Proposal for a Council Decision on the signing and provisional application of a Protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, to take account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union
Date: 2008-02-11
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: Bulgaria, Lebanon, Romania, accession to the European Union, association agreement (EU), protocol to an agreement

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 11.2.2008 
COM(2008) 65 final 

2008/0027(AVC) 

Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DECISION 

on the signing and provisional application of a Protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean 
Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its 
Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, to take 
account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European 
Union 

Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DECISION 

on the conclusion of a Protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an 
Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, 
and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, to take account of the accession of the 
Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union 

(presented by the Commission) 

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EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM 

Under the terms of Article 6(2) of the 2005 Act of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the 
European  Union,  the  accession  of  the  new  Member  States  to  the  Euro-Mediterranean 
Association Agreement with the Republic of Lebanon shall be agreed by means of a protocol 
to this Agreement. The same article provides for a simplified procedure, whereby the protocol 
is to be concluded by the Council, acting unanimously on behalf of the Member States, and by 
the  third  country  concerned.  This  procedure  is  without  prejudice  to  the  Community’s  own 
competences. 

On 23 October 2006 the Council authorised the Commission to negotiate such a protocol with 
Lebanon to take account of the accession of Bulgaria and Romania on 1 January 2007. The 
negotiations were delayed due to the constraints experienced by the Lebanese administration 
and their request of clarification even beyond the scope of the protocol before providing their 
agreement  of  principle  to  the  text.  During  these  negotiations  it  was  concluded  that  no 
additional trade concessions in agriculture, processed agricultural and fishery products would 
be added to the existing Association Agreement.  

The  attached  proposals  are  for  (1)  a  Council  Decision  on  the  signature  and  provisional 
application of the Protocol and (2) a Council Decision on the conclusion of the Protocol. 

The text of the protocol negotiated with Lebanon is attached. The most important provision of 
the protocol concerns the accession of the new Member States to the EU-Lebanon Association 
Agreement and the inclusion of the new official languages of the EU.  

The  Commission  requests  the  Council  to  adopt  the  proposed  Council  Decisions  for  the 
signing and conclusion of the Protocol. 

The  European  Parliament  will  be  called  upon  to  give  its  assent  to  the  conclusion  of  this 
Protocol. 

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Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DECISION 

on the signing and provisional application of a Protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean 
Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and its 
Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, to take 
account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European 
Union 

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 

Having  regard  to  the  Treaty  establishing  the  European  Community,  and  in  particular 
Article 310, in conjunction with Article 300(2), first subparagraph, second sentence, thereof, 

Having regard to the Act of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union, and 
in particular Article 6(2) thereof, 

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, 

Whereas: 

(1) 

On  23  October  2006  the  Council  authorised  the  Commission,  on  behalf  of  the 
European  Community  and  its  Member  States,  to  negotiate  protocols  amending  the 
agreements concluded between the European Community and its Member States and 
third  countries,  such  as 
the  Euro-Mediterranean  Agreement  establishing  an 
Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, 
and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, 1 to take account of the accession of the 
new Member States to the European Union.  

(2) 

The negotiations with Lebanon have since been completed. 

(3) 

(4) 

Article  8(2)  of  the  Protocol  negotiated  with  Lebanon  provides  for  the  provisional 
application of the Protocol before its entry into force. 

Subject  to  its  possible  conclusion  at  a  later  date,  the  Protocol  should  be  signed  on 
behalf of the Community and applied provisionally, 

HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: 

The  President  of  the  Council  is  hereby  authorised  to  designate  the  person(s)  empowered  to 
sign,  on  behalf  of  the  European  Community  and  its  Member  States,  the  Protocol  to  the 

Article 1 

1 OJ L 143, 30.5.2006, p. 2. 

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Euro-Mediterranean  Agreement  establishing  an  Association  between 
the  European 
Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other 
part,  to  take  account  of  the  accession  of  the  Republic  of  Bulgaria  and  Romania  to  the 
European Union. The text of the Protocol is attached to this Decision. 

Article 2 

The  Protocol  shall  be  applied  provisionally  from  1  January  2007,  subject  to  its  possible 
conclusion at a later date. 

Done at Brussels, 

For the Council 
The President 

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2008/0027(AVC) 

Proposal for a 

COUNCIL DECISION 

on the conclusion of a Protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an 
Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, 
and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, to take account of the accession of the 
Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union 

THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, 

Having  regard  to  the  Treaty  establishing  the  European  Community,  and  in  particular 
Article 310  in  conjunction  with  the  second  sentence  of  the  first  subparagraph  of 
Article 300(2) and the second subparagraph of Article 300(3) thereof, 

Having regard to the Act of Accession of Bulgaria and Romania to the European Union, and 
in particular Article 6(2) thereof, 

Having regard to the proposal from the Commission, 

Having regard to the assent of the European Parliament, 

Whereas: 

(1) 

The  Protocol  to  the  Euro-Mediterranean  Association  Agreement  establishing  an 
Association between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, 
and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, was signed on behalf of the European 
Community and its Member States on […]. 

