Directive 2008/99/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on the protection of the environment through criminal law (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 2008-11-19
Institutions: Council of the European Union, European Parliament
Subjects: criminal law, criminal liability, habitat, penalty, pollution control measures, protected area

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DIRECTIVES

DIRECTIVE 2008/99/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL

of 19 November 2008

on the protection of the environment through criminal law

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL OF THE
EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty
Community, and in particular Article 175(1) thereof,

establishing the European

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission,

Having regard to the opinion of the European Economic and
Social Committee (1),

After consulting the Committee of the Regions,

Acting in accordance with the procedure
Article 251 of the Treaty (2),

laid down in

Whereas:

(1)

(2)

(3)

According to Article 174(2) of the Treaty, Community
policy on the environment must aim at a high level of
protection.

The Community is concerned at the rise in environmen­
tal offences and at their effects, which are increasingly
extending beyond the borders of the States in which the
offences are committed. Such offences pose a threat to
the environment and therefore call for an appropriate
response.

shown that

Experience has
the existing systems of
penalties have not been sufficient to achieve complete
compliance with the laws for the protection of the en-
vironment.
can and should be
strengthened by the availability of criminal penalties,
which demonstrate a social disapproval of a qualitatively
different nature compared to administrative penalties or a
compensation mechanism under civil law.

Such compliance

(1) OJ C 10, 15.1.2008, p. 47.
(2) Opinion of the European Parliament of 21 May 2008 (not yet
and Council Decision of

Journal)

published in the Official
24 October 2008.

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Common rules on criminal offences make it possible to
investigation and assistance
use effective methods of
within and between Member States.

In order to achieve effective protection of the environ­
ment,
there is a particular need for more dissuasive
penalties for environmentally harmful activities, which
typically cause or are likely to cause substantial damage
to soil, water,
to the air,
animals or plants,
including to the conservation of
species.

including the stratosphere,

Failure to comply with a legal duty to act can have the
same effect as active behaviour and should therefore also
be subject to corresponding penalties.

Therefore, such conduct should be considered a criminal
the Community when committed
offence throughout
intentionally or with serious negligence.

The legislation listed in the Annexes to this Directive
contains provisions which should be subject to criminal
law measures in order to ensure that the rules on envi­
ronmental protection are fully effective.

The obligations under this Directive only relate to the
provisions of the legislation listed in the Annexes to
this Directive which entail an obligation for Member
States, when implementing that legislation, to provide
for prohibitive measures.

(10)

This Directive obliges Member States to provide for
criminal penalties in their national legislation in respect
of serious infringements of provisions of Community law
on the protection of
the environment. This Directive
creates no obligations regarding the application of such
penalties, or any other available system of law enforce­
ment, in individual cases.

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(11)

This Directive is without prejudice to other systems of
liability for environmental damage under Community
law or national law.

(ii) with regard to activities covered by the Euratom Treaty,
the legislation adopted pursuant to the Euratom Treaty
and listed in Annex B; or

(12) As this Directive provides for minimum rules, Member
States are free to adopt or maintain more stringent
measures regarding the effective criminal law protection
of the environment. Such measures must be compatible
with the Treaty.

(iii) a law, an administrative regulation of a Member State
or a decision taken by a competent authority of a
Member State that gives effect to the Community legis­
lation referred to in (i) or (ii);

(13) Member States

should provide

Commission on the implementation of
in order to enable it
Directive.

to evaluate the effect of

information to the
this Directive,
this

(14)

the scale and effects of

Since the objective of this Directive, namely to ensure a
more effective protection of the environment, cannot be
sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can
therefore, by reason of
this
Directive, be better achieved at Community level, the
in accordance with
Community may adopt measures,
the principle of subsidiarity as set out in Article 5 of
the Treaty. In accordance with the principle of propor­
tionality, as set out in that Article, this Directive does not
go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve that
objective.

(15) Whenever

subsequent

legislation on environmental
matters is adopted, it should specify where appropriate
that this Directive will apply. Where necessary, Article 3
should be amended.

(16)

This Directive respects
rights and
observes the principles as recognised in particular by
the Charter of Fundamental Rights of
the European
Union,

the fundamental

HAVE ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 1

Subject matter

This Directive establishes measures relating to criminal law in
order to protect the environment more effectively.

