Commission staff working document - Annex to the report from the Commission Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid – ECHO - Annual Report 2007 {COM(2008) 449}
Date: 2008-07-09
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: ECHO, activity report, humanitarian aid

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COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 9.7.2008 

SEC(2008) 2236 

COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT 

Annex to the 
REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION 

Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid – ECHO 

Annual Report 2007 

{COM(2008) 449} 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

PART I COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY OVERVIEW ........................................................................... 3 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

ACP Countries ............................................................................................................. 4 

Eastern Europe, Russian Federation, Southern Caucasus, Central Asia, including 
Mongolia .................................................................................................................... 39 

Mediterranean and Middle East ................................................................................. 44 

Asia ............................................................................................................................ 50 

Latin America ............................................................................................................ 66 

Disaster preparedness activities (including dipecho)................................................. 71 

PART II. POLICY ISSUES......................................................................................................... 77 

PART III. RELATIONS WITH OTHER EU INSTITUTIONS, MEMBER STATES, 

 MAJOR HUMANITARIAN PARTNERS AND NON-EU DONORS ...................................... 79 

1. 

2. 

EU Institutions and Member States ........................................................................... 79 

Relations with international organisations and non-EU major donors ...................... 80 

PART IV. OTHER ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................ 81 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

Experts in the field ..................................................................................................... 81 

Security issues............................................................................................................ 81 

Thematic funding and Grant Facility ......................................................................... 82 

Finance and Audit ...................................................................................................... 83 

Communication and information ............................................................................... 83 

Training initiative....................................................................................................... 84 

PART V. EVALUATIONS AND OUTSIDE ASSESSMENTS............................................................ 85 

PART VI. FINANCIAL TABLES ................................................................................................ 87 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

DG ECHO budget and decisions for Humanitarian aid 1993 - 2007......................... 87 

Evolution of Humanitarian Aid's budget over the last 10 years ................................ 88 

DG ECHO's finalised contracts 1998-2007* ............................................................. 89 

Geographical breakdown of funding decisions 2002-2007 – Global overview......... 90 

Funding decisions for humanitarian aid in 2007........................................................ 98 

Partners in DG ECHO's humanitarian assistance .................................................... 100 

PART VII. LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................ 130 

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PART I  COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY OVERVIEW 

This  synopsis  of  EC  funded  humanitarian  operations  is  presented  on  a  geographical  basis, 
organised around the six regions of the world where DG ECHO funds humanitarian actions. 

Each of these geographical sections has the same structure to permit parallel reading:  

(1) 

Each of the sections starts with an overview of the funding per country (region) and/or 
per humanitarian crisis in which DG ECHO intervened. For all types of interventions, 
humanitarian  aid  is  implemented  through  Commission  funding  decisions  and  grant 
agreements with partners, who implement the specific humanitarian operations in the 
field. The overview tables provide the amount of funding decisions taken for that year 
and  of  the  grant  agreements  that  have  been  concluded  in  the  year  concerned.  Since 
grant agreements are concluded using funds from funding decisions of the current and 
of  the  previous  year,  the  amount  of  funding  decisions  in  2007  and  of  the  grant 
agreements concluded are two distinct issues. 

(2) 

For  each  of  the  countries  (regions)  a  description  is  given  of  the  humanitarian  needs 
that were identified, the main objectives and achievements and, where applicable, the 
transition between emergency and development "LRRD1". 

This  country-by-country  overview  includes  all  countries/crises  for  which  funding  decisions 
were adopted in 2007 and also those for which funding was made available in previous years 
but the implementation was still on-going in 2007. 

In sections I.6 and IV.3 further information is provided on two types of horizontal funding: in 
I.7, disaster preparedness activities undertaken in 2007 in order to reduce both vulnerability 
and exposure of people to risks and disasters as well as to reduce the economic costs of such 
disasters and in IV.3, capacity building actions  financed in  2007 through thematic funding 
and  the  grant  facility,  with  a  view  to  improve  the  institutional  capacities  of  partner 
humanitarian organisations in some specific areas , so that these organisations are better able 
to respond quickly and efficiently to emergencies 

The  figures  in  this  chapter  are  given  to  provide  general  overview  and/or  to  illustrate  the 
content of the chapter. The reader will find exhaustive financial information in Chapter VI. 

1 

Linking relief, rehabilitation and development 

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1. 

ACP COUNTRIES 

In 2007, humanitarian and food aid interventions were funded in 33 countries in Africa, the 
Caribbean  and  the  Pacific  (ACP)  2,  through  the  adoption  of  40  funding  decisions  and  299 
grant agreements for a total amount of more than € 422,760,000 3 which represented 55% of 
the total budget committed by DG ECHO. 

1.1. 

AFRICA 

The first ten countries in terms of humanitarian and food aid provided were in order in 2007: 
Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Chad, Zimbabwe, the Sahel (including, in 
addition  to  Chad,  Burkina  Faso,  Mali,  Mauritania  and  Niger),  Uganda,  Ethiopia,  Burundi, 
Somalia and Liberia. 

In addition to continued assistance provided to vulnerable populations in countries affected by 
ongoing humanitarian crises, emergency interventions were funded in response to: floods and 
cyclones  in  Madagascar  and  Mozambique;  drought-related  food  shortages  in  Lesotho  and 
Swaziland;  floods  in  Burkina  Faso,  Ghana  and  Togo;  hurricane  Dean  in  Belize,  Dominica, 
Haiti,  Jamaica  and  St.  Lucia;  tropical  storm  Noel  in  Haiti  and  the  Dominican  Republic,  as 
well as a tsunami in the Solomon Islands. 

Furthermore, DG ECHO (1) supported drought preparedness activities in the Greater Horn of 
Africa (Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan and Uganda), (2) funded an ECHO Flight 
for  humanitarian  operators  in  DRC  and  for  emergency  interventions  in  other  areas,  (3) 
responded to epidemics and (4) contributed to vaccination campaigns in West Africa. 

In  2007  as  in  previous  years,  Africa  was  by  far  the  region  which  received  most  of  EC 
humanitarian  aid  funding  (around  55%  of  the  annual  budget).  The  main  areas/countries  of 
intervention are listed below: 

Country (Region)

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

All Africa

2.000.000

2.000.000

HORN of AFRICA/EASTERN AFRICA 111.500.000

106.450.000

217.950.000

128.999.205

98.508.590

227.507.795

Chad

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Kenya

Somalia

Sudan 

Uganda

2 

3 

20.500.000

10.000.000

30.500.000

15.795.344

9.999.998

25.795.342

6.000.000

6.000.000

7.757.456

7.757.456

5.000.000

15.000.000

20.000.000

7.171.433

13.649.800

20.821.233

5.000.000

4.000.000

9.000.000

8.650.000

4.000.000

12.650.000

14.000.000

4.000.000

18.000.000

14.000.000

3.300.000

17.300.000

45.000.000

65.450.000

110.450.000

59.784.972

59.558.792

119.343.764

16.000.000

8.000.000

24.000.000

15.840.000

8.000.000

23.840.000

Belize, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Ivory Coast, Democratic Republic of 
Congo,  Dominica,  Dominican  Republic,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Ghana,  Guinea,  Haiti,  Jamaica,  Kenya, 
Lesotho,  Liberia,  Madagascar,  Mali,  Mauritania,  Mozambique,  Niger,  Solomon  Islands,  Somalia,  St; 
Lucia, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. 
€ 220.91 M humanitarian aid budget line; € 169.65 M food aid budget line; € 4 M Dipecho; € 28.2 M 
B-envelope 9th European Development Fund. 

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Country (Region)

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

GREAT LAKES/CENTRAL AFRICA

65.500.000

24.000.000

89.500.000

70.959.752

22.492.591

93.452.343

Burundi

15.000.000

4.500.000

19.500.000

14.434.133

4.500.000

18.934.133

Central African Republic

4.000.000

4.000.000

8.000.000

3.680.560

2.992.650

6.673.210

Congo (Dem. Rep.)

Echo-Flight DRC

Tanzania

32.000.000

10.500.000

42.500.000

33.915.059

9.999.941

43.915.000

7.500.000

7.500.000

7.500.000

7.500.000

7.000.000

5.000.000

12.000.000

11.430.000

5.000.000

16.430.000

WEST AFRICA 

32.600.000

14.000.000

46.600.000

30.933.442

11.775.940

42.709.382

Regional West Africa

2.000.000

2.000.000

700.000

500.000

500.000

500.000

2.000.000

2.000.000

1.980.000

13.600.000

3.000.000

16.600.000

11.819.643

3.000.000

14.819.643

15.000.000

10.500.000

25.500.000

16.433.799

8.275.940

24.709.739

700.000

500.000

1.980.000

Ivory Coast

Guinea

Liberia

Sahel 

SOUTHERN AFRICA / INDIAN 
OCEAN

27.200.000

23.200.000

50.400.000

18.711.170

22.805.376

41.516.546

Regional Southern Africa

5.819.167

5.819.167

5.819.167

5.819.167

Mozambique

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Madagascar

7.000.000

2.000.000

7.000.000

7.028.419

2.000.000

2.126.689

7.028.419

2.126.689

15.200.000

15.000.000

30.200.000

6.556.062

1.996.770

8.552.832

3.000.000

2.380.833

5.380.833

3.000.000

14.989.439

17.989.439

TOTAL 

238.800.000

167.650.000

406.450.000

249.603.569

155.582.497

405.186.066

1.1.1.  All Africa 

Communicable  diseases  are  highly  endemic  in  African  countries.  According  to  the  World 
Health  Organisation  (WHO),  more  than  two  new epidemic outbreaks occur each week. The 
vaccination  coverage  of  the  populations  is  generally  low  and  the  risk  of  transmission  of 
infections is thus increased. Poverty, lack of basic sanitation facilities, low hygienic standards 
and  malnutrition  in  post-emergency  or  structurally  weak  countries  increase  vulnerability  to 
communicable  diseases.  Meningitis,  cholera,  and  various  viral  hemorrhagic  fevers  are 
responsible  for  major  epidemics  in  African  countries  which  pose  great  risks  to  the  health, 
lives and livelihoods of people in the region with increasing risk of international spread.  

Humanitarian needs 

Meningitis is endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa, an area known as the “Meningitis Belt” running 
from Senegal to Ethiopia. During the dry season there is a significant increase in the number 
of  cases,  in  some  countries  reaching  epidemic  proportions.  Due  to  an  existing  international 
shortage  of  vaccine,  preparedness  for  the  next  meningitis  epidemic  outbreaks  is  particularly 
important.  The  adequate  immunization  of  at-risk  individuals  could  avert  an  epidemic  in 
which,  in  a  worst  case  scenario,  as  many  as  160,000  people  could  be  infected  and  16,000 
killed  in  just  one  epidemic  season.  There  is  an  urgent  need  to  make  meningitis  vaccines 
available for emergency immunization. 

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Cholera  is  also  affecting  Africa.  Almost  all  global  deaths  were  reported  from  the  African 
continent and in 2006, 99% of worldwide cases of cholera were reported in Africa. In 2007, 
there were outbreaks of cholera (or acute watery diarrhoea - AWD) in Ethiopia, Uganda, DRC 
and Angola. 

In recent years, Africa has also seen a significant number of outbreaks of Viral hemorrhagic 
fevers  (VHF),  among  these  Yellow  fever  and  Lassa  fever  in  West  Africa,  and  Ebola  fever, 
Marburg fever and Rift Valley fever in the Horn of Africa and in Eastern and Central Africa. 
In 2007, outbreaks of Ebola Fever occurred in DRC, Marburg Fever in Uganda, and Yellow 
Fever in Sudan. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

The main funding objective was to reduce morbidity and mortality rates related to outbreaks 
of  meningitis,  cholera  and  viral  haemorrhagic  fevers  epidemics  in  the  African  countries, 
signatories 
to  maintain  case-fatality  rates  below 
internationally  recognized  thresholds.  It  aimed  at  contributing  to  an  adequate  response  to 
sudden  major  threats  to  public  health,  such  as  epidemics  with  a  potential  trans-national 
impact.  

the  Cotonou  Convention  and 

to 

The  funds  (€  2,000,000)  were  used  for  emergenc y  planning,  management  of  vaccines  and 
pharmaceutical stock piles, international cooperation and early warning systems.  

The  containment  and  control  of  confirmed  epidemics  requires  provision  of  effective 
medicines  to  most  affected  people,  prevention  of  additional  cases  and  control  of  potential 
expansion through immunization and awareness campaigns.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Not relevant. 

1.1.2.  Horn of Africa and Eastern Africa 

A  total  amount  of  €  217,950,000  was  allocated  to  th e  countries/areas  of  the  Horn  of  Africa 
and Eastern Africa.  

Sudan remained the main crisis for DG ECHO. In addition to providing assistance to the IDPs 
in  Darfur,  the  return  and  reinstallation  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  people  was  assisted  in 
South Sudan and the transitional areas, where humanitarian needs remain considerable, in the 
absence of very basic services to the population. Support to IDP camps around Khartoum was 
decreased.  A  response  was  provided  to  outbreaks  of  diseases,  as  well  as  to  floods  and 
droughts. 

In Chad, assistance focussed on IDP and refugee camps in the East (Sudanese) and the South 
(Central African), as well as on vulnerable local populations.  

Despite  an  increasingly  difficult  environment  due  to  administrative  constraints,  DG ECHO 
partners  were  able  to  maintain  a  certain  implementing  capacity  in  Eritrea,  in  the 
health/nutrition and water/sanitation sectors. 

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A  multi-sector  response  strategy  was  applied  in  order  to  address  the  humanitarian  needs  of 
people affected by internal instability, acute food shortages and repeated climatic hazards in 
the  Somali  Regional  State,  the  Southern  Regions,  Oromya  and  Afar  in  Ethiopia,  where  an 
ECHO office was opened. 

In Kenya, DG ECHO responded to the high level of chronic malnutrition rates in the North-
east  through  health/nutrition  and  water/sanitation  interventions.  It  also  supported  protection 
activities. Assistance was also provided to Somali refugees. 

The humanitarian situation further worsened in Somalia, where open conflict and instability 
continued  to  prevail  generating  overwhelming  humanitarian  needs  that  are  aggravated  and 
compounded by cyclical droughts, floods and epidemic outbreaks. Despite numerous security 
incidents  affecting  the  humanitarian  community,  DG ECHO  was  able  to  maintain  a 
substantial  engagement  through  various  partners,  providing  assistance  in  Central  and 
Southern Somalia in the sectors of shelter, food relief items, health/nutrition, emergency food 
assistance, water and sanitation, as well as co-ordination. 

The  overall  humanitarian  and  security  situation  improved  in  Uganda,  which  prompted  an 
initial  return  process  for  a  number  of  Internally  Displaced  People  (IDPs).  However,  needs 
remained  considerable  in  the  transitional  phase.  DG ECHO  continued  to  support  the  most 
vulnerable  populations  in  camps,  whilst  progressively  shifting  the  focus,  in  a  LRRD 
perspective, to new return areas. 

Finally, a Regional Drought Preparedness programme was funded in order to assist more than 
8  million  pastoralists  and/or  agro-pastoralists,  with  particular  focus  on  water  and  animal 
health. 

Sudan/Chad 

a) Sudan 

Humanitarian needs 

The  four-year  long  conflict  in  Darfur  has  led  to  around  4,000,000  people  in  need  of 
humanitarian assistance, including more than  2,500,000 IDPs,  280,000 refugees  in Chad, as 
well  as  resident  communities  and  nomads.  The  Comprehensive  Peace  Agreement  (CPA) 
signed  in  January  2005,  putting  an  end  to  the  20-year  civil  war  between  the  North  and  the 
South,  was  positive.  However  the  political  and  security  equilibrium  remains  precarious  in 
Southern Sudan and the transitional areas, leading to regular fighting and insecurity. With the 
CPA, thousands of refugees and IDPs started returning to areas where nutrition, health, water 
and sanitation and public health and hygiene continue to be the source of major concern, thus 
generating  further  humanitarian  needs.  Since  the  signing  of  the  Darfur  Peace  Agreement  in 
May 2006, the situation has further deteriorated and humanitarian access has been drastically 
reduced. The ongoing fighting, the rising insecurity, as well as the bad food security situation, 
have  led  to  600,000  new  IDPs  between  May  2006  and  December  2007,  to  additional 
violations  of  International  Humanitarian  Law  and  to  an  increased  dependence  of  the  most 
vulnerable  to  international  assistance  in  terms  of  food  aid,  health,  nutrition,  water  and 
sanitation, shelter and emergency support. 

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Furthermore,  the  whole  of  Sudan  is  regularly  affected  by  severe  natural  disasters  such  as 
floods and droughts, as well as by a series of disease outbreaks.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Over the past 5 years, DG ECHO's engagement in Sudan has increased with the eruption of 
the  Darfur  crisis  in  2003  which  became  the  biggest  humanitarian  crisis  in  the  world.  In 
parallel,  with  the  signature  of  the  CPA,  DG ECHO's  support  to  Southern  Sudan  and  the 
transitional areas started focusing on the return and reinstallation of hundred of thousands of 
people in areas totally lacking basic services, whereas the support in the IDP camps around 
Khartoum was steadily decreasing. DG ECHO has responded swiftly to outbreaks of diseases 
such as yellow fever, meningitis, cholera and hemorrhagic fever, as well as to the floods and 
droughts  that  have  regularly  affected  several  regions  of  Sudan.  Since  2007,  DG ECHO 
sharply  increased  its  support  to  food  aid  and  emergency  food  insecurity  in  Sudan  and 
particularly in Darfur where food aid assistance represents 2/3 of the international aid. In the 
last  5  years,  large  parts  of  Sudan  required  a  continued  substantial  level  of  engagement  to 
assist the most vulnerable populations. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

The  main  objective  for  2007  was  to  reduce  excessive  mortality  and  morbidity  rates  among 
highly vulnerable populations in Sudan through integrated assistance. In addition, DG ECHO 
support  aimed  at  improving  humanitarian  and  operational  environments  through  support  to 
special  mandates,  as  well  as  common  services  including  the  humanitarian  air  service.  The 
main  sectors  of  intervention  were  food  aid,  health  and  nutrition,  water  and  environmental 
sanitation,  emergency  preparedness  and  response,  household  food  security,  protection  and 
operational support.  

DG ECHO continued covering the whole territory with a neutral approach and according to 
needs in strict respect of internationally recognised humanitarian principles. In addition to the 
€ 45,000,000   programmed  for  2007,  the  country  has  benefited  from  € 16,000,000  out  of  a 
decision amounting to € 17,000,000 mobilised in  December 2006 to respond to the worsening 
of  the  security,  access  and  humanitarian  situation  in  Darfur  and  Chad.  An  amount  of 
€ 65,450,000 coming from the two separate global f ood aid decisions have also been allocated 
to Sudan, to address food aid and emergency food security needs. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO  continued  to  assist  the  Sudanese  population in need, affected  by  conflict and by 
natural  disasters,  as  long  as  alarming  humanitarian  indicators  appeared.  With  a  more  stable 
situation  in  the  North  and  in  certain  parts  of  Southern  Sudan,  rehabilitation  and  sustainable 
development assistance are gradually taking over and building upon the relief work provided 
for  decades.  LRRD  possibilities  have  increased  since  the  resumption  of  formal  cooperation 
with  the  European  Commission  in  2005,  especially  in  the  food  security  sector.  Thus, 
DG ECHO  has  been  decreasing  its  support  to  operations  in  North  Sudan,  while  identifying 
bridging  operations  in  Southern  Sudan  and  the  transitional  areas.  However,  needs  are  so 
overwhelming  notably  in  Southern  Sudan  and  the  transitional  areas,  that  both  humanitarian 
and development assistance will have to go hand in hand for a long while. Hopefully, in the 
next few years, LRRD continuum will become effective, contributing to a gradual process of 
recovery through the enhancement of self-reliance. 

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b) Chad 

Humanitarian needs 

From April 2003 to end 2007, some 280,000 Sudanese refugees from Darfur poured into the 
Eastern  Chadian  frontier,  an  area  that  has  suffered  from  decades  of  civil  conflict.  This 
politically  and  economically  marginalised  region  suffers  from  chronic  food  insecurity  and 
lacks  the  necessary  resources  and  capacity  to  accommodate  large  numbers  of  displaced 
people,  and  the  Sudanese  refugees  are  completely  dependent  on  international  aid. 
Furthermore, about 180,000 people have been internally displaced in south-east of Chad at the 
border  with  Darfur  most  of  which  have  been  displaced  in  2007,  and  more  than  50,000 
Chadian have found refuge in Darfur. These displacements are the result of an armed conflict 
between the government and rebel groups, incursions by neighbouring Sudanese militia and 
growing  violence  between  different  communities.  In  addition,  the  Southern  provinces  are 
hosting some 18,000 refugees from the Central African Republic since 2003, a number that 
rose  to  48,000  in  2005.  In  2007  the  deployment  of  a  European  peace  keeping  operation  in 
Chad  and  RCA  (EUFOR)  has  been  approved,  as  well  as  the  deployment  of  a  UN  mission 
(MINURCAT). These deployments should contribute to the securitisation of the camps and of 
the  places  of  origin  of  the  displaced  populations  and  initiate  the  first  voluntary  returns. 
However, a general mass return of IDPs cannot be envisaged unless  it is accompanied by a 
reconciliation process and the return of the rule of law.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG ECHO  is  supporting  relief  operations  in  Eastern  Chad  since  September  2003  when  an 
emergency decision was taken to assist the first refugees coming from Darfur. With the rising 
number of refugees, IDPs, and host communities affected by the Darfur conflict, the Chadian 
conflict  and  insecurity,  DG ECHO  remained  and  increased  its  support  to  Eastern  Chad.  In 
parallel, in 2005, DG ECHO started assisting the refugees coming to Southern Chad, fleeing 
insecurity  in  Central  African  Republic.  Projects  aimed  at  promoting  economic  security  and 
maintaining nutritional levels have been carried out outside the camps and where vulnerability 
of the local populations is very high. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

Through  its  operational  partners,  DG ECHO  maintained  multi-sector  assistance  to  refugees 
and  IDPs  in  the  camps  of  Eastern  and  Southern  Chad,  supporting  food  aid,  food  security, 
health and nutrition, water and sanitation and protection operations, as well as shelter and non 
food item distributions. Although most needs of the local Chadian population are not linked to 
the presence of refugees and IDPs, the increased pressure on natural resources in structurally 
weak  and  under  developed  regions,  made  quick  impact  projects,  food  security,  health  and 
nutrition  operations,  necessary  to  mitigate  tension  between  refugees,  IDPs  and  the  local 
population.  

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A  Global  Plan  of  € 15,000,000  was  adopted 
in  2007.  An  allocation  of  € 17,000,000  was 
released in December 2006 for Darfur and Chad, including € 1,000,000 for UNHCR in Chad. 
In July 2007, an EDF4 decision of € 5,500,000 was approved 
to strengthen ECHO support to 
the  humanitarian  air  service  and  to  activities  aiming  at  reducing  vulnerability  and 
malnutrition. An additional € 10.000.000 from the first global food aid decision was allocated 
to Chad to address food aid and emergency food security needs.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

With  a  view  to  facilitating  the  link  between  relief,  rehabilitation  and  development,  pre-
rehabilitation  operations  have  been  carried  out  in  the  South  of  Chad  where  partner 
organisations are putting exit strategies in place. Discussions with other relevant Commission 
services  have  intensified  with  a  view  to  further  promote  LRRD  through  the  various 
complementary initiatives and instruments available in Southern Chad. However any attempt 
to  develop  sustainability  of  the  operations  and  LRRD  is  at  stake  if  conflict  and  related 
insecurity in the sub-region last.  

Eritrea 

Humanitarian needs 

The protracted, unresolved border dispute with its neighbour, Ethiopia, has continuously led 
to  decline  in  many  sectors:  livelihoods,  health,  food  security,  engendering  greater  levels  of 
poverty. Eritrea has faced challenges posed by years of chronic drought, desertification, poor 
infrastructure and continued insecurity along the border with Ethiopia. Economic decline has 
led to worrying humanitarian indicators. Although these have not been measured for a couple 
of  years,  the  malnutrition  rates  remain  very  high  and  admissions  to  specialised  feeding 
programmes have increased.  

The penury and poor quality of water, resulting from successive years of drought, insufficient 
and unbalanced distribution of rains, lack of water points and weak maintenance, are directly 
responsible  for  the  worrying  water-borne  disease  morbidity  rates  commonly  found  in  rural 
areas. Losses of livestock have been commonly reported over the past years, leading to asset 
depletion and less and less resilience on the part of the rural communities to cope with harsh 
periods. An estimated 40% of the Eritrean population relies on livestock as its main source of 
income. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

A total amount of € 16,920,000 has  been allocated to Eritrea from 2003 to 2007. Following 
the  1998-2000  war  with  Ethiopia,  the  country  has  been  affected  by  several  droughts  and  a 
continuous  decline  in  livelihoods  due  to  the  economic  crisis.  DG ECHO  interventions  have 
progressively  shifted  from  a  water  and  sanitation  support  to  a  more  comprehensive  strategy 
including  health,  nutrition  and  protection.  At  the  same  time,  the  implementing  capacity  has 
continued to decrease due to the progressive reduction of the number of NGO.  

4 

European Development Fund 

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Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

A  funding  decision  of  € 6,000,000  from  the  huma nitarian  aid  budget  adopted  in  2007  has 
been implemented. Despite an overall difficult environment due to administrative constraints 
and  Government  policies,  partners  have  been  able  to  maintain  an  acceptable  implementing 
capacity.  The  country  has  also  benefited  from  the  Regional  Drought  Preparedness  Decision 
(see related text below). 

DG ECHO's  strategy  was  to  provide  support  to  civilian  population  trying  to  overcome  the 
humanitarian  consequences  of  a  protracted  serious  crisis  context.  DG ECHO  interventions 
targeted two main sectors, health - including nutrition - and water and sanitation. As a result, 
47,000  persons  throughout  the  country  have  had  improved  access  to  safe  drinking  water, 
thousands  of  animals  received  water  in  order  to  maintain  a  minimum  livelihood  level  for 
targeted  households.  About  17,000  children  under  the  age  of  5  and  pregnant  and  lactating 
women  received  nutritional  care,  including  1,500  severely  malnourished  children  that  have 
recovered  or  are  in  the  process  of  recovering.  More  than  200,000  persons  have  had  the 
opportunity  to  receive  primary  and/or  secondary  health  care  in  remote  rural  areas  of  the 
country.  It  is  estimated  that  175,000  persons  benefited  from  the  International  Committee  of 
the Red Cross (ICRC) nationwide protection activities.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In  the  current  context  comprehensive  LRRD  is  difficult  to  apply.  However,  DG ECHO 
funded projects coordinated with the interventions of the EDF, especially in the nutrition and 
water and sanitation sector. 

Ethiopia 

Humanitarian needs 

Insecurity  in  parts  of  Somali  Regional  State  (SRS)  continued  to  be  a  bottleneck  for 
humanitarian  operations.  The  pastoralist  and  agro-pastoralist  lowland  areas  of  the  country 
have been suffering from insufficient rains in the last consecutive two seasons, leading to food 
insecurity because of pasture scarcity, water shortage and low crop production. Acute watery 
Diarrhoea  (AWD)  has  become  endemic  in  the  country  and  the  level  of  response  has  been 
limited  as  the  government  refused  to  recognize  it  as  cholera.  The  insecurity  in  SRS  led  to 
further deterioration of the humanitarian situation because of lack of access for humanitarian 
agencies after the Chinese oil workers were attacked in April 2007. The ongoing operation of 
the Ethiopian Defence Force (EDF) imposed strict control on humanitarian workers including 
UN agencies and International NGOs. The ICRC was forced out of the region, other NGOs 
were  asked  to  temporarily  suspend  their  operations,  although  some  were  later  allowed  to 
resume  their  activities  on  a  case-by-case  basis.  Among  other  issues,  a  trade  embargo  was 
imposed in the five Zones of military operations, which is the primary reason for the further 
aggravation of the situation. 

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The  Disaster  Prevention  and  Preparedness  Agency  (DPPA)5  appealed  in  2007  to  donor 
agencies  to  address  207,353  severely  malnourished  under  five  children,  6.3  million 
moderately malnourished under five children and 1.4 million pregnant and lactating women. 
DG ECHO  responded  to  the  appeal  on  the  basis  of  assessments  of  the  situation.  Need 
increased because of insufficient rains, particularly in lowland areas of the country, although 
the  country  witnessed  a  bumper  harvest  during  2006.  Health  threats  like  AWD,  measles, 
malaria and meningitis were the main humanitarian needs of the year. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

From 2003 to 2007, DG ECHO has allocated €  39,000,000 in favour of vulnerable people in 
Ethiopia. Initially, the interventions were focused on the follow-up of the 1998-2000 war with 
Eritrea.  Successively,  DG ECHO  has  enlarged  its  support  with  the  aim  to  provide 
humanitarian aid in favour of the most vulnerable populations affected by climatic threats and 
local conflicts, mainly in health, water and sanitation and protection sectors. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

DG ECHO carried out two financial decisions in 2007. Through a humanitarian aid decision, 
DG ECHO  allocated  € 5,000,000  from  the  huma nitarian  budget  line  and  € 15,000,000  from 
the food aid budget.  

The aims of the funding were to provide humanitarian assistance in areas of health, water and 
sanitation,  protection,  IDPs  as  well  as  food  aid,  nutrition  and  food  security.  A  multi-sector 
response  strategy  was  pivotal  in  addressing  emergency  needs  of  the  people  affected  by 
internal  instability,  acute  food  shortages  over  and  above  the  chronic  structural  food  deficit, 
and other climatic hazards.  

In  2007,  DG ECHO’s  support  has  benefited  more  than  4,700,000  people  in  food  security, 
2,250,000 in nutrition, 200,000 in health and 650,000 in water and sanitation. Spatially, the 
major beneficiary regions were Somali Regional State (SRS), Southern Regions, Oromya and 
Afar. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO  mainstreamed  LRRD  in  the  country  and  ensured  that  the  short  term  emergency 
response  is  properly  linked  to  partners'  long-term  development  programmes.  In  order  to 
provide technical capacity in the field, DG ECHO opened an office in Ethiopia in 2007, which 
is currently working closely with the Rural Development and Food Security Section of the EC 
Delegation  to  ensure  the  Linkage  of  Relief,  Rehabilitation  and  Development  (LRRD),  and 
sustainability of its actions.  

5 

DPPA is a government agency responsible for the coordination and licensing of humanitarian operation 
in the country. 

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Kenya 

Humanitarian needs 

Vulnerable  populations  affected  by  drought  and  a  livelihoods  and  nutritional  crisis  were 
supported  through  the  Kenya  Country  Programme  and  the  Regional  Drought  Decision. 
Somali refugees were supported through an allocation to WFP. Although 2007 bore witness to 
a  recovery  period  following  the  severe  drought  in  2005/2006,  malnutrition  rates  remained 
high  albeit  below  15%  Global  Acute  Malnutrition  (GAM).  Needs  in  the  nutrition,  public 
health and water sectors remained high during the year.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

Over the past 5 years DG ECHO's engagement has become more focused in Kenya, tackling 
severe  drought  in  pastoral  areas  as  well  as  aspects  of  human  health.  A  total  amount  of 
€ 23,850,000 has been committed from 2003 to 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

DG ECHO's objective for 2007 was to respond to the high level of chronic malnutrition rates 
in the North-East through health/nutrition and water/sanitation projects as well as to focus on 
the protection sector in the light of continuing insecurity in the sub-region. This objective was 
largely accomplished, although primary health care activities. Health expert early in the year, 
have  been  largely  excluded  from  the  remit  of  partners'  interventions.  2007  in  Kenya  bore 
witness  to  a  continuation  of  the  recovery  from  the  previous  drought;  malnutrition  rates 
declined albeit never below 15% GAM, highlighting the cyclical fluctuations in rates linked 
most likely to livestock availability. 

In  2007,  the  EC  support  for  humanitarian  projects  in  Kenya  amounted  to  € 9,000,000, 
covering:  (a)  € 5,000,000  of  huma nitarian  aid  to  vulnerable  populations  in  northern  Kenya 
affected  by  drought  and  facing  a  livelihood  and  nutritional  crisis  and  targeting  3,500,000 
beneficiaries;  (b)  € 4,000,000  of  humanitarian  ai d  for  Somali  refugees  in  Kenya.  Moreover, 
€ 5,500,000  allocated  in  2006  for  areas  of  norther n  Kenya  as  part  of  a  regional  drought 
preparedness  programme  for  the  Horn  of  Africa  was  implemented  in  2007.  DG ECHO 
support provided in 2006 to UNHCR was implemented in 2007 and led to the improvement of 
health infrastructure, inter alia, in the camps. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The elections at the end of 2007 led to violence in Western Kenya, Nairobi and coastal areas. 
Discussions  with  other  relevant  Commission's  services  intensified  with  a  view  to  further 
promote  LRRD  through  the  various  complementary  initiatives  and  instruments  available. 
Links  with  the  Drought  Management  Initiative  of  the  EC  Delegation  in  Kenya  have  been 
reinforced.  

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Somalia 

Humanitarian needs 

For the past 17 years Somalia has remained a country of open-ended conflict and instability 
with  overwhelming  humanitarian  needs  that  are  aggravated  and  compounded  by  worsening 
cyclical droughts, floods and various epidemic outbreaks. 

Violence escalated between insurgents and Ethiopian forces. Some of the worst fighting since 
the  civil  war  of  the  early  1990s  occurred,  with  hundreds  of  civilians  killed  and  thousands 
more  injured.  The  conflict  caused  massive  displacement  from  Mogadishu.  There  were  an 
estimated 700,000 new internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Somalia, joining an estimated 
400,000  long-term  IDPs.  The  largest  numbers  of  IDPs  were  moving  to  areas  where  host 
communities were already in a food and nutrition crisis and could not support them. 

The spring and autumn rains performed poorly, especially in Hiran and Central Regions. The 
combined  effects  of  poor  rains,  conflict,  displacement  and  diarrhoeal  diseases  severely 
exacerbated the food security situation and caused an alarming rise in acute malnutrition rates, 
particularly in regions that absorbed large numbers of conflict-related IDPs. Parts of Somalia 
were also experiencing hyperinflation with dramatic price increases putting basic food items 
beyond the budget of the most vulnerable. 

Repeated security incidents against the humanitarian community such as kidnapping threats, 
harassment, roadside bombs, and administrative interference and hindrances placed a burden 
on humanitarians and restricted their ability to operate. 

The  main  humanitarian  needs  identified  were  shelter  and  non  food  relief  items,  health  and 
nutrition, emergency food assistance, water and sanitation, and coordination. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Each year, from 2003 to 2006, the Commission adopted humanitarian aid financing decisions 
for a total yearly amount of about € 10,000,000. In  2007 following the resumption of violence 
in  the  country  and  the  intensification  of  the  humanitarian  crisis,  the  Commission  adopted 
several humanitarian aid decisions for a total of € 18,000,000. The principal objective of the 
aid  remained  the  same  throughout  all  the  years:  "to  assist  the  victims  of  insecurity  and 
climatic hazards in Somalia". The main sectors of intervention in response to the needs were 
health, water and sanitation, food security, and non food items.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements in 2007 

In  2007,  the  European  Commission  adopted  humanitarian  aid  financing  decisions  for 
insecurity  and  climatic  hazards.  These 
€ 18,000,000  to  address  the  victims  of  the  ongoing 
were  allocated  through  three  main  funding  decisions:  a  global  plan  of  € 10,000,000,  an 
emergency funding decision of € 4,000,000 in response to the conflict and € 4,000,000 from 
food  aid  allocation.  These  funds  were  allocated  to  operations  focusing  on  health,  nutrition, 
water and sanitation, food security, multi sector support across the Central and Southern areas 
of Somalia in favour of the new IDP caseloads. 

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DG ECHO supported access to health care through nutrition interventions and primary health 
care  support:  out  patient  consultation  and  treatment,  and  in  patient  treatment,  including 
specialised mother and child health care, paediatrics and surgery. 

In water and sanitation sector, DG ECHO promoted access to water and hygiene through the 
rehabilitation of water points and ground surface dams, through the building of latrines, and 
through hygiene awareness campaigns.  

Food  security  interventions  included  support  to  veterinary  services  that  had  been  able  to 
vaccinate and treat in excess of 1,500,000 head of livestock. This reduced the morbidity rate 
from critical livestock diseases and kept the mortality rate below the normal thus contributing 
significantly  to  protecting  people's  livestock  herds  and  livelihoods.  Livestock-related 
interventions also included training community animal health workers, income generation and 
support for agricultural interventions through the provision of small ruminants to pastoralists 
and seeds and tools to riverside communities respectively in key areas.  

DG ECHO  provided  food,  non  food  items  including  shelter,  and  essential  household  kits  to 
IDPs  and  host  communities,  and  supported  water  and  sanitation  interventions,  basic  health 
care,  distribution  of  seeds  and  tools.  Moreover  some  protracted  IDPs  were  supported  to 
undertake income generating activities. 

