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Official Journal of the European Union

L 6/43

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

Brilliant Black BN consists essentially of tetrasodium-4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-
[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate
and subsidiary colouring matters together with sodium chloride and/or sodium
sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brilliant Black BN is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium
salt are also permitted.

Bisazo

28440

219-746-5

Tetrasodium 4-acetamido-5-hydroxy-6-[7-sulfonato-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-1-
naphthylazo] naphthalene-1,7-disulfonate

C28H17N5Na4O14S4

867,69

Content not less than 80 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt

E1 cm

1 % 530 at ca 570 nm in solution

Black powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water at ca 570 nm

B. Black-bluish solution in

water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 10 % (expressed on the dye content)

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-acetamido-5-hydroxy­
naphthalene-1,7-disulfonic
acid

4-amino-5-hydroxy­
naphthalene-1,7-disulfonic
acid

8-aminonaphthalene-2-
sulfonic acid

4,4′-diazoaminodi-(benzene­
sulfonic acid)

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Total not more than 0,8 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % under neutral conditions

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 153 VEGETABLE CARBON

Synonyms

Definition

Vegetable black

Vegetable carbon is produced by the carbonization of vegetable material such as
wood, cellulose residues, peat and coconut and other shells. The raw material is
carbonised at high temperatures. It consists essentially of finely divided carbon. It
may contain minor amounts of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen. Some moisture
may be absorbed on the product after manufacture.

L 6/44

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

A. Solubility

B. Burning

Purity

77266

215-609-9

Carbon

C

12,01

Content not less than 95 % of carbon calculated on an anhydrous and ash-free
basis

Black powder, odourless and tasteless

Insoluble in water and organic solvents

When heated to redness it burns slowly without a flame

Ash (Total)

Not more than 4,0 % (ignition temperature: 625 °C)

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons

The extract obtained by extraction of 1 g of the product with 10 g pure
cyclohexane in a continuous extraction apparatus shall be colourless, and the
fluorescence of the extract in ultraviolet light shall not be more intense than that
of a solution of 0,100 mg of quinine sulfate in 1 000 ml of 0,01 M sulphuric
acid.

Loss on drying

Not more than 12 % (120 °C, 4 hrs)

Alkali soluble matter

The filtrate obtained by boiling 2 g of the sample with 20 ml N sodium
hydroxide and filtering shall be colourless

E 154 BROWN FK

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Einecs

CI Food Brown 1

Brown FK consists essentially of a mixture of:

I sodium 4-(2,4-diaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate

II sodium 4-(4,6-diamino-m-tolylazo) benzenesulfonate

III disodium 4,4′-(4,6-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate)

IV disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate)

V disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesul-

fonate)

VI trisodium 4,4′,4″-(2,4-diaminobenzene-1,3,5-trisazo)tri-(benzenesulfonate)

and subsidiary colouring matters together with water, sodium chloride and/or
sodium sulfate as the principal uncoloured components.

Brown FK is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and the potassium salt are
also permitted.

Azo (a mixture of mono-, bis- and trisazo colours)

10.1.2009

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L 6/45

Chemical names

A mixture of:

I sodium 4-(2,4-diaminophenylazo) benzenesulfonate

II sodium 4-(4,6-diamino-m-tolylazo) benzenesulfonate

III disodium 4,4′-(4,6-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate)

IV disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesulfonate)

V disodium 4,4′-(2,4-diamino-5-methyl-1,3-phenylenebisazo)di (benzenesul-

fonate)

VI trisodium 4,4′,4″-(2,4-diaminobenzene-1,3,5-trisazo)tri-(benzenesulfonate)

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

I C12H11N4NaO3S

II C13H13N4NaO3S

III C18H14N6Na2O6S2

IV C18H14N6Na2O6S2

V C19H16N6Na2O6S2

VI C24H17N8Na3O9S3

I 314,30

II 328,33

III 520,46

IV 520,46

V 534,47

VI 726,59

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters

Of the total colouring matters present the proportions of the components shall
not exceed:

