Council opinion of 12 February 2008 on the updated convergence programme of the United Kingdom, 2007/2008-2012/2013
Date: 2008-02-12
Institutions: Council of the European Union
Subjects: United Kingdom, budget estimate, economic convergence, economic forecasting, public finance, stability programme

22.2.2008

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Official Journal of the European Union

C 49/25

COUNCIL OPINION

of 12 February 2008

on the updated convergence programme of the United Kingdom, 2007/2008-2012/2013

(2008/C 49/07)

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION,

Having regard to the Treaty establishing the European Community,

Having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 1466/97 of 7 July 1997 on the strengthening of the surveil-
lance of budgetary positions and the surveillance and coordination of economic policies (1), and in particular
Article 9(3) thereof,

Having regard to the recommendation of the Commission,

After consulting the Economic and Financial Committee,

HAS DELIVERED THIS OPINION:

(1)

(2)

(3)

On 12 February 2008, the Council examined the updated convergence programme of the United
Kingdom, which covers the period from financial year 2007/2008 to financial year 2012/2013 (2).

The United Kingdom economy has displayed robust and remarkably stable growth over the last ten
years and in 2007 grew at a rate above potential, though with building imbalances including low
household saving and a wider external deficit. Favourable growth conditions have, however, been
accompanied by a deterioration in the general government deficit in the current financial year,
2007/2008. After a general government deficit in 2006/2007 of 2,6 % of GDP, the deficit is envi-
saged in the programme to reach around 3 % of GDP in 2007/2008, with no margin to the reference
value.

Furthermore, there are risks of a further deterioration in economic prospects following the financial
market turmoil and a weakening in the housing market in the second half of 2007. This points
towards a near-term economic slowdown. Looking ahead, this could constrain revenue growth, rein-
forcing the need for expenditure restraint if the United Kingdom is to achieve an improvement in the
fiscal balance. The recent relatively rapid exchange rate depreciation could also raise inflationary pres-
sures. Particular macroeconomic risks relate to a markedly more abrupt slowdown in housing market
activity, which could dampen private consumption growth, and a larger-than-expected weakening in
financial services growth and employment.

The programme contains two macroeconomic scenarios: a central scenario and an alternative
scenario based on trend growth one quarter of a percentage point lower than the central view. The
public finances projections are based on the alternative scenario, which is designed to be more
cautious than the central scenario. Both scenarios assume some feed-through to tighter credit condi-
tions as a result of recent financial market disruption. The alternative scenarios considered the refer-
ence scenario in the assessment of the updated programme. This scenario envisages a slowdown in
economic growth from 3,0 % in 2007/2008 to 2,0 % in 2008/2009. In 2009/2010, the programme
expects growth to gather pace again, rising to 2,75 %. Assessed against currently available informa-
tion (3),
including increasing prospects of a significant downturn in the housing market and
protracted financial market difficulties, this scenario appears to be based on growth assumptions that
are favourable until 2009/2010 and plausible thereafter. The programme's projections for inflation in

(1) OJ L 209, 2.8.1997, p. 1. Regulation as amended by Regulation (EC) No 1055/2005 (OJ L 174, 7.7.2005, p. 1). The

documents referred to in this text can be found at the following website:
http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/about/activities/sgp/main_en.htm

(2) The UK financial year runs from April to March.
(3) This assessment takes notably into account the Commission services' autumn forecast and the Commission assessment of

the October 2007 implementation report of the national reform programme.

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the short term also appear to be on the low side, primarily due to its assumption on oil prices next
year. However, the near-term prospect of activity levels depressed relative to potential should lead to a
subsequent moderation in inflation, which should preserve price stability.

(4)

(5)

(6)

For 2007/2008, the general government deficit is estimated at 3,0 % of GDP in the Commission
services' autumn 2007 forecast, against an estimate of 2,3 % of GDP set in the previous update of the
convergence programme. The structural deficit, defined as the cyclically-adjusted budget balance
calculated according to the commonly agreed methodology, net of one-off and other temporary
measures, will be higher by 0,5 % of GDP than in the previous financial year. The deterioration in the
budgetary position has primarily resulted from lower than expected receipts from corporate taxation;
though compared with the previous programme a deficit-increasing national accounts reclassification
should be noted of around 0,25 % of GDP per annum. More recent information, including in-year
data on central government revenues,
the deficit will be higher in
2007/2008, thus exceeding the reference value. In this context, the expected deterioration in the
public finances is not in line with the pursuit of consolidation recommended in the Council opinion
of 27 February 2007 on the previous update of the convergence programme (1).

implies a clear risk that

The update does not specify a quantitative medium-term objective (MTO) for the budgetary position.
The programme presents projections on a no-policy-change basis and envisages a gradual reduction
in the general government deficit. In 2008/2009, the deficit-to-GDP ratio is projected to be slightly
lower than in the previous year. During the same year, the structural deficit is estimated to improve
by about 0,3 percentage points. The primary deficit is expected to edge upwards as the rise in
the
primary expenditure is only partly offset by a drop in interest payments. Subsequently,
programme forecasts a reduction in the general government deficit by 0,5 p.p. in 2009/2010 and by
an average of 0,25 p.p. per annum during the following three financial years. The primary balance is
expected to improve from a deficit of 0,9 % of GDP in 2008/2009 to balance in 2010/2011. Over
the programme period, an increase in the revenue-to-GDP ratio and a drop in the expenditure ratio
are expected to contribute around three-fifths and two-fifths of the adjustment, respectively. The
increase in the revenue ratio is evenly spread through the programme period, with fiscal drag on
personal income taxation and, to a lesser extent, already announced measures contributing to higher
revenues.

