Regulation No 117 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tyres with regard to rolling sound emissions and to adhesion on wet surfaces
Date: 2008-08-29
Institutions: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Subjects: approval, noise level, pneumatic tyre, technical regulations, technical standard, testing

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(Acts adopted under the EC Treaty/Euratom Treaty whose publication is not obligatory)

II

ACTS ADOPTED BY BODIES CREATED BY INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS

Only the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and date of entry into force of this Regulation
should be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE status document TRANS/WP.29/343, available at:
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.html

Regulation No 117 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) —
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of tyres with regard to rolling sound emissions and to
adhesion on wet surfaces

Incorporating all valid text up to:

01 series of amendments — Date of entry into force: 2 February 2007

Corrigendum 1 to the 01 series of amendments, subject of Depositary Notification
C.N.554.2007.TREATIES-1 dated 9 May 2007

CONTENTS

REGULATION

1. Scope

2. Definitions

3. Application for approval

4. Markings

5. Approval

6. Specifications

7. Modifications of the type of pneumatic tyre and extension of approval

8. Conformity of production

9. Penalties for non-conformity of production

10. Production definitely discontinued

11. Names and addresses of Technical Services responsible for conducting approval

tests, and of

Administrative Departments

12. Introductory provisions

ANNEXES

Annex 1 — Communication concerning the approval or extension or refusal or withdrawal of approval or
production definitely discontinued of a type of tyre with regard to ‘rolling sound emission level’
and ‘adhesion performance on wet surfaces’ pursuant to Regulation No 117

Annex 2 — Arrangement of approval marks

Appendix 1 — Approval according to Regulation No 117 coincident with approval

to

Regulations Nos 30 or 54

Appendix 2 — Extensions to combine approvals issued in accordance with Regulations Nos

117, 30 or 54

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Annex 3 — Coast-by test method for measuring tyre-rolling sound emission

Appendix — Test report

Annex 4 — Specifications for the test site

Annex 5 — Test procedure for measuring wet grip

Appendix — Test report

1.

1.1.

SCOPE

This Regulation applies to tyres with regard to their sound emissions and to Class C1 tyres for M1,
N1, O1 or O2 (1) vehicles with regard to adhesion performance on wet surfaces (wet adhesion). It
does not, however, apply to:

1.1.1.

Tyres designed as ‘Temporary use spare tyres’ and marked ‘Temporary use only’;

1.1.2.

Tyres having a nominal rim diameter code ≤ 10 (or ≤ 254 mm) or ≥ 25 (or ≥ 635 mm);

1.1.3.

Tyres designed for competitions;

1.1.4.

Tyres intended to be fitted to road vehicles of categories other than M, N and O;

1.1.5.

Tyres fitted with additional devices to improve traction properties (e.g. studded tyres);

1.1.6.

Tyres with a speed rating less than 80 km/h (F).

1.2.

Contracting Parties shall issue or accept approvals to rolling sound and wet adhesion unless they
notify to the Secretary-General of the United Nations their option for rolling sound only. Such
notification shall have effect in accordance with the time scales laid down in Article 1, paragraphs 6
and 7 of the 1958 Agreement (E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2).

2.

DEFINITIONS

For the purpose of this Regulation, in addition to the definitions contained in ECE Regulations Nos
30 and 54, the following definitions apply.

2.1.

‘Type of tyre’ means, in relation to this Regulation, a range of tyres consisting of a list of tyre size
designations, brand names and trade descriptions, which do not differ in such essential characte­
ristics as:

(a) The manufacturer's name;

(b) The tyre class (see paragraph 2.4);

(c) The tyre structure;

(d) The category of use: normal tyre, special use tyre and snow tyre;

(e) For Class C1 tyres:

(i) In case of tyres submitted for approval of rolling sound emission levels, whether normal or

reinforced (or extra load);

(ii) In case of tyres submitted for approval of performance adhesion on wet surfaces, whether
normal or snow tyres with a speed category of Q or below (160 km/h) or speed category R
and above including H (≥ 170 km/h);

(f) The tread pattern (see paragraph 3.2.1).

(1) As defined in the Consolidated Resolution on the Construction of Vehicles

(R.E.3), Annex 7 (document

TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2 as last amended by Amend.4).

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2.2.

2.3.

‘Brand name’ or ‘Trade description’ means the identification of the tyre as given by the tyre
manufacturer. The Brand name may be the same as that of the manufacturer and the Trade
description may coincide with the trade mark.

‘Rolling sound emission’ means the sound emitted from the contact between the tyres in motion
and the road surface.

2.4.

‘Tyre Class’ means one of the following groupings:

2.4.1.

Class C1 tyres: Tyres conforming to ECE Regulation No 30;

2.4.2.

Class C2 tyres: Tyres conforming to ECE Regulation No 54 and identified by a load capacity index
in single formation lower or equal to 121 and a speed category symbol higher or equal to ‘N’;

2.4.3.

Class C3 tyres: Tyres conforming to ECE Regulation No 54 and identified by:

(a) A load capacity index in single formation higher or equal to 122; or

(b) A load capacity index in single formation lower or equal to 121 and a speed category symbol

lower or equal to ‘M’.

‘Representative tyre size’ means the tyre size which is submitted to the test described in Annex 3 to
this Regulation with regard to rolling sound emissions, and Annex 5 for adhesion on wet surfaces,
to assess the conformity for the type approval of the type of tyre.

‘Temporary-use spare tyre’ means a tyre different from a tyre intended to be fitted to any vehicle
for normal driving conditions; but
intended only for temporary use under restricted driving
conditions.

‘Tyres designed for competition’ means tyres intended to be fitted to vehicles involved in motor
sport competition and not intended for non-competitive on-road use.

2.5.

2.6.

2.7.

2.8.

‘Normal tyre’ means a tyre intended for normal, everyday, on-road use.

2.9.

‘Special use tyre’ means a tyre intended for mixed use both on- and off-road or for other special
duty.

2.10.

2.11.

2.12.

‘Snow tyre’ means a tyre whose tread pattern, tread compound or structure are primarily designed
to achieve in snow conditions a performance better than that of a normal tyre with regard to its
ability to initiate or maintain vehicle motion.

‘Adhesion on wet surfaces’ means the relative braking performance, on a wet surface, of a test
vehicle equipped with the candidate tyre in comparison to that of the same test vehicle equipped
with a reference tyre (SRTT).

‘Standard reference test tyre (SRTT)’ means a tyre that is produced, controlled and stored in
accordance with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard E 1136-93
(re-approved 1998).

2.13.

‘Candidate tyre’ means a tyre, representative of
accordance with this Regulation.

the type,

that

is submitted for approval

in

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2.14.

‘Control tyre’ means a normal production tyre that is used to establish the wet grip performance of
tyre sizes unable to be fitted to the same vehicle as the standard reference test tyre — see
paragraph 2.2.2.16 of Annex 5 to this Regulation.

2.15.

‘Wet grip index (“G”)’ means the ratio between the performance of the candidate tyre and the
performance of the standard reference test tyre.

2.16.

‘Peak brake force coefficient (“pbfc”)’ means the maximum value of the ratio of braking force to
vertical load on the tyre prior to wheel lock-up.

2.17.

‘Mean fully developed deceleration (“mfdd”)’ means the average deceleration calculated on the basis
of the measured distance recorded when decelerating a vehicle between two specified speeds.

2.18.

3.

3.1.

‘Coupling (hitch) height’ means the height when measured perpendicularly from the centre of the
articulation point of the trailer towing coupling or hitch to the ground, when the towing vehicle
and trailer are coupled together. The vehicle and trailer must be standing on level pavement surface
in its test mode complete with the appropriate tyre(s) to be used in the particular test.

APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL

The application for approval of a type of tyre with regard to this Regulation shall be submitted by
the tyre manufacturer or by his duly accredited representative. It shall specify:

3.1.1.

The performance characteristics to be assessed for the tyre type; ‘rolling sound emissions level’ or
‘adhesion performance level on wet surfaces and rolling sound emissions level’;

3.1.2. Name of manufacturer;

3.1.3. Name and address of applicant;

3.1.4. Address(es) of manufacturing plant(s);

3.1.5.

Brand name(s), trade description(s), trade mark(s);

3.1.6.

Tyre class (Class C1, C2 or C3) (see paragraph 2.4 of this Regulation);

3.1.6.1. Section width range for class C1 tyres (see paragraph 6.1.1 of this Regulation);

NB: This information is required only for approval with regard to rolling sound emission level.

3.1.7.

Tyre structure;

3.1.8.