I 26 %

II 17 %

III 17 %

IV 16 %

V 20 %

VI 16 %

Red-brown powder or granules

Description

Identification

Orange to reddish solution

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 3,5 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic
acid

Not more than 0,7 %

m-phenylenediamine and 4-
methyl-m-phenylenediamine

Not more than 0,35 %

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines other than m-phenylene
diamine and 4-methyl-m-
phenylene diamine

Not more than 0,007 % (calculated as aniline)

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Official Journal of the European Union

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Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 155 BROWN HT

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular Weight

CI Food Brown 3

Brown HT consists essentially of disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-
(naphthalene-1-sulfonate) and subsidiary colouring
1,3-phenylene bisazo) di
matters together with sodium chloride and/or sulfate as the principal uncoloured
components.

Brown HT is described as the sodium salt. The calcium and potassium salt are
also permitted.

Bisazo

20285

224-924-0

Disodium 4,4′-(2,4-dihydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-phenylene bisazo)di
(naphthalene-1-sulfonate)

C27H18N4Na2O9S2

652,57

Assay

Content not less than 70 % total colouring matters calculated as the sodium salt.

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 403 at ca 460 nm in aqueous solution at pH 7

Reddish-brown powder or granules

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in water of pH 7 at ca 460 nm

B. Brown solution in water

Purity

Water insoluble matter

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 10 % (TLC method)

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

4-aminonaphthalene-1-
sulfonic acid

Unsulfonated primary
aromatic amines

Not more than 0,7 %

Not more than 0,01 % (calculated as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

Not more than 0,2 % in a solution of pH 7

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160a (i) MIXED CAROTENES

1. Plant carotenes

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 5

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Official Journal of the European Union

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Definition

Mixed carotenes are obtained by solvent extraction of natural strains of edible
plants, carrots, vegetable oils, grass, alfalfa (lucerne) and nettle.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene
accounts for the major part. Alpha, gamma-carotene and other pigments may
be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may contain oils, fats and
waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, hexane (1), dichloromethane and carbon
dioxide.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Identification

Carotenoid

75130

230-636-6

Beta-carotene: C40H56

Beta-carotene: 536,88

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene)
products obtained by extraction of vegetables oils: not
edible fats.

is not less than 5 %. For
less than 0,2 % in

E1 cm

1 % 2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 470 nm to 486 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Ethanol

Lead

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Dichloromethane: Not more than 10 mg/kg

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

2. Algal carotenes

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Identification

CI Food Orange 5

Mixed carotenes may also be produced from natural strains of the algae Duna­
liella salina, grown in large saline lakes located in Whyalla, South Australia. Beta-
carotene is extracted using an essential oil. The preparation is a 20 to 30 %
suspension in edible oil. The ratio of trans-cis isomers is in the range of 50/50 to
71/29.

The main colouring principle consists of carotenoids of which beta-carotene
accounts for the major part. Alpha-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryp­
toxanthin may be present. Besides the colour pigments, this substance may
contain oils, fats and waxes naturally occurring in the source material.

Carotenoid

75130

Beta-Carotene: C40H56

Beta-Carotene: 536,88

Content of carotenes (calculated as beta-carotene) is not less than 20 %

E1 cm

1 % 2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 440 nm to 457 nm and 474 nm to 486 nm

_____________
(1) Benzene not more than 0,05 % v/v.

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Official Journal of the European Union

10.1.2009

Purity

Natural tocopherols in edible
oil

Not more than 0,3 %

Lead

Not more than 5 mg/kg

E 160a (ii) BETA-CAROTENE

1. Beta-carotene

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

CI Food Orange 5

These specifications apply predominantly to all trans isomer of beta-carotene
together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilised
preparations may have different trans-cis isomer ratios.

