Commission staff working document accompanying the communication from the Commission to the european parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Second Strategic Energy Review : an EU energy security and solidarity action plan - The Market for Solid Fuels in the EU in 2004-2006 and Trends in 2007 {COM(2008) 781 final} {SEC(2008) 2871} {SEC(2008) 2872}
Date: 2008-11-13
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: EU action, air quality, coal, energy policy, energy supply, environmental protection, greenhouse gas, security of supply

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 13.11.2008 
SEC(2008) 2870 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

accompanying the 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN 
PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL 
COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS 

Second Strategic Energy Review 

AN EU ENERGY SECURITY AND SOLIDARITY ACTION PLAN 

The Market for Solid Fuels in the EU in 2004-2006 and Trends in 2007 

{COM(2008) 781 final} 
{SEC(2008) 2871} 
{SEC(2008) 2872} 

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FOREWORD 

Article 7 paragraph (c) of the Council Regulation (EC) No 405/2003 of 27 February 2003 concerning 
Community monitoring of imports of hard coal originating in third countries, requires the Commission 
to publish regularly a report on the  market for solid fuels in the Community together with a  market 
outlook. 

This report highlights the most relevant developments on the international and European coal markets 
during the years 2004, 2005 and 2006 and gives, as appropriate, trends and estimates for 2007. 

Following  the  enlargement  of  the  EU  on  1st  January  2007,  data  has  been  included  for  the  two  new 
Member States for the preceding two years (2005 and 2006). Figures in this report refer to EU-25 for 
2004 and to EU-27 for 2005 and 2006 unless otherwise stated. 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 2 

1. 

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 6 

1.1.  World Supply and Demand.......................................................................................... 6 

1.2.  World Prices................................................................................................................. 7 

1.3. 

European Overview...................................................................................................... 7 

2. 

2.1. 

2.2. 

2.3. 

2.4. 

2.5. 

2.6. 

2.7. 

2.8. 

2.9. 

3. 

3.1. 

3.2. 

4. 

Coal - General Considerations ..................................................................................... 7 

Reserves ....................................................................................................................... 7 

Demand Drivers ......................................................................................................... 10 

Coal and Gas Prices ................................................................................................... 10 

Emissions Trading...................................................................................................... 11 

Exchange rates ........................................................................................................... 11 

New Pricing Methodologies for Steam Coal ............................................................. 12 

Infrastructure .............................................................................................................. 13 

Market Concentration................................................................................................. 14 

Steel Industry Developments ..................................................................................... 14 

Hard Coal – Production and Consumption in the EU ................................................ 16 

Hard Coal Production................................................................................................. 16 

Hard Coal Consumption............................................................................................. 17 

Coke – Production and Consumption in the EU ........................................................ 18 

4.1. 

Coke Production......................................................................................................... 18 

5. 

5.1. 

5.2. 

5.3. 

5.4. 

5.5. 

5.6. 

5.7. 

5.8. 

Hard Coal and Coke - International Market............................................................... 18 

Major Hard Coal Producers ....................................................................................... 18 

Hard Coal Trade......................................................................................................... 20 

Steam Coal Trade....................................................................................................... 22 

Coking Coal Trade ..................................................................................................... 23 

Coke Trade ................................................................................................................. 23 

Imports to the EU ....................................................................................................... 23 

Steam Coal Prices ...................................................................................................... 26 

Coking Coal Prices..................................................................................................... 28 

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5.9. 

Coke Prices................................................................................................................. 30 

5.10. 

Freight Considerations ............................................................................................... 30 

6. 

Lignite and Peat – Production and Consumption in the EU ...................................... 31 

6.1.  World Context............................................................................................................ 31 

6.2. 

6.3. 

6.4. 

6.5. 

6.6. 

7. 

7.1. 

7.2. 

8. 

Lignite Production...................................................................................................... 32 

Lignite Prices ............................................................................................................. 33 

Lignite Consumption.................................................................................................. 33 

Peat Production .......................................................................................................... 34 

Oil Shale..................................................................................................................... 34 

State Aid to the Indigenous Hard Coal Industry in the EU........................................ 34 

Framework for Coal State Aid ................................................................................... 34 

Amounts of Coal State Aid Granted/Authorised ....................................................... 35 

Conclusions ................................................................................................................ 37 

Tables and Figures 

Figure 1 - World Energy Consumption...................................................................................... 6 

Figure 2 - World Reserves of Coal............................................................................................. 8 

Table 1-European Coal Reserves (Mt)....................................................................................... 9 

Figure 3-Coal and Gas Prices to UK Power Producers............................................................ 11 

Figure 5-Annual Exchange Rates for Key Currencies (Annual Basis April to March) 

Figure 6-Historic Spot and Forward Swap Prices.................................................................... 13 

Figure 7 - Chinese Coal Flow .................................................................................................. 14 

Figure 8–Growth in World Crude Steel Production................................................................. 15 

Figure 9 - Crude Steel Production 2005 (Mt) .......................................................................... 15 

Figure 10 - EU Hard Coal Production Trends.......................................................................... 16 

Figure 11 – EU Consumption Trends for Hard Coal (Mt) ....................................................... 17 

Figure 12 – EU Coke Production Trends ................................................................................. 18 

Table 2 – Major World Hard Coal Producers (Mt).................................................................. 19 

Figure 13 – Hard Coal Seaborne Trade 2005........................................................................... 21 

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Figure 14 - World Seaborne Hard Coal Trade ......................................................................... 22 

Figure 15 – EU Hard Coal Import Breakdown ........................................................................ 24 

Figure 16 – EU Hard Coal Import Volumes by Member State (Mt) ....................................... 25 

Figure 17 – North West Europe Steam Coal Prices ................................................................. 26 

Figure 18 – Price of Steam Coal Imported From 3rd Countries ............................................... 27 

Table 3 - Price Trends in Coking Coal (US $/Tonne FOB Australia) ..................................... 28 

Figure 20 – Price of Coking Coal Imported From 3rd Countries ............................................. 29 

Figure 21 - Spot Chinese Coke Prices...................................................................................... 30 

Figure 22 - Spot Sea Freight Rates........................................................................................... 31 

Table 4 – Major World Lignite Producers (Mt)....................................................................... 32 

Figure 23 – EU Lignite Production Trends.............................................................................. 33 

Table 5 - Types of Coal State Aid and Conditions .................................................................. 35 

Table 6 - State Aid 2003-2007 - amounts actually granted by Member States (only for the 

main coal aid granters in the EU-27) or authorised by the Commission for the 
relevant year ............................................................................................................... 37 

ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................... 40 

Supplies and Deliveries in the EU of Hard Coal, Coke and Lignite in 2004/06...................... 40 

This  report  has  been  produced  using  data  provided  by  the  Member  States  and  observations 
from  market  participants  up  to  August  2007.  Where  data  has  not  been  available,  clearly 
indicated  estimations  have  been  made  by  the  Commission  services.  Note  that  the  data  may 
differ from that of Eurostat. 

Graphs and tables used in this report have been produced by the Commission services on the 
basis  of  data  provided  by  the  Member  States  unless  a  different  source  is  identified  under 
individual graph or table. 

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1. 

INTRODUCTION 

1.1.  World Supply and Demand 

From  2004  to  2006  total  world  coal  production  increased  by  16%  to  5,370  million  tonnes 
(Mt).  While  European  coal  producers  slightly  decreased  their  coal  production  in  2004,  the 
“B.R.I.C.” countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) where the main factors in the increase 
in  worldwide  production.  In  2006  production  increased  by  8.8%,  following  an  increase  of 
6.5% in 2005 and 9% in 2004. This remains well above the 10-year average growth trend of 
3.0%. 

Updated  analysis  of  proven  coal  reserves  indicates  that,  at  current  world  production  levels, 
there is close to 150 years of coal available. 

The  following  graph  illustrates  the  long  term  growth  in  coal  demand  compared  to  other 
energy sources. It can be seen that coal is the fastest growing energy source in the world since 
2002.  Indeed,  coal  is  fuelling  the  rapid  development  of  countries  such  as  China  and  coal 
consumption also increased in the United States. 

Figure 1 - World Energy Consumption 

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4500.0

4000.0

3500.0

3000.0

2500.0

2000.0

1500.0

1000.0

500.0

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1965

1967

1969

1971

1973

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

2001

2003

2005

Oil

Coal

Gas

Nuclear

Hydro

Source: BP Statistical Review 2007 

2004  will  be  remembered  as  the  year  when  traditional  purchasing  patterns  on  the  coal  and 
coke  markets  were  really  turned  upside  down.  For  the  sake  of  securing  short  and  medium 
term  supplies,  excessive  quantities  of  coal  and  coke  were  ordered,  giving  rise  to  price 
increases, the saturation of production, freight rate inflation, impressive waiting times at the 
ports  and  the  risk  of  brown  outs  at  generating  plants  or  production  disruption  at  coke 
manufacturing plants.  

In 2005, when the overall situation calmed down, an overstocking situation clearly appeared 
both for steam and coking coal; de-stocking and the postponement of deliveries became the 

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major  concern  for  coal  consuming  industries.  This  de-stocking  policy  applied  not  only  to 
metallurgical coke, but also to coking coal, iron ore and steel products.  

In 2006, total coal demand increased by 7.8%, or 322 million tonnes coal equivalent1 (Mtce), 
following a three year period where annual increases averaged 6.8%.  

Global trade in hard coal also experienced significant growth over the period 2004 to 2006, 
although coking coal trade fell back slightly in 2006, causing overall growth to be lower than 
previous years.  

1.2.  World Prices 

As  a  result  of  the  unexpected  and  profound  changes  in  the  international  coal  market  which 
occurred in 2003, the prices of both steam and coking oil climbed to unprecedented levels in 
2004 (from 35 to 80 $/tonne for steam coal deliveries to North West Europe). 

World prices decreased in 2005 (till close to 50 $/tonne for steam coal). 

However,  world  prices  recovered  in  2006  and went  on  climbing  to  new  highs  reaching  130 
$/tonne for steam coal by end 2007 and going even higher in the first semester of 2008. 

1.3. 

European Overview 

Europe is the third largest region worldwide in terms of coal consumption, after China and the 
USA.  Around  two  thirds  of  consumption  is  derived  from  indigenous  production,  with  164 
million tonnes of hard coal and 454 million tonnes of lignite produced in 2006. 2 

Today coal covers around one sixth of the primary energy demand in the EU-27. About one 
third of power generation in the EU-27 is based on coal.  

The importance of coal is increasingly recognised in terms of security of energy supplies, and 
as an important part of a balanced European energy mix in the coming decades provided that 
the  issue  of  carbon  emissions  can  be  addressed  by  further  technology  developments  in  line 
with the climate change priorities. 

2. 

COAL - GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 

2.1. 

Reserves 

Europe possesses substantial reserves of coal and lignite There are a number of different ways 
of assessing these deposits, but whichever way the assessment is carried out, the figures are 
substantial.  The  German  Federal  Institute  for  Geosciences  and  Natural  Resources  (BGR) 
gives  reserves3  of  19  Bt  and  resources4  of  479  Bt  hard  coal  and  reserves  of  75  Bt  and 

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2 
3 

4 

IEA definition of 1 million tonne coal equivalent equals 0.7 tonnes oil equivalent, or 7 million kilocalories 
Except otherwise provided, the data used in this report are data transmitted by Member States under Council regulation (EC)405/2003 
According to BGR (Federal Agency for Geoscience and mineral resources) reserves are defined  as  the  quantity  that  can  be  recovered  economically 
from a mineral deposit at current prices with current technology 

According to BGR resources are defined as demonstrated quantities that cannot be recovered at current prices with current technology but might be recoverable 

in the future, as well as quantities that are geologically possible but have not been demonstrated.  