For Class C1 tyres, state whether:

(a) Reinforced (or extra load) in case of approval with regard to rolling sound emission level;

(b) Speed category symbol ‘Q’ or below (not including ‘H’) or ‘R’ and above (including ‘H’) in case

of ‘snow’ tyres for approval with regard to adhesion on wet surfaces;

3.1.9.

Category of use (normal, snow, or special);

3.1.10. A list of tyre size designations covered by this application.

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3.2.

The application for approval shall be accompanied (in triplicate) by:

3.2.1. Details of the major features, with respect to the effects on tyre performance (i.e. rolling sound
emission level or adhesion on wet surfaces, respectively) of the tread pattern(s) to be used on the
designated range of tyre sizes. This may be by drawing, photograph or description, but must be
sufficient to allow the type approval authority or technical service to determine whether any
subsequent changes to the major features will adversely affect the tyre performance. The effects
of changes to minor details of
tyre construction on tyre performances will be evident and
determined during checks on conformity of production;

3.2.2. Drawings or photographs of

the tyre sidewall, showing the information given in paragraph
3.1.4 above and the approval marking referred to in paragraph 5, shall be submitted once the
production has been established, but no later than one year after the date of granting of type
approval.

3.3.

3.4.

3.5.

4.

4.1.

At the request of the type approval authority, the applicant shall submit samples of tyres for test or
copies of test reports from the technical services, communicated as given in paragraph 11 of this
Regulation.

With regard to the application, testing may be confined to a worst case selection, at the discretion
of the type approval authority or designated technical service.

The laboratories and test facilities of a tyre manufacturer may be designated as an approved
laboratory and the type approval authority shall have the option of being represented during
any tests.

MARKINGS

All tyres constituting the type of tyre must be marked as prescribed by either ECE Regulations
No 30 or No 54, as applicable.

4.2.

In particular tyres must bear:

4.2.1.

The manufacturer's name or trade mark;

4.2.2.

The trade description (see paragraph 2.2). However, the trade description is not required when it
coincides with the trade mark;

4.2.3.

The tyre size designation;

4.2.4.

The inscription ‘REINFORCED’ (or alternatively ‘EXTRA LOAD’) if the tyre is classified as reinforced;

4.2.5.

The inscription ‘M+S’ (or alternatively ‘M.S’ or ‘M&S’) if the tyre is classified in the category of use
‘snow’;

4.2.6.

The inscription ‘MPT’ (or alternatively ‘ML’ or ‘ET’) if the tyre is classified in the category of use
‘special’.

4.3.

Tyres shall provide adequate space for the approval mark as shown in Annex 2 to this Regulation.

4.4.

The approval mark shall be moulded into or onto the sidewall of the tyre, shall be clearly legible
and shall be located in the lower area of the tyre on at least one of the sidewalls.

4.4.1. However, in the case of tyres identified by the tyre to rim fitment configuration symbol ‘A’, the

marking may be located anywhere on the outside sidewall of the tyre.

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5.

5.1.

5.2.

5.3.

APPROVAL

If the representative tyre size of the type of tyre submitted for approval pursuant to this Regulation
meets the requirements of paragraphs 6 and 7 below, approval of that type of tyre shall be granted.

An approval number shall be assigned to the type of tyre approved. The same Contracting Party
may not assign the same number to another type of tyre.

Notice of approval or extension of approval or refusal of approval of a type of tyre pursuant to this
Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement, which apply this Regulation by
means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to the Regulation.

5.3.1.

Tyre manufacturers are entitled to submit an application for extension of type approval to the
requirements of other regulations relevant to the tyre type. In that case, a copy of the relevant type
approval communication(s), as issued by the relevant type approval authority, shall be attached to
the application for extension of approval. All applications for extension of approval(s) shall only be
granted by the type approval authority which issued the original approval for the tyre.

5.3.1.1. When extension of approval is granted to incorporate into the communication form (see Annex 1
to this Regulation) certification(s) of conformity to other regulations, the approval number on the
communication form shall be supplemented by suffix(es) to identify the given regulation(s) and the
technical prescriptions which have been incorporated by the extension of approval. In relation to
each given suffix, the specific type approval number(s) and the Regulation itself shall be added to
paragraph 9 of the communication form.

5.3.1.2. The suffix shall identify the series of amendments of the prescription on tyre performances for the
relevant Regulation (e.g. S01 or SW01 to identify the first series of amendments on tyre road
rolling sound emissions or both tyre road rolling sound emissions and tyre adhesion on wet
surfaces). No identification to the series of amendments shall be required if the relevant Regulation
is in its original form.

5.3.2.

The following suffixes have been already reserved to identify specific regulations on tyre
performance parameters:

S

to identify additional conformity to the requirements on tyre rolling sound emissions;

W to identify additional conformity to the requirements on tyre adhesion on wet surfaces.

Other suffixes will be defined on need.

5.4.

In the space referred to in paragraph 4.3 and in accordance with the requirements of paragraph 4.4
there shall be affixed to every tyre size, conforming to the type of tyre approved under this
Regulation, an international approval mark consisting of:

5.4.1. A circle surrounding the letter ‘E’ followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has

granted approval (1); and

(1) 1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for the
Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 13 for Luxembourg, 14 for
Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for
Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation, 23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia,
28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria,
35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for the former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their
respective ECE symbol), 43 for Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa, 48 for New
Zealand, 49 for Cyprus, 50 for Malta, 51 for the Republic of Korea, 52 for Malaysia, 53 for Thailand, 54 and 55
(vacant) and 56 for Montenegro. Subsequent numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order
in which they ratify or accede to the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for
Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions
for Reciprocal Recognition of Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned
shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.

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5.4.2.

The approval number, followed by suffix(es) ‘S’ or ‘SW’, placed to the right (or below) the circle
prescribed in paragraph 5.4.1,
is extended
subsequent to the original approval the addition sign ‘+’ shall be placed in front of the ‘S’ or
‘SW’ to denote an extension to the approval.

the original approval.

the approval

if part of

If

5.4.3.

The suffix(es), and the identification to any relevant series of amendments, if any, as specified in the
communication form.

5.4.4.

The marking on the tyre sidewalls of suffix(es) to the approval number removes the requirement
for any additional marking on the tyre of the specific type approval number for conformity to the
regulation(s) to which the suffix refers as per paragraph 5.3.2 above.

5.5.

If the tyre conforms to type approvals under one or more other Regulations annexed to the
Agreement in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation, the symbol prescribed
in paragraph 5.4.1 need not be repeated. In such a case the additional numbers and symbols of all
the Regulations under which approval has been granted in the country which has granted approval
under this Regulation shall be placed adjacent to the symbol prescribed in paragraph 5.4.1 above.

5.6.

Annex 2 to this Regulation gives examples of arrangements of approval marks.

6.

6.1.

6.1.1.

SPECIFICATIONS

Rolling sound emission limits, as measured by method described in Annex 3 to this Regulation.

For Class C1 tyres, the rolling sound emission value shall not exceed the values given below. These
values apply to both normal and snow tyres and refer to the nominal section width as given in
paragraph 2.17.1.1 of Regulation No 30:

Nominal Section Width

Limit dB(A)

145 and lower

Over 145 up to 165

Over 165 up to 185

Over 185 up to 215

Over 215

72

73

74

75

76

6.1.1.1. In case of ‘Reinforced’ (or Extra-load) Class C1 tyres (see paragraph 4.2.4 above), the limits of

paragraph 6.1.1 are to be increased by 1 dB(A).

6.1.1.2. In case of Class C1 tyres classified in category of use ‘Special’ (see paragraph 4.2.6 above) the limits

of paragraph 6.1.1 are to be increased by 2 dB(A).

6.1.2.

For Class C2 tyres, the rolling sound emission value with reference to its category of use (see
paragraph 2.1 above) shall not exceed:

Normal

Snow

Special

Category of use

Limit dB(A)

75

77

78

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6.1.3.

For Class C3 tyres, the rolling sound emission value with reference to its category of use (see
paragraph 2.1 above) shall not exceed:

Category of use

Limit dB(A)

Normal

Snow

Special

76

78

79

6.2.

The wet grip performance will be based on a procedure that compares either peak brake force
coefficient (‘pbfc’) or mean fully developed deceleration (‘mfdd’) against values achieved by a
standard reference test tyre (SRTT). The relative performance shall be indicated by a wet grip
index (G).

6.2.1.

