Cultural statistics : 2007 edition.
Date: 2007-11-21
Institutions: Eurostat
Subjects: EU statistics, art trade, cultural event, cultural heritage, culture, culture industry, employment statistics, expenditure

•pocketbooks-part4-back:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  17:00  Page 170

Pocketbooks

Cultural statistics

2007 edition

EuropEan Commission

•pocketbooks-part4-back:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  17:00  Page 170

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•pocketbooks-part4-back:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  17:00  Page 170

EUROSTAT
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website http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

Eurostat is the Statistical Office of the European Communities. Its mission 
is  to  provide  the  European  Union  with  high-quality  statistical  informa-
tion. For that purpose, it gathers and analyses figures from the national 
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nised data for the European Union to use in the definition, implementa-
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•pocketbooks-debut:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 4

CULTURAL STATISTICS
EUROSTAT POCKETBOOKS

This publication has been managed and prepared by Eurostat:

• Directorate F - Social Statistics and Information Society,
directed by Michel Glaude

• Unit F4 - Education, science and culture statistics,
headed by Jean-Louis Mercy

Co-ordinator

Marta Beck-Domżalska – Marta. Beck-Domzalska@ec.europa.eu

Eurostat - Statistical Oﬃce of the European Communities
Unit F4 - Education, science and culture statistics
Joseph Bech Building, rue A. Weicker, 5
L-71 Luxembourg.

Thanks for their collaboration to:

Emmanuel Kailis (Unit F4), Amedeo Bidoli (Unit F4), Luis Del Barrio (Unit F),
Peter Paul Borg (Unit F), Heidi Seybert (Unit F6), Ulf Johansson (Unit G1),
Jean-Marie Eschenauer (Unit G), Baudouin Quennery (Unit D),
Klas Rydenstam (Hetus website), Guy Frank (Network Egmus).

Conception, data processing, analysis,
design and desktop publishing

French Ministry of Culture and Communication

Délégation au développement et aux affaires internationales (DDAI)

Département des études, de la prospective et des statistiques (Deps)
directed by Philippe Chantepie

Jeannine Cardona (Statistics manager)
Pierre Berret (Project leader)
Chantal Lacroix, Jacqueline Boucherat

Transfaire, F-0450 Turriers

4

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-debut:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 5

Introduction

e sociological changes triggered by the spread of the information
society, coupled with the increasingly important and acknowledged
role played by culture in social bonding, have created a need for a
better understanding of the links between culture and social and
economic development.

For the ﬁrst time Eurostat is publishing a pocketbook containing
comparable data relating to culture already available within the
European Statistical System, plus information from other sources
(Unesco, Eurobarometer, etc.).

is publication does not claim to be exhaustive. Owing to the lack
of a robust deﬁnition of culture (or to an over-abundance of deﬁni-
tions), the pocketbook relies on the pragmatic deﬁnition generally
agreed upon during the earlier work by the European Leadership
Group (LEG). First, it was decided to restrict the ﬁeld to activities
recognised as cultural by every Member State. For this reason, sports
and tourism, for example, were excluded. Next, the ﬁeld to culture
was broken down into about sixty activities, cross-relating eight
“domains” (artistic and monumental heritage, archives, libraries,
books and press, visual arts, architecture, performing arts and audio-
visual/multimedia) with six “functions” (conservation, creation, pro-
duction, dissemination, trade and training).

e ﬁeld of culture deﬁned in this way does not equate to any par-
ticular economic sector and therefore is not covered by sectoral sur-
veys. It includes activities in numerous areas of social and economic
life, which are not always identiﬁable in economic classiﬁcations. As
a result, statistics are missing for a number of activities which can-
not be singled out and examined from national and European sur-
veys or data collections.

e approach adopted here is cross-cutting and thematic, drawing
on existing data on employment, business, external trade, household
cultural consumption, time use and cultural participation. Method-
ological notes and the classiﬁcations used to draw a distinction
between cultural activities, occupations or goods are included at the
end of this pocketbook.

is initial snapshot of cultural statistics could be greatly developed
and improved, ﬁrst by making a sustained intellectual eﬀort to deﬁne
the ﬁeld and, second, by applying more eﬃcient assessment meth-
ods coupled, where possible, with better identiﬁcation of cultural
activities in the harmonised data collections and European surveys.

Cultural statistics

5

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•pocketbooks-debut:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 7

Table of contents
Cultural statistics

Symbols and abbreviations, countries

I

Contextual data

Chap. 1: Demography, social data and economics

Demography

Education

Employment

Economic indicators

Chap. 2: Cultural heritage

II Cultural employment,

enterprises and external trade

Chap. 1: Cultural employment

Chap. 2: Enterprises in cultural sectors

Publishing of books, newspapers,
journals and periodicals

Sound recordings sector

Concentration in the publishing sector

Architecture and engineering sector

Cinema

12-13

15

17

18-20

21-27

28-29

30-31

33-45

47

49-71

73

78-85

86-87

88-89

90-95

96-99

Chap. 3: External trade in cultural goods

101-119

III Cultural expenditure and participation

Chap. 1: Household cultural expenditure

Chap. 2: Cultural participation

Chap. 3: Time spent on cultural activities

Background information

Data sources, classiﬁcations and deﬁnitions

121

123-129

131-145

147-167

169

Cultural statistics

7

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Table des matières
Statistiques culturelles

Signes conventionnels et abréviations, pays

12-13

I Données de cadrage

Chap. 1 : Démographie, données sociales

et économiques

Démographie

Éducation

Emploi

Indicateurs économiques

Chap. 2 : Patrimoine culturel

II Emploi culturel, entreprises
et commerce extérieur

Chap. 1 : Emploi culturel

Chap. 2 : Entreprises des secteurs culturels

Édition de livres, journaux, revues et périodiques

Édition d’enregistrements sonores

Concentration dans le secteur de l’édition

Activités d’architecture et d’ingénierie

Cinéma

Chap. 3 : Commerce extérieur

des biens culturels

III Dépenses et pratiques culturelles

Chap. 1 : Dépenses culturelles des ménages

Chap. 2 : Pratiques culturelles

Chap. 3 : Temps consacré

aux pratiques culturelles

Présentation des sources,
nomenclatures et déﬁnitions

15

17

18-20

21-27

28-29

30-31

33-45

47

49-71

73

78-85

86-87

88-89

90-95

96-99

101-119

121

123-129

131-145

147-167

169

Cultural statistics

9

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Inhaltsverzeichnis
Kulturelle Statistik

Symbole und Abkürzungen, Länder

I Hintergrundinformationen

Kap. 1 : Demograﬁe, Sozialdaten und Wirtschaft

Demograﬁe

Ausbildung

Beschäftigung

Wirtschaft

Kap. 2 : Kulturelles Erbe

II Kulturelle Beschäftigung,
Firmen und Außenhandel

Kap. 1 : Kulturelle Beschäftigung

Kap. 2 : Firmen in kulturellen Zweigen

Verlegen von Büchern, Zeitungen und Zeitschriften

Verlegen von bespielten Tonträgern

Konzentration im Verlegenszweig

Architektur- und Ingenieurbüros

Kino

Kap. 3 : Außenhandel kultureller Waren

III Kulturelle Ausgaben und Teilnahme

Kap. 1 : Kulturelle Ausgaben der Haushalte

Kap. 2 : Kulturelle Teilnahme

12-13

15

17

18-20

21-27

28-29

30-31

33-45

47

49-71

73

78-85

86-87

88-89

90-95

96-99

101-119

121

123-129

131-145

Kap. 3 : Zeitnutzung in kulturellen Tätigkeiten

147-167

Angaben zur Methodik, Quelle und Deﬁnitionen

169

Cultural statistics

11

•pocketbooks-debut:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 12

Country abbreviations (EU)

EU-27
EU-25
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

the EU consisting of 7 Member States as from 1.1.007
the EU consisting of 5 Member States
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Ireland
Greece
Spain
France
Italy
Cyprus
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Hungary
Malta
Netherlands
Austria
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovenia
Slovakia
Finland
Sweden
United Kingdom

Candidate countries

HR
MK
TR

Croatia
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia
Turkey

EFTA (European Free Trade Association)
countries

IS
LI
NO
CH

Iceland
Liechtenstein
Norway
Switzerland

1

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-debut:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 13

Symbols

:
-
b
c
e
f
p
u

Data not available
Not applicable or less than half of the unit used
Break in series
Conﬁdential
Estimate
Forecast
Provisional
Unreliable or uncertain

Units and abbreviations

1000s
EUR
h:mm
Mio
MS
PPS

Thousands
Euros
Hours and minutes
Million
Member State(s)
Purchasing power standard

Methodological notes

For each statistical source (most often NewCronos), the date of extraction
is indicated in the ﬁrst table, just above the reference to the source.

Totals on the breakdown line do not always add up to 100%, either
because of a small percentage of “no answers” or because numbers have
been rounded oﬀ.

Cultural statistics

1

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 14

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 15

Contextual data

I

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 16

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 17

Demography, social data
and economics

chapter 1

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 18

I

Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

Population on 1.1.2006
and projections for 2010, 2020 and 2030 (1000s)

Population on
1. January
(1000s)

Projections
(1000s)

Density
(inhabitants
per km2)

2006

2010

2020

2030

EU-27 *
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR **
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
MK
TR
IS
LI
NO
CH

491 011
10 511
7 719
10 251
5 427
82 438
1 345
4 209
11 125
43 758
61 045
58 752
766
2 295
3 403
460
10 077
404
16 334
8 266
38 157
10 570
21 610
2 003
5 389
5 256
9 048
60 393
4 443
2 039
72 520
300
35
4 640
7 459

492 838
10 554
7 439
10 122
5 465
82 824
1 314
4 323
11 269
44 603
61 486
58 631
784
2 240
3 345
477
9 982
423
16 672
8 256
37 830
10 686
21 345
2 015
5 347
5 294
9 187
60 924
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

496 408
10 790
6 796
9 902
5 526
82 676
1 248
4 756
11 427
45 559
63 571
58 300
866
2 115
3 182
521
9 693
454
17 209
8 441
37 065
10 771
20 342
2 017
5 271
5 405
9 575
62 930
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

494 784
10 984
6 175
9 693
5 577
81 146
1 202
5 066
11 316
45 379
65 118
57 071
921
2 022
3 092
567
9 484
479
17 589
8 520
36 542
10 660
19 244
2 006
5 186
5 443
9 911
64 388
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

2003

113.4
342.1
70.5
132.1
125.1
231.2
31.2
58.4
84.3
83.0
97.9
195.2
126.9
37.3
55.1
174
108.9
1 263
480.3
98.5
122.2
113.6
94.5
99.1
109.7
17.1
21.8
244.3
78.5
:
91.3
:
:
14.9
183.5

* The EU-27 total was calculated here with the population of metropolitan France,
because projections for France are available for the metropolitan area only. In 2006, EU-27
had 492 852 thousands inhabitants (including the population of the whole of France).
** Metropolitan France, for population and projections.