Carotenoid

40800

230-636-6

Beta-carotene, beta, beta-carotene

C40H56

536,88

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

E1 cm

1 % 2 500 at approximately by 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Red to brownish-red crystals or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring
matters

Lead

Not more than 2 mg/kg

2. Beta-carotene
trispora

from Blakeslea

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Orange 5

Obtained by a fermentation process using a mixed culture of the two sexual
mating types (+) and (–) of natural strains of the fungus Blakeslea trispora. The
beta-carotene is extracted from the biomass with ethyl acetate, or isobutyl acetate
followed by isopropyl alcohol, and crystallised. The crystallised product consists
mainly of trans beta-carotene. Because of the natural process approximately 3 %
of the product consists of mixed carotenoids, which is specific for the product.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

Carotenoid

40800

230-636-6

Beta-carotene, beta,beta-carotene

C40H56

536,88

Not less than 96 % total colouring matters (expressed as beta-carotene)

E1 cm

1 % 2 500 at approximately 440 nm to 457 nm in cyclohexane

Red, brownish-red or purple-violet crystals or crystalline powder (colour varies
according to extraction solvent used and conditions of crystallisation)

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 453 nm to 456 nm

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Purity

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

Ethanol

Isobutyl acetate: Not more than 1,0 %

Isopropyl alcohol: Not more than 0,1 %

9
=

;

Not more than 0,8 %,
singly or in combination

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,2 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than beta-carotene: not more than 3,0 % of total colouring
matters

Lead

Mycotoxins:

Aflatoxin B1

Trichothecene (T2)

Ochratoxin

Zearalenone

Microbiology:

Moulds

Yeasts

Salmonella

Not more than 2 mg/kg

Absent

Absent

Absent

Absent

Not more than 100/g

Not more than 100/g

Absent in 25 g

Escherichia coli

Absent in 5 g

E 160b ANNATTO, BIXIN, NORBIXIN

Synonyms

Definition

Class

CI Natural Orange 4

Carotenoid

Colour Index No

75120

Einecs

Annatto: 215-735-4, annatto seed extract: 289-561-2; bixin: 230-248-7

Chemical names

Bixin:

6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate
6′-Methylhydrogen-9′-trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioate

Norbixin:

9′Cis-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid
9′-Trans-6,6′-diapocarotene-6,6′-dioic acid

Chemical formula

Bixin:

C25H30O4

Norbixin:

C24H28O4

Molecular weight

Bixin:

394,51

Description

Identification

Norbixin:

380,48

Reddish-brown powder, suspension or solution

Spectrometry

Bixin:

maximum in chloroform at ca 502 nm

Norbixin:

maximum in dilute KOH solution at ca 482 nm

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(i) Solvent extracted bixin and

norbixin

D e f i n i t i o n

Bixin is prepared by the extraction of the outer coating of the seeds of the
annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with one or more of the following solvents:
acetone, methanol, hexane or dichloromethane, carbon dioxide followed by
the removal of the solvent.

Norbixin is prepared by hydrolysis by aqueous alkali of the extracted bixin.

Bixin and norbixin may contain other materials extracted from the annatto seed.

The bixin powder contains several coloured components, the major single one
being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans- forms. Thermal
degradation products of bixin may also be present.

The norbixin powder contains the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the form of the
sodium or potassium salts as the major colouring principle. Both cis- and trans-
forms may be present.

Assay

Content of bixin powders not less than 75 % total carotenoids calculated as
bixin.

Content of norbixin powders not less than 25 % total carotenoids calculated as
norbixin

Bixin:

E1 cm

1 % 2 870 at ca 502 nm in chloroform

Norbixin:

E1 cm

1 % 2 870 at ca 482 nm in KOH solution

P u r i t y

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methanol

Hexane

9

>>>>=
>>>>;

not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

(ii) Alkali extracted annatto

D e f i n i t i o n

Water soluble annatto is prepared by extraction with aqueous alkali (sodium or
potassium hydroxide) of the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa
orellana L.)

Water soluble annatto contains norbixin, the hydrolysis product of bixin, in the
form of the sodium or potassium salts, as the major colouring principle. Both
cis- and trans- forms may be present.