For Class C1 tyres, tested in accordance with either procedure given in Annex 5 to this Regulation,
the tyre shall meet the following requirements:

Category of use

Wet grip index (G)

Snow tyre with a speed symbol
maximum permissible speed not greater than 160 km/h

(‘Q’ or below minus ‘H’)

indicating a

Snow tyre with a speed symbol
maximum permissible speed greater than 160 km/h

(‘R’ and above, plus ‘H’)

indicating a

Normal (road type) tyre

≥ 0,9

≥ 1,0

≥ 1,1

7.

7.1.

MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE OF PNEUMATIC TYRE AND EXTENSION OF APPROVAL

Every modification of
the type of tyre, which may influence the performance characteristics
approved in accordance with this Regulation, shall be notified to the type approval authority
which approved the type of tyre. The authority may either:

7.1.1.

Consider that
the modifications are unlikely to have any appreciable adverse effect on the
performance characteristics approved and that the tyre will comply with the requirements of
this Regulation; or

7.1.2.

Require further samples to be submitted for test or further test reports from the designated
technical service.

7.1.3.

Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the modifications, shall be communicated by the
procedure given in paragraph 5.3 of this Regulation to the Parties to the Agreement which apply
this Regulation.

7.1.4.

The type approval authority granting the extension of approval shall assign a series number for
such an extension which shall be shown on the communication form.

8.

CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

The conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the Agreement,
Appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2) with the following requirements:

8.1.

Any tyre approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to conform to the
performance characteristics of
tyre approved and satisfy the requirements of
paragraph 6 above;

the type of

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8.2.

In order to verify conformity as prescribed in paragraph 8.1 above, a random sample of tyres
bearing the approval mark required by this Regulation shall be taken from the series production.
The normal frequency of verification of conformity of production shall be at least once every two
years;

8.2.1.

In the case of verifications with regard to approvals in accordance with paragraph 6.2, these shall
be carried out using the same procedure (see Annex 5 to this Regulation) as that adopted for
original approval, and the type approval authority shall satisfy itself that all tyres falling within an
approved type comply with the approval requirement. The assessment shall be based upon the
production volume of the tyre type at each manufacturing facility, taking into account the quality
management system(s) operated by the manufacturer. Where the test procedure involves testing a
number of tyres at the same time, for example a set of four tyres for the purpose of testing wet
grip performance in accordance with the standard vehicle procedure given in Annex 5 to this
Regulation, then the set shall be considered as being one unit for the purposes of calculating the
number of tyres to be tested.

8.3.

9.

9.1.

9.2.

Production shall be deemed to conform to the requirements of this Regulation if the levels
measured comply with the limits prescribed in paragraph 6.1 above, with an additional
allowance of + 1 dB(A) for possible mass production variations.

PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION

The approval granted in respect of a type of tyre pursuant to this Regulation may be withdrawn if
the requirements laid down in paragraph 8 above are not complied with, or if any tyre of the type
of tyre exceeds the limits given in paragraph 8.3 above.

If a Party to the Agreement, which applies this Regulation, withdraws an approval, it has previously
granted, it shall forthwith notify the other Contracting Parties applying this Regulation by means of
a copy of the approval form conforming to the model in Annex 1 to the Regulation.

10.

PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED

If the holder of an approval completely ceases to manufacture a type of pneumatic tyre approved
in accordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the authority, which granted the approval.
Upon receiving the relevant communication that authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to
the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation by means of a communication form conforming to
the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation.

11.

11.1.

12.

12.1.

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES CONDUCTING APPROVAL TESTS AND OF
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS

The Parties to the Agreement which apply this Regulation shall communicate to the United Nations
Secretariat, the names and addresses of the Technical Services conducting approval tests and of the
Administrative Departments which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or
extension of approval or refusal or withdrawal of approval, issued in other countries, are to be sent.

INTRODUCTORY PROVISIONS

As from the date of entry into force of this Regulation, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation
shall not:

(a) Refuse to grant ECE approval for a type of tyre under this Regulation; or

(b) Prohibit the sale or entry into service of a tyre

if the tyre falls within the scope of this Regulation and complies with the requirements of this
Regulation.

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12.2.

As from 4 August 2003, a Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse to grant national
approval of a type of tyre if the tyre falls within the scope of this Regulation and does not comply
with the requirements of this Regulation.

12.3.

As from 24 months after the date of entry into force of the 01 series of amendments, Contracting
Parties applying this Regulation with respect to the adhesion level of tyres in rolling conditions on
wet surfaces shall grant approvals only if the tyre type to be approved meets the requirements of
this Regulation as amended by the 01 series of amendments.

12.4.

As from the dates given below, a Contracting Party applying this Regulation shall refuse to allow
the sale or entry into service of a tyre which falls within the scope of this Regulation and which
does not meet the requirements of this Regulation.

For Class C1 tyres up to 185 section width

1 October 2009

For Class C1 tyres over 185 up to 215 section width

1 October 2010

For Class C1 tyres over 215 section width

For Class C2 and Class C3 tyres

1 October 2011

1 October 2009

Prior to the above dates, Contracting Parties applying this Regulation shall not require for the sale
or entry into service of a replacement tyre which falls within the scope of this Regulation, for it to
comply with the requirements of this Regulation.

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ANNEX 1

COMMUNICATION

(Maximum format: A4 (210 × 297 mm))

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ANNEX 2

ARRANGEMENT OF APPROVAL MARKS

(See paragraph 5.4 to this Regulation)

Approval marks in accordance with Regulation No 117

EXAMPLE 1

The above approval mark, affixed to a pneumatic tyre shows that a tyre concerned has been approved in the Netherlands
(E4) pursuant to Regulation No 117 (marked by S (rolling sound) only), under approval number 001234. The first two
indicate that the approval was granted according to the requirements of this
digits of the approval number (00)
Regulation in its original form.

EXAMPLE 2

The above approval mark shows that the tyre concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to
Regulation No 117 (marked by S (rolling sound) or both S (rolling sound) and W (wet adhesion), under approval
number 011234. This indicates that the approval is for S or both SW. The first two digits of the approval number (01)
indicate that the approval was granted according to the 01 series of amendments.

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Appendix 1

Approval according to Regulation No 117 coincident with approval to Regulations Nos 30 or 54 (1)

EXAMPLE 1

The above approval mark shows that the tyre concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to
Regulation No 117 (marked by S (rolling sound)), under approval number 011234 and Regulation No 30, under
approval number 023637. The first two digits of the approval number (01) indicate that the approval was granted
according to the 01 series of amendments, but Regulation No 30 included the 02 series of amendments.

EXAMPLE 2

The above approval mark shows that the tyre concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to
Regulation No 117 (marked by S (rolling sound) or SW (rolling sound and wet adhesion)), under approval number
011234 and Regulation No 30 under approval number 023637. The first two digits of the approval number (01) indicate
that the approval was granted according to the 01 series of amendments, but Regulation No 30 included the 02 series of
amendments.

(1) Approvals in accordance with Regulation No 117 for tyres within the scope of Regulation No 54 currently do not include wet

adhesion requirements.

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EXAMPLE 3

The above approval mark shows that the tyre concerned has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to
Regulation No 117 and the 01 series of amendments under approval number 011234 (marked by S only), and
Regulation No 54. This indicates that the approval is for rolling sound (S) only, as Regulation No 54 approved tyres
at present cannot be approved for wet adhesion. The first two digits of the Regulation No 117 approval number (01) in
conjunction with ‘S’ indicate that the first approval was granted in accordance with Regulation No 117 which included
the 01 series of amendments. The first two digits of Regulation No 54 (00) indicates that this Regulation was in its
original form.

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Appendix 2

Extensions to combine approvals issued in accordance with Regulations Nos 117, 30 or 54 (1)

EXAMPLE 1

The above approval mark shows that the tyre concerned has been initially approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to
Regulation No 30 and the 02 series of amendments under approval number 023637. It is also marked by + S (rolling
sound) which indicates that its approval
is extended under Regulation No 117. The first two digits of the approval
number (02) indicate that the approval was granted according to Regulation No 30 which included the 02 series of
amendments. The addition (+) sign indicates that the first approval was granted in accordance with Regulation No 30 and
has been extended to include Regulation No 117 approval(s).

EXAMPLE 2

The above approval mark shows that the tyre concerned has been initially approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to
Regulation No 30 and the 02 series of amendments under approval number 023637. This indicates that the approval is
for S (rolling sound) or S (rolling sound) and W (wet adhesion). The S or SW followed by (01) indicates that it has had its
approval extended under Regulation No 117 which included the 01 series of amendments. The first two digits of the
approval number (02) indicate that the approval was granted according to Regulation No 30 which included the 02 series
of amendments. The addition (+) sign indicates that the first approval was granted in accordance with Regulation No 30
and has been extended to include Regulation No 117 approval(s).