On the expenditure side, the spending envelope set out in the 2007 Comprehensive Spending Review
(CSR) implies a significant drop in annual average expenditure growth between 2008/2009 and
2010/2011 when compared to the annual average during the preceding 10 years. Departments have
already made good progress against efficiency targets in the SR04 period (ending 2007/2008) and
have set out publicly a summary of proposed savings for the CSR period. However, in 2008/2009,
total expenditure is still expected to grow more rapidly than nominal GDP, contributing to an
increase in the deficit ratio. Compared with the previous programme, though partly reflecting the
national accounts reclassification referred to above, the new update projects a weaker budgetary
outlook, particularly in the early years of the programme period. The gross debt ratio is set to remain
well under the reference value of 60 % of GDP, even if projected to be on a rising trend until
2010/2011.

The budgetary outcomes could be worse than projected in the programme, especially due to lower
tax revenues and the possible materialisation of liabilities as a result of a deeper and more prolonged
downturn in financial sector activity. Tax-rich expenditures, especially household consumption, could
also be particularly depressed by an extended period of housing market adjustment. A deficit overrun
in 2007/2008 arising from the revenue side could extend also into a higher deficit in 2008/2009.
Given the risks attending macroeconomic performance in 2008, the convergence programme's
assumption that in 2009/10 the UK economy will swiftly recover to potential growth appears opti-
mistic and thus carries a risk that the deficit will be higher than projected. Meanwhile, the sharp slow-
down in expenditure growth that is targeted in the latest CSR is accompanied by objectives for
considerable efficiency gains in the provision of public services, which, if not achieved, could trigger
pressures for higher expenditure than set out in the CSR. The projections for 2011/2012 and
2012/2013, subsequent to the forthcoming CSR period, assume continued moderate growth in
expenditure but are beyond the detailed departmental spending plans set up for the preceding years.

(1) OJ C 72, 29.3.2007, p. 20.

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(7)

(8)

(9)

In view of this risk assessment, the budgetary stance in the programme may not be sufficient to
ensure the limited consolidation foreseen in the programme. There is a clear risk that the deficit will
be higher in the near term, thus breaching the reference value. A deficit level that provides a safety
margin against breaching the 3 % of GDP deficit threshold with normal economic fluctuations (esti-
mated at 1,5 % of GDP) is unlikely to be achieved within the programme period. The pace of fiscal
consolidation should be strengthened over the programme period.

The United Kingdom appears to be at medium risk with regard to the sustainability of public finances.
The long-term budgetary impact of ageing is close to the EU average, with pension expenditure
showing a somewhat more limited increase than on average in the EU, in part as a result of the fact
that the United Kingdom relies relatively more on private pension arrangements than do other
EU countries. The 2007 reforms, addressing the concern of potentially inadequate future pension
provision, are likely to involve a somewhat higher increase in age-related expenditure. The budgetary
position in 2007 as estimated in the programme, which is significantly worse than the starting
position of the previous programme, constitutes a risk to sustainable public finances even before the
long-term budgetary impact of an ageing population is considered. Achieving high primary surpluses
would contribute to reducing risks to the sustainability of public finances.

the national reform programme.

The convergence programme appears to be consistent with the September 2007 implementation
In particular, both programmes integrate the 2007
report of
Comprehensive Spending Review, including the gradual implementation of the government's objec-
tives to increase efficiency and value for money in public service provision. The direct budgetary
implications of important reform elements highlighted in the implementation report of the national
reform programme, including the increase in the value and coverage of the State-pension as well as
recent initiatives taken to increase housing supply, promote R&D and innovation and raise the skill
levels in the workforce, have been taken into account in the budgetary projections of the convergence
programme.

(10)

The budgetary strategy in the programme is broadly consistent with the country-specific broad
economic policy guidelines included in the integrated guidelines in the area of budgetary policies
issued in the context of the Lisbon strategy.

(11) As regards the data requirements specified in the code of conduct for stability and convergence
programmes, the programme continues to have substantial gaps in the required and optional data (1),
with no evidence of improvement in response to the Council's previous invitation in this regard.

The overall conclusion is that the programme confirms a significant deterioration in the United Kingdom's
budgetary position that, coupled with a probably weaker macroeconomic context than envisaged, carries a
clear risk that general government deficit will breach the 3 % of GDP deficit reference value in the near
term. While the programme envisages some fiscal tightening from 2008/2009 through a progressive
increase in tax revenues and a reduction in previously rapid growth in current expenditure, there are risks to
the achievement of this consolidation. These primarily stem from the deterioration in macroeconomic
prospects and risks to the achievements of spending targets. The projected speed of consolidation is itself
unambitious. The debt ratio remains significantly below the 60 per cent of GDP reference value, increasing
slightly before falling from 2010/2011 onwards only. The long-term sustainability of United Kingdom
public finances has deteriorated when compared to the previous programme, mainly due to the deterioration
of the starting position, although the United Kingdom remains at medium risk.