Data extraction: August 2007
Source: Eurostat, Demographics statistics

18

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 19

Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

I

Population by age group, 2006 and 2020 projection
(%)

2006

2020 projection

14.7

17.2

16.3

18.2

17.5

19.4

20.7

19.5

17.1

18.7

18.8

16.5

18.4

20.0

22.6

21.2

20.5

20.6

20.3

20.0

20.8

20.3

20.4

21.7

19.8

21.1

22.6

23.3

IE

CY

SK

PL

LT

MT

FR*

UK

RO

EE

NL

LU

LV

DK

FI

SE

BE

35.6

34.2

32.5

32.4

32.0

31.6

31.2

31.1

30.8

30.7

30.2

30.2

30.0

29.9

29.7

29.7

29.2

11.1

12.0

11.7

13.3

15.3

13.4

16.4

16.0

14.8

16.7

14.3

14.4

16.8

15.2

16.0

17.3

17.2

32.0

26.4

24.6

24.8

25.5

26.7

29.2

27.7

25.3

26.2

28.6

29.1

25.2

28.6

27.1

27.9

27.0

EU-27**

28.6

16.8

25.4

24.7

24.7

23.0

25.5

22.9

21.4

24.0

23.7

23.0

22.7

HU

AT

CZ

PT

SI

BG

ES

EL

DE

IT

MK

HR

IS

NO

LI

CH

28.3

28.2

27.8

27.8

27.2

27.1

26.4

26.3

25.9

24.4

35.5

28.9

36.4

31.9

29.6

27.8

15.8

16.5

14.2

17.1

15.6

17.2

16.7

18.5

19.3

19.7

11.1

16.9

11.7

14.7

11.6

16.0

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

0-24 years old

25-64

65 or more

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

* Metroplitan France.
** The EU-27 total was calculated here with the population of metropolitan France, because
projections for France are available for the metropolitan area only.

Source: Eurostat, Demographics statistics

Cultural statistics

19

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 20

I

Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

Non-nationals in total population, 2006 (%)

LU1

LV

EE1

CY
AT

ES

DE

BE1

EL1

IE1

9.8

9.1

8.8

8.6

7.9

7.5

EU-27

5.7

FR2
SE

UK

DK

IT

NL

MT
PT

CZ

SI

FI

PL1
HU

LT

SK

BG

RO

5.6

5.3

5.1

5.0

4.5

4.2

3.0

2.6

2.5

2.4

2.2

1.8

1.5

1.0

0.3

0.3

0.2

TR

0.4

LI1
CH

NO

IS

4.8

3.5

39.6

19.9

18.0

12.8

Non-nationals:

of which non-EU nationals
of which other EU nationals

34.1

20.7

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

1. Eurostat estimate distribution of non-nationals (EU and non-EU).
2. Includes French overseas departments.

Source: Eurostat

20

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 21

Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

I

Highest level of education attained by age group,
2006 (%)

40-64 years old

25-39 years old

Low

Medium

High

Low

Medium

High

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

34.8
40.8
27.4
12.5
21.8
17.5p
11.7
45.3
51.4
60.4
40.9p
56.8
40.1
15.0
12.0
40.1
26.5
81.8
32.4
23.4
17.9
81.4
31.9
23.5
14.6
25.1
20.0
30.3
:
:
15.1
:

45.3
32.5
51.8
75.0
46.5
58.3p
55.5
31.7
30.5
18.2
40.6p
32.7
37.2
64.6
66.1
40.3
57.2
10.1
40.0
60.2
69.0
8.7
57.8
57.8
71.8
42.2
52.8
41.6
:
:
55.9
:

19.8
26.7
20.7
12.6
31.7
24.2p
32.8
23.0
18.2
21.5
18.5p
10.5
22.7
20.4
21.9
19.6
16.3
8.1
27.6
16.4
13.1
9.9
10.4
18.7
13.5
32.6
27.2
28.1
:
:
29.0
:

22.7
20.2
19.6
5.7
12.6
15.4p
11.2
20.0
26.2
38.4
20.6p
36.7
17.0
16.3
11.1
25.6
15.4
58.8
19.7
13.8
8.5
59.7
18.5
10.6
6.5
11.4
9.0
22.9
:
:
6.1
:

49.8
39.7
56.4
79.4
47.6
61.1p
54.6
39.7
47.5
24.4
42.8p
46.9
41.6
61.5
54.7
43.5
64.9
22.1
45.9
66.7
66.3
21.7
68.2
63.9
77.6
48.8
54.8
42.5
:
:
55.0
:

27.5
40.1
24.0
14.9
39.9
23.5p
34.2
40.3
26.3
37.2
36.7p
16.4
41.5
22.1
34.1
30.9
19.7
19.0
34.5
19.5
25.2
18.5
13.3
25.6
16.0
39.9
36.1
34.7
:
:
38.9
:

Levels of education based on ISCED 1997:
Low (ISCED levels 0-2): Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education.
Medium (ISCED levels 3-4): Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education.
High (ISCED levels 5-6): Tertiary education.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey

Cultural statistics

21

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 22

I

Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

Tertiary level as highest level of education attained
by gender and age group, 2006 (%)

Women

Men

FI

BE

IE

DK

CY

SE

ES

LT

EE

FR

NL

UK

SI

LU

BG

PL

EU-27

LV

EL

HU

PT

DE

MT

IT

AT

SK

CZ

HR

NO

48.5

44.7

43.8

43.7

43.5

41.7

41.5

40.9

40.3

40.3p

35.0

34.8

32.3

31.6

31.3

30.0

29.9

28.9

28.8

23.0

23.0

22.3p

20.2

19.2

18.6

16.9

15.1

14.2

31.5

35.6

33.6

35.9

39.4

30.4

33.1

27.3

28.0

33.1p

33.0

33.9

30.3

19.0

16.9

20.4

25.1

24.0

24.6p

15.4

16.5

14.2

18.0

13.6

20.3

15.1

14.7

12.5

0%

20%

40%

60%

0%

20%

40%

44.3

33.5

25-39 years old

40-64 years old

“Tertiary level” of education means levels 5 and 6 in ISCED 1997.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey

22

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Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

I

Number of foreign languages learned by pupils
in general education, 2004/2005 (%)

Percentage of pupils
at ISCED level 2 learning

Percentage of pupils
at ISCED level 3 learning

3 or more

2

1

none

3 or more

2

1

none

foreign languages

foreign languages

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR1
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
MK
TR1
IS
NO

-
-
0.4
2.3
:
16.7
0.2
-
0.1
-
0.1
:
0.9
0.5
52.9
:
21.3
66.9
0.2
:
-
0.2
0.9
0.1
23.6
1.6
0.3
:
-
:
8.5
:

28.6
23.9
5.3
97.1
:
67.1
11.8
94.3
40.4
50.2
43.8
:
60.3
78.0
47.1
:
73.9
33.1
9.1
:
90.7
94.8
28.4
12.6
73.8
70.5
6.4
:
51.5
:
90.3
:

68.8
76
91.5
0.6
:
16.2
75.6
5.5
58.6
49.6
56.1
:
38.0
21.1
-
:
4.9
-
90.4
:
8.8
3.7
65.9
87.1
2.0
27.9
54.1
:
48.5
:
0.6
:

2.6
0.2
2.7
-
:
-
12.3
0.2
0.9
0.3
-
:
0.9
0.4
-
:
-
-
0.3
:
0.5
1.4
4.8
0.3
0.6
-
39.3
:
-
:
0.7
:

28.8
-
3.8
23.8
:
46.8
1.1
-
0.1
6.6
6.5
:
10.4
4.1
90.1
:
0.8
55.6
12.4
:
-
3.5
8.4
2.0
60.7
20.2
:
4.8
:
-
28.2
:

59.9
76.9
96.2
72.6
:
34.1
7.8
6.7
28,0
83.6
14.3
:
63.7
50.9
9.9
:
13.2
44.4
63.7
:
17.1
88.3
86.7
97.4
39.1
72.4
:
85.8
:
5.5
39.5
:

10.8
21.4
-
-
:
19.1
72.8
92.2
68.5
9.8
65.9
:
24.9
44.1
-
:
67.2
-
22.4
:
38.0
8.2
3.0
0.7
0.3
7.3
:
9.4
:
59.6
21.9
:

0.5
1.7
-
3.6
:
-
18.3
1.1
3.3
-
13.3
:
1.0
0.9
-
:
18.7
-
1.5
:
44.9
-
1.9
-
-
-
88.5
:
:
34.9
10.4
:

1. Level 3: 2003/2004.

Foreign languages: All modern languages taught as “foreign languages”.
Ancient Greek, Latin, Esperanto and sign languages are not included.
The curriculum drawn up by the central education authorities in each country defines which are to
be considered “foreign languages” in that country. This is the definition applied for data collection.
Regional languages are included if they are considered as alternatives to foreign languages in the
curriculum. Only foreign languages studied as compulsory subjects or as compulsory curriculum
options are included.

Source: Eurostat, UOE data collection

Cultural statistics

23

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Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

Tertiary students by field of education related
to culture, 2004/2005

Humanities

Arts

Journalism
and information

Architecture
and building

Number %*

Number %*

Number %*

Number

%*

8.5
EU-27** 1 389 406
5.9
22 993
BE
5.8
13 766
BG
23 403
CZ
7.0
26 858 11.6
DK
272 489 12.0
DE
4 693
6.9
EE
12 538
6.7
IE
63 830
9.9
EL
107 480
5.9
ES
:
:
FR
203 039 10.1
IT
4.9
981
CY
4.3
5 615
LV
4.3
8 404
LT
:
:
LU
6.6
28 577
HU
2.5
MT
240
3.5
19 701
NL
9.7
23 622
AT
7.1
149 851
PL
4.4
16 681
PT
9.2
68 332
RO
6.1
6 881
SI
3.9
SK
7 136
27 945
FI
9.1
9.5
40 530
SE
233 821 10.2
UK
7.0
HR
9 388
9.5
MK
4 670
73 831
TR
3.5
1 781 11.7
IS
8.2
17 536
NO
8.9
17 695
CH

634 267 3.9
4.5
17 468
2.6
6 145
2.6
8 621
3.4
7 927
3.7
84 258
4.4
2 989
18 911 10.2
1.7
10 942
4.6
82 477
:
:
5.6
112 872
3.8
761
2.3
3 049
2.7
5 270
:
:
5 527
1.3
1 030 10.9
4.4
24 833
4.1
9 964
1.0
20 899
4.2
15 977
1.4
10 015
1.5
1 678
1.8
3 238
5.3
16 349
3.4
14 679
6.5
148 388
2.4
3 172
1.5
720
1.2
26 318
2.6
389
3.2
6 873
3.9
7 712

279 704 1.7
2.2
8 628
1.3
3 158
0.3
1 151
1.1
2 562
1.1
24 625
1.7
1 122
0.7
1 313
1.2
7 890
1.6
28 703
:
:
3.4
69 187
2.0
402
1.1
1 430
0.8
1 599
:
:
2.5
11 061
3.5
334
1.0
5 876
2.6
6 320
0.7
15 580
2.2
8 332
2.5
18 513
0.6
689
1.8
3 212
1.0
3 124
1.9
8 128
2.0
46 765
1.7
2 324
0.8
381
1.3
28 145
1.2
176
1.8
3 819
2.0
3 937

625 221
14 900
5 748
16 663
8 140
96 108
2 777
8 524
22 396
91 525
:
116 036
256
4 069
8 640
:
11 033
339
17 756
10 259
56 046
29 154
8 019
4 416
7 614
9 436
11 278
64 089
5 383
1 633
46 691
360
3 969
8 014

3.8
3.8
2.4
5.0
3.5
4.2
4.1
4.6
3.5
5.1
:
5.8
1.3
3.1
4.4
:
2.5
3.6
3.1
4.2
2.6
7.7
1.1
3.9
4.2
3.1
2.6
2.8
4.0
3.3
2.2
2.4
1.9
4.0

* Students as % of all tertiary students.
** Total for all EU MS available.
Tertiary students: ISCED levels 5-6.
Humanities: Religion, Foreign languages, Mother tongue, History and archaelogy, Philosophy and
ethics.
Arts: Fine arts, Music and performing arts, Audio-visual techniques and media production, Design,
Craft skills.
Journalism and information: Journalism and reporting, Library, information and archive.
Architecture and building: Architecture and town planning, Building and civil engineering.