(1) Approvals in accordance with Regulation No 117 for tyres within the scope of Regulation No 54 currently do not include wet

adhesion requirements.

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ANNEX 3

COAST-BY TEST METHOD FOR MEASURING TYRE-ROLLING SOUND EMISSION

0.

INTRODUCTION

The presented method contains specifications on measuring instruments, measurement conditions and the
measurement method, in order to obtain the sound level of a set of tyres mounted on a test vehicle rolling
on a specified road surface. The maximum sound pressure level is to be recorded, when the test vehicle is
coasting, by remote-field microphones; the final result for a reference speed is obtained from a linear regression
analysis. Such test results cannot be related to tyre rolling sound measured during acceleration under power or
deceleration under braking.

1.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

1.1.

Acoustic measurements

The sound level meter or the equivalent measuring system,
manufacturer
IEC 60651:1979/A1:1993, second edition.

shall meet or

exceed the

requirements of Type 1 instruments

including the windscreen recommended by the
in accordance with

The measurements shall be made using the frequency weighting A, and the time weighting F.

When using a system that includes a periodic monitoring of the A-weighted sound level, a reading should be
made at a time interval not greater than 30 ms.

1.1.1.

Calibration

At the beginning and at the end of every measurement session, the entire measurement system shall be checked
by means of a sound calibrator that fulfils the requirements for sound calibrators of at least precision Class 1
according to IEC 60942:1988. Without any further adjustment the difference between the readings of two
consecutive checks shall be less than or equal to 0,5 dB. If this value is exceeded, the results of the measurements
obtained after the previous satisfactory check shall be discarded.

1.1.2.

Compliance with requirements

The compliance of the sound calibration device with the requirements of IEC 60942:1988 shall be verified once
a year and the compliance of the instrumentation system with the requirements of IEC 60651:1979/A1:1993,
second edition shall be verified at least every two years, by a laboratory which is authorized to perform
calibrations traceable to the appropriate standards.

1.1.3.

Positioning of the microphone
The microphone (or microphones) must be located at a distance of 7,5 ± 0,05 m from track reference line CC′
(figure 1) and 1,2 ± 0,02 m above the ground. Its axis of maximum sensitivity must be horizontal and
perpendicular to the path of the vehicle (line CC′).

1.2.

Speed measurements

The vehicle speed shall be measured with instruments with accuracy of ± 1 km/h or better when the front end of
the vehicle has reached line PP′ (figure 1).

1.3.

Temperature measurements

Measurements of air as well as test surface temperature are mandatory.

The temperature measuring devices shall be accurate within ± 1 °C.

1.3.1. Air temperature

The temperature sensor is to be positioned in an unobstructed location close to the microphone in such a way
that it is exposed to the airflow and protected from direct solar radiation. The latter may be achieved by any
shading screen or similar device. The sensor should be positioned at a height of 1,2 ± 0,1 m above the test
surface level, to minimize the influence of the test surface thermal radiation at low airflows.

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1.3.2.

Test surface temperature

The temperature sensor is to be positioned in a location where the temperature measured is representative of the
temperature in the wheel tracks, without interfering with the sound measurement.

If an instrument with a contact temperature sensor is used, heat-conductive paste shall be applied between the
surface and the sensor to ensure adequate thermal contact.

If a radiation thermometer (pyrometer) is used, the height should be chosen to ensure that a measuring spot with
a diameter of ≥ 0,1 m is covered.

1.4.

Wind measurement

The device must be capable of measuring the wind speed with a tolerance of ± 1 m/s. The wind shall be
measured at microphone height. The wind direction with reference to the driving direction shall be recorded.

2.

CONDITIONS OF MEASUREMENT

2.1.

Test site

The test site must consist of a central section surrounded by a substantially flat test area. The measuring section
must be level; the test surface must be dry and clean for all measurements. The test surface shall not be
artificially cooled during or prior the testing.

The test track must be such that the conditions of a free sound field between the sound source and the
microphone are attained to within 1 dB(A). These conditions shall be deemed to be met if there are no large
sound reflecting objects such as fences, rocks, bridges or building within 50 m of the centre of the measuring
section. The surface of the test track and the dimensions of the test site shall be in accordance with Annex 4.

A central part of at least 10 m radius shall be free of powdery snow, tall grass, loose soil, cinders or the like.
There must be no obstacle, which could affect the sound field within the vicinity of the microphone and no
persons shall stand between the microphone and the sound source. The operator carrying out the measurements
and any observers attending the measurements must position themselves so as not to affect the readings of the
measuring instruments.

2.2.

Meteorological conditions

Measurements shall not be made under poor atmospheric conditions. It must be ensured that the results are not
affected by gusts of wind. Testing shall not be performed if the wind speed at the microphone height exceeds
5 m/s.

Measurements shall not be made if the air temperature is below 5 °C or above 40 °C or the test surface
temperature is below 5 °C or above 50 °C.

2.3.

Ambient noise

2.3.1.

The background sound level (including any wind noise) shall be at least 10 dB(A) less than the measured tyre
rolling sound emission. A suitable windscreen may be fitted to the microphone provided that account is taken of
its effect on the sensitivity and directional characteristics of the microphone.

2.3.2. Any measurement affected by a sound peak which appears to be unrelated to the characteristics of the general

sound level of tyres, shall be ignored.

2.4.

Test vehicle requirements

2.4.1. General

The test vehicle shall be a motor vehicle and be fitted with four single tyres on just two axles.

2.4.2.

Vehicle load

The vehicle must be loaded such as to comply with the test tyre loads as specified in paragraph 2.5.2 below.

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2.4.3. Wheelbase

The wheelbase between the two axles fitted with the test tyres shall for Class C1 be less than 3,50 m and for
Class C2 and Class C3 tyres be less than 5 m.

2.4.4. Measures to minimize vehicle influence on sound level measurements

To ensure that
requirements and recommendations are given.

tyre rolling sound is not significantly affected by the test vehicle design the following

2.4.4.1. Requirements:

(a) spray suppression flaps or other extra device to suppress spray shall not be fitted;

(b) addition or retention of elements in the immediate vicinity of the rims and tyres, which may screen the

emitted sound, is not permitted;

(c) wheel alignment (toe in, camber and caster) shall be in full accordance with the vehicle manufacturer's

recommendations;

(d) additional sound absorbing material may not be mounted in the wheel housings or under the underbody;

(e) suspension shall be in such a condition that it does not result in an abnormal reduction in ground clearance
when the vehicle is loaded in accordance with the testing requirement. If available, body level regulation
systems shall be adjusted to give a ground clearance during testing which is normal for unladen condition.

2.4.4.2. Recommendations to avoid parasitic noise:

(a) removal or modification on the vehicle that may contribute to the background noise of the vehicle is

recommended. Any removals or modifications shall be recorded in the test report;

(b) during testing it should be ascertained that brakes are not poorly released, causing brake noise;

(c)

it should be ascertained that electric cooling fans are not operating;

(d) windows and sliding roof of the vehicle shall be closed during testing.

2.5.

Tyres

2.5.1. General

Four identical tyres shall be fitted on the test vehicle. In the case of tyres with a load capacity index in excess of
121 and without any dual fitting indication, two of these tyres of the same type and range must be fitted to the
rear axle of the test vehicle; the front axle must be fitted with tyres of size suitable for the axle load and planed
down to the minimum depth in order to minimize the influence of tyre/road contact noise while maintaining a
sufficient level of safety. Winter tyres that in certain Contracting Parties may be equipped with studs intended to
enhance friction shall be tested without this equipment. Tyres with special fitting requirements shall be tested in
accordance with these requirements (e.g. rotation direction). The tyres must have full tread depth before being
run-in.

Tyres are to be tested on rims permitted by the tyre manufacturer.

2.5.2.

Tyre loads

The test load Qt for each tyre on the test vehicle shall be 50 to 90 per cent of the reference load Qr, but the
average test load Qt,avr of all tyres shall be 75 ± 5 per cent of the reference load Qr.

For all tyres the reference load Qr corresponds to the maximum mass associated with the load capacity index of
the tyre. In the case where the load capacity index is constituted by two numbers divided by slash (/), reference
shall be made to the first number.

2.5.3.

Tyre inflation pressure

Each tyre fitted on the test vehicle shall have a test pressure Pt not higher than the reference pressure Pr and
within the interval:

1,25

9
>>;

8
>>: Qt
Qr

Pr (cid:1)

≤ Pt ≤ 1,1 Pr (cid:1)

1,25

9
>>;

8
>>: Qt
Qr

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For Class C2 and Class C3 the reference pressure Pr is the pressure corresponding to the pressure index marked
on the sidewall.