(2) 

The Protocol should be approved, 

HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS: 

Sole Article 

The Protocol  to the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement establishing an Association 
between the European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of 
Lebanon, of the other part, is hereby approved on behalf of the European Community and its 
Member States to take account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to 
the European Union. 

The text of the Protocol is annexed to this Decision. 

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Done at Brussels, 

For the Council 
The President 

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PROTOCOL 

to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European 
Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of the other 
part, to take account of the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to the 
European Union 

THE KINGDOM OF BELGIUM, 

THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA, 

THE CZECH REPUBLIC, 

THE KINGDOM OF DENMARK, 

THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, 

THE REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA, 

THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC, 

THE KINGDOM OF SPAIN, 

THE FRENCH REPUBLIC, 

IRELAND, 

THE ITALIAN REPUBLIC, 

THE REPUBLIC OF CYPRUS, 

THE REPUBLIC OF LATVIA, 

THE REPUBLIC OF LITHUANIA, 

THE GRAND DUCHY OF LUXEMBOURG, 

THE REPUBLIC OF HUNGARY, 

THE REPUBLIC OF MALTA, 

THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, 

THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA, 

THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND, 

THE PORTUGUESE REPUBLIC, 

ROMANIA, 

THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA, 

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THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC, 

THE REPUBLIC OF FINLAND, 

THE KINGDOM OF SWEDEN, 

THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND, 

hereinafter referred to as “EC Member States” represented by the Council of the European 
Union, and 

THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, 

hereinafter referred to as “the Community” represented by the Council of the European Union 
and the European Commission, of the one part 

and THE REPUBLIC OF LEBANON  

hereinafter referred to as “Lebanon” 

of the other part 

WHEREAS  the  Euro-Mediterranean  Agreement  establishing  an  Association  between  the 
European Community and its Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Lebanon, of 
the other part, 2 hereinafter referred to as “the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement”, was signed in 
Brussels on 1 April 2002 and entered into force on 1 April 2006; 

WHEREAS the Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Bulgaria and Romania to 
the  European  Union  and  the  Act  thereto  was  signed  in  Luxemburg  on  25  April  2005  and 
entered into force on 1 January 2007; 

WHEREAS an Interim Agreement on trade and trade-related matters between the European 
Community and the Republic of Lebanon3entered into force on 1 March 2003; 

WHEREAS,  pursuant  to  Article  6(2)  of  the  Act  of  Accession,  the  accession  of  the  new 
Contracting Parties to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement must be agreed by the conclusion 
of a protocol to the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement; 

WHEREAS consultations pursuant to Article 22 of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement have 
taken  place  in  order  to  ensure  that  account  has  been  taken  of  the  mutual  interests  of  the 
Community and the Republic of Lebanon; 

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 

The  Republic  of  Bulgaria  and  Romania  hereby  become  Contracting  Parties  to  the  Euro-
Mediterranean Agreement establishing an Association between the European Community and 

Article 1 

2 OJ L 143, 30.5.2006, p. 2. 
3 OJ L 262, 30.9.2002, p. 2. 

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its Member States, of the one part, and Republic of Lebanon, of the other part, and shall, in 
the same manner as the other EC Member States, respectively adopt and take note of the texts 
of the Agreement, the Joint Declarations, Declarations and Exchanges of Letters. 

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CHAPTER  ONE:  AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  TEXT  OF  THE  EURO-MEDITERRANEAN 
AGREEMENT, INCLUDING ITS ANNEXES AND PROTOCOLS 

Article 2 (Rules of Origin) 

Protocol 4 shall be amended as follows:  

1. 