Assay

Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as norbixin

Norbixin:

E1 cm

1 % 2 870 at ca 482 nm in KOH solution

P u r i t y

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Cadmium

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

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(iii) Oil extracted annatto

D e f i n i t i o n

Annatto extracts in oil, as solution or suspension, are prepared by extraction of
the outer coating of the seeds of the annatto tree (Bixa orellana L.) with edible
vegetable oil. Annatto extract in oil contains several coloured components, the
major single one being bixin, which may be present in both cis- and trans-
forms. Thermal degradation products of bixin may also be present.

Assay

Contains not less than 0,1 % of total carotenoids expressed as bixin

Bixin:

E1 cm

1 % 2 870 at ca 502 nm in chloroform

P u r i t y

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160c PAPRIKA EXTRACT, CAPSANTHIN, CAPSORUBIN

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Einecs

Chemical names

Paprika Oleoresin

Paprika extract is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of paprika,
which consists of the ground fruits pods, with or without seeds, of Capsicum
annuum L., and contains the major colouring principles of this spice. The major
colouring principles are capsanthin and capsorubin. A wide variety of other
coloured compounds is known to be present.

Only the following solvents may be used in the extraction: methanol, ethanol,
acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and carbon dioxide.

Carotenoid

Capsanthin: 207-364-1, capsorubin: 207-425-2
Capsanthin: (3R, 3′S, 5′R)-3,3′-dihydroxy-β,k-carotene-6-one

Capsorubin: (3S, 3′S, 5R, 5R′)-3,3′-dihydroxy-k,k-carotene-6,6′-dione

Chemical formula

Capsanthin: C40H56O3

Molecular weight

Capsanthin: 584,85

Capsorubin: C40H56O4

Capsorubin: 600,85

Assay

Paprika extract: content not less than 7,0 % carotenoids

Capsanthin/capsorubin: not less than 30 % of total carotenoids

E1 cm

1 % 2 100 at ca 462 nm in acetone

Dark-red viscous liquid

Description

Identification

A. Spectrometry

Maximum in acetone at ca 462 nm

B. Colour reaction

A deep blue colour is produced by adding one drop of sulfuric acid to one drop
of sample in 2-3 drops of chloroform

Purity

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

Methanol

Ethanol

Acetone

Hexane

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

9

>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

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Capsaicin

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 250 mg/kg

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160d LYCOPENE

Synonyms

Definition

Natural Yellow 27

Lycopene is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of red tomatoes
(Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with subsequent removal of the solvent. Only the
following solvents may be used: dichloromethane, carbon dioxide, ethyl
acetate, acetone, propan-2-ol, methanol, ethanol, hexane. The major colouring
principle of tomatoes is lycopene, minor amounts of other carotenoid pigments
may be present. Beside the other colour pigments the product may contain oils,
fats, waxes, and flavour components naturally occurring in tomatoes.

Class

Colour Index No

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Carotenoid

75125

Lycopene, ψ,ψ-carotene

C40H56

536,85

Assay

Content not less than 5 % total colouring matters

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 3 450 at ca 472 nm in hexane

Dark red viscous liquid

Spectrometry

Maximum in hexane at ca 472 nm

Purity

Solvent residues

Ethyl acetate

Methanol

Ethanol

Acetone

Hexane

Propan-2-ol

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160e BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENAL (C30)

Synonyms

CI Food Orange 6

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

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Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

trans isomer of β-apo-8′-
These specifications apply to predominantly all
carotenal
together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and
stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenal meeting these specifi­
cations and include solutions or suspensions of ß-apo-8′carotenal
in edible
fats or oils, emulsions and water dispersible powders. These preparations may
have different cis/trans isomer ratios.

Carotinoid

40820

214-171-6

β-apo-8′-carotenal, Trans-β-apo-8′carotene-aldehyde

C30H40O

416,65

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 2 640 at ca 460-462 nm in cyclohexane

Dark violet crystals with metallic lustre or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at 460-462 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenal:

not more than 3,0 % of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 160f ETHYL ESTER OF BETA-APO-8′-CAROTENOIC ACID (C30)

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

CI Food Orange 7, β-apo-8′-carotenoic ester

These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomer of β-apo-8′-caro­
tenoic acid ethyl ester together with minor amounts of other carotenoids.
Diluted and stabilized forms are prepared from β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl
ester meeting these specifications and include solutions or suspensions of β-apo-
8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester in edible fats or oils, emulsions and water
dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans isomer
ratios.