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resources  of  95  Bt  of  brown  coal  and  lignite  in  Europe.  The  following  maps  illustrate  the 
world distribution of reserves of hard coal and lignite including brown coal. 

Figure 2 - World Reserves of Coal 

Source: BGR Reserves, Resources and Availability of Energy Resources, 2007 

The  World  Energy  Council  published  its  triennial  survey  of  energy  resources  in  September 
2007. The following table gives their assessment of significant reserves in European states at 
the  end  of  20055.  This  includes  some  significant  re-assessments  in  Europe,  with  parts  of 
reserves/resources  being  reduced  or  removed  based  on  updated  perceptions  of  what  is 
economically recoverable. 

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As  reported  by  sources  such  as  WEC  and  BGR  the  coal  proved  reserves  for  EU  are  diversely  estimated  due  to  different  resources  and  coal 

classification. 

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Table 1-European Coal Reserves (Mt) 

Hard Coal 

Hard Coal 

Lignite 

Reserves 

Resources 

Reserves* 

Lignite 
Resources* 

1 

428 

4 

5880 

319 

1673 

152 

199 

1597 

6012 

15291 

12 

200 

155 

8403 

8403 

22 

27 

2 

812 

24352 

24383 

794 

1928 

2828 

6556 

3900 

2933 

10 

1490 

33 

410 

13879 

260 

232 

330 

20910 

35583 

333 

3988 

41 

2928 

7136 

9006 

10 

1878 

3886 

21149 

519 

644 

584 

30953 

52102 

Albania 

Austria 

Bulgaria 

Croatia 

Czech Republic 

Germany 

Greece 

Hungary 

Italy 

Poland 

Portugal 

Romania 

Serbia 

Slovakia 

Slovenia 

Spain 

United Kingdom 

EU Total 

Europe Total 

*including sub-bituminous coal; resources not including “estimated additional” 

Source: WEC Survey of Energy Resources 2007 

The  largest  hard  coal  reserve  is  in  Poland,  with  significant  reserves  also  in  the  Czech 
Republic,  and  lesser  reserves  in  Spain,  Hungary,  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany.  In  the 
case of lignite, reserves are present in a swathe from Germany through Central Europe and the 
Balkans, to Greece. Within the EU, Germany has the largest deposit, with major reserves also 
in Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Greece, as well as Bulgaria and Romania. 

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2.2. 

Demand Drivers 

Coal  demand  in  Europe  is  dominated  by  the  power  sector,  accounting  for  69%  of  overall 
consumption in the case of hard coal and 94% for lignite.  

Demand is driven by a complex set of factors and constraints. The starting point is demand for 
electricity,  which  is  mainly  impacted  by  the  energy  intensity  of  the  economy,  the  level  of 
industrial  activity,  the  changing  behaviour  of  consumers,  and  the  weather.  The  prime 
determinant as to how demand for electricity can be met is the available capacity of different 
forms  of  generation  and  their  costs.  Demand  varies  significantly  across  hours,  days  and 
seasons, which means that some generation capacity will be more used than other. 

Whilst  lignite-fired  generation  is  as  a  general  rule  running  whenever  available  (‘baseload’), 
hard coal-fired generation is often, especially in some parts of the EU, used rather for ‘mid-
merit’ operation ( i.e. not running all the time but a large number of hours compared to peak 
operation which corresponds to a limited number of hours ). Hard coal can be competing with 
modern gas-fired generation for mid-merit operation. 

The market choice between generation from coal or gas depends on the relationship between 
the coal price and the gas price, together with the impact on each of the CO2 emission price. 

Another potentially important driver could be the development of CCS technologies. In case 
this promising technology becomes commercially viable in a fully functioning carbon market, 
coal based power generation could assume an even larger share in the power generation mix. 

The following paragraphs deal with some of these demand drivers in more detail. 

2.3. 

Coal and Gas Prices 

The  dramatic  increases  in  gas  prices  in  recent  years  have  made  coal-fired  generation 
significantly more attractive where there is a choice of capacity, for example in the UK. This 
led  to  high  coal  demand  in  the  period  2004  to  2006,  but  as  gas  prices  have  reduced  during 
2007, coal demand has fallen back.  

Coal and gas prices to major power producers in the UK are illustrated by the following chart. 

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Figure 3-Coal and Gas Prices to UK Power Producers 

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1.80

1.60

1.40

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00

0
0
0
2

1
0
0
2

2
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2

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2

Coal

Gas

Source: DBERR (UK) –Government Website 

2.4. 

Emissions Trading 

The  EU  Emissions  trading  scheme  came  into  effect  from  2005.  Initially,  certificate  prices 
increased  rapidly,  largely  as  a  consequence  of  high  demand  from  the  UK  where  free 
allocations  to  power  stations  were  well  below  what  was  required  for  business-as-usual 
operation.  Once  all  Member  States  were  fully  integrated  into  the  trading  mechanisms, 
however, and following the release of the first year’s supply/demand data for allowances, the 
price fell sharply from the 2nd quarter of 2006, and has been close to zero up to the end of the 
first phase (till December 2007). 

The new phase of the EUETS from 2008 will significantly change the market fundamentals, 
and carbon prices are likely to become a major driver of generation levels once more, in cases 
where there is a choice between coal and gas (or other lower carbon generation).  

EU ETS prices recovered in January 2008 and since then have remained fairly stable in the 
range of 22-25 €/tonne of CO2. 

2.5. 

Exchange rates 

Currency movements against the Euro affected coal demand and production around the world. 

In  the  period  2004-2006,  the  US  dollar,  the  main  currency  in  the  international  coal  market, 
remained relatively stable in comparison with the Euro. Nor were there any major changes in 
value in comparison with the Australian dollar and the South African rand.  

This  followed  two  years  in  which  the  rand  strengthened  significantly  against  the  US  dollar 
and the dollar weakened slightly against the Euro, contributing to the increase in coal prices. 

During 2006/7, both the US dollar and the rand have weakened significantly against the Euro. 

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2.6. 

New Pricing Methodologies for Steam Coal 

Over  the  last  few  years  the  trading  of  coal  has  undergone  a  major  transition  in  terms  of 
commodity  pricing  mechanisms,  attitudes  to  counterparty  risk,  and  the  nature  of  the 
participants in the market. 

Coal used to be considered to be unlike other commodities: the physical characteristics were 
such  that  it  was  not  possible  to  devise  standardised  contracts;  quality  differences  between 
different sources of  supply  and differing  quality requirements  in the market meant that coal 
was not thought to be fungible like oil or gas. 

However, with the growth in international coal trading, new ownership structures for power 
plants, and the emergence of powerful cross-commodity traders, the traditional ways of doing 
business have been increasingly challenged. 

We have seen the emergence and rapid growth of trading in coal swaps – ‘paper trading’ – 
such  as  API  2  (the  North  West  Europe  index  and  API  4  (the  South  African  index). 
GlobalCOAL’s internet trading platform was launched based on a standardised coal contract, 
and the first coal futures contract was launched by EEX6 in May 2006. 

The  liquidity  of  the  market  in  coal  derivatives  has  been  helped  by  the  increased  number  of 
participants.  Banks  and  finance  houses  began  to  trade  coal  swaps  in  addition  to  the  major 
buyers, sellers and traders.  

The most important development has been the coal swap, enabling the physical and financial 
risks  of  buying  coal  to  be  de-coupled.  The  first  API  swap  was  traded  in  1998.  By  2006, 
brokers  estimate  that  1,300  million  tonnes  were  traded  on  API  2  and  API  4,  around  seven 
times the volume of the physical imported coal market in the Atlantic – up from 650 million 
tonnes in 2005. 

The following chart, reflecting the situation as of end 2007, shows the forward values of coal 
swaps for North West Europe, compared to historic prices. 

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EEX – European Energy Exchange 

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Figure 4-Historic Spot and Forward Swap Prices 

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120

100

80

60

40

20

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/
$

0
2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

MCIS Marker Price

API#2 (As at December 07)

Source: McCloskey Coal Information Services (MCIS)/Argus 

2.7. 

Infrastructure 

Both  supply  and  demand  dynamics,  and  associated  pricing  impacts  in  the  international  coal 
market, have been affected by infrastructure bottlenecks. Often the same ports and vessels are 
involved  in  the  trade  of  other  bulk  commodities  thus  exacerbating  the  problem.  Expansion 
projects at different stages of the supply chain are under way in many of the countries active 
in the trade, with the intention of allowing for continued growth. 

Australia is planning 60 Mt per annum more capacity in the short term (around 2010) and a 
further 130 Mt per annum in the medium term; Richards Bay (South Africa) is expanding its 
capacity by more than 20 Mtpa to 92 Mtpa by 2010. Further developments are also planned in 
South America (Colombia and Venezuela). Russia should have additional capacity of 20Mtpa 
by  2010.  China  is  also  planning  more  capacity,  but  the  situation  here  is  complicated  by  the 
volume of coastal shipping, illustrated below.  

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Figure 5 - Chinese Coal Flow 

Source: Barlow Jonker 

In  summary,  supply  constraints  are  expected  to  ease  over  the  medium  term  as  new 
infrastructure comes on line. Nevertheless, the expansion of the infrastructure still lags behind 
the requirements of the market, and it will presumably be several years until it has achieved 
adequate dimensions. This is reflected in freight rates, covered in section 5. 

2.8.  Market Concentration 

Over the period 2004-2006 the tendency toward market concentration continued in all of the 
producing  countries.  The  Chinese,  for  example,  are  striving  to  create  large  hard  coal 
companies with over 100 million tonnes output for the long term. A handful of companies are 
also handling the lion’s share of production and export in Indonesia. 

However, the improvement in world market prices is also luring new companies into the coal 
export business, thereby expanding the pool of suppliers. In the case of coking coal – above 
all,  hard  coking  coal  –  Australia  has  created  a  strongly  dominant  position  with  almost  66% 
market share, which in turn is in the hands of just a few producers. However, another player – 
CVRD  –  has  stepped  onto  the  coking  coal  scene.  CVRD  is  developing  into  another  market 
participant  through  projects  in  Mozambique  and  Venezuela  as  well  as  the  entry  into 
Australian coal mining. 

The competition in the area of steam coal continues to be broader, and in recent years Russia 
and Indonesia have strengthened their positions on markets alongside the traditional suppliers 
Australia, South Africa and Colombia. As a consequence of high oil and gas prices, known 
deposits in many countries are being reassessed and the possibility of mining the reserves is 
being examined (e.g., in Eastern Canada, Chile, Zimbabwe). This could lead to some increase 
in supplies in the long term. 

2.9. 

Steel Industry Developments 

Steel demand is driven by population, economic growth and development. Half of the world’s 
population  lives  in  high  growth,  developing  countries.  Costs  of  iron  and  steelmaking  vary 
widely by region, with important implications for the location of new capacity. 

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Crude steel production around the world rose by 88 million tonnes from 1.129 billion tonnes 
to  1.217  billion  tonnes  in  2006  (+7.8%),  illustrated  by  the  table  below.  China  alone  had  a 
share  of  60%  of  the  growth  in  this  sector.  Pig  iron  production  which  determines  the 
consumption of coking coal, PCI coal and coke, increased by 78 Mt from 790 Mt to 868 Mt. 
The  share  of  crude  steel  production  based  on  pig  iron  melted  in  the  blast  furnace  process 
continued to rise because the growth in crude steel production, above all in China, was largely 
based on this process, due to the lack of adequate supplies of scrap. 