For Class C1 the reference pressure is Pr = 250 kPa for ‘standard’ tyres and 290 kPa for ‘reinforced’ tyres; the
minimum test pressure shall be Pt = 150 kPa.

2.5.4.

Preparations prior to testing
The tyres shall be ‘run-in’ prior to testing to remove compound nodules or other tyre pattern characteristics
resulting from the moulding process. This will normally require the equivalent of about 100 km of normal use
on the road.

The tyres fitted to the test vehicle shall rotate in the same direction as when they were run-in.

Prior to testing tyres shall be warmed up by running under test conditions.

3.

3.1.

METHOD OF TESTING

General conditions
For all measurements the vehicle must be driven in a straight line over the measuring section (AA′ to BB′) in
such a way that the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle is as close as possible to the line CC′.

When the front end of the test vehicle has reached the line AA′, the vehicle's driver must have put the gear
selector on neutral position and switched off the engine. If abnormal noise (e.g. ventilator, self-ignition) is
emitted by the test vehicle during the measurement, the test must be disregarded.

3.2.

Nature and number of measurements

The maximum sound level expressed in A-weighted decibels (dB(A)) shall be measured to the first decimal place
as the vehicle is coasting between lines AA′ and BB′ (figure 1 — front end of the vehicle on line AA′, rear end
of the vehicle on line BB′). This value will constitute the result of the measurement.

At least four measurements shall be made on each side of the test vehicle at test speeds lower than the reference
speed specified in paragraph 4.1 and at least four measurements at test speeds higher than the reference speed.
The speeds shall be approximately equally spaced over the speed range specified in paragraph 3.3.

3.3.

Test speed range

The test vehicle speeds shall be within the range:

(a)

from 70 to 90 km/h for Class C1 and Class C2 tyres;

(b) from 60 to 80 km/h for Class C3 tyres.

4.

INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

The measurement shall be invalid if an abnormal discrepancy between the values is recorded (see paragraph 2.3.2
of this Annex).

4.1.

Determination of test result

Reference speed Vref used to determine the final result will be:

(a) 80 km/h for Class C1 and Class C2 tyres;

(b) 70 km/h for Class C3 tyres.

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4.2.

Regression analysis of rolling sound measurements

The tyre-road rolling sound level LR in dB(A) is determined by a regression analysis according to:

LR ¼ L – a (cid:1) ν

where:

L

is the mean value of the rolling sound levels Li, measured in db(A):

L ¼ 1
n

Xn

i¼1

Li

n

ν

is the measurement number (n ≥ 16),

is the mean value of logarithms of speeds Vi:

ν ¼ 1
n

Xn

i¼1

νi with ν

i = lg (Vi/Vref)

a

is the slope of the regression line in dB(A):

Xn

ðνi – νÞ ðLi – LÞ

i¼1

a ¼

Xn

ðνi – νÞ2

i¼1

4.3.

Temperature correction
For Class C1 and Class C2 tyres, the final result shall be normalized to a test surface reference temperature θ
applying a temperature correction, according to the following:

ref by

LR(θ

ref) = LR(θ) + K(θ

ref

– θ)

where

θ
θ

ref

= the measured test surface temperature,
= 20 °C,

For Class C1 tyres, the coefficient K is – 0,03 db(A)/°C, when θ > θ

ref and – 0,06 dB(A)/°C when θ < θ

ref.

For Class C2 tyres, the coefficient K is – 0,02 dB(A)/°C

If the measured test surface temperature does not change more than 5 °C within all measurements necessary for
the determination of the sound level of one set of tyres, the temperature correction may be made only on the
final reported tyre rolling sound level as indicated above, utilizing the arithmetic mean value of the measured
temperatures. Otherwise each measured sound level Li shall be corrected, utilizing the temperature at the time of
the sound recording.

There will be no temperature correction for Class C3 tyres.

4.4.

4.5.

In order to take account of any measuring instrument inaccuracies, the results according to paragraph 4.3 shall
be reduced by 1 dB(A).

The final result, the temperature corrected tyre rolling sound level LR(θ
nearest lower whole value.

ref) in dB(A), shall be rounded down to the

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Figure 1

Microphone positions for the measurement

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Appendix

Test Report

PART 1 — REPORT

1.

2.

3.

Type approval authority or Technical Service:

..................................................................................................................................

Name and address of applicant:

............................................................................................................................................................

Test report No:

............................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Manufacturer and Brand Name or Trade description:

....................................................................................................................

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Tyre Class (C1, C2 or C3):

.....................................................................................................................................................................

Category of use:

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

Sound level according to paragraphs 4.4 and 4.5 of Annex 3: ............ dB(A) at reference speed of 70/80 km/h (1)

Comments (if any):

....................................................................................................................................................................................

Date:

................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Signature:

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

PART 2 — TEST DATA

1.

2.

Date of test: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Test vehicle (Make, model, year, modifications, etc.):

.....................................................................................................................

2.1. Test vehicle wheelbase:

.................................................................................................................................................................... mm

3.

Location of test track:

...............................................................................................................................................................................

3.1. Date of track certification to ISO 10844:1994:

..............................................................................................................................

3.2.

Issued by:

......................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.3. Method of certification:

............................................................................................................................................................................

4.

Tyre test details:

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

4.1. Tyre size designation:

................................................................................................................................................................................

4.2. Tyre service description:

...........................................................................................................................................................................

4.3. Reference inflation pressure:

........................................................................................................................................................... kPa

4.4. Test data

Test mass (kg)

Tyre load index (%)

Inflation pressure (cold) (kPa)

Front left

Front right

Rear left

Rear right

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4.5. Test rim width code:

.................................................................................................................................................................................

4.6. Temperature measurement sensor type:

..............................................................................................................................................

5.

Valid Test results:

Run No

Test Speed
km/h

Direction
of run

Sound
level left (2)
measured
dB(A)

Sound
level
right (2)
measured
dB(A)

Air temp.
°C

Track
temp.
°C

Sound
level left (2)
temp.
corrected
dB(A)

Sound
level
right (2)
temp.
corrected
dB(A)

Comments

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

5.1. Regression line slope:

................................................................................................................................................................................

5.2. Sound level after temperature correction according to paragraph 4.3 of Annex 3:

............................................... dB(A)

(1) Strike out what does not apply.
(2) Relative to the vehicle.

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ANNEX 4

SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE TEST SITE

1.

INTRODUCTION

This Annex describes the specifications relating to the physical characteristics and the laying of the test track.
These specifications based on a special standard (1) describe the required physical characteristics as well as the test
methods for these characteristics.

2.

REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SURFACE

A surface is considered to conform to this standard provided that the texture and voids content or sound
absorption coefficient have been measured and found to fulfil all the requirements of paragraphs 2.1 to 2.4
below and provided that the design requirements (paragraph 3.2) have been met.

2.1.

Residual voids content

The residual voids content
measurement procedure, see paragraph 4.1.

(VC) of

the test

track paving mixture shall not exceed 8 per cent. For the

2.2.

Sound absorption coefficient

If the surface fails to comply with the residual voids content requirement, the surface is acceptable only if its
sound absorption coefficient α ≤ 0,10. For the measurement procedure, see paragraph 4.2. The requirement of
paragraphs 2.1 and 2.2 is met also if only sound absorption has been measured and found to be α ≤ 0,10.

NB: The most relevant characteristic is the sound absorption, although the residual voids content is more familiar
among road constructors. However, sound absorption needs to be measured only if the surface fails to comply
with the voids requirement. This is motivated because the latter is connected with relatively large uncertainties in
terms of both measurements and relevance and some surfaces therefore erroneously may be rejected when based
only on the voids measurement.

2.3.

Texture depth

The texture depth (TD) measured according to the volumetric method (see paragraph 4.3 below) shall be:

TD ≥ 0,4 mm

2.4.

Homogeneity of the surface

Every practical effort shall be taken to ensure that the surface is made to be as homogeneous as possible within
the test area. This includes the texture and voids content, but it should also be observed that if the rolling
process results in more effective rolling at some places than others, the texture may be different and unevenness
causing bumps may also occur.

2.5.

Period of testing

In order to check whether the surface continues to conform to the texture and voids content or sound
absorption requirements stipulated in this standard, periodic testing of
the
following intervals:

the surface shall be done at

(a) For residual voids content (VC) or sound absorption (α):

When the surface is new;

If the surface meets the requirements when new, no further periodical testing is required. If it does not meet
the requirement when it is new, it may do later because surfaces tend to become clogged and compacted
with time;

(1) ISO 10844:1994.