Source: Eurostat, UOE data collection

24

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Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

I

Students in arts as % of all tertiary students,
2004/2005

MT

IE

UK

IT

FI

ES

BE

EE

NL

PT

AT

CY

DE

SE

DK

LT

BG

CZ

LV

SK

EL

SI

RO

HU

PL

HR

MK

TR

CH

NO

IS

10.9

10.2

6.5

5.6

5.3

4.6

4.5

4.4

4.4

4.2

4.1

3.8

3.7

3.4

3.4

EU-27: 3.9

2.7

2.6

2.6

2.3

1.8

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.0

2.4

1.5

1.2

3.9

3.2

2.6

3%

0%

6%

9%

12%

Source: Eurostat, UOE data collection

Cultural statistics

25

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Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

Tertiary students in fields of education related
to culture by gender, 2004/2005 (%)

Humanities

Arts

Journalism
and information

Architecture
and building

Men Women Men Women Men Women

Men Women

EU-27* 32.0
37.4
BE
38.5
BG
34.3
CZ
36.4
DK
32.3
DE
21.9
EE
37.5
IE
25.5
EL
38.4
ES
:
FR
24.6
IT
14.1
CY
19.0
LV
22.4
LT
:
LU
32.4
HU
61.3
MT
40.9
NL
33.9
AT
28.7
PL
32.5
PT
31.0
RO
24.5
SI
42.5
SK
25.8
FI
35.4
SE
37.5
UK
28.3
HR
27.5
MK
44.9
TR
33.4
IS
38.6
NO
40.9
CH

68.0
62.6
61.5
65.7
63.6
67.7
78.1
62.5
74.5
61.6
:
75.4
85.9
81.0
77.6
:
67.6
38.8
59.1
66.1
71.3
67.5
69.0
75.5
57.5
74.2
64.6
62.5
71.7
72.5
55.1
66.6
61.4
59.1

38.5
48.6
41.9
44.3
40.3
38.4
27.1
35.4
33.0
39.7
:
33.0
37.8
26.7
33.1
:
43.6
39.0
48.3
35.2
36.3
43.7
45.2
35.2
47.3
33.6
43.2
39.3
33.4
58.5
41.9
34.7
37.8
41.6

* Total for all EU MS available.

Source: Eurostat, UOE data collection

61.5
51.4
58.1
55.7
59.7
61.6
72.9
64.6
67.0
60.3
:
67.0
62.2
73.3
66.9
:
56.4
61.0
51.7
64.8
63.7
56.3
54.8
64.8
52.7
66.4
56.8
60.7
66.6
41.5
58.1
65.3
62.2
58.4

35.9
39.4
35.6
32.2
47.5
37.8
19.1
35.3
42.8
32.6
:
38.4
43.5
15.2
27.9
:
28.5
37.7
40.8
31.7
29.3
30.4
30.6
18.6
31.4
26.3
32.0
40.8
30.5
36.0
48.8
19.9
38.5
41.8

64.1
60.6
64.4
67.8
52.5
62.2
80.9
64.7
57.2
67.4
:
61.6
56.5
84.8
72.1
:
71.5
62.3
59.2
68.3
70.7
69.6
69.4
81.4
68.6
73.7
68.0
59.2
69.5
64.0
51.2
80.1
61.5
58.2

64.1
66.2
59.1
70.9
64.5
64.2
70.4
82.2
48.9
62.9
:
57.4
67.2
76.5
68.7
:
64.7
61.1
82.4
69.5
63.5
64.8
50.2
65.1
67.4
74.9
58.1
72.5
69.2
56.1
69.8
58.1
66.1
75.3

35.9
33.8
40.9
29.1
35.5
35.8
29.6
17.8
51.1
37.1
:
42.6
32.8
23.5
31.3
:
35.3
38.9
17.6
30.5
36.5
35.2
49.8
34.9
32.6
25.1
41.9
27.5
30.8
43.9
30.2
41.9
33.9
24.7

26

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Demography, social data and economics

I

EU-27* tertiary students in fields of education related
to culture by gender, 2004/2005 (%)

%
100

80

60

40

20

0

55

68

62

64

36

45

32

38

36

64

Humanities 

Arts

Total 
tertiary 
level

Journalism 
and
information

Architecture 
and 
building 

Men

Women

* Percentages based on EU MS available.

Source: Eurostat, UOE data collection

Cultural statistics

27

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Demography, social data and economics

Activity rates by gender and unemployment rates
by level of education and gender, 2006 (%)

Activity rates (%)

Unemployment rates (%)

Total

by gender

Total

by highest level of
education attained

by gender

Men Women

Low Medium High Men Women

EU-27 70.2
66.5
BE
64.5
BG
70.3
CZ
80.6
DK
75.6p
DE
72.4
EE
71.8
IE
67.0
EL
70.8
ES
69.4p
FR
62.7
IT
73.0
CY
71.3
LV
67.4
LT
66.7
LU
62.0
HU
59.2
MT
77.1
NL
73.7
AT
63.4
PL
73.9
PT
63.6
RO
70.9
SI
68.6
SK
75.2
FI
78.8
SE
75.5
UK
62.8
HR
87.1
IS
78.1
NO
81.3
CH

77.6
73.4
68.8
78.3
84.1
81.5p
75.8
81.5
79.1
81.4
74.8p
74.6
82.7
76.2
70.5
75.3
68.7
79.7
83.9
80.5
70.1
79.5
70.7
74.9
76.4
77.1
81.2
82.1
68.9
90.5
81.3
87.8

62.9
59.5
60.2
62.3
77.0
69.5p
69.3
61.9
55.0
60.0
64.1p
50.8
63.8
66.7
64.6
58.2
55.5
38.3
70.3
67.0
56.8
68.4
56.6
66.7
60.9
73.3
76.3
69.2
56.9
83.4
74.8
74.7

Population: 15-64 years old.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey

8.3
8.3
9.0
7.2
4.0

11.8
14.0
20.5
24.8
6.7
10.2p 19.1p
6.0 13.5u
7.1
4.4
8.3
9.0
10.3
8.6
9.1p 13.6p
8.2
6.9
5.1
4.7
7.0
14.9
5.7 10.6u
6.6
4.8
16.7
7.5
9.6
7.3
7.2
4.5
9.4
4.8
23.7
14.0
8.4
8.1
9.0
7.6
8.4
6.1
48.6
13.4
14.2
7.8
13.9
7.1
9.1
5.4
14.2
11.5
4.8
2.9
7.8
3.4
7.3
4.1

8.3
8.2
7.7
6.4
3.2
10.0p
6.3
4.1
10.7
8.5
8.2p
6.2
4.6
6.3
6.5
4.5
6.9
:
4.1
4.1
15.0
8.5
7.9
6.6
11.8
8.2
6.3
5.3
12.4
:
3.5
3.8

4.6
4.5
4.0
2.5
3.3
4.4p
3.3u
2.5
7.3
6.3
6.0p
5.3
4.4
3.8
2.6u
3.1
2.8
:
2.5
2.6
6.0
6.4
3.8
3.3u
3.3
3.7
4.4
2.8
6.1
:
1.9
2.5

7.7
7.5
8.7
5.9
3.4
10.3p
6.3
4.7
5.7
6.4
8.4p
5.5
4.0
7.6
5.9
3.6
7.2
6.5
4.1
4.4
13.1
7.0
8.5
5.0
12.3
7.5
7.0
5.8
10.1
2.7
3.5
3.4

9.1
9.4
9.3
8.9
4.6
10.1p
5.8
4.1
13.8
11.6
9.9p
8.8
5.5
6.3
5.5
6.3
7.9
8.9
5.0
5.3
15.1
9.5
6.4
7.4
14.8
8.1
7.3
5.0
13.2
3.0
3.4
4.8

28

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I

Women activity rates, 2000 and 2006 (%)

DK

FI

SE

UK

LT

NL

EE

PT

RO

CZ

SI

DE

SK

FR

AT

LV

PL

75.9

77.0

73.3

74.1

73.4

76.3

67.8

69.2

64.6

67.7

65.7

70.3

64.8

69.3

63.7

68.4

56.6

63.6

62.3

63.5

63.1

63.0

66.7

69.5p

60.9

62.8

62.5

64.1p

62.5

61.7

67.0

66.7

56.8

60.5

EU-27

60.1

62.9

CY

BE

BG

IE

HU

ES

LU

EL

IT

MT

IS

NO

CH

57.3

63.8

56.6

59.5

56.1

55.6

60.2

61.9

52.5

55.5

51.8

51.7

60.0

58.2

50.6

55.0

46.2

50.8

35.8

38.3

2000

2006

2006

2000

83.4

85.9

74.8

76.4

71.6

74.7

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Activity rate = active persons (employed and unemployed) as a percentage of total population of
the same age.
Population: 15-64 years old.
In grey, countries where the women activity rate in 2006 was lower than in 2000.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey

Cultural statistics

29

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Demography, social data and economics

Gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices,
2000 and 2006 (euro and PPS per inhabitant)

GDP
at market prices

GDP
per inhabitant

2006

2000

2006

EUR
million

Million
of PPS

PPS
per inhabitant

PPS
per inhabitant

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
MK
TR
IS
NO
CH

11 557 853.2
314 084.1
25 100.0
113 969.4f
220 162.6
2 322 200.0
13 073.5
175 794.5f
195 213.0
976 189.0
1 791 953.0
1 475 401.4
14 522.0
16 180.3
23 746.4
33 054.8
89 883.9
5 096.0
534 324.0
257 897.2
271 530.3
155 215.8
97 117.8
29 741.8
43 945.4
167 062.0
305 989.2
1 906 358.8
34 211.7
4 951.5f
318 586.1
13 009.9
267 381.2
301 722.8

11 557 853.2
302 570.3
66 798.5
191 079.8f
161 613.1
2 197 005.9
21 170.0
143 474.9f
230 658.9
1 053 600.4
1 673 128.1
1 432 261.4
16 848.6
29 971.0
46 015.4
30 182.5
154 357.7
7 288.5
506 840.2
250 247.0
473 773.9
185 082.5
190 656.6
40 866.9
79 338.5
143 818.2
256 327.4
1 688 659.5
52 082.4
13 080.1f
503 855.9
9 526.5
204 465.3
235 144.3

PPS: Purchasing power standard.