Figure 6–Growth in World Crude Steel Production 

2004 

2005 

2006 

2007 (Est.) 

Mt 

% 

Mt 

% 

Mt 

% 

Mt 

% 

China 

280 

+26% 

356 

+24 

425 

+19 

490 

+15 

Rest of World 

785 

+5% 

773 

-1 

792 

+3 

806 

+2 

Total 

1,065 

+10% 

1,129 

+6 

1,217 

+8 

1,296 

+6 

Source: Verein der Kohlenimporteure, Jahresbericht 2006/2007 

The  most  noteworthy  recent  development  in  the  steel  industry  over  recent  years  was  the 
creation of Arcelor Mittal Steel. The €27bn merger was  finally agreed on June 25th 2006 after 
a takeover battle lasting several months during which an attempt was made to pursue a merger 
with  Severstal,  Russia’s  largest  steelmaker.  Mittal  finally  took  control  of  Arcelor  in  August 
2006.  This  created  the  world’s  largest  steel  conglomerate  by  a  significant  margin.  The 
following chart  shows how Arcelor Mittal (AM) produced almost as much  steel as the  four 
next-largest companies combined during 2005.  

Figure 7 - Crude Steel Production 2005 (Mt) 

Source: Arcelor Mital 

Consolidation in the sector continued with Tata Steel’s £6.2bn acquisition of Corus Group on 
2nd April 2007, creating the world’s fifth largest steel producer. 

Steel demand seems set for substantial growth over the next decade. Continuing pressure to 
improve productivity of blast furnaces is likely to lead to larger quantities of high quality hard 
coking coal in blends as well as increasing rates of pulverised coal injection. 

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With  major  steel  demand  in  developing  countries,  and  the  economics  of  blast  furnace 
operation  favouring  production  close  to  where  raw  materials  are  situated,  further 
rationalisation of European steel production and associated coke making could be envisaged. 

3. 

HARD COAL – PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE EU 

3.1. 

Hard Coal Production 

Indigenous  production  has  continued  its  decline  over  the  period  2004/06,  and  is  forecast  to 
decline further in 2007. The following chart shows trends for the major producing countries: 

Figure 8 - EU Hard Coal Production Trends 

s
e
n
n
o
T
n
o

i
l
l
i

M

12

13

25

29

99

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

3

12

13

20

28

97

2

12

13

18

24

94

Romania

Spain
Czech Republic
United Kingdom
Germany

Poland

2004 (EU25)

2005

2006

Hard  coal  production  reduced  by  4.7%  in  2005  (EU-25)  and  by  5.4%  in  2006  (EU-27). 
Detailed figures are given in the Annexes and are summarised in tables 7 and 8 at the end of 
this report. 

The largest reduction in production from 2004 to 2005, in both absolute and percentage terms, 
was  in  the  UK  following  the  closure  of  the  Selby  mining  complex.  Production  continues  to 
decline with further mine closures and a lack of planning consents for surface mining. In 2006 
both Germany and Poland showed significant reductions mainly as a result of mine closures 
in Germany and some poor outputs in Poland. 

EN 

16 

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3.2. 

Hard Coal Consumption 

Trends in total consumption of hard coal are illustrated by the following chart. 

Figure 9 – EU Consumption Trends for Hard Coal (Mt) 

s
e
n
n
o
T
n
o

i
l
l
i

M

11
13
13
13

61

11
11
10
13

64

14
11
11
13

67

255

251

260

Miscellaneous
Domestic Heating

Other Industries
Iron and Steel Industry
Coking Plants (coal input)
Power Stations

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

2004 (EU25)

2005

2006

Consumption  continues  to  be  dominated  by  the  power  sector  at  69%  followed  by  coke 
production  at  18%.Power  station  consumption  for  EU-25  was  down  by  3.1%  in  2005 
compared to 2004, whilst use for coke production was down by 1.6%. 

In  2006,  EU-27  power  station  consumption  increased  by  3.5%  with  increases  in  the  UK, 
Denmark, Finland and Poland partly offset by reductions in Spain and France. Use for coke 
production  was  up  by  4.3%  with  the  major  increases  in  Poland,  Italy,  Hungary,  UK  and 
Sweden. 

EN 

17 

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4. 

COKE – PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE EU 

4.1. 

Coke Production 

Production trends for coke are illustrated by the following chart: 

Figure 10 – EU Coke Production Trends 

s
e
n
n
o
T
n
o

i
l
l
i

M

55.0

50.0

45.0

40.0

35.0

30.0

25.0

20.0

15.0

10.0

5.0

0.0

1.6
1.4

1.4
1.9
2.2

2.6

3.0

3.5

4.3

4.5

4.1

8.5

10.1

2.2

1.4

1.4
1.8
2.1

2.3

2.4

2.9

3.4

4.4

4.4

4.6

8.4

8.4

2.5
1.2
1.4

1.8

1.9
2.2

2.6

2.9

3.5

4.7

4.7

4.7

8.4

9.6

Others
Sweden
Austria
Slovakia

Romania
Netherlands
Spain
Belgium

Czech Republic
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Germany

Poland

2004 (EU25)

2005

2006

Coke production reduced by 4% from 2004 to 2005 (EU-25) where there was a reduction of 
1.7  Mt  of  Polish  production.  In  2006  EU-27  coke  production  increased  by  4%  with  Polish 
production recovering by 1.2 Mt and a number of smaller increases elsewhere. At 5 Mt, coke 
imports supply around 9% of the market. 

5. 

HARD COAL AND COKE - INTERNATIONAL MARKET 

5.1.  Major Hard Coal Producers 

World  hard  coal  production  showed  a  record  growth  in  the  period  2004-2006,  driven  by 
growth  in  production  from  non-OECD  countries,  with  an  8.8%  growth  in  2006,  following 
three  years  of  annual  growth  averaging  12%.  Production  increased  in  China,  Russia,  India, 
Indonesia, Kazakhstan and Colombia, but declined marginally in South Africa. 

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The following table shows figures for the largest producers: 

Table 2 – Major World Hard Coal Producers (Mt) 

PR of China 

United States 

India 

Australia 

South Africa 

Russia 

Indonesia 

Poland 

Kazakhstan 

Colombia 

Ukraine 

Others 

Total 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006 

1670.2 

1956.0 

2158.9 

2481.5 

893.9 

358.4 

274.9 

238.8 

177.4 

115.3 

102.9 

84.9 

50.5 

63.8 

256.8 

4287.8 

943.3 

382.0 

285.9 

242.8 

189.8 

132.4 

101.2 

83.1 

54.2 

59.1 

204.0 

4633.8 

962.4 

403.0 

304.9 

245.0 

202.9 

152.2 

97.9 

82.8 

59.1 

60.0 

204.9 

4934.0 

989.5 

427.1 

309.4 

244.4 

233.2 

169.0 

95.2 

91.5 

63.7 

61.4 

203.9 

5369.8 

Source: IEA Coal Information 2007 

China  accounts  for  around  46%  of  world  coal  production.  Output  grew  by  14.9%  in  2006, 
following  10.4%  growth  in  2005  and  17.1%  in  2004.  China’s  production  has  more  than 
doubled  since  2000  which  allows  the  country  to  meet  fast  growing  demand  for  coal-fired 
generation and steel making. However, as a major coal exporter, China gradually moved from 
the second largest coal exporter in 2001 to fifth in 2006. 

Coal  production  in  North  America  has  shown  slow  growth  for  three  consecutive  years, 
increasing by 2.8% in 2006 after 2.0% growth in 2005 and 5.5% in 2004. 

India  showed  growth  in  output  of  6.0%  in  2006,  similar  to  the  5.5%  growth  in  2005,  and 
slightly  less  than  the  6.6%  in  2004,  but  is  increasingly  dependent  on  imports  because  of  its 
more rapidly growing power requirements. 

Australia  remains  the  largest  hard  coal  exporter  and  increased  production  slightly  by  1.5% 
after 6.6% growth in 2005 and 4% growth in 2004. 

South  Africa  accounts  for  98%  of  Africa’s  hard  coal  production  and  is  the  world’s  fourth 
largest coal exporter. Production fell back slightly by 0.2% compared to 0.9% growth in 2005 
and 1.7% growth in 2004. 

EN 

19 

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Russia expanded its output by 14.9% in 2006, a steep increase from the 6.9% growth in both 
2005 and 2004, and further increased its importance as a supplier to Europe, particularly the 
UK. From 2005 it has overtaken South Africa as the world’s third largest coal exporter. 

Indonesia  is  the  seventh  largest  producer  but  second  largest  exporter  in  the  world.  Coal 
production was up 11.0% in 2006 after stronger growth of 15.0% in both 2005 and 2004. 

Colombian production increased by 7.8% in 2006 following an increase of 9.0% in 2005 and 
7.3% in 2004. Colombia should continue to expand but Venezuela’s potential for expansion 
will  be  limited  unless  the  efficiency  of  port  and  rail  connections  is  improved.  Exports  from 
South  America  are  expected  to  be  increasingly  directed  towards  the  USA  as  indigenous 
production fails to keep pace with demand. 

5.2. 

Hard Coal Trade 

A high proportion of world coal production is consumed within the country of origin – around 
85%, and this is especially true of the two largest producers, China and the USA. Relatively 
small proportional changes in supply and demand in these countries can have a major impact 
on international market dynamics. 

The  major  steam  coal  exporting  nations  are  Australia,  Indonesia,  Russia,  South  Africa, 
Colombia  and  China,  whereas  for  coking  coal the  major  exporters  are  Australia,  the  United 
States and Canada. 

EN 

20 

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Major world coal trade flows are illustrated by the following diagram: 

Figure 11 – Hard Coal Seaborne Trade 2005 

UK
44.0

HARD COAL TRADE, 2005 (million tonnes)

3 May 07

54.6 (96%)

8.3 (31%)

RUSSIA
22.4

15.4 (74%)

14.6 (3%)

TO ASIA
PACIFIC
MARKET

CANADA
14.0

USA
27.6

4.6 (25%)

MEXICO
4.1

12.9 (7%)

OECDEUR
/EU27
243.9

40.0 (45%)

59.6 (99%)

ATLANTIC
MARKET

NAFR
7.5

ME
10.2

22.4(96%)

ETnonEU
+ATE
8.7

INDIA
38.6

CHINA
37.0

KEY:

EXPORTS
(e.g. 100 Mt total, of which 75% is steaming coal)

OLAM
9.7

BRAZIL
13.7

67.3 (98%)

SAFR
3.7

ODA
83.9

4.4 (99%)

100.0 / 75%

IMPORTS into REGION or COUNTRY
(e.g. 75 Mt steam coal + 25 Mt coking coal = 100 Mt)

3.3 (95%)

17.4 (93%)

43.8 (22%)

KOREA
76.8

67.5  (91%)
14.9  (86%)

JAPAN
177.7

ASIA PACIFIC
MARKET

90.7 (81%)

INDONESIA

185.2 (52%)

AUNZ
1.0

REGION
100.0

© OECD/IEA 2007
FOR UK DTI COAL FORUM USE ONLY

Source:
Notes:

Coal Information 2006, IEA plus revisions
Imports shown total 780 Mt.
Exports shown total 727 Mt.  Additional reported trade between countries within the regions shown totalled 46.4 Mt in 2005, principally 27.8 Mt exported, 
mainly to other countries within the EU, from Poland, the Czech Republic and Norway, plus transfers through Netherlands totalling 7.4 Mt.
Approximately 9.5% of the world coal trade shown was overland, principally USA to Canada, and Russia to Europe, but also within the regions shown.