The above-mentioned interventions have, over the past year, been able to impact the lives of 
approx. 3,066,500 Somalis. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

LRRD is currently a major challenge for the EC as a whole, not least because of the different 
geographic coverage of the EC Delegation and DG ECHO in programming, but also because 
of  the  high  levels  of  insecurity  that  characterise  Somalia.  Nevertheless,  the  EC  Delegation 
remains  firmly  committed  to  Somalia  and  especially  in  the  Rural  Development  and  Social 
Services sectors. 

Uganda 

Humanitarian needs 

During  the  year  2007,  the  humanitarian  and  security  situation  in  Uganda  has  greatly 
improved.  This  achievement  is  mainly  due  to  the  promising  peace  talks  between  the 
Government  and  the  Lord's  Resistance  Army  (LRA)  and  the  significant  reduction  in  LRA 
hostilities since the signature of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement in August 2006. 

Even though the overall situation still remains largely dependent on the, so far, inconclusive 
Juba  peace  talks,  and  many  IDPs  (especially  in  the  Acholi  region),  these  positive  changes 
have  prompted  an  initial  return  process,  accelerating  the  movement  out  of  the  camps  of  the 
original 1,500,000 IDPs and resulting in substantially improved access to land.  

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This  return  process  is  part  of  a  transition  phase,  which,  still  continues  to  experience  large 
scale humanitarian needs. Humanitarian and transition needs will coexist for at least the next 
18-24 months with a progressive increase of the latter as return movements intensify.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

Since 2004 DG ECHO has greatly contributed to providing a continuous and effective relief 
response  in  LRA-affected  areas;  the  response  to  basic  needs  such  as  water  and  sanitation, 
health, NFIs, and, last but not least, food security as well as protection and coordination, have 
been  scaled  up  significantly.  Humanitarian  access  due  to  insecurity  and  sub-optimal  co-
ordination has been the main constraint.  

Although  humanitarian  indicators  in  northern  Uganda  still  remain  below  Sphere  Standards 
across  several  sectors  and  regions,  former  humanitarian  operations  have  definitely  shown  a 
positive impact. The increased supply of water, latrine coverage, food intake, health services 
and  hygiene  promotion  resulted  in  a  healthier  population  able  to  use  a  variety  of  coping 
mechanisms. 

During  2003  € 8,000,000  was  released.  In  response  to  the  worsening  of  the  humanitarian 
crisis, DG ECHO increased funding to € 18,620,000 in 2004, € 14,000,000 in 2005 and in two 
separate  decisions  in  2006  released  € 15,000,000  and  € 4,000,000  respectively.  In  2007 
further support has been secured releasing altogether € 21,000,000 (including € 8,000,000 of 
food aid). 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO's  priority  in  2007  was  to  continue  supporting  the  needs  of  the  most  vulnerable 
populations  in  the  IDPs  camps,  while  progressively  shifting  the  focus  to  new  return  areas. 
Water and sanitation, health, non-food items, food security and food aid, camp management 
and planning, protection and coordination, have been the main sectors of interventions. This 
approach  in  Uganda  has  been  consistent  with  DG ECHO’s  2007  strategy  (Needs  based, 
LRRD, mainstreaming of Children and HIV/AIDS), which included three specific objectives: 
1)  In  the  framework  of  the  current  IDPs  return  and  transitional  phase,  to  provide  adequate 
support and assistance to returnees, while continuing to assist the most vulnerable population 
in IDP camps, with minimum basic services in water and sanitation, health, livelihoods and 
food  security,  Non  Food  Items,  protection,  training  and  education;  2) To  strengthen  the 
management  and  coordination  of  humanitarian  response  among  multilateral  and  bilateral 
agencies and non governmental agencies in Uganda and 3) To maintain a technical capacity in 
the  field  and  to  assess  needs,  appraise  project  proposals  and  to  co-ordinate  and  monitor  the 
implementation of operations. 

Partners  focused  on  outputs,  improved  coordination  and  streamlined  their  activities 
accordingly. Main achievements include: (1) Health: with support to hospitals, Health Centres 
(HC),  financing  of  mobile  clinics  and  fight  against  Malaria  and  HIV/AIDS;  (2)  Water  and 
Sanitation: maintenance of water systems in camps and increased focus on rehabilitation and 
construction of water systems, integration of hygiene promotion across all funded water and 
sanitation  programs;  (3)  Food  security:  increasing  self-reliance  of  IDPs  through  livelihood 
security  programmes  and  income  generating  activities;  (4)  Food  Aid:  over  1,000,000  IDPs 
were assisted with food aid ; over 450,000 beneficiaries have been engaged in food-for-work 
and food-for-training projects.  

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Mother  Child  Health  and  nutrition  programme  have  been  continued  and  over  300,000 
beneficiaries  (newborns,  pregnant  and  lactating  mothers)  were  assisted  with  supplementary 
food rations.  

Protection:  Over  2,000  children  under  five  in  Kitgum  district  were  provided  with  day  care 
through  early  childhood  centres  in  order  to  address  protection  issues  related  to  unattended 
children  in  camps.  Over  500  Formerly  Abducted  Children  received  assistance  and  were 
reintegrated into their communities. Other extremely vulnerable children and women received 
similar  assistance  and  about  100  adolescents  were  provided  psychosocial  support  through 
Interpersonal Therapy for Groups (IPTG). Legal aid for IDPs in Kitgum  and Pader  districts 
has  been  financed  through  Information,  Counselling  and  Legal  Assistance  (i.e.  total  of  362 
cases were closed between March and October 07);  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

LRRD  continued  to  be  at  the  forefront  of  DG ECHO's  strategy  in  Uganda.  In  2007, 
DG ECHO  has  continued  to  reinforce  its  LRRD  strategy  with  the  different  Commission 
services as well as DG ECHO’s implementing partners. Exit strategies by DG ECHO partners 
have been implemented since 2006 where collaboration with local and sub-county authorities 
has been continuously strengthened. Interventions, to the extent feasible are aligned to District 
Development  Plans provided that these plans correspond to and respond to  the needs in  the 
area.  The  EC  Delegation  is  also  re-focusing  its  attention  on  LRRD  and  favourably 
contributing  to  this  process  through  various  funding  instruments/programs  (NUREP,  Water 
Facility, 10th EDF etc.). 

Regional Drought Preparedness  

Humanitarian needs 

Approximately  12,000,000  pastoralists  are  at  risk  of  morbidity  and  mortality  in  the  Greater 
Horn of Africa (GHA). Because of the specific nature of nomadic pastoralists and its linkages 
with natural resource and land management, the needs arise as a result of environmental and 
institutional  policy  failures.  One  of  the  most  important  traditional  coping  mechanisms  for 
nomadic communities, the opportunistic use of natural resources, or the ability to move with 
herds to areas with better pasture and water during periods of stress, has been progressively 
eroded.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

The € 10,000,000 decision adopted in 2006 was the fi rst one adopted by the Commission to 
mitigate  the  effects  of  the  recurrent  drought  in  the  Horn  of  Africa.  The  evaluation  of  the 
impact of this kind of preventive approach was very successful and DG ECHO has decided to 
continue  and  reinforce  the  regional  drought  preparedness  programme  with  € 30,000,000 
allocated in 2008.  

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Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

An  18-month  funding  decision  was  adopted  in  July  2006  and  entirely  committed  for  an 
amount of € 10,000,000,. 2007, therefore, saw the conti nuation of projects financed in 2006 in 
5  countries  (Djibouti,  Eritrea,  Ethiopia,  Kenya,  Sudan  and  Uganda).  Projects  were  not 
implemented in Somalia due to insecurity. This was the first initiative of its kind undertaken 
in Kenya over the past 5 years.  

Some 8,290,160 pastoralists and/or agro-pastoralists have been targeted by operations funded 
through  this  Decision.  The  principal  sectors  were  water  and  animal  health.  Drought  Cycle 
Management  methodology  has  been  used  (community-based 
technologies, 
contingency  planning  supported,  and  reinforcement  of  existing  Early  Warning  Systems).  In 
line with previous objectives, the emphasis was placed on close monitoring as well as making 
sure  that  the  projects  were  adapted  to  reflect  changes  on  the  ground  (e.g.  Eritrea  and  the 
Ogaden region of Ethiopia). As foreseen, a mid-term evaluation was carried out (May-August 
2007).  It  welcomed  DG ECHO's  community-based  regional  approach,  recommended 
intensification of success stories, wider geographical scope, a broader range of sectors, as well 
as  an  increase  in  the  budget  for  the  2008  programme.  A  Stakeholders'  Meeting  was  held  in 
Nairobi mid-September 2007 to gather partners' opinions on the programme and to brainstorm 
future strategy.  

low-cost 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

LRRD was intensified with EC  Delegations on the 9th and 10th EDF (Drought Management 
Initiative,  Kenya;  NUREP  (Northern  Uganda  Rehabilitation  Programme)  and  Food  Security 
activities, Ethiopia) as well as with regards to the ACP-EU Water Facility. The Horn of Africa 
Initiative  began  its  preliminary  work  during  2007.  In  collaboration  with  other  EC  Services, 
DG  ECHO  continued  working  on  an  LRRD  strategy  seeking  complementarities  between 
projects  financed  in  the  Horn  of  Africa  through  their  different  instruments  (10th  EDF,  the 
Horn of Africa Initiative and ECHO's Drought Preparedness Programme).  

The countries, except Djibouti, targeted also benefited from separate country allocations and 
in some cases, food aid allocations.  

1.1.3.  Great Lakes and central Africa  

Needs have been contrasted in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) where, on one hand, 
some one million IDPs were assisted to return home and regain self-sufficiency, whilst on the 
other hand renewed conflict in North Kivu uprooted some 300,000 people who were thrown 
in urgent need of medical care, water, food and shelter. Violence against women and children 
remained  a  major  problem,  particularly  in  the  East.  DG ECHO  contributed  to  contain 
mortality and morbidity rates and to support the resettlement and stabilization process. 

ECHO Flight was maintained in order to serve humanitarian operators mainly in DRC. It was 
also used for emergency operations elsewhere (e.g. floods in Mozambique). 

More than 200,000 people were displaced in the Central African Republic as a consequence 
of  the  action  of  domestic  and  foreign  rebel  groups  and  banditry  in  the  North.  DG ECHO 
assisted  IDPs,  refugees,  returnees  and  vulnerable  host  communities  with  an  integrated 
package  including  water  and  sanitation,  food  security,  education,  health  and  protection 
activities. 

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A  chronic  complex  emergency  persisted  in  Burundi,  affected  by  10  years  of  civil  war, 
population displacements, and an ever precarious security situation. Furthermore, the country 
hosted three camps of Congolese refugees. DG ECHO provided assistance to IDPs, returnees, 
refugees  and  vulnerable  host  communities,  covering  the  health/nutrition  sector,  delivering 
food  aid,  promoting  sanitation  and  funding  protection  activities,  with  focus  on  children, 
adolescents and women, and within a LRRD perspective as much as possible. 

Tanzania  continued  to  host  the  largest  refugee  population  on  the  African  continent,  almost 
entirely dependent on international aid. However, in the course of the year the repatriation of 
Burundian and Congolese accelerated, and there are at the moment a total of some 212,000 
refugees whose return will largely, though not exclusively, depend on developments in their 
countries of origin. The Government of Tanzania maintains its objective to close all camps. 
Whilst maintaining a certain degree of assistance for camps care and maintenance, DG ECHO 
focussed more on interventions aimed at facilitating the repatriation process. 

Burundi 

Humanitarian needs 

Burundi has been a chronic complex emergency resulting from the previous 10 years of civil 
war  and  population  displacements.  However,  following  the  latest  peaceful  elections  and 
formation of a new government, measures are being taken to prepare for a major repatriation 
exercise.  Living  conditions  for  the  population  remain  difficult,  with  the  country  having 
experienced  a  decade  of  war  and  displacement,  restricted  access  to  healthcare  and  reduced 
quality of available health services. Burundi currently occupies the first place in DG ECHO’s 
vulnerability rankings  

Burundi  also  hosts  three  camps  for  more  than  20,300  Congolese  refugees  and  also  around 
13,000 registered refugees living as urban caseload. This group needs care and maintenance 
support. The country is also vulnerable to the effects of regional pressures and instability. On 
the  one  hand,  over  110,000  registered  Burundian  refugees  are  still  in  Tanzania  and  are 
supposed to return home with re-integration in 2008-2009. 

Generally,  the  displaced,  orphans,  children  and  female-headed  households,  as  well  as  the 
Batwa  minority  (1%),  are  among  the  most  vulnerable  groups  within  Burundi  society.  In 
addition  to  this,  the  past  years  have  seen  the  need  for  rapid  interventions  for  recurrent 
epidemics of cholera and meningitis in several provinces. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Burundi  has  emerged  from  several  years  of  conflict.  The  assistance  required  has 
concomitantly  evolved  from  a  life  saving  emergency  humanitarian  aid  to  rehabilitation  and 
development. Chronic poverty independent of the conflict has left and will for the foreseeable 
future leave, many Burundians in a very vulnerable position. The return of refugees, though 
positive,  has  added  to  this  vulnerability  and  implied  a  continuing  need  for  humanitarian 
assistance despite growing development aid support.  

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Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

The principal objective is to save and preserve life in the aftermath of a ten-year civil war in 
Burundi, entailing major loss of life, physical, psychological or social suffering and material 
damage. 

With a total funding of € 19,500,000 in 2007, DG  ECHO’s intervention strategy was focused 
on  the  following  specific  objectives:  (1)  Returnees/Refugees:  to  provide  multi-sectoral 
humanitarian  assistance  to  vulnerable  populations,  comprising  displaced  persons,  returnees, 
refugees  and  host  communities  in  areas  directly  affected  by  conflict.  Special  attention  has 
been  given  to  children,  adolescents  and  women;  (2)  Special  mandates:  to  support 
international agencies in the execution of their special mandates. 

This  assistance  was  channeled  through  a  multi  sector  program  (health:  23.18%;  food  aid: 
23.53%;  nutrition:  14.34%;  sanitation:  6.89%,  protection:  15.72%)  implemented  by  NGOs, 
United Nations agencies and the ICRC.  

The  impact  of  the  programme  has  been  considerable.  In  the  health  sector,  4  provinces  with 
both first and secondary level of care have been supported during the course of the year. In 
addition, more than 400,000 people received seeds and seed protection food aid. DG ECHO 
also  supported  the  implementation  of  the  CTC  approach  to  deal  with  the  high  chronic 
malnutrition that is present in Burundi. Within the framework of the fight against cholera, two 
districts  alongside  the  Tanganyika  Lake  were  provided  with  potable  water  and  specialized 
treatment  centres  as  well  as  receiving  hygiene  education.  Lastly,  50,000  people  benefited 
from DG ECHO supported protection activities. These beneficiaries are Burundian IDPs and 
repatriated refugees, Congolese refugees and Rwandan asylum seekers. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In  2007,  some  water  and  sanitation  activities  previously  financed  by  DG ECHO  have  been 
taken over by the EC Delegation's "Water Facility" programme and the Belgium cooperation. 

A two-year financing proposal in the health sector, funded from the 9th EDF B-envelope, has 
been decided in 2007. This funding of € 7,800,000 w ill focus on support for ten health zones 
as  defined  in  the  Public  Health  Ministry's  National  Plan.  This  support  will  also  cover 
supervision of health teams, purchase of medicines and aid for the destitute.  

The  EC  Delegation  prepared  a  two  year  programme  with  UNICEF  and  UNHCR 
(€ 10,000,000  to  be  started  on  1  January  2008)  in  or der  to  facilitate  the  initial  phases  of 
reintegration  after  the  return  of  refugees  or  expelled  people  from  Tanzania,  in  addition  to  a 
grant that started in September 2007 (€ 2,000,000).  This complements the return package and 
logistical support provided by DG ECHO in the return process, and it will allow a link with 
the long term programmes that the EC Delegation started in the areas of return.  

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Central African Republic 

Humanitarian needs 

At the end of 2006, the actions of rebel groups as well as the increase in the number of bandits 
("coupeurs de routes") in the north have exacerbated the humanitarian situation by creating a 
climate of fear which has led to the displacement of over 200,000 people, many of them to the 
bush and forest, where people have become even more vulnerable to disease and insecurity. 
Some have also fled as refugees to neighbouring countries (notably Chad). In their absence, 
the little infrastructure that existed has been damaged or looted. Crop, seed stocks and tools 
have been lost. Thus, even if security improves sufficiently to allow a return home, little is left 
for people to rebuild a livelihood. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG ECHO intervened in the country in 2003 and 2004 through the adoption of two decisions 
targeting needs in the health sector. 

At the end of 2006 the northwest and northeast of the country have been severely affected by 
the  increasing  activity  of  domestic  and  foreign  rebel  groups.  Fighting  between  government 
forces  and  rebels  has  led  to  the  destruction  of  hundreds  of  homes.  Human  rights  abuses 
including  summary  executions,  rapes  and  the  recruitment  of  child  soldiers  have  been 
recorded.  Following  the  deterioration  of  the  living  conditions  of  the  displaced  and  local 
population,  DG ECHO  decided  to  re-engage  in  the  country  by  funding  operations  for 
€ 7,000,000 starting mid 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

The total funding in 2007 amounted to € 8,000,000 (€ 4,000,000 food aid and € 4,000,000 on 
EDF). The principal objective  of  DG ECHO strategy was to provide assistance to displaced 
people, refugees, returnees and vulnerable host communities affected by the conflict in order 
to  reduce  excess  mortality  and  to  promote  stabilisation  and  resettlement.  The  specific 
objective aimed at providing them with an integrated multisectoral assistance package.  

Achievements are difficult to measure at this point in time since DG ECHO funded operations 
started  in  the  second  half  of  the  year  and  outcomes  will  thus  be  known  by  mid-2008  only. 
However,  DG ECHO's  contribution  enabled  to  target  approximately  200,000  beneficiaries 
(IDPs,  refugees,  returnees  and  host  communities)  in  the  Northern  provinces  who  are 
benefiting  from  water  and  sanitation,  food  security,  education  and  protection  activities  and 
receiving health services. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO has, as far as possible, focused its activities in areas and sectors already earmarked 
for future EDF development projects. The EDF has already identified resources for the first 
phase  of  their  intervention.  Discussions  are  on-going  so  as  to  streamline  the  upcoming  DG 
DEVELOPMENT  funding  plans  with  projects  funded  by  DG ECHO.  However  DG ECHO 
has  decided  to  remain  engaged  in  the  country  until  mid  2009  in  order  to  better  ensure 
successful LRRD. 

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Democratic Republic of Congo 

Humanitarian needs 

Despite  successful  elections  the  Democratic  Republic  of  Congo  (DRC)  has  not  returned  to 
complete  peace  and  stability.  Some  areas,  such  as  Ituri,  Katanga  and  South  Kivu  enjoyed 
calmer times sufficient to attract back refugees and IDPs but in North Kivu renewed conflict 
has  caused  fresh  suffering  and  more  displacement  of  populations.  There  have  also  been  a 
series of epidemic outbreaks most notably of Ebola virus.  

Needs have been quite contrasted. On the one hand, some one million displaced people have 
had  to  be  assisted  to  return  home  and  regain  their  self-sufficiency.  Essentially  this  has 
required the re-establishment of basic social services and food security. Unfortunately on the 
other hand some 300,000 people were uprooted by the new conflict in North Kivu and were 
thrown into urgent need of medical care, water, food and shelter. For the first time in many 
years displaced people's camps had to be set up.  

Tragically violence against women and children has remained a particular problem in DRC, 
particularly  in  the  East.  The  victims  have  required  urgent  medical  and  psychological 
assistance and DG ECHO will continue to target the most vulnerable, particularly women and 
children. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Humanitarian  needs  have  been  in  direct  relationship  with  the  conflict.  At  the  height  of  the 
fighting  (1996-2003)  development  aid  was  suspended  and  DG ECHO  had  a  significant 
programme  covering  the  whole  country.  With  the  various  peace  accords  the  major  fighting 
subsided  increasing  humanitarian  needs  and  allowing  development  aid  to  resume.  This  has 
enabled  DG ECHO  to  reduce  its  level  of  assistance  but  not  entirely  as  patchy  conflict  has 
persisted in the East creating continued need for emergency assistance.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The  principal  objective  of  DG ECHO's  strategy  was  to  contain  the  mortality  and  morbidity 
rates  among  the  targeted  population  groups  within  emergency  thresholds  and  to  support  the 
resettlement and stabilization process where possible. DG ECHO also wished to continue to 
be  a  major  contributor  to  programmes  that  assist  women  and  children  who  are  victims  of 
sexual violence. In order to achieve this DG ECHO developed a Global plan for € 30,000,000 
and € 10,500,000 input from the food aid decision. In  the last quarter of the year, an Ad Hoc 
decision of € 2,000,000 sourced from 9 th EDF non programmable aid funds, was launched to 
provide additional assistance to the victims of the North Kivu conflict.  

In 2007, DG ECHO funded programmes such as support to health zones, providing care for 
12,500 victims of sexual violence; survival kits to 60,000 displaced families; seeds and tools 
support  to  80,000  households;  nutritional  support  to  20,500  children;  providing  access  to 
schools and schooling material for 35,000 children; rehabilitation of 700 KM of vital access 
roads;  repatriation  of  50,000  refugees  from  neighbouring  countries  and  providing  food  aid 
assistance to 1,2 million beneficiaries (through the food aid decision allocation of € 8,000,000 
to WFP ). 

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In  terms  of  impact  an  increasing  number  of  partners  have  shown  by  local  surveys  that 
malnutrition  levels  and  mortality  rates  have  decreased.  In  most  areas  they  are  now  below 
emergency 
levels  (10%  Global  acute  malnutrition  and  Crude  mortality  rates  of 
<1.5/10,000/month for adults and 2.5/1000/month for children <5years). They remain directly 
linked to the security environment and poverty levels. However the most significant statistic 
is that over 700,000 IDPs and 43,000 refugees have successfully returned home in the course 
of 2007.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO has continued to hand over health programmes to development partners in those 
areas  that  have  stabilised.  However  in  North  Kivu  the  process  was  reversed  with  several 
health  districts  having  to  turn  temporarily  back  to  DG ECHO  for  extra  support  to  face  the 
increased  needs.  Despite  the  elections  Government  services  have  been  slow  to  return  but 
development  funds  are  now  visibly  present,  even  in  the  east,  where  they  now  surpass 
emergency funds.  

ECHO Flight 

Humanitarian needs 

In DRC there is no safe and reliable linkage between the supply and personnel entry points 
and the main humanitarian destinations. Overland travel is dangerous and time consuming, or 
even  impossible  due  to  security  constraints  or  absence  of  infrastructure.  Following  the 
improvement  in  the  security  situation  in  DRC,  DG ECHO  has,  also  in  geographic  terms, 
expanded its engagement in the country. This has created an additional need for air transport. 

The use of ECHO Flight services enables humanitarian NGOs to reduce inventory stockpiles 
at field locations which often run the risk of confiscation or theft by armed bandits or local 
militia. It increases productivity of field personnel due to the ability to plan rest and recreation 
rotations at an appropriate frequency; and it increases the quality of humanitarian operations 
as supervisory visits can be conducted more frequently.  

In addition, an airborne stand-by evacuation capacity remains for many agencies a sine qua 
non for continuing project implementation. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

Not relevant. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The principal objective of the funding (€ 7,500,000) was  to  facil itate the implementation of 
humanitarian and post-emergency development projects in difficult or inaccessible areas. The 
specific  objectives  have  been  (1)  to  provide  safe,  reliable,  efficient  and  cost-effective 
humanitarian  air  transport  capacity  and  (2)  To  create  a  technical  assistance  capacity  in  the 
field,  to  assess  needs,  appraise  operational  proposals  and  to  coordinate  and  monitor  the 
implementation of operations. 

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After  a  tender  process  DG ECHO  entered  into  a  service  agreement  with  DAC  aviation,  a 
private  operator,  to  provide  suitable  aircraft  and  operate  a  safe  and  reliable  hub  and  spoke 
service to meet the objectives. This was achieved using three aircraft operating a mixture of a 
fixed  and  a  flexible  schedule.  The  first  year  of  contract  allowed  the  transportation  of  3,427 
passengers and 347,772 Kg of cargo. These figures are growing due to additional connexions 
and partners using the service, resulting in the following score for 2007 the second year of the 
contract: 8,500 passengers and 850,000 Kg of cargo.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

There are no current plans to hand over this operation to DG Development/EC Delegation but 
may eventually become a possibility.  

Tanzania 

Humanitarian needs 

Tanzania  continues  to  host  the  largest  refugee  population  on  the  African  continent.  The 
refugees are almost entirely dependent on humanitarian aid for survival. At the beginning of 
2007  there  were  284,975  refugees  mainly  from  Burundi  and  DRC  living  in  11  camps  in 
Western  Tanzania  under  UNHCR  protection.  During  2007  five  camps  were  closed  and  the 
refugee  population  decreased  by  approximately  72,000,  mainly  due  to  Burundian  and 
Congolese repatriation. Despite major improvements in the refugees’ countries of origin, most 
refugees were not yet able to return home. Humanitarian needs include food, water, shelter, 
protection and health care. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

The relative stabilisation of the political situation in its neighbouring countries has, over the 
last few years, allowed a staunching and even a reversal of the flow of refugees into Tanzania. 
Both  Burundian  and  Congolese  refugees  are  now  going  back  to  their  countries  of  origin  in 
significant numbers enabling the closure of camps and thus a reduction in the funds required 
to  support  care  and  maintenance  activities.  The  Government  of  Tanzania  hopes  to  see 
complete closure of all camps by the end of next year.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The total funding approved for Tanzania was of € 12,000,000 in 2007. DG ECHO’s first aim 
was  to  continue  the  support  it  had  provided  for  several  years  to  this  refugee  “Care  and 
maintenance” operation. The second aim was to support facilitated repatriation of refugees to 
transit centres in their country of origin.  

Programmes  were  supported  in  the  sectors  of  water,  sanitation,  transport,  health,  food  aid, 
shelter,  protection  and  repatriation.  Specific  efforts  were  made  to  target  vulnerable  groups, 
such as unaccompanied minors, disabled people and elderly persons without family support. 
Attention  was  paid  to  gender-related  problems,  via  the  Sexual  and  Gender-Based  Violence 
Programme.  Reproductive  health  services  continued  to  receive  support,  with  Prevention  of 
Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV programmes running in every camp. In the sphere of 
repatriation, the programme was well organised, using the Project Profile registration system 
as much as possible and achieving the goal of voluntary return in safety and dignity.  

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In 2007 Burundians and Congolese were repatriated. The general and under-5 mortality rates 
remained below 1/1000/month and vaccination coverage was over 99%.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

This has been partially addressed by EDF expenditure in three areas: the Special Programme 
for Refugee-Affected Areas (SPRAA, € 2,000,000 - 2001-2007), Article 73 Cotonou support 
for  the  longer-term  camp  sectors  of  education,  environment,  health  and  water/sanitation 
(€ 4,000,000 - 2003-2005) and the tran sfer of food aid to the EC Food Security Budget Line, 
administered by EuropeAid Co-operation Office (since the end of 2003).  

1.1.4.  West Africa 

The repatriation process was completed in Liberia, where DG ECHO focused its support on 
resuming  livelihoods  at  community  level  through  food  assistance  and  water/sanitation 
interventions. Good progress was registered in terms of LRRD in the health and food security 
sectors. 

DG ECHO's  engagement  was  substantial  in  the  Sahel,  where  interventions  aimed  at 
addressing  the  causes  of  acute  malnutrition  ranged  from  therapeutic  and  supplementary 
feeding programmes to measures aimed at improved access to primary healthcare and clean 
water  and  activities  to  strengthen  coping  mechanisms  and  protect  livelihoods.  Particular 
attention was devoted to promoting LRRD. 

Activities were funded in Guinea aimed at assessing the nutritional situation, in particular in 
Conakry, as well as treating acute malnutrition, providing an emergency response to cholera 
outbreaks, rehabilitating emergency wards and training of medical staff. 

Very minor residual activities were funded in Ivory Coast from where DG ECHO completed 
its exit strategy in 2007. 

Emergency  response  was  provided  to  floods  in  Togo  and  Ghana,  whereas  vaccination 
campaigns were funded in Liberia and Togo. 

Regional West Africa (floods) 

Humanitarian needs 

In  August  and  September  2007,  West  Africa  experienced  well  above  normal  rainfall  and  in 
some  areas,  extreme  rainfall  over  very  short  periods  of  time.  Torrential  rains  that  often 
exceeded  the  magnitude  of  events  that  recur  every  20  years  hit,  in  particular,  the  south  of 
Burkina  Faso  and  the  northern  regions  of  Togo and  Ghana  in  the  last  weeks  of  August  and 
early September.  

Serious flooding was quickly experienced in the entire Volta river catchment area, especially 
the Oti river basin and the White and Black Volta basins, causing enormous suffering for the 
population in the most affected areas. Over a hundred people were reported dead, with many 
hundreds injured and tens of thousands displaced. Thousands of hectares of farmlands were 
damaged  and  many  villages  became  temporarily  inaccessible  as  bridges  and  roads  were 
washed away.  

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The  mostly  mud  brick  rural  houses  collapsed  and  many  households  lost  most  of  their 
belongings.  Coping  mechanisms  and  livelihoods  were  seriously  affected  with  the  loss  of 
crops,  food  stocks  and  farm  animals.  Wells  were  flooded  and  polluted,  increasing  the  high 
risk of water borne diseases. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Not relevant 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements in 2007 

An  emergency  financial  decision  of  € 2,000,000  has  been  adopted  covering  Burkina  Faso, 
Ghana  and  Togo.  Around  350,000  persons  have  benefited  from  multi-sector  relief  and 
recovery assistance such as emergency shelters, food and emergency food security measures, 
or non food items, water, sanitation and environmental health interventions. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The respective EC Delegations have requested funds from the 9th EDF B-envelope for food 
security measures and rehabilitation, linking our emergency response to specific medium term 
recovery measures. 

Ivory Coast 

Humanitarian needs 

The  overall  humanitarian  situation  has  been  improving  since  last  year  because  of  a  better 
political  stability  and  efforts  from  the  stakeholders  to  improve  the  situation.  The  remaining 
humanitarian needs are now covered by development and governmental actors.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

Since  2002,  DG ECHO  has  supported  the  most  vulnerable  populations  with  a  special 
emphasis on  health, food  security,  protection and  humanitarian coordination. The resolution 
of conflict has allowed the re-establishment of main governmental functions in most parts of 
the  country.  Since  then,  the  humanitarian  situation  should  improve  if  the  election  process 
follows in due course. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO  has  finalized  its  conflict  related  actions  on  June  2007.  Nevertheless,  with  the 
remaining funds from the 2006 decision and € 500,000 additional funding from the food aid 
decision,  DG ECHO  has  pursued  its  assistance  in  protection,  health  access,  support  to 
children  and  women  affected  by  the  conflict,  nutrition  activities  and  humanitarian 
coordination in the most vulnerable areas. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy from the sector and/or country 

The EC Delegation has increasingly supported the recovery process through large emergency 
rehabilitation  programme,  taking  over  some  of  DG ECHO's  core  activities  such  as  health, 
water or sanitation. DG ECHO is now monitoring the humanitarian situation from the Dakar 
RSO. 

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Guinea  

Humanitarian needs  

The deterioration of the internal situation in Guinea has been a source of immediate concern 
for the whole of West Africa and the country has been close to a civil war. At the beginning 
of 2007 a third open-ended strike has been supported by an important part of the population in 
all  the  country,  accompanied  by  demonstrations  in  the  streets  and  uncontrolled  revolts.  The 
strong  reaction  from  the  government  through  the  police  and  military  forces  led  to  between 
137  and  183  civilian  deaths  and  over  1,500  wounded  during  the  events  of  January  and 
February.  On  12  February  the  country  was  declared  to  be  in  a  state  of  siege  effectively 
transferring control of the state to the military. Weeks of strikes and violent demonstrations 
followed.  

Access  to  food  and  to  essential  services  was  disrupted  during  these  months  with  a  very 
negative impact on the humanitarian situation of the most vulnerable. Food supplies were not 
guaranteed in markets and prices were too high for many people. Health centres collapsed as 
their  capacities  were  overstretched.  The  2007  cholera  (endemic  in  Guinea)  epidemic  was 
worst than normal due to the higher vulnerability during this year, with a total of 8,546 cases 
with 310 deaths reported (lethality rate of 3.6%). The degradation of the health status and the 
poor access to food had had also had a negative impact on the nutritional status of children. 

The  last  Liberian  refugee  camps  in  Guinea  have  been  closed  during  2007  and  most  of  the 
refugees  have  been  returned  to  Liberia  but  some  of  them  have  stayed  and  opted  to  be 
integrated within the local communities.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years  

Not relevant 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  June  2007,  a  € 2,000,000  ad  hoc  decision  with   a  duration  of  12  months  was  adopted  for 
Guinea to assist the most vulnerable population affected by the internal crisis and the events 
of  January  and  February.  This  decision  covers  four  major  sectors:  (1)  Improvement  of  the 
analysis of the humanitarian situation through the assessment of the nutritional situation in the 
country  and  particularly  in  Conakry,  (2)  Improvement  of  the  system  to  treat  acute 
malnutrition through launching and implementing a new protocol at national level including 
community-based  therapeutic  care  and  use  of  ready–to-use  food,  (3)  Emergency  cholera 
response through the treatment of cholera caseloads and through the integration of prevention 
measures  in  the  frontline  of  the  response  and  (4)  Reinforcement  of  the  medical  emergency 
system by rehabilitating emergency wards and training of staff in the 10 major hospitals and 
by reinforcing the capacity of the Guinean Red Cross in terms of first aid. 

In  December  2006,  a  € 2,000,000  ad  hoc  decision  had  been  adopted  –  and  implemented  in 
2007 - for Liberia and Guinea, out of which €  400,000 was earmarked for Guinea to maintain 
assistance  to  refugees  and  vulnerable  populations  during  2007.  The  amount  allocated  to 
Guinea  was  used  to  guarantee  the  essential  health  and  water  and  sanitation  services  for  the 
refugee population still living in the camps before the closure, but also to adapt these services 
to those who will be finally integrated in the camps and to transfer the rest of the services and 
facilities to the local communities. 

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LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country  

The  European  Commission  has  finally  started  to  implement  a  project  of  € 12,000,000 
(9th EDF)  to  support  community  rehabilitation,  peace  building  and  income  generating 
activities in conflict-affected areas of the country. These actions are including the areas where 
the refugees were settled as well as the areas where refugees are being integrated. 

On the other hand, discussions are in progress to see how the actions funded by DG ECHO in 
response  to  the  overall  degradation  of  public  services  in  the  country  can  be  considered  for 
funding from other programmes of the European  Commission  with  a  longer  term  approach. 
These  actions  are  focused  on  the  reinforcement  of  the  capacities  for  emergencies,  the 
treatment  of  children  suffering  acute  malnutrition  and  an  integrated  approach  to  respond  to 
cholera. 

Liberia 

Humanitarian needs 

Since the end of the conflict in Liberia, the humanitarian needs in the country have evolved 
greatly.  5  years  of  continuous  support  from  the  international  community  have  enabled  the 
return  of IDPs  and  more  than 110,000  refugees  in  their  communities. Over  these  five  years, 
important efforts have been made to support the resumption of the population access to basic 
services and to provide support to restart farming activities.  

Today  still  important  efforts  are  still  being  made  to  foster  re-integration.  However  the 
challenges were great and the situation in the country is still very difficult: (1) full substitution 
remains the main characteristic of the health sector in the country despite all the efforts of a 
committed  Ministry  of  Health  ;  (2)  the  situation  in  the  water  and  sanitation  sector  has 
improved  in  areas  of  return  but  a  lot  remains  to  be  done  in  numerous  rural  communities  as 
well  as  in  urban  areas  especially  Monrovia,  where  regular  cholera  outbreaks  occur  and  (3) 
food  insecurity  is  still  prevalent  in  numerous  counties  though  efforts  have  been  made  to 
improve the situation. Furthermore acute and chronic malnutrition rates are confirming a very 
slow  evolution  of  the  situation  in  numerous  counties  while  in  Monrovia the  very  difficult 
living conditions  in  large  parts  of  the  city have  led  to a  worrying  rise  in  the  global 
acute malnutrition rate i.e. 17% while the alert level for emergency intervention is 15%.  

In terms of geographical coverage, the country can be divided into different parts: 

1) The counties considered as the food-basket of the country namely Lofa, Nimba and Bong. 
These counties have had to deal with a large number of returnees but have been supported by 
the International Community. It is very likely that support will be pursued in these counties 
since they represent important development opportunities. 

2)  Most  of  the  others  counties,  except  Montserrado,  (the  capital  county  which  has  its  own 
features),  are  facing  a  difficult  situation  since  humanitarian  needs  can  be  considered  as 
chronic.  This  is  particularly  true  for  the  south  east  of  the  country  which  has  been  long 
forgotten.  