Article 2

Definitions

For the purpose of this Directive:

(a)

‘unlawful’ means infringing:

(b) ‘protected wild fauna and flora species’ are:

(i) for the purposes of Article 3(f), those listed in:

— Annex IV to Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May
1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of
wild fauna and flora (1),

— Annex I

to, and referred to in Article 4(2) of,
Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on
the conservation of wild birds (2);

(ii) for the purposes of Article 3(g), those listed in Annex A
or B to Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of
9 December 1996 on the protection of species of
wild fauna and flora by regulating trade therein (3);

(c)

‘habitat within a protected site’ means any habitat of species
for which an area is classified as a special protection area
pursuant to Article 4(1) or (2) of Directive 79/409/EEC, or
any natural habitat or a habitat of species for which a site is
designated as a special area of conservation pursuant to
Article 4(4) of Directive 92/43/EEC;

(d) ‘legal person’ means any legal entity having such status
under the applicable national
for States or
public bodies exercising State authority and for public inter­
national organisations.

law, except

Article 3

Offences

following conduct
Member States
constitutes a criminal offence, when unlawful and committed
intentionally or with at least serious negligence:

ensure

shall

that

the

(a)

the discharge, emission or introduction of a quantity of
materials or
ionising radiation into air, soil or water,
which causes or is likely to cause death or serious injury
to any person or substantial damage to the quality of air,
the quality of soil or the quality of water, or to animals or
plants;

(i) the legislation adopted pursuant to the EC Treaty and

listed in Annex A; or

(1) OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7.
(2) OJ L 103, 25.4.1979, p. 1.
(3) OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1.

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(b) the collection,

transport, recovery or disposal of waste,
including the supervision of such operations and the after-
care of disposal sites, and including action taken as a dealer
or a broker (waste management), which causes or is likely
to cause death or serious injury to any person or substantial
damage to the quality of air, the quality of soil or the
quality of water, or to animals or plants;

Article 4

Inciting, aiding and abetting

Member States shall ensure that inciting, aiding and abetting the
intentional conduct referred to in Article 3 is punishable as a
criminal offence.

(c)

the shipment of waste, where this activity falls within the
scope of Article 2(35) of Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of
the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June
2006 on shipments of waste (1) and is undertaken in a
non-negligible quantity, whether
executed in a single
shipment or in several shipments which appear to be linked;

Article 5

Penalties

Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that
the offences referred to in Articles 3 and 4 are punishable by
effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties.

(d) the operation of a plant in which a dangerous activity is
carried out or
substances or
in which dangerous
preparations are stored or used and which, outside the
plant, causes or is likely to cause death or serious injury
to any person or substantial damage to the quality of air,
the quality of soil or the quality of water, or to animals or
plants;

Article 6

Liability of legal persons

1. Member States shall ensure that legal persons can be held
liable for offences referred to in Articles 3 and 4 where such
offences have been committed for their benefit by any person
who has a leading position within the legal person, acting either
individually or as part of an organ of the legal person, based on:

(e)

(f)

the production, processing, handling, use, holding, storage,
transport, import, export or disposal of nuclear materials or
other hazardous radioactive substances which causes or is
likely to cause death or serious injury to any person or
substantial damage to the quality of air, the quality of soil
or the quality of water, or to animals or plants;

the killing, destruction, possession or taking of specimens of
protected wild fauna or flora species, except for cases where
such
the
specimens and has a negligible impact on the conservation
status of the species;

a negligible quantity of

concerns

conduct

(g) trading in specimens of protected wild fauna or flora species
or parts or derivatives thereof, except for cases where the
conduct concerns a negligible quantity of such specimens
and has a negligible impact on the conservation status of
the species;

(h) any conduct which causes the significant deterioration of a

habitat within a protected site;

(a) a power of representation of the legal person;

(b) an authority to take decisions on behalf of the legal person;

or

(c) an authority to exercise control within the legal person.

2. Member States shall also ensure that legal persons can be
held liable where the lack of supervision or control, by a person
referred to in paragraph 1, has made possible the commission
of an offence referred to in Articles 3 and 4 for the benefit of
the legal person by a person under its authority.