Source: IEA/UK Coal Forum , Governmental Website 

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21 

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Trends in seaborne hard coal trade are illustrated by the following chart: 

Figure 12 - World Seaborne Hard Coal Trade 

s
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n
o
T
n
o

i
l
l
i

M

800.0

700.0

600.0

500.0

400.0

300.0

200.0

100.0

0.0

190.8

191.6

209.2

203.9

448.9

473.6

501.1

524.8

Coking Coal
Steam Coal

2003

2004

2005

2006

Source: Coal Information 2006/2007 

5.3. 

Steam Coal Trade 

Total  world  steam  coal  exports  rose  by  27.6  Mt  or  4.9%  in  2006  to  reach  592.6  Mt.  This 
follows a 31.3 Mt or 5.9% increase in 2005, up from 533.7 in 2004.  

Exports from Indonesia, Russia, South Africa, Colombia, Poland and the United States rose in 
2004/05 whereas China, Kazakhstan, Canada and Australia saw declining exports. 

In  2006,  exports  were  up  from  Australia,  Indonesia,  Russia  and  Colombia  Kazakhstan, 
Vietnam and the USA and down from South Africa, China and Poland. 

In  2005,  Australia  was  the  largest  steam  coal  exporter  with  19.4%  of  world  exports. 
Indonesia,  South  Africa  and  Russia  followed  with  shares  of  16.3%,  13.1%  and  12.1% 
respectively.  In  2006,  Australia  retained  its  leading  position  at  18.7%  of  world  exports. 
Russia, however, overtook South Africa for third place. The shares for Indonesia, Russia, and 
South Africa were 17.5%, 13.8% and 11.4% respectively. 

2007 is predicted to show further growth of around 5% in steam coal trade.7 China became a 
net coal importer at the beginning of the year and South Africa is showing some stagnation, 
but Colombia and Russia are expected to increase their exports. Indonesia will probably also 
increase its share of the Atlantic market. USA exports are also showing signs of increasing as 
a result of the high prices. 

7 

Source: Verein der Kohlenimporteure, Jahresbericht 2006/2007 

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22 

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5.4. 

Coking Coal Trade 

World trade in coking coal has decreased by 2.6% to 221.8 Mt in 2006.8 This followed growth 
of 8.6% in 2005 and 4.4% in 2004; Australia remained, by far, the largest exporter at 120.5 
Mt, but with exports down by 4.4 Mt compared to the previous year.  

Further  growth  in  crude  steel  production  is  expected  once  again  for  2007.  As  in  previous 
years,  China  is  the  driving  force,  but  production  is  also  rising  in  India,  South  America  and 
Eastern  Europe.  As  coking  coal  stock  surpluses  were  reduced  in  2006,  the  demand  for  all 
qualities is expected to rise again. 

5.5. 

Coke Trade 

The  OECD9  countries’  imports  of  coke  decreased  by  2.7%  in  2006.10  The  USA,  Germany, 
France, Japan and Austria were the five major OECD coke importers in 2006, accounting for 
63.5% of coke imports. Coke trade statistics for non-OECD countries are only available up to 
2005, showing that China and Russia were the main exporters while India and Brazil were the 
main importers. On its own, China accounted for 45.3% of world coke exports. 

The demand for coke on the world market fell substantially in 2005 - after a 16.9% increase in 
2004  -  partly  as  a  result  of  consumers  entering  2005  with  excess  inventories.  There  is 
currently an overcapacity in coke production, especially in China.  

5.6. 

Imports to the EU 

In  2005,  imports  of  hard  coal  to  the  EU-25  in  2005  of  192  Mt  reduced  by  1.0%  compared 
with  the  previous  year  and  represented  53%  of  total  hard  coal  supply.  The  major  hard  coal 
exporting countries to the EU-25 were South Africa, Russia, Australia, Colombia, Indonesia 
the USA and Canada.  

In 2006, imports of hard coal to the EU-27 were 210 Mt, an increase of 6.1%, representing 
56% of total hard coal supply. 

8 
9 
10 

IEA includes coal used in coking blends and for pulverised coal injection in coking coal statistics which are not strictly coking coals 
Organisation of Economic Cooperation and Development 
Source– IEA Coal Information 2007 

EN 

23 

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The breakdown of these hard coal imports is illustrated by the following chart. 

Figure 13 – EU Hard Coal Import Breakdown 

s
e
n
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o
T
n
o

i
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l
i

M

200.0

150.0

100.0

50.0

0.0

13.6

7.2

13.7

14.0

23.5

30.2

54.9

36.7

2004 (EU25)

11.2
4.9

17.1

14.7

24.2

26.9

51.7

47.4

2005

10.8

6.3

16.8

19.6

23.9

26.7

52.3

53.3

2006

Others
Canada
USA

Indonesia
Colombia
Australia
South Africa
Russian Federation

The most significant change in hard coal import sourcing from 2004 to 2005 and again from 
2005 to 2006 is the major growth in imports from Russia, offset to some degree in 2005 by a 
reduction  in  South  African  supply.  This  growth  of  imports  from  Russia  has  been  driven 
mainly  by  the  UK,  where  lower  sulphur  supplies  from  Russia  are  needed  at  power  station 
plants  not  fitted  with  flue  gas  desulphurisation.  Additional  benefits  accrue  from  flexible 
shipment  options,  including  smaller  vessels  more  suited  to  a  number  of  UK  ports.  In  2006 
Russia became the largest hard coal supplier to the EU. 

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24 

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Major European importing countries are illustrated by the following chart: 

Figure 14 – EU Hard Coal Import Volumes by Member State (Mt) 

s
e
n
n
o
T
n
o

i
l
l
i

M

200

150

100

50

0

12

5
7
9
7

22

18

24

25

31

35

20

5
4
8
5

20

17

24

24

28

43

18

6
6
8
8

17

18

23

24

32

49

Others
Portugal
Finland
Belgium

Denmark
Netherlands
France
Spain

Italy
Germany
United Kingdom

2004 (EU25)

2005

2006

The most striking trend in hard coal imports is in the UK, where imports have grown by 23.6 
from  2004  to  2005  and  by  a  further  14.1%  in  2006.  This  is  the  result  of  increased  demand 
from power stations coupled with reduced indigenous production.  

EN 

25 

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5.7. 

Steam Coal Prices 

SPOT PRICES 

The following graph illustrates the development of spot steam coal prices delivered to North 
West Europe: 

Figure 15 – North West Europe Steam Coal Prices 

e
n
n
o
t
/
$

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

0
0
0
2

1
0
0
2

2
0
0
2

3
0
0
2

4
0
0
2

5
0
0
2

6
0
0
2

7
0
0
2

Source: McCloskey Coal Information Services (MCIS) 

It  can  be  seen  that  after  the  major  growth  in  2003  and  2004,  prices  fell  back  somewhat  in 
2005 before recovering in 2006. This has been followed by a dramatic increase in prices in 
late 2007 to around $130/tonne, driven both by high freight rates (see below) and also free-
on-board (fob) prices. 

Strong demand from India has coincided with a series of supply disruptions on the rail line 
supplying  Richards  Bay  (South  Africa).  Pacific  markets  have  also  tightened  driven  by 
continued  strong  demand  from  all  major  buyers  at  a  time  of  worsening  infrastructure 
constraints at the Newcastle terminal, and a growing awareness that additional shipments of 
Indonesian coal will be insufficient to meet the needs of Asian buyers. 

These  high  spot  prices  have  continued  to  grow  in  the  first  semester  2008,  pulled  by  strong 
demand in the Pacific Basin and by capacity limitations (notably a production slow-down in 
South Africa due to insufficient electricity supply to the mines and insufficient port capacity 
in Australia. Consequently, it is not foreseen that the prices falling back towards $ 80/ tonne 
over  the  next  year.  However,  loading  capacity  is  foreseen  to  increase  in  Australian  ports  in 
2009. 

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26 

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AVERAGE EU IMPORT PRICES 

Since 2003, based on declarations by the undertakings importing coal and on data aggregated 
by the Member States, the European Commission publishes every semester the average price 
of steam coal imported from third countries.  

The average EU prices of imported steam coal are shown on the following graph and table.  

Figure 16 – Price of Steam Coal Imported From 3rd Countries 

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

c
e
t
 €/
e
c
i
r
p
e
g
a
r
e
v
A

0

2° semester 2002

1° semester 2003

2° semester 2003

1° semester 2004

2° semester 2004

2° semester 2005
1° semester 2005

1° semester 2006

2° semester 2006

1° semester 2007

2° semester 2007

2° semester 2002 

1° semester 2003 

2° semester 2003 

1° semester 2004 

2° semester 2004 

1° semester 2005 

2° semester 2005 

1° semester 2006 

2° semester 2006 

1° semester 2007 

2° semester 2007 

€ 39,8 

€ 38,8 

€ 40,8 

€ 51,5 

€ 66,7 

€ 62,9 

€ 60,9 

€ 59,6 

€ 61,3 

€ 63,1 

€72,5 

For  the  2nd  semester  of  2007,  the  average  price  of  imported  steam  coal  was  €  72.5  per  tce 
(equivalent to $ 102 per tec). 

EN 

27 

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5.8. 

Coking Coal Prices 

SPOT PRICES 

Coking coal prices rose significantly  from April 2005. Fob  prices for hard coking coal rose 
from  $55-60/tonne  to  around  $125.  Prices  for  semi-soft  coking  coal  and  PCI11  coal  also 
increased. 

Table 3 - Price Trends in Coking Coal (US $/Tonne FOB Australia) 

Contract Prices* 

2004/5  2005/6  2006/7  2007/8 

Hard Coking Coal 

Semi-soft Coking Coal 

PCI 

58 

43 

48 

125 

116 

85 

100 

58 

65 

98 

64 

68 

*April to March basis 

Source: Goldman Sachs Commodities 

In 2006/7 and 2007/8 the prices have eased back somewhat, but still remain high by historic 
standards  because  coke  strength  is  so  important  in  modern  blast  furnaces  and  the  steel 
requirements of rapidly growing economies – such as China and India – remain intense. 

AVERAGE EU IMPORT PRICES 

Since 2003, based on declarations by the undertakings importing coal and on data aggregated 
by the Member States, the European Commission publishes every semester the average price 
of coking coal imported from third countries.  

11 

Coal for pulverised injection 

EN 

28 

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The average EU prices of imported coking coal are shown on the following graph and table.  

Figure 20 – Price of Coking Coal Imported From 3rd Countries 

120

100

80

60

40

20

t
 €/
e
c
i
r
p
e
g
a
r
e
v
A

0

2° semester 2002

1° semester 2003

2° semester 2003

1° semester 2004

2° semester 2004

1° semester 2005

2° semester 2005

1° semester 2006

2° semester 2006

1° semester 2007

2° semester 2007

2° semester 2002 

1° semester 2003 

2° semester 2003 

1° semester 2004 

2° semester 2004 

1° semester 2005 

€ 58,3 

€ 54,0 

€ 53,0 

€ 55,4 

€ 60,3 

€ 77,4 

2° semester 2005 

€ 104,2 

1° semester 2006 

€ 105,3 

2° semester 2006 

€ 103,3 

1° semester 2007 

2° semester 2007 

€ 94,6 

€ 93,0 

For the 2nd semester of 2007, the average price of imported coking coal was € 93.0 per tonne 
(equivalent to $ 128 per tonne). 

EN 

29 

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5.9. 