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(b) For texture depth (TD):

When the surface is new;

When the noise testing starts (NB: not before four weeks after laying);

Then every twelve months.

3.

TEST SURFACE DESIGN

3.1.

Area

When designing the test track layout it is important to ensure that, as a minimum requirement, the area
traversed by the vehicles running through the test strip is covered with the specified test material with
suitable margins for safe and practical driving. This will require that the width of the track is at least 3 m
and the length of the track extends beyond lines AA and BB by at least 10 m at either end. Figure 1 shows a
plan of a suitable test site and indicates the minimum area which shall be machine laid and machine compacted
with the specified test surface material. According to Annex 3, paragraph 3.2, measurements have to be made on
each side of the vehicle. This can be made either by measuring with two microphone locations (one on each side
of the track) and driving in one direction, or measuring with a microphone only on one side of the track but
driving the vehicle in two directions. If the latter method is used, then there are no surface requirements on that
side of the track where there is no microphone.

Figure 1
Minimum requirements for test surface area. The shaded part is called ‘Test Area’

Key

Minimum area covered with test road surface, i.e. test area

Microphone (height 1,2 m)

NB: There shall be no large acoustically reflective objects within this radius.

3.2.

Design and preparation of the surface

3.2.1.

Basic design requirements

The test surface shall meet four design requirements:

3.2.1.1. It shall be a dense asphaltic concrete.

3.2.1.2. The maximum chipping size shall be 8 mm (tolerances allow from 6,3 mm to 10 mm).

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3.2.1.3. The thickness of the wearing course shall be ≥ 30 mm.

3.2.1.4. The binder shall be a straight penetration grade bitumen without modification.

3.2.2. Design guidelines

As a guide to the surface constructor, an aggregate grading curve which will give desired characteristics is shown
in figure 2. In addition, Table 1 gives some guidelines in order to obtain the desired texture and durability. The
grading curve fits the following formula:

P (% passing) = 100 · (d/dmax) 1/2

where:

d

= square mesh sieve size, in mm

dmax = 8 mm for the mean curve

10 mm for the lower tolerance curve

6,3 mm for the upper tolerance curve

Grading curve of the aggregate in the asphaltic mix with tolerances

Figure 2

In addition to the above, the following recommendations are given:

(a) The sand fraction (0,063 mm < square mesh sieve size < 2 mm) shall include no more than 55 per cent

natural sand and at least 45 per cent crushed sand;

(b) The base and sub-base shall ensure a good stability and evenness, according to best road construction

practice;

(c) The chippings shall be crushed (100 per cent crushed faces) and of a material with a high resistance to

crushing;

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(d) The chippings used in the mix shall be washed;

(e) No extra chippings shall be added onto the surface;

(f) The binder hardness expressed as PEN value shall be 40-60, 60-80 or even 80-100 depending on the
climatic conditions of the country. The rule is that as hard a binder as possible shall be used, provided
this is consistent with common practice;

(g) The temperature of the mix before rolling shall be chosen so as to achieve by subsequent rolling the required
voids content. In order to increase the probability of satisfying the specifications of paragraphs 2.1 to 2.4
above, the compactness shall be studied not only by an appropriate choice of mixing temperature, but also
by an appropriate number of passings and by the choice of compacting vehicle.

Table 1

Design guidelines

Target values

By total mass of
mix

By mass of the
aggregate

47,6 %

38,0 %

8,8 %

5,8 %

50,5 %

40,2 %

9,3 %

N.A.

8 mm

(see paragraph 3.2.2(f))

> 50

98 %

Tolerances

± 5

± 5

± 5

± 0,5

6,3-10

Mass of stones, square mesh sieve (SM) > 2 mm

Mass of sand 0,063 < SM < 2 mm

Mass of filler SM < 0,063 mm

Mass of binder (bitumen)

Max. chipping size

Binder hardness

Polished stone value (PSV)

Compactness, relative to Marshall Compactness

4.

TEST METHOD

4.1.

Measurement of the residual voids content

For the purpose of this measurement, cores have to be taken from the track in at least four different positions,
which are equally distributed in the test area between lines AA and BB (see figure 1). In order to avoid
inhomogeneity and unevenness in the wheel tracks, cores should not be taken in wheel tracks themselves,
but close to them. Two cores (minimum) should be taken close to the wheel tracks and one core (minimum)
should be taken approximately midway between the wheel tracks and each microphone location.

If there is a suspicion that the condition of homogeneity is not met (see paragraph 2.4), cores shall be taken
from more locations within the test area.

The residual voids content has to be determined for each core, then the average value from all cores shall be
calculated and compared with the requirement of paragraph 2.1. In addition, no single core shall have a voids
value, which is higher than 10 per cent.

The test surface constructor is reminded of the problem, which may arise when the test area is heated by pipes
or electrical wires and cores must be taken from this area. Such installations must be carefully planned with
respect to future core drilling locations. It is recommended to leave a few locations of size approximately
200 mm × 300 mm where there are no wires/pipes or where the latter are located deep enough in order
not to be damaged by cores taken from the surface layer.

4.2.

Sound absorption coefficient

The sound absorption coefficient (normal incidence) shall be measured by the impedance tube method using the
procedure specified in ISO 10534-1:1996 or ISO 10534-2:1998.

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Regarding test specimens, the same requirements shall be followed as regarding the residual voids content (see
paragraph 4.1). The sound absorption shall be measured in the range between 400 Hz and 800 Hz and in the
range between 800 Hz and 1 600 Hz (at least at the centre frequencies of third octave bands) and the maximum
values shall be identified for both of these frequency ranges. Then these values, for all test cores, shall be
averaged to constitute the final result.

4.3.

Volumetric macrotexture measurement

For the purpose of this standard, texture depth measurements shall be made on at least 10 positions evenly
spaced along the wheel tracks of the test strip and the average value taken to compare with the specified
minimum texture depth. See Standard ISO 10844:1994 for description of the procedure.

5.

STABILITY IN TIME AND MAINTENANCE

5.1.

Age influence

In common with any other surfaces, it is expected that the tyre rolling sound level measured on the test surface
may increase slightly during the first 6-12 months after construction.

The surface will achieve its required characteristics not earlier than four weeks after construction. The influence
of age on the noise from trucks is generally less than that from cars.

The stability over time is determined mainly by the polishing and compaction by vehicles driving on the surface.
It shall be periodically checked as stated in paragraph 2.5.

5.2.

Maintenance of the surface

Loose debris or dust, which could significantly reduce the effective texture depth must be removed from the
surface.
In countries with winter climates, salt is sometimes used for de-icing. Salt may alter the surface
temporarily or even permanently in such a way as to increase noise and is therefore not recommended.

5.3.

Repaving the test area

If it is necessary to repave the test track, it is usually unnecessary to repave more than the test strip (of 3 m
width in figure 1) where vehicles are driving, provided the test area outside the strip met the requirement of
residual voids content or sound absorption when it was measured.

6.

DOCUMENTATION OF THE TEST SURFACE AND OF TESTS PERFORMED ON IT

6.1.

Documentation of the test surface

The following data shall be given in a document describing the test surface:

6.1.1.

The location of the test track;

6.1.2.

Type of binder, binder hardness, type of aggregate, maximum theoretical density of the concrete (DR), thickness
of the wearing course and grading curve determined from cores from the test track;

6.1.3. Method of compaction (e.g. type of roller, roller mass, number of passes);

6.1.4.

Temperature of the mix, temperature of the ambient air and wind speed during laying of the surface;

6.1.5. Date when the surface was laid and contractor;

6.1.6. All or at least the latest test result, including:

6.1.6.1. The residual voids content of each core;

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6.1.6.2. The locations in the test area from where the cores for voids measurements have been taken;

6.1.6.3. The sound absorption coefficient of each core (if measured). Specify the results both for each core and each

frequency range as well as the overall average;

6.1.6.4. The locations in the test area from where the cores for absorption measurement have been taken;

6.1.6.5. Texture depth, including the number of tests and standard deviation;

6.1.6.6. The institution responsible for tests according to paragraphs 6.1.6.1 and 6.1.6.2 and the type of equipment used;

6.1.6.7. Date of the test(s) and date when the cores were taken from the test track.

6.2.

Documentation of vehicle noise tests conducted on the surface

In the document describing the vehicle noise test(s) it shall be stated whether all the requirements of this
standard were fulfilled or not. Reference shall be given to a document according to paragraph 6.1 describing
the results which verify this.