Carotenoid

40825

214-173-7

β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester, ethyl 8′-apo-β-caroten-8′-oate

C32H44O2

460,70

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 2 550 at ca 449 nm in cyclohexane

Red to violet-red crystals or crystalline powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in cyclohexane at ca 449 nm

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Purity

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than β-apo-8′-carotenoic acid ethyl ester: not more than 3,0 %
of total colouring matters

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 161b LUTEIN

Synonyms

Definition

Mixed Carotenoids, Xanthophylls

Lutein is obtained by solvent extraction of the natural strains of edible fruits and
plants, grass,
lucerne (alfalfa) and tagetes erecta. The main colouring principle
consists of carotenoids of which lutein and its fatty acid esters account for
the major part. Variable amounts of carotenes will also be present. Lutein
may contain fats, oils and waxes naturally occurring in the plant material.

Only the following solvents may be used for the extraction: methanol, ethanol,
propan-2-ol, hexane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dichloromethane and carbon
dioxide

Class

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Carotenoid

204-840-0

3,3′-dihydroxy-d-carotene

C40H56O2

568,88

Assay

Content of total colouring matter not less than 4 % calculated as lutein

1 % 2 550 at ca 445 nm in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) or in hexane/

E1 cm
ethanol/acetone (80 + 10 + 10)

Dark, yellowish brown liquid

Description

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform/ethanol (10 + 90) at ca 445 nm

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

Purity

Solvent residues

Acetone

Methyl ethyl ketone

Methanol

Ethanol

Propan-2-ol

Hexane

Dichloromethane: not more than 10 mg/kg

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

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L 6/55

E 161g CANTHAXANTHIN

Synonyms

Definition

CI Food Orange 8

These specifications apply to predominantly all trans isomers of canthaxanthin
together with minor amounts of other carotenoids. Diluted and stabilized forms
are prepared from canthaxanthin meeting these specifications and include
solutions or suspensions of canthaxanthin in edible fats or oils, emulsions and
water dispersible powders. These preparations may have different cis/trans
isomer ratios.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Carotinoid

40850

208-187-2

β-Carotene-4,4′-dione, canthaxanthin, 4,4′-dioxo-β-carotene

C40H52O2

564,86

Assay

Not less than 96 % of total colouring matters (expressed as canthaxanthin)

E1 cm

1 % 2 200

at ca 485 nm in chloroform

at 468-472 nm in cyclohexane

at 464-467 nm in petroleum ether

Deep violet crystals or crystalline powder

Description

Identification

Spectrometry

Maximum in chloroform at ca 485 nm

Maximum in cyclohexane at 468-472 nm

Maximum in petroleum ether at 464-467 nm

Purity

Sulfated ash

Not more than 0,1 %

Subsidiary colouring matters

Carotenoids other than canthaxanthin: not more than 5,0 % of total colouring
matters

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 162 BEETROOT RED, BETANIN

Synonyms

Definition

Beet Red

Beet red is obtained from the roots of natural strains of red beets (Beta vulgaris L.
var. rubra) by pressing crushed beet as press juice or by aqueous extraction of
shredded beet roots and subsequent enrichment in the active principle. The
colour is composed of different pigments all belonging to the class betalaine.
The main colouring principle consists of betacyanins (red) of which betanin
accounts for 75-95 %. Minor amounts of betaxanthin (yellow) and degradation
products of betalaines (light brown) may be present.

Besides the colour pigments the juice or extract consists of sugars, salts, and/or
proteins naturally occurring in red beets. The solution may be concentrated and
some products may be refined in order to remove most of the sugars, salts and
proteins.