Article 18(4) is replaced by the following: 

Movement  certificates  EUR.1  issued  retrospectively  must  be  endorsed  with  one  of  the 
following phrases: 

BG 

"ИЗДАДЕН ВПОСЛЕДСТВИЕ" 

ES 

"EXPEDIDO A POSTERIORI" 

CS 

"VYSTAVENO DODATEČNĔ" 

DA 

"UDSTEDT EFTERFØLGENDE" 

DE 

"NACHTRÄGLICH AUSGESTELLT" 

ET 

"VÄLJA ANTUD TAGASIULATUVALT" 

EL 

"ΕΚΔΟΘΕΝ ΕΚ ΤΩΝ ΥΣΤΕΡΩΝ" 

EN 

"ISSUED RETROSPECTIVELY" 

FR 

"DÉLIVRÉ A POSTERIORI" 

IT 

"RILASCIATO A POSTERIORI" 

LV 

"IZSNIEGTS RETROSPEKTĪVI" 

LT 

"RETROSPEKTYVUSIS IŠDAVIMAS" 

HU 

"KIADVA VISSZAMENŐLEGES HATÁLLYAL" 

MT 

"MAĦRUĠ RETROSPETTIVAMENT" 

NL 

"AFGEGEVEN A POSTERIORI" 

PL 

"WYSTAWIONE RETROSPEKTYWNIE" 

PT 

"EMITIDO A POSTERIORI" 

RO 

"EMIS A POSTERIORI" 

SL 

"IZDANO NAKNADNO" 

SK 

"VYDANÉ DODATOČNE" 

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FI 

"ANNETTU JÄLKIKÄTEEN" 

SV 

"UTFÄRDAT I EFTERHAND" 

" 

Article 19(2) is replaced by the following : 

AR 

2. 

(…) 

The duplicate issued in this way must be endorsed with one of the following words: 

BG 

"ДУБЛИКАТ" 

ES 

"DUPLICADO" 

CS 

"DUPLIKÁT" 

DA 

"DUPLIKAT" 

DE 

"DUPLIKAT" 

ET 

"DUPLIKAAT" 

EL 

"ΑΝΤΙΓΡΑΦΟ" 

EN 

"DUPLICATE" 

FR 

"DUPLICATA" 

IT 

"DUPLICATO" 

LV 

"DUBLIKĀTS" 

LT 

"DUBLIKATAS" 

HU 

"MÁSODLAT" 

MT 

"DUPLIKAT" 

NL 

"DUPLICAAT" 

PL 

"DUPLIKAT" 

PT 

"SEGUNDA VIA" 

RO 

"DUPLICAT" 

SL 

"DVOJNIK" 

SK 

"DUPLIKÁT" 

FI 

"KAKSOISKAPPALE" 

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SV 

"DUPLIKAT" 

AR 

3 

" 

Annex V is replaced by the following: 

Bulgarian version 

Износителят  на  продуктите,  обхванати  от  този  документ  (митническо 
разрешение  №  …  (1))  декларира,  че  освен  кьдето  е  отбелязано  друго,  тези 
продукти са с … преференциален произход (2). 

Spanish version  

El  exportador  de  los  productos  incluidos  en  el  presente  documento  (autorización 
aduanera  n°  ..  …(1).)  declara  que,  salvo  indicación  en  sentido  contrario,  estos 
productos gozan de un origen preferencial . …(2). 

Czech version 

Vývozce výrobků uvedených v tomto dokumentu (číslo povolení …(1)) prohlašuje, že 
kromě zřetelně označených, mají tyto výrobky preferenční původ v …(2). 

Danish version  

Eksportøren af varer, der er omfattet af nærværende dokument, (toldmyndighedernes 
tilladelse  nr.  ...(1)),  erklærer,  at  varerne,  medmindre  andet  tydeligt  er  angivet,  har 
præferenceoprindelse i ...(2). 

German version  

Der  Ausführer  (Ermächtigter  Ausführer;  Bewilligungs-Nr.  ...(1))  der  Waren,  auf  die 
sich  dieses  Handelspapier  bezieht,  erklärt,  dass  diese  Waren,  soweit  nicht  anderes 
angegeben, präferenzbegünstigte ...(2) Ursprungswaren sind. 

Estonian version 

Käesoleva  dokumendiga  hõlmatud  toodete  eksportija  (tolliameti  kinnitus  nr.  ...(1)) 
deklareerib,  et  need  tooted  on  ...(2)  sooduspäritoluga,  välja  arvatud  juhul  kui  on 
selgelt näidatud teisiti. 

Greek version  

Ο  εξαγωγέας  των  προϊόντων  που  καλύπτονται  από  το  παρόν  έγγραφο  (άδεια 
τελωνείου  υπ΄αριθ.  ...(1))  δηλώνει  ότι,  εκτός  εάν  δηλώνεται  σαφώς  άλλως,  τα 
προϊόντα αυτά είναι προτιμησιακής καταγωγής ...(2). 

English version 

The  exporter  of  the  products  covered  by  this  document  (customs  authorization  No 
...(1))  declares  that,  except  where  otherwise  clearly  indicated,  these  products  are  of 
...(2) preferential origin. 