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L 231/49

ANNEX 5

TEST PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING WET GRIP

1.

1.1.

GENERAL TEST CONDITIONS

Track characteristics

The track shall have a dense asphalt surface with a gradient in any direction not exceeding 2 per cent. It shall
be of uniform age, composition, and wear and shall be free of loose material or foreign deposits. The
maximum chipping size shall be 10 mm (tolerances permitted from 8 mm to 13 mm) and the sand
depth measured as specified in ASTM E-965 shall be 0,7 ± 0,3 mm.

The surface friction value for the wetted track shall be established by one or other of the following methods:

1.1.1.

Standard reference test tyre (SRTT) method

When tested using the SRTT and the method given in paragraph 2.1 the average peak brake force coefficient
(pbfc) shall be between 0,6 and 0,8. The measured values shall be corrected for the effects of temperature as
follows:

pbfc = pbfc (measured) + 0,003 · 5(t – 20)

where ‘t’ is the wetted track surface temperature in degrees Celsius.

The test shall be conducted using the lanes and length of the track to be used for the wet grip test.

1.1.2.

British pendulum number (BPN) method

the wetted track, measured in accordance with the
The averaged British pendulum number (BPN) of
procedure given in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard 303-93 (re-approved
1998) and using the pad as specified in ASTM standard E 501-94, shall be between 40 and 60 after
temperature correction. Unless temperature correction recommendations are indicated by the pendulum
manufacturer, the following formula can be used:

BPN = BPN (measured value) + 0,34 · t – 0,0018 · t2 – 6,1

where ‘t’ is the wetted track surface temperature in degrees Celsius.

In the lanes of the track to be used during the wet grip tests, the BPN shall be measured at intervals of 10 m
along the length of the lanes. The BPN shall be measured five times at each point and the coefficient of
variation of the BPN averages shall not exceed by 10 per cent.

1.1.3.

The type approval authority shall satisfy itself of the characteristics of the track on the basis of evidence
produced in test reports.

1.2.

Wetting conditions

The surface may be wetted from the track-side or by a wetting system incorporated into the test vehicle or
the trailer.

If a track-side system is used, the test surface shall be wetted for at least half an hour prior to testing in order
to equalize the surface temperature and water temperature. It is recommended that track-side wetting be
continuously applied throughout testing.

The water depth shall be between 0,5 and 1,5 mm.

1.3.

The wind conditions shall not interfere with wetting of the surface (wind-shields are permitted).

The wetted surface temperature shall be between 5 °C and 35 °C and shall not vary during the test by more
than 10 °C.

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2.

TEST PROCEDURE

The comparative wet grip performance shall be established using either:

(a) a trailer or special purpose tyre evaluation vehicle; or

(b) a standard production passenger carrying vehicle (M1 category as defined in the Consolidated Resolution
on the Construction of Vehicles (R.E.3.) contained in document TRANS/WP.29/78/Rev.1/Amend.2 as last
amended by Amend.4).

2.1.

2.1.1.

Trailer or special purpose tyre evaluation vehicle procedure

The trailer, together with the towing vehicle, or the tyre evaluation vehicle shall comply with the following
requirements:

2.1.1.1.

be capable of exceeding the upper limit for the test speed of 67 km/h and of maintaining the test speed
requirement of 65 ± 2 km/h at the maximum level of application of braking forces;

2.1.1.2.

be equipped with an axle providing one test position having an hydraulic brake and actuation system that can
be operated from the towing vehicle if applicable. The braking system shall be capable of providing sufficient
braking torque to achieve the peak brake force coefficient over the range of tyre sizes and tyre loads to be
tested;

2.1.1.3.

be capable of maintaining longitudinal alignment (toe) and camber of the test wheel and tyre assembly
throughout the test within ± 0,5° of the static figures achieved at the test tyre loaded condition;

2.1.1.4.

2.1.1.5.

in the case of a trailer, the mechanical coupling device between the towing vehicle and trailer shall be such
that, when the towing vehicle and trailer are coupled together, the drawbar, or part of the drawbar, of a trailer
that incorporates the braking force measurement sensing is horizontal or slopes downwards from rear to
front at a maximum angle of 5°. The longitudinal distance from the centre line of the articulation point of the
coupling (hitch) to the transverse centre line of the axle of the trailer shall be at least ten times the coupling
(hitch) height;

in the case of vehicles that incorporate a track wetting system, the water delivery nozzle(s) shall be such that
the resulting water film is of uniform section extending at least 25 mm beyond the width of the tyre contact
patch. The nozzle(s) shall be directed downwards at an angle of 20° to 30° and shall contact the track surface
between 250 mm and 450 mm in front of the centre of the tyre contact patch. The height of the nozzle(s)
shall be 25 mm or the minimum to avoid any obstacles on the track surface without exceeding a maximum
of 100 mm. Water delivery rate shall ensure a water depth of 0,5 mm to 1,5 mm and shall be consistent
throughout the test to within ± 10 per cent. Note that a typical rate for testing at 65 km/h will be 18 ls–1 per
metre of wetted track surface width.

The system shall be able to deliver the water such that the tyre, and track surface in front of the tyre, is
wetted before the start of braking and throughout the duration of the test.

2.1.2.

Test procedure

2.1.2.1.

The test tyre shall be trimmed to remove any moulding protrusions that are likely to affect the test.

2.1.2.2.

The test tyre shall be mounted on the test rim declared by the tyre manufacturer in the approval application
and shall be inflated to 180 kPa in the case of the SRTT and standard load tyre or 220 kPa in the case of a
reinforced or extra load tyre.

2.1.2.3.

The tyre shall be conditioned for a minimum of two hours adjacent to the test track such that it is stabilized
at the ambient temperature of the test track area. The tyre(s) shall not be exposed to direct sunshine during
conditioning.

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2.1.2.4.

The tyre shall be loaded to:

(a) between 445 kg and 508 kg in the case of the SRTT; and

(b) between 70 per cent and 80 per cent of the load value corresponding to the load index of the tyre in any

other case.

2.1.2.5.

Shortly before testing, the track shall be conditioned by carrying out at least 10 braking tests on the part of
the track to be used for the performance test programme but using a tyre not involved in that programme.

2.1.2.6.

Immediately prior to testing, the tyre inflation pressure shall be checked and reset, if necessary, to the values
given in paragraph 2.1.2.2.

2.1.2.7.

The test speed shall be between 63 km/h and 67 km/h and shall be maintained between these limits
throughout the test run.

2.1.2.8.

The direction of the test shall be the same for each set of tests and shall be the same for the test tyre as that
used for the SRTT with which its performance is to be compared.

2.1.2.9.

The brakes of the test wheel assembly shall be applied such that peak braking force is achieved within 0,2 s
and 0,5 s of brake application.

2.1.2.10.

In the case of a new tyre, two test runs shall be carried out to condition the tyre. These tests may be used to
check the operation of the recording equipment but the results shall not be taken into account in the
performance assessment.

2.1.2.11.

For the evaluation of the performance of any tyre compared with that of the SRTT, the braking test shall be
carried out from the same point and in the same lane of the test track.

2.1.2.12.

The order of testing shall be:

R1 – T – R2

where:

R1 is the initial test of the SRTT, R2 is the repeat test of the SRTT and T is the test of the candidate tyre to be
evaluated.

A maximum of three candidate tyres may be tested before repeating the SRTT test, for example:

R1 – T1 – T2 – T3 – R2

2.1.2.13.

The average value of peak brake force coefficient (pbfc) shall be calculated over at least six valid results.

For results to be considered to be valid, the coefficient of variation as determined by the standard deviation
divided by the average result, expressed as a percentage, shall be within 5 per cent. If this is cannot achieved
with the repeat testing of the SRTT, the evaluation of the candidate tyre(s) shall be discarded and the entire
order of testing shall be repeated.

2.1.2.14. Using the value of the average pbfc for each series of test runs:

In the case of the order of testing R1 – T – R2, the pbfc of the SRTT to be used in the comparison of the
performance of the candidate tyre shall be taken to be:

where:

(R1 + R2)/2

R1 is the average pbfc for the first series of test runs of the SRTT and R2 is the average pbfc for the second
series of test runs of the SRTT.

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In the case of the order of testing R1 – T1 – T2 – R2, the pbfc of the SRTT shall be taken to be:

2/3 R1 + 1/3 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T1

and

1/3 R1 + 2/3 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T2

In the case of the order of testing R1 – T1 – T2 – T3 – R2, the pbfc of the SRTT shall be taken to be:

3/4 R1 + 1/4 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T1

(R1 + R2)/2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T2

and

1/4 R1 + 3/4 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T3

2.1.2.15.