In view of the above assessment, the United Kingdom is invited to:

(i) implement measures necessary for the deficit not to exceed the reference value of 3 per cent of GDP;

(ii) strengthen the pace of fiscal improvement over the programme period, which would also address the

increased risks to the long-term sustainability of the public finances.

The United Kingdom is again invited to improve compliance with the data requirements of the code of
conduct.

(1) In particular, the data on projections for employment, unemployment, wage inflation and a detailed breakdown of general

government revenue and expenditure on a harmonised ESA 95 basis are not provided.

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Comparison of key macroeconomic and budgetary projections

2006/
2007

2007/
2008

2008/
2009

2009/
2010

2010/
2011

2011/
2012

2012/
2013

Real GDP
(% change)

HICP inflation
(%)

CP Nov 2007 (1)

COM Nov 2007

3

3

3

3

2

2

CP Dec 2006 (1)

2,75

2,75

2,5

CP Nov 2007 (1)

COM Nov 2007 (2)

CP Dec 2006 (1)

2,5

2,3

2,5

2

2,2

2

2,25

2,4

2

0

2,75

2,5

2,5

2

2

2

2,5

n.a.

2,5

2

2,5

n.a.

2,5

2

n.a.

n.a.

2

2

2,5

n.a.

n.a.

2

n.a.

n.a.

Output gap (3)
(% of potential GDP)

CP Nov 2007 (1)

– 0,1

– 0,5

– 0,3

– 0,4

– 0,4

– 0,3

COM Nov 2007 (2) (4)

– 0,3

– 0,1

– 0,4

– 0,6

n.a.

n.a.

CP Dec 2006 (1)

– 0,6

– 0,6

– 0,6

– 0,5

– 0,4

– 0,3

n.a.

n.a.

General government
balance (5)
(% of GDP)

CP Nov 2007

COM Nov 2007

– 2,6

– 2,6

– 3

– 3

– 2,9

– 2,4

– 2,1

– 1,8

– 1,6

– 3

– 2,7

n.a.

n.a.

Primary balance (5)
(% of GDP)

Cyclically-adjusted
balance (3) (5)
(% of GDP)

Structural balance (6)
(% of GDP)

Government gross
debt (7)
(% of GDP)

n.a.

n.a.

0,5

n.a.

n.a.

CP Dec 2006

– 2,8

– 2,3

– 1,9

– 1,7

– 1,6

– 1,4

CP Nov 2007

– 0,4

– 0,8

– 0,9

– 0,3

COM Nov 2007

– 0,5

– 1

CP Dec 2006

– 0,6

– 0,2

– 1

0,1

– 0,7

0,3

0

n.a.

0,5

0,3

n.a.

0,7

CP Nov 2007

– 2,5

– 3

– 2,7

– 2,3

– 1,9

– 1,6

– 1,5

COM Nov 2007

– 2,5

– 2,9

– 2,8

– 2,4

n.a.

n.a.

CP Dec 2006

– 2,5

– 2,1

– 1,7

– 1,5

– 1,4

– 1,3

n.a.

n.a.

CP Nov 2007

– 2,5

– 3

– 2,7

– 2,3

– 1,9

– 1,6

– 1,5

COM Nov 2007

– 2,5

– 2,9

– 2,8

– 2,4

n.a.

n.a.

CP Dec 2006

– 2,5

– 2,1

– 1,7

– 1,5

– 1,4

– 1,3

n.a.

n.a.

CP Nov 2007

43,4

43,9

44,8

45,1

45,3

45,2

44,9

COM Nov 2007

42,6

43,3

44,5

45,2

CP Dec 2006

43,7

44,1

44,2

44,2

n.a.

44

n.a.

43,6

n.a.

n.a.

Notes:
(1) Economic assumptions underlying the authorities' projections for public finances. The economic assumptions are based on a scenario

which assumes that trend growth is one-quarter percentage point lower than the government's neutral view.

(2) On a calendar-year basis. Numbers reported in 2006/2007 column refer to the 2006 calendar year.
(3) Output gaps and cyclically-adjusted balances according to the programmes as recalculated by Commission services on the basis of the

information in the programmes.

(4) Based on estimated potential growth of 2,9 %, 2,8 %, 2,6 % and 2,6 % respectively in the period 2006-2009.
(5) Figures for the primary balance in the convergence programmes adjusted to use gross rather than net interest payments.
(6) Cyclically-adjusted balance excluding one-off and other temporary measures. There are no one-off and other temporary measures

during the programme period.

(7) Figures in the convergence programmes derived using GDP excluding the FISIM adjustment, which raises the debt ratio by about

0,8 percentage points when compared to the Commission services' autumn 2007 forecast.

Sources:
Convergence programme (CP); Commission services' autumn 2007 economic forecasts (COM); Commission services' calculations.