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Humanitarian  aid  has  evolved  from  direct  support  to  repatriation  of both  IDPs  and  refugees 
and the attempt to resume access to basic services, to activities more focused on reintegration 
and restoration of livelihoods.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

2007 has seen the end of the repatriation process of refugees and has focused on initiating the 
resumption  of  livelihoods  at  community  level  through  food  assistance  and  water  and 
sanitation  interventions.  In  the  health  sector  the  objective  was  to  continue  the  provision  of 
support  and  to attempt  to  secure  the  basis  for  a  proper  hand  over  of  our  support.  A  total  of 
located  in  support  of  vulnerable 
€ 16,600,000,  including  € 3,000,000  for  food  aid,  was  al
Liberian populations. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The  achievements  of  the  project  supported  in  2007  have  laid  interesting  basis  to  envisage 
2008  as  the  year for  the  phasing  out  of  humanitarian  aid  in  Liberia.  The  main  features  of 
DG ECHO support in 2008, was support for mainly ongoing partners to consolidate previous 
interventions  and  to  mainstream  the  targeting  of  the  'forgotten'  most  vulnerable  into  the 
development agenda within the maximum potential contract duration of 18 months.  

Despite  the  difficulties  encountered  with  the  inadequate  staffing  in  the  EC  Delegation  in 
Monrovia  blocking  progress  to  secure  a  proper  LRRD  strategy,  some  improvement  can  be 
noted: (1) in the health sector, ongoing discussions are taking place, to secure a link between 
DG ECHO supported interventions and the 10th EDF. The final outcome of these discussions 
should determine whether humanitarian aid can be phased out in 2008; (2) the LRRD strategy 
in  the  food  security  sector  has  been  completed  and  DG ECHO  should  be  able  to  phase  out 
from this sector at the end of 2008. A first € 4,000,000 call for  proposals to be funded from 
the LRRD's budget line of the FSTP (Food Security Thematic Programme) has been launched 
by the EC Delegation. This should be followed in 2009 by the launching of a second and last 
call for € 6,000,000 and (3) in the water and sani tation sector, DG ECHO has contributed to a 
consortium  of  5  NGOs  which  defined  a  5-year  strategy  supported  by  various  donors.  This 
intervention  enabled  the  mainstreaming  of  remaining  humanitarian  needs  into  a  5-year  plan 
whose global objective is geared towards development.  

The Sahel region 

Humanitarian needs 

Lessons learned from the nutritional crisis in 2005 in Niger and Mali, massive concern over 
the continued very high Global Acute Malnutrition rates throughout the Sahel (regularly over 
the  15%  emergency  threshold)  and  the  hangover  of  the  damage  done  to  the  coping 
mechanisms of the most vulnerable households from the 2005 crisis led to the preparation and 
implementation  of  a  Sahel  Global  Plan  for  a  total  of  € 25,000,000  (€ 15,000,000  from  the 
humanitarian  budget  and  € 10,000,000  from  the  food  aid  budget)  for  action  to  reduce  acute 
malnutrition  and  infant  and  maternal  mortality  in  5  Sahel  countries  (Burkina  Faso,  Chad, 
Mali, Mauritania and Niger). UNICEF estimate that 4 million children until the age of 5 years 
suffer from chronic under nutrition with under nutrition being held responsible for 56% of all 
child  deaths.  This  translates  into  the  harsh  calculation  that  half  (300,000)  of  the  600,000 

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children  who  die  before  reaching  5  years  of  age  do  so  from  malnutrition  or  related  causes. 
Infant  and  maternal  mortality  rates  in  the  Sahel  are  amongst  the  worst  in  the  world  and 
without  swift  and  sustainable  action  the  Sahel  will  not  reach  the  Millennium  Development 
Goals (MDG). 

The causes of acute malnutrition in the Sahel are multi-sector and therefore action to deal with 
it needs to be equally multi-sectoral. DG ECHO partners were invited in early 2007 to submit 
concept papers on their actual or proposed work to tackle malnutrition in the Sahel. A total of 
81 such papers were received which showed the extent of the problem and demonstrated the 
large interest amongst humanitarian actors in action to try and resolve this enormous "silent" 
emergency.  It  was  clear  that  an  integrated  approach  involving  both  humanitarian  and 
development aid instruments was needed. DG ECHO's Sahel Global Plan was designed as a 
LRRD (Linking Relief Rehabilitation and Development) strategy from the beginning. 

Interventions funded in 2007 ranged from therapeutic and supplementary feeding programmes 
to  measures  to  improve  access  to  primary  health  care  and  clean  water  and  activities  to 
strengthen coping mechanisms and protect livelihoods. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

Experience with activities to respond to the 2005 nutritional crisis in Niger and Mali provided 
DG ECHO with good indicators for a road map to deal with the similar problems in the other 
countries  of  the  Western  Sahel  region  in  2007.  In  Niger,  hundreds  of  thousands  of  children 
were  treated  in  more  than  a  thousand  feeding  centres.  Modern  nutritional  protocols, 
approaches  and  products  especially  the  new  RUTF  (ready  to  use  therapeutic  foods)  such  as 
Plump Nut were introduced and have become nationally adopted. The Government adopted a 
waiver of healthcare user fees for the <5’s and pregnant and lactating women which has since 
become national policy, obligatory since March 2007. International funding levels to sustain 
the massive outside response effort gradually lessened towards the end of 2006, prompting a 
transition of humanitarian programmes into national structures.  

The  inadequate  nature  and  scope  of  early  warning  analysis  and  response  systems,  that  had 
failed to recognise the full nutritional scope of the crisis, was another fundamental subject of 
the crisis that has become a focus for improvement.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements  

Around  800  nutritional  facilities  treated  close  to  300,000  children  <  5  in  2007  in  Niger, 
receiving  important  support  from  DG ECHO  (half  of  the  € 25,000,000  mobilised  under  the 
2007 Sahel Plan, 70% of which for direct nutritional care). In order to improve early warning 
information,  livelihoods  analysis  methodologies  that  are  more  sensitive  to  acute  under 
nutrition were introduced and regional linkages developed with expert organisations. In 2007, 
appropriate quality nutrition responses and the required specialised nutritional inputs (such as 
Plump  Nut)  were  scaled  up  and  expanded  from  Niger  to  the  other  4  main  Sahel  countries. 
This includes the promotion of lessons learned, the support of effective regional, national and 
local  coordination  of  programmes  and  information  as  well  as  donor  coordination,  involving 
notably  the  EC  Delegations,  the  EU  Member  States  and  other  missions  such  as  the  World 
Bank as well as regional bodies (ECOWAS, CILSS).  

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LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country  

Malnutrition can only be dealt with in a sustainable way through an integrated and articulated 
aid strategy involving all aid instruments. DG ECHO's Sahel strategy was therefore designed 
from  the  onset  as  an  LRRD  strategy  involving  the  Commission's  humanitarian  and 
development  aid  instruments.  A  DG ECHO  antenna  was  set  up  in  the  EC  Delegation  in 
Niamey, Niger and another is planed for the EC Delegation in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.  

During 2007, a particular effort was therefore made to work closely with the EC Delegations 
and  Headquarters  services  to  ensure  the  inclusion  of  humanitarian  concerns  such  as 
malnutrition  and  high  infant  and  maternal  mortality  rates  in  the  Country  Strategy  Papers 
(CSP) and National Indicative Programmes (NIP) being prepared for financing under the 10th 
European Development Fund. This was achieved with varying results.  

A continued and sustained effort will be needed to ensure that commitments taken in the CSP 
translate  into  concrete  actions  funded  in  the  NIP.  For  the  Sahel  states,  progress  towards 
achieving Millennium Development Goal (MDG) n° 1 (reduction of hunger) and MDG n° 4 
and  5  (reduction  of  infant  and  maternal  mortality)  will  depend  on  the  success  of  this 
articulated approach involving short term action (humanitarian aid) to save lives today while 
at  the  same  time  building  capacity  and  allocating  long  term  resources  (development  aid)  to 
tackling under-nutrition in a sustainable way. 

Epidemics (regional) 

Humanitarian Needs 

West  African  countries  are  highly  vulnerable  to  communicable  diseases  because  of  their 
structural  weakness,  poverty,  lack  of  basic  sanitation  facilities,  low  hygiene  standards  and 
malnutrition.  Some  of  these  countries  are  still  struggling  with  the  aftermath  of  conflict 
situation. They are particularly prone to epidemics of Cholera, Meningitis, Lassa and Yellow 
Fever and Hepatitis E. The region is also seeing an increased risk of avian influenza epidemic 
with confirmed animal cases in Niger, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Benin, Ghana and Nigeria 
where the first human case was confirmed in January 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  February  2006,  a  € 1,250,000  decision  (ECHO/-WF/BUD/2006/01000)  was  taken  to 
respond in a timely and effective way against epidemics in West Africa. This decision lasted 
for 18 months, until August 2007, covering 1 dry season and 2 rainy seasons.  

In  2007,  Burkina  Faso  was  ravaged  by  a  large  meningitis  epidemic  reporting  more  than 
26,000  cases;  the  WHO  operational  response  to  the  epidemic  was  funded  partially  through 
this decision. During the 2007 rainy season, cholera outbreaks occurred in various countries 
including  Guinea  Conakry,  Sierra  Leone  and  Liberia.  Lassa  fever  cases  were  reported  in 
Liberia  and  Sierra  Leone.  None  of  them  required  DG ECHO  support  within  the  epidemics 
decision.  In  Togo,  DG-ECHO  supported  WHO  for  the  implementation  of  a  vaccination 
campaign against Yellow Fever. In Liberia, after years of vaccination programme disruption, 
a  high  risk  of  measles  epidemic  was  contained  due  to  DG-ECHO  support  to  the  measles 
vaccination  campaign  of  UNICEF.  Rapid  evaluation  and  timely  response  are  important  to 
epidemics  containment  and  reducing  the  risk  of  becoming  major  humanitarian  emergencies. 
In  this  perspective,  DG-ECHO  funded  WHO  for  the  third  consecutive  year  for  conducting 

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rapid  field  risk  assessments  during  the  initial  phases  of  the  epidemics  facilitating  the 
operational response and resources mobilization.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Most  African  countries  still  need  external  support  to  respond  in  a  timely  manner  and/or  to 
prevent recurrent epidemics. Outbreak detection and control intervention have been improved 
in  certain  countries  mainly  due  to  better  epidemic  surveillance  and  Early  Warning  Systems 
but, the availability of donor support has been reduced and Governments contingency plans 
are rare or not sufficiently funded. Health systems still have neither the capacity to absorb the 
increased number of patients nor the resources to respond to the epidemics using public health 
measures.  

Certain  epidemics  require  a  high  level  of  expertise  which  is  not  available  at  the  country 
level. As  such,  the  recurrent  health  emergencies  in  most  of  the  African  countries  need 
considerable  and  sustainable  efforts  in  terms  of  coordination,  including  information 
management, of technical support and of resource mobilization. 

1.1.5. 

Southern Africa and Indian Ocean 

The socio-economic collapse in Zimbabwe was further compounded by problems common to 
Southern Africa, like high rates of HIV/AIDS, declining soil productivity and erratic rainfall. 
Against  this  background,  DG ECHO's  objective  was  to  reinforce  the  coping  mechanisms  of 
the vulnerable populations, including  orphans and other vulnerable children, in particular in 
the  areas  of  food  security  at  household  level,  access  to  safe  water  and  basic  sanitation 
facilities, as well as HIV/AIDS prevention. 

Emergency decisions were adopted in response to floods and cyclones affecting Madagascar 
and Mozambique. 

The return of some 60,000 Congolese to DRC was assisted from two camps in Zambia.  

Drought-related food shortages were addressed in Lesotho and Swaziland. 

Lesotho / Swaziland 

As  a  result  of  severe  drought-related  food  shortages  in  the  countries  concerned,  a  total  of 
€ 5,819,167  was  mobilised  from  the  food  aid  budget  line  for  food  aid,  emergency  food 
security and nutrition interventions. 

Mozambique 

Humanitarian needs 

Mozambique  is  a  country  with  an  extremely  high  level  of  chronic  vulnerability  affecting  a 
large  proportion  of  the  population.  This  vulnerability  is  compounded  by  the  effects  of  the 
HIV/AIDS epidemic, as well as various climatic phenomena such as erratic rainfall patterns, 
cyclones,  floods  and  drought.  As  in  neighbouring  Madagascar,  floods  and  cyclones  were  a 
major problem in the first part of 2007.  

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years  

Not applicable (emergency) 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

A  € 2,000,000  primary  emergency  funding  deci sion,  adopted  in  February  2007  provided 
support to alleviating the effects of cyclone Favio in central Mozambique by funding health, 
water  and  sanitation,  food  aid  and  logistics  interventions.  An  emergency  funding  decision, 
also for € 2,000,000 and adopted in February, provi ded support to emergency relief, water and 
sanitation, health and food aid interventions for vulnerable populations affected by flooding in 
the lower Zambezi Valley. This was followed by additional funding of € 3,000,000 in August, 
with the objective of supporting the recovery of flood-affected populations.  

Zambia 

Humanitarian needs 

Zambia  has  been  one  of  the  major  host  countries  for  refugees  in  Africa.  With  the 
improvement  of  the  political  situation  in  the  Democratic  Republic  of  Congo,  it  became 
possible  to  launch  the  phased  repatriation  of  some  60,000  Congolese  refugees  from  two 
camps in northern Zambia. The repatriation was interrupted by incidents in Goma in August 
2007, but resumed thereafter and is foreseen to continue in 2008. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in 2007  

Not applicable (emergency) 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

A  funding  decision  for  € 2,000,000,  adopted  in  A ugust  2007,  aimed  to  support  the  logistics 
and transport of the first phase of the repatriation, to be continued in 2008. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Not applicable in this particular context. 

Zimbabwe 

Humanitarian needs 

In  2007  Zimbabwe  continued  to  be  immersed  in  a  profound  crisis,  further  aggravated  as  of 
July  by  the  Government's  price-control  policy,  which  was  intended  to  curb  inflation.  The 
policy has, however, had the opposite effect, as inflation spiralled to  over 100,000% by the 
year's  end.  Furthermore,  in  addition  to  the  already  chronic  shortages  of  fuel,  spare  parts, 
essential  drugs,  electricity,  water  and  other  commodities,  the  enforced  slashing  of  prices 
resulted  in  shelves  being  emptied  overnight,  and  put  many  producers  and  suppliers  out  of 
business,  whilst  others  suspended  production  –  even  of  basic  foodstuffs  such  as  meat  and 
milk.  The  socio-economic  collapse  is  further  compounded  by  problems  common  to  the 
Southern  African  sub-region  –  high  rates  of  people  infected  and  affected  by  HIV/AIDS, 
declining  soil  productivity  and  erratic  rainfall.  Despite  improved  food  production  in  2006, 

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which  was  much  closer  to  the  needs  of  the  country  than  in  2005,  an  estimated  1.9  million 
people were in need of food assistance in the agricultural season 2006/2007.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

The levels of humanitarian funding have remained fairly steady over the last five years, from 
€ 13,000,000 in 2003 to € 15,000,000 in 2004 and 
2005, to € 12,000,000 in 2006 and a total 
of € 15,200,000 in 2007. Though efforts have been ma de to try to gradually reduce assistance 
in 2006 and 2007, when an initial allocation of € 8,000,000 was made, the deterioration in the 
humanitarian  situation  in  Zimbabwe  has  meant  that  levels  of  funding  have  had  to  be 
increased.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The  principal  objective  of  2007  humanitarian  interventions  was  to  mitigate  the  impact  of 
socio-economic  breakdown  in  Zimbabwe  by  reinforcing  the  coping  mechanisms  of  the 
vulnerable  populations.  In  February  2007  the  Commission  adopted  a  Global  Plan  for 
Zimbabwe  of  € 8,000,000  with  duration  of  18  m onths.  Based  on  the  strategy  developed  by 
DG ECHO and its partners, the Global Plan focused on reinforcing immediate food security 
needs  at  household  level;  on  increasing  access  to  safe  water  sources  and  basic  sanitation 
facilities  and  on  provision  of  an  integrated  assistance,  including  non-food  items,  water  and 
sanitation and HIV/AIDS prevention to IDPs. Vulnerable groups, including people living with 
HIV/AIDS,  orphans  and  other  vulnerable  children  (OVC)  and  IDPs  were  provided  with  the 
improved food security conditions; increased access to safe water and sanitation facilities, and 
improved health, hygiene and HIV/AIDS protection knowledge. 

As the humanitarian situation deteriorated in the second half of the year, the Commission in 
December  2007  adopted  an  additional  funding  decision  of  € 7,200,000  with  an  increased 
focus on supporting emergency health and epidemic interventions.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Though the 10th EDF provides an allocation of funding for Zimbabwe, it seems unlikely that 
the  CSP  will  be  signed,  as  development  cooperation  remains  suspended  by  the  Council 
Decision  of  18  February  2002.  The  EC  financial  support  is  re-oriented  to  programmes  in 
direct  benefit  of  the  Zimbabwean  population,  social  sectors,  democratisation,  respect  for 
human  rights  and  the  rule  of  law.  It  is  therefore  not  possible  at  this  stage  to  engage  in  a 
comprehensive  LRRD  process  in  Zimbabwe  in  the  absence  of  an  improvement  in  and 
stabilization of the political situation. 

Madagascar 

Humanitarian needs 

Madagascar  is  a  country  with  an  extremely  high  level  of  chronic  vulnerability  affecting  a 
large  proportion  of  the  population.  This  vulnerability  is  compounded  by  the  effects  of  the 
various  climatic  phenomena  such  as  erratic  rainfall  patterns,  cyclones,  floods  and  drought. 
Floods and cyclones were a major problem in the first part of 2007.  

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Not applicable (emergency) 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

A  € 1,500,000  emergency  funding  decision,  adopt ed  in  March  2007  provided  support  to 
vulnerable populations affected by flooding in the north-east of the country, whilst a second 
€ 1,500,000  emergency  decision  adopted  in  April  ai med  to  alleviate  the  effects  of  cyclone 
Indlala.  Both  decisions  supported  health,  water  and  sanitation,  food  aid  and  logistics 
interventions.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Not applicable 

1.2 

CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC 

Assistance  to  50,000  people  affected  by  hurricane  Dean  was  provided  in  Belize,  Dominica, 
Haiti,  Jamaica  and  St.  Lucia,  whereas  120,000  hit  by  tropical  storm  Noel  were  assisted  in 
Haiti and the Dominican Republic. 

Humanitarian needs remain high in Haiti, where interventions were funded in the sectors of 
health, water, sanitation, food and emergency relief items. 

A rapid response was provided to the tsunami in the Solomon Islands.  

Funding covered the following issues / countries: 

Country (Region)

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

CARRIBEAN / PACIFIC 

10.310.000

2.000.000

12.310.000

8.346.474

650.000

8.996.474

Solomon Islands

Caribbean

Haiti

550.000

7.260.000

550.000

547.939

7.260.000

5.299.043

547.939

5.299.043

2.500.000

2.000.000

4.500.000

2.499.492

650.000

3.149.492

1.2.1.  Caribbean 

Humanitarian needs 

The Caribbean region is prone to frequent natural disasters, especially hurricanes and floods, 
which  had  a  great  impact  in  2007.  The  region's  vulnerability  is  accentuated  by  high 
population density, fast demographic growth and great poverty. This results in communities 
with few coping capacities in the event of disaster. In 2007, DG ECHO continued to provide 
community-based  Disaster  Preparedness,  through  its  DIPECHO  programme,  as  well  as 
Emergency Relief.  

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DG ECHO  also  supported  Disaster  Management  capacity  in  the  Caribbean  via  the 
International  Federation  of  Red  Cross  and  Red  Crescent  Societies  (IFRC)  throughout  2007 
helping  National  Red  Cross  Societies  to  respond  more  effectively  to  disasters  (Decision  of 
€ 500,000 adopted 22/12/06). 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Since  2003,  DG ECHO  has  provided  all  three  types  of  humanitarian  aid  described  above. 
DG ECHO has provided humanitarian assistance for more than € 40,000,000. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The  objective  of  providing  a  rapid  response  to  disasters  was  met  via  2  regional  funding 
decisions. Hurricane Dean struck the Caribbean in August 2007, leaving a path of destruction 
that  affected  several  Caribbean  islands,  as  well  as  Belize.  The  hurricane’s  impact  left 
thousands of poor families in need of emergency assistance. DG ECHO's Emergency decision 
supported  relief  actions  in  Belize,  Dominica,  Haiti,  Jamaica  and  St  Lucia,  assisting  50,000 
people.  Projects  provided  livelihood  support  for  hundreds  of  farmers  and  fishermen, 
reconstruction  in  the  health  sector  (especially  in  Jamaica)  and  distributions  of  food  and 
essential relief items. (Total funding of € 3,000,000 supported these actions.) 

There was also an Emergency decision post-Tropical Storm Noel for Haiti and the Dominican 
Republic. At the end of October and early in November 2007, the island of Hispaniola was 
severely affected by the passage of Tropical Storm Noel, followed by a low pressure system 
(a  "Tropical  Wave")  producing  more  heavy  rainfall.  Both  storms  caused  devastation  in  the 
Dominican  Republic  and  Haiti,  with  huge  persistent  floods  and  mudslides.  The  emergency 
decision  of  € 2,500,000  adopted  on  13  December,   assisted  120,000  people  with  emergency 
assistance  in  the  sectors  of  food;  non-food  items;  water;  sanitation;  health;  livelihoods; 
agricultural and emergency rehabilitation. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

After Hurricane Dean, some European Development Funds were allocated to rehabilitation in 
Jamaica and to banana recovery in Dominica and St Lucia. 

Dominican Republic 

Humanitarian needs 

There  are  frequent  natural  disasters  affecting  vulnerable  people,  as  described  above  for  the 
region. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG ECHO provides Technical Assistance for all humanitarian aid operations in the Caribbean 
region, from its office in Santo Domingo. DG ECHO was first present in the region in Haiti in 
1994, and since 1998 has been based in the Dominican Republic. Essential services of need 
assessment, monitoring and disaster response are provided. 

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Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The  first  response  to  Tropical  Storm  Noel  was  a  Primary  Emergency  decision  adopted  in 
November  2007  for  the  Dominican  Republic  alone  (€ 1,500,000).  This  decision  helped  to 
meet urgent needs, including support for the Pan American Health Organization to undertake 
fumigation and destruction of rats, in response to dengue fever and leptospirosis, in close co-
operation with the national authorities. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In  the  above  operations  there  were  components  linking  relief  to  development,  such  as 
rehabilitation of sewage systems and donation of water equipment. DG ECHO works closely 
with  other  Commission  services,  which  are  undertaking  Disaster  prevention  and  Risk 
reduction programmes in the region. 

Haiti 

Humanitarian needs 

Haiti  is  considered  to  be  a  fragile  state,  which  is  struggling  to  increase  its  stability  and  to 
improve its economic performance. It suffers both from structural problems that cause severe 
poverty and from regular livelihood crises. Access to most basic public services, like health 
services  or  safe  drinking  water,  is  comparable  to  the  severest  cases  in  Sub-Saharan  Africa. 
The  food  security  of  most  households  is  directly  linked  to  recurrent  natural  disasters  (i.e. 
hurricane, flood and environment depredation) that strike the country every year. The country 
is  not  only  affected  by  flash  floods,  but  is  also  in  the  path  of  Atlantic  Storms  from  June  to 
November. The 2007 Atlantic season was particularly bad with mid-size events registered in 
the whole country. Floods in the South, Centre, West and North-Eastern part of the country 
have taken a huge toll on the livelihoods of the population (i.e. harvests lost, cattle killed and 
back  gardens  destroyed).  An  Evaluation  funded  by  DG ECHO  in  2007  showed  Under-5 
Mortality of 86/1,000 and national acute malnutrition of over 9%, with entire Departments at 
12-18%.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Between 1995 and 2007 over € 49,000,000 was alloca ted to Haiti by DG ECHO. Concerning 
recent years, in 2004 and 2005 € 8,500,000 in humanitarian aid was provided by DG ECHO 
in response to the socio-economic crisis, including Emergency Health and Protection. In 2006 
there was an emergency flood response. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

There were 2 funding decisions for flood relief in Haiti in 2007: € 1,500,000 in January and 
€ 1,000,000 in November. Assistance was provided in  the sectors of health, water, sanitation, 
food and emergency relief items. Haiti also had funding (€ 2,000,000) under DG ECHO's 2nd 
Food  Aid  decision  2007.  Food  security,  Community  Therapeutic  Care  and  Malnutrition 
programmes were also provided. 

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LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO  works  closely  with  other  Commission  services,  which  are  undertaking  Disaster 
prevention and Risk reduction programmes in the region. 

1.2.2.  Pacific region 

The Pacific region experienced many natural disasters, especially cyclones, earthquakes and 
floods. In 2007 DG ECHO provided emergency relief to the Solomon Islands. 

Solomon Islands 

Humanitarian needs 

In April 2007 an underwater earthquake of magnitude 8.1 caused a tsunami of several meters 
hitting  the  Solomon  Islands.  The  tsunami  reached  the  shore  within  3  minutes.  The  waves 
crashed into some of the western islands and disaster warnings were issued across the Pacific 
region.  There  were  18  aftershocks  with  magnitude  higher  than  5.0.  Whilst  only  the  initial 
shock  was  strong  enough  to  generate  a  significant  tsunami,  the  other  earthquakes  caused 
further  damage,  particularly  to  structures  that  were  already  damaged  from  the  initial  shock. 
The death toll was at least 52, and there were many displaced and homeless people, requiring 
urgent  assistance.  Approximately  50,000  people  were  affected  out  of  a  total  population  of 
552,438. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO  provided  a  rapid  response  to  the  Solomon  Islands  Tsunami,  leading  to  an 
Emergency decision (€ 550,000) to a ssist 5,000 people in the sectors of shelter, health, water, 
sanitation, education and relief items. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In the above operations, there were components linking relief to development were provided 
such as the donation of water and sanitation equipment, training of maintenance teams, rain 
harvesting systems and community preparedness for child trauma response to disasters. 

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2. 

EASTERN  EUROPE,  RUSSIAN  FEDERATION,  SOUTHERN  CAUCASUS, 
CENTRAL ASIA, INCLUDING MONGOLIA  

The situation in this geographical region is characterised by an overall positive evolution of 
the  protracted  crises  that  have  required  a  Commission  humanitarian  intervention  in  the  past 
years, allowing an exit strategy expressed in: a reduction of the size of the humanitarian aid 
programme  (phasing  down  –for  example  in  the  Caucasus),  an  end  of  humanitarian  aid 
(phasing  out  –like  in  Tajikistan)  as  well  as  a  process  of  hand-over  to  development-oriented 
instruments (LRRD- in Georgia and Tajikistan).  

At the same time, the region remains vulnerable to hazards to which national structures do not 
always provide a sufficient response capacity and which the more vulnerable segments of the 
population do not have the coping mechanisms to overcome. In those cases, DG ECHO stands 
ready to intervene on the basis of humanitarian needs assessments (e.g. in Moldova in 2007).  

Funding in this geographical region was to provide humanitarian assistance in the following 
countries / areas: 

Country (Region)

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

NIS 

22.500.000

3.307.118

25.807.118

23.421.931

3.185.531

26.607.462

Caucasus, Northern (Chechnya)

17.500.000

3.307.118

20.807.118

17.580.087

3.185.531

20.765.618

Caucasus, South (Georgia)

Moldova

Tajikistan

2.000.000

3.000.000

2.000.000

2.791.844

3.000.000

3.000.000

50.000

2.791.844

3.000.000

50.000

Northern Caucasus  

Humanitarian needs 

According  to  DG ECHO's  Global  Needs  Assessment,  Chechnya  is  still  ranked  among  the 
areas with great vulnerability and is likely to remain a forgotten crisis, even if the severity of 
the crisis has decreased.  

Entirely destroyed by two devastating conflicts, Chechnya is now recovering and engaged in a 
significant reconstruction process focusing largely on the physical rehabilitation of buildings 
and  infrastructure  and  does  not  target  the  most  vulnerable  populations,  whose  humanitarian 
needs remain often unattended. 

Although  there  is  still  a  heavy  military  presence  and  attacks  targeting  security  forces,  the 
conflict  is  virtually  over  and  most  of  the  people  displaced  in  the  region  have  come  back  to 
rebuild their lives. Human rights organisations continue to report severe violations of human 
rights, notably abductions, torture and fabricated judiciary cases, but in decrease with regard 
to the previous years.  

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The  reconstruction  effort  started  in  2006  focused  largely  on  the  physical  rehabilitation  of 
buildings  and  infrastructure  and  does  not  target  the  most  vulnerable  populations,  whose 
humanitarian needs remain often unattended.  

According  to  DG  ECHO's  Global  Needs  Assessment,  Chechnya  is  still  ranked  among  the 
areas with great vulnerability and is likely to remain a forgotten crisis, even if the severity of 
the crisis has decreased. 

While  security  in  Chechnya  has  very  significantly  improved  for  the  civilian  population,  the 
situation  in  the  rest  of  the  region  has  steadily  deteriorated  in  the  last  few  years,  notably  in 
Ingushetia, but with no noticeable humanitarian impact. 

The situation for the Chechen refugees hosted in Azerbaijan did not change in 2007 and they 
remain  a  forgotten  and  under-assisted  caseload  with  significant  protection  problems  and  no 
durable solutions in sight, which justified a continued support from DG ECHO.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years 

The Commission has been supporting victims in the Northern Caucasus since the beginning 
of  the  Chechen  conflict.  However,  recent  socio-economic  improvements  and  the  successful 
implementation  of  reconstruction  projects  mean  that  the  Commission  is  now  able  to  begin 
phasing out its activities. Five years ago, the humanitarian assistance provided by DG ECHO 
was  covering  most  humanitarian  sectors  including  food  aid,  non  food  items,  water  and 
sanitation  and  medical  activities.  Nowadays,  assistance  is  focusing  on  those  sectors  (with 
incomplete  LRRD  process)  and  those  areas  (in  particular  those  which  have  been  more 
recently accessible) where needs remain.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

This forgotten humanitarian crisis was one of DG ECHO’s operational priorities in 2007, with 
funding totalling € 20,807,118. The European Commi ssion continued to be the main donor in 
the region.  

DG ECHO concentrated its efforts on the most urgent needs of the population, i.e. protection 
(including  for  Internally  Displaced  Persons  (IDPs)  in  Ingushetia  and  Dagestan  and  for  the 
refugees  from  Chechnya  hosted  in  Azerbaijan  and  in  Georgia,  who  represent  forgotten 
caseloads),  shelter  for  those  still  displaced  within  Chechnya  and  food  security  as  well  as 
support to livelihoods, notably for those who are excluded from food aid lists and for those 
returning to their homes. Considering the very poor health status of the population, specific 
programmes continued to be supported in areas where the Government was not covering the 
needs, notably with regard to mother and child healthcare and support to handicapped people. 
DG ECHO continued also to pay specific attention to children, who suffered tremendously in 
this conflict, in particular through psycho-social assistance.  

Difficulties  to  enter  Chechnya  remained  a  concern  for  several  DG ECHO  partners,  less  for 
security  reason  than  because  of  the  Russian  Authorities'  administrative  procedures  (e.g. 
stricter rules on visa).  

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LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO  has  engaged  in  LRRD  discussions  with  local  authorities  in  Chechnya  and 
Ingushetia, directly and through its partners, which resulted in the authorities agreeing to take 
over  activities  in  water  and  sanitation,  basic  education  and  partly  psycho-social  support  to 
children.  

The special TACIS programme of € 20,000,000 for  the North Caucasus, which was supposed 
to start in 2006, was signed one year later by the Russian side and projects started in 2007. 

However, no real LRRD process will take place as the activities funded by TACIS only partly 
correspond  to  the  priorities  suggested  by  DG ECHO  due  to  political  considerations,  and  no 
further  specific  assistance  programme  for  the  North  Caucasus  will  be  implemented  beyond 
this TACIS allocation.  

Southern Caucasus (Georgia) 

Humanitarian needs 

In  Georgia,  DG ECHO  gradually  started  the  handing  over  of  its  activities  to  other 
Commission  services,  which  are  focusing  on  rehabilitation  and  development  programmes. 
DG ECHO  phased  out  from  Western  Georgia.  However,  humanitarian  needs  remained  in 
Abkhazia  due  to  the  unresolved  conflict  with  Georgia  and  the  international  isolation  of  this 
de-facto independent republic. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years 

Due  to  the  unresolved  and  forgotten  character  of  the  conflict,  the  humanitarian  assistance 
provided by DG ECHO, amounting € 2,000,000 over the  last three years, has not evolved.  

Five years ago, the humanitarian assistance provided by DG ECHO was mainly composed of 
food aid, non food items, water and sanitation and medical activities. Nowadays, assistance is 
focusing only on the areas of remaining greatest needs such as livelihood support activities, 
shelter and protection.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

With  € 2,000,000  funding,  DG ECHO  provided  assist ance  in  two  main  types  of  activities 
aimed  at  improving  living  conditions  for  the  most  vulnerable  segments  of  the  population  in 
Abkhazia  and  helped  them  regain  a  minimum  of  self-sufficiency:  food  security/income 
generation projects and the improvement of shelter conditions, especially for returnees.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

An  EC  rehabilitation  programme  for  Abkhazia  funded  under 
the  new  European 
Neighbourhood Policy has been agreed. Once implementation is underway, this should allow 
DG ECHO to phase out from Abkhazia, provided the situation does not deteriorate.  

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Moldova  

Humanitarian needs 

In  2007,  Moldova  was  hit  by  a  severe  drought,  which  affected  80%  of  the  country.  The 
drought inflicted serious damage to the agricultural sector and in particular was a harsh blow 
for the most vulnerable small farmers who depend on livestock and home gardens.  

In a country which is the poorest in Europe, where 61 % of the population live in rural areas 
and the majority of urban dwellers have relatives in villages, the availability of grain stocks in 
peasant farms is not only an insurance reserve (seeds, flour and bread) for themselves, but in 
lean years it also provides a buffer for urban relatives against bread price increases in cities. 

The reduced availability of water has also sharply decreased household production from home 
gardens,  a  key  source  of  food  staples  for  almost  all  rural  families.  In  addition,  the  lack  of 
pasture and fodder and the need to purchase expensive food to replace that no longer being 
produced in the gardens, has forced a large number of households to sell part of their livestock 
for cash for food purchasing in the short term. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years 

Not relevant: one-off intervention. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The objective of DG ECHO funding in Moldova in 2007 (€ 3,000,000) has been to ensure the 
availability of food for small-scale farmers and agricultural workers in the southern districts 
of  Moldova,  through  assistance  aiming  at  maintaining  the  remaining  livestock  assets.  The 
priority before and over the coming winter was to preserve what is left of livestock assets by 
distributing  fodder  and  feedstuffs  to  small-scale  farmers  and  agricultural  workers.  A  re-
assessment of the humanitarian situation has been foreseen in 2008.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The  provision  of  humanitarian  aid  was  needed  due  to  the  particular  acuteness  of  the  2007 
drought.  A  more  structural  food  security  approach  is  needed  to  tackle  the  challenges  of  the 
agricultural sector and DG ECHO is advocating that such approach be adopted by instruments 
under the European Neighbouring Policy.  

Tajikistan 

Humanitarian needs 

Tajikistan continues to recover from the disastrous effects of civil war from 1992 to 1997, and 
drought between 1999 and 2001. Progress has, however, been made over the last few years in 
terms of both political stability and strong economic growth which allow the phasing out of 
DG ECHO intervention from this country.  

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years  

The  Commission  has  been  providing  humanitarian  aid  to  Tajikistan  for  total  funding  of 
€ 39,000,000 since 2002.  

In 2003 a three-year phasing out strategy was decided and effectively put in place resulting in 
completing  DG ECHO  humanitarian  aid  while  support  in  disaster  preparedness  continued 
through the DIPECHO Action Plans. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In May 2006, the European Commission adopted its final package of humanitarian assistance 
in  favour  of  vulnerable  populations  in  Tajikistan.  This  last  decision  (€ 5,000,000)  financed 
operations  in  health,  water  and  sanitation,  and  food  assistance  sectors,  which  were 
implemented during the last semester 2006 and the first semester 2007. DG ECHO continues 
to  remain  active  in  Tajikistan  through  its  DIPECHO  Action  Plan  for  Central  Asia,  and 
continues to closely monitor the humanitarian situation in Tajikistan.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

With the end of DG ECHO funding, some of these interventions succeeded to be financed by 
other European Commission cooperation instruments.  

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3. 

MEDITERRANEAN AND MIDDLE EAST  

In  2007,  DG ECHO  continued  its  large-scale  intervention  in  response  to  the  humanitarian 
needs  of  the  Palestinian  populations  affected  by  the  further  aggravated  crisis,  both  in  the 
occupied Palestinian territories as well as in Lebanon.  

In addition, increased humanitarian needs linked to the crisis in Iraq prompted a humanitarian 
response inside Iraq as well as in neighbouring countries, host to a large refugee caseload.  

The response to man-made disasters continued in the region with the provision of assistance 
to the Sahrawi refugees in Algeria, and with a small-scale response to the situation in Yemen.  