Source: Eurostat, Annual National Accounts

19 000
24 000
5 300
13 000
25 100
22 600
8 500
24 900
14 600
18 500
22 000
22 300
16 900
7 000
7 500
46 400
10 700
15 900
25 600
25 400
9 200
14 900
4 900
14 700
9 600
22 300
23 800
22 300
8 200
5 100
5 700
25 000
31 400
27 100

23 400
28 700
8 700
18 600f
29 700
26 700
15 700
33 700f
20 800f
23 900
26 500
24 300
21 900
13 100
13 600
65 300
15 300
18 000
31 000
30 200
12 400
17 500f
8 800f
20 400
14 700
27 300
28 200
27 900
11 700f
6 400f
6 900f
31 300
43 900
31 100f

30

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part1-chap1-education:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:51  Page 31

Chapter 1
Demography, social data and economics

I

Share of each country in EU-27 GDP
and in the total population, 2006 (%)

19.0

14.6

14.5

12.4

9.1

4.4

4.1

DE

UK

FR

IT

ES

NL

PL

BE

AT

SE

EL

CZ

PT

RO

DK

HU

IE

FI

SK

BG

LT

SI

LV

LU

EE

CY

MT

2.6

2.2

2.2

2.0

1.7

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.2

0.7

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.2

0.1

0.1

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

Share in EU-27 GDP (PPS)

Share in EU-27 population

Source: Eurostat, Annual National Accounts and Demographic Statistics

Cultural statistics

31

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•pocketbooks-part1-chap2-cultural heritage:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:54  Page 33

Cultural heritage

chapter 2

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I

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

European cultural sites
on the Unesco World Heritage List, 2007

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

BE

BG

CZ

DK

DE

Flemish Béguinages (1998)
La Grand-Place, Brussels (1998)
The Four Lifts on the Canal du Centre and their Environs, La Louvière and
Le Roeulx (Hainault) (1998)
Belfries of Belgium and France (1999, 2005)* 1
Historic Centre of Brugge (2000)
Major Town Houses of the Architect Victor Horta (Brussels) (2000)
Neolithic Flint Mines at Spiennes (Mons) (2000)
Notre-Dame Cathedral in Tournai (2000)
Plantin-Moretus House-Workshops-Museum Complex (2005)
Boyana Church (1979)
Madara Rider (1979)
Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo (1979)
Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak (1979)
Ancient City of Nessebar (1983)
Rila Monastery (1983)
Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari (1985)
Historic Centre of Český Krumlov (1992)
Historic Centre of Prague (1992)
Historic Centre of Telč (1992)
Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora (1994)
Kutná Hora: Historical Town Centre with the Church of St Barbara and
the Cathedral of Our Lady at Sedlec (1995)
Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape (1996)
Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž (1998)
Holašovice Historical Village Reservation (1998)
Litomyšl Castle (1999)
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc (2000)
Tugendhat Villa in Brno (2001)
Jewish Quarter and St Procopius’ Basilica in Třebíč (2003)
Jelling Mounds, Runic Stones and Church (1994)
Roskilde Cathedral (1995)
Kronborg Castle (2000)
Aachen Cathedral (1978)
Speyer Cathedral (1981)
Würzburg Residence with the Court Gardens and Residence Square (1981)
Pilgrimage Church of Wies (1983)
Castles of Augustusburg and Falkenlust at Brühl (1984)
St Mary’s Cathedral and St Michael’s Church at Hildesheim (1985)
Roman Monuments, Cathedral of St Peter and Church of Our Lady in
Trier (1986)
Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1987, 2005)* 2
Hanseatic City of Lübeck (1987)
Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin (1990, 1992, 1999)
Abbey and Altenmünster of Lorsch (1991)
Mines of Rammelsberg and Historic Town of Goslar (1992)
Maulbronn Monastery Complex (1993)
Town of Bamberg (1993)

34

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

I

318 European* cultural sites
on the Unesco World Heritage List, 2007

Cultural site
Mixed (cultural/natural) property

DE

LU

BE

FR

MT

CY

* EU-27, candidate countries (HR, MK and TR) and EFTA (IS, LI, NO and CH)

Source: Unesco

Number of worldwilde cultural sites
on the Unesco World Heritage List, 2007

Cultural sites

including
transboundary properties

EU-27
Asia and the Pacific
Latin America and the Caribbean
Arab states
Africa
United States and Canada

292*
174
117
59
38
14

* including two mixed properties (cultural and natural)

Source: Unesco

7
1
2
0
1
0

Cultural statistics

35

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I

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

DE

EE

IE

EL

ES

Collegiate Church, Castle, and Old Town of Quedlinburg (1994)
Völklingen Ironworks (1994)
Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar and Dessau (1996)
Cologne Cathedral (1996)
Luther Memorials in Eisleben and Wittenberg (1996)
Classical Weimar (1998)
Museumsinsel (Museum Island), Berlin (1999)
Wartburg Castle (1999)
Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz (2000)
Monastic Island of Reichenau (2000)
Zollverein Coal Mine Industrial Complex in Essen (2001)
Historic Centres of Stralsund and Wismar (2002)
Upper Middle Rhine Valley (2002)
Dresden Elbe Valley (2004)
Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski (2004)*
Town Hall and Roland on the Marketplace of Bremen (2004)
Old town of Regensburg with Stadtamhof (2006)
Historic Centre (Old Town) of Tallinn (1997)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Archaeological Ensemble of the Bend of the Boyne (1993)
Skellig Michael (1996)
Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae (1986)
Acropolis, Athens (1987)
Archaeological Site of Delphi (1987)
Archaeological Site of Epidaurus (1988)
Medieval City of Rhodes (1988)
Meteora (1988) µ
Mount Athos (1988) µ
Paleochristian and Byzantine Monuments of Thessalonika (1988)
Archaeological Site of Olympia (1989)
Mystras (1989)
Delos (1990)
Monasteries of Daphni, Hosios Loukas and Nea Moni of Chios (1990)
Pythagoreion and Heraion of Samos (1992)
Archaeological Site of Vergina (1996)
Archaeological Sites of Mycenae and Tiryns (1999)
Historic Centre (Chorá) with the Monastery of Saint John “the
Theologian” and the Cave of the Apocalypse on the Island of Pátmos
(1999)
Old Town of Corfu (2007)
Alhambra, Generalife and Albayzín, Granada (1984, 1994)3
Burgos Cathedral (1984)
Historic Centre of Cordoba (1984, 1994)4
Monastery and Site of the Escurial, Madrid (1984)
Works of Antoni Gaudí (1984, 2005)5
Altamira Cave (1985)
Monuments of Oviedo and the Kingdom of the Asturias (1985, 1998)6
Old Town of Ávila with its Extra-Muros Churches (1985)
Old Town of Segovia and its Aqueduct (1985)
Santiago de Compostela (Old Town) (1985)
Historic City of Toledo (1986)
Mudejar Architecture of Aragon (1986, 2001)7

36

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

I

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

ES

FR

Old Town of Cáceres (1986)
Cathedral, Alcázar and Archivo de Indias in Seville (1987)
Old City of Salamanca (1988)
Poblet Monastery (1991)
Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida (1993)
Route of Santiago de Compostela (1993)
Royal Monastery of Santa María de Guadalupe (1993)
Historic Walled Town of Cuenca (1996)
La Lonja de la Seda de Valencia (1996)
Las Médulas (1997)
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona (1997)
Pyrénées - Mont Perdu (1997, 1999)* µ
San Millán Yuso and Suso Monasteries (1997)
Rock Art of the Mediterranean Basin on the Iberian Peninsula (1998)
University and Historic Precinct of Alcalá de Henares (1998)
Ibiza, Biodiversity and Culture (1999) µ
San Cristóbal de La Laguna (1999)
Archaeological Ensemble of Tárraco (2000)
Archaeological Site of Atapuerca (2000)
Catalan Romanesque Churches of the Vall de Boí (2000)
Palmeral of Elche (2000)
Roman Walls of Lugo (2000)
Aranjuez Cultural Landscape (2001)
Renaissance Monumental Ensembles of Úbeda and Baeza (2003)
Vizcaya Bridge (2006)
Chartres Cathedral (1979)
Mont-Saint-Michel and its Bay (1979)
Palace and Park of Versailles (1979)
Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley (1979)
Vézelay, Church and Hill (1979)
Amiens Cathedral (1981)
Arles, Roman and Romanesque Monuments (1981)
Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (1981)
Palace and Park of Fontainebleau (1981)
Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the “Triumphal Arch” of Orange
(1981)
Royal Saltworks of Arc-et-Senans (1982)
Abbey Church of Saint-Savin sur Gartempe (1983)
Place Stanislas, Place de la Carrière and Place d’Alliance in Nancy (1983)
Pont du Gard (Roman Aqueduct) (1985)
Strasbourg – Grande île (1988)
Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Former Abbey of Saint-Remi and Palace of Tau,
Reims (1991)
Paris, Banks of the Seine (1991)
Bourges Cathedral (1992)
Historic Centre of Avignon: Papal Palace, Episcopal Ensemble and
Avignon Bridge (1995)
Canal du Midi (1996)
Historic Fortified City of Carcassonne (1997)
Pyrénées – Mont Perdu (1997, 1999)* µ
Historic Site of Lyons (1998)
Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France (1998)

Cultural statistics

37

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I

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

FR

IT

Belfries of Belgium and France (1999, 2005)* 1
Jurisdiction of Saint-Emilion (1999)
The Loire Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes (2000)8
Provins, Town of Medieval Fairs (2001)
Le Havre, the City Rebuilt by Auguste Perret (2005)
Bordeaux, Port of the Moon (2007)
Rock Drawings in Valcamonica (1979)
Church and Dominican Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie with "The
Last Supper" by Leonardo da Vinci (1980)
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City
Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (1980, 1990)*
Historic Centre of Florence (1982)
Piazza del Duomo, Pisa (1987)
Venice and its Lagoon (1987)
Historic Centre of San Gimignano (1990)
I Sassi di Matera (1993)
City of Vicenza and the Palladian Villas of the Veneto (1994, 1996)
Crespi d’Adda (1995)
Ferrara, City of the Renaissance, and its Po Delta (1995, 1999)
Historic Centre of Naples (1995)
Historic Centre of Siena (1995)
Castel del Monte (1996)
Early Christian Monuments of Ravenna (1996)
Historic Centre of the City of Pienza (1996)
The Trulli of Alberobello (1996)
18th-Century Royal Palace at Caserta with the Park, the Aqueduct of
Vanvitelli and the San Leucio Complex (1997)
Archaeological Area of Agrigento (1997)
Archaeological Areas of Pompeii, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1997)
Botanical Garden (Orto Botanico), Padua (1997)
Cathedral, Torre Civica and Piazza Grande, Modena (1997)
Costiera Amalfitana (1997)
Portovenere, Cinque Terre and the Islands (Palmaria, Tino and Tinetto)
(1997)
Residences of the Royal House of Savoy (1997)
Su Nuraxi di Barumini (1997)
Villa Romana del Casale (1997)
Archaeological Area and the Patriarchal Basilica of Aquileia (1998)
Cilento and Vallo di Diano National Park, with the Archaeological Sites of
Paestum and Velia, and the Certosa di Padula (1998)
Historic Centre of Urbino (1998)
Villa Adriana (Tivoli) (1999)
Assisi, the Basilica of San Francesco and Other Franciscan Sites (2000)
City of Verona (2000)
Villa d’Este, Tivoli (2001)
Late Baroque Towns of the Val di Noto (South-Eastern Sicily) (2002)
Sacri Monti of Piedmont and Lombardy (2003)
Etruscan Necropolises of Cerveteri and Tarquinia (2004)
Val d’Orcia (2004)
Syracuse and the Rocky Necropolis of Pantalica (2005)
Genoa: Le Strade Nuove and the System of the Palazzi dei Rolli (2006)