Class

Betalaine

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Einecs

231-628-5

Chemical names

(S-(R′,R′)-4-(2-(2-Carboxy-5(β-D-glucopyranosyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-6-hydroxy-1H-
indol-1-yl)ethenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2,6-pyridine-dicarboxylic acid; 1-(2-(2,6-
dicarboxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-pyridylidene)ethylidene)-5-β-D-glucopyrano­
syloxy)-6-hydroxyindolium-2-carboxylate

Chemical formula

Betanin: C24H26N2O13

Molecular weight

550,48

Assay

Content of red colour (expressed as betanine) is not less than 0,4 %

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 1 120 at ca 535 nm in aqueous solution at pH 5

Red or dark red liquid, paste, powder or solid

Spectrometry

Maximum in water of pH 5 at ca 535 nm

Purity

Nitrate

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 2 g nitrate anion/g of red colour (as calculated from assay).

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 163 ANTHOCYANINS

Definition

Class

Einecs

Anthocyanins are obtained by extraction with sulphited water, acidified water,
carbon dioxide, methanol or ethanol from the natural strains of vegetables and
edible fruits. Anthocyanins contain common components of the source material,
namely anthocyanine, organic acids, tannins, sugars, minerals etc., but not neces­
sarily in the same proportions as found in the source material.

Anthocyanin

208-438-6 (cyanidin); 205-125-6 (peonidin); 208-437-0 (delphinidin); 211-403-
8 (malvidin); 205-127-7 (pelargonidin)

Chemical names

3,3′,4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-flavylium chloride (cyanidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′-methoxyflavylium chloride (peonidin)

3,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavylium chloride (malvidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(3,4,5,trihydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrylium chloride
(delphinidin)

3,3′4′,5,7-Pentahydroxy-5′-methoxyflavylium chloride (petunidin)

3,5,7-Trihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-benzopyrilium chloride (pelargonidin)

Chemical formula

Cyanidin: C15H11O6Cl

Peonidin: C16H13O6Cl

Malvidin: C17H15O7Cl

Delphinidin: C15H11O7Cl

Petunidin: C16H13O7Cl

Pelargonidin: C15H11O5Cl

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Molecular weight

Cyanidin: 322,6

Peonidin: 336,7

Malvidin: 366,7

Delphinidin: 340,6

Petunidin: 352,7

Pelargonidin: 306,7

Assay

Description

Identification

E1 cm

1 % 300 for the pure pigment at 515-535 nm at pH 3,0

Purplish-red liquid, powder or paste, having a slight characteristic odour

Spectrometry

Maximum in methanol with 0,01 % conc. HCl

Cyanidin: 535 nm

Peonidin: 532 nm

Malvidin: 542 nm

Delphinidin: 546 nm

Petunidin: 543 nm

Pelargonidin: 530 nm

Methanol

Ethanol

Purity

Solvent residues

Sulfur dioxide

Not more than 1 000 mg/kg per percent pigment

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

9
=

;

Not more than
50 mg/kg, singly
or in combination

E 170 CALCIUM CARBONATE

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

CI Pigment White 18, Chalk

Calcium carbonate is the product obtained from ground limestone or by the
precipitation of calcium ions with carbonate ions.

Inorganic

77220

Calcium carbonate: 207-439-9

Limestone: 215-279-6

Chemical names

Calcium carbonate

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

CaCO3

100,1

Assay

Description

Identification

Solubility

Content not less than 98 % on the anhydrous basis

White crystalline or amorphous, odourless and tasteless powder

Practically insoluble in water and in alcohol. Dissolves with effervescence in
diluted acetic acid, in diluted hydrochloric acid and in diluted nitric acid, and
the resulting solutions, after boiling, give positive tests for calcium.