Funding in these regions was to provide humanitarian assistance in respect of the following 
crises: 

Country (Region)

MIDDLE EAST& 
MEDITERRANEAN

West Bank & Gaza
 (Palestinian population)

Lebanon, Syria and Jordan
(Palestinian Refugees)

Iraq Crisis

Western Sahara

Yemen

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

70.790.000

28.300.000

99.090.000

80.143.742

24.550.000

104.693.742

36.700.000

23.300.000

60.000.000

35.185.000

22.800.000

57.985.000

10.300.000

10.300.000

23.535.084

17.800.000

17.800.000

11.676.259

23.535.084

11.676.259

5.000.000

5.000.000

10.000.000

8.757.399

1.750.000

10.507.399

990.000

990.000

990.000

990.000

Occupied  Palestinian  Territories  (West  Bank  and  Gaza  Strip),  Lebanon, 
Jordan and Syria (Palestinian crisis) 

Humanitarian needs  

Over seven years of conflict following the start of the second intifada, the further deterioration 
of the economic and social conditions in the occupied Palestinian territories, and exacerbated 
inter-factional clashes have had a serious impact on the coping mechanisms of the Palestinian 
population,  making  ever  larger  segments  of  the  population  dependent  on  humanitarian  aid. 
Throughout 2007, the growing closure and restrictions on movement in the West Bank as well 
as  the  ongoing  construction  of  the  separation  barrier  in  the  West  Bank  and  around  East 
Jerusalem have continued aggravating the daily living conditions of Palestinians in the West 
Bank.  The  blockade  of  the  Gaza  Strip  following  Hamas  takeover  of  the  coastal  territory  in 
June  2007,  including  strict  limitations  on  power  supplies  to  Gaza  imposed  by  Israeli 
authorities, plunged the strip into a deep socio-economic crisis.  

In Lebanon and, to a much lesser extent in Jordan and Syria, Palestinian refugees continue to 
live in refugee camps in precarious hygiene and sanitation conditions and in dilapidated, often 
life-threatening shelters, with little attention from the international donor community. 

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years 

The Commission has been providing humanitarian aid to the Palestinians since the outbreak 
of the second Intifada, with a total funding of € 257,950,000 from 2003. The aid provided has 
kept  up  with  developments  on  the  ground,  such  as  the  steady  aggravation  of  the  crisis,  the 
contributions  of  other  donors  to  cover  different  types  of  needs,  upsurges  of  humanitarian 
needs (e.g. increased humanitarian needs due to the  suspension  of  other  forms  of  assistance 
following the Hamas' victory in the Palestinian Legislative Council elections in January 2006) 
and  DG ECHO’s  own  assessment  of  the  needs  and  that  of  other  organisations  as  well  as 
implementing conditions on the ground.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The European Commission made available in 2007 € 70,300,000 for human itarian operations 
benefiting Palestinians in the Palestinian Territories, and Palestinian refugees in Lebanon and 
Jordan, especially the victims of the conflict in and around the Nahr el Bared refugee camp in 
Lebanon.  

The bulk of the funds, over € 60,000,000, went to operations in the West Bank and the Gaza 
Strip  in  the  following  sectors:  food;  health;  water  and  sanitation;  temporary  job  creation; 
protection; shelter rehabilitation; psycho-social support, and co-ordination. A substantial part 
of  the  funds  went  to  operations  targeting  beneficiaries  affected  by  the  construction  of  the 
barrier on Palestinian land.  

For  Palestinian  refugees  in  Lebanon,  hospitals  managed  by  the  Palestinian  Red  Crescent 
Society were provided with adequate safety standards, as well as a quantity of quality water. 
Services  to  disabled  persons,  the  elderly  and  children  were  funded,  as  well  as  protection 
activities.  In  Lebanon,  Jordan  and  Syria,  funds  were  earmarked  for  the  rehabilitation  of 
dilapidated, unsafe and unhealthy shelters.  

The  Commission's  response  to  the  humanitarian  crisis  in  and  around  the  Nahr  el  Bared 
refugee  camp  in  Lebanon  has  been  prompt  and  substantial.  Operations  addressed 
humanitarian  needs  of  the  affected  population  in  the  following  sectors:  rubble  clearance, 
shelter, water and sanitation, emergency health needs (including psycho-social support), and 
the provision of food and non-food items.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In  view  of  the  overall  political  context,  LRRD  was  still  not  an  option  for  the  Palestinian 
Territories in 2007. However, full co-ordination was ensured with more development-oriented 
Community instruments and funding, particularly in the food and health sectors. Consistency 
and complementarity with operations in favour of Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Lebanon and 
Syria funded under other budget lines were also ensured. 

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Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Turkey and Lebanon (Iraqi crisis)  

Humanitarian needs  

Since the 2003 war and the fall of the Hussein regime, the Republic of Iraq has been faced 
with  a  dire  security  situation  characterized  by  growing  sectarian  violence  and  an  ongoing 
asymmetric warfare. In particular, Central and South Iraq suffer from significant instability, 
where clashes between Sunni and Shi'a communities as  well  as  among the Shi'ites  continue 
unabated. Violent deaths are a daily occurrence and, although attacks on the Multi-National 
Force Iraq (MNFI) and bomb explosions have been reduced in the second half of 2007, there 
are  several  dozen  violent  deaths  per  day.  This  unremitting  violence  inside  Iraq  has  led  to 
continued mass internal and external displacement affecting much of the surrounding region. 
A  significant  proportion  of  the  internally  displaced  and  of  the  refugees  has  run  out  of 
resources, leaving them and their host communities increasingly vulnerable, and the arrival of 
refugees  in  neighbouring  countries  has  put  a  significant  strain  on  the  infrastructure  of  host 
countries  and  on  the  provision  of  basic  services  such  as  water,  sanitation,  health,  and 
education.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years 

In response to a growing protection crisis and increasing humanitarian needs inside Iraq, and a 
major refugee crisis in neighbouring countries, DG ECHO allocated in 2007 € 17,800,000 for 
the Iraqi crisis.  

This  is  the  first  re-engagement  of  the  Commissions'  humanitarian  aid  department  with  Iraq 
since  the  phase  out  of  its  operations  in  Iraq  following  the  2003  Iraq  war  (for  which 
€ 100,000,000 were allocated).  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

To  address  the  most  urgent  humanitarian  needs  of  Iraqi  refugees  in  the  Iraq  neighbouring 
countries, notably Jordan and Syria, DG ECHO has provided a total of € 10,000,000 in 2007, 
aiming at achieving protection and provided assistance to the most vulnerable refugees. This 
sum  was  supplemented  by  €  35  million  from  the  DC I  budget  line  allocated  to  assist  Jordan 
and  Syria  in  coping  with  the  influx  of  Iraqi  refugees  at  the  end  of  2007.  These  funds 
contributed to finance the provision of basic health, water and sanitation as well as social and 
education services, including the distribution of food and basic household items. 

The population of Iraq, and notably IDPs in Iraq, have been assisted through a humanitarian 
aid decision of € 7,800,000, mostly implemente d by the International Committee of the Red 
Crescent  (ICRC)  to  cover  protection  and  basic  humanitarian  assistance  needs.  It  has  to  be 
noted  that,  while  there  are  significant  humanitarian  needs,  there  are  also  significant 
impediments to the delivery of humanitarian aid inside Iraq, i.e. severe security concerns and 
problems of access, that prevent the Commission from allocating funds commensurate to the 
level of needs.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Given the overall volatile situation in Iraq, and the lack of perspective on the refugee situation 
in neighbouring countries, LRRD was not an option for the Iraqi crisis in 2007. However, full 

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46 

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co-ordination  and  consistency  was  ensured  with  more  development-oriented  Community 
instruments and funding.  

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Algeria – Sahrawi refugees 

Humanitarian needs 

Sahrawi  refugees  who  have  lived  for  the  past 30  years  in  camps  in  the  desert  in  the  South-
Western  Algerian  region  of  Tindouf  continued  to  substantially  depend  on  international 
humanitarian assistance to cover basic needs in all sectors (food, health, water and sanitation, 
shelter,  hygiene,  education).  According  to  DG ECHO’s  classification,  the  humanitarian 
situation  of  the  Sahrawi  refugees  in  the  Tindouf  camps  amounts  to  a  forgotten  crisis,  with 
only a handful of institutional donors providing humanitarian aid. In contrast to this limited 
institutional donor interest, there is a large support from European civil society organisations 
and regional authorities (mostly, but not exclusively, from Spain and Italy).  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years 

The Commission has been providing humanitarian aid to the Sahrawi refugees since the early 
1990s. Between 2003 and 2007, a total of € 43,000,000 was funded.  

Whilst  remaining  at  a  steady  level,  which  reflects  the  relative  stability  of  the  crisis,  the  aid 
provided  has  kept  up  with  developments  on  the  ground,  such  as  the  contributions  of  other 
donors  to  cover  different  types  of  needs,  upsurges  of  humanitarian  needs  (such  as  the 
February 2006 flash floods) and DG ECHO’s own assessment of the needs and that of other 
organisations as well as implementing conditions on the ground.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007,  humanitarian  assistance  allocations  remained  at  the  same  level  of  2006  (if  we 
exclude  the  exceptional  primary  emergency  response  of  € 900,000  to  the  February  2006 
floods) and was provided from two sources: €  5,000,000 were allocated under the second food 
aid  decision  of  2007  to  provide  for  basic  food  assistance  (through  the  World  Food 
programme)  and  for  fresh  food  to  complement  and  diversify  the  food  intake  of  refugees 
especially  on  micro-nutrients  and  vitamins.  Another  € 5,000,000  of  humanitarian  aid  was 
approved in July 2007 to cover basic needs of refugees such as non-food items (hygiene and 
shelter-tents),  water,  sanitation  and  health.  Based  on  the  experience  gained  in  2006,  the 
funding  decision  pursues  the  objective  of  improving  sector-wide  approaches,  including 
coordination,  to  respond  to  the  humanitarian  needs  of  the  refugees,  notably  in  health,  water 
and nutrition/food.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Although LRRD is not applicable in the circumstances prevailing in the refugee camps, there 
is  an  ongoing  project,  funded  by  EuropeAid  Co-operation  Office  under  the  “NGO  co-
financing” programme which provides for veterinary services in the camps. As the main local 
coping mechanism for the refugees is herding, these services are an important complement to 
the humanitarian assistance provided 

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Yemen 

Humanitarian needs 

Yemen is a country with a great degree of vulnerability due to the widespread poverty, low 
human  development  indicators,  and  a  history  of  humanitarian  crises  –both  man-made  and 
resulting  from  natural  disasters.  In  addition,  Yemen  is  host  to  a  sizeable  refugee  population 
from the Horn of Africa, notably from Somalia.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years  

The  DG ECHO's  assistance  to  Yemen  in  the  last  five  years  was  of  € 8,500,000.  Recent 
interventions  in  this  country  have  aimed  at  tackling  extreme  vulnerabilities  notably  in  rural 
areas,  through  interventions  in  health  and  water  and  sanitation,  as  well  as  support  to  most 
vulnerable  segments  of  the  population  such  as  refugees  from  the  Horn  of  Africa  and  street 
children.  An  independent  evaluation  conducted  in  2005  recommended  that  a  gradual  phase-
out from Yemen take place, as the humanitarian aid interventions were reaching the limit of 
addressing more long-term development needs as follows:  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

Although no funding was provided in 2006 for Yemen, a funding decision adopted at the end 
of  December  2005  financed  health  and  water  and  sanitation  interventions  in  poor  rural 
communities. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the situation (undertaken by officials 
from headquarters as well as experts from the Regional support office at the end of 2006 and 
beginning of 2007), and in line with the recommendations of the 2005 evaluation, a funding 
decision  was  adopted  in  2007  to  respond  to  two  sets  of  needs.  First  of  all,  the  provision  of 
basic  assistance  to  the  most  vulnerable  amongst  the  Horn  of  Africa  refugees,  living  in  the 
Kharaz  camp  absorbed  most  of  the  funds  allocated  under  the  decision.  Second,  two  small-
scale  interventions  were  funded  in  the  water  and  sanitation  sector  to  ensure  some 
sustainability to the previously funded projects.  

In addition to this funding, the situation in the Northern governorates of Yemen was closely 
monitored  as  the  low  intensity  conflict  raging  in  the  area  flared  up.  After  thorough 
consideration, the mobilisation of humanitarian funds was not considered necessary.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The assistance provided in the past years was very much an LRRD intervention and linkages 
were  sought  with  the  authorities  as  well  as  other  donors  including  the  EC.  The  phasing-out 
from  Yemen  can  be  considered  as  having  been  completed,  although  a  re-intervention  in 
response to punctual needs (such as those of refugees, a natural disaster, or a conflict) cannot 
be excluded.  

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4. 

ASIA 

In 2007, humanitarian and food aid interventions were funded in 33 countries in Asia, through 
the adoption of 19 funding decisions for a total amount of € 109,800,695 6 which represented 
14% of the total budget committed by DG ECHO. 

EC humanitarian assistance was provided and/or implemented in the following countries: 

Country (Region)

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

SOUTH EAST & EAST ASIA

27.245.695

2.500.000

29.745.695

30.751.822

2.500.000

33.251.822

Burma/Myanmar/Thailand

18.000.000

1.000.000

19.000.000

16.210.000

1.000.000

17.210.000

Indonesia

East Timor

North Korea

Philippines

Vietnam

1.600.000

1.600.000

1.589.889

1.589.889

1.500.000

1.500.000

3.000.000

1.350.000

1.500.000

2.850.000

2.000.000

2.145.695

2.000.000

2.000.000

6.892.826

2.145.695

2.710.000

2.000.000

1.999.107

6.892.826

2.710.000

1.999.107

SOUTH & SOUTH WEST ASIA 

69.555.000

10.500.000

80.055.000

57.379.318

10.499.992

67.879.310

Afghanistan/Pakistan /Iran

21.000.000

6.000.000

27.000.000

20.499.070

5.999.992

26.499.062

Bangladesh

India

Nepal

Sri Lanka

9.925.000

2.630.000

9.925.000

8.924.139

2.630.000

2.230.000

8.924.139

2.230.000

4.500.000

1.500.000

6.000.000

4.500.000

1.500.000

6.000.000

12.000.000

3.000.000

15.000.000

11.228.747

3.000.000

14.228.747

Regional South Asia

19.500.000

19.500.000

9.997.362

9.997.362

TOTAL ASIA

96.800.695

13.000.000

109.800.695

88.131.140

12.999.992

101.131.132

4.1. 

SOUTH EAST AND EAST ASIA 

The peaceful demonstrations of monks in the streets of the main cities of Burma/Myanmar in 
August  followed  by  the  violent  crackdown  ordered  by  the  junta  were  the  main  the  political 
events  of  the  year  in  South  East  and  Far  East  Asia.  Also  worth  mentioning  is  the  Joint 
Agreement  of  February  in  the  six-Party  Talks  paving  the  way  for  the  denuclearisation  of 
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and the tension created by the parliamentary 
elections in Timor Leste in April and June. 

Overall DG ECHO supported victims of protracted crises and natural disasters in the region 
for  an  amount  of  around  €  30,000,000.  The  bulk  of  DG  ECHO's  support  went  to  the 
vulnerable  population  of  Burma/Myanmar  and  the  Burmese  refugees  living  in  camps  in 
Thailand with an amount of € 19,000,000. The IDPs  victims of the 2006 riots in Timor Leste 
received  support  worth  €  3,000,000.  As  usual  for 
the  region,  responses  to  natural  disasters 
were a regular occurrence.  

6 

Of which € 96.8 M humanitarian aid budget line; € 13 M food aid budget line. A Dipecho decision for 
South Asia is to be added (€ 7,500,000) – see part on Dipecho activities. 

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The major interventions took place in Vietnam after typhoon Lekima and subsequent floods 
in October and November and in DPRK in response to the torrential floods of August for € 
2,000,000 in each country. DG ECHO also intervened twice in Indonesia for a total amount of 
€ 1,600,000 and additional support was provided to IDP victims of the 2006 typhoon in the 
Philippines. 

Next year, the situation of the vulnerable population of Burma/Myanmar and of the Burmese 
refugees in Thailand will remain DG ECHO's priority in the region, while DG ECHO's phase 
out  from  DPRK  is  foreseen  for  May  2008  but  continuous  support  is  foreseen  for  IDPs  in 
Timor Leste. As in previous years, ECHO will continue to respond to medium and large-scale 
natural disasters. 

Burma/Myanmar 

Humanitarian needs 

In  Burma/Myanmar,  ruled  by  a  military  regime  since  1962,  forced  village  relocations  and 
ongoing  armed  resistance  by  ethnic  minorities  have  led  to  an  exodus  of  refugees  to 
neighbouring  countries  (over  150,000  in  Thailand  and  28,000  remaining  in  Bangladesh).  In 
Northern  Rakhine  State  236,000  returnees  of  the  Muslim  minority  have  now  gone  back  to 
Burma/Myanmar,  but  they  do  not  enjoy  any  citizenship  rights.  In  other  border  States  and 
Divisions  adjoining  Thailand,  there  is  an  estimated  number  of  over  500,000  internally 
displaced persons. The situation in the health sector is extremely precarious with one of the 
lowest per capita government expenditures in the world. The under-five mortality rate is 108 
per  1,000  live  births  and  over  35%  of  children  under  five  are  underweight.  The  water  and 
sanitation  problems  are  also  very  acute.  The  main  causes  of  premature  death  are  malaria, 
HIV/AIDS,  acute  respiratory  infections  and  diarrhoeal  diseases  (only  66%  of  rural 
populations  have  access  to  safe  water  and  57%  to  safe  sanitation).  The  crackdown  on  the 
street protests led by Buddhist monks last August and September and the regime's retaliation 
afterwards did not worsen the humanitarian situation in the country and the influx of Burmese 
refugees into neighbouring Bangladesh and Thailand did not take place either. Because of the 
political  situation,  under  the  EU  Common  Position  only  humanitarian  assistance  can  be 
implemented. The Regulation renewing Sanctions against Burma/Myanmar were renewed and 
should be strengthened in 2008. Most other donors are also reluctant to provide support in that 
context and official development assistance per capita is very low (around € 2/person).  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Since  2003,  DG  ECHO  allocated  over  € 36  million 
to  the  most  vulnerable  people  within 
Burma.  In  response  to  the  growing  humanitarian  challenges,  the  annual  allocation  was 
increased gradually from € 5,300,000 to € 9,500,000 in 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007  DG ECHO’s  activities  in  Burma/Myanmar  continued  to  be  based  on  three  main 
sectors:  protection,  health,  water  and  sanitation,  nutrition  and  food  aid.  In  the  health  sector 
activities  continued  to  focus  on  access  to  primary  health  care  and  on  malaria  control 
programmes,  since  malaria  is  the  largest  single  cause  of  death  among  children  under  five 
(over 150,000 people were treated for malaria through projects funded by DG ECHO).  

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In the water and sanitation sector, the aim was to improve access to drinking water and reduce 
the  level  of  water-borne  diseases,  such  as  diarrhoea  and  chronic  malnutrition.  This  was 
complemented  by 
treated  over  17,000  acute 
malnourished  children  and  women  and  food  aid  activities  benefiting  33,000  people. 
DG ECHO  also  funded  activities  to  protect  civilians  and  prisoners  through  the  work  of 
UNHCR and the ICRC. 

targeted  nutrition  programmes  which 

DG ECHO  gave  priority  to  the  highly  vulnerable  border  groups,  notably  to  those  living  in 
remote rural areas on the borders with Bangladesh, India, China and Thailand, those lacking 
access  to  basic  social  services  or  those  suffering  discrimination  on  ethnic  (Mon  and  Karen 
minorities)  or  religious  grounds  (the  Muslim  Rakhine  in  Northern  Rakhine  State).  In  2007 
€ 18,000,000  were  allocated  for  vulnerable  peopl e  in  Burma/Myanmar  and  for  Burmese 
refugees in Thailand.  

This  funding  enables  the  rehabilitation  or  installation  of  basic  water  and  sanitation  systems 
and hygiene trainings, continued support for the fight against malaria, mobile supplementary 
feeding  centres  to  help  about  10,000  children  and  more  than  2,000  pregnant  or  lactating 
women.  Protection  activities  for  detainees  take  also  place.  Furthermore  under  food  aid, 
€ 1,000,000  was  allocated  to  address  the  food  security  needs  of  149,000  ex-poppy  growing 
households in Shan State.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Given the current EU Common Position, LRRD cannot be fully applied in Burma/Myanmar, 
but  good  coordination  exists  with  the  Uprooted  People  instrument  managed  by  DG  for 
External Relations/EuropeAid Co-Operation Office to complement these activities and avoid 
duplication. For example a nutrition programme in Northern Rakhine State is completed by a 
food  security  programme  funded  through  this  budget  line.  In  2007,  DG  for  External 
Relations/EuropeAid Co-operation Office launched a Food Security Thematic Programme of 
€ 8,000,000  for  four  years  –  providing  further  opportunities  for  LRRD.  Funds  are  also 
allocated to the Three Disease Fund for tuberculosis, malaria and HIV-AIDS through the first 
ever  approved  Multi-Indicative  Programme  (MIP)  for  Burma/Myanmar  (€ 18,000,000  over 
four years).  

Thailand 

Humanitarian needs 

The  number  of  Burmese  refugees  along  the  Thailand-Burma  border  has  increased  from 
10,000  in  1984  to  142,000  in  December  2007.  A  continuing  low-intensity  conflict  between 
ethic groups (notably of Karenni and Karen origin) and the military regime in Yangon has led 
to a steady flow of refugees (600 to 800 per month over the past few years).  

Since 2006 resettlement opportunities in third countries have been offered to refugees while 
new  arrivals  enter  regularly  the  9  camps  along  the  Thai  Burma  border,  where  the  refugees' 
dependence  on  external  aid  is  almost  total.  Resettlement  options  are,  however,  not  popular 
among  the  refugees  who  would  prefer  returning  to  Burma/Myanmar  one  day  or  integrating 
into Thai society. The majority of these refugees have now been living in the camps for over 
20 years, where they are subject to a number of significant restrictions and abuses and their 
quality of life is very precarious.  

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On  top  of  the  basic  humanitarian  needs  (shelter,  food,  health  care,  water  and  sanitation), 
social  and  psychological  problems  are  increasing,  as  well  as  violence  within  the  camps  and 
trafficking outside. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Given  the  political  stalemate  in  Burma/Myanmar,  refugees  living  in  Thailand  received 
extensive support from DG ECHO in the fields of food, health and water and sanitation. This 
support grew from € 6,200,000 in 2003 to € 9,500,000 in 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007,  DG ECHO  decided  to  allocate  more  funding  for  activities  inside  Burma/Myanmar 
and gradually over a period of time to decrease its assistance for Burmese refugees in camps 
in  Thailand,  where  DG ECHO  continued  the  provision  of  food  aid,  cooking  fuel  and  basic 
health care.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Given the circumstances, LRRD cannot be fully applied to the refugee camps in Thailand but 
good  coordination  exists  with  the  EC  instrument  for  Uprooted  People  to  complement  these 
activities  and  avoid  duplication.  The  2007  Aid  to  Uprooted  People  instrument  provided 
€ 3,300,000  for  health 
interventions,  environm ental  health  activities  and  education 
programmes.  Funding  from  other  thematic  budget  lines  such  as  the  European  Initiative  for 
Democratic  and  Human  Rights  and  Reproductive  health,  NGO  co-financing  were  also 
available. Both in Brussels and in Bangkok, DG ECHO has been advocating to other donors 
to  urge  the  Royal  Thai  Government  to  find  durable  solutions  for  one  of  the  world's  oldest 
refugee caseload.  

Indonesia 

Humanitarian needs 

The  last  DG ECHO  programmes  addressing  the  humanitarian  needs  of  the  tsunami-affected 
population in Aceh and Nias financed under a December 2005 € 20,000,000 finished in June 
2007.  

Large humanitarian needs are regularly caused by recurrent natural disasters, Indonesia being 
located in one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world - the so-called ‘ring of fire’ - 
where there is a particularly high vulnerability to earthquakes, floods and landslides. 

In late 2006, heavy rains flooded vast areas of Northern Sumatra – Indonesia’s largest island. 
By early December the area had  been hit  by  three earthquakes with  magnitudes  of  between 
4.9  and  6.1  which  had  resulted  in  landslides  that  had  filled  the  rivers  with  debris  and 
vegetation. The rains that struck later therefore caused banks to burst affecting 400,000 and 
bringing widespread destruction to basic infrastructure.  

In February 2007, heavy rains over Jakarta triggered overflowing of rivers and flooding in the 
city  and  its  surroundings.  78  people  died  due  to  floods  while  at  least  420,000  other  people 
were displaced temporarily and more than 102,000 houses were inundated. 

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

This period was marked by the earthquake and tsunami which devastated Aceh and Northern 
Sumatran coasts on 26 December 2004. For this crisis only, ECHO disbursed an amount of 
close to € 60,000,000 with projects running fr om 26 December 2004 to 30 June 2007. Other 
smaller  crises  were  addressed  by  ECHO  during  the  years  2003-2007:  displacement  due  to 
ethnic  violence,  drought  and  malnutrition,  epidemics,  earthquakes,  smaller  tsunamis,  and  in 
May  2006,  the  destructive  earthquake  that  hit  the  city  of  Yogyakarta  and  the  surrounding 
areas.  The  total  contribution  of  ECHO  to  Indonesia  excluding  the  tsunami  response  was 
€ 19,958,129. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  January,  an  emergency  decision  of  € 1,000,000  was  adopted  to  respond  to  the  important 
floods  of  December  2006  in  the  northern  part  of  Sumatra  Island.  The  operations  focused 
mainly  on  isolated  highland  areas  in  the  sectors  of  water  and  sanitation,  restoration  of 
livelihoods,  emergency  rehabilitation  of  roads  and  bridges  to  restore  access,  distribution  of 
essential non food items and road and villages cleaning activities.  

In February, disastrous floods in Jakarta and the surrounding area were addressed through a 
€ 600,000  primary  emergency  decision,  with  s hort  operations  focusing  on  the  immediate 
relief for thousands of vulnerable displaced populations, through provision of water, essential 
food and non-food items such as cooking utensils and tarpaulins, medical care and nutritional 
assistance in particular to children and pregnant and lactating mothers. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In  Aceh  and  Nias,  tsunami  rehabilitation  and  recovery  programmes  funded  under  a  Multi 
Donor Trust co-chaired by the EC are ongoing. 

Timor-Leste 

Humanitarian needs 

Further to the April and May 2006 civil unrest which caused the displacement of up to 15% of 
the  population,  the  situation  remained  tense  in  2007,  especially  around  the  time  of  the 
presidential and parliamentary elections in April and June. Around 100,000 people were still 
displaced in camps in and around Dili and with host families in the rest of the country.  

In  2007  the  situation  of  IDPs  in  Timor  Leste  remained  volatile  and  people  reacted  very 
quickly to any event that they felt could threaten their security. Many people seemed to go to 
work or back home normally during the day and only spent the night in the camps, where they 
felt  more  secure  and  where  free  food  distribution  was  available.  Insecurity  and  unresolved 
land and property issues prevented return; in the absence of any mechanism for compensation 
and  property  restitution,  the  displacement  crisis  was  likely  to  persist.  However,  the  newly 
elected government began to show a strong will to find solutions for the resettlement of IDPs, 
and  by  the  end  of  the  year  the  2008  budget  contained  concrete  measures  to  enable  a 
sustainable return of IDPs to their places of origin. 

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Since the country became independent in 2002, DG ECHO has intervened in Timor Leste in 
response to displacement, acute malnutrition, civil unrest and natural disasters for an amount 
of € 13,193,871, amount which includes € 1,500,000 from the first food aid decision in 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007,  humanitarian  and  food  aid  needs  in  the  camps  and  in  some  rural  areas  were 
addressed through two financial decisions, one being a humanitarian aid decision specific to 
Timor Leste for an amount of € 1,500,000 and th e other being the global food aid decision, 
out of which two grant agreements, also for a total amount of € 1,500,000, were signed. 

These two 2007 decisions aimed at assisting IDPs with camp management, access to drinking 
water and sanitation in camps and transitional shelters, child protection activities and food aid, 
as well as vulnerable rural households with food security and livelihood assistance. In 2008, 
DG ECHO  will  respond  to  remaining  needs  in  camps  through  operations  covering  camp 
management, access to water and sanitation and child protection activities, but will also assist 
the  likely  return  of  thousands  of  displaced  persons  to  their  region  of  origin  mainly  through 
transport, provision of a food aid return pack and protection activities. This should be the last 
humanitarian intervention in this crisis.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO's interventions are coordinated with the EC Representative in Dili and with other 
stakeholders present in the country, such as Member States and other donors. 

North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea - DPRK) 

Humanitarian needs 

The protracted humanitarian crisis in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is 
caused  by  a  combination  of  the  continuing  decline  of  the  economy  and  the  inability  of  the 
Government to effectively redress the situation with appropriate development measures. After 
the 13 February 2007 Joint Agreement in the 6-Party Talks, there was for about 6 months a 
positive  political  momentum  when  the  denuclearisation  process  started.  This became stalled 
by the end of the year due to complications in the "denuclearisation for aid" process. This also 
means that there are still considerable humanitarian needs in the various parts of the country 
which  are  of  a  structural  nature  and  therefore  can  be  addressed  best  by  longer  term 
instruments in a sustainable way. On average the malnutrition of Koreans is “high” according 
to WHO classifications. The most recent UNICEF-led nutritional assessment confirmed this: 
37% of children were stunted; 7% were “wasted”, with a low weight/height ratio which could 
be  life-threatening.  Although  the  economic  reforms  of  2002  have  brought  about  some 
changes, over the past year the average North Korean has found it more difficult to feed his 
family  and  to  stay  healthy.  Basic  drugs  are  supplied  only  through  international  aid  and  the 
needs  of  particularly  vulnerable  groups  such  as  the  handicapped  and  the  elderly  are  greatly 
neglected. The water supply networks in the towns lack the energy necessary to operate them, 
materials to disinfect the water and spare parts to maintain broken pipelines. There are huge 
needs  in  sanitation.  If  international  aid  were  not  given,  there  would  be  a  high  risk  that  the 
achievements  of  recent  years  would  rapidly  be  lost.  In  August  2007  DPRK  was  once  again 
affected by flooding which destroyed rice fields just before harvest and causing serious losses 

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in  the  fertile  Southern  "cereal  bowls"  of  the  country,  also  damaging  water  supply  systems, 
schools and health facilities.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Between  1995  and  2007,  €  124,000,000  has  been  pr ovided  for  humanitarian  assistance. 
Humanitarian  assistance  has  been  allocated  to  cover  the  immediate  needs  of  flood-affected 
populations, to address food/nutritional problems, improve access to water as well as health 
care. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007  DG ECHO  continued  the  execution  of  its  exit  strategy  from  DPRK.  Projects  were 
implemented under the 2006 Ad Hoc decision for € 8,000,000 focusing on health and water 
and  sanitation  and  addressing  the  needs  of  the  most  vulnerable  North  Korean  populations. 
This financing Decision also enabled partners to accomplish their ongoing actions. The very 
specific  structure  of  EU  resident  NGOs,  the  European  Union  Programme  Support  (EUPS) 
functioned well. All parties (DG ECHO, NGOs and the North Korean authorities) concerned 
adhered to the modus operandi of this arrangement. With € 2,000,000 flood relief, DG ECHO 
provided assistance to about 500,000 affected people by the provision of emergency food. At 
the  end  of  November  a  capitalisation  workshop  on  water  and  sanitation  activities  was 
organised with the NGOs and North Korean local counterparts.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Due to the nuclear standoff triggered in the autumn of 2002 and aggravated by the DPRK's 
nuclear  test  in  October  2006,  the  international  community  has  been  reluctant  to  finance 
development programmes. In line with UN Security Council - Resolution 17187, the EU also 
introduced restrictive measures against DPRK. Throughout 2007, DG ECHO advocated pro-
actively for a better LRRD within the Commission after its exit and the timely phasing in of 
the new long-term instrument.  

EuropeAid  Co-operation  Office  can  only  support  food  security  activities  under  its  LRRD 
Thematic  Programme.  At  the  same  time  complementarities  with  other  EU  Member  States' 
funded  actions  became  more  realistic,  in  particular  in  the  water  and  sanitation  sector  with 
Sweden and Ireland. In the positive political atmosphere numerous other fact-finding missions 
arrived in DPRK not only from the EU, but also Australia, Canada, New Zealand and USA. 
The EU remains the second largest humanitarian donor behind Republic of Korea.  

7 

http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8853.doc.htm 

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Philippines 

Humanitarian needs 

The Philippines is prone to frequent typhoons, but the 2007 typhoon season was not as serious 
as the previous year and no intervention from DG ECHO was requested.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG  ECHO's  interventions  in  Philippines  over  the  last  5  years  focused  on  the  response  to 
displacement  due  to  the  religious  violence  affecting  Mindanao  and  to  typhoons,  for  a  total 
amount of € 5,860,000. Philippines also bene fited from DIPECHO operations.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO’s objectives in response to the typhoons that struck the Albay province at the end 
of  2006  were  to  provide  integrated  relief  to  the  most  vulnerable  typhoon-affected 
communities, in particular those that had to move to evacuation centres because their homes 
and land had been lost to the lava flows, and those whose houses had been totally destroyed 
by  the  typhoon.  These  objectives  were  met  through  a  € 2,000,000  Emergency  Decision 
approved  in  December  2006  (of  which  €  1,400,000  on  2007's  budget)  and  mostly 
implemented in the first part of 2007. 

An  additional  envelope  of  € 710,000  was  released  in  April  2007  to  address  the  remaining 
needs,  mainly  in  shelter,  of  more  than  10,000  people  still  living  in  very  poor  conditions 
months after the disaster.  

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Intensive contacts took place throughout 2007 with the EC Delegation and the authorities in 
order to secure a permanent solution for the remaining displaced people. 

Vietnam  

Humanitarian needs 

Vietnam  has  over  the  years  developed  good  coping  mechanisms  to  counter  the  impact  of 
natural  disasters.  However,  local  capacity  can  be  exhausted  where  disasters  such  as  heavy 
rains  and  typhoons  exceed  their  normal  intensity.  In  October  2007,  typhoon  Lekima  hit  the 
northern and central parts of the country and was followed throughout October and November 
by repeated episodes of extensive flooding, affecting one third of the country provinces. Local 
government capacities, although well organized, were soon exhausted, as much as the coping 
capacities  of  the  mostly  rural  populations  affected  by  the  disaster,  who  had  lost  both  their 
standing crops and their food stocks. The most urgent needs were food and non food items, 
access to clean water, seeds and tools to quickly restore livelihoods and assistance to damaged 
schools through distribution of furniture, books and uniforms so that children could go back 
to school. 

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Since  2002,  DG  ECHO's  response  to  natural  disasters  has  been  quite  limited,  with  a  total 
amount of € 1,410,000 for flooding and typhoons in 2002 and 2006.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO  adopted  a  € 2,000,000  Emergency  Deci sion  in  October  2007  to  address  the 
consequences  of  the  typhoon  and  subsequent  floods.  The  objectives  were  to  provide 
immediate assistance to the victims to quickly restore livelihoods and coping capacities and 
assist families, and in particular children to go back to normal life and cope with the trauma. 
Nevertheless,  the  seriousness  of  the  disaster  and  the  uneven  delivered  assistance  between 
different provinces will be addressed in 2008 by a follow up decision. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Recovery  is  supported  by  the  central  and  local  government  of  Vietnam.  The  continued 
presence  of  the  DIPECHO  programme  in  the  affected  regions  will  contribute  to  the 
dissemination  of  typhoon/floods  preparedness  best  practices  and  to  their  adoption  by  the 
national and local legislation. 

4.2. 

SOUTH AND SOUTH WESTERN ASIA 

Afghanistan (including Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran) 

Humanitarian needs 

The main groups with substantial humanitarian needs in 2007 were the over 330.000 refugees 
who  returned  from  Pakistan  and  Iran,  the  Afghans  deported  from  Iran,  the  battle-affected 
IDPs within Afghanistan and the host communities receiving these returnees. The needs of the 
returning  refugees  and  IDPs  included  transport  and  resettlement  support,  as  well  as  food, 
shelter  and  water  and  sanitation  for  the  most  vulnerable  such  as  female  headed  households. 
With  over  5,000,000  refugees  and  displaced  people  having  returned  since  the  fall  of  the 
Taliban  at  the  end  of  2001,  many  of  these  and  their  host  communities  have  required 
continuing support to avoid a major humanitarian crisis, particularly in the sector of water and 
sanitation  where  Afghanistan  has  some  of  the  worst  global  indicators.  A  further  significant 
area  for  humanitarian  support  was  protection,  especially  in  the  south  of  Afghanistan.  The 
continued  vulnerability  of  much  of  the  population  also  meant  that  humanitarian  aid  was 
required in response to the drought that developed in large parts of Afghanistan in 2006 and 
whose consequences continued to be felt in 2007.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG ECHO  has  funded  projects  addressing  the  needs  of  returnees,  IDPs  and  the  most 
vulnerable  people  affected  by  the  consequences  of  the  Afghan  conflict  and  natural  hazards 
since  1992.  Between  2003  and  2007  DG ECHO  has  spent  € 217,000,000,  including 
€ 6,000,000 from the food aid budget line. 

Water  and  sanitation,  food,  shelter,  protection,  basic  livelihood,  security  advice  and 
humanitarian  flights  were  the  main  sectors  of  activity.  Activities  in  the  health  sector  were 
taken over by the EC Delegation in a successful LRRD exercise in 2004. 

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Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO’s strategy for 2007 was focused on assisting the return of refugees and IDPs and 
ensuring basic livelihood support for the most vulnerable and for their host communities. In 
parallel,  DG ECHO  worked  with  DG  for  External  Relations  and  UNHCR  to  attain  durable 
solutions  for  the  Afghan  populations  remaining  in  Pakistan  and  Iran,  preparing  for  the  time 
when they would cease to be considered as refugees. 