38

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

I

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

CY

LV

LT

LU
HU

MT

NL

AT

PL

PT

Paphos (1980)
Painted Churches in the Troodos Region (1985, 2001)
Choirokoitia (1998)
Historic Centre of Riga (1997)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Vilnius Historic Centre (1994)
Curonian Spit (2000)*
Kernavė Archaeological Site (Cultural Reserve of Kernavė) (2004)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
City of Luxembourg: its Old Quarters and Fortifications (1994)
Budapest, including the Banks of the Danube, the Buda Castle Quarter
and Andrássy Avenue (1987, 2002)
Old Village of Hollókö and its Surroundings (1987)
Millenary Benedictine Abbey of Pannonhalma and its Natural
Environment (1996)
Hortobágy National Park – the Puszta (1999)
Early Christian Necropolis of Pécs (Sopianae) (2000)
Fertö/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (2001)*
Tokaj Wine Region Historic Cultural Landscape (2002)
City of Valletta (1980)
Hal Saflieni Hypogeum (1980)
Megalithic Temples of Malta (1980, 1992)9
Schokland and Surroundings (1995)
Defence Line of Amsterdam (1996)
Historic Area of Willemstad, Inner City and Harbour, Netherlands Antilles
(1997)
Mill Network at Kinderdijk-Elshout (1997)
Ir.D.F. Woudagemaal (D.F. Wouda Steam Pumping Station) (1998)
Droogmakerij de Beemster (Beemster Polder) (1999)
Rietveld Schröderhuis (Rietveld Schröder House) (2000)
Historic Centre of the City of Salzburg (1996)
Palace and Gardens of Schönbrunn (1996)
Hallstatt-Dachstein Salzkammergut Cultural Landscape (1997)
Semmering Railway (1998)
City of Graz – Historic Centre (1999)
Wachau Cultural Landscape (2000)
Fertö/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (2001)*
Historic Centre of Vienna (2001)
Cracow’s Historic Centre (1978)
Wieliczka Salt Mine (1978)
Auschwitz Concentration Camp (1979)
Historic Centre of Warsaw (1980)
Old City of Zamość (1992)
Castle of the Teutonic Order in Malbork (1997)
Medieval Town of Toruń (1997)
Kalwaria Zebrzydowska: the Mannerist Architectural and Park Landscape
Complex and Pilgrimage Park (1999)
Churches of Peace in Jawor and Swidnica (2001)
Wooden Churches of Southern Little Poland (2003)
Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski (2004)*
Centennial Hall in Wroclaw (2006)
Central Zone of the Town of Angra do Heroismo in the Azores (1983)

Cultural statistics

39

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I

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

PT

RO

SK

FI

SE

UK

Convent of Christ in Tomar (1983)
Monastery of Batalha (1983)
Monastery of the Hieronymites and Tower of Belém in Lisbon (1983)
Historic Centre of Évora (1986)
Monastery of Alcobaça (1989)
Cultural Landscape of Sintra (1995)
Historic Centre of Oporto (1996)
Prehistoric Rock-Art Sites in the Côa Valley (1998)
Alto Douro Wine Region (2001)
Historic Centre of Guimarães (2001)
Landscape of the Pico Island Vineyard Culture (2004)
Churches of Moldavia (1993)
Monastery of Horezu (1993)
Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (1993, 1999)10
Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (1999)
Historic Centre of Sighişoara (1999)
Wooden Churches of Maramureş (1999)
Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica and the Technical Monuments in its
Vicinity (1993)
Spišský Hrad and its Associated Cultural Monuments (1993)
Vlkolínec (1993)
Bardejov Town Conservation Reserve (2000)
Fortress of Suomenlinna (1991)
Old Rauma (1991)
Petäjävesi Old Church (1994)
Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (1996)
Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (1999)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Royal Domain of Drottningholm (1991)
Birka and Hovgården (1993)
Engelsberg Ironworks (1993)
Rock Carvings in Tanum (1994)
Skogskyrkogården (1994)
Hanseatic Town of Visby (1995)
Church Village of Gammelstad, Luleå (1996)
Laponian Area (1996) µ
Naval Port of Karlskrona (1998)
Agricultural Landscape of Southern Öland (2000)
Mining Area of the Great Copper Mountain in Falun (2001)
Varberg Radio Station (2004)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Castles and Town Walls of King Edward in Gwynedd (1986)
Durham Castle and Cathedral (1986)
Ironbridge Gorge (1986)
St Kilda (1986, 2004, 2005) µ
Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites (1986)
Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey (1986)
Blenheim Palace (1987)
City of Bath (1987)
Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1987, 2005)* 2
Westminster Palace, Westminster Abbey and Margaret’s Church (1987)

40

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

I

Country Cultural and mixed (cultural and natural) properties

UK

HR

MK
TR

IS
NO

CH

Canterbury Cathedral, St Augustine’s Abbey, and St Martin’s Church
(1988)
Tower of London (1988)
Old and New Towns of Edinburgh (1995)
Maritime Greenwich (1997)
Heart of Neolithic Orkney (1999)
Blaenavon Industrial Landscape (2000)
Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications, Bermuda (2000)
Derwent Valley Mills (2001)
New Lanark (2001)
Saltaire (2001)
Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (2003)
Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City (2004)
Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape (2006)
Historical Complex of Split with the Palace of Diocletian (1979)
Old City of Dubrovnik (1979, 1994)
Episcopal Complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the Historic Centre of
Poreč (1997)
Historic City of Trogir (1997)
The Cathedral of St James in Šibenik (2000)
Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Ohrid Region (1979, 1980) µ
Göreme National Park and the Rock Sites of Cappadocia (1985) µ
Great Mosque and Hospital of Divriği (1985)
Historic Areas of Istanbul (1985)
Hattusha: the Hittite Capital (1986)
Nemrut Dağ (1987)
Hierapolis-Pamukkale (1988) µ
Xanthos-Letoon (1988)
City of Safranbolu (1994)
Archaeological Site of Troy (1998)
Þingvellir National Park (2004)
Bryggen (1979)
Urnes Stave Church (1979)
Røros Mining Town (1980)
Rock Art of Alta (1985)
Vegaøyan – The Vega Archipelago (2004)
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Benedictine Convent of St John at Müstair (1983)
Convent of St Gall (1983)
Old City of Berne (1983)
Three Castles, Defensive Wall and Ramparts of the Market-Town of
Bellinzone (2000)
Lavaux, Vineyard Terraces (2007)

Cultural statistics

41

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I

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

Country Cultural transboundary properties

BE
FR
LT
HU
AT
UK
DE
IT

DE
PL
FR
ES
EE
FI
LV
LT
NO
SE
UK

Belfries of Belgium and France (1999, 2005)* 1
Belfries of Belgium and France (1999, 2005)* 1
Curonian Spit (2000)*
Fertö/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (2001)*
Fertö/Neusiedlersee Cultural Landscape (2001)*
Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1987, 2005)* 2
Frontiers of the Roman Empire (1987, 2005)* 2
Historic Centre of Rome, the Properties of the Holy See in that City
Enjoying Extraterritorial Rights and San Paolo Fuori le Mura (1980, 1990)*
Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski (2004)*
Muskauer Park/Park Muzakowski (2004)*
Pyrénées – Mont Perdu (1997, 1999)* µ
Pyrénées – Mont Perdu (1997, 1999)* µ
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
Struve Geodetic Arc (2005)*
St Kilda (1986, 2004, 2005) µ

µ = mixed properties
* = transboundary property

1. The “Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia”, previously on the World Heritage List, are part of the

transboundary property “The Belfries of Belgium and France”.

2. “Hadrian’s Wall”, previously on the World Heritage List, is part of the transboundary property

“Frontiers of the Roman Empire”.

3. Extension of the “Alhambra and the Generalife, Granada”, to include the Albayzin quarter.
4. Extension of the “Mosque of Cordoba”.
5. The property “Parque Güell, Palacio Güell and Casa Mila in Barcelona”, previously on the World

Heritage List, is part of the “Works of Antoni Gaudí”.

6. Extension of the “Churches of the Kingdom of the Asturias”, to include monuments in the city of

Oviedo.

7. Extension of the “Mudejar Architecture of Teruel”.
8. The “Chateau and Estate of Chambord”, previously on the World Heritage List, is part of the “Loire

Valley between Sully-sur-Loire and Chalonnes”.

9. The Committee decided to extend the existing cultural property, “Temple of Ggantija”, to include

the five prehistoric temples on the islands of Malta and Gozo and to rename the property
“The Megalithic Temples of Malta”.
10. Extension of “Biertan and its Fortified Church”.

Source: Unesco

42

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

I

The five most visited museums per country
and total admissions (1000s)

Country

Total admissions
(1000s)

BE

CZ

DK

IE

EL

FR

IT

Centre belge de la Bande dessinée, Brussels
Musée royal de l’Armée et d’Histoire militaire, Brussels
Muséum des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels
Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels
Musées royaux d’Art et d’Histoire, Brussels

Jewish Museum, Prague
National Museum, Prague
National Gallery, Prague
Terezín Memorial, Terezín
Wallachian Open-Air Museum, Rožnov pod Radhoštĕm

Nationalmuseet, Prinsens Palais, Copenhagen
Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen
ARoS, Aarhus Kunstmuseum, Aarhus
Den Gamle By, Aarhus
Louisiana (Museum of Modern Art), Humlebæk

National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin
Chester Beatty of Ireland, Dublin
Muckross House, Killarney
Lewis Glucksman Gallery, University College, Cork
Gaa Museum, Dublin

2004

250
246
239
214
212

2006

629
561
554
291
231

2006

463
413
373
362
351

2006

757
206
197
75
61

Annual average 1998-2005

Archaeological Museum of Acropolis, Athens
Archaeological Museum of Epidaurus
Archaeological Museum of Herakleion
Archaeological Museum of Mycena
Palace of the Grand Master of the Knights, Rhodes

Musée du Louvre, Paris
Château de Versailles
Musée d’Orsay, Paris
Musée national d’Art moderne
(Centre national d’Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou), Paris
Musée de l’Armée, Paris

Archaeological Circuit Colosseum and Palatino2, Rome
Excavations of Pompeii2
Uffizi Gallery and Corridoio Vasariano, Florence
The Accademia Gallery2, Florence

1 043
351
321
254
241

2006

8 314
4 742
3 009

1 120
1 100

2006

4 065
2 544
1 664
1 237

Cultural statistics

43

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I

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

Country Museums

Total admissions
(1000s)

IT

LV

LU

NL

PT3

FI

SE

UK

HR

Castel Sant’Angelo, Rome

Turaida Museum Reserve, Riga region
Rundale Palace Museum, Bauska region
Latvian Ethnographical Open-Air Museum, Riga
Latvian War Museum, Riga
Latvian National Museum of Art, Riga

Musée d’Art Moderne Grand-Duc Jean (MUDAM), Luxembourg
Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN), Luxembourg
Musée National d’Histoire et d’Art (MNHA), Luxembourg
Musée d’Histoire de la Ville de Luxembourg (MVL), Luxembourg
Musée National d’Histoire Militaire (MNHM), Diekirch

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Netherlands Open-Air Museum, Arnhem
Railway Museum, Utrecht
Palace Het Loo, Apeldoorn

Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, Lisbon
Palácio Nacional de Sintra
Palácio Nacional da Pena, Sintra
Torre de Belém, Lisbon
Mosteiro de Santa Maria da Vitória, Batalha

Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma, Helsinki
Museum Centre Vapriikki, Tampere
Ateneum Art Museum, Helsinki
Turku Castle and the City of Turku Historical Museum
Helsinki City Art Museum

Skansen, Stockholm
Vasamuseet, Stockholm
Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm
Moderna museet, Stockholm
Världskulturmuseet, Göteborg

British Museum, London
National Gallery, London
Tate Modern, London
Natural History Museum, London
Science Museum, London

Cultural History Museum, Dubrovnik

876

2006

202
147
138
118
111

2006

66
49
48
35
27

2006

1 700
1 100
400
386
360

2005

460
361
331
288
284

2006

234
186
142
133
103

2005

1 405
893
794
703
382

2005

4 536
4 202
3 902
3 078
2 020

2005

430

44

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part1-chap2-cultural heritage:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:54  Page 45

Chapter 2
Cultural heritage

I

Total admissions
(1000s)

400

148
103
64

2006

579
478
413
388
278

Country Museums

Archaeological Museum of Istria, Pula
Public Institution Brijuni National Park – Departement
for the Protection of Cultural Assets, Fažana
Technical Museum, Zagreb
Archaeological Museum, Zadar

HR

NO

National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design, Oslo
Museum of Cultural History, Oslo
Natural History Museums and Botanical Garden, Oslo
Nidaros Cathedral Restoration Workshop, Trondheim
Norwegian Defence Museums, Oslo, Horten, Trondheim and Bodø

1. Each country has its own definition of what is considered a museum (some are actually a group
of two or more museums). The number of admissions is also established on specific national bases.
Some countries have included only museums charging an entrance fee. Others have considered
only public museums, State museums and/or subsidised museums.
2. IT: The data refers to the tickets (single or combined) sold by museums charging an entrance fee.
3. PT: Only State museums.