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French version 

L'exportateur des produits couverts par le présent document (autorisation douanière 
n°  ...(1))  déclare  que,  sauf  indication  claire  du  contraire,  ces  produits  ont  l'origine 
préférentielle ... (2)). 

Italian version 

L'esportatore  delle  merci  contemplate  nel  presente  documento  (autorizzazione 
doganale  n…  (1))  dichiara  che,  salvo  indicazione  contraria,  le  merci  sono  di  origine 
preferenziale ...(2). 

Latvian version 

Eksportētājs  produktiem,  kuri  ietverti  šajā  dokumentā  (muitas  pilnvara  Nr.  …(1)), 
deklarē,  ka,  iznemot  tur,  kur  ir  citādi  skaidri  noteikts,  šiem  produktiem  ir 
priekšrocību izcelsme no …(2). 

Lithuanian version 

Šiame  dokumente  išvardintų  prekių  eksportuotojas  (muitinès  liudijimo  Nr  …(1)) 
deklaruoja, kad, jeigu kitaip nenurodyta, tai yra(2) preferencinès kilmés prekés. 

Hungarian version 

A  jelen  okmányban  szereplő  áruk  exportőre  (vámfelhatalmazási  szám:  …(1)) 
kijelentem, hogy eltérő jelzés hianyában az áruk kedvezményes …(2) származásúak. 

Maltese version 

L-esportatur tal-prodotti koperti b’dan id-dokument (awtorizzazzjoni tad-dwana nru. 
…(1)) jiddikjara li, ħlief fejn indikat b’mod ċar li mhux hekk, dawn il-prodotti huma 
ta’ oriġini preferenzjali …(2). 

Dutch version 

De  exporteur  van  de  goederen  waarop  dit  document  van 
is 
(douanevergunning nr. ...(1)), verklaart dat, behoudens uitdrukkelijke andersluidende 
vermelding, deze goederen van preferentiële ... oorsprong zijn (2). 

toepassing 

Polish version 

Eksporter  produktów  objętych  tym  dokumentem  (upoważnienie  władz  celnych  nr 
…(1))  deklaruje, że z wyjątkiem gdzie  jest to  wyraźnie określone, produkty te mają 
…(2) preferencyjne pochodzenie. 

Portuguese version 

O exportador dos produtos cobertos pelo presente documento (autorização aduaneira 
n°. ...(1)), declara que, salvo expressamente indicado em contrário, estes produtos são 
de origem preferencial ...(2). 

Romanian version 

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Exportatorul  produselor  ce  fac  ojiectul  acestui  document  (autorizaţia  vamalâ  nr. 
…(1))  declará  cá,  exceptând  cazul  în  care  în  mod  expres  este  indicat  altfel,  aceste 
produse sunt de origine preferenţialā …(2). 

Slovenian version 

Izvoznik blaga, zajetega s tem dokumentom (pooblastilo carinskih organov št …(1)) 
izjavlja,  da,  razen  če  ni  drugače  jasno  navedeno,  ima  to  blago  preferencialno  …(2) 
poreklo. 

Slovak version 

Vývozca výrobkov uvedených v tomto dokumente (číslo povolenia …(1)) vyhlasuje, 
že okrem zreteľne označených, majú tieto výrobky preferenčný pôvod v …(2). 

Finnish version 

Tässä  asiakirjassa  mainittujen  tuotteiden  viejä  (tullin  lupa  n:o  ...(1))  ilmoittaa,  että 
nämä  tuotteet  ovat,  ellei  toisin  ole  selvästi  merkitty,  etuuskohteluun  oikeutettuja  ... 
alkuperätuotteita (2). 

Swedish version 

Exportören av de varor som omfattas av detta dokument (tullmyndighetens tillstånd 
tydligt  markerats,  har 
nr. 
förmånsberättigande ... ursprung (2). 

...(1))  försäkrar  att  dessa  varor,  om 

inte  annat 

Arabic version 

…………………………………………………………..(3) 

(Place and date) 

…………………………………………………………..(4) 

(Signature of the exporter, in addition, the name of the person signing the declaration has to 
be indicated in clear script) 

(1) 

(2) 

When the invoice declaration is made out by an approved exporter, the authorisation 
number  of  the  approved  exporter  must  be  entered  in  this  space.  When  the  invoice 
declaration  is  not  made  out  by  an  approved exporter, the words in brackets will be 
omitted or the space left blank. 

Origin of products to be indicated. When the invoice declaration relates in whole or 
in part to products originating in Ceuta and Melilla within the meaning of Article 37 
of the Protocol, the exporter must clearly indicate them in the document on which the 
declaration is made out by means of the symbol "CM". 