3.
Liability of legal persons under paragraphs 1 and 2 shall
not exclude criminal proceedings against natural persons who
are perpetrators, inciters or accessories in the offences referred
to in Articles 3 and 4.

(i)

the production,
market or use of ozone-depleting substances.

importation, exportation, placing on the

(1) OJ L 190, 12.7.2006, p. 1.

Article 7

Penalties for legal persons

Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that
legal persons held liable pursuant to Article 6 are punishable by
effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties.

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Article 8

Transposition

Article 9

Entry into force

1. Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations
and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this
Directive before 26 December 2010.

This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following
its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

When Member States adopt these measures, they shall contain a
reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a
reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member
States shall determine how such reference is to be made.

Article 10

Addressees

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

Done at Strasbourg, 19 November 2008.

2. Member States shall communicate to the Commission the
text of the main provisions of national law which they adopt in
the field covered by this Directive and a table indicating the
correlation between those provisions and this Directive.

For the European Parliament
The President

H.-G. PÖTTERING

For the Council
The President

J.-P. JOUYET

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ANNEX A

List of Community legislation adopted pursuant to the EC Treaty, the infringement of which constitutes
unlawful conduct pursuant to Article 2(a)(i) of this Directive

— Council Directive 70/220/EEC of 20 March 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States on

measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles (1),

— Council Directive 72/306/EEC of 2 August 1972 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to

the measures to be taken against the emission of pollutants from diesel engines for use in vehicles (2),

— Council Directive 75/439/EEC of 16 June 1975 on the disposal of waste oils (3),

— Council Directive 76/160/EEC of 8 December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing water (4),

— Council Directive 76/769/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative
provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and
preparations (5),

— Council Directive 77/537/EEC of 28 June 1977 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to
the measures to be taken against the emission of pollutants from diesel engines for use in wheeled agricultural or
forestry tractors (6),

— Council Directive 78/176/EEC of 20 February 1978 on waste from the titanium dioxide industry (7),

— Council Directive 79/117/EEC of 21 December 1978 prohibiting the placing on the market and use of plant

protection products containing certain active substances (8),

— Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds (9),

— Council Directive 82/176/EEC of 22 March 1982 on limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges by the

chlor-alkali electrolysis industry (10),

— Council Directive 83/513/EEC of 26 September 1983 on limit values and quality objectives for cadmium

discharges (11),

— Council Directive 84/156/EEC of 8 March 1984 on limit values and quality objectives for mercury discharges by

sectors other than the chlor-alkali electrolysis industry (12),

— Council Directive 84/360/EEC of 28 June 1984 on the combating of air pollution from industrial plants (13),

— Council Directive 84/491/EEC of 9 October 1984 on limit values and quality objectives for discharges of hexachlor­

ocyclohexane (14),

(1) OJ L 76, 6.4.1970, p. 1.
(2) OJ L 190, 20.8.1972, p. 1.
(3) OJ L 194, 25.7.1975, p. 23.
(4) OJ L 31, 5.2.1976, p. 1.
(5) OJ L 262, 27.9.1976, p. 201.
(6) OJ L 220, 29.8.1977, p. 38.
(7) OJ L 54, 25.2.1978, p. 19.
(8) OJ L 33, 8.2.1979, p. 36.
(9) OJ L 103, 25.4.1979, p. 1.
(10) OJ L 81, 27.3.1982, p. 29.
(11) OJ L 291, 24.10.1983, p. 1.
(12) OJ L 74, 17.3.1984, p. 49.
(13) OJ L 188, 16.7.1984, p. 20.
(14) OJ L 274, 17.10.1984, p. 11.

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— Council Directive 85/203/EEC of 7 March 1985 on air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide (1),

— Council Directive 86/278/EEC of 12 June 1986 on the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil,

when sewage sludge is used in agriculture (2),

— Council Directive 86/280/EEC of 12 June 1986 on limit values and quality objectives for discharges of certain

dangerous substances included in List I of the Annex to Directive 76/464/EEC (3),

— Council Directive 87/217/EEC of 19 March 1987 on the prevention and reduction of environmental pollution by

asbestos (4),

— Council Directive 90/219/EEC of 23 April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified micro-organisms (5),

— Council Directive 91/271/EEC of 21 May 1991 concerning urban waste-water treatment (6),