Coke Prices 

Developments in coke prices (fob 12-12.5% ash), are illustrated by the following chart. 

Figure 21 - Spot Chinese Coke Prices 

e
n
n
o
T
/
$

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

3
0
0
2

4
0
0
2

5
0
0
2

6
0
0
2

7
0
0
2

Source: Euracoal Market report 

The  world  market  coke  prices  fell  back  significantly  during  2005,  compared  to  the 
unprecedented levels in 2004, in view of lower demand and over capacities in China.  

However,  prices  have  increased  again  in  2007  and  towards  the  end  of  the  year  prices  have 
approached  $400/tonne  fob,  the  highest  level  since  May  2004.  This  is  largely  the  result  of 
chronic shortages of Chinese export permits. Rising demand had, by the end of October, led 
to the near exhaustion of all the licenses issued by the Chinese authorities. 

5.10. 

Freight Considerations 

Delivered  prices  to  Europe  comprise  both  free  on  board  (fob)  prices  from  the  country  of 
loading and sea freight rates. 

The  major  increase  in  prices  in  2003  was  initially  driven  by  high  freight  rates  as  well  as 
higher underlying coal prices. These high freight rates resulted mainly from China’s surge in 
demand for raw materials, and also the associated congestion at various bottlenecks such as 
Australian  loading  ports,  blocking  in  these  ports  a  significant  vessel  capacity  that  would  be 
available to the market otherwise. 

These  logistics  bottlenecks  reduced  in  2005,  and  the  bulk  carrier  fleet  continued  its  rapid 
expansion, leading to a fall in freight rates.  

Rates, however, started to increase once more during 2006 and towards the end of 2007 rose 
to  unprecedented  new  levels.  The  continued  boom  in  demand  for  dry  bulk  commodities  is 

EN 

30 

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outpacing the expansion of the fleet. Structural shifts in sea transport are leading to longer sea 
routes.  

The following chart shows the development of rates from the beginning of 2004 to the end of 
2007. 

Figure 22 - Spot Sea Freight Rates 

Richards Bay (South Africa) to Rotterdam 

60.0

50.0

40.0

30.0

20.0

10.0

e
n
n
o
T
/
$

0.0

2004

2005

2006

2007

Source: Euracoal Market Report 

6. 

LIGNITE AND PEAT – PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN THE EU 

6.1.  World Context 

The  world  supply  of  lignite/brown  coal  went  up  by  0.9%  in  2006  and  reached  913.8  Mt, 
following  an  increase  of  1.3%  in  2005  and  1.5%  in  2004.  Increases  in  Turkey,  Russia  and 
Romania more than offset the decreases in Germany, Greece, Poland and Serbia-Montenegro. 

EN 

31 

   EN 

 
 
The following table shows figures for the largest producers: 

Table 4 – Major World Lignite Producers (Mt) 

Germany 

United States 

Russia 

Australia 

Greece 

Turkey 

Poland 

Czech Republic 

Serbia-Montenegro 

Canada 

Romania 

India 

Bulgaria 

Others* 

Total 

2004 

2005 

2006 

181.9 

177.9 

176.3 

75.8 

69.2 

68.6 

70.0 

44.4 

61.2 

48.5 

41.1 

36.7 

31.8 

30.3 

26.5 

108.3 

894.3 

76.2 

73.7 

70.7 

69.4 

56.2 

61.6 

48.8 

40.4 

36.8 

31.1 

30.1 

24.7 

108.4 

906.0 

76.4 

75.8 

71.2 

65.7 

61.6 

60.8 

49.1 

38.9 

36.6 

35.0 

29.8 

25.5 

111.1 

913.8 

*IEA figures also include oil shale production in Estonia 

Source: IEA Coal Information 2007 

Unlike the situation for hard coal, many European nations feature amongst the top producing 
countries.  Europe  is  responsible  for  around  50%  of  world  lignite  production.  In  Europe, 
lignite represents an energy resource of key importance. 

6.2. 

Lignite Production 

In the EU, the production of lignite has been fairly stable from 2004 into 2005, and the figures 
for 2006 were broadly similar, although inclusion of production from Romania and Bulgaria 
lifted the EU total for 2006 from 396 Mt to 454 Mt. Production trends are illustrated by the 
following chart12: 

12 

For the purposes of the EU statistics in this report and the attached tables, lignite, brown coal and peat are grouped together and included in a single EU total. 
(Production of oil shale is not included in the solid fuel totals but figures are reported in section 6.) 

EN 

32 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
Figure 23 – EU Lignite Production Trends 

8

16

11

48

61

70

8

25

28

21

10

49

62

69

7

26

32

24

10

49

61

66

Bulgaria
Romania

Others/Peat
Spain
Hungary
Czech Republic

Poland
Greece
Germany

182

178

180

2004 (EU25)

2005

2006

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

s
e
n
n
o
T
n
o

i
l
l
i

M

6.3. 

Lignite Prices 

Prices  of  lignite  are  not  quoted  as  it  is  not  a  generally  traded  commodity.  In  many  cases 
lignite production is vertically integrated with power generation, and mines are treated as cost 
centres.  

6.4. 

Lignite Consumption 

In EU-25, consumption of lignite in 2005 was 397 Mt, a decrease of 1.7% compared to 2004. 
Over  90%  of  lignite  is  used  in  power  stations  with  the  remainder  being  largely  used  for 
domestic heating, mainly in the form of briquettes. 

For EU-27, consumption in 2006 was 452 Mt, an increase of 0.5%. 

There  is  little  trade  in  lignite  because  of  its  low  heat  value  and  resulting  high  unit 
transportation costs. Trade between Member States was around 2 Mt and net trade with third 
countries was around 1 Mt. 

EN 

33 

   EN 

 
 
 
6.5. 

Peat Production 

Production and consumption of peat is included within the overall lignite figures. 

In  2005,  14.3  Mt  of  peat  was  produced,  increasing  to  16.7  Mt  in  2006.  Production  comes 
mainly from Finland, Ireland, Sweden, Estonia and Lithuania. 

6.6. 

Oil Shale 

Oil  shale  statistics  are  not  included  in  any  of  the  tables  or  figures  in  this  report  and  its 
annexes.  

In 2005 14.590 Mt of oil shale was produced in Estonia.  

Total availability was 15.761 Mt including recoveries of 1.008 Mt and imports of 0.163 Mt 
from the Russian Federation.  

Oil shale was used entirely in the power generation sector in Estonia where consumption was 
14.803 Mt. (2006 data is unavailable.) 

7. 

STATE AID TO THE INDIGENOUS HARD COAL INDUSTRY IN THE EU 

7.1. 

Framework for Coal State Aid 

Due to unfavourable geological conditions, a part of EU indigenous hard coal production is 
not competitive with imported coal. After the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on 23 July 2002, the 
Council  adopted  a  Regulation  on  State  aid  to  the  coal  industry13  to  provide  a  framework 
within  which  State  aid  to  the  coal  industry  could  be  considered  from  24  July  2002  until 
31.December 2010. 

This  framework  is  based  on  a  minimal  production  of  coal,  which  will  help  to  maintain  a 
proportion  of  indigenous  primary  energy  sources,  in  order  to  strengthen  the  EU  energy 
security  of  supply.  State  aid  to  the  coal  industry  will  also  support  the  restructuring  of  this 
sector, taking into account the social and regional repercussions resulting from the reduction 
in activity.  

Different kinds of coal state aid may be considered compatible with the common market (see 
the following table). Member states must notify the state aid that they wish to grant to the coal 
industry for consideration and eventual approval by the European Commission. 

13 

Council Regulation N° 1407/2002 of 23 July 2002, OJ L 205 of 02.082002, p.1 

EN 

34 

   EN 

 
                                                 
Table 5 - Types of Coal State Aid and Conditions 

Aid 

Conditions 

Aid for initial investment (Article 5.2) 

- be part of a plan for accessing coal reserves; 

- operating plan to ensure economic viability; 

- not more than 30% of the total initial investment costs. 

Current  production  aid (Article  4  and 
Article 5.3): 

-  be  part  of  a  plan  for  accessing  coal  reserves  (Article 

5.3)/ be part of a closure plan (Article 4); 

Article 4 = current production aid targeted 
at mines covered by restructuring and 
closure plans. Such aid could be granted 
only till end-2007. 
Article 5.3 = current production aid 
targeted at mines covered by plans for 
accessing coal reserves 

-  aid  granted  to  production  units  which  afford  the  best 

economic prospects (Article 5.3); 

-  aid  may  not  exceed  difference  between  production 

costs and revenue; 

-  aid  may  not  cause  lower  prices  than  those  for  coal 

from third countries; 

-  aid  may  not  cause  distortion  of  competition  in  user-

sectors. 

Aid to cover exceptional costs (Article 7) : 

-  only  social  and  environmental  costs  arising  from 

rationalisation and restructuring. 

As a general condition, the overall amount of current production aid and initial investment aid 
to the coal sector has to follow a downward trend so as to result in a significant reduction. 

7.2. 

Amounts of Coal State Aid Granted/Authorised 

The table below provides an overview of aid actually granted by the biggest coal granters in 
EU-27 or authorised by the Commission to the coal industry for the years 2003 to 2007.  

Current production aid continued to decrease in line with the agreements on the reduction of 
volumes of aid to the coal industry. Nevertheless, as at end-2007, it still accounted for more 
than 55% of aid going to the coal mining sector. 

There  are  4  Member  States  with  which  currently  grant  production  aid14  for  their  hard  coal 
industry: Germany, Spain, Romania and Hungary. In Slovenia, the relevant payments to the 
coal  mining  industry  of  Slovenia  take  the  form  of  a  compensation  for  a  public  service 
obligation.15.  

14 

15 

The  recent  relevant  State  aid  decisions  by  the  Commission  are  as  follows:  N726/2006  (Germany), 
NN81/2006 Spain, N239/2007 (Romania), N92/2005 (Hungary).  
In the case of Slovenia, the indirect operating aid is provided which takes the form of a compensation 
for  a  public  service  obligation  imposed  upon  the  power  plant  using  the  locally  produced  coal:  see 
Commission decision in case C7/2005 – Slovenian electricity tariffs. 

EN 

35 

   EN 

 
 
                                                 
As to exceptional costs related to rationalisation and restructuring16, most of coal–producing 
Member States, have taken over, to a certain extent, financing of such costs both for closed 
mines  and  for  mines  which  are  still  in  operation17.  The  exceptions  are  Czech  Republic, 
Hungary and Bulgaria where the mining undertakings still in operation do not benefit from 
these payments 

Finally, small amounts of aid are being targeted at promoting initial investment in coal mining 
sector.  There  are  3  Member  States  which  got  the  Commission's  authorisation  to  grant 
investment aid: the United Kingdom, Poland and Slovakia18. These are Member States where 
remaining coal mining industry is largely competitive and where operating subsidies are not 
needed. Poland had not provided so far investment aid but reserved this possibility. 

16 

17 

E.g. costs of environmental clean-up following (partial) closure of mining activities, costs related to early retirement schemes. 

These have been approved in Commission decisions N 571/2004, N84/2007 and N575/2007 (Poland), N 27 and 53/2005, N 419/2005, N 168/2005, NN 9/2006 

and N 387/2006 (Slovakia), N 421/2003 and N 321/2004 (France), N 746 and N 474/2002, N 493/2003,  N 320/2004, N 497/2004, N  552/2005,  N726/2006 

(Germany), N 20/2003 (United Kingdom) C 14/2004, N 352/2006 (Spain). 