DG ECHO under its Global Plan funded € 21,000,000 of  humanitarian aid for victims of the 
Afghan crisis, covering the registration and transportation of refugees from Pakistan and Iran 
to  Afghanistan,  as  well  as  continuing  support  for  the  most  vulnerable  of  the  remaining 
refugees.  Shelter,  and  water  and  sanitation  were  the  main  sectors  of  intervention  within 
Afghanistan.  Responses  to  localised  disasters  were  made,  with  an  increasing  emphasis  on 
building up local capacity. All projects were implemented with full respect of the key issue of 
gender.  

Protection assistance was provided, notably through continued support to both UNHCR and 
ICRC  in  their  respective  protection  mandate  roles.  Given  the  constraints  of  security  and 
geography,  support  to  security  advisory  services  for  aid  agencies  in  Afghanistan,  and  to  a 
subsidised humanitarian flight service was maintained. 

€ 6,000,000  from  the  global  food  aid  decision  wa s  allocated  to  Afghanistan  in  order  to 
respond to the consequences of the 2006 drought. Access to food and clean water supplies as 
well  as  food  security  were  improved  for  the  most  vulnerable  populations,  with  a  particular 
focus on disabled persons  and female headed households. Food assistance to battle affected 
IDPs in the South of the country was also provided. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Close  coordination  is  taking  place  on  LRRD  matters  between  DG ECHO,  DG  for  External 
Relations  and  EuropeAid  Co-operation  Office,  with  a  view  to  ensuring  the  mutual 
compatibility of their programmes and a handover wherever possible. Regarding assistance to 
refugees  in  Pakistan  and  Iran,  DG ECHO  closely  coordinated  with  EC  Delegation  (through 
the  Uprooted  Peoples  budget  line)  so  that  a  clear  distinction  of  funding  between  strict 
humanitarian and more developmental actions was respected.  

In  the  food  sector,  a  comprehensive  LRRD  strategy  between  DG ECHO's  food  aid  and 
EuropeAid  Co-operation  Office's  Food  Security  Thematic  Programming  was  designed  and 
this strategy will be implemented in 2008. 

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Pakistan  

Humanitarian needs 

Humanitarian needs resulted from natural disasters, with continuing needs following the 2005 
earthquake, as well as new needs arising from floods in Balouchistan and Sindh provinces in 
June and July 2007.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

While initially involved mainly in relation to the Afghan refugee crisis (assistance to Afghan 
refugees in Pakistani soil), humanitarian aid has become increasingly engaged in responding 
to natural disasters. 

Humanitarian Objectives and Achievements  

The  main  achievement  was  the  completion  of  the  final  phase  (€  11,000,000)  of  ECHO's 
earthquake response. In this final phase of assistance, the main sectors were health, and water 
and  sanitation,  with  the  main  result  that  despite  many  cases  of  potentially  epidemic  disease 
appearing, these were all contained and no widespread incidence of disease occurred. There 
were  over  800,000  direct  beneficiaries  of  assistance,  and  3,500,000  indirect  beneficiaries. 
Health  assistance  included  overall  surveillance  for  the  3.5  million  earthquake  affected 
population  together  with  direct  assistance  to  over  500,000  beneficiaries  mainly  for  primary 
and  reproductive  health.  Water  and  sanitation  consisted  largely  of  the  re-establishment  of 
water supplies, together with health education and latrines, for over 175,000 beneficiaries.  

Other  assistance  provided  was  food  security  for  first  phase  livelihood  support  for  65,000 
beneficiaries,  legal  aid  for  24,000  beneficiaries,  assistance  to  35,000  IDPs  remaining  in 
camps, and disaster preparedness for 80,000 beneficiaries. 

Furthermore, DG ECHO and its partners continued to show in 2007 their capacity to respond 
rapidly to new humanitarian needs as they arise with needs based and non-partisan assistance, 
in close coordination with key member States. This was demonstrated in the response to the 
Balouchistan  floods  in  June/July,  even  if  ultimately  government  access  restrictions  blocked 
planned funding from being disbursed. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

During 2006, EuropeAid Co-operation Office allocated € 50,000,000 to UNICEF, UNDP and 
Asia  Development  Bank  for  recovery  phase  assistance  which  applied  in  contiguum  with 
humanitarian  aid  in  2007,  and  then  to  follow  on  as  the  humanitarian  assistance  was  phased 
out. 

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Bangladesh 

Humanitarian needs 

Bangladesh,  the  world's  most  densely  populated  country,  is  highly  vulnerable  to  natural 
disasters,  in  particular  earthquakes,  floods  and  cyclones.  This  vulnerability  is  being 
exacerbated by climate change factors. 

2007  was  a  particularly  harsh  year.  First,  two  spells  of  monsoon  floods  in  August  and 
September  2007  affected  46  districts,  claimed  more  than  900  lives,  displaced  millions  of 
people, destroyed crops and killed livestock. Then, the super-cyclone SIDR hit the country on 
15  November  2007,  affecting  close  to  9  million  people  in  30  southern  districts,  killing  an 
estimated  4,407  people  and  injuring  over  55,000.  The  cyclone  caused  extensive  damage, 
destroying more than 500,000 houses, harvests, food stocks and livelihoods, killing livestock 
and destroying fishing material and other income generating assets. Water and sanitation and 
health infrastructures have also been destroyed or damaged. 

In  addition,  an  estimated  10,000  Rohingya  undocumented  refugees  are  still  living  in 
overcrowded and appalling  conditions in  a makeshift camp in Teknaf, in  very  basic shacks, 
without access to drinkable water or adequate sanitation. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG ECHO intervened in Bangladesh when the country was hit by severe floods in 2004 and 
2006,  providing  mainly  food  rations,  safe  drinking  water  and  emergency  items.  In  2004,  it 
also  provided  humanitarian  assistance  to  the  people  of  Chittagong  Hill  Tracts,  who  were 
victims of communal violence. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

By  a  regional  decision  covering  Bangladesh  and  India,  DG ECHO  funded  emergency  and 
early recovery assistance for the flood victims, consisting mainly of food, shelter, provision of 
basic items and drinking water, and supporting the restarting of a new life for the populations 
directly affected by the floods. 

In  relation  to  the  cyclone,  emergency  programmes  totalling  € 8,425,000  were  funded  by 
DG ECHO  immediately  after  the  cyclone  in  November  and  December  2007.  These 
programmes focused on providing food, safe water, basic household items, emergency health 
care, temporary shelter and emergency livelihood.  

In  December  2007  a  package  of  € 1,500,000  was  granted  for  the  relocation  of  the  10,000 
Rohingya  refugees  to  a  new  site,  to  set  up  the  necessary  shelters  and  water  and  sanitation 
infrastructures, and provide basic medical services. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In Bangladesh LLRD in the sectors of food security and disaster preparedness/ disaster  risk 
reduction are particularly important, as structural issues in these sectors contribute directly to 
the humanitarian crises caused by sudden onset disasters.  

With  regard  to  the  cyclone  and  the  floods,  close  coordination  is  ensured  with  the  DG  for 
External  Relations  Stability  Instrument  and  the  EC  Delegation,  so  as  to  link  the  emergency 

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interventions of DG ECHO with the longer term interventions of the European Commission, 
particularly in the sectors of livelihoods and food security. 

Active  collaboration  with  the  EC  Delegation  has  facilitated  the  granting  of  a  site  for  the 
relocation of the Rohingya refugees, and close coordination is maintained between DG ECHO 
and  the  EC  Delegation,  which  is  supporting  two  official  camps  for  documented  Rohingya 
refugees. 

India 

Humanitarian needs 

2007 saw a welcome decrease in the level of violence in Jammu and Kashmir, although many 
suggest  that  this  is  only  a  temporary  respite  and  not  the  consequence  of  any  substantial 
improvement  in  the  political  situation.  On  the  other  hand,  a  series  of  very  large  explosions 
occurred in August, killing or maiming several people in the nearby villages and adding to the 
psychological  trauma among the rest  of the population. The profound effects of this trauma 
cannot be easily mitigated and women and children are the most vulnerable. Media coverage 
of the consequences of the conflict on local populations remained limited.  

Conversely,  Naxalite-related  violence  increased,  in  particular  in  the  Southern  part  of 
Chhattisgarh  State,  where  the  population  (mainly  tribal  people  and  scheduled  castes)  are 
caught  between  the  Maoist  guerrillas  and  vigilante  militias.  Some  areas  are  totally 
inaccessible  due  to  the  conflict  and  in  general  the  region  is  acutely  lacking  in  basic  social 
services, as it is practically impossible to hire doctors, for instance, to work in such a risky 
environment. The Prime Minister of India stated, in a public speech delivered in 2007 that he 
considered the Naxalite problem to be the most acute one which India is currently facing. 

The 2007 monsoon season caused severe flooding in several States, destroying crops, houses, 
livestock  and  social  infrastructure  such  as  water  and  sanitation.  Over  5  million  households 
were affected.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

DG ECHO  has  funded  projects  addressing  the  needs  of  conflict-affected  populations  in 
Jammu  and  Kashmir  since  2002,  amounting  to  € 9M  so  far.  2007  was  the  first  year  of 
DG ECHO intervention in Chhattisgarh and assistance totalled € 630,000. 

India  is  prone  to  natural  disasters  and  DG ECHO  provided  humanitarian  assistance  to  the 
victims of a series of these in the past 5 years, including the 2004 South Asia Tsunami, the 
2005 Kashmir earthquake and monsoon flooding in 2004, 2006 and 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In the context of the conflict in Kashmir, approximately 40,000 people received psychosocial 
support  and  protection,  including  children  in  orphanages.  In  Chhattisgarh,  20,000  people 
benefited  from  curative  and  preventive  basic  healthcare  services  and  7,500  internally 
displaced families benefited from improved water and sanitation. 

DG ECHO  approved  a  total  of  € 11,000,000  in  hum anitarian  aid  for  the  flood  victims 
(covering  India  and  Bangladesh),  including  provisions  for  emergency  shelter,  food  rations, 

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drinking  water  and  improved  storage  and  sanitation  facilities,  health,  hygiene  and  medical 
support and livelihood support. 

Finally, DG ECHO continued to finance projects in nutrition and the provision of water and 
sanitation to the Sri Lankan refugee children living in camps in Tamil Nadu. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In Jammu and Kashmir, past DG ECHO support for non-formal education is being continued 
by EuropeAid Co-operation Office and the EC Delegation. 

In  Chhattisgarh  a  State  Partnership  Programme  was  signed  between  the  EC  Delegation  and 
the  State  authorities,  aiming  at  the  equitable  delivery  of  and  access  to  quality  health  and 
education  services,  as  well  as  improved  forest-based  tribal  livelihoods,  through  governance, 
institutional  reform  and  capacity  development  at  state  and  at  decentralized  levels.  It  is 
expected that this programme will be a valuable vehicle for linking relief and rehabilitation, 
and will ultimately allow DG ECHO to exit from this crisis. 

Nepal/Bhutan 

Humanitarian needs 

Nepal  is  one  of  the  world’s  poorest  countries  and  remains  the  scene  of  two  forgotten 
humanitarian crises.  

The violent conflict initiated by Maoist rebels in 1996 cost over 13,000 lives and although it 
was formally brought to an end with the signature of the Peace Agreement in November 2006, 
the  country  is  still  suffering  from  its  consequences,  marked  by  high  volatility  and  frequent 
spates  of  violence.  Constituent  Assembly  elections  have  been  postponed  twice  but  are  now 
scheduled for 10 April 2008. 

trade  and  agricultural  activities; 

Against this poor socio-economic background and political instability, the toll of the 10-year 
conflict  is  still  heavy.  The  conflict  isolated  populations  in  the  worst  affected  areas  and 
disrupted 
it  destroyed  water  supply  systems  and 
communications  infrastructure.  Most  of  the  community  drinking  water  systems  constructed 
during  the  1980s  and  1990s  are  not  working  effectively.  Health  posts  are  not  functioning 
properly  and  still  suffer  from  a  lack  of  trained  personnel,  hygiene,  medicines  and  waste 
treatment equipment and systems. The Nepalese authorities have not been able to give support 
to communities due to budget cuts and security concerns. 

A second forgotten crisis has trapped over 108,000 refugees, including 23,000 children, who 
were expelled from Bhutan between 1990 and 1992. Since then they have been stuck in seven 
camps  in  the  south-east  of  Nepal,  accepted  by  neither  Nepal  nor  Bhutan,  and  are  totally 
dependent on external aid. In the absence of a political solution, the United Sates and other 
countries  have  offered  a  resettlement  options  and  the  first  refugees  are expected  to  leave  in 
2008. 

The  2007  monsoon  season  caused  severe  flooding  in  the  Terai  plains,  destroying  crops, 
houses, livestock and infrastructure. Over 330,000 people were affected.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

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Since  2001,  DG ECHO  has  provided  close  to  € 14M   of  food  aid  for  the  refugees  through  a 
series  of  contracts  with  the  World  Food  Programme  (WFP)  and  nearly  € 20,000,000  for 
victims of the armed conflict. 

Nepal  is  prone  to  natural  disasters  and  DG ECHO  provided  humanitarian  assistance  to  the 
victims of droughts in 2006 and monsoon flooding in 2007. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In 2007 the populations living in the areas most affected by the conflict continued to benefit 
from protection activities, with particular emphasis on support to internally displaced people. 
Additionally, a particular focus was put on the protection of children formerly associated with 
the  armed  forces  and  armed  groups.  Primary  and  reproductive  healthcare  was  provided  to 
over 300,000 people in the mid and Far Western regions. Also, 10,000 people benefited from 
the construction of drinking water systems and latrines. 

Food  aid  (€  1,500,000)  was  distributed  to  108,200  Bhutanese  refugees,  this  representing  a 
fifth  of  their  annual  requirements.  DG ECHO  also  supported  a  supplementary  food  ration 
programme for 2,600 vulnerable refugees (malnourished children under five, pregnant women 
and nursing mothers, tuberculosis patients and elderly sick people). 

DG ECHO  approved  € 4,500,000  in  humanitarian  aid  for  the  flood  victims,  including 
provisions for emergency shelter, food rations, drinking water and improved hygiene. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The  contribution  to  the  Bhutanese  refugees’  food  needs  is  complemented  by  support  from 
EuropeAid  Co-operation  Office  for  UNHCR’s  management  activities  in  the  camps.  2007 
brought fresh hopes in terms of a possible solution to this crisis through resettlement in third 
countries, from which the refugees can continue to lobby to return to Bhutan. It is foreseen 
that a majority will opt for the resettlement option, thus significantly reducing the number of 
those requiring continuing assistance. However, given the size of the caseload, it will take at 
least 5 years to complete the process. During that time political efforts will be maintained to 
lobby for a solution for those not able or willing to relocate, including for a return to Bhutan 
and the possibility for others to settle legally in Nepal. 

DG ECHO  is  also  carefully  monitoring  the  evolution  of  the  socio-political  situation.  It  is 
hoped that socio-economic development will be made possible through progressive political 
stability, enabling the development partners to occupy their natural space and, consequently, 
allowing DG ECHO to close down its operations linked to the conflict. 

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Sri Lanka 

Humanitarian needs 

The  conflict  between  Tamil  separatists  and  the  Government  of  Sri  Lanka  continued  to 
intensify during 2007 with devastating consequences for the civilian population in the north 
and east of the country. The conflict is brutal and there are major violations of international 
humanitarian  law  by  all  parties  to  the  conflict  on  a  daily  basis.  Over  500,000  people  are 
currently displaced by the conflict and a further 70,000 people are still displaced by the 2004 
tsunami,  bringing  the  total  IDP  caseload  in  the  country  to  around  570,000.  In  addition  to 
IDPs,  the  everyday  life  of  all  communities  in  the  conflict  areas  has  been  severely  affected, 
especially  the  800,000  civilians  virtually  trapped  in  Jaffna  and  the  Vanni  because  of  access 
and  other  restrictions.  Due  to  the  protracted  nature  of  the  crisis  the  coping  mechanisms  of 
these people are now virtually non existent.  

Sri Lanka is a complex emergency and the humanitarian situation is highly politicised. While 
the  humanitarian  workload  in  the  north  and  east  is  increasing  the  humanitarian  space 
continues  to  diminish  due  to  security  concerns,  access  problems  and  other  restrictions.  This 
undermines the ability of DG ECHO’s partners to reach vulnerable populations caught up in 
the conflict. Already more than 2,000 aid workers and many humanitarian agencies have left 
the north east, for security reasons.  

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last 5 years 

Since  2002  the  Commission  has  provided  over  € 97,000,000  of  humanitarian  assistance 
including  over  € 43,000,000  in  response  to  the  tsunami.  The  remaining  tsunami  projects 
ended in mid 2007 and the focus has now returned to conflict affected communities. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007  DG ECHO  provided  € 12,000,000  to  integr ated  emergency  relief  to  over  700,000 
IDPs and conflict affected populations in Sri Lanka and 30,000 Sri Lankan refugees living in 
camps in Tamil Nadu, India. The main sectors of intervention were protection, food aid and 
food  security,  shelter  and  non  food  relief  items,  water  and  sanitation,  coordination  and 
security. In Tamil Nadu the focus was on water and sanitation. In addition € 3,000,000 was 
provided in 2007 from the food aid budget line to support conflict affected populations in Sri 
Lanka. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

In  terms  of  LRRD,  DG ECHO  works  closely  with  other  Commission  services  to  link  with 
programmes  which  complement  and  go  beyond  DG ECHO  emergency  interventions  by 
concentrating on the medium term needs of returnee IDPs and host communities in Sri Lanka. 

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5. 

LATIN AMERICA 

Many  of  the  countries  of  Latin  America  region  are  recurrently  affected  by  natural  hazards 
such  as  floods,  flash  floods,  cyclones,  landslides,  earthquakes,  volcanic  eruptions,  droughts 
and  forest  fires  and  other  complex  emergencies.  DG  ECHO  was  called  on  to  respond  to  an 
array of disaster events in 2007 – hurricane Felix in Nicaragua, earthquake in Southern Peru, 
cold  wave  in  the  same  country,  floods  in  Bolivia,  drought  and  wildfires  in  Paraguay.  Apart 
from  response  to  natural  disasters,  DG  ECHO's  humanitarian  assistance  to  victims  of 
Colombia's entrenched armed conflict continued in 2007, including support for IDPs, refugees 
and other vulnerable groups as well as refugees from the conflict who crossed the border into 
Venezuela,  Ecuador,  and  Panama.  In  disaster  prone  countries  in  the  region,  DG  ECHO's 
disaster preparedness programme (DIPECHO) continued, aiming to improve the capacities of 
communities at risk, so that they can better prepare for and protect themselves against natural 
disasters.  DIPECHO  provided  a  stable  programme,  enabling  organisations  to  become 
involved in disaster preparedness and filling a gap, creating a platform for community focused 
disaster  preparedness  and  a  means  to  reach  isolated  and  vulnerable  communities.  In  Latin 
America, ECHO works closely with other programmes and donors to ensure the transition to 
longer tem development.  

The EC Humanitarian Assistance in this part of the world was, in 2007, mainly to respond to 
natural disasters and also in respect of the internal conflict in Colombia. 

Country (Region)

Funding Decisions adopted in 2007

Agreements signed in 2007

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

HUM.AID

FOOD AID

TOTAL

LATIN AMERICA 

31.000.000

1.064.983

32.064.983

30.595.877

1.064.983

31.660.860

Bolivia

Honduras

Nicaragua

Paraguay

Peru

1.000.000

1.000.000

1.000.000

1.000.000

500.000

500.000

500.000

500.000

6.000.000

1.500.000

6.000.000

5.720.981

1.500.000

1.500.000

5.720.981

1.500.000

9.500.000

564.983

10.064.983

9.500.000

564.983

10.064.983

Colombia / Ecuador

13.000.000

13.000.000

12.874.896

12.874.896

5.1. 

CENTRAL  AMERICA 
NICARAGUA)  

Humanitarian needs 

(GUATEMALA,  EL  SALVADOR,  HONDURAS, 

Central America is one of the most disaster-prone regions of the world. More than 80% of the 
area is at high risk of earthquakes, volcanoes, flooding, landslides and hurricanes. Every year 
Central  America  is  badly  affected  by  tropical  storms,  heavy  rains  and  floods,  particularly 
during the hurricane season (July to November).  

In 2007 tropical storms affected a number of countries in Central America, producing floods 
and  landslides  of  varying  magnitudes,  from  a  very  local  impact  (as  in  Guatemala  and 
Honduras) to very high impact (e.g. the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas experiencing 
their  worst  floods  in  50  years).  On  4  September  2007  hurricane  Felix  made  landfall  at  the 
Nicaraguan  Atlantic  Coast  as  a  category  V  hurricane,  with  heavy  rains  and  winds  of  more 
than 250 km/hr. As a result more than 200 people were killed and 198,000 people affected. 

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years  

From 2003 to 2006, more than € 11,000,000 was allocated to Central America. This amount 
included  notably  the  response  to  hurricane  Stan  in  Guatemala  and  El  Salvador.  In  2007  the 
total allocation to Central America was € 6,500,000. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

In  2007,  DG ECHO  operations  in  Central  America  basically  focussed  on  responding  to  the 
emergency caused by hurricane Felix in Nicaragua.  

A  primary  emergency  decision  of  € 1,000,000  was  adopted  to  assist  the  most  vulnerable 
population  during  the  initial  phase.  This  was  followed  by  an  emergency  decision  of 
€ 5,000,000 one month later, covering further identified needs. 

A total of 130,000 people benefited from DG ECHO-funded operations, which paid specific 
attention  to  the  needs  of  affected  indigenous  populations.  The  projects  financed  covered 
emergency  rehabilitation  of  houses,  water  and  sanitation,  basic  health  services,  food  aid, 
agricultural support, emergency telecommunications and disaster preparedness activities. 

DG ECHO also continued its monitoring of operations in Guatemala and El Salvador, funded 
under the ad hoc financial decision taken to response to Hurricane Stan in late 2006. 

In addition, € 500,000 was allocate d to Honduras from the Food Aid Decision to prevent the 
deterioration of the nutrition and health status of children and pregnant women and to enhance 
small-scale farmer households’ resilience in the drought-affected southern part of the country. 

LRRD – possibly exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

The strong links with the EC Delegation and other Commission services were reinforced after 
hurricane  Felix.  With  the  aim  of  bridging  the  gap  between  emergency  relief  and 
reconstruction,  DG ECHO  actively  contributed  to  the  preparation  of  a  proposal  under  the 
Instrument  for  Stability  (€ 7,490,000).  Activi ties  will  build  upon  DG ECHO  operations  and 
focus on water and sanitation and early recovery. LRRD has also been incorporated into the 
planning for the financial instruments in the new Country Strategy Paper 2007-2013.  

5.2. 

SOUTH AMERICA (EXCEPT COLOMBIA) 

Humanitarian needs 

South America is exposed to a whole range of natural hazards due to its geography, geology 
and  climate:  The  phenomena  of  "El  Niño"  and  "La  Niña",  attributed  to  warming/cooling  in 
the eastern and central Pacific, are causing regular floods and droughts. The Andean region is 
particularly  vulnerable  to  earthquakes  and  many  volcanoes  are  still  active.  In  2007  an 
increasing number of hazards occurred throughout the year, often affecting highly vulnerable 
populations. The most disastrous single event was the earthquake which struck Southern Peru 
on 15 August 2007. 

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Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years  

From 2003 to 2006, a total of € 6,291,000 was allocated  to South America, mainly in response 
to  floods.  In  2007  the  allocation  to  the  region  totalled  € 12,564,983,  with  two  thirds  of  this 
amount earmarked for the earthquake response in Peru. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

DG ECHO responded to the humanitarian needs arising from the floods in Bolivia in January 
2007,  which  caused  damage  to  crops,  houses  and  infrastructure.  DG ECHO  adopted  an 
emergency decision of € 1,000,000 to meet the most  urgent needs of the victims, in terms of 
water  and  sanitation,  health,  emergency  repairs  to  health  centres  and  schools,  and  disaster 
preparedness.  Food  aid  and  short-term  emergency  agricultural  activities  were  also 
implemented.  Approximately  108,500  people  were  assisted  through  the  Commission's 
humanitarian aid. 

Later  on  in  the  year,  the  Commission  provided  € 8,000,000  (through  a  primary  emergency 
and  an  emergency  decision)  to  the  victims  of  the  earthquake  measuring  7.9  on  the  Richter 
scale, which had its epicentre 160 km south of Lima (Peru) and which affected some 500,000 
people,  destroying  or  damaging  94,000  houses.  Through  the  primary  emergency  decision 
(€ 2,000,000) immediate integrated relief assist ance was provided, including food, provision 
of  water,  non-food  items,  medical  assistance,  emergency  telecommunications  and  psycho-
social support to victims.  

Through  the  emergency  decision  (€ 6,000,000)  15  partners  delivered  mainly  food  aid, 
emergency  shelter,  water  and  sanitation  and  non-food  items,  mainstreaming  disaster 
preparedness. 

Also in Peru, where national response capacity was clearly overwhelmed by the earthquake, 
the  Commission  provided  humanitarian  assistance  to  the  victims  of  the  cold  wave:  41,500 
inhabitants of the Andean region, whose livelihoods had been endangered by unusually low 
temperatures.  An  additional  allocation  of  € 564,983  was  made  available  for  the  most 
vulnerable affected Andean populations from the Food Aid Decision to help them overcome 
the  loss  of  their  agricultural  inputs  and  prepare  for  the  next  sowing  season.  In  this  context, 
food aid and food for work activities (construction of communal shelters for alpacas, sewing 
of cereals and pulses, construction of stone fences for pasture protection) were provided. The 
total number of beneficiaries for DG ECHO's interventions in Peru in 2007 is 250,000.  

Finally,  Peru  has  experienced  a  severe  cold  wave,  the  coldest  weather  in  30  years,  with 
temperatures  significantly  below  the  average,  falling  as  far  as  minus  27°C  and  affecting  in 
particular  the  Andean  communities  living  above  3,500-3,800  metres.  A  decision  of 
€ 1,500,000  was  taken  to  assist  the  victims  with   food  aid,  early  recovery  support  and  other 
emergency relief, targeting a population of up to 41,500 people.  

Last but not least, in Paraguay, € 1,500,000 wa s provided for 46,600 victims of drought and 
wildfires  in  terms  of  supplementary  food  rations  and  agricultural  inputs  so  as  to  help  them 
restore  their  livelihoods.  Disaster  preparedness  was  mainstreamed  into  the  three  emergency 
operations funded.  

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LRRD – possibly exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

DG ECHO continued to actively explore avenues for LRRD with the EC Delegations in the 
region and DG for External Relations, seeking ways to undertake activities in the framework 
of  the  corresponding  country  strategy  papers  or  thematic  budget  lines.  For  the  Peru 
earthquake, LRRD with the Stability Instrument was discussed in detail and an intervention 
(€ 3,000,000) is in the pipeline. 

Colombia  (including  Colombian  refugees  in  Ecuador,  Venezuela  and 
Panama) 

Humanitarian needs 

For more than 40 years Colombia has suffered from an internal conflict between government, 
paramilitary  and  guerrilla  groups.  As  a  result,  over  3,600,000  people  have  been  displaced 
from  their  home  areas  since  1985,  with  some  200,000  new  IDPs  in  2007.  More  than  200 
communities  were  in  a  situation  of  confinement  or  blocked  by  armed  actors.  In  addition, 
UNHCR estimates that more than 400,000 Colombians have fled the conflict to neighbouring 
countries (Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama). Of these, less than 50,000 have obtained refugee 
status.  Most  IDPs  settle  in  shanty  towns,  often  with  no  legal  title  to  the  land,  building 
precarious shelters out of plastic, wood and cardboard. IDPs displaced to an unfamiliar urban 
environment  often  very  quickly  see  their  food  security  situation  deteriorate  and  their 
household economy collapse. Blocked or confined communities' access to food and to basic 
services  is  severely  hampered  they  are  prevented  from  cultivating  their  fields  or  going  to 
markets. Furthermore, their access to public health services is very limited. 

Most  Colombians  newly  arriving  in  the  neighbouring  countries  need  emergency  assistance 
such  as  food,  water  and  sanitation  immediately  after  arrival.  Subsequently,  they  require 
assistance to know their rights and the steps to take in the refugee registration process, and to 
foster their integration. 

Colombia is also vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, volcanic eruptions 
and floods. 

Evolution of humanitarian aid in the last five years  

From 2003 to 2006, DG ECHO allocated € 40,000,000 to  improve the humanitarian situation 
of  the  victims  of  the  Colombian  conflict,  both  in  Colombia  and  in  neighbouring  countries 
(Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama). A further € 500,000 was allocated for flood response. In 
2007  € 13,000,000  was  allocated  to  Colombia:  € 12,000,000  for  the  victims  of  the  conflict 
(both  inside  Colombia  and  in  neighbouring  countries)  and  € 1,000,000  for  an  emergency 
response to the worst floods in 40 years.  

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

€ 12,000,000  was   allocated  to  support  the  Colombian  population  affected  by  the  armed 
conflict. In 2007 some 70,000 people received assistance (food and non-food items) via ICRC 
during  their  first  three  months  of  displacement.  In  addition,  more  than  40,000  new  IDPs, 
confined or blocked populations and, to some extent, host communities received humanitarian 
post-emergency assistance including improved shelter, distribution of non-food items, access 
to basic services (primary health care, water and sanitation) and psychosocial assistance.  

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DG ECHO continued to concentrate on the more remote rural areas, where state institutions 
are generally not present. Protection of children continued to be a priority. More than 1,500 
new  IDP  children  were  integrated  in  accelerated  learning  cycles  with  a  view  to  paving  the 
way for their re-integration into the formal education system and, at the same time, to prevent 
their  recruitment  by  illegal  armed  actors.  DG ECHO  assistance  was  targeted  to  be 
complementary  to  the  aid  provided  by  state  institutions,  and  implementing  partners  were 
required  to  adopt  a  pro-active  stance  to  involve  government  institutions  with  a  view  to 
handing over operations to them in the not too distant future. 

DG ECHO also financed projects in Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama to assist the victims of 
the  Colombian  conflict  who  have  fled  to  those  neighbouring  countries.  With  DG ECHO 
funding,  UNHCR  continued  to  improve  the  protection  framework  for  asylum  seekers  by 
strengthening the national institutions involved in the reception, registration, documentation, 
assistance and integration of refugees. Protection and support services were provided for more 
than  45,000  Colombians  to  cover  basic  food,  nutrition,  shelter,  health,  water  and  sanitation 
and  educational  needs.  It  also  helped 
the  reception,  registration, 
documentation, assistance and integration process.  

the  refugees 

in 

In  addition,  given  the  dramatic  impact  of  the  rainy  season,  an  intervention  was  required  in 
response  to  the  floods  which  affected  almost  25  per  cent  of  all  Colombian  municipalities. 
DG ECHO's  intervention  focused  on  the  Northwest  of  the  country  –  Cordoba  and  the  "La 
Mojana" region – and provided emergency assistance (food, water and sanitation, agricultural 
inputs) to 45,000 people, mainstreaming disaster preparedness wherever possible. 

LRRD – possibly exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

Close  regular  contact  is  maintained  with  the  EC  Delegation  to  seek  LRRD.  Linking  was 
sought  via  the  budget  line  Uprooted  Peoples,  which  started  implementation  of  its  final 
projects,  and  other  thematic  budget  lines,  via  the  institutional  support  the  Commission 
provided to State assistance mechanisms in order to improve the quality of the government’s 
assistance and via the Instrument for Stability. Furthermore, DG ECHO partners were asked 
to  involve  state  institutions  to  the  largest  extent  possible  with  a  view  to  handing  over 
operations to them in the future. 

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6. 

DISASTER PREPAREDNESS ACTIVITIES (INCLUDING DIPECHO) 

Humanitarian needs 

There has been a considerable rise in the number and intensity of disasters over the last few 
decades in part due to climate change. In many developing countries, population growth, poor 
governance,  increasing  impoverishment,  poor  management  of  natural  resources  and 
consequently depletion and degradation of soil are factors that have contributed to increased 
risks and vulnerabilities. Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, drought, wildfires, 
tropical cyclones and associated storm surges, tsunami and volcanic eruptions claim a heavy 
toll in terms of the loss of human lives, destruction of economic and social infrastructure, not 
to mention a negative impact on already fragile ecosystems.  

Furthermore, in some parts of the world, natural disasters are a recurrent phenomenon that can 
have  severe  impacts  on  fragile  livelihoods.  In  some  regions  disasters  seem  to  be  more 
frequent and vulnerable people tend to face more risks and have less time to recuperate their 
livelihoods  in  between  disasters.  This  draws  attention  to  the  value  of  preparedness  in  any 
disaster  management  policy  and  strategy.  DG ECHO's  existing  programme  to  support 
community-based disaster preparedness projects, DIPECHO, covers six regions worldwide - 
Central  America,  South  America,  the  Caribbean,  Central  Asia,  South  Asia,  and  South-East 
Asia. All six regions are highly prone to hazards that have devastating consequences for the 
lives and livelihoods of thousands of people. In Central and South America the main disasters 
are  recurrent  floods,  landslides,  earthquakes,  volcanic  eruptions,  storms,  hurricanes  and 
droughts;  in  the  Caribbean  the  recurrence  of  tropical  storms,  floods  and  volcano  eruptions 
cause  regular  humanitarian  crises;  and  in  Central,  South  and  South  East  Asia  floods, 
typhoons/cyclones, landslides, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions and forest 
fires undermine already fragile livelihoods. DIPECHO targets the most vulnerable groups in 
these  regions  and  in  localities  where  the  coping  mechanisms  are  particularly  weak  both  in 
terms of local resources and the capabilities of national disaster response mechanisms. In all 
of these regions initiatives on disaster preparedness and prevention are emerging at national 
and at regional level, but they tend to suffer from a lack of resources and outreach capacity. 
Coordination  between  national  governments  is  often  not  very  advanced  or  is  limited  to 
exchanges  of  views  and  knowledge  or  establishment  of  early-warning  systems  that  are  not 
always adapted to disaster prone areas with limited infrastructure. 

Humanitarian objectives and achievements 

The global objective of DG ECHO's disaster preparedness activities is to reduce the impact of 
future  disasters  and  hence  the  need  for  humanitarian  aid  in  the  aftermath  of  a  disaster. 
Disaster  preparedness  projects  and  preparedness  components  integrated  in  relief  are  mostly 
implemented  in  countries  with  prevalent  humanitarian  needs  but  in  some  countries, 
DG ECHO's  sole  presence  is  DIPECHO  interventions.  However,  when  a  disaster  strikes, 
DIPECHO has proven to be the first response instrument as it has allowed communities to be 
prepared  and  respond  primarily  by  themselves.  Due  to  DIPECHO  funding,  the  vulnerable 
communities can directly benefit from early warning systems, tested evacuation plans, on-the-
spot training in first aid and search and rescue etc. that increase the local coping capacities. 

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DIPECHO Action Plans are implemented at three levels: 

i.) at community level, where they enhance the capacities of local communities at risk and of 
local  authorities,  through  training,  awareness-raising,  setting  up  early  warning  systems  and 
risk mapping; 

ii.) at national level, where activities strengthen the capacity of national disaster management 
services and help to produce and disseminate maps/contingency plans; and 

iii.) at regional level, where cooperation and coordination of disaster preparedness activities is 
encouraged,  in  particular  through  the  exchange  and  dissemination  of  data,  knowledge  and 
good practices. 

LRRD – possible exit strategy of the sector and/or country 

It is internationally recognised that efficient Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) requires longer 
term  engagement  by  development  stakeholders  and  national  authorities.  DG ECHO's 
contribution to global DRR efforts - consisting mainly of fostering a preparedness culture and 
investing  in  community-based  preparedness  measures  -  is  one  contribution  among  several 
required. Hence, DG ECHO's programmatic efforts are combined with continuous advocacy 
efforts  at  headquarters  level  and  in  the  six  regions  targeted  by  DIPECHO  to  encourage 
development  stakeholders  to  invest  in  DRR.  DG ECHO  continues  to  encourage  other 
Commission  services,  such  as  DG  for  External  Relations,  DG  Development  and  EuropeAid 
Co-operation Office, EU Member States, other donors, local authorities and NGOs to build on 
DIPECHO lessons and best practices. 

In  several  countries  there  is  close  coordination  between  Commission  services,  such  as  in 
Central America where an active relationship in the field and at headquarters level has been 
established.  Good  coordination  is  also  experienced  in  South  America  and  in  the  Caribbean 
Region. In Central, South and South East Asia the same levels of coordination have not yet 
been achieved even though DG ECHO has been engaged for a long time, therefore DG ECHO 
will  continue  to  engage  in  advocacy  on  several  levels  to  ensure  the  sustainability  of  its 
DIPECHO investments in these regions. 