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Purity

Loss on drying

Not more than 2,0 % (200 °C, 4 hours)

Acid-insoluble substances

Not more than 0,2 %

Magnesium and alkali salts

Not more than 1,5 %

Fluoride

Antimony (as Sb)

Copper (as Cu)

Chromium (as Cr)

Zinc (as Zn)

Barium (as Ba)

Arsenic

Lead

Cadmium

E 171 TITANIUM DIOXIDE

Synonyms

Definition

Not more than 50 mg/kg
9

>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>;

Not more than 100 mg/kg, singly or in combination

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

CI Pigment White 6

Titanium dioxide consists essentially of pure anatase and/or rutile titanium
dioxide which may be coated with small amounts of alumina and/or silica to
improve the technological properties of the product.

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Inorganic

77891

236-675-5

Chemical names

Titanium dioxide

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

TiO2

79,88

Assay

Description

Identification

Solubility

Purity

Content not less than 99 % on an alumina and silica-free basis

White to slightly coloured powder

Insoluble in water and organic solvents. Dissolves slowly in hydrofluoric acid
and in hot concentrated sulfuric acid.

Loss on drying

Loss on ignition

Aluminium oxide and/or
silicon dioxide

Matter soluble in 0,5 N HCl

Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, 3 hours)

Not more than 1,0 % on a volatile matter free basis (800 °C)

Total not more than 2,0 %

Not more than 0,5 % on an alumina and silica-free basis and, in addition, for
products containing alumina and/or silica, not more than 1,5 % on the basis of
the product as sold.

Water soluble matter

Not more than 0,5 %

Cadmium

Antimony

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Zink

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 50 mg/kg by total dissolution

Not more than 3 mg/kg by total dissolution

Not more than 10 mg/kg by total dissolution

Not more than 1 mg/kg by total dissolution

Not more than 50 mg/kg by total dissolution

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E 172 IRON OXIDES AND IRON HYDROXIDES

Synonyms

Iron Oxide Yellow:

CI Pigment Yellow 42 and 43

Definition

Iron Oxide Red:

CI Pigment Red 101 and 102

Iron Oxide Black:

CI Pigment Black 11

Iron oxides and iron hydroxides are produced synthetically and consist essen­
tially of anhydrous and/or hydrated iron oxides. The range of hues includes
yellows, reds, browns and blacks. Food quality iron oxides are primarily distin­
guished from technical grades by the comparatively low levels of contamination
by other metals. This is achieved by the selection and control of the source of
the iron and/or by the extent of chemical purification during the manufacturing
process.

Class

Inorganic

Colour Index No

Iron Oxide Yellow:

77492

Iron Oxide Red:

Iron Oxide Black:

77491

77499

Einecs

Iron Oxide Yellow:

257-098-5

Iron Oxide Red:

215-168-2

Iron Oxide Black:

235-442-5

Chemical names

Iron Oxide Yellow:

hydrated ferric oxide, hydrated iron (III) oxide

Iron Oxide Red:

anhydrous ferric oxide, anhydrous iron (III) oxide

Iron Oxide Black:

ferroso ferric oxide, iron (II, III) oxide

Chemical formula

Iron Oxide Yellow:

FeO(OH)·H2O

Iron Oxide Red:

Iron Oxide Black:

88,85:

159,70:

231,55:

Fe2O3
FeO·Fe2O3

FeO(OH)

Fe2O3
FeO·Fe2O3

Yellow not less than 60 %, red and black not less than 68 % total iron, expressed
as iron

Powder; yellow, red, brown or black in hue

Insoluble in water and in organic solvents

Soluble in concentrated mineral acids

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

Solubility

Purity

Water soluble matter

Not more than 1,0 %

Arsenic

Barium

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

Mercury

Nickel

Zinc

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Not more than 5 mg/kg

Not more than 100 mg/kg

Not more than 50 mg/kg

Not more than 20 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 200 mg/kg

Not more than 100 mg/kg

9

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>=
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>;

By total dissolution

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E 173 ALUMINIUM

Synonyms

Definition

CI Pigment Metal, Al

Aluminium powder is composed of finely divided particles of aluminium. The
grinding may or may not be carried out in the presence of edible vegetable oils
and/or food additive quality fatty acids. It is free from admixture with substances
other than edible vegetable oils and/or food additive quality fatty acids.