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(3) 

(4) 

These  indications  may  be  omitted  if  the  information  is  contained  in  the  document 
itself. 

In cases where the exporter is not required to sign, the exemption of signature also 
implies the exemption of the name of the signatory. 

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CHAPTER TWO: TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 

Article 3 (Proofs of Origin and administrative cooperation) 

1. 

Proofs  of  origin  properly  issued  by  either  Lebanon  or  a  new  Member  State  in  the 
framework of preferential agreements or autonomous arrangements applied between 
them shall be accepted in the respective countries under this Protocol, provided that: 

(a) 

(b) 

(c) 

the acquisition of such origin confers preferential tariff treatment on the basis 
of  the  preferential  tariff  measures  contained  in  this  Agreement  or  in  the 
Community System of Generalised Preferences; 

the proof of  origin  and  the  transport documents were issued no later than the 
day before the date of accession; 

the proof of origin is submitted to the customs authorities within the period of 
four months from the date of accession. 

Where  goods  were  declared  for  importation  in  either  Lebanon  or  a  new  Member 
State,  prior  to  the  date  of  accession,  under  preferential  agreements  or  autonomous 
arrangements  applied  between  Lebanon  and  that  new  Member  State  at  that  time, 
proof  of  origin  issued  retrospectively  under  those  agreements  or  arrangements  may 
also be accepted, provided that it is submitted to the customs authorities within the 
period of four months from the date of accession. 

Lebanon and the new Member States are authorised to retain the authorisations with 
which  the  status  of  “approved  exporters”  has  been  granted  in  the  framework  of 
preferential  agreements  or  autonomous  arrangements  applied  between  them, 
provided that: 

(a) 

such  a  provision  is  also  provided  for  in  the  agreement  concluded  between 
Lebanon and the Community prior to the date of accession; and 

(b) 

the approved exporters apply the rules of origin in force under that agreement. 

These  authorisations  shall  be  replaced  no  later  than  one  year  after  the  date  of 
accession, by new authorisations issued under the terms of the Agreement. 

Requests for subsequent verification of proof of origin issued under the preferential 
agreements or autonomous arrangements referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 above can 
be  presented  by  the  competent  customs  authorities  of  either  Lebanon  or  the  new 
Member States and shall be accepted by those authorities for a period of three years 
after issue of the proof of origin concerned.  

Article 4 (Goods in transit) 

The  provisions  of  the  Agreement  may  be  applied  to  goods  exported  either  from 
Lebanon to one of the new Member States or from one of the new Member States to 
Lebanon  which  comply  with  the  provisions  of  Protocol  4  and,  on  the  date  of 

2. 

3. 

1. 

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accession, are either en route or in temporary storage, in a customs warehouse or in a 
free zone in Lebanon or in that new Member State. 

2. 

Preferential treatment may be granted in such cases, subject to the submission to the 
customs  authorities  of  the  importing  country,  within  four  months  of  the  date  of 
accession, of proof of origin issued retrospectively by the customs authorities of the 
exporting country. 

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General and final provisions 

Article 5 

The Republic of Lebanon undertakes that it shall neither make any claim, request or referral 
nor  modify  or  withdraw  any  concession  pursuant  to  GATT  1994  Articles  XXIV.6  and 
XXVIII in relation to this enlargement of the Community. 

This Protocol shall form an integral part of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement.  

Article 6 

Article 7 

This Protocol shall be approved by the Community, by the Council of the European 
Union  on  behalf  of  the  Member  States,  and  by  the  Republic  of  Lebanon  in 
accordance with their own procedures. 

The  Parties  shall  notify  each  other  of  the  accomplishment  of  the  corresponding 
procedures referred to in the preceding paragraph. The instruments of approval shall 
be deposited with the General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union. 

Article 8 

This Protocol shall enter into force on the first day of the first month following the 
date of deposit of the last instrument of approval. 

This Protocol shall apply provisionally as from 1 January 2007. 

1. 

2. 

1. 

2. 

This  Protocol  is  drawn  up  in  duplicate  in  each  of  the  official  languages  of  the  Contracting 
Parties, each of these texts being equally authentic. 

Article 9 

Article 10 

The text of the Euro-Mediterranean Agreement, including the Annexes and Protocols forming 
an integral part thereof, and the Final Act together with the declarations annexed thereto shall 
be drawn up in the Bulgarian and Romanian languages, and these texts shall be authentic in 
the same way as the original texts. The Association Council shall approve these texts. 

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FOR THE MEMBER STATES… 

FOR THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY… 

FOR THE REPUBLIC OF LEBANON 

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