— Council Directive 91/414/EEC of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market (7),

— Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by

nitrates from agricultural sources (8),

— Council Directive 91/689/EEC of 12 December 1991 on hazardous waste (9),

— Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora (10),

— Council Directive 92/112/EEC of 15 December 1992 on procedures for harmonising the programmes for the

reduction and eventual elimination of pollution caused by waste from the titanium dioxide industry (11),

— Directive 94/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 June 1994 on the approximation of the
laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to recreational craft: the provisions
amended by Directive 2003/44/EC (12),

— European Parliament and Council Directive 94/62/EC of 20 December 1994 on packaging and packaging waste (13),

— European Parliament and Council Directive 94/63/EC of 20 December 1994 on the control of volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service
stations (14),

— Council Directive 96/49/EC of 23 July 1996 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States with regard to

the transport of dangerous goods by rail (15),

(1) OJ L 87, 27.3.1985, p. 1.
(2) OJ L 181, 4.7.1986, p. 6.
(3) OJ L 181, 4.7.1986, p. 16.
(4) OJ L 85, 28.3.1987, p. 40.
(5) OJ L 117, 8.5.1990, p. 1.
(6) OJ L 135, 30.5.1991, p. 40.
(7) OJ L 230, 19.8.1991, p. 1.
(8) OJ L 375, 31.12.1991, p. 1.
(9) OJ L 377, 31.12.1991, p. 20.
(10) OJ L 206, 22.7.1992, p. 7.
(11) OJ L 409, 31.12.1992, p. 11.
(12) OJ L 214, 26.8.2003, p. 18.
(13) OJ L 365, 31.12.1994, p. 10.
(14) OJ L 365, 31.12.1994, p. 24.
(15) OJ L 235, 17.9.1996, p. 25.

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— Council Directive 96/59/EC of 16 September 1996 on the disposal of polychlorinated biphenyls and polychlorinated

terphenyls (PCB/PCT) (1),

— Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management (2),

— Council Directive 96/82/EC of 9 December 1996 on the control of major-accident hazards involving dangerous

substances (3),

— Directive 97/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1997 on the approximation of
the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from
internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery (4),

— Council Regulation (EC) No 338/97 of 9 December 1996 on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora by

regulating trade therein (5),

— Directive 98/8/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 February 1998 concerning the placing of

biocidal products on the market (6),

— Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of

petrol and diesel fuels (7),

— Council Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human consumption (8),

— Council Directive 1999/13/EC of 11 March 1999 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due

to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations (9),

— Council Directive 1999/30/EC of 22 April 1999 relating to limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and

oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air (10),

— Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste (11),

— Council Directive 1999/32/EC of 26 April 1999 relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid

fuels (12),

— Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end of

life

vehicles (13),

— Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework

for Community action in the field of water policy (14),

— Directive 2000/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 November 2000 relating to limit values

for benzene and carbon monoxide in ambient air (15),

(1) OJ L 243, 24.9.1996, p. 31.
(2) OJ L 296, 21.11.1996, p. 55.
(3) OJ L 10, 14.1.1997, p. 13.
(4) OJ L 59, 27.2.1998, p. 1.
(5) OJ L 61, 3.3.1997, p. 1.
(6) OJ L 123, 24.4.1998, p. 1.
(7) OJ L 350, 28.12.1998, p. 58.
(8) OJ L 330, 5.12.1998, p. 32.
(9) OJ L 85, 29.3.1999, p. 1.
(10) OJ L 163, 29.6.1999, p. 41.
(11) OJ L 182, 16.7.1999, p. 1.
(12) OJ L 121, 11.5.1999, p. 13.
(13) OJ L 269, 21.10.2000, p. 34.
(14) OJ L 327, 22.12.2000, p. 1.
(15) OJ L 313, 13.12.2000, p. 12.