But  even  if  good  coordination  has  been  established  between  Commissions  services,  it  does 
not necessarily mean that Disaster Risk Reduction is systematically taken into consideration 
in  high-risk  countries.  The  EC  Country  Strategy  Papers  2007-2013  leave  room  for 
improvement  and  DG ECHO  will 
to  encourage 
mainstreaming  of  DRR  and  notably  relevant  preparedness  aspects  in  longer  term  sector 
programmes such as education, health, environment, and food security.  

therefore  continue 

its  advocacy 

As  a  general  observation,  high  levels  of  complementarity  between  DIPECHO  projects  and 
development projects can be seen as a challenge in terms of the difference in approaches by 
the  different  actors:  DG ECHO's  short-term  community-based  approach  versus  the  macro-
level  approach  applied  by  most  donors.  Even  in  countries  where  DRR  is  recognised  as  a 
national development priority, interventions that benefit the most vulnerable groups are often 
neglected  by  authorities  and  donors.  This  is  an  important  challenge  for  the  DIPECHO 
programme in the years to come, but a necessary condition for substantial contributions by the 
EC to the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015. 

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The  funding  provided  by  DG ECHO  for  DIPECHO  Disaster  Preparedness  projects  in  six 
disaster prone regions is shown in the table below. Given the fact that the duration of these 
types of actions are typically 12-15 months, the table provides the cumulative funding in 2006 
(since 1998), as well as the funding decisions adopted in 2007.  

It  has  to  be  borne  in  mind  when  looking  at  this  table  that  each  "DIPECHO"  region  only 
benefits from a budgetary allocation every two years. 

Funding DIPECHO 

Disaster region 

Funding 
1998-2006 

Funding 2007 

Total 1998-
2007 

Agreements 
signed in 2007 

Caribbean 

12 975 000 

4 000 000 

16 975 000 

3 769 173 

Central America 

20 980 000 

1 500 000* 

22 480 000 

6 255 000 

Andean Community 

17 240 000 

6 500 000 

23 740 000 

6 500 000 

Central Asia 

15 050 000 

6 500 000 

23 740 000 

5 699 354 

South Asia 

11 700 000 

7 500 000 

15 050 000 

12 702 383 

South East Asia 

21 680 000 

-- 

21 680 000 

-- 

TOTAL 

99 625 000 

19 500 000 

119 125 000 

34 925 910 

*  The  €  1,500,000  for  Central  Am erica  in  2007  is  in  addition  to  an  amount  of  € 6,000,000 
allocated in 2006. 

Caribbean 

Over the period 1998-2006, five DIPECHO Action Plans were implemented in the Caribbean 
region,  which  represents  a  DG ECHO  investment  of  some  € 12,975,000  in  disaster 
preparedness. The Sixth DIPECHO Action Plan in the Caribbean was launched in September 
2007 and runs until February 2009.  

The overall aim of the DIPECHO operations is to enable local communities to prepare for and 
mitigate  natural  disasters.  Some  operations  are  country-specific,  targeting  the  Dominican 
Republic (24% of funding), Haiti (27% of funding), plus Belize, Dominica and Guyana (25% 
of  funding  together).  Others  are  regional  (24%  of  funding),  including  Anguilla,  Bahamas, 
Barbados,  Grenada,  Montserrat,  St  Kitts  &  Nevis,  St  Vincent  &  the  Grenadines,  Suriname, 
Trinidad  &  Tobago.  Operations  include:  components  on  capacity-building,  early  warning 
systems,  small-scale  mitigation  works,  mapping  and  data  computerisation,  research  and 
dissemination,  advocacy  and  education.  A  new  initiative  is  an  operation  under  the  "Safe 
Hospital" programme, undertaken by the Pan American Health Organization in co-operation 
with  the  International  Strategy  for  disaster  Reduction.  Recent  experience  after  Hurricane 
Dean shows that measures undertaken by DIPECHO programmes are effective in minimising 
casualties and saving lives. 

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Central America 

Central  America  is  particularly  exposed  to  natural  disasters  such  as  volcanoes,  earthquakes, 
hurricanes, tropical storms, and landslides. The losses and destruction that result from these 
disasters are significant from a social and economic point of view and reduce the development 
potential  of  the  region.  Furthermore,  Central  America  experiences  frequent  small-scale 
disasters affecting relatively few communities, where donors are unlikely to intervene due to 
the  limited  scale  of  the  event,  but  which  have  a  considerable  negative  impact  on  the 
livelihoods of those affected. These events, as well as large-scale disasters such as Hurricane 
Mitch  in  1998,  Stan  in  2005  and  Felix  in  2007,  highlight  the  increasing  need  for  disaster 
preparedness  activities  in  the  region,  and  the  significance  of  community-based  disaster  risk 
reduction  efforts.  Such  efforts  enable  the  communities  at  risk  to  lessen  the  impact  of  the 
disasters and prepare themselves for when natural disasters occur.  

A Fifth DIPECHO Action Plan for Central America was implemented in 2007. An amount of 
€ 7,500,000 was allocated to improve the capacities  of communities at risk to better prepare 
for and protect themselves against natural disasters in six countries in the region: El Salvador, 
Guatemala,  Honduras,  Nicaragua,  Costa  Rica  and  Panama,  the  latter  two  countries  being 
covered only by regional projects. An external evaluation of the DIPECHO programme was 
carried out in 2007. According to the final evaluation report, "Support for community-based 
Disaster preparedness in Central America has been and remains very relevant in the national 
and  regional  contexts.  The  programme's  overriding  objective  of  reducing  risk  by  better 
preparing vulnerable populations in the most disaster prone areas maintains a high level of 
pertinence.  Disaster  preparedness  remains  a  key  factor  to  saving  lives  and  ensuring  an 
appropriate  response  […].  The  programme  continues  to  fill  a  gap  taken  up  on  by  very  few 
other  agencies  or  programmes;  DIPECHO  programme  and  objectives  are  generally  well 
understood by beneficiaries. The DRR initiatives of other EC services, national and regional 
efforts, and of bilateral co-operation emergencies are meagre and do not provide a basis for 
phasing out DIPECHO in the short or even medium term." 

At the end of 2007, the strategy for the Sixth Action Plan was defined in collaboration with 
the  main  stakeholders  in  each  country  through  four  national  consultative  meetings,  one 
regional consultative meeting, an analysis of existing legislation, donor activities in DRR and 
the  current/planned  national  DRR  strategies  and  the  recommendations  from  the  above-
mentioned evaluation. 

South America 

South  America  is  one  of  the  most  highly  disaster-prone  regions  of  the  world,  exposed  to 
panoply  of  natural  disasters  due  to  its  geography,  geology  and  climate:  The  El  Niño  event, 
attributed to warming in the Eastern and central Pacific, causes regular floods and droughts. 
The region is also particularly vulnerable to earthquakes and many volcanoes are still active. 
In  2007,  the  major  natural  disaster  has  been  the  devastating  earthquake  that  struck  Peru  in 
August 2007 but many small to medium scale disasters have also occurred with affects across 
the whole region. Since 1999, four DIPECHO Action Plans have been implemented. 

The Fifth Action Plan for South America, with a budget of € 6,500,000 was launched in 2007 
and led to the funding of projects in Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela and for 
the very first time, some cross boarder projects with Argentina and Paraguay. 

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On the basis of lessons learned from previous Action Plans and needs identified in the field 
through  the  consultative  process,  greater  emphasis  was  placed  on  the  most  vulnerable 
populations  in  disaster-prone  areas  such  as  urban  centres;  on  maintaining  access  to  basic 
services  such  as  health,  water  and  sanitation  during  a  disaster;  on  the  identification  of 
indicators to assess local capacity and needs, with the funding of bi-national and tri-national 
projects. Coordination with national and regional authorities remains a real commitment in the 
programme.  It  has  to  be  mentioned  that  this  coordination  process  involves  also  the  relevant 
EC Delegations and the regional EU project PREDECAN. 

Central Asia 

Central  Asia  is  permanently  threatened  by  potential  large-scale  disasters,  in  particular, 
earthquakes  and  by  numerous  small  or  medium  scale  disasters  such  as  floods,  mudflows, 
avalanches,  flash  floods,  landslides,  etc.  Risk  is  exacerbated  by  poor  national  coping 
capacities  and  a  near  absence  of  co-ordination  mechanisms,  analysis  and  preventative 
measures. One after the other, these disasters erode capacities and threaten people livelihoods.  

In December 2006, the European Commission adopted its Fourth DIPECHO Action Plan for 
Central Asia (€ 6,050,000), which covers the  period February 2007-July 2008. This decision 
concerns Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan, including small 
cross  border  initiatives  with  Northern  Afghanistan  and  will  bring  the  total  DIPECHO 
investment  in  the  region  to  € 15,050,000.  This 
fourth  action  plan  has  financed  20  grants 
agreements in the  following activities: developing local disaster  management  plans, disaster 
and vulnerability mapping, establishing early warning systems, training and equipping rapid 
response, search and rescue and medical teams, developing curricula and training programmes 
on  safe  construction  practices,  and  improvement  of  the  coordination  and  the  linking  to 
national platforms for disaster preparedness with the support of UNDP. 

In November 2007, DG ECHO organised the first regional consultative meeting on Disaster 
Risk  Reduction,  which  has  confirmed  the  relevance  and  the  success  of  the  DIPECHO 
programme in the region. This conference was also the opportunity to consult partners in the 
framework  of  the  preparation  of  the  Fifth  DIPECHO  action  plan  (€ 7,325,000)  which  will 
cover the period July 2008-December 2009 and the five Central Asia Countries. 

South Asia 

South Asia is one of the most vulnerable regions to natural disasters. The social and political 
structures,  demographic  pressures,  the  structure  of  settlements,  agricultural  practices  and 
economic  development  result  in  a  population  which  is  extremely  vulnerable  to  natural 
disasters such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, drought and landslides. 2007 has witnessed a 
large  numbers  of  floods  affecting  Pakistan,  India  and  Bangladesh  linked  notably  to  a 
particular  strong  monsoon.  The  year  has  ended  with  the  cyclone  SIDR  that  has  affected 
thousands  of  people  in  southern  Bangladesh  reminding  once  more  the  important  and 
pertinence  of  good  disaster  preparation.  The  Fourth  DIPECHO  Action  Plan  for  South  Asia 
with  a  budget  of  € 7,500,000  was 
launched  in  2007  for  projects  to  be  carried  out  in 
Afghanistan (for the first time), Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. Clear priorities were 
once  more  given  to  a  community-based  approach  for  the  most  remote,  disaster  prone  areas 
and  vulnerable  people  while  at  the  same  time  targeting  earthquake-prone  vulnerable 
populations in urban areas, such as big cities in Bangladesh and the Kathmandu valley.  

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Coordination  mechanisms  between  partners  and  joint  advocacy  for  Disaster  Risk  Reduction 
and thus also for a culture of preparedness, have been the most important achievements over 
the  last  two  years  and  will  remain  a  high  priority  during  this  Action  Plan.  DG ECHO  has 
directly  contributed  to  raising  national  awareness  about  DRR,  reiterating  the  obligation  of 
authorities to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action using community-based projects as 
the main advocacy platform for overall disaster management practices. 

South East Asia 

South  East  Asia  is  another  highly  disaster-prone  area  in  the  world.  This  area  is  particularly 
exposed  to  floods,  flash  flooding,  typhoons,  landslides,  earthquakes,  drought,  forest  fires, 
volcanoes  and  tsunamis.  The  losses  and  destruction  that  result  from  these  disasters  are 
considerable from a social and economic point of view, reducing the development potential of 
the poorer countries of the region especially where large parts of the populations are living in 
remoter  areas  with  weak  infrastructure.  The  disasters  that  affected  this  region  in  2007, 
although mostly small to medium scale, from floods, landslides, earthquakes in Indonesia, to 
typhoons  in  Vietnam,  floods  in  Vietnam  and  the  Philippines,  highlighted  yet  again  the 
importance of disaster preparedness activities – especially at the community level. Over the 
years DG ECHO has launched five Regional Action Plans for South East Asia of which the 
latest  was  implemented  in  2007.  The  Fifth  DIPECHO  Action  Plan  (€ 7,000,000)  covered 
seven  countries  in  the  region:  Cambodia,  East  Timor,  Indonesia,  Lao  PDR,  the  Philippines, 
Thailand and Vietnam, although Lao PDR and Thailand are only covered by regional projects.  

At the end of 2007, the strategy for the Sixth Action Plan was defined in collaboration with 
the main stakeholders in each country through National Consultative meetings, the analysis of 
existing legislation, donor activities in DRR and the current/planned national DRR strategies 
plus the recommendations from the 2006 evaluation of the DIPECHO strategy in the region. 

Drought Preparedness in the Horn of Africa and Disaster Preparedness in the 
south-east Africa and the south-west Indian Ocean Region. 

In  2006,  DG ECHO  adopted  a  significant  regional  decision  (€ 10,0 00,000)  on  disaster 
preparedness  for  pastoralist  populations  in  the  Greater  Horn  of  Africa  (i.e.  Sudan,  Djibouti, 
Somalia,  Ethiopia,  Kenya,  Uganda  and  Eritrea).  DG ECHO  financed  actions  supported  the 
establishment  of  contingency  planning  measures,  early  warning  systems  and  community-
based mechanisms for response to the inevitable cycles of droughts. Activities financed under 
the 2006 decision continued  to  be  implemented throughout 2007. (For more information on 
the drought preparedness programme in the Horn of Africa, see the Horn of Africa section.)  

In 2007 DG ECHO undertook an ex-ante evaluation of disaster preparedness in the south-east 
Africa and south-west Indian Ocean region. This ex-ante evaluation is being followed up with 
the  preparation  of  a  DIPECHO  Action  Plan  for  the  south-east  Africa  and  south-west  Indian 
Ocean region (€ 5,000,000). 

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PART II. 

POLICY ISSUES 

In  order  to  improve  the  quality  of  humanitarian  aid  delivered,  DG ECHO  follows  and 
develops  policy  issues  with  relevant  partners,  in  specific  areas  (such  as  food,  protection, 
HIV/AIDS, children, disaster preparedness civil-military coordination and the UN-instigated 
humanitarian reform etc). The European Commission and other donors agreed to 23 principles 
of "Good Humanitarian Donorship"(GHD) in 2003 to address good practice in humanitarian 
financing and donor  accountability,  stressing  inter  alia  the  need  for  aid  to  be  targeted 
according  to  need:  not  political  affiliation,  ethnicity,  religion  or  race.  In  2007,  DG ECHO 
continued  to  support  the  GHD-principles  through  a  specific  activity  plan.  Actions  included 
coordination  with  other  donors  and  organisations  on  methods  for  needs-based  allocations, 
building inter alia on DG ECHO's instrument for Global Needs Assessment. Other activities 
included strong support for disaster preparedness and the response capacity of humanitarian 
organisations, as well engaging in increased donor coordination at all levels. 

Due  to  a  number  of  developments,  the  European  humanitarian  aid  policy  needed  to  be 
reviewed  in  order  to  confirm  and/or  adapt  its  underlying  values,  principles  and  working 
modalities.  Moreover,  the  international  context  in  which  humanitarian  aid  takes  place  has 
changed considerably, not only in terms of the nature, frequency and intensity of disasters, but 
also in terms of the geopolitical context in which it operates. International humanitarian aid is 
therefore  being  reformed,  a  process  that  is  driven  by  major  donors  and  international  aid 
organisations, above all the United Nations. New actors have appeared on the scene such as 
non-traditional donors, including actors from the corporate sector or states that have hitherto 
not been active in humanitarian aid. Similarly, military and civil protection forces have come 
to  play  a  significant  role  in  some  circumstances  and  need  to  be  taken  account  of  in  many 
humanitarian  operations.  While  much  of  this  policy  terrain  is  covered  by  the  Good 
Humanitarian  Donorship  Initiative,  this  initiative  has  never  been  endorsed  at  EU  level. 
Finally, the EU is striving to strengthen its external action with a view to increased coherence, 
efficiency and effectiveness.  

To reply to these developments, an initiative was launched in order to propose ways for the 
EU to effectively  confront  the  changing humanitarian aid environment.  The  reflexion on its 
position at European and world levels, ways of intervention and relations with its partners or 
other  humanitarian  actors  has  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  a  Communication8  "Towards  a 
European consensus on Humanitarian Aid" in June 2007. In developing its communication, 
the  Commission  reviewed  lessons  learnt  in  its  response  to  a  number  of  major  crises  and 
conducted  an  intensive  process  of  its  humanitarian  partners  and  of  Member  States.  The 
consultation  showed  considerable  consensus  on  the  challenges  faced  by  humanitarian  aid 
workers and the need for the Union to take a clear stance in this respect. The negotiations with 
the European Parliament and Council which followed the communication led to the adoption 
of  the  statement  on  the  European  Consensus  in  December  2007.  Signed  by  the  three 
Institutions, it confirms the principles and best practices for humanitarian action with the aim 
at promoting a coordinated approach that would allow the Union to maximise its contribution 
to the international humanitarian response. 

A paper on children in humanitarian crises has progressed  with discussions with partners 
and stakeholders over the summer 2007. The Commission Staff working paper will be part of 

8 

COM(2007)317  

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a  package  developed  jointly  with  DG  DEVELOPMENT9.  Operational  fiches  will  be 
developed in 2008.  

DG ECHO implemented technical working groups on medical aspects of funded projects for 
public  health  emergencies  (Anopheles)  or  on  Water,  Sanitation  and  Hygiene  (Aquarius), 
combining different expertises with DG ECHO. It also includes terms of reference as well as 
work plans. 

DG ECHO  provided  political  and  financial  support  for  the  cluster  approach  that  has  been 
established  through  the  UN-instigated  humanitarian  reform.  The  cluster  approach  aims  at 
clarifying  the  division  of  labour  among  organisations,  and  better  defining  their  roles  and 
responsibilities in order to identify and plug response gaps in the overall humanitarian effort. 
DG ECHO  has  used  its  bilateral  dialogues  with  humanitarian  organisations,  international 
meetings  and  its  Delegations  in  Geneva  and  New  York  to  advocate  for  increased 
accountability of UN-agencies and other organisations.  

Finally, DG ECHO continued to support thematic funding, by funding UN agencies and the 
Red  Cross  aiming  at  reinforcing  their  core  capacities.  This  funding  supports  the  cluster 
approach as it strengthens the cluster capacity building of cluster-lead organisations. 

9 

Communication adopted in February 2008 "A Special Place for Children in EU External Action" 

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PART III.  RELATIONS  WITH  OTHER  EU  INSTITUTIONS,  MEMBER  STATES,  MAJOR 

HUMANITARIAN PARTNERS AND NON-EU DONORS 

1. 

EU Institutions and Member States 

As  in  previous  years,  DG ECHO  pursued  an  active  relationship  with  other  Institutions, 
Member  States  and  International  Organisations  and  continued  to  promote  the  respect  for 
international  humanitarian  law  and  humanitarian  principles  (humanity,  impartiality,  non-
discrimination  and  neutrality),  particularly  in  relation  to  developments  under  the  Common 
Foreign  and  Security  Policy.  It  ensured  also  that  the  necessity  to  respect  the  humanitarian 
space during emergencies has duly been taken into account in the European and international 
debate.  This  objective  includes  also  the  work  done  in  respect  to  the  Ombudsman  and  the 
Committee on Petitions. 

In  2007,  the  work  and  negotiations  leading  to  the  EU  Consensus  on  Humanitarian  Aid 
represented the key process for DG ECHO's active interaction with the European Parliament 
and  the  Council  on  humanitarian  issues.  Commissioner  Louis  Michel,  accompanied  by 
DG ECHO  representatives,  participated  in  the  meeting  of  the  European  Parliament 
Development  Committee  on  18  December.  DG ECHO  also  contributed  to  the  Hearing 
organised on 29 January 2008 by the European Parliament Committee on Development as a 
follow-up to the Consensus.  

At  the  Community  institutional  level,  DG ECHO  continued  to  be  active  throughout  2007 
with a view to ensuring that the humanitarian principles remained high on the agenda within 
the  EU  institutions.  This  was  particularly  the  case  in  discussions  with  military  and  civil 
protection actors.  

DG ECHO also maintained close contacts with other Commission services in particular with 
DG  Environment  –  civil  protection  and  DG  External  Relations  as  far  crisis  response  is 
concerned.  A  revised  Memorandum  of  Understanding  on  coordination  on  disaster  response 
was  signed  by  the  three  services  who  also  agreed  on  a  standard  model  for  joint  situation 
response. 

As regards relations with the military, meetings with Council were arranged and have led to 
concrete operational follow up. Following the adoption in 2006 of the General Framework for 
the Use of Member States' Military or Military Chartered Transportation Assets and European 
Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) Coordination Tools in support of EU Disaster Response, 
a  "table  top"  exercise  was  organised  with  Military  Staff  of  the  European  Union  (EUMS)  to 
test the Standard Operating Procedures developed for its practical implementation. In order to 
inform  DG ECHO  experts/staff  of  these  developments,  a  special  session  devoted  to  these 
subjects was organised during the 2007 Experts Seminar with the participation of the EUMS. 

With regard to Member States, seven monthly meetings of the Humanitarian Aid Committee 
(HAC)  were  organised  as  well  as  two  informal  meetings.  The  German  and  Portuguese 
Informal HAC meetings took as their common theme the Communication on the "European 
Consensus  on  Humanitarian  Aid".  Following  its  adoption,  the  German  Presidency  tabled 
Council  Conclusions  welcoming  the  Consensus  initiative  and  the  Portuguese  Presidency 
tabled a draft consensus. 

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In  relation  to  the  European  Parliament,  DG ECHO  presented  its  draft  operational  strategy 
for  2008  to  the  Development  Committee  (CODEV)  on  17/12/07.  DG ECHO  continued  to 
monitor  in  particular  the  work  of  the  DEVE  Committee  and  to  further  consolidate  the 
relations  with  the  Humanitarian  Rapporteur,  including  active  appearances  at  DEVE  and 
regular  meetings  with  the  Rapporteur  and  European  Parliament  staff.  It  also  successfully 
coordinated  DG ECHO's  replies  and  input  to  written  and  oral  questions  emanating  from 
Members of European Parliament.  

Other tasks completed during the year were (1) to make sure that DG ECHO complied with 
the  obligations  arising  from  the  European  Parliament's  right  of  scrutiny,  (2)  provision  of 
substantial input to the negotiations between Commission and European Parliament on a new 
Bilateral Agreement between the European Parliament and the Commission on procedures for 
implementing  the  Comitology  Decision  which  will  contain  a  provision  allowing  for  a 
permanent derogation for humanitarian aid decisions from the one month deadline of the right 
of scrutiny and (3) follow-up of the alignment exercise to the new comitology decision and 
provided DG ECHO's contribution to the exercise. 

2. 

Relations with international organisations and non-EU major donors 

On  the  international  front  and  in  order  to  ensure  a  strategic  and  trustworthy  dialogue 
between  DG ECHO  and  UN-agencies,  NGOs  and  the  Red  Cross  Movement  (ICRC  and 
IFRC),  yearly  high-level  Strategic  Partnership  Dialogues  (SPDs)  are  organised  with  each 
organisation.  The  SPDs  represents  an  opportunity  for  DG ECHO  to  exchange  views  on  key 
issues and developments with its main partners. Six of such SPDs were organised in 2007. 

DG ECHO  participates  actively  in  the  OCHA  -  and  ICRC  Donor  Support  Groups  through 
which  main  donors  provide  strategic  advice  to  the  organisations.  Activities  include  regular 
meetings in Geneva and New York, as well as participation in yearly high-level international 
conferences and field missions.  

the  US  Administration  (USAID10  and  PRM11) 

In the framework of its relations with non-EU major donors, DG ECHO maintained contacts 
through  regular 
with 
videoconferences,  addressing  general  policy  issues  and  humanitarian  operations  in  specific 
countries with a view to ensuring a coherent and complementary response. 

in  particular 

10 
11 

United States Agency for International Development (USAID) 
Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration - US (PRM) 

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PART IV.  OTHER ACTIVITIES 

1. 

Experts in the field 

In order to meet the target of 100 experts defined in the post-tsunami action plan of January 
2005,  DG ECHO  pursued  its  consolidation  in  the  recruitment  of  field  experts,  aiming  at 
organising multi-sectoral rapid response teams. This allows DG ECHO to rapidly dispatch its 
field  experts  to  new  crisis  situations  to  carry  out  humanitarian  needs  assessments  and 
participate in the coordination of humanitarian activities in the field. 

In  2007,  experts  were  recruited  in  the  context  of  the  reinforcement  of  Regional  Support 
Offices, to work in new country offices or to reinforce existing ones. At the end of the year, 
96  experts  were  under  contracts  and  7  recruitment  procedures  were  ongoing.  This  number 
fluctuates slightly with the closure or downsizing of certain offices and the reinforcement of 
others according to needs. 

2. 

Security issues 

The security of humanitarian personnel in the field is a growing concern for all humanitarian 
bodies.  During  the  past  year,  there  were  a  significant  number  of  violent  acts  directly 
committed against humanitarian aid workers. In particular, the number of incidents involving 
national/local  NGO  staff  increased  compared  to  those  involving  international  staff.  These 
security  incidents  continued  to  undermine  the  operational  efficiency  and  effectiveness  of 
humanitarian partners. In this context, DG ECHO continued to pursue its efforts to strengthen 
its  own  security  management  system  at  headquarters  and  in  the  field  through  improved  co-
ordination and collaboration on security issues with appropriate humanitarian partners.  

DG ECHO  has  established  its  own  comprehensive  security  policy,  taking  into  account  the 
specificity of humanitarian aid delivery. This policy is coordinated by a specialised Security 
Advisor  with  a  24/7  permanence  for  DG ECHO  headquarters  and  field  staff  and  a  direct 
reporting  line  to  the  Director  General  (regular  meetings).  His  risk/threat  assessment  covers 
safety and security risks including advises on security sensitive missions. 

In 2007, the emphasis has been put on security training courses for all experts, local staff, etc. 
working  in  hostile  environment.  An  increased  number  of  "pre-mission"  security  briefings 
were  given  to  headquarters'  staff  travelling  on  mission  to  high  risk  security  environments. 
DG ECHO's  safety/security  guidelines  and  procedures  were  submitted  for  inclusion  in  the 
Information Pack for Field staff. 

DG ECHO appointed a new Regional Security Coordinator based in India, who will provide 
safety/security advice and support to all staff in Asia. 

Finally, DG ECHO has initiated during the last quarter of 2007 the formalisation of existing 
close contacts with the concerned EC services, in view of further discussing and developing 
the  appropriate  balance  between  ensuring  the  coherence  of  security  issues  within  the 
Commission and the efficient implementation of Humanitarian Aid. 

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3. 

Thematic funding and Grant Facility 

a) Thematic funding 

Thematic  funding  is  covered  by  article  4  of  the  Council  Regulation  (EC)  n°  1257/96  on 
humanitarian  aid.  While  remaining  crisis-oriented  and  answering  primarily  to  the  needs  of 
populations that are victims of humanitarian disasters and conflicts, DG ECHO also finances, 
to a limited extent, the reinforcement of the core capacities of its partners.  

In order to correct deficiencies in the general response to humanitarian emergencies, the UN 
Emergency  Relief  Coordinator  (ERC)  commissioned  an  independent  review12  of  the  global 
humanitarian  system  in  2005.  Following  this  review,  a  Humanitarian  Reform  Programme 
(HRP)  was  adopted  by  the  Inter-Agency  Standing  Committee  (IASC)  in  September  2005, 
aimed at improving the humanitarian response by, among others, the introduction of a cluster 
approach13. The European Commission has confirmed full commitment to contribute to this 
reform  process.  In  particular,  DG ECHO  funds  selected  lead  agencies  through  thematic 
funding,  aiming  at  reinforcing  their  capacities  to  fulfil  their  leadership  responsibilities  to 
ensure a coherent, timely, consistent, and effective humanitarian response.  

A  new  approach  to  thematic  funding  has  also  been  developed  for  the  period  2007/2008, 
centring  the  thematic  funding  around  a  common  theme  which  is  the  support  to  the 
humanitarian reform, in particular the cluster approach and coordination:  

During the year, DG ECHO supported UN agencies and Red Cross movement organisations 
as lead agencies for a total amount of € 27,500,000, of which € 23,000,000 is allocated for a 
two-years round.  

The  emphasis  has  been  put  on  the  following  gaps  which  are  targeted  to  create  an  effective 
response capacity: assessing sector capacity, strengthening surge capacity, capacity building, 
increase  of  the  availability  of  relief  items  at  the  onset  of  new  emergencies,  development  of 
standard operating procedures, applying benchmarks to measure performance and improving 
coordination and support for the cluster to address the above.  

12 

13 

Humanitarian Response  Review,  United Nations  Office  for  the  Coordination  of  Humanitarian  Affairs 
(UNOCHA), Aug 2005 
The Cluster Approach aims to ensure e.g. sufficient global capacity and improved strategic field-level 
coordination. The approach is designed around the concept of partnerships between UN agencies, the 
International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, international organisations and NGOs. Partners 
work together towards agreed common humanitarian objectives both at the global level (preparedness, 
standards, tools, stockpiles and capacity-building) and at the field level (assessment, planning, delivery 
and monitoring). http://www.humanitarianinfo.org/iasc/content/default.asp  

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THEMATIC FUNDING IN 2007 

Partner and type of funding 

Amount allocated

UN-OCHA – Humanitarian Information Systems 
UNICEF – Protection of children and women 
UNICEF – Preparedness and response capacity to humanitarian crises  
WFP – Humanitarian Logistics capacities – Response Depot Network 
WFP – Assessing Emergency needs in food security  
UNHCR – Emergency Shelter Cluster  
IFRC – Response to natural disasters 
WHO – Support Health Emergencies 
TOTAL 

3.500.000 
1.500.000 
4.500.000 
4.300.000 
4.500.000 
900.000 
4.000.000 
4.300.000 
27.500.000 

b) Grant Facility 

As regards NGOs, the equivalent of thematic funding is the Grant Facility. Based on article 4 
of Council Regulation n° 1257/1996, the Grant Facility was established by DG ECHO during 
the Nineties in order to finance capacity building of non governmental partner organisations 
on the most relevant humanitarian aid issues.  

In 2007, the objective of the Grant Facility funding was to improve the quality of EC-financed 
humanitarian aid and the performance of the overall humanitarian system by strengthening the 
organisational  preparedness,  management  and  response  capacity,  and  accountability  of 
humanitarian  NGOs  through  the  provision  of  targeted  sectoral  training  and  relevant 
networking activities. 

4. 

Finance and Audit  

DG ECHO has formal systems for regularly monitoring financial information and providing 
adequate management information. Specific financial indicators have been incorporated into 
an overall scoreboard.  

Humanitarian  activities  are  subject  to  financial  audits,  both  at  partners’  headquarters  for 
finalised projects and in the field for on-going projects. In respect of the Headquarter audits, 
DG ECHO uses an external firm of auditors to scrutinise DG ECHO projects over a two-year 
cycle involving an examination of partners’ systems and the use of DG ECHO funds. In 2007, 
69  headquarter  audits  were  completed  and  37  field  audits  were  finalised  on  projects  under 
way. 

5. 

Communication and information 

Regarding its communication strategy, DG ECHO undertook a range of actions in pursuit of 
its  broad  objective  to  boost  understanding  in  Europe  and  developing  countries  of  the 
concrete contribution made by humanitarian aid to the EU commitment of solidarity with 
developing  countries.  The  EU  is  collectively  the  world's  largest  humanitarian  donor.  As  the 
leading  relief  funder  in  the  Union,  the  Commission  has  a  leadership  role  in  communicating 
the values that underlie European aid.  

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Within  the  EU,  there  is  a  high  level  of  support  for  humanitarian  action  at  European  level. 
While public awareness of the Commission's work in this area has increased, many Europeans 
still have only a limited knowledge of the subject. The delivery of relief strikes a chord with 
most people and therefore presents an opportunity for the Commission to 'connect' positively 
with citizens. 

With regard to printed publications, a thematic brochure on solidarity dedicated to the young 
people, photo-books, postcards and bookmarks as well as a new brochure on the phasing out 
activities in Tajikistan were printed. 

Audiovisual items were produced such as a General presentation of EC humanitarian aid on 
DVD or broadcast of ECHO "spot" on Liberty TV.  

Other  communication  products  included  press  releases,  witness  accounts  published  on  the 
DG ECHO website, new country-specific web sections, editorial features in four airlines in-
flight magazines, an Annual Review and a range of other publications. 

Joint  communications  with  major  institutional  partners  were  carried  out  such  as  (1)  WFP: 
Food  Force  game  in  Portugal  and  Germany;  (2)  UNHCR:  Financed  reprint  of  leaflet 
"Working  together  to  help  refugees"  featuring  UNHCR-Commission  relationship;  (3) 
UNICEF:  Chechnya  billboards  highlighting  UNICEF-Commission  cooperation  with 
accompanying 
implementation  of 
Communication Plan of Action. DG ECHO arranged two further venues in Brussels for ICRC 
photo  exhibition.  Presentation  and  media  interview  at  launch  of  ECHO-funded  photo 
exhibition  in  Warsaw;  (5)  IFRC:  Press  trip  to  Philippines  organised  and  (6)  WHO: 
Monitoring  of  visibility  component  in  Middle  East  funding  decision),  edited  and  designed 
advertorial placed by WHO in 'Time' magazine.  

feature  on  ECHO  website;  (4)  ICRC:  Ongoing 

Other  events  were  also  organised,  such  as  (1)  integrated  awareness-raising  campaigns  in 
Baltic  States,  Slovakia,  Germany  and  Portugal,  This  included  the  launching  of  WFP  Food 
Force  Game  [Germany  and  Portugal]  and  a  "humanitarian  road  show"  travelling  to 
Lithuania,  Latvia  and  Estonia;  exhibitions,  etc;  (2)  participation  in  EuropeAid  Cooperation 
Office  “May  9th”  schools  campaign  in  Austria,  France,  Latvia,  Netherlands,  Poland, 
Portugal,  Slovakia,  Spain  and  the  UK;  (3)  increased  participation  in  major  humanitarian 
events, fairs and exhibition in European cities (International Aid and Trade-Geneva, Salon des 
Solidarités-Paris,  DIHAD-Dubai)  and  (4)  Participation  in  Rome  Treaty  50th  anniversary 
celebrations. 

6. 

Training initiative 

DG ECHO  continued  to  support  the  Network  on  Humanitarian  Assistance  (NOHA),  which 
offers  a  one-year  multi-disciplinary  post-graduate  diploma  with  seven  universities 
participating  across  Europe14  with  the  backing  of  non-governmental  organisations  (NGOs), 
inter-governmental  organisations  (IGOs)  and  other  actors  of  the  humanitarian  relief 
community. 

14 

Université  Catholique  de  Louvain  -  Belgium,  Université  Paul  Cézanne  Aix-Marseille  III  (UPCAM)  - 
France, Ruhr-Universität Bochum - Germany, University College of Dublin - Ireland, Universidad de 
Deusto - Spain, University of Uppsala - Sweden and University of Groningen - The Netherlands 

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PART V. 

EVALUATIONS AND OUTSIDE ASSESSMENTS 

1. 

1. 

Evaluations 

In terms of evaluations, DG ECHO has an evaluation programme that covers the evaluation 
of operations, partnership and thematic issues. The function focuses on ex-post, ex-ante and 
real time evaluations of operations (usually where more than €50,000,000 of funds had been 
committed  or  which  had  not  been  evaluated  for  three  years  or  more  as  far  as  the  ex-post 
evaluations  are  concerned,  and  depending  on  operational  priorities  for  the  others)  and  on 
reviews/studies  on  sectoral  issues.  The  staffing  involved  in  the  management  of  these 
evaluation  activities  is  of  4  staff  members.  The  budget  allocated  to  evaluations  was  of 
€ 1,800,000. 

In 2007, the following evaluations were finalised and/or launched:  

•  Thematic  issues:  DIPECHO  interventions  in  South  East  Asia  and  Central  America; 
DG ECHO's  financed  actions  in  the  health  sector;  Information,  communication  and 
visibility activities; Use of cash and vouchers in humanitarian crises; 

•  Country  operations:  Greater  Horn  of  Africa,  Pakistan,  Haiti,  Sahel  West  Africa  region, 

Zimbabwe, North Korea and Tajikistan.  

These  evaluations  globally  confirm  the  appropriateness  and  relevance  of  DG ECHO  funded 
projects and of the methodology for needs assessment.  

The evaluation reports are widely distributed and discussed in depth with the stakeholders as 
they provide an important contribution to DG ECHO's operational strategy.  

More 
these 
http://ec.europa.eu/comm/echo/evaluation/index_en.htm. 

evaluations 

details 

are 

on 

on  DG ECHO’s 

internet 

site 

2. 

2.  Outside assessments 

In  2007,  there  were  2  outside  assessments  which  touched  upon  the  performance  of 
DG ECHO as a humanitarian donor: 

–  The  DAC  Peer  Review15  was  overall  very  positive  in  respect  of  the  added  value  of  the 
humanitarian assistance provided by the Community in relation to its member states and of 
the overall donor performance of DG ECHO. Its main recommendations related to the need 
to increase DG ECHO's influence on humanitarian international policies and to address the 
significant under-funding of the DG ECHO's base budget.  

–  The  DAC  Peer  Review  report  is  available  in  the  OECD  website  "Review  of  the 
Development Co-operation Policies and Programmes of the European Community"16. 