18 

See e.g. Commission decisions N814/2002 (UK), N324/2005 (Slovakia), N571/2004 (Poland). 

EN 

36 

   EN 

 
                                                 
Table 6 - State Aid 2003-2007 - amounts actually granted by Member States (only for 
the main coal aid granters in the EU-27) or authorised by the Commission for the 
relevant year 

Country 

Germany 

- current production aid 

-  aid  for  related  to  exceptional 
costs 

Spain 

- current production aid 

- aid related to exceptional costs  

Poland 

- current production aid 

(Millions €) 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006 

2007 

2639 

780 

569 

550 

2483 

2114 

1472 

1357 

556 

602 

882 

994 

467 

345 

450 

363 

340 

573 

502 

582 

369 

- aid related to exceptional costs  

903 

913 

60 

87 

Romania 

- current production aid 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

11219 

- aid related to exceptional costs  

Hungary 

- current production aid 

- aid related to exceptional costs  

8. 

CONCLUSIONS 

Coal in the World  

n/a 

n/a 

44 

48 

39 

6 

38 

4 

36 

4 

From  2004  to  2006  total  world  coal  production  increased  by  16%  to  5,370  million  tonnes 
(Mt).  

Updated  analysis  of  proven  coal  reserves  indicates  that,  at  current  world  production  levels, 
there is close to 150 years of coal available. 

19 

In line with the accession conditions, for MS which joined EU on 1.01.2007, the overall amount of aid to the coal industry shall not exceed fro any subsequent 

year the amount of aid authorised by the Commission for 2007.  

EN 

37 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
A high proportion of world coal production is consumed within the country of origin – around 
85%, and this is especially true of the two largest producers, China and the USA. Relatively 
small proportional changes in supply and demand in these countries can have a major impact 
on international market dynamics. 

From 2004 to 2006 world hard coal exports increased by 12 % to 815 Mt. For steam coal, the 
major exporting nations are Australia, Indonesia, Russia, South Africa, Colombia and China. 
For coking coal the major exporters are Australia, the United States and Canada.  

World steam coal exports rose by 11 % in from 2004 to 2006 to reach 593 Mt. Australia has 
retained its leading position in world exports with Indonesia second. In 2006, however, Russia 
overtook  South  Africa  for  third  place.  In  2007,  world  steam  coal  trade  showed  a  further 
growth of around 4%. China became a net coal importer at the beginning of 2007 and South 
Africa showed some stagnation, but other producers increased their exports. 

World trade  in coking  coal  decreased by 2.6% to 222 Mt in 2006. This followed growth of 
8.6% in 2005 and 4.4% in 2004. Australia remained, by far, the largest exporter at 121 Mt. 
Further growth in crude steel production is expected for 2007 and demand for all coking coal 
qualities is expected to rise again.  

Coal in Europe 

Europe is the third largest region worldwide in terms of coal consumption, after China and the 
USA. Around two thirds of EU coal consumption is derived from indigenous production, with 
164 million tonnes of hard coal and 454 million tonnes of lignite produced in 2006. 

Europe possesses substantial reserves of coal and lignite. World Energy Council figures show 
EU reserves of hard coal at 8.4 billion tonnes and lignite at 20.9 billion tonnes. Additionally, 
resource  figures  are  assessed  at  24.4  billion  tonnes  and  31.0  billion  tonnes  respectively  by 
IEA.  The  largest  hard  coal  reserve  is  in  Poland,  with  significant  reserves  also  in  the  Czech 
Republic,  and  lesser  reserves  in  Spain,  Hungary,  the  United  Kingdom  and  Germany.  In  the 
case of lignite, reserves are present in a swathe from Germany through Central Europe and the 
Balkans, to Greece. 

Production of hard coal has continued its decline in the EU. Production reduced by 4.7% in 
2005 (EU-25) and by 5.4% in 2006 (EU-27) and is expected to continue to decline in 2007.  

Hard  coal  consumption  in  the  EU  continues  to  be  dominated  by  the  power  sector  at  69% 
followed by coke production at 18%. 

In  2005,  imports  of  hard  coal  to  the  EU-25  reached  192  Mt  and  represented  53%  of  total 
supply.  The  major  exporting  countries  to  the  EU-25  were  South  Africa,  Russia,  Australia, 
Colombia, Indonesia the USA and Canada. In 2006, imports of hard coal to the EU-27 were 
210  Mt,  representing  56%  of  total  supply.  The  most  significant  change  in  import  sourcing 
from 2004 to 2006 is the major growth in imports from Russia. 

EN 

38 

   EN 

 
Coal prices 

Steam  coal  prices  strongly  fluctuated  in  the  period  2003-2007.  They  strongly  increased  in 
2003/04  and  again  in  the  second  half  of  2007.  Spot  steam  coal  prices  reached  the  level  of 
$130  per  metric  tonne  in  December  2007  and  their  increasing  trend  continued  in  the  first 
semester of 2008.  

Average  import  prices  for  steam  coal  in  the  EU  rose  less,  from  €  39  per  tce  in  the  first 
semester 2003 till € 73 per tce in  the second semester 2007. It is expected that this average 
price will further increase in the 1st semester of 2008. 

Coking coal prices also remain high by historic standards. Chinese coke prices have increased 
dramatically  in  2007  and  towards  the  end  of  the  year  have  approached  $400/tonne  fob,  the 
highest level since May 2004. 

Coal State Aid 

Due to unfavourable geological conditions, a part of EU indigenous hard coal production is 
not competitive with imported coal. After the expiry of the ECSC Treaty on 23 July 2002, the 
Council adopted a Regulation on State aid to the coal industry to provide a framework within 
which different kinds of state aid to the coal industry could be considered compatible with the 
EC Treaty from 24 July 2002 onwards.  

Over the period 2003/07 current production aid continued to decline. 

Lignite 

The  world  supply  of  lignite/brown  coal  went  up  by  0.9  %  in  2006  and  reached  913.8  Mt, 
following  an  increase  of  1.3  %  in  2005.  Unlike  the  situation  for  hard  coal,  many  European 
nations feature amongst the top producing countries. Europe is responsible for around 50% of 
world production, where it represents an energy resource of key importance. EU production of 
lignite  has  been  fairly  stable  in  the  period  from  2004  to  2006.  With  the  inclusion  of 
production from Romania and Bulgaria, the EU total lignite production was 454 Mt in 2006. 
Over  90%  of  lignite  is  used  in  power  stations  with  the  remainder  being  largely  used  for 
domestic heating, mainly in the form of briquettes.  

The increase in the import prices of hard coal is strengthening the competitive position of coal 
production  especially  in  the  lignite  sector.  This  results  in  a  more  stable  contribution  to  the 
security of energy supply. 

EN 

39 

   EN 

 
ANNEXES 
Supplies and Deliveries in the EU of Hard Coal, Coke and Lignite in 2004/06  

Table 1
Supplies and Deliveries of Hard Coal in 2004 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

1. Production (t=t) 

of which :

A - Underground

B - Opencast

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption*

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry**

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

* Including transformation for coke

** PCI Coal

4.278
102

8
4
86

4
4.380
4.450
2.227
1.860

296

46
22

23

4.473

181
784
9.171

1.659
404
2.623
3.094
1.263
36
64

3
25
10.136
8.205
3.348
3.647
643

204
363

7
356
1.305
9
9.519

EN 

Czech
Republic

13.303

13.303

1.504
64

43

43

54

43
60

60

60

10
14.871
9.521
3.635
4.641
644
496

105

216
5.567
9
15.097

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

160

160

712
1.334
18.127

2.211
365
6.015
3.945
764
274
2.852
610
450
641
20.333
19.584
8.676
5.868
2.534
1.927
457
539
40

39
1
94

26

44

1.679
6.607

430
239
336

44

5.493

109
8.286
7.993
6.427
1.275

285
164
6

70
58

12

33
13

13

58

7.993

19.678

29.151

29.151

8.566
30.970

2.847
3.996
9.304
5.831

3.718

5.274
68.687
69.273
51.890
10.288
2.642
3.472
3.429
769
212
107
101
4
106
3
69.382

200

200

552
126
24.541

2.329
910
3.077
5.902
1.895
483
2.923
5.867
788
367
25.419
25.208
18.033
5.124
1.350
664
156
37

55
25.263

814

546
136

63

69
814
776
772

4

22
798

655
681

3

88

552

38
1.336
1.299
208
827

120

129
15

14
1
6

348
2.538

1.151
172
3
4
1.170

38
2.886
2.812
2.234

228
5
269
81

43
38
5

1.305

2.817

EN 

1.093
6.501

188

442
1.845
1.960
275
1.462

329
7.594
7.442
7.059

224

159

63
93
7.598

40 

 
  
 
Latvia
(Estimate)

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal
(Estimate)

Romania

Slovakia
(Estimate)

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Table 1
Supplies and Deliveries of Hard Coal in 2004 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

67
62

60

2

129
129

40
89

93

264

93

254

93
93

93

10
264
259

128

50
81

81

93

259

129

99.270

99.270

713
512
1.792

1.536
1
31

224
102.287
83.368
43.173
9.887
2.511
8.975
4.477
8.969
9.853
1.025

8.827
18.695
1.202
103.265

381
21.925

1.815
1.500
1.400
8.316
1.124
107
4.515
1.784
943
421
22.306
13.505
8.876
3.148
1.468
13

8.805
227
22.537

165
5.180

460

130
1.935

2.075
160

420
5.345
5.345
5.330

13

2

3.118
2.065

60

1.468

537
5.183
5.150
1.600
2.440
390
690

30

30

5.345

5.150

12.342

7.569
4.772

347
24.474

2.007
230
3.263
10.194
3.286
143
972
3.521
16
842
37.163
37.099
30.611
3.900
715
1.493
262
320
60

54
10
37.163

523

523

523
503
473

30

20

523

701
2.485

428

1.472

458

127

3.186
3.414
602
1.790
549
473

7
1
3.422

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

24.535

178.960

12.542
11.993
561
1.673
34.624

2.061
715
6.175
10.144
9.932
258
3.670
1.458

211
61.393
60.652
48.968
6.382

3.540
1.514
1.359
403

327
76
19
601
61.272

162.195
16.765
2.745
27.331
193.690

13.651
7.210
30.176
54.916
36.685
1.717
23.454
13.986
2.327
9.569
402.727
366.198
244.142
61.076
13.486
23.228
10.464
13.091
11.175
1.132
531
9.643
34.769
2.232
403.199

EN 

41 

EN 

 
  
 
Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Supplies and Deliveries of Hard Coal in 2005 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

26

26

2.269

63

Czech
Republic

13.243

13.214
29
346
1.184
35

356
267
267

569

810
2.295
2.295
1.238
1.057

63

32

63
52

52

3
14.808
9.307
3.510
4.342
750
565
330
140

190
5.254

2.295

52

14.561

1. Production (t=t) 

of which :

A - Underground

B - Opencast

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption*

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry**

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

* Including transformation for coke

** PCI Coal

3.716
478

468

10

4.194
4.225
1.949
2.010

227

38
0

3

4.228

109
681
8.120

1.714
269
2.950
2.081
944
58
5

3
96
8.910
7.380
3.045
3.374
522
244

188
7

7

1.222
8
8.610

EN 

2

54

599
4.124

382
519
487

54

2.736

4.723
4.476
2.900
1.276

294
166
6

56
56

13

29
14

14

56

617
2.804
17.046

1.928
491
5.309
4.225
905
15
2.516
245
542
871
20.468
21.441
9.951
5.847
2.936
2.193
362
480
34