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Atomic weight

77000

231-072-3

Aluminium

Al

26,98

Assay

Description

Identification

Solubility

Purity

Not less than 99 % calculated as Al on an oil-free basis

A silvery-grey powder or tiny sheets

Insoluble in water and in organic solvents. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.
The resulting solution gives positive tests for aluminium.

Loss on drying

Not more than 0,5 % (105 °C, to constant weight)

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

E 174 SILVER

Synonyms

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Atomic weight

Assay

Description

E 175 GOLD

Synonyms

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Atomic weight

Argentum, Ag

Inorganic

77820

231-131-3

Silver

Ag

107,87

Content not less than 99,5 % Ag

Silver-coloured powder or tiny sheets

Pigment Metal 3, Aurum, Au

Inorganic

77480

231-165-9

Gold

Au

197,0

Assay

Content not less than 90 % Au

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Description

Purity

Silver

Copper

E 180 LITHOLRUBINE BK

Synonyms

Definition

Class

Colour Index No

Einecs

Chemical names

Chemical formula

Molecular weight

Assay

Description

Identification

Gold-coloured powder or tiny sheets

Not more than 7,0 %

Not more than 4,0 %

9
=

;

After complete
dissolution

CI Pigment Red 57, Rubinpigment, Carmine 6B

Lithol Rubine BK consists essentially of calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfo­
natophenylazo)-2-naphthalenecarboxylate
colouring matters
together with water, calcium chloride and/or calcium sulfate as the principal
uncoloured components.

and subsidiary

Monoazo

15850:1

226-109-5

Calcium 3-hydroxy-4-(4-methyl-2-sulfonatophenylazo)-2-naphthalene-
carboxylate

C18H12CaN2O6S

424,45

Content not less than 90 % total colouring matters

E1 cm

1 % 200 at ca 442 nm in dimethylformamide

Red powder

Spectrometry

Maximum in dimethylformamide at ca 442 nm

Purity

Subsidiary colouring matters

Not more than 0,5 %

Organic compounds other than
colouring matters:

2-Amino-5-methylbenzene­
sulfonic acid, calcium salt

3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecar­
boxylic acid, calcium salt

Unsulfonated primary aromatic
amines

Not more than 0,2 %

Not more than 0,4 %

Not more than 0,01 % (expressed as aniline)

Ether extractable matter

From a solution of pH 7, not more than 0,2 %

Arsenic

Lead

Mercury

Cadmium

Not more than 3 mg/kg

Not more than 10 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Not more than 1 mg/kg

Heavy metals (as Pb)

Not more than 40 mg/kg

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ANNEX II

PART A

Repealed Directive with list of its successive amendments

(referred to in Article 2)

Commission Directive 95/45/EC

(OJ L 226, 22.9.1995, p. 1)

Commission Directive 1999/75/EC

(OJ L 206, 5.8.1999, p. 19)

Commission Directive 2001/50/EC

(OJ L 190, 12.7.2001, p. 14)

Commission Directive 2004/47/EC

(OJ L 113, 20.4.2004, p. 24)

Commission Directive 2006/33/EC

(OJ L 82, 21.3.2006, p. 10)

PART B

List of time-limits for transposition into national law

(referred to in Article 2)

Directive

Time-limit for transposition

1 July 1996 (1)

1 July 2000

29 June 2002

1 April 2005 (2)

10 April 2007

95/45/EC

1999/75/EC

2001/50/EC

2004/47/EC

2006/33/EC

(1) According to Article 2(2) of Directive 95/45/EC, products put on the market or labelled before 1 July 1996 which do not comply with

that Directive may, however, be marketed until stocks are exhausted.

(2) According to Article 3 of Directive 2004/47/EC, products on the market or labelled before 1 April 2005 which do not comply with

that Directive may be marketed until stocks are exhausted.

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ANNEX III

Correlation table

Directive 95/45/EC

This Directive

Article 1, first paragraph

Article 1, second paragraph

Article 2

—

Article 3

Article 4

Annex

—

—

Article 1

—

—

Article 2

Article 3

Article 4

Annex I

Annex II

Annex III