Names of museums are given in the language used by the countries when they provided data.

Source: European Group on Museum Statistics (Egmus)

Cultural statistics

45

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:55  Page 46

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:55  Page 47

Cultural employment,
enterprises and external trade

II

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:55  Page 48

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 49

Cultural employment

chapter 1

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 50

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 51

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Cultural employment

In 2005 cultural employment, meaning both employment in cultural
occupations in the whole economy and any employment in cultural
economic activities, was estimated at 4.9 million people in EU-27
and accounted for 2.4% of total employment.

In EU-27 cultural employment as a proportion of total employment
has remained unchanged since 2002, when the analysis was con-
ducted for the ﬁrst time using the speciﬁc statistical matrix crossing
cultural occupations and cultural sectors of the economy. is pro-
portion ranges from 1.1% in Romania to 3.8% in the Netherlands.
No major diﬀerences appear at EU level between cultural employ-
ment and total employment with regard to gender or age, though
some discrepancies can be seen in some countries.

On the other hand, speciﬁc features of cultural employment can be
identiﬁed particularly in terms of levels of education and job secu-
rity.

Persons working in the cultural ﬁeld are generally better educated
than those employed in the economy as a whole: nearly 48% of cul-
tural workers have completed tertiary-level education, compared
with 26% for the workforce in general. In some countries – Italy, the
Czech Republic, Hungary and Romania – the percentage of highly
educated persons in cultural employment is about 2.5 times higher
than in total employment. In many Member States the majority of
people working in the cultural ﬁeld are university graduates, and this
proportion is as high as 60% in Belgium, Estonia, Lithuania and
Spain.

Cultural employment is oen less secure: 16% of cultural workers
have temporary jobs, compared with 13% in total employment, and
25% have part-time jobs, compared with 17% in the working pop-
ulation as a whole.

A high share of cultural jobs are temporary in Spain, Slovenia,
France, Sweden and Portugal. In some countries, e.g. France and
Estonia, the proportion of temporary jobs is more than twice as high
in cultural employment as in total employment.

e Netherlands, the European leader in part-time working, also
records the highest part-time rate in cultural employment (59%),
followed by Denmark (33%), Austria and Germany (30%). e pro-
portion of part-time jobs in cultural employment is higher than that
in total employment in every Member State except Belgium
(although the diﬀerence is small in the United Kingdom, Sweden
and Luxembourg).

Cultural statistics



•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 52

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

In the EU 29% of persons working in the cultural ﬁeld are non-
employees (i.e. self-employed or family workers), compared with
14% in the total working population. e highest ratios of non-
employees can be found in Italy (53% of cultural employment), the
Netherlands and Greece (35%) and the lowest (under 10%) in Roma-
nia, Lithuania, Estonia and Slovenia.

e proportion of workers with second jobs is nearly twice as high
in cultural employment as in total employment in EU-27. is phe-
nomenon of more people having second jobs in cultural employ-
ment is common to nearly every country.

In EU-27, 29% of cultural workers usually or sometimes work at
home. is is signiﬁcantly higher than the rate in the total work-
force, which has no more than 13% home-workers. is proportion
among cultural workers ranges from 3% in Cyprus to 41% in Aus-
tria and the United Kingdom (and even 46% in Iceland).

e nature (degree of urbanisation) of the geographical area in
which the respondents work is deﬁned as one of three categories:
densely populated area, intermediate area and sparsely populated
area. Most cultural workers (58%) have their jobs in densely popu-
lated areas. is is 14 percentage points more than for the whole
workforce. In every country the proportion of persons working in
densely populated areas is higher in cultural employment than in
total employment. In some countries – the Czech Republic, Slove-
nia, Hungary, Sweden and Norway – the diﬀerence is very high (with
the percentage working in densely populated areas nearly twice as
high for cultural employment).

Nationality is interpreted in the EU LFS as citizenship, as deﬁned
by the national legislation of each country. No signiﬁcant diﬀerence
emerges between cultural employment and total employment when
analysing the nationality of workers: about 95% of workers in EU-
27 are national. In most countries fewer than 10% of workers in cul-
tural employment are non-nationals. In three countries the ﬁgure is
over 10%: Luxembourg (36%), Switzerland (14%) and Austria
(10.2%).

Estonia reports a gap of 14 percentage points between non-national
workers in cultural and in total employment (4% against 18%). In
Luxembourg, Greece, Cyprus and Switzerland non-national work-
ers are also relatively less numerous in the cultural domain than in
total employment.



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 53

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

The Task Force on Cultural Employment, reporting to the European
Working Group on Cultural Statistics, emphasised one statistical source
to use for cultural employment estimates: the EU Labour Force Sur-
vey.

Use of this survey makes it possible to estimate cultural employment
by crossing cultural activities classiﬁed by the NACE with cultural occu-
pations classiﬁed by the ISCO.

In the EU LFS database run by Eurostat, NACE and ISCO are available
for most countries at -digit and 3-digit levels respectively. A more
detailed level is necessary in order to identify cultural activities and
cultural occupations. Consequently, a statistical method has been
devised to approximate cultural employment by cross-tabulating both
dimensions at -digit (NACE) and 3-digit (ISCO) levels. These two lev-
els are not detailed enough, but combination of the two takes into
account all jobs in cultural activities and all qualiﬁed persons engaged
in cultural occupations, when they are employed by enterprises
engaged in other economic activities.

The cultural occupations on which data derived from the LFS are set
out here are: architects, town and traﬃc planners (ISCO code 4),
archivists and curators (43), librarians and related information pro-
fessionals (43), authors, journalists and other writers (4), sculp-
tors, painters and related artists (4), composers, musicians and
singers (43), choreographers and dancers (44), ﬁlm, stage and
related actors and directors (4), photographers and image and
sound recording equipment operators (33), decorators and com-
mercial designers (347), radio, television and other announcers
(347), street, night-club and related musicians, singers and dancers
(3473) and clowns, magicians, acrobats and related associate profes-
sionals (3474).

Cultural statistics

3

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 54

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment in total employment, 2005
(1000s)

Employment

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

Cultural

4 940.3
88.4
53.4
93.7
82.4
1 003.9
19.2
47.9
92.4
389.8
487.9
464.4
7.8
27.5
36.3
3.5
79.8
3.4
305.8
88.6
231.3
69.8
97.8
22.2
40.3
79.3
153.5
870.0
30.0
6.0
48.0
104.6

Data extraction: March 2007
Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Total

208 945
4 212
3 008
4 739
2 737
36 179
609
1 929
4 382
18 893
24 312
22 650
348
1 028
1 453
193
3 891
148
8 112
3 754
13 947
5 132
9 298
947
2 196
2 418
4 357
28 072
1 531
157
2 212
3 945

%

2.4
2.1
1.8
2.0
3.0
2.8
3.2
2.5
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.7
2.5
1.8
2.1
2.3
3.8
2.4
1.7
1.4
1.1
2.3
1.8
3.3
3.5
3.1
2.0
3.8
2.2
2.7

4

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 55

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Share of cultural employment
in total employment, 2005 (%)

NL

SE

FI

EE

UK

DK

DE

LV

LT

IE

AT

SI

MT

CY

EL

BE

ES

HU

IT

FR

CZ

SK

LU

BG

PL

PT

RO

HR

CH

IS

NO

EU-27: 2.4

0%

1%

2%

3%

4%

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics



•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 56

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by age group, 2005 (%)

Cultural employment

Total employment

-4

-49

0+

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

10.2
5.4
8.9
8.0
15.4
9.0
13.9
12.8
7.9
10.1
7.0
7.4
9.7
20.2
7.6
6.7
5.8
18.0
18.2
11.8
6.0
8.9
7.1
7.7
7.9
11.2
9.4
14.1
8.6
18.3
16.7
10.2

67.1
73.2
68.8
65.6
55.0
66.3
47.4
67.4
75.1
77.2
73.6
72.2
70.9
54.2
66.1
74.2
67.7
53.6
55.6
67.2
68.3
72.9
76.9
69.3
69.5
62.9
57.6
61.7
69.2
54.1
60.3
59.0

22.7
21.4
22.3
26.5
29.6
24.7
38.7
19.8
17.0
12.7
19.4
20.4
19.4
25.6
26.4
19.1
26.5
28.4
26.2
21.1
25.7
18.2
16.0
23.0
22.6
25.9
33.0
24.2
22.2
27.6
23.1
30.7

All

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

-4

-49

0+

10.2
8.0
7.6
7.9
13.3
10.7
10.1
16.1
7.4
10.5
8.9
7.1
10.2
11.3
7.6
6.5
7.0
18.9
14.8
14.2
9.1
10.0
8.7
8.6
10.7
11.7
10.3
13.7
9.6
18.0
12.7
14.3

66.8
71.0
69.6
65.3
59.1
64.5
62.2
64.1
71.2
70.1
67.8
71.2
67.1
64.2
70.3
74.5
68.7
60.4
62.2
68.3
72.0
67.9
74.3
73.1
69.7
60.1
58.2
59.9
67.6
54.9
59.6
59.8

22.9
20.9
22.8
26.8
27.6
24.9
27.7
19.9
21.4
19.4
23.3
21.7
22.7
24.5
22.0
18.9
24.2
20.6
23.0
17.5
18.9
22.0
17.0
18.3
19.6
28.2
31.5
26.4
22.8
27.1
27.7
25.9

All

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 57

Percentage of female workers, 2005

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

66

65

63

57

54

54

54

53

50

50

48

47

47

46

46

46

45

45

44

44

44

43

42

42

40

40

38

32

54

49

46

45

EE

LT

LV

PL

SI

RO

HU

FI

IE

BG

UK

SE

FR

AT

EU-27

CZ

DK

SK

ES

DE

CY

NL

EL

PT

BE

IT

LU

MT

HR

IS

CH

NO

0%

20%

40%

60%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics

7

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 58

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by educational attainment of workers, 2005 (%)

Cultural employment

Total employment

Low

Medium

High

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

10.5
12.7
2.7
1.7
15.6
10.0
3.6
12.7
8.3
16.6
13.2
15.6
6.5
4.1
1.8
5.9
3.3
46.3
18.2
7.9
1.6
40.6
3.7
1.7
0.8
13.8
9.0
5.2
1.3
25.3
9.8
7.4

41.8
24.9
41.0
61.4
34.2
42.2
32.3
37.3
51.2
23.5
33.3
46.9
38.2
52.9
37.1
42.5
45.9
27.6
36.6
55.9
47.9
31.5
50.8
47.1
63.4
41.3
49.7
47.1
53.7
21.0
44.6
53.5

47.7
62.5
56.3
36.9
50.1
47.8
64.0
50.0
40.5
59.9
53.5
37.4
55.3
43.0
61.1
51.5
50.7
26.0
45.2
36.2
50.5
27.9
45.5
51.2
35.7
44.8
41.4
47.7
45.0
53.7
45.7
39.1

Low

22.3
24.1
14.6
5.5
18.6
16.0
8.3
25.9
28.7
43.2
27.2
39.4
27.6
10.6
5.8
24.2
13.7
59.8
25.3
15.9
6.2
69.1
10.1
12.5
4.3
17.6
14.8
9.9
11.6
34.8
10.4
15.4

Medium

High

51.8
38.5
58.7
79.6
49.0
58.3
55.0
40.5
45.3
23.6
44.0
45.8
41.3
63.2
58.4
45.7
64.8
24.0
43.3
65.0
69.4
16.1
72.5
64.9
79.3
47.4
55.5
59.3
67.0
37.2
56.9
57.5

25.9
37.4
26.7
14.9
32.4
25.7
36.7
33.5
26.1
33.2
28.8
14.8
31.1
26.2
35.7
30.1
21.5
16.2
31.4
19.1
24.5
14.8
17.3
22.5
16.5
35.0
29.6
30.8
21.4
27.9
32.7
27.2

Levels of education based on ISCED 1997:
Low (ISCED levels 0-2): Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary education.
Medium (ISCED levels 3-4): Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education.
High (ISCED levels 5-6): Tertiary education.