34

295

4.476

21.736

28.018

28.018

8.833
28.272

2.924

4.171
8.305
7.546

3.069

2.257
65.123
65.168
48.489
10.177
2.770
2.801
2.741
737
194
101
90
3
114
3
65.285

200

200

295
2.628

466
23.685

2.635
1.143
2.791
4.600
1.096

2.997
6.800
550
1.073
24.351
23.713
16.184
5.281
1.814
430

4

60

299
627
3
4
1.014
602

79
2.923
2.852
2.277

211
5
283
81

43
38
11

730
717

52

115

550

1.447
1.341
214
808

192

108
19

10
9
1

1.342

2.863

23.773

646

132
380

63

71
646
563

560

3

13
576

EN 

890
5.141

66

129
1.852
1.531

1.254

309
6.031
6.288
5.938

235

115

1
95
6.384

42 

 
  
 
Latvia
(Estimate)

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal
(Estimate)

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Supplies and Deliveries of Hard Coal in 2005 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

97.109

97.109

794
606
2.762

2.380
5
69

307
101.271
79.132
42.394
9.349
1.879
7.937
4.885
7.537
10.035
981

9.054
17.968
1.557
98.657

244
19.993

1.643
902
1.517
6.084
1.592

5.703
992
713
847
20.237
12.963
8.267
3.157
1.526
13

7.056
210
20.229

62
49

49

111
111

34
77

1
115

294

115

290

116
120
10

34

36
40

40

4
294
285

137

55
92

92

120

285

111

451
4.821

378

1.985

2.314
144

5.272
5.272
5.256

16

2.706

2.706

3.681

978

2.467
2.580

406

1.824

2.327

879
6.387
6.387
3.294
3.062

254
5.048
5.048
2.853
2.095

31

100

11.895

7.219
4.676

313
24.443

1.500
285
3.115
8.736
4.234
226
1.938
3.783
146
480
36.651
36.602
31.138
3.571
728
599
599
330
236
60

176
4
45
36.651

406

406
386
366

20

20

406

5.272

6.387

5.048

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Total
EU-27

Member State

20.008

170.473

173.205 1. Production (t=t) 
of which :

9.563
10.445
616
974
42.810

1.538
1.072
4.368
12.970
17.356
153
3.314
1.691
348

64.408
62.223
50.568
6.603

3.593
1.640
1.106
353

266
87
438
111
62.772

155.323
15.150
2.484
25.758
192.042

15.720
4.681
26.621
51.657
44.980
462
24.192
14.726
2.355
6.651
390.760
352.074
236.239
59.737
12.999
20.883
10.728
11.295
10.920
1.142
450
9.517
32.448
2.044
386.566

442
2.761

492

1.370

847

53

3.203
3.070
930
1.847
20
459

-186

-186
1
2
3.073

B - Opencast

A - Underground

158.055
15.150
2.484 2. Recoveries
25.758 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)
197.992 4. Total imports from Third Countries
of which :

17.054
4.948
26.888
51.657
47.373
462
24.192
14.726
2.355
8.340

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

D - Other Industries

C - Iron and Steel Industry**

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

399.442 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
360.756 6. Gross Inland Consumption*
240.771
63.856
12.999
20.883
10.728
11.326
10.920
1.142
450
9.517
32.448 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)
2.044 8. Exports to Third Countries

of which Power Stations

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

E - Domestic Heating

(i) Issue to Workers

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(iii) Others

395.248 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

* Including transformation for coke

** PCI Coal

EN 

43 

EN 

 
  
Table 3
Supplies and Deliveries of Hard Coal in 2006 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech
Republic

Denmark

Estonia
(Estimate)

Finland

France

Germany

Greece
(Estimate)

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

1. Production (t=t) 

of which :

A - Underground

B - Opencast

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption*

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry**

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

* Including transformation for coke

** PCI Coal

3.707
254

254

3.961
3.873
1.804
1.768
258

42

3.873

29
493
7.565

1.835
352
2.137
2.261
786
27
4

144
19
8.087
6.844
2.539
3.364
514
239

183
5

5

1.072
15
7.931

EN 

19

19

2.221

63

13.385

13.374
11
360
1.909
54

561
88
157

814

601
2.240
2.240
1.260
980

63

50

63
54

54

4
15.708
9.306
3.538
4.326
754
568
328
120

6.045
303
15.654

2.240

54

23.762

23.762

8.882
32.444

2.059
1.666
4.748
8.570
8.259

4.174

2.968
65.088
65.658
48.914
10.175
2.977
2.738
2.679
659
195
99
94
2
118
2
65.778

2

54

54

56
56

13

29
14

14

56

540
6.143

791
434
249
379
3.622

323
274

70
6.683
7.810
6.270
1.240

294
166
6

452
2.160
18.230

2.010
474
5.727
4.236
1.124
17
2.234
584
460
1.365
20.843
19.970
8.266
5.847
3.193
2.161
354
480
23

23

140

7.810

20.110

200

200

104
2.263

345
24.289

2.672
1.071
3.097
4.779
834

2.034
8.734
335
733
24.834
24.549
16.596
6.092
1.708
143

1
9

9

192

1.090
779

202
2.367
3.077
2.526

205
10
265
81

43
38
3

3.080

24.549

498

22
243

71

161
498
498

498

498

888
871

105

31

435

300
1.759
1.842
227
1.301

157

137
20

20

3
1
1.846

725
7.832

274

190
3.062
2.009

1.537
631

129
8.557
9.432
9.045

244

143

31
79
9.542

44 

EN 

 
  
 
Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal
(Estimate)

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

Table 3
Supplies and Deliveries of Hard Coal in 2006 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

74

326

74

315

74
81
4

26

24
27

27

81

11
326
324

152

62
110

110

324

101
52

52

153
153

49
104

372
17.413

1.035
707
1.512
5.234
1.261
215
4.392
2.176
596
285
17.785
12.623
8.229
3.048
1.326
20

153

12.623

94.404

94.404

816
1.498
3.720

3.345
10
80

285
100.439
86.980
44.597
10.604
2.136
7.714
4.161
7.992
13.937
936

13.001
16.158
725
103.863

2.355

2.355

3.396

1.079

73
166
1.362

716
5.751
5.743
2.996
2.727

2.795
1.439

1.356

83
4.233
4.233
1.910
2.223

5.782

202

2.310
22

2.610
473

165
5.782
5.782
5.782

20

100

3
5
5.751

5.782

4.233

11.566

7.183
4.383

340
23.371

1.423
234
3.550
8.213
3.610
294
1.535
4.022
154
335
35.277
35.061
29.734
3.622
511
784

350
60
60

198
12
35.271

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Total
EU-27

Member State

18.079

161.396

163.770 1. Production (t=t) 
of which :

9.444
8.635
449
1.596
48.860

2.108
1.274
3.909
12.858
22.897
52
3.798
1.895

67
68.984
67.387
55.805
7.049

3.685
1.518
547
301

276
25
409
34
67.830

148.367
13.029
2.108
27.030
204.074

15.125
6.212
26.507
52.169
51.121
615
23.882
19.568
1.689
7.182
394.609
368.832
246.843
62.876
13.447
20.271
9.216
11.140
14.254
1.095
461
12.698
24.178
1.172
394.182

575
2.477

357

1.357
1
762

3.052
3.239
1.057
2.217
21
472

-528

-528
1
1
3.241

B - Opencast

A - Underground

150.741
13.029
2.108 2. Recoveries
27.030 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)
209.691 4. Total imports from Third Countries
of which :

16.765
6.300
26.737
52.335
53.297
615
23.882
19.568
1.689
8.499

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

D - Other Industries

C - Iron and Steel Industry**

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

402.600 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
376.815 6. Gross Inland Consumption*
251.099
66.583
13.447
20.271
9.216
11.160
14.254
1.095
461
12.698
24.181 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)
1.177 8. Exports to Third Countries

of which Power Stations

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

E - Domestic Heating

(i) Issue to Workers

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(iii) Others

402.173 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

* Including transformation for coke

** PCI Coal

EN 

45 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 4
Supplies and Deliveries of Coke in 2004 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech
Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

1. Production (t=t) 

2. Recoveries

1.400

2.965

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

869
5

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

5
2.274
2.582

2.412
78

91

114
191

51

28
17
93

2
3.270
3.401

3.324
68

9

135

135
135
135

135

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

17

82

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

2.599

3.483

135

EN 

3.548

730
26

5

21
4.304
3.282

104
1.937
1.105

1
135

135
923
35
4.240

18
17

2
15

35
32

31

1

1
1

33

46 

904

407
104

104

1.415
1.412

1.372
40

8.479

2.467
1.944

60

165

1.719
12.890
13.088

12.194
809

80
5
5

4.542

486
794

25

45
564

160
5.822
5.226

4.503
624

21
78

78
850

2
1.414

6.076

13.088

664

94
95

15

80
853
783

5
740
30

2
6

6
68
12
863

4

4
4

4

4

4.062
-84

1.087

149

43

6
661

228
5.065
4.819

4.501
280

38

194
52
5.065

EN 

 
  
 
Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal
(Estimate)

Romania

Slovakia
(Estimate)

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Member State

Table 4
Supplies and Deliveries of Coke in 2004 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

15

3
5

8
15
14

12

2

2

14

2.216

10.077

110
224

68
143
5

8
2.550
2.161

1.953
197

11

11
327
19
2.507

24

4

20
10.101
5.293

3.843
712

738

4.600
185
10.078

13

13
13

13

13

1.882

296

2.178
2.100

2.100

78

2.178

2.614

1.372

4.336

49.061 1. Production (t=t) 
-84 2. Recoveries

18
152

34

58
30

30
2.784
1.799

1.375
424

159
341

8

15
318

1.872
1.778

1.715
63

712
273
2.784

35

1.813

193
852

18
25

294
431
53

31
5.381
5.147

4.171
925

51

80
62
5.289

5.985 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)
6.006 4. Total imports from Third Countries

259
18
76
28
588
2.368
223

2.447

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

60.968 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
53.076 6. Gross Inland Consumption

109
46.147
5.550

1.031
238
5

233

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7.967 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

640 8. Exports to Third Countries

61.683 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

7

7
7

7

7

EN 

47 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 5
Supplies and Deliveries of Coke in 2005 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

1. Production (t=t) 

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

690

10
105

105
805
805

805

143

143
143
143

143

1.388

1.136
5

5
2.529
2.555

2.471
35

49

2.856

61
91

24

67

3.008
3.013

2.928
77

8

20

2.555

3.033

805

143

Czech
Republic

3.412

508
2

2
3.922
3.030

100
1.850
1.080

896
17
3.943

EN 

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

37

894

4.445

503

503

1.397
1.415

1.376
39

37

957
568

22
458

88
5.970
4.923

4.270
607

14
32

32
643

8.397

2.101
1.692

6

23

1.663
12.190
12.284

11.619
602

60
3
3

37
37

2
1.417

5.566

12.284

614

134
71

44

27
819
751

4
719
25

2
1

1
48
5
804

4

4
4

4

4

36

4
32

36
33

33

33

48 

4.574

848

82

29

442

295
5.422
5.258

5.023
224

11

181
49
5.488

EN 

 
  
 
Table 5
Supplies and Deliveries of Coke in 2005 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal
(Estimate)

Romania*

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Total
EU-27

Member State

2.250

8.404

2.100

1.846

2.437

1.402

4.364

47.320

50.110 1. Production (t=t) 