–  DARA,  an  independent  organisation  committed  to  improving  the  quality  of  development 
and  humanitarian  organisations  through  evaluation,  made  a  comparative  assessment  in 

15 

16 

The  Development  Co-operation  Directorate  (DCD-DAC)  within  the  Organisation  for  Economic  Co-
operation and Development 
http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3343,en_2649_201185_39758640_1_1_1_1,00.html 

EN 

85 

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2007  on  the  adherence  of  humanitarian  donors  to  the  indicators  of  "good  humanitarian 
Donorship". In this comparative analysis, the European Commission was ranked in the 5th 
place overall amongst the 23 main governmental donors. 

–  The results are available on DARA's website http://www.daraint.org/web_en/dara1.html  

EN 

86 

   EN 

PART VI. 

FINANCIAL TABLES 

1. 

DG ECHO budget and decisions for Humanitarian aid 1993 - 2007  

YEAR

Initial Budget

Reinforcements

Total

  Em. Aid Res.

Other

BUDGET COMMISSION  (1)

LOME
(EDF+BUDG)

TOTAL
BUDGET
(Com Appr.)

FINANCIAL
DECISIONS

Implemen-
tation
rate

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

171.400

266.000

256.000

321.500

315.100

325.100

330.850

209.000

212.000

254.500

324.000

0

150.000

346.000

471.050 (2)

0

473.000

441.845

441.690

490.000

495.500

495.729

732.160

40.000

80.000

100.000

0

130.000

140.000

0

136.010

21.200

132.000

13.970

122.720

5.113

50.000

21.410

10.000

0

44.910

28.184

5.156

7.561

8.854

516.410

499.200

642.500

659.470

437.820

480.213

726.850

492.460

523.000

521.845

586.600

518.184

630.656

643.290

741.014

90.180

263.770

46.455

10.380

7.420

37.387

83.432

2.850

20.750

17.475

14.105

52.228

23.170

28.060

28.200

606.590

762.970

688.955

669.850

445.240

517.600

810.282

495.310

543.750

539.320

600.705

570.412

653.826

671.350

769.214

604.800

764.100

694.100

656.700

441.600

517.642

812.910

491.715

543.704

537.790

600.349

570.342

652.499

671.007

768.530

99,7%

100,1%

100,7%

98,0%

99,2%

100,0%

100,3%

99,3%

100,0%

99,7%

99,9%

100,0%

99,8%

99,9%

99,9%

TOTAL 1993-2007

6.026.924

1.985.500

607.088

8.619.512

725.862

9.345.374

9.327.788

99,8%

AVERAGE
YEARS 1993-2007

AVERAGE
LAST 5 YEARS

401.795

132.367

40.473

574.634

48.391

623.025

621.853

99,8%

531.016

74.000

18.933

623.949

29.153

653.101

652.545

99,9%

(1) Total of chapter B7-21 (lines 210A,210,214,217,219) - As of 01.01.2004 (23.0104 & 23.0201 & 23.0202)

(2) Part of the emergency reserve was transferred to the budget line B7-210. The emergency reserve (line B7-910) was reduced from 346 MEUR in 1999 to 203 MEUR in 2000 and the budget 
in chapter B7-21 was increased by 140 MEUR. It is important to note that the budget was not increased - it was only an increase of the chapiter B7-21 (humanitarin aid) with a corresponding 
decrease in the chapter B7-91 (emergency aid reserve)

EN 

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2. 

Evolution of Humanitarian Aid's budget over the last 10 years 

The  gradual  erosion  of  the  humanitarian  aid  budget  is  in  sharp  contrast  with  both  the 
evolution of humanitarian needs and assistance provided by other main donors. 

Although specific trends fluctuate from one year to the next, the overall need for humanitarian 
aid  is  on  a  continuous  rise.  While  the  effects  of  wars  and  civil  conflicts,  on  which  the 
Commission spends roughly three quarters of its humanitarian aid budget, are relatively stable 
– although refugee  numbers have recently  increased – the frequency and severity of  natural 
disasters  is  clearly  rising  much  faster  than  any  humanitarian  aid  budget.  Consequently,  the 
Commission's  international  partners'  appeals  for  financing  are  increasing:  for  instance,  the 
overall  annual  operational  budget  of  the  International  Committee  of  the  Red  Cross  has 
increased by 46% since 1996. 

The graph below provides an overview of the EC humanitarian assistance and the assistance 
by  the  EU  (Member  States  included17)  as  compared  to  the  official  worldwide  humanitarian 
assistance18. It shows a steeply rising trend in international humanitarian aid is not mirrored 
by the Community humanitarian aid budget, which has been in decline. As a consequence, in 
real terms, the share Commission's humanitarian assistance in official humanitarian assistance 
decreased over this period by 30%19. 

17 
18 

19 

EN 

Before 1997, no consolidated information is available 
Since the official humanitarian aid is expressed in US$ and give the sharp currency fluctuations in the 
rate US$/Euro, the aid volume has been calculated at the yearly rate and at an average rate. The year 
2007 
: 
estimated 
http://www.globalhumanitarianassistance.org) 
Global data are only available until 2006 – but it is likely that this trend continued as Member States 
and others keep increased ODA. 

humanitarian 

(source 

official 

figure 

total 

aid 

the 

for 

an 

is 

88 

   EN 

 
                                                      
n
o

i
l
l
i

m
R
U
E

9000

8000

7000

6000

5000

4000

3000

2000

1000

0

TOTAL HA (EUR - yearly rate)

TOTAL HA (EUR - average rate)

EC HA (EUR)

EC+MS (EUR)

Global Official Humanitarian Aid 1995-2007 (in million EUR)

1995

3935

4420

1057

1996

3217

3494

1021

1997

3269

3146

714

1226

1998

3282

3247

786

1708

1999

6259

5417

1065

1961

2000

5591

4156

742

1402

2001

5511

4206

792

1712

2002

5910

5044

767

1497

2003

5964

6048

814

1818

2004

5539

6303

772

1745

2005

8153

8260

851

2471

Global HA
(average rate)

Global HA
(yearly rate)

EC+MS

EC

2006

6767

7647

878

2276

2007

6114

7739

769

1949

3. 

DG ECHO's finalised contracts 1998-2007* 

Signature Year**  1998 

1999 

2000 

2001 

2002 

2003 

2004 

2005 

2006 

2007 

Number 
contracts signed 

of 

1 206 

1 202  1 214

1 119

891

878

926 

885  1 086

1 148

include  grant  agreements  for  humanitarian  aid  and  contracts  for  support  expenditure 

* 
(audits, evaluations, information) and for technical assistance 

includes  contracts  from  financial  year  N  and  any  contract  from  previous  financial 

** 
years but signed in financial year N 

EN 

89 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
4. 

Geographical breakdown of funding decisions 2002-2007 – Global overview 

Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Africa, Caribbean, Pacific

199.450.000

225.285.000

301.555.000

244.216.500

322.060.000

418.760.000

All Africa

2.000.000

HORN of AFRICA

44.695.000

52.200.000

151.088.000

99.120.000

175.550.000

217.950.000

Chad / Burkina Faso

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Kenya

Somalia

Sudan 

Uganda

Regional drought

Drought preparedness

Echo-Flight (1)

175.000

1.750.000

7.750.000

2.500.000

4.500.000

18.000.000

2.120.000

2.000.000

1.300.000

2.000.000

9.000.000

22.000.000

8.000.000

12.000.000

14.000.000

14.500.000

1.000.000

6.998.000

3.850.000

9.150.000

91.000.000

18.620.000

4.620.000

4.500.000

2.000.000

9.000.000

45.000.000

14.000.000

6.000.000

5.000.000

9.050.000

10.000.000

97.000.000

19.000.000

5.000.000

10.000.000

30.500.000

6.000.000

20.000.000

9.000.000

18.000.000

110.450.000

24.000.000

7.900.000

7.900.000

8.470.000

6.000.000

GREAT LAKES / CENTRAL AFRICA

83.400.000

88.500.000

76.890.000

71.000.000

84.050.000

89.500.000

Burundi

Central African Republic

Congo (Dem. Rep.)

Congo-Brazzaville

Gabon

Great lakes / Regional

Tanzania

Echo-Flight (1)

17.500.000

38.100.000

300.000

27.000.000

500.000

15.000.000

1.000.000

44.000.000

4.000.000

24.000.000

18.990.000

17.000.000

17.000.000

470.000

40.000.000

2.000.000

38.000.000

2.000.000

14.900.000

13.500.000

500.000

530.000

500.000

43.000.000

1.000.000

16.050.000

7.000.000

EN 

90 

19.500.000

8.000.000

42.500.000

12.000.000
7.500.000  

EN 

 
  
Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

WEST AFRICA 

21.250.000

31.185.000

25.300.000

38.550.000

41.650.000

46.600.000

Benin

Epidemics

Guinea Bissau

Liberia, Ivory Coast, Guinea

Mali, Niger, Mauritanie

600.000

1.050.000

20.500.000

29.740.000

25.300.000

845.000

29.200.000

8.300.000

Regional

Sahel

Senegal

Angola

SOUTHERN AFRICA/INDIAN OCEAN

49.500.000

52.000.000

30.800.000

27.750.000

19.200.000

50.400.000

750.000

Africa, Southern - Regional (Lesotho/Swaziland) 

Madagascar

Malawi

Mozambique / Botswana

Namibia

Zambia

Zimbabwe

12.000.000

30.000.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

3.000.000

2.000.000

8.900.000

25.000.000

8.800.000

2.000.000

2.000.000

100.000

5.000.000

1.000.000

2.000.000

13.000.000

15.000.000

2.000.000

1.750.000

500.000

5.000.000

3.000.000

5.819.167

5.380.833

2.000.000

7.000.000

3.500.000

15.000.000

2.200.000

12.000.000

2.000.000
30.200.000  

1.250.000

1.000.000

26.500.000

12.000.000

900.000

19.100.000

2.000.000

25.500.000

EN 

91 

EN 

 
  
 
Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

CARIBBEAN / PACIFIC 

605.000

1.400.000

17.477.000

7.796.500

1.610.000

12.310.000

Caraibean / Pacific

Haiti

Solomon Island

Comoros

Papua New Guinea

Suriname

605.000

1.400.000

17.477.000

6.496.500

910.000

7.260.000

4.500.000

550.000

1.100.000

200.000

700.000

 (1) Echo-flight was used mostly for Air Operations in the Horn of Africa but as of 2001 also for Air Operations in Central Africa. From 2006, it is only used in Central Africa
  For the years 2001-2003 a detailed breakdown by region was not available in the funding decision and the breakdown for these years is therefore indicative.

EN 

92 

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Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Eastern Europe, NIS, Mediterranean, 
Middle East

147.430.000

191.141.261

90.705.000

84.087.000

177.900.000

124.897.118

NIS and MONGOLIA 

40.500.000

39.200.000

41.850.000

35.200.000

33.000.000

25.807.118

Caucasus, Northern (Chechnya)

Caucasus, South (Georgia)

28.000.000

1.800.000

700.000

10.000.000

26.000.000

2.200.000

1.000.000

10.000.000

28.500.000

4.000.000

1.000.000

8.350.000

26.300.000

2.000.000

26.000.000

2.000.000

900.000

6.000.000

5.000.000

20.807.118

2.000.000

3.000.000

WESTERN BALKANS

43.000.000

7.660.000

37.000.000

7.660.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

1.000.000

MIDDLE EAST

49.590.000

137.138.761

39.880.000

39.576.000

134.000.000

89.090.000

Palestinian Territories, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria

13.000.000

35.000.000

1.590.000

97.138.761

38.000.000

2.000.000

37.350.000

2.530.000

36.576.000

134.000.000

3.000.000

17.800.000

70.300.000

990.000

MEDITERRANEAN / NORTH AFRICA

14.340.000

7.142.500

8.975.000

9.311.000

10.900.000

10.000.000

2.000.000

Western Sahara (Sahrawi)

14.340.000

5.142.500

975.000

8.000.000

9.311.000

10.900.000

10.000.000  

Moldova

Mongolia

Tajikistan

FRY - Serbie

FRY - Kosovo

fyROM

Regional

Iraq crisis

Yemen 

Algeria

Morocco

EN 

93 

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Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Asia, Central & South America

157.615.000

127.060.000

123.323.630

256.945.370

105.491.305

141.865.678

ASIA

137.969.000

116.949.000

111.123.630

239.245.370

86.891.305

109.800.695

Afghanistan/Iran/Pakistan

Bangladesh

Burma/Myanmar/Thailand

Cambodia

China / Tibet

East Timor

India

Indonesia

Laos

Nepal / Bhutan

North Korea

Philippines

Regional

Sri Lanka

Tsunami

Vietnam

73.254.000

55.839.000

8.965.000

5.500.000

4.450.000

1.935.000

5.000.000

3.540.000

1.130.000

3.675.000

11.560.000

4.000.000

4.800.000

2.000.000

2.650.000

3.500.000

1.700.000

4.000.000

21.025.000

17.000.000

1.000.000

800.000

8.100.000

8.300.000

1.195.000

42.821.000

5.763.000

19.720.000

3.500.000

2.000.000

250.000

3.000.000

3.500.000

1.500.000

4.000.000

16.750.000

1.650.000

6.500.000

169.630

68.000.000

23.500.000

16.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

2.000.000

1.200.000

6.000.000

13.715.000

500.000

15.700.000

3.000.000

6.000.000

9.867.000

7.800.000

8.000.000

564.305

4.000.000

12.000.000

122.830.370

27.000.000

9.925.000

19.000.000

3.000.000

2.630.000

1.600.000

6.000.000

2.000.000

2.145.695

19.500.000

15.000.000

460.000

2.000.000  

EN 

94 

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Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA 

19.646.000

10.111.000

12.200.000

17.700.000

18.600.000

32.064.983

Bolivia

Central America

Colombia

Cuba

Ecuador

Guatemala

Honduras

Nicaragua

Paraguay

Peru

520.000

8.000.000

1.000.000

8.500.000

5.700.000

12.000.000

1.000.000

2.000.000

1.000.000

12.000.000

13.000.000

6.028.000

9.200.000

600.000

1.000.000

2.600.000

500.000

6.000.000

1.500.000

10.064.983

South America (Colombia excluded)

3.818.000

1.591.000

2.700.000

EN 

95 

EN 

 
  
 
 
Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

THEMATIC FUNDING

11.700.000

23.196.000

19.430.000

20.500.000

19.500.000

27.500.000

Protection of refugees (UNHCR)

11.700.000

11.000.000

1.200.000

10.000.000

4.000.000

996.000

2.000.000

5.000.000

4.000.000

4.000.000

4.000.000

3.000.000

3.000.000

1.800.000

3.500.000

1.500.000

Humanitarian Information systems (OCHA)

Protection of victims of armed conflicts (ICRC)

Protection of children and women (UNICEF)

Preparedness and response capacity to hum.crises 
(UNICEF)

Humanitarian logistic capacities - Response Depot 
Network (WFP)

Emergency Shelter Cluster (UNHCR)

Response to Natural Disasters (IFRC)

Assessing Emergency Needs in food security (WFP)

Support Health Emergencies (WHO)

GRANTS AND SERVICES

5.430.000

4.200.000

4.500.000

4.500.000

3.500.000

3.500.000

4.000.000

3.500.000

4.300.000

900.000

4.000.000

4.500.000

4.300.000

1.000.000

1.400.000

EN 

96 

EN 

 
  
 
 
Country/Region

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

DISASTER PREPARDENESS

8.000.000

12.000.000

13.700.000

17.500.000

19.050.000

19.500.000

Andean Communities

1.640.000

Carribean

Central Asia

South Asia

South East and Central America

6.360.000

4.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

2.500.000

4.500.000

3.500.000

3.500.000

6.000.000

6.500.000

4.000.000

7.500.000

1.500.000

6.050.000

7.000.000

6.000.000

2.500.000

5.200.000

6.000.000

OTHER EXPENDITURE

13.595.000

21.666.000

21.628.000

29.250.000

26.005.627

34.607.038

Experts

Regional Imprest Accounts/Regional offices

Support Ependiture (audit, eval, info)

Use of re-assigned revenue

8.000.000

1.025.000

4.570.000

12.037.000

13.500.000

18.750.000

14.350.000

20.500.000

4.880.000

4.749.000

1.800.000

6.328.000

4.000.000

6.500.000

4.650.000

6.188.894

816.733

4.900.000

8.900.262

306.776

BUDGET IMPLEMENTATION 2002-2007

537.790.000

600.348.261

570.341.630

652.498.870

671.006.932

768.529.834

EN 

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5. 

Funding decisions for humanitarian aid in 2007 

a) Decisions adopted by the Commission as of 31.12.2007 

Country/sub-region

Decisions in €

Country/sub-region

Decisions in €

AFRICA, CARIBBEAN, PACIFIC

418.760.000

ASIA

109.800.695

All Africa

Regional West Africa

Regional Sahel

Regional Southern Africa

Burundi

Chad

Caribbean

2.000.000

Bangladesh

2.000.000

East Timor

25.500.000

India

5.819.167

Indonesia

19.500.000

Myanmar/Burma/Thailand

30.500.000

Nepal

7.260.000

North Korea

Central African Republic

8.000.000

Pakistan/Iran/Afghanistan

Côte d'Ivoire

Congo (Democratic Republic)

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Guinea  

Haiti

Kenya

Liberia

Madagascar

Mozambique

Solomon Island

Somalia

Sudan

Tanzania

Uganda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

500.000

Philippines

50.000.000

Sri Lanka

6.000.000

Vietnam

20.000.000

Regional South Asia

2.000.000

4.500.000

Latin America

9.000.000

Bolivia

16.600.000

Colombia

5.380.833

Honduras

7.000.000

Nicaragua

550.000

Paraguay

18.000.000

Peru

110.450.000

12.000.000

DIPECHO

24.000.000

Central America

2.000.000

South America

30.200.000

South Asia

Caribbean

Eastern Europe, NIS

25.807.118

Georgia

Moldova

2.000.000

Thematic funding

3.000.000

Supporting HA reform

Northern Caucasus (Chechnya crisis)

20.807.118

Assessment & analysis of hum. Needs

Middle East/North Africa

Western Sahara (Sahrawi)

Iraq crisis

99.090.000

OTHER FUNDING 

10.000.000

Technical assistance

17.800.000

Evaluation/Communication/Audit

Middle East (Palestinian population)

60.000.000

Grants and Services

Middle East (Lebanon)

Yemen

10.300.000

Other

990.000

9.925.000

3.000.000

2.630.000

1.600.000

19.000.000

6.000.000

2.000.000

27.000.000

2.145.695

15.000.000

2.000.000

19.500.000

32.064.983

1.000.000

13.000.000

500.000

6.000.000

1.500.000

10.064.983

19.500.000

1.500.000

6.500.000

7.500.000

4.000.000

27.500.000

23.000.000

4.500.000

36.007.038

25.400.000

5.550.000

1.400.000

3.657.038

Total ECHO funding 2007

768.529.834  

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b) Execution countries of Decisions adopted by the Commission as of 31.12.2007 

Country/sub-region

Decisions in €

Country/sub-region

Decisions in €

AFRICA, CARIBBEAN, PACIFIC
Angola
Belize
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Congo   
Congo (Democratic Republic)
Côte d'Ivoire
Djibouti
Dominica 
Dominican Republic
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea  
Guinea  Bissau
Haiti
Jamaica
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
Sahel 
Saint Lucia
Sao Tome e Principe
Senegal
Sierra Leone
Solomon Islands
Somalia
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Middle East/North Africa
Algeria (Western Sahara)
Egypt
Iran
Iraq
Jordan
Middle East (Palestinian population)
Middle East (Lebanon)
Syrian Arab Republic
Turkey
Yemen

*

422.760.000
44.444
600.000
44.444
44.444
5.861.111
19.544.444
44.444
44.444
8.044.444
35.494.444
44.444
50.044.444
544.444
44.444
600.000
3.010.000
44.444
6.044.444
20.044.444
44.444
44.444
711.111
2.044.444
44.444
10.350.000
600.000
9.044.444
2.954.028
16.644.444
5.425.277
44.444
3.044.444
4.044.444
44.444
7.044.444
44.444
5.644.444
44.444
44.444
2.300.019
600.000
44.444
44.444
44.444
550.000
18.044.444
110.494.444
2.954.028
12.044.444
1.211.111
24.044.444
2.044.444
30.244.444
106.090.000
10.000.000
2.000.000
7.000.000
7.800.000
12.750.000
34.050.000
16.750.000
12.750.000
2.000.000
990.000

Eastern Europe, NIS
Georgia 
Moldova
Northern Caucasus (Chechnya crisis)

ASIA
Afghanistan
Bangladesh
Bhutan
East Timor
India
Indonesia
Myanmar/Burma
Nepal
North Korea
Pakistan
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam

Latin America
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela

DIPECHO *
Central America
South America
South Asia
Caribbean

Thematic funding
Supporting HA reform
Assessment & analysis of hum. Needs

Other funding
Technical assistance
Evaluation/Communication/Audit
Grants and Services
Other

*
*
*

*

*

*

*

*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*

25.807.118
2.000.000
3.000.000
20.807.118

110.300.695
14.071.426
17.496.429
1.071.429
3.000.000
15.201.429
1.600.000
10.000.000
9.071.429
2.000.000
8.071.429
2.145.695
15.571.429
9.000.000
2.000.000

40.064.983
650.000
1.650.000
650.000
650.000
11.850.000
250.000
1.850.000
250.000
250.000
750.000
6.250.000
250.000
2.150.000
10.714.983
650.000
1.250.000

19.500.000
1.500.000
6.500.000
7.500.000
4.000.000

27.500.000
23.000.000
4.500.000

36.007.038
25.400.000
5.550.000
1.400.000
3.657.038

Total ECHO funding 2007

768.529.834

* Dipecho decisions are split in the recipient countries. The
amounts given under the Dipecho label are for information only

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6. 

Partners in DG ECHO's humanitarian assistance 

6.1. 

Partners categories 

DG ECHO does not implement assistance programmes itself. It is a donor who implements its 
mission  by  funding  Community  humanitarian  actions  through  partners  which  have  signed 
either  the  Framework  Partnership  Agreement  (FPA)  such  as  European  NGOs  and 
International  Organisations  (Red  Cross  family)  or  the  Financial  and  Administrative 
Framework Agreement (FAFA) for the UN agencies. 

The relative share of these 3 categories of partners is illustrated below: 

%  of funding by partner category 2007

NGO
47%

UN
42%

Int Org
11%

Over the last five years there has been a decrease in NGO funding against an increase of UN 
funding as shown in the picture below: 

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70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Funding by category of partner (2003-2007) including food aid

62%

52%

57%

53%

47%

42%

37%

30%

34%

29%

13%

12%

11% 11%

9%

NGO

UN

Int Org

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

However,  the  2007  figures  are  not  entirely  comparable  with  previous  years,  given  the 
integration  of  the  food  aid  budget  line  whereby  food  aid  is  largely  implemented  by  a  small 
number of UN and International Organisations. If food aid is excluded, funding by category 
of partners is the following and the decrease tendency of NGO funding is reversed (increase 
of % in comparison with 2006). 

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%

Funding by category of partner (2003-2007) without food aid

62%

57%

53%

52% 58%

37%

30%

34%

29%

28%

13%

12%

14%

9%

11%

NGO

UN

Int Org

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

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6.2. 

Contracts by Category and Nationality of Partners 2007 

Contracts signed with NGOs are summarised below, ranked by nationality of partner in the table below. 
The  two  next  tables  show  a  repartition  of  contracts  signed  with  UN  agencies  and  International 
Organisations. 

Nationality of partner 

TOTAL 

% all 

% NGO  

AUSTRIA 

BELGIUM 

CANADA 

CZECH REPUBLIC 

DENMARK 
FRANCE 

GERMANY 

GREECE 

IRELAND 

ITALY 

LUXEMBURG 

NETHERLANDS 

NORWAY 

POLAND 

PORTUGAL 

SPAIN 

SWEDEN 

SWITZERLAND 

UNITED KINGDOM 

8.843.114

8.864.156

7.500.000

545.000

17.241.416
77.332.276

32.344.729

1.676.220

10.515.187

25.342.327

210.000

25.754.196

10.300.443

1.394.367

1.379.519

28.856.679

1.133.000

5.333.171

89.048.002

Subtotal NGOs

353.613.801

1,2%

1,2%

1,0%

0,1%

2,3%
10,4%

4,4%

0,2%

1,4%

3,4%

0,0%

3,5%

1,4%

0,2%

0,2%

3,9%

0,2%

0,7%

2,5% 

2,5% 

2,1% 

0,2% 

4,9% 
21,9% 

9,1% 

0,5% 

3,0% 

7,2% 

0,1% 

7,3% 

2,9% 

0,4% 

0,4% 

8,2% 

0,3% 

1,5% 

12,0%

47,7%

25,2% 

100,0% 

INTERNATIONAL 

387.062.847

52,3%   

Grand Total

740.676.648

100,0%   

INTERNATIONAL ORG. 
Red Cross (ICRC) 
Red Cross (IFRC) 
International Org. For Migration  9.583.653 
Mekong River Commission 
Total 

TOTAL 
54.625.000 
14.594.307 

283.027 
79.085.987 

% all 
7,4% 
2,0% 
1,3% 
0,0% 
10,7% 

UNITED NATIONS AGENCIES 

TOTAL

FAO 
OCHA 
PAHO 
UNCHS-HABITAT 
UNDP 
UNESCAP 
UNFPA 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
UNRWA 
WFP 
WHO 
Total 

% all 
15.611.623 
10.288.295 
2.355.000 
1.113.068 
10.287.818 
461.000 
1.104.000 
49.367.700 
29.515.529 
19.981.857 
156.334.560 
11.556.409 
307.976.859 

2,1% 
1,4% 
0,3% 
0,2% 
1,4% 
0,1% 
0,1% 
6,7% 
4,0% 
2,7% 
21,1% 
1,6% 
41,6% 

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6.3. 

List of contracts for humanitarian aid operations by partner 

CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS IN 2007 

HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

ACH- ESP 

ACF - FRA 

ACTIONAID 

ADRA - DK 

ADRA - DEU 

AGA KHAN 

ACTED 

AMI - FRA 

ASB - DEU 

MSF - NLD 

ACP 

6000056743  ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 

6000054039  ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 

6000055953  ACTIONAID (GBR) 

6000057779  ADVENTIST DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF AGENCY - DENMARK 

6000053698  Adventistische Entwicklungs- und Katastrophenhilfe e.V. 

6000055954  AGA KHAN FOUNDATION (United Kingdom) 

6000055547  AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 

6000055590  AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 

6000053398  ARBEITER-SAMARITER-BUND DEUTSCHLAND e.V. 

6000054030  ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN (NLD) 

6000055731  ASAMBLEA DE COOPERACION POR LA PAZ, (E) 

ACSUR - MADRID 

6000055754  Asociación para la Cooperación con el Sur ¿LAS SEGOVIAS¿ 

AVSI 

6000056014  ASSOCIAZIONE VOLONTARI PER IL SERVIZIO INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 

ASF-BELGIUM 

6000074230  Aviation sans Frontières Belgique/Piloten zonder Grenzen België 

AYUDA EN ACCIÓN 

6000084697  AYUDA EN ACCIÓN, (E) 

BBC-TRUST 

6000074339  BBC World Service Trust 

CROIX-ROUGE - BEL 

6000055024  BELGISCHE RODE KRUIS/CROIX ROUGE DE BELGIQUE, (BEL) 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

10.401.909 

1,40% 

15.548.121 

2,10% 

3.584.375 

0,48% 

1.204.089 

0,16% 

1.000.000 

0,14% 

1.209.299 

0,16% 

7.664.113 

1,03% 

7.787.756 

1,05% 

650.000 

0,09% 

2.037.003 

0,28% 

1.190.207 

0,16% 

315.000 

0,04% 

3.097.277 

0,42% 

2.302.388 

0,31% 

250.000 

0,03% 

349.036 

0,05% 

1.649.523 

0,22% 

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HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

CARE - FR 

CARE - DEU 

CARE - UK 

6000054722  CARE FRANCE, (FR) 

6000054038  CARE INTERNATIONAL DEUTSCHLAND E.V. (DEU) 

6000055956  CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  

CARE - AUT 

6000054941 

CARE ÖSTERREICH - VEREIN FÜR ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT UND 
HUMANITÄRE HILFE 

CARITAS - AUT 

6000058966  CARITAS AUSTRIA, (AUT) 

CARITAS - ESP 

CARITAS - FRA 

CARITAS - BEL 

CAFOD 

CORDAID 

CRIC 

6000056762  CARITAS ESPANOLA, (E) 

6000055573  CARITAS FRANCE - SECOURS CATHOLIQUE, (FR) 

6000055022  CARITAS INTERNATIONAL 

6000059489  CATHOLIC AGENCY FOR OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT (GBR) 

6000055816  CATHOLIC ORGANISATION FOR RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT AID (NLD) 

6000055955  CENTRO REGIONALE D INTERVENTO PER LA COOPERAZIONE (ITA) 

CHRISTIAN AID - UK 

6000059497  CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 

PEOPLE IN NEED 

6000056658  Clovek v tísni, o.p.s. 

COSV - MILAN 

6000055963 

COMITATO DI COORDINAMENTO DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI PER IL SERVIZIO 
VOLONTARIO (ITA) 

CAM 

ICRC-CICR 

CISV 

6000068308  COMITE D'AIDE MEDICALE 

6000055654  COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 

6000055958  COMUNITA'IMPEGNO SERVIZIO VOLONTARIATO 

CONCERN UNIVERSAL 
CONCERN 
WORLDWIDE 

6000055957  CONCERN UNIVERSAL (GBR) 

6000057507  CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 

COOPI 

6000055976  COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

IO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

5.227.778 

0,71% 

2.572.026 

0,35% 

7.261.869 

0,98% 

6.258.793 

0,85% 

984.321 

0,13% 

400.000 

0,05% 

530.000 

0,07% 

285.006 

0,04% 

800.000 

0,11% 

2.604.300 

0,35% 

1.650.000 

0,22% 

1.754.754 

0,24% 

545.000 

0,07% 

2.336.848 

0,32% 

775.000 

0,10% 

54.625.000 

7,38% 

249.400 

0,03% 

305.687 

0,04% 

6.523.742 

0,88% 

11.864.899 

1,60% 

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HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

CROIX-ROUGE - ITA 

6000061062  CROCE ROSSA ITALIANA (ITA) 

CROIX-ROUGE - FRA 

6000000646  CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 

CROIX-ROUGE - ESP 

6000056766  CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 

DAC AVIATION INTL 

6000176094  DAC Aviation International Limited 

DRC 

6000058798  DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 

CROIX-ROUGE - DNK 

6000058807  DANSK RODE KORS, (DNK) 

GTZ 
GERMAN AGRO 
ACTION 

6000057485  DEUTSCHE GESELLSCHAFT FÜR TECHNISCHE ZUSAMMENARBEIT 

6000055234  DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 

CARITAS - DEU 

6000055305  DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND e.V, (DEU) 

CROIX-ROUGE - DEU 

6000055102  DEUTSCHES ROTES KREUZ, (DEU) 

DIA 

DIAKONIE 

UNESCAP 

IFRC-FICR 
DANCHURCHAID - 
DNK 

CARITAS - LUX 
TERRE DES HOMMES 
(TDH) - ITA 

6000055541  DIA, (FR) 

6000055019  DIAKONISCHES WERK der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (DEU)  

6000100147  ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COMMISSION ASIA-PACIFIC 

6000055660 

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 

6000058809  FOLKEKIRKENS NODHJAELP, (FKN) 

6000056898  FONDATION CARITAS LUXEMBOURG 

6000057918  FONDAZIONE TERRE DES HOMMES ITALIA ONLUS 

STCH 

GOAL 

6000196970  Fundación Save The Children 

6000057512  GOAL, (IRL) 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

SUP 

NGO 

NGO 

GOV 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

UN 

625.000 

0,08% 

5.905.835 

0,80% 

7.298.819 

0,99% 

7.500.000 

1,01% 

10.404.131 

1,40% 

2.189.753 

0,30% 

450.000 

0,06% 

8.695.263 

1,17% 

3.645.000 

0,49% 

1.123.132 

0,15% 

528.677 

0,07% 

979.924 

0,13% 

461.000 

0,06% 

IO 

14.594.307 

1,97% 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

2.100.518 

0,28% 

210.000 

0,03% 

1.060.000 

0,14% 

350.000 

0,05% 

3.403.063 

0,46% 

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HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

GCIDS 

6000059146  GREEK COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY, (GRC) 

GROUPE URD 

6000102221  Groupe Urgence Réhabilitation Développement 

GVC 

6000055977  GRUPPO DI VOLONTARIATO CIVILE (ITA) 

HAMMER FORUM 

6000055011  HAMMER FORUM e.V. 

HANDICAP (BEL) 

6000055027  HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (BEL) 

HANDICAP (FR) 

6000055532  HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 

HEALTH NET INT. 

6000055825  HEALTH NET INTERNATIONAL, (NLD) 

HELP 
HELPAGE 
INTERNATIONAL - UK 

6000055223  HELP- HILFE ZUR SELBSTHILFE E.V. (DEU) 

6000055962  HELPAGE INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 

CROIX-ROUGE - NLD 

6000055722  HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS (NLD) 

HILFSWERK AUSTRIA 

6000054947  HILFSWERK AUSTRIA 

ICCO 

PA_05 

6000055831 

Interkerkelijke Organisatie voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking 

6000056270 

INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP LTD 

INTERMON 

6000056746 

INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 

IMC UK 

IOM 

IRC - UK 

6000099796 

International Medical Corps UK 

6000055563 

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 

6000055964 

International Rescue Committee UK 

ISLAMIC RELIEF 

6000055965 

ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 

ICU  
DIE JOHANNITER, 
(DEU) 

6000055978 

ISTITUTO PER LA COOPERAZIONE UNIVERSITARIA - ONLUS (ITA) 

6000055229 

JOHANNITER-UNFALL-HILFE e.V. (DEU) 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

IO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

420.000 

0,06% 

100.000 

0,01% 

3.137.819 

0,42% 

900.000 

0,12% 

468.000 

0,06% 

5.223.770 

0,71% 

531.212 

0,07% 

2.157.269 

0,29% 

1.487.652 

0,20% 

4.666.815 

0,63% 

300.000 

0,04% 

6.476.197 

0,87% 

548.240 

0,07% 

2.585.259 

0,35% 

2.424.121 

0,33% 

9.583.654 

1,29% 

7.968.005 

1,08% 

4.990.391 

0,67% 

1.005.618 

0,14% 

220.000 

0,03% 

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6000002431  MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES BELGIQUE/ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN BELGIE(BEL)  NGO 

750.000 

0,10% 

HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

6000054029  MALTESER HILFSDIENST e.V., (DEU) 

(blank) 

Medair 

6000055972  MEDAIR UK (GBR) 

6000055581  MEDECINS DU MONDE 

6000057870  MEDECINS DU MONDE, (GRC) 

6000057526  MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES - SUISSE (CH) 

MALTESER 
HILFSDIENST 

MEDAIR CH 

MEDAIR UK 

MDM - FRA 

MDM - GRC 

MSF - CHE 

MSF - BEL 

MERLIN 
MEDICO 
INTERNATIONAL 

6000071402  MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 

6000055225  MEDICO INTERNATIONAL, (DEU) 

MDM - ESP 

6000056756  MEDICOS DEL MUNDO ESPAÑA 

MSF - ESP 
MEKONG RIVER 
COMMISSION 
MERCY CORPS 
SCOTLAND 

MAG - UK 

MADERA-FR 

6000056751  MEDICOS SIN FRONTERAS, (E) 

6000100128  Mekong River Commission 

6000055399  MERCY CORPS SCOTLAND (GBR) 

6000055974  MINES ADVISORY GROUP (GBR) 

6000055608  MISSION D'AIDE AU DEVELOPPEMENT DES ECONOMIES RURALES  

MISSION OST - DNK 

6000057764  MISSION OST 

MPDL 

6000055749  MOVIMIENTO POR LA PAZ, EL DESARME Y LA LIBERTAD, (E) 

MUSLIMAID 

6000238558  Muslim Aid 

NOVIB 

6000055196  Nederlandse Organisatie voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

4.895.864 

0,66% 

400.000 

0,05% 

4.099.435 

0,55% 

5.533.984 

0,75% 

1.256.220 

0,17% 

600.000 

0,08% 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

IO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

8.116.044 

1,10% 

600.000 

0,08% 

20.159 

0,00% 

200.000 

0,03% 

283.027 

0,04% 

2.608.303 

0,35% 

1.555.518 

0,21% 

1.080.000 

0,15% 

1.098.903 

0,15% 

1.429.326 

0,19% 

300.000 

0,04% 

340.587 

0,05% 

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HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

CROIX-ROUGE - NOR 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE 
COUNCIL  

6000057646  NORGES RODE KORS (NORWEGIAN RED CROSS) 

6000057638  NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 

OIKOS 

6000100137  OIKOS - COOPERAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO 

OXFAM - UK 

6000055981  OXFAM (GB) 

OXFAM - BEL 
PSF - FRA/CLERMONT-
FERRAND 
PLAN 
INTERNATIONAL UK 

PMU INTERLIFE 
POLISH 
HUMANITARIAN 
ORGANISATION 

6000062792  OXFAM-Solidarite(it), (BEL) 

6000053712  PHARMACIENS SANS FRONTIERES COMITE INTERNATIONAL 

6000057475  PLAN INTERNATIONAL (UK) 

6000060221  PMU INTERLIFE/PINGST FFS 

6000056007  Polska Akcja Humanitarna 

PREMIERE URGENCE 

6000055612  PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 

PTM 

SCD-RB 

6000166011  PTM-mundubat, (E) 

6000061869  Red Barnet 

REDR 
SAVE THE CHILDREN - 
NLD 

6000063967  RedR - Engineers for Disaster Relief 

6000055914  SAVE THE CHILDREN (NLD) 

SI 

6000056745  SOLIDARIDAD INTERNACIONAL, (E) 

SOLIDARITES 

6000055549  SOLIDARITES, (FR) 

SOS KINDERDORF INT.  
CARE NEDERLAND 
(FORMER DRA) 

6000055201  SOS-KINDERDORF INTERNATIONAL (AUT) 

6000055823  Stichting CARE Nederland 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

1.029.289 

0,14% 

9.271.154 

1,25% 

1.379.519 

0,19% 

21.060.145 

2,84% 

2.609.238 

0,35% 

1.398.500 

0,19% 

1.104.394 

0,15% 

1.133.000 

0,15% 

1.394.367 

0,19% 

8.005.951 

1,08% 

3.500.000 

0,47% 

244.022 

0,03% 

527.915 

0,07% 

3.862.332 

0,52% 

916.000 

0,12% 

9.018.323 

1,22% 

1.300.000 

0,18% 

3.585.750 

0,48% 

EN 

108 

EN 

 
  
HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

TEARFUND - UK 

6000057468  TEARFUND (GBR) 

TSF, FRANCE 
TERRE DES HOMMES - 
CHE 

ICMC 
SAVE THE CHILDREN - 
UK 

TRIANGLE 

TROCAIRE 

UNICEF 

FAO 

PAHO 

UNDP-PNUD 

UNHCR 

6000055567  TELECOMS SANS FRONTIERES 

6000057524  TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 

6000062768  THE INTERNATIONAL CATHOLIC MIGRATION COMMISSION (CHE) 

6000057469  THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 

6000055141  TRIANGLE Génération Humanitaire, (FR) 

6000057559  Trocaire, (IRL) 

6000055643  UNICEF 

6000055556  UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 

6000067529  UNITED NATIONS - PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION 

6000055554  UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 

6000055529  UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 

UNCHS - HABITAT 

6000068998  United Nations Human Settlements Programme 

UNFPA 

UNRWA 

OCHA 

VSF - BE 

WA-UK 

WFP-PAM 

WHO 

6000055534  UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND 

6000067513 

UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN 
NEAR EAST 

6000067546  UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS 

6000055036  Vétérinaires Sans Frontières- Belgique - Dierenartsen Zonder Grenzen - Belgie um  

6000073643  Welfare Association 

6000067587  WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 

6000053109  WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

UN 

UN 

UN 

UN 

UN 

UN 

UN 

UN 

UN 

NGO 

NGO 

UN 

UN 

3.649.548 

0,49% 

475.945 

0,06% 

3.483.171 

0,47% 

850.000 

0,11% 

11.661.088 

1,57% 

2.528.523 

0,34% 

588.382 

0,08% 

29.515.529 

3,98% 

15.611.623 

2,11% 

2.355.000 

0,32% 

10.287.818 

1,39% 

49.367.700 

6,67% 

1.113.068 

0,15% 

1.104.000 

0,15% 

19.981.857 

2,70% 

10.288.295 

1,39% 

800.000 

0,11% 

250.000 

0,03% 

156.334.560 

21,11% 

11.556.409 

1,56% 

EN 

109 

EN 

 
  
HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

WORLD VISION - UK 

6000055982  WORLD VISION - UK 

WORLD VISION DEU 

6000053871  WORLD VISION, (DEU) 

ZOA 

CUAMM 

6000054025  ZOA-Vluchtelingenzorg 

6000057961  MEDICI CON L'AFRICA (ITA) 

Grand Total 

FPA 
Cat. 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

Amount 

% 

1.432.183 

0,19% 

4.456.251 

0,60% 

1.650.000 

0,22% 

315.467 

0,04% 

740.676.648 100,00% 

EN 

110 

EN 

 
  
  
  
  
 
6.4. 