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— Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of

waste (1),

— Regulation (EC) No 2037/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 June 2000 on substances that

deplete the ozone layer (2),

— Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into

the environment of genetically modified organisms (3),

— Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of

emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants (4),

— Directive 2002/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 2002 relating to ozone in

ambient air (5),

— Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use

of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment (6),

— Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 January 2003 on waste electrical and

electronic equipment (WEEE) (7),

— Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic,

cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air (8),

— Regulation (EC) No 648/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on detergents (9),

— Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on persistent organic

pollutants (10),

— Directive 2005/55/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 September 2005 on the approximation of
the laws of the Member States relating to the measures to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate
pollutants from compression-ignition engines for use in vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from
positive-ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied petroleum gas for use in vehicles (11),

— Commission Directive 2005/78/EC of 14 November 2005 implementing Directive 2005/55/EC of the European
Parliament and of the Council on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the measures to
be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from compression-ignition engines for use in
vehicles, and the emission of gaseous pollutants from positive ignition engines fuelled with natural gas or liquefied
petroleum gas for use in vehicles and amending Annexes I, II, III, IV and VI thereto (12),

— Directive 2006/7/EC of

the European Parliament and of

the Council of 15 February 2006 concerning the

management of bathing water quality (13),

— Directive 2006/11/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 February 2006 on pollution caused by

certain dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment of the Community (14),

— Directive 2006/12/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on waste (15),

(1) OJ L 332, 28.12.2000, p. 91.
(2) OJ L 244, 29.9.2000, p. 1.
(3) OJ L 106, 17.4.2001, p. 1.
(4) OJ L 309, 27.11.2001, p. 1.
(5) OJ L 67, 9.3.2002, p. 14.
(6) OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 19.
(7) OJ L 37, 13.2.2003, p. 24.
(8) OJ L 23, 26.1.2005, p. 3.
(9) OJ L 104, 8.4.2004, p. 1.
(10) OJ L 158, 30.4.2004, p. 7.
(11) OJ L 275, 20.10.2005, p. 1.
(12) OJ L 313, 29.11.2005, p. 1.
(13) OJ L 64, 4.3.2006, p. 37.
(14) OJ L 64, 4.3.2006, p. 52.
(15) OJ L 114, 27.4.2006, p. 9.

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— Directive 2006/21/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 on the management of waste

from extractive industries (1),

— Directive 2006/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 relating to emissions from air

conditioning systems in motor vehicles (2),

— Directive 2006/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on the quality of fresh

waters needing protection or improvement in order to support fish life (3),

— Directive 2006/66/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 September 2006 on batteries and

accumulators and waste batteries and accumulators (4),

— Directive 2006/118/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the protection of

groundwater against pollution and deterioration (5),

— Regulation (EC) No 842/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on certain fluorinated

greenhouse gases (6),

— Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 on shipments of

waste (7),

— Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of
motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on
access to vehicle repair and maintenance information (8),

— Commission Regulation (EC) No 1418/2007 of 29 November 2007 concerning the export for recovery of certain
waste listed in Annex III or IIIA to Regulation (EC) No 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council to
certain countries to which the OECD Decision on the control of transboundary movements of wastes does not
apply (9),

— Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated

pollution prevention and control (10).

(1) OJ L 102, 11.4.2006, p. 15.
(2) OJ L 161, 14.6.2006, p. 12.
(3) OJ L 264, 25.9.2006, p. 20.
(4) OJ L 266, 26.9.2006, p. 1.
(5) OJ L 372, 27.12.2006, p. 19.
(6) OJ L 161, 14.6.2006, p. 1.
(7) OJ L 190, 12.7.2006, p. 1.
(8) OJ L 171, 29.6.2007, p. 1.
(9) OJ L 316, 4.12.2007, p. 6.
(10) OJ L 24, 29.1.2008, p. 8.

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ANNEX B

List of Community Legislation adopted pursuant to the Euratom Treaty, the infringement of which constitutes
unlawful conduct pursuant to Article 2(a)(ii) of this Directive

— Council Directive 96/29/Euratom of 13 May 1996 laying down basic safety standards for the protection of the health

of workers and the general public against the dangers arising from ionising radiation (1);

— Council Directive 2003/122/Euratom of 22 December 2003 on the control of high-activity sealed radioactive sources

and orphan sources (2);

— Council Directive 2006/117/Euratom of 20 November 2006 on the supervision and control of shipments of radio­

active waste and spent fuel (3).

(1) OJ L 159, 29.6.1996, p. 1.
(2) OJ L 346, 31.12.2003, p. 57.
(3) OJ L 337, 5.12.2006, p. 21.