The wet grip index (G) shall be calculated as:

G =

pbfc of candidate tyre
pbfc of SRTT

2.2.

2.2.1.

Standard vehicle procedure

The vehicle shall be a standard M1 category vehicle, capable of a minimum speed of 90 km/h and equipped
with an anti-lock braking system (ABS).

2.2.1.1.

The vehicle shall not be modified except:

(a)

to allow the fitting of an increased range of wheel and tyre sizes;

(b) to allow mechanical (including hydraulic, electrical or pneumatic) operation of the service brake control.
The system may be operated automatically by signals from devices incorporated in, or adjacent to, the
track.

2.2.2.

Test procedure

2.2.2.1.

The test tyres shall be trimmed to remove any moulding protrusions that are likely to affect the test.

2.2.2.2.

The test tyre shall be mounted on the test rim declared by the tyre manufacturer in the approval application
and shall be inflated to 220 kPa in all cases.

2.2.2.3.

The tyre shall be conditioned for a minimum of two hours adjacent to the test track such that it is stabilized
at the ambient temperature of the test track area. The tyre(s) shall not be exposed to direct sunshine during
conditioning.

2.2.2.4.

The static load on the tyre shall be:

(a) between 381 kg and 572 kg in the case of the SRTT; and

(b) between 60 per cent and 90 per cent of the load value corresponding to the load index of the tyre in any

other case.

The variation in load on tyres on the same axle shall be such that the load borne by the more lightly loaded
tyre shall not be less than 90 per cent of that of the tyre bearing the greater load.

2.2.2.5.

Shortly before testing, the track shall be conditioned by carrying out at least ten braking tests from 90 km/h
to 20 km/h on the part of the track to be used for the performance test programme but using tyres not
involved in that programme.

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2.2.2.6.

Immediately prior to testing, the tyre inflation pressure shall be checked and reset, if necessary, to the values
given in paragraph 2.2.2.2.

2.2.2.7.

Starting from an initial speed of between 87 km/h and 83 km/h, a constant force sufficient to cause
operation of the ABS on all wheels of the vehicle and to result in stable deceleration of the vehicle prior
to the speed being reduced to 80 km/h, shall be applied to the service brake control and this force shall be
maintained until the vehicle has been brought to rest.

The braking test shall be carried out with the clutch of a manual transmission disengaged or with the selector
of an automatic transmission in the neutral position.

2.2.2.8.

The direction of the test shall be the same for each set of tests and shall be the same for the candidate test
tyre as that used for the SRTT with which its performance is to be compared.

2.2.2.9.

In the case of new tyres, two test runs shall be carried out to condition the tyres. These tests may be used to
check the operation of the recording equipment but the results shall not be taken into account in the
performance assessment.

2.2.2.10.

For the evaluation of the performance of any tyre compared with that of the SRTT, the braking test shall be
carried out from the same point and in the same lane of the test track.

2.2.2.11.

The order of testing shall be:

R1 – T – R2

where:

R1 is the initial test of the SRTT, R2 is the repeat test of the SRTT and T is the test of the candidate tyre to be
evaluated.

A maximum of three candidate tyres may be tested before repeating the SRTT test, for example:

R1 – T1 – T2 – T3 – R2

2.2.2.12.

The mean fully developed deceleration (mfdd) between 80 km/h and 20 km/h shall be calculated for at least
three valid results in the case of the SRTT and 6 valid results in the case of the candidate tyres.

The mean fully developed deceleration (mfdd) is given by:

mfdd = 231,48/S

where:

S is the measured stopping distance in metres between 80 km/h and 20 km/h.

For results to be considered to be valid, the coefficient of variation as determined by the standard deviation
divided by the average result, expressed as a percentage, shall be within 3 per cent. If this is cannot achieved
with the repeat testing of the SRTT, the evaluation of the candidate tyre(s) shall be discarded and the entire
order of testing shall be repeated.

The average of the calculated values of mfdd shall be determined for each series of test runs.

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2.2.2.13. Using the value of the average mfdd for each series of test runs:

In the case of the order of testing R1 – T – R2, the mfdd of the SRTT to be used in the comparison of the
performance of the candidate tyre shall be taken to be:

where:

(R1 + R2)/2

R1 is the average mfdd for the first series of test runs of the SRTT and R2 is the average mfdd for the second
series of test runs of the SRTT.

In the case of the order of testing R1 – T1 – T2 – R2, the mfdd of the SRTT shall be taken to be:

2/3 R1 + 1/3 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T1

and

1/3 R1 + 2/3 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T2

In the case of the order of testing R1 – T1 – T2 – T3 – R2, the mfdd of the SRTT shall be taken to be:

3/4 R1 + 1/4 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T1

(R1 + R2)/2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T2

and

1/4 R1 + 3/4 R2 for comparison with the candidate tyre T3

2.2.2.14.

The wet grip index (G) shall be calculated as:

G =

average mfdd of candidate tyre
mfdd of SRTT

2.2.2.15.

In the case where the candidate tyres cannot be fitted to the same vehicle as the SRTT, for example, due to
tyre size, inability to achieve required loading and so on, comparison shall be made using intermediate tyres,
hereinafter referred to as ‘control tyres’, and two different vehicles. One vehicle shall be capable of being fitted
with the SRTT and the control tyre and the other vehicle shall be capable of being fitted with the control tyre
and the candidate tyre.

2.2.2.15.1. The wet grip index of the control tyre relative to the SRTT (G1) and of the candidate tyre relative to the

control tyre (G2) shall be established using the procedure in paragraphs 2.2.2.1 to 2.2.2.15.

The wet grip index of the candidate tyre relative to the SRTT shall be the product of the two resulting wet
grip indices, that is G1 × G2.

2.2.2.15.2. The track, and the portion of the track, shall be the same for all of the tests and the ambient conditions shall
be comparable, for example, the surface temperature of the wetted track shall be within ± 5 °C. All tests shall
be completed within the same day.

2.2.2.15.3. The same set of control tyres shall be used for comparison with the SRTT and with the candidate tyre and

shall be fitted in the same wheel positions.

2.2.2.15.4. Control tyres that have been used for testing shall subsequently be stored under the same conditions as

required for the SRTT, that is, in accordance with ASTM E 1136-93 (re-approved in 1998).

2.2.2.15.5. The SRTT and control tyres shall be discarded if there is irregular wear or damage or when the performance

appears to have deteriorated.

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L 231/55

Appendix

Test report

(Adhesion on wet surface)

PART 1 — REPORT

1.

2.

3.

Type approval authority or Technical Service:

..................................................................................................................................

Name and address of applicant:

............................................................................................................................................................

Test report No:

............................................................................................................................................................................................

4. Manufacturer and brand name or trade description:

......................................................................................................................

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Tyre Class (C1, C2 or C3):

.....................................................................................................................................................................

Category of use:

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

Adhesion coefficient on wet surfaces relative to SRTT according to paragraphs 2.1.2.15 or 2.2.2.15:

.......................

Comments (if any):

....................................................................................................................................................................................

Date:

................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. Signature:

.......................................................................................................................................................................................................

PART 2 — TEST DATA

1.

2.

Date of test: ..................................................................................................................................................................................................

Test vehicle (make, model, year, modifications, etc. or trailer identification): ........................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.

Location of test track:

...............................................................................................................................................................................

3.1. Test track characteristics:

..........................................................................................................................................................................

3.2.

Issued by:

......................................................................................................................................................................................................

3.3. Method of certification:

............................................................................................................................................................................

4.

Test tyre details:

..........................................................................................................................................................................................

4.1. Tyre size designation and service description:

..................................................................................................................................

4.2. Tyre brand and trade description:

.........................................................................................................................................................

4.3. Reference inflation pressure: kPa ...........................................................................................................................................................

4.4. Test data

Tyre

SRTT

Candidate

Control

Test tyre load (kg)

Water depth (mm)
(from 0,5 to 1,5 mm)

Wetted track temperature
average (°C)
(from 5 to 35 °C)

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4.5. Test rim width code:

.................................................................................................................................................................................

4.6. Temperature measurement sensor type:

..............................................................................................................................................

4.7.

Identification of the SRTT:

......................................................................................................................................................................

5.

Valid test results:

Run No

Test Speed
km/h

Direction
of run

SRTT

Candidate
tyre

Control
tyre

Peak brake
force
coefficient
(pbfc)

Mean fully
developed
decel­
eration
(mfdd)

Wet Grip
index
(G)

Comments

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8