List of contracts for humanitarian aid operations – Top 25 partners 

CONTRACTS FOR HUMANITARIAN OPERATIONS IN 2007 - TOP 25 PARTNERS 

HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

WFP-PAM 

ICRC-CICR 

UNHCR 

UNICEF 

6000067587  WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 

6000055654  COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 

6000055529  UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 

6000055643  UNICEF 

OXFAM - UK 

6000055981  OXFAM (GB) 

UNRWA 

FAO 

ACF - FRA 

IFRC-FICR 

COOPI 

SAVE THE CHILDREN - 
UK 

WHO 

DRC 

ACH- ESP 

OCHA 

6000067513 

UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN 
NEAR EAST 

6000055556  UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 

6000054039  ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 

6000055660 

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 

6000055976  COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 

6000057469  THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 

6000053109  WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 

6000058798  DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 

6000056743  ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

Cumul  
% 

UN 

IO 

UN 

UN 

156.334.560  21,11% 

21,11% 

54.625.000 

7,38% 

28,48% 

49.367.700 

6,67% 

35,15% 

29.515.529 

3,98% 

39,13% 

NGO 

21.060.145 

2,84% 

41,98% 

UN 

UN 

19.981.857 

2,70% 

44,67% 

15.611.623 

2,11% 

46,78% 

NGO 

15.548.121 

2,10% 

48,88% 

IO 

NGO 

NGO 

UN 

NGO 

NGO 

14.594.307 

1,97% 

50,85% 

11.864.899 

1,60% 

52,45% 

11.661.088 

1,57% 

54,03% 

11.556.409 

1,56% 

55,59% 

10.404.131 

1,40% 

56,99% 

10.401.909 

1,40% 

58,40% 

6000067546  UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS 

UN 

10.288.295 

1,39% 

59,79% 

EN 

111 

EN 

 
  
HOPE SHORT NAME

LE KEY 

PARTNERS LONG NAME 

UNDP-PNUD 

6000055554  UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 

IOM 

6000055563 

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 

NORWEGIAN REFUGEE 
COUNCIL  

SOLIDARITES 

GERMAN AGRO 
ACTION 

MERLIN 

6000057638  NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 

6000055549  SOLIDARITES, (FR) 

6000055234  DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 

6000071402  MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 

PREMIERE URGENCE 

6000055612  PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 

IRC - UK 

AMI - FRA 

ACTED 

6000055964 

International Rescue Committee UK 

6000055590  AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 

6000055547  AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 

FPA 
Cat. 

Amount 

% 

Cumul  
% 

UN 

IO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

NGO 

10.287.818 

1,39% 

61,17% 

9.583.654 

1,29% 

62,47% 

9.271.154 

1,25% 

63,72% 

9.018.323 

1,22% 

64,94% 

8.695.263 

1,17% 

66,11% 

8.116.044 

1,10% 

67,21% 

8.005.951 

1,08% 

68,29% 

7.968.005 

1,08% 

69,36% 

7.787.756 

1,05% 

70,42% 

7.664.113 

1,03% 

71,45% 

EN 

112 

EN 

 
  
 
6.5. 

List of contracts for humanitarian aid operations in 2007 - by country and partners  

PARTNERS BY COUNTRY (SIGNATURE YEAR 2007) 

Partner's long name 

AFGHANISTAN 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND e.V, (DEU) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MEDAIR 
MEDAIR UK (GBR) 
MISSION D'AIDE AU DEVELOPPEMENT DES ECONOMIES RURALES  
MISSION OST DNK 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
PEOPLE IN NEED  
SOLIDARITES, (FR) 
TEARFUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
ALGERIA 
MEDECINS DU MONDE, (GRC) 
MEDICOS DEL MUNDO ESPAÑA 
MOVIMIENTO POR LA PAZ, EL DESARME Y LA LIBERTAD, (E) 
OXFAM-SOLIDARITE(it), (BEL) 
PTM-MUNDUBAT, (E) 
TRIANGLE GÉNÉRATION HUMANITAIRE (FR) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
BANGLADESH 
ACTIONAID (GBR) 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
DANCHURCHAID - DNK 
DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND e.V, (DEU) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

24.999.062 
1.278.707 
1.058.767 
3.075.000 
1.639.928 
295.000 
860.000 
649.815 
400.000 
805.931 
1.080.000 
503.903 
1.319.936 
465.000 
545.000 
860.000 
608.261 
353.814 
200.000 
7.000.000 
2.000.000 
10.507.399 
1.256.220 
20.159 
169.892 
1.583.438 
3.500.000 
927.690 
250.000 
1.500.000 
1.000.000 
300.000 
11.421.501 
1.199.672 
449.700 
1.270.020 
300.000 
1.580.000 
250.000 
300.000 

1.006.494 

147.464 
1.849.348 

EN 

113 

   EN 

 
Partner's long name 

Muslim Aid 
OXFAM (GB) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
BOLIVIA 
AYUDA EN ACCIÓN, (E) 
OXFAM (GB) 
PLAN INTERNATIONAL (UK) 
UNITED NATIONS - PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
BURKINA FASO 
BELGISCHE RODE KRUIS/CROIX ROUGE DE BELGIQUE, (BEL) 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
BURUNDI 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN (NLD) 
CARITAS BEL 
CATHOLIC ORGANISATION FOR RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT AID (NLD) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
COMUNITA'IMPEGNO SERVIZIO VOLONTARIATO 
DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND e.V, (DEU) 
DEUTSCHES ROTES KREUZ, (DEU) 
GRUPPO DI VOLONTARIATO CIVILE (ITA) 
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS UK 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES BELGIQUE/ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN 
BELGIE(BEL) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
SOLIDARITES, (FR) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
CARIBBEAN 
ACP 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
CROIX ROUGE - FRA 
CROIX ROUGE - NOR 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
OXFAM (GB) 
UNITED NATIONS - PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

300.000 
250.000 
593.803 
1.925.000 
1.000.000 
250.000 
320.000 
120.000 
160.000 
150.000 
6.122.594 
1.374.663 
210.000 
350.000 
1.673.171 
1.150.000 
1.000.000 
364.760 
18.934.133 
1.451.000 
410.000 
285.006 
700.000 
300.000 
249.400 
1.750.000 
200.000 
1.220.450 
194.903 

750.000 

977.240 
1.030.000 
500.000 
916.134 
4.000.000 
4.000.000 
7.568.216 
190.207 
247.296 
906.547 
832.289 

1.641.280 

378.400 
2.064.000 
670.000 

EN 

114 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

PLAN INTERNATIONAL (UK) 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 
ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN (NLD) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
SOLIDARITES, (FR) 
TRIANGLE GÉNÉRATION HUMANITAIRE (FR) 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
CENTRAL AMERICA 
ACSUR 
ACTED 
CARE -FR 
CARE NEDERLAND 
CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 
CROIX ROUGE - ESP 
CROIX ROUGE - ITA 
CROIX ROUGE - NLD 
DANCHURCHAID - DNK 
GOAL 
GVC 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
OIKOS 
OXFAM - BE 
OXFAM (GB) 
TROCAIRE 
UNDP 
UNICEF 
CENTRAL ASIA 
ACTED 
AGA KHAN 
CARE NEDERLAND 
CARITAS LUX 
CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 
CROIX ROUGE - NLD 
GERMAN AGRO ACTION 
HILFSWERK AUSTRIA 
IOM 
MISSION OST - DNK 
OCHA 
OXFAM (GB) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

338.197 
300.000 
6.673.210 
479.771 
640.000 
350.000 
450.000 
500.000 
500.000 
400.000 
615.000 
877.650 
360.789 
500.000 
1.000.000 
6.255.000 
315.000 
350.000 
345.000 
235.000 
280.000 
800.000 
315.000 
310.000 
285.000 
360.000 
405.000 

305.000 

285.000 
245.000 
345.000 
290.000 
415.000 
370.000 
5.699.354 
109.734 
415.000 
330.000 
210.000 
119.965 
914.903 
380.000 
300.000 
296.563 
595.000 
360.000 
230.000 

EN 

115 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

UNDP-PNUD 
UNICEF 
WHO 
WORLD VISION DEU 
CHAD 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
CARE FRANCE, (FR) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
HELP- HILFE ZUR SELBSTHILFE E.V. (DEU) 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
OXFAM (GB) 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
COLOMBIA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
CARITAS ESPANOLA, (E) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
DIAKONISCHES WERK der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland (DEU)  
HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS (NLD) 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
MERCY CORPS SCOTLAND (GBR) 
MOVIMIENTO POR LA PAZ, EL DESARME Y LA LIBERTAD, (E) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
SOLIDARIDAD INTERNACIONAL, (E) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
UNITED NATIONS - PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 
ASSOCIAZIONE VOLONTARI PER IL SERVIZIO INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
AVIATION SANS FRONTIERES BELGIQUE/PILOTEN ZONDER GRENZEN BELGIË 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

550.000 
265.000 
399.984 
223.205 
25.795.342 
959.404 
300.140 
871.008 
3.000.000 
1.485.974 

1.000.000 

399.966 
400.000 
400.000 
1.176.150 
6.652.700 
8.500.000 
650.000 
12.874.896 
883.326 
400.000 
3.200.000 
300.000 
350.000 
250.000 
149.990 
979.924 
250.066 
550.000 
200.000 
240.000 
500.000 
780.000 
550.000 
291.500 
2.150.000 

200.090 

250.000 
400.000 
51.415.000 
601.141 
2.511.258 
2.560.000 
432.500 
302.388 

EN 

116 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

CARITAS FRANCE - SECOURS CATHOLIQUE, (FR) 
CATHOLIC ORGANISATION FOR RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT AID (NLD) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
DAC AVIATION INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
MALTESER HILFSDIENST e.V., (DEU) 
MEDAIR UK (GBR) 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
OXFAM-SOLIDARITE(IT), (BEL) 
PMU INTERLIFE/PINGST FFS 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
SOLIDARITES, (FR) 
TEARFUND (GBR) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
COTE D'IVOIRE 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
UNITED NATIONS - PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
EAST TIMOR 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
PLAN INTERNATIONAL (UK) 
TRIANGLE GÉNÉRATION HUMANITAIRE (FR) 
WFP 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
ERITREA 
CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
INTERKERKELIJKE ORGANISATIE VOOR ONTWIKKELINGSSAMENWERKING 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
OXFAM (GB) 
UNICEF 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

230.000 
184.300 
2.000.000 
614.000 
2.454.496 
7.500.000 
1.138.120 
2.002.263 
1.067.017 
2.678.281 
980.000 
889.261 
650.490 
696.000 
338.800 
633.000 
2.679.200 
3.115.985 
656.500 
2.500.000 
3.000.000 

1.000.000 

8.000.000 
500.000 
500.000 
2.300.000 
1.500.000 
900.000 
400.000 
200.000 
2.850.000 
688.350 
439.971 
221.679 
1.000.000 
500.000 
7.757.456 
1.000.858 
2.000.000 
476.197 
500.000 
500.038 
1.780.363 
1.500.000 

EN 

117 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

ETHIOPIA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN (NLD) 
CARE ÖSTERREICH - VEREIN FÜR ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT UND 
HUMANITÄRE HILFE 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS UK 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
SOS-KINDERDORF INTERNATIONAL (AUT) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
GEORGIA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
GHANA 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
GUINEA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES - SUISSE (CH) 
TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 
UNICEF 
HAITI 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
OXFAM (GB) 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
HONDURAS 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
INDIA 
ACTIONAID (GBR) 
ADVENTISTISCHE ENTWICKLUNGS- UND KATASTROPHENHILFE E.V. 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN (NLD) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

20.821.233 
1.150.000 
447.003 

799.800 

1.850.000 

450.000 

500.000 
649.578 
600.000 
1.000.000 
1.025.313 
800.000 
400.000 
750.000 
399.539 
10.000.000 
2.791.844 
297.860 
500.000 
1.199.984 
794.000 
700.000 
250.000 
100.000 
350.000 
2.380.000 
580.000 
350.000 

300.000 

150.000 
200.000 
800.000 
3.149.492 
99.510 
634.113 
200.333 
1.150.000 
1.065.536 
500.000 
500.000 
7.730.000 
850.000 
500.000 
250.000 
230.000 

EN 

118 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND e.V, (DEU) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
FOLKEKIRKENS NODHJAELP, (FKN) 
HELPAGE INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
MEDICOS SIN FRONTERAS, (E) 
OXFAM (GB) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNICEF 
INDONESIA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
STICHTING CARE NEDERLAND 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
IRAN 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
IRAQ 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
JORDAN 
CARE ÖSTERREICH - VEREIN FÜR ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT UND 
HUMANITÄRE HILFE 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
ISTITUTO PER LA COOPERAZIONE UNIVERSITARIA - ONLUS (ITA) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
KENYA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
AVIATION SANS FRONTIERES BELGIQUE/PILOTEN ZONDER GRENZEN BELGIË 
CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
DANSK RODE KORS, (DNK) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

498.287 
1.360.000 
375.952 
300.000 
295.761 
500.000 
200.000 
200.000 
1.000.000 
290.000 
880.000 
1.589.889 
320.000 
125.000 
570.000 
88.612 
190.000 
200.000 
96.277 
750.000 
750.000 
4.500.000 
4.000.000 

500.000 

3.109.725 

850.000 

399.896 
499.829 
1.360.000 
12.650.000 
399.269 
2.000.000 
900.748 
550.000 
150.000 
400.000 
900.000 
400.000 
400.000 
549.983 
2.000.000 
4.000.000 

EN 

119 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (BEL) 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
LEBANON 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
ASSOCIAZIONE VOLONTARI PER IL SERVIZIO INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CARITAS AUSTRIA, (AUT) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
DIA, (FR) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS (NLD) 
ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 
ISTITUTO PER LA COOPERAZIONE UNIVERSITARIA - ONLUS (ITA) 
MERCY CORPS SCOTLAND (GBR) 
MINES ADVISORY GROUP (GBR) 
MOVIMIENTO POR LA PAZ, EL DESARME Y LA LIBERTAD, (E) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
RED BARNET 
TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 
UNITED NATIONS HUMAN SETTLEMENTS PROGRAMME 
UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN 
NEAR EAST 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
LESOTHO 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
LIBERIA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
ADVENTIST DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF AGENCY - DENMARK 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES - SUISSE (CH) 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
OXFAM (GB) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

6.892.826 
710.000 
504.826 

1.060.000 

468.000 
420.000 
1.730.000 
1.500.000 
500.000 
23.535.084 
502.700 
1.549.000 
514.777 
984.321 
1.001.367 
458.665 
474.000 
633.798 
312.605 
505.789 
1.160.717 
987.190 
1.019.434 
3.787.977 
1.621.601 
244.022 
600.000 
4.068.731 
1.113.068 

1.855.322 

140.000 
3.215.840 
543.613 
1.172.227 
1.500.000 
15.119.643 
1.000.000 
800.000 
1.800.000 
419.288 
900.000 
550.000 
400.000 
450.000 
1.150.000 
186.000 

EN 

120 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

PMU INTERLIFE/PINGST FFS 
TEARFUND (GBR) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
MADAGASCAR 
CARE FRANCE, (FR) 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
MEDAIR UK (GBR) 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
MALI 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
MAURITANIA 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
MOLDOVA 
UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME 
MOZAMBIQUE 
BELGISCHE RODE KRUIS/CROIX ROUGE DE BELGIQUE, (BEL) 
CARE-AUT 
CATHOLIC AGENCY FOR OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT (GBR) 
CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
CUAMM 
GRUPPO DI VOLONTARIATO CIVILE (ITA) 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS UK 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
NORGES RODE KORS (NORWEGIAN RED CROSS) 
OIKOS - COOPERAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD VISION - UK 
MYANMAR 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 
ARTSEN ZONDER GRENZEN (NLD) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

500.000 
824.000 
847.355 
600.000 
2.000.000 
2.500.000 
193.000 
4.996.770 
1.496.770 
404.000 
350.000 
195.000 
151.000 
1.100.000 
1.300.000 
2.181.478 
598.000 
553.000 
1.030.478 
2.051.283 
646.283 
405.000 
1.000.000 
3.000.000 
3.000.000 
7.028.419 
274.860 
633.122 
200.000 
200.000 
650.000 
315.467 
512.369 
300.000 
439.218 
546.205 
197.000 
414.519 
594.508 
1.052.167 
500.000 
198.984 
7.740.000 
900.000 
1.980.000 
500.000 
500.000 

EN 

121 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
FONDAZIONE TERRE DES HOMMES ITALIA ONLUS 
MALTESER HILFSDIENST e.V., (DEU) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
NEPAL 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
CARE ÖSTERREICH - VEREIN FÜR ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT UND 
HUMANITÄRE HILFE 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
DANSK RODE KORS, (DNK) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
NICARAGUA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
ARBEITER-SAMARITER-BUND DEUTSCHLAND e.V. 
CARE FRANCE, (FR) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS (NLD) 
OIKOS - COOPERAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO 
OXFAM (GB) 
TELECOMS SANS FRONTIERES 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS - PAN AMERICAN HEALTH ORGANIZATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
NIGER 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
ACTIONAID (GBR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
GOAL, (IRL) 
HELP- HILFE ZUR SELBSTHILFE E.V. (DEU) 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR ONTWIKKELINGSSAMENWERKING 
TELECOMS SANS FRONTIERES 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

500.000 
400.000 
260.000 
1.700.000 
1.000.000 
8.000.000 
430.000 

700.000 

950.000 
270.000 
700.000 
250.000 
320.000 
500.000 
440.000 
1.100.000 
340.000 
2.000.000 
5.720.981 
520.000 
670.981 
350.000 
200.000 
320.000 
300.000 
290.000 
600.000 
100.000 
300.000 
670.000 
1.400.000 
9.634.565 
1.165.000 
325.940 
400.000 
1.099.290 
1.143.063 
916.350 
503.390 
340.587 
340.945 
1.400.000 
1.000.000 
1.000.000 

EN 

122 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

PAKISTAN 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
PALESTINIAN TERRITORY, OCCUPIED 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
ASAMBLEA DE COOPERACION POR LA PAZ, (E) 
CARE FRANCE, (FR) 
CARE ÖSTERREICH - VEREIN FÜR ENTWICKLUNGSZUSAMMENARBEIT UND 
HUMANITÄRE HILFE 
CENTRO REGIONALE D INTERVENTO PER LA COOPERAZIONE (ITA) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
DANSK RODE KORS, (DNK) 
FONDAZIONE TERRE DES HOMMES ITALIA ONLUS 
GREEK COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY, (GRC) 
GRUPPO DI VOLONTARIATO CIVILE (ITA) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
JOHANNITER-UNFALL-HILFE e.V. (DEU) 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
MEDICO INTERNATIONAL, (DEU) 
MERCY CORPS SCOTLAND (GBR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
OXFAM-SOLIDARITE(IT), (BEL) 
POLSKA AKCJA HUMANITARNA 
PREMIERE URGENCE, (FR) 
SAVE THE CHILDREN (NLD) 
TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN 
NEAR EAST 
WELFARE ASSOCIATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
PARAGUAY 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
PERU 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
CATHOLIC ORGANISATION FOR RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT AID (NLD) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

750.000 
750.000 
57.985.000 
1.645.000 
383.000 
1.000.000 
2.315.000 

2.900.000 

1.350.000 
4.500.000 
2.000.000 
350.000 
650.000 
660.000 
420.000 
1.000.000 
550.000 
220.000 
650.000 
800.000 
600.000 
1.000.000 
940.000 
442.000 
729.280 
700.000 
1.940.000 
360.000 
1.255.000 
795.720 

1.250.000 

17.150.000 

250.000 
9.000.000 
180.000 
1.500.000 
300.000 
700.000 
500.000 
10.064.983 
400.000 
420.000 
350.000 
375.000 
350.000 

EN 

123 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS (NLD) 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
OIKOS - COOPERAÇÃO E DESENVOLVIMENTO 
OXFAM (GB) 
SOLIDARIDAD INTERNACIONAL, (E) 
STICHTING CARE NEDERLAND 
TELECOMS SANS FRONTIERES 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
PHILIPPINES 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
OXFAM (GB) 
RUSSIA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
CARITAS FRANCE - SECOURS CATHOLIQUE, (FR) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
DRC 
HAMMER FORUM e.V. 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
HELP- HILFE ZUR SELBSTHILFE E.V. (DEU) 
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS UK 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MEDECINS DU MONDE 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
POLSKA AKCJA HUMANITARNA 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
SAHEL 
FAO 
SOLOMON ISLANDS 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
SOMALIA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
ADVENTISTISCHE ENTWICKLUNGS- UND KATASTROPHENHILFE E.V. 
COMITATO DI COORDINAMENTO DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI PER IL SERVIZIO 
VOLONTARIO (ITA) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

515.000 

275.000 
425.000 
390.000 
500.000 
366.000 
550.000 
35.000 
775.000 
275.000 

250.000 

314.000 
3.014.983 
485.000 
2.710.000 

850.000 

1.260.000 
600.000 
20.765.618 
1.150.000 
300.000 
4.200.000 
4.185.531 
900.000 
430.000 
400.000 
790.000 
1.435.000 
500.000 
500.000 
665.087 
710.000 
600.000 
2.800.000 
1.200.000 
2.300.000 
2.300.000 
547.939 
350.000 
197.939 
17.300.000 
1.745.000 
500.000 

1.130.000 

5.500.000 

EN 

124 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 
OXFAM (GB) 
SOLIDARITES, (FR) 
SOS-KINDERDORF INTERNATIONAL (AUT) 
STICHTING CARE NEDERLAND 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
SOUTH AMERICA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
CARE NEDERLAND 
CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
CRIC 
CROIX-ROUGE - IT 
CROIX-ROUGE - NLD 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
GERMAN AGRO ACTION 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
OXFAM (GB) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND 
STCH 
PA05 
SOUTH ASIA 
ACTIONAID (GBR) 
AGA KHAN 
BBC TRUST 
CARE AUT 
CARE UK 
CHRISTIAN AID (GBR) 
CONCERN UNIVERSAL  
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
CROIX ROUGE DNK 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
ISLAMIC RELIEF WORLDWIDE 
MERCY CORPS SCOTLAND (GBR) 
PA_05 
PLAN INTERNATIONAL (UK) 
TROCAIRE 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

470.000 
1.500.000 
975.000 
900.000 
580.000 
900.000 
1.500.000 
1.300.000 

300.000 

6.500.000 
370.000 
430.000 
350.000 
400.000 
300.000 
310.000 
300.000 
970.000 
245.000 
400.000 

470.000 

555.000 
300.000 

405.000 

130.000 
350.000 
215.000 
7.191.942 
804.864 
794.299 
349.036 
375.871 
250.000 
301.789 
305.687 
186.842 
323.240 
212.500 

330.000 

478.193 
353.438 
247.586 
333.240 
206.226 
298.382 

EN 

125 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

UNDP 
UNICEF 
SOUTH EAST ASIA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
ACTIONAID (GBR) 
CARE DEU 
CARE NEDERLAND 
CROIX ROUGE DNK 
CROIX ROUGE NLD 
DANCHURCHAID - DNK 
GTZ 
OCHA 
MEKONG RIVER COMMISSION 
OXFAM (GB) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
SRI LANKA 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
CARE INTERNATIONAL DEUTSCHLAND E.V. (DEU) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
FOLKEKIRKENS NODHJAELP, (FKN) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES  
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
ZOA-VLUCHTELINGENZORG 
SUDAN 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
ADVENTIST DEVELOPMENT AND RELIEF AGENCY - DENMARK 
AGENCE D'AIDE A LA COOPERATION TECHNIQUE ET AU DEVELOPPEMENT, (FR) 
AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 
ASSOCIAZIONE VOLONTARI PER IL SERVIZIO INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CARE INTERNATIONAL UK  
CATHOLIC AGENCY FOR OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT (GBR) 
CATHOLIC ORGANISATION FOR RELIEF AND DEVELOPMENT AID (NLD) 
COMITATO DI COORDINAMENTO DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI PER IL SERVIZIO 
VOLONTARIO (ITA) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

760.749 
280.000 
5.510.442 
261.911 
300.000 
428.430 
340.750 
366.513 
293.049 
295.518 
450.000 
320.000 
283.027 
113.572 
346.800 

461.000 

1.009.524 
240.348 
14.228.747 
198.747 
500.000 
530.000 
3.500.000 
400.000 
1.300.000 
200.000 
300.000 
400.000 
800.000 
500.000 
300.000 
1.500.000 

500.000 

2.000.000 
1.300.000 
119.343.764 
696.000 
3.253.911 
404.089 
400.000 
1.047.756 
700.000 
2.283.189 
600.000 
1.300.000 

1.206.848 

EN 

126 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

COMITE D'AIDE MEDICALE 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
DANSK FLYGTNINGEHJAELP 
DEUTSCHES ROTES KREUZ, (DEU) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
FOLKEKIRKENS NODHJAELP, (FKN) 
GOAL, (IRL) 
HANDICAP INTERNATIONAL (FR) 
HEALTH NET INTERNATIONAL, (NLD) 
HELPAGE INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
INTERMON OXFAM, (E) 
INTERNATIONAL MEDICAL CORPS UK 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MALTESER HILFSDIENST e.V., (DEU) 
MEDAIR UK (GBR) 
MEDICAL EMERGENCY RELIEF INTERNATIONAL (GBR) 
MINES ADVISORY GROUP (GBR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
PHARMACIENS SANS FRONTIERES COMITE INTERNATIONAL 
RedR - ENGINEERS FOR DISASTER RELIEF 
SAVE THE CHILDREN (NLD) 
SOLIDARITES, (FR) 
TEARFUND (GBR) 
TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
TRIANGLE GÉNÉRATION HUMANITAIRE (FR) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
UNITED NATIONS POPULATION FUND 
VETERINAIRES SANS FRONTIERES- BELGIQUE - DIERENARTSEN ZONDER 
GRENZEN - BELGIE  
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
ZOA-VLUCHTELINGENZORG 
SWAZILAND 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

775.000 
9.700.000 
500.854 
1.604.429 
423.819 
927.331 
923.132 

1.541.533 

570.000 
700.000 
466.850 
531.212 
1.287.652 
256.859 
500.000 
2.160.436 
2.250.000 
887.582 
1.118.504 
3.590.241 
568.328 
4.189.368 
1.398.500 
527.915 
1.922.332 
2.554.688 
1.560.787 
300.000 
1.000.000 
898.377 
2.518.000 
3.200.000 
1.500.000 

1.200.000 

450.000 

800.000 

47.669.577 
3.188.665 
940.000 
350.000 
2.603.327 
1.103.327 
1.500.000 

EN 

127 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC 
HET NEDERLANDSE RODE KRUIS (NLD) 
TERRE DES HOMMES-CHE 
THE INTERNATIONAL CATHOLIC MIGRATION COMMISSION (CHE) 
UNITED NATIONS RELIEF AND WORKS AGENCY FOR PALESTINE REFUGEES IN 
NEAR EAST 
TAJIKISTAN 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
TANZANIA 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
THAILAND 
AIDE MEDICALE INTERNATIONALE, (FR) 
INTERKERKELIJKE ORGANISATIE VOOR ONTWIKKELINGSSAMENWERKING 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MALTESER HILFSDIENST e.V., (DEU) 
TOGO 
CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION - ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE 
TURKEY 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES  
UGANDA 
ACCION CONTRA EL HAMBRE, (ESP) 
ARBEITER-SAMARITER-BUND DEUTSCHLAND e.V. 
ASSOCIAZIONE VOLONTARI PER IL SERVIZIO INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
COMITE INTERNATIONAL DE LA CROIX-ROUGE (CICR) 
CONCERN WORLDWIDE, (IRL) 
COOPERAZIONE INTERNAZIONALE (ITA) 
DEUTSCHER CARITASVERBAND e.V, (DEU) 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
GOAL, (IRL) 
INTERNATIONAL RESCUE COMMITTEE UK 
MEDAIR UK (GBR) 
NORWEGIAN REFUGEE COUNCIL (NOR) 
OXFAM (GB) 
UNICEF 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
VIET NAM 
ACTIONAID (GBR) 
CARE INTERNATIONAL DEUTSCHLAND E.V. (DEU) 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

3.566.534 
1.389.999 
350.000 
850.000 

976.535 

50.000 
50.000 
16.430.000 
2.300.000 
600.000 
8.530.000 
5.000.000 
9.470.000 
1.850.000 
6.000.000 
550.000 
1.070.000 
1.719.819 
239.819 
750.000 
250.000 
480.000 
500.000 
500.000 
23.840.000 
1.200.000 
300.000 
1.450.000 
1.290.000 
650.000 
400.000 
650.000 

1.125.000 

1.200.000 
1.075.000 
1.000.000 
250.000 
1.075.000 
700.000 
1.250.000 

500.000 

9.075.000 
650.000 
1.999.107 
103.899 
296.008 

EN 

128 

   EN 

 
 
Partner's long name 

CROIX-ROUGE FRANCAISE 
CRUZ ROJA ESPAÑOLA, (E) 
THE SAVE THE CHILDREN FUND (GBR) 
YEMEN 
DIA, (FR) 
TRIANGLE GÉNÉRATION HUMANITAIRE (FR) 
UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES - BELGIUM 
ZAMBIA 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
OXFAM 
ZIMBABWE 
ACTION CONTRE LA FAIM, (FR) 
CARE INTERNATIONAL DEUTSCHLAND E.V. (DEU) 
DEUTSCHE WELTHUNGERHILFE / GERMAN AGRO ACTION, (DEU) 
HELP- HILFE ZUR SELBSTHILFE E.V. (DEU) 
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR MIGRATION (INT) 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
UNITED NATIONS, OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN 
AFFAIRS 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WORLD VISION, (DEU) 
WORLD VISION - UK 
THEMATIC FUNDING 
FEDERATION INTERNATIONALE DES SOCIETES DE LA CROIX-ROUGE ET DU 
CROISSANT ROUGE 
OCHA 
UNHCR 
UNICEF 
WORLD FOOD PROGRAM 
WHO 
UNITED NATIONS - FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION 
GRANT FACILITY 
GROUPE URD 
TOTAL CONTRACTS 2007 

Amount 
contract sum 
(Contract 
Financial) 

760.000 
445.000 
394.200 
990.000 
70.012 
119.988 
800.000 
2.126.689 
960.000 
1.166.689 
21.545.501 
519.970 
1.317.588 
999.943 
440.953 
1.210.082 
1.234.140 

408.205 

12.500.000 
1.681.421 
1.233.199 
27.375.000 

4.000.000 

3.500.000 
775.000 
6.400.000 
7.800.000 
4.300.000 
600.000 
100.000 
100.000 

740.676.648 

EN 

129 

   EN 

 
 
 
PART VII.  LIST OF ACRONYMS 

ACTED 

Agence  d'aide  à 
développement 

la  coopération 

technique  et  au 

CSP 

Country Strategy Paper (EDF) 

DIPECHO/DPP 

DG ECHO’s  Disaster  Preparedness 
Programme 

and  Prevention 

DRC 

Democratic Republic of Congo 

DG ECHO 

Humanitarian Aid Directorate-General 

EDF  

ESDP 

EU 

EUMS 

FAFA 

FPA 

GHD 

HOLIS 

ICRC 

IDP 

IFRC 

IHL 

INGO 

IOM  

LRRD 

MCDA 

MSF 

European Development Fund  

European Security and Defence Policy 

European Union 

Military Staff of the European Union 

The  EC/UN  Financial  and  Administrative  Framework 
Agreement 

Framework  Partnership  Agreement  (between  DG ECHO 
and its operational partners)  

Good Humanitarian Donorship 

Humanitarian Office Local Information System 

International Committee of the Red Cross 

Internally displaced persons 

International  Federation  of  Red  Cross  and  Red  Crescent 
Societies 

International Humanitarian Law 

International Non-governmental organisation 

International Organisation for Migration 

Linking relief, rehabilitation and development 

Military and Civil Defence Assets 

Médecins sans Frontières 

EN 

130 

   EN 

 
NOHA 

NGO 

OFDA 

SPD 

SPP 

UN-CHS-
HABITAT 

UNDP 

UNESCAP 

UN-FAO 

UNFPA 

UNHCR 

UNICEF 

UNOCHA 

UN-PAHO 

UNRWA 

UN-WFP 

UN-WHO 

UXO 

Network on Humanitarian Assistance 

Non-governmental organisation 

Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance 

Strategic Planning Dialogue 

Strategic Planning and Programming  

United  Nations  Centre  for  Human  Settlements  -  Habitat 
(UNCHS) 

United Nations Development Programme 

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia 
and the Pacific 

United Nations – Food and Agriculture Organization 

United Nations Population Fund 

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 

United Nations Children’s Fund 

United  Nations 
Humanitarian Affairs 

-  Office 

for 

the  Coordination  of 

United Nations – Pan American Health Organisation 

United  Nations  -  Relief  and  Works  Agency  for  Palestine 
Refugees in the Near East 

United Nations - World Food Programme 

United Nations-World Health Organisation 

Unexploded Ordnance 

EN 

131 

   EN