8

7

1
8
7

7

15

1
11

3
15
18

18

7

18

46
295

24

49
155
44
23

2.591
2.095

1.891
192

12

12
350
5
2.450

27

1

26
8.431
3.809

2.665
691

453

3.214
970
7.993

6

6
6

6

6

549
127

193
66

44

23
2.106
2.028

127
2.776
2.741

2.741

2.028

35
2.776

76
1
2.106

7

7
7

7

7

21
115

29
10

25

16

35
2.573
1.963

1.451
512

428
182
2.573

140
253

140
3

110
1.795
1.692

1.478
134

65
15

15
26
9
1.727

203
718

3
125
368

222
5.285
5.015

4.067
913

35

55
64
5.134

5.517
5.456

135
10
53
3
283
2.221
86
23

2.643
58.294
50.049

104
43.856
5.329

697
63
3

60
5.937
1.341
57.328

2. Recoveries

6.076 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)
5.688 4. Total imports from Third Countries

135
10
53
3
283
2.221
86
23

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

2.875
61.875 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
53.595 6. Gross Inland Consumption

104
47.402
5.329

697
63
3

60

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

5.937 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)
1.376 8. Exports to Third Countries
60.909 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

EN 

49 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 6
Supplies and Deliveries of Coke in 2006 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech
Republic

Denmark

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

870

4.689

1. Production (t=t) 

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

1.398

1.261

669

16
156

156
841
841

841

153

153
153
153

153

2.894

29
38

14

24

2.961
3.012

2.912
90

10

179

2.659
2.845

2.793

52

Estonia
(Estimate)
37

37

520

520

1.390
1.400

1.360
40

3.463

768

4.231
3.423

128
3.041
214

40

924
47
4.394

3
35

35

38
34

34

34

50 

944
517

24
491
1

2
6.150
5.139

4.439
627

4
69

69
668
33
5.840

8.372

1.903
1.701

70
63
95

56

30

1.387
11.976
12.067

11.416
591

58
2
2

12.067

921

48

969
728

3
696
25

2
1

1
83
128
939

4.689

716

267

313

136
5.405
5.148

4.959
182

5
2

2
189
31
5.368

EN 

2.845

3.191

841

153

37
37

1.400

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

EN 

 
  
 
Table 6
Supplies and Deliveries of Coke in 2006 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Latvia

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania*

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Total
EU-27

Member State

2.162

9.613

1.900

1.840

2.555

1.188

4.682

49.373

51.942 1. Production (t=t) 

4

4

4
3

3

24

6
18

24
24

24

145
49

28

21
2.356
1.879

1.709
170

3

24

1.879

20

483
60

434
35

1

59
2.443
2.425

5

30
2.309
2.302

2.425

2.302

17
2.442

7

2.309

20
9.634
4.058

3.045
521

493

4.087
1.911
10.055

54
101

30

53
1
12

5
2.710
1.660

1.393
267

871
179
2.710

124
93

4
44

45
1.405
1.433

1.344
67

22

22
26

1.459

8

8
8
8

8

8

245
748

310
416

23
5.675
5.303

5.201
70

32

130
38
5.471

5.958
4.762

381
63
95

486
1.822
87

1.830
60.094
50.619

131
46.621
3.075

696
96
2

94
7.164
2.404
60.186

2. Recoveries

6.457 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)
4.978 4. Total imports from Third Countries

381
63
95

486
1.823
87

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

2.045
63.378 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
53.885 6. Gross Inland Consumption

131
49.887
3.075

696
96
2

94

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7.164 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)
2.421 8. Exports to Third Countries
63.469 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

EN 

51 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 7
Supplies and Deliveries of Brown Coal and Lignite in 2004 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech
Republic

Denmark

Estonia
(peat)

Finland
(peat)

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland
(peat)

Italy

1. Production (t=t) 

of which :

A - Underground

B - Opencast

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

235

235

82

317
1.188
1.007

117

64

190

190
189

189

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

4

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

1.193

189

48.497

914
47.583

1

48.498
47.417
35.666

8.866
3.649
559
2.326

2.326
1.024
48
48.489

279

3.200

181.926

70.041

11.242

4.656

279
134

413
299
17

281

1

106

405

3.200

181.926

70.041

40

17

3.200
8.724
7.299

1.318
1.318
107

29

8.753

40
40

40

17
181.943
181.933
169.126

602

12.205

12.205

1

70.041
70.855
70.233

196

426

422
4

40

181.934

70.855

2.107
9.135

294
91

91

11.627
12.173
11.788

29

323
33

15
18
1
65
12.239

4.656

41

4.697
3.059
1.555

36
36
847
621

618
3
30

3.089

9

9
9

9

9

EN 

52 

EN 

 
  
 
Latvia

Lithuania
(mainly peat)
50

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Member State

Table 7
Supplies and Deliveries of Brown Coal and Lignite in 2004 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Slovakia
(Estimate)

2.950

2.950

870

4.809

4.809

8.162

8.162

50

9

1

8
59
48
47

1
1

1

5
53

8

8
8

6

2

8

61.196

61.196
3

61.198
61.172
60.279

893

27

61.198

46

46
44

23

21

21

44

397.243 1. Production (t=t) 
of which :

10.780
386.463

A - Underground

B - Opencast

137 2. Recoveries

1.581 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

117 4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

92

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

25

399.077 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
403.719 6. Gross Inland Consumption
372.768

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

11.913
5.003
3.405
15.633

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

13.260
2.373
1.222 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

4.809
4.809
4.809

8.162
8.162
8.162

3.820
3.590
2.780

210

600

3.590

4.809

8.162

118 8. Exports to Third Countries

405.059 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

EN 

53 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 8
Supplies and Deliveries of Brown Coal and Lignite in 2005 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech
Republic

Denmark

Estonia
(peat)

Finland
(peat)

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland
(peat)

Italy

1. Production (t=t) 

of which :

A - Underground

B - Opencast

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

108

206

206
206

206

108
1.287
1.112

123

53

24.598

945
23.653

24.598
24.598
23.585

216
797

797

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

3

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

1.290

206

24.598

48.772

936
47.836

1

48.773
47.617
39.094

4.500
3.500
2.000
2.023

536
1.487
1.303
5
48.925

378

8.574

177.907

69.398

378
-80

8.574

22
4

177.907

69.398

34
2

9

298
252
61

191

46

298

4
8.600
6.560
6.560

124
16
6.700

2
36
36

36

9
177.916
177.861
164.884

715

12.262

12.262

1

69.398
70.096
69.429

224

32
411

411

36

177.862

70.096

9.571

1.249
8.322

389
316

316

10.276
10.247
9.813

3

358
73

17
56
2
372
10.621

4.226

4.226

41

4.267
4.230
2.709

36
36
871
614

610
4
30

4.260

8

8
8

8

8

EN 

54 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 8
Supplies and Deliveries of Brown Coal and Lignite in 2005 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden
(peat)

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Total
EU-27

Member State

28.432

2.427
26.005

2.511

2.511

368

646

4.540

4.540

406

7.587

1.012

7.587

1.012

Latvia
(peat)

12

12

12
8
8

4

12

Lithuania
(mainly peat)
70

70

26

3

23
96
53
50

1
2

2

0
53

61.590

61.590
3

61.593
61.573
61.173

8

8
8

7

1

8

51

51
51

29

22

22

51

28.800
28.800
28.710

3.158
3.158
2.858

406
4.946
4.971
4.971

7.587
7.587
7.587

400

90

300

20

61.593

20

28.800

3.158

4.991

7.587

396.149

9.236
386.912
-78
1.514
771

8

319

444
398.357
396.826
371.039

6.098
3.536
4.283
15.407

13.836
1.570
1.553
396
398.775

449.179 1. Production (t=t) 
of which :

12.608
436.570

A - Underground

B - Opencast

-78 2. Recoveries

1.882 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

771 4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

8

319

444

451.755 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
450.224 6. Gross Inland Consumption
423.334

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

6.098
3.536
4.589
16.204

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

14.633
1.570
1.553 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

396 8. Exports to Third Countries

452.173 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

8

8

1.020
1.017
731

28

258

3
1.020

EN 

55 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 9
Supplies and Deliveries of Brown Coal and Lignite in 2006 (Part 1)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Member State

Austria

Belgium

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Czech
Republic

Denmark

Estonia
(Estimate)

Finland
(peat)

France

Germany

1. Production (t=t) 

of which :

A - Underground

B - Opencast

2. Recoveries

3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)

4. Total imports from Third Countries

8

8

25.631

1.662
23.969

120

289

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)

6. Gross Inland Consumption

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

8. Exports to Third Countries

9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

289
290

290

128
781
662

60

59

25.631
25.631
24.628

238
765

765

781

290

25.631

49.059

914
48.145

24

49.083
47.609
39.170

4.340
3.140
1.900
2.199

580
1.619
1.296
4
48.909

378

11.689

179.950

Greece
(Estimate)
65.650

378
-80

298
252
61

191

46

298

11.689

179.950

65.650

7
4

37

8

4
11.700
8.689
8.689

98
13
8.800

37
37

37

8
179.958
179.950
166.400

750

12.800

12.800

1

65.650
65.650
65.050

200

400

400

37

179.951

65.650

Hungary

Ireland
(peat)

Italy

9.952

1.351
8.601

344
333

333

10.629
10.176
9.731

37

391
17

1
16
1
490
10.667

3.972

3.972

13

3.985
3.748
2.347

36
36
725
640

637
3
5

3.753

9

9
9

2
7

7

9

EN 

56 

EN 

 
  
 
Table 9
Supplies and Deliveries of Brown Coal and Lignite in 2006 (Part 2)
(in thousands of metric tonnes)

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Slovakia

Slovenia

Spain

Sweden
(peat)

United
Kingdom

Total
EU-25

Total
EU-27

Member State

60.762

60.762

32.458

2.064
30.394

496
125

2.207

2.207

731
5

4.522

4.522

549

6.872

6.872

119

4

60.762
60.762
60.065

6
33.079
33.079
32.986

1
2.943
2.943
2.643

549
5.071
5.087
5.087

6.872
6.872
6.872

697

93

300

60.762

33.079

2.943

5.121

6.872

34

34

34
34

9

25

25

34

979

979

9

9

988
890
651

32

207

6
896

396.080

8.994
387.086
-80
1.615
936

9

340

587
398.551
393.848
367.487

5.988
3.176
4.283
16.090

14.418
1.672
1.481
551
395.880

7

7
7

6

1

7

454.169 1. Production (t=t) 
of which :

12.720
441.449

A - Underground

B - Opencast

-80 2. Recoveries

2.111 3. Receipts from other EU Countries (EU-25)
1.061 4. Total imports from Third Countries

of which :

A - USA

B - Canada

C - Australia

D - South Africa

E - Russian Federation

F - China

G - Colombia

H - Indonesia

I - Venezuela

J - Others

9

459

593

457.261 5. Total Availabilities (1+2+3+4)
452.558 6. Gross Inland Consumption
425.101

A - Power Stations (public & mine)

5.988
3.176
4.614
16.855

B - Coking Plants (coal input)

C - Iron and Steel Industry

D - Other Industries

of which Power Stations

E - Domestic Heating

F - Miscellaneous (Total (i)+(ii)+(iii))

(i) Issue to Workers

15.183
1.672
1.481 7. Deliveries to Other EU Countries (EU-25)

(ii) Patent Fuel Plants

(iii) Others

551 8. Exports to Third Countries

454.590 9. Total Deliveries (6+7+8)

Latvia
(peat)

14

14

14
4
4

4

Lithuania
(mainly peat)
66

66

28

3

25
94
58
55

1
2

2

38
96

EN 

57 

EN