Source: Eurostat. EU Labour Force Survey, 2005



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 59

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Percentage of persons with tertiary-level education,
2005

EE

BE

LT

ES

BG

CY

FR

LU

SI

HU

PL

DK

IE

DE

UK

EU-27

RO

NL

FI

LV

SE

EL

IT

CZ

AT

SK

PT

MT

HR

IS

NO

CH

64

63

61

60

56

55

54

52

51

51

51

50

50

48

48

48

46

45

45

43

41

41

37

37

36

36

28

26

45

46

39

40%

54

60%

0%

20%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat. EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics

9

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 60

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by occupational status, 2005 (%)

Cultural employment

Total employment

Employee

Non-
employee*

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

71.0
73.4
87.8
69.5
83.5
67.3
93.0
72.2
65.0
78.3
79.9
46.6
76.7
87.1
96.5
72.7
76.8
89.3
64.9
70.2
80.9
77.7
92.2
92.6
75.8
80.0
72.9
70.3
75.0
68.0
76.5
74.1

29.0
26.6
12.2
30.5
16.5
32.7
7.0
27.8
35.0
21.7
20.1
53.4
23.3
12.9
3.5
27.3
23.2
10.7
35.1
29.8
19.1
22.3
7.8
7.4
24.2
20.0
27.1
29.7
25.0
32.0
23.5
25.9

All

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

* Self-employed and family workers.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Employee

Non-
employee*

86.3
86.1
90.2
83.9
92.2
88.6
93.7
86.5
71.1
83.4
91.0
73.8
78.6
93.3
93.6
93.1
86.9
87.0
89.1
90.8
87.8
82.0
92.7
92.0
87.1
90.3
90.4
87.5
87.4
87.8
94.1
87.7

13.7
13.9
9.8
16.1
7.8
11.4
6.3
13.5
28.9
16.6
9.0
26.2
21.4
6.7
6.4
6.9
13.1
13.0
10.9
9.2
12.2
18.0
7.3
8.0
12.9
9.7
9.6
12.5
12.6
12.2
5.9
12.3

All

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

0

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 61

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

53

Percentage of non-employees, 2005

IT

NL

EL

DE

CZ

AT

UK

EU-27

IE

LU

SE

BE

SK

CY

HU

PT

ES

FR

FI

PL

DK

LV

BG

MT

RO

SI

EE

LT

HR

IS

CH

NO

35

35

33

31

30

30

29

28

27

27

27

24

23

23

22

22

20

20

19

17

13

12

11

8

7

7

4

25

26

24

32

0%

20%

40%

60%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics



•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 62

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by permanence of job and full-time/part-time work,
2005 (%)

% of workers with temporary jobs % of workers with part-time jobs

Cultural
employment

Total
employment

Cultural
employment

Total
employment

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

16.4
12.0
3.4
14.6
16.9
15.2
8.8
2.9
15.6
29.8
24.9
20.0
12.1
6.9
:
6.0
6.7
6.0
20.0
13.3
20.7
22.4
3.1
27.4
4.1
18.5
24.3
7.4
12.6
8.2
13.1
14.4

13.3
9.2
5.7
8.7
9.9
13.1
3.2
2.6
12.0
32.3
12.0
11.5
13.1
7.4
3.6
5.2
7.1
4.0
14.3
8.8
25.5
18.9
2.5
16.6
4.7
17.9
16.1
5.5
13.0
7.1
9.7
13.1

25.3
17.7
3.2
12.1
33.0
29.6
19.8
17.0
9.3
20.2
24.2
20.5
14.5
20.3
10.3
18.3
7.7
19.1
58.6
29.7
16.0
11.5
5.0
24.0
3.1
20.9
28.5
28.2
18.1
32.6
33.1
44.4

17.3
22.3
1.9
4.8
22.3
24.4
7.5
13.3
4.2
12.9
17.6
13.1
7.9
7.7
4.4
17.6
4.4
9.4
45.5
21.2
7.7
6.8
2.2
6.7
2.5
13.4
25.0
25.9
3.6
19.9
29.0
34.4

Reading note: In EU-27, 16.4% of cultural workers had temporary jobs in 2005.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 63

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Percentage of workers with:
part-time jobs, 2005

temporary jobs, 2005

NL

DK

AT

DE

SE

UK

EU-27

FR

SI

FI

IT

LV

ES

EE

MT

LU

BE

IE

PL

CY

CZ

PT

EL

HU

RO

BG

SK

HR

CH

NO

IS

33

30

30

29

28

25

24

24

21

21

20

20

20

19

18

18

17

16

15

12

12

9

8

5

3

3

18

44

33

33

59

NL

DK

AT

DE

SE

UK

20

17

13

15

7

EU-27

16

24

25

27

FR

SI

FI

IT

LV

ES

EE

MT

LU

BE

IE

PL

CY

CZ

PT

EL

HU

RO

BG

SK

HR

CH

NO

IS

19

20

30

7

9

6

6

12

3

21

12

15

22

16

7

3

3

4

13

14

13

8

0%

20%

40%

60%

0%

20%

40%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics

3

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 64

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Second jobs reported in cultural employment/total
employment, 2005 (%)

Percentage of workers having second jobs in

Cultural employment

Total employment

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
EL
ES
FR
IE
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

6.7
6.8
1.1
6.8
16.7
5.9
6.5
2.6
5.6
5.9
2.2
4.3
7.2
13.4
11.9
1.8
4.4
1.3
13.9
9.1
8.4
6.5
1.9
8.3
4.8
8.0
11.3
6.2
1.8
18.2
8.2
11.0

3.8
4.1
0.8
2.4
11.0
3.3
3.2
2.5
2.8
3.0
1.9
1.6
6.3
6.1
6.1
1.8
1.9
4.2
6.1
3.6
9.0
6.7
4.5
3.8
1.5
3.7
7.2
3.8
3.6
10.4
5.9
6.4

Reading note: In EU-27, 6.7% of cultural workers had at least one sideline job in 2005.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

4

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 65

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Percentage of workers with second jobs, 2005

DK

NL

LV

LT

SE

AT

PL

SI

FI

CY

BE

CZ

EU-27

EE

PT

UK

DE

FR

ES

SK

HU

IT

EL

IE

RO

LU

MT

BG

HR

IS

CH

NO

17

14

13

12

11

9

8

8

8

7

7

7

7

7

7

6

6

6

6

5

4

4

3

2

1

1

2

2

2

0%

11

8

10%

18

20%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics



•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 66

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by work at home, 2005 (%)

Work at home
in cultural employment

Work at home
in total employment

Usually Sometimes Never All

Usually Sometimes Never All

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

13.4
17.3
:
6.7
11.2
13.8
8.2
11.8
4.5
:
18.0
12.5
3.0
7.0
1.9
19.3
7.3
2.7
24.0
14.0
9.9
2.7
2.9
14.7
12.6
18.0
15.5
12.4
:
23.0
21.5
8.9

15.9
13.2
:
20.9
26.5
19.0
12.1
10.0
7.3
:
15.8
3.8
-
19.4
3.9
2.5
15.1
7.0
-
27.4
15.1
7.1
1.0
17.9
8.3
9.4
12.7
28.6
:
22.7
7.5
14.7

70.7 100
100
69.5
100
:
100
72.3
100
62.3
100
67.2
100
79.7
100
78.2
100
88.1
100
:
100
66.1
100
83.7
100
97.0
100
73.6
100
94.2
100
78.2
100
77.6
100
90.4
100
76.0
100
58.6
100
75.0
100
90.2
100
96.1
100
67.3
100
79.1
100
72.6
100
71.8
100
59.0
100
:
100
54.3
100
71.0
100
76.4

4.3
9.0
:
3.4
4.5
4.0
3.2
5.8
1.7
:
10.0
3.2
0.9
1.5
1.1
6.9
2.8
4.4
5.5
5.0
2.2
0.9
1.2
6.6
4.1
8.1
3.5
3.0
:
7.2
7.3
3.5

8.4
8.9
:
6.8
19.3
9.1
5.2
5.3
2.8
:
7.2
1.6
0.2
5.7
2.7
1.4
6.0
4.0
-
16.2
7.8
3.3
0.6
8.2
4.6
7.3
8.4
21.8
:
19.0
3.5
10.3

87.3
82.1
:
89.8
76.2
87.0
91.6
88.9
95.6
:
82.8
95.2
98.9
92.8
96.1
91.7
91.3
91.6
94.5
78.7
90.0
95.8
98.2
85.2
91.3
84.7
88.1
75.2
:
73.7
89.2
86.3

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Reading note: In EU-27, 13.4% of cultural workers were usually working at home in 2005.

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 67

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Percentage of employed usually working at home,
2005

NL

LU

FI

FR

BE

SE

SI

AT

DE

EU-27

SK

IT

UK

IE

DK

PL

EE

HU

LV

CZ

EL

CY

RO

PT

MT

LT

IS

NO

CH

24

19

18

18

17

16

15

14

14

13

13

13

12

12

11

10

8

7

7

7

5

3

3

3

3

2

0%

9

10%

23

22

20%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics

7

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 68

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by degree of urbanisation, 2005 (%)

Cultural employment

Total employment

Densely
populated
area

Interme-
diate
area

Sparsely
populated
area

All

Densely
populated
area

Interme-
diate
area

Sparsely
populated
area

All

EU-27 58.1
65.5
BE
:
BG
48.7
CZ
57.3
DK
64.4
DE
74.3
EE
53.1
IE
89.2
EL
67.1
ES
70.0
FR
62.8
IT
73.7
CY
70.5
LV
62.2
LT
43.3
LU
66.8
HU
95.9
MT
74.7
NL
61.2
AT
:
PL
69.8
PT
:
RO
36.3
SI
:
SK
51.2
FI
41.6
SE
70.1
UK
87.4
HR
:
IS
40.4
NO
:
CH

18.2
30.7
:
34.2
24.0
24.2
-
-
6.4
18.4
22.1
29.0
12.6
-
-
35.4
18.5
4.1
23.4
16.3
:
17.4
:
28.8
:
16.9
14.7
14.5
12.6
:
18.3
:

23.8
3.8
:
17.1
18.7
11.4
25.7
46.9
4.4
14.6
8.0
8.3
13.6
29.5
37.8
21.3
14.8
-
1.8
22.5
:
12.8
:
35.0
:
31.9
43.7
15.4
-
:
41.3
:

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

44.0
53.3
:
24.0
33.9
48.2
53.8
38.9
75.2
54.9
47.2
46.4
59.6
55.1
50.6
38.5
37.4
91.7
65.5
36.4
:
46.9
:
19.0
:
32.3
22.6
66.8
62.2
:
20.3
:

24.2
40.9
:
48.2
30.3
33.2
1.4
-
11.8
22.7
36.7
40.0
15.4
1.1
-
40.1
24.3
8.3
32.0
24.7
:
33.2
:
31.6
:
17.1
16.3
17.8
37.7
:
21.3
:

31.8
5.9
:
27.7
35.8
18.5
44.8
61.1
13.1
22.4
16.1
13.6
25.0
43.8
49.4
21.3
38.2
-
2.5
38.9
:
19.9
:
49.4
:
50.6
61.1
15.4
0.1
:
58.5
:

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 69

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Percentage of workers in densely populated areas,
2005

MT

EL

NL

EE

CY

LV

UK

FR

PT

ES

HU

BE

DE

IT

LT

AT

EU-27

DK

IE

FI

CZ

LU

SE

SI

HR

NO

0%

96

89

75

74

74

71

70

70

70

67

67

66

64

63

62

61

58

57

53

51

49

43

42

36

40

40%

87

80%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics

9

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 70

II

Chapter 
Cultural employment

Cultural employment/total employment
by nationality, 2005 (%)

Cultural employment

Total employment

Nationals

Non-
nationals

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
IS
NO
CH

94.5
91.4
99.9
98.7
96.1
92.3
96.5
92.5
97.2
91.5
95.3
:
92.1
100
100
64.5
99.6
96.9
95.7
89.8
99.6
96.6
:
100
100
98.7
95.9
94.0
100
97.2
94.8
85.6

5.5
8.6
0.1
1.3
3.9
7.7
3.5
7.5
2.8
8.5
4.7
:
7.9
-
-
35.5
0.4
3.1
4.3
10.2
0.4
3.4
:
-
-
1.3
4.1
6.0
-
2.8
5.2
14.4

All

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Nationals

Non-
nationals

94.2
92.1
99.9
99.2
97.0
91.3
81.7
91.9
92.8
89.2
95.1
:
86.0
99.3
99.3
54.8
99.2
96.9
96.8
89.8
99.9
96.5
:
99.6
99.8
98.7
95.5
94.6
99.7
97.6
96.1
78.5

5.8
7.9
0.1
0.8
3.0
8.7
18.3
8.1
7.2
10.8
4.9
:
14.0
0.7
0.7
45.2
0.8
3.1
3.2
10.2
0.1
3.5
:
0.4
0.2
1.3
4.5
5.4
0.3
2.4
3.9
21.5

All

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100

70

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap1-employment:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 71

Chapter 
Cultural employment

II

Percentage of non-national workers, 2005

35.5

45.2

LU

AT

BE

ES

CY

DE

IE

UK

EU-27

FR

NL

SE

DK

EE

PT

MT

EL

FI

CZ

PL

HU

BG

CH

NO

IS

10.2

8.6

8.5

7.9

7.7

7.5
8.1

14

6

5.5

4.7

4.3

4.1

3.9

3.5

3.4

3.1

2.8

7.2

1.3

1.3

0.4

0.4

0.1

5.2

2.8

18.3

14.4

21.5

0%

20%

40%

Cultural employment

Total employment

Source: Eurostat, EU Labour Force Survey, 2005

Cultural statistics

7

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 72

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 73

Enterprises in
cultural sectors

chapter 2

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 74

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 75

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Cultural sectors in economic terms

Economic indicators on cultural sectors can be found using har-
monised SBS (Structural Business Statistics) data collected by Euro-
stat. Unfortunately, practically only one sector of the cultural indus-
tries can be analysed at the moment: publishing. Some broad data
on architectural activities are also presented here.

e audiovisual sector is not covered by the SBS or any other har-
monised source. Some data on the ﬁlm market are included in this
chapter. ese statistics were published by MEDIA Salles, part of the
EU Media Programme.

The publishing sector

Publishing of books, newspapers and periodicals

In 2004, across the whole of the European Union, nearly 750 000
people were working for 55 000 ﬁrms publishing books, newspa-
pers and periodicals (the main activities in NACE group 221). Note
that printing (“technical” reproduction) is not considered part of the
cultural domain.

In 2004 publishing of books, newspapers and periodicals generated
turnover of over EUR 118 000 million, with EUR 44 000 million of
value added at factor cost. In relation to manufacturing as a whole,
this accounts for 2.6% of the number of enterprises, 1.9% of
turnover, 2.1% of jobs but more than 2.7% of value added. e
United Kingdom and Germany are the main contributors to
turnover and value added in EU-27, followed by France and Italy.

Within the publishing sector in EU-27, publishing of newspapers
contributed the most value added: 42%, compared with 33% for peri-
odicals and 25% for books. Newspapers clearly predominate (on over
50%) in most northern European countries and in Germany and
Austria. Poland and the Czech Republic stand out with over 40% of
their value added generated from publishing books.

e newspapers and periodicals market tends to be relatively geo-
graphically conﬁned, owing to the rapid response of supply to
demand (e.g. national dailies), customer proximity (transport) and
language barriers.

Up until 2000, Europe-wide the annual production index of the
newspaper publishing sector was higher than that of the consumer
goods industry and boosted the growth of publishing. Since 2000-
2001 the indices of each publishing sub-activity have all been show-
ing a downward trend, whereas the consumer goods index is con-

Cultural statistics



•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 76

II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

tinuing to rise. One reason for this reversal may be changing con-
sumer habits, notably the success of the Internet and the on-line
availability of an abundance of information and publications.

Publishing of sound recordings

Publishing of sound recordings (CDs, DVDs and taped music or
other sound recordings, but excluding reproduction of these record-
ings) is a small subsector of publishing. In 2004 it accounted for 2.1%
of employment in the whole of the publishing sector and 3.6% of
total publishing turnover, but a bigger share of the number of enter-
prises (14.5%).

Concentration in the whole publishing sector

In the publishing sector, the proportion of micro-enterprises
(employing fewer than 10 workers) is higher than in manufacturing
as a whole. Depending on the country, 85% to 95% of publishing
ﬁrms employ fewer than 10 workers. In general, these small busi-
nesses account for 5% to 10% of the sector’s turnover.

Publishing is not immune to concentration. For example, in the
United Kingdom in 2004, one hundred ﬁrms, each employing over
250 workers, accounted for over 70% of the value added by the sec-
tor. is concentration is also increasing under the inﬂuence of the
major media groups. eir subsidiaries in Europe specialise in var-
ious stages of the leading chain or diversify into other activities,
whether or not bound up with publishing.

Architectural activities

Architecture is a cultural sector whose activities are closely related
to engineering and related technical consultancy (all classiﬁed in the
same NACE group 74.2).

In 2004, across 20 EU Member States for which data are available,
1.6 million people were employed in more than 600 000 ﬁrms in
architecture and engineering. is sector generated turnover of over
EUR 140 000 million, with EUR 73 000 million of value added at
factor cost. A large percentage of the workforce are self-employed,
especially in Italy (nearly 80%). Moreover, Italy accounts for 36% of
the number of enterprises in the EU-20 total for these activities and
nearly 20% of the number of persons employed.

e core architectural enterprises (advisory and pre-design archi-
tectural services plus architectural design services for buildings and
other structures) are oen smaller than engineering ﬁrms. In the 14



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

MS for which data are available, their turnover can be put at 14% of
the total turnover of the architecture and engineering sector.

Enterprises are the main clients of ﬁrms operating in the architec-
ture and engineering sector. ey accounted for 80% of its turnover
in 2004, the public sector for 17% and households for only 3%
(shares estimated from the totals for the same 14 MS for which data
are available).

Aer a slowdown between 2001 and 2004, the EU-27 estimated
turnover index in this sector is once again showing a promising
upward trend, with growth of nearly 10% between 2005 and 2006.

Need to improve collection of statistics
on the culture economy

At present, the economic situation in the cultural domain can be
described only for the European publishing sector for books, news-
papers, journals and periodicals, for publishing of sound recordings
and, broadly, for architectural activities (which are included in “archi-
tectural and engineering activities”). These harmonised data from the
Structural Business Statistics survey are available from Eurostat annu-
ally.

Several other sectors cover totally or partly to the cultural domain, but
are not included in the SBS survey: library and archives activities (NACE
92.1), museum activities and preservation of historical sites and
buildings (NACE 92.2), audiovisual activities (NACE 92.1 and 92.2) and,
to some extent, other entertainment activities (NACE 92.3).

The new version of the NACE classiﬁcation (NACE Rev. 2) makes a num-
ber of changes to the classiﬁcation of cultural activities. It will be nec-
essary to study the impact of these changes on data collection, bear-
ing in mind that addition of other cultural sectors to the Structural
Business Statistics would require an amendment to the legal frame-
work.

As a strategic sector in the cultural domain, the audiovisual sector war-
rants better statistical coverage in future. For the time being, some ﬁg-
ures on the ﬁlm market, published by MEDIA Salles, are presented.

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Employment in the publishing sector1, 2004

Publishing1

Number of

Number of
persons employed employees

Manufacturing2 % of publishing
in manufacturing
employment

Number of
persons employed

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

748 800e
10 025
:
13 826
23 682
181 401
3 060
4 426
:
46 907
80 657
40 103
:
6 492
6 205
:
10 649
:
33 197
9 023
36 271
10 846
13 693
:
4 825
16 142
25 535
146 896
19 452

711 900e
9 413
:
11 529
23 391
179 692
3 012
4 380
:
44 047
80 264
32 582
:
6 290
6 050
:
9 697
:
31 832
8 502
29 634
10 450
13 293
:
4 816
16 012
22 558
143 033
19 277

35 261 900e
623 457
643 793
1 363 226
417 285
7 228 207
130 433
220 935
:
2 584 251
3 887 901
4 672 760
40 144
167 936
263 545
:
835 079
:
785 917
621 087
2 482 445
866 105
1 689 459
239 694
400 992
409 686
806 881
3 408 919
258 955

2.1e
1.6
:
1.0
5.7
2.5
2.3
2.0
:
1.8
2.1
0.9
:
3.9
2.4
:
1.3
:
4.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
0.8
:
1.2
3.9
3.2
4.3
7.5

1. In this context, “publishing” means “publishing of books, newspapers, journals and periodicals”
(NACE DE2211 + DE2212 + DE2213). These activities account for 93% of the total turnover of NACE
group 221 (sound recordings and other publishing activities are excluded).
2. NACE D.

Data extraction: March 2007
Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Number of persons employed
(total and average per enterprise)
in sub-activities of publishing1, 2004

Number of persons
employed

Number of persons
employed per enterprise

Publishing of

Publishing of

books

newspapers

journals
and
periodicals

books news-
papers

journals
and
periodicals

Manufac-
turing

EU-27 186 800e
3 324
BE
BG
:
7 671
CZ
3 781
DK
31 182
DE
932
EE
777
IE
EL
:
17 643
ES
16 918
FR
14 790
IT
CY
c
1 012
LV
1 393
LT
LU
:
4 264
HU
MT
:
8 447
NL
2 382
AT
17 426
PL
3 056
PT
5 024
RO
SI
c
2 248
SK
2 353
FI
5 086
SE
30 293
UK
3 054
NO

312 100e
3 038
:
3 770
12 472
84 573
1 355
1 844
:
18 677
31 816
12 367
491
2 877
2 882
:
2 272
:
13 706
3 998
12 697
4 177
6 490
1 508
955
9 414
14 899
54 762
13 824

249 900e
3 663
:
2 385
7 429
65 646
773
1 805
:
10 587
31 923
12 946
277
2 603
1 930
:
4 113
:
11 044
2 643
6 148
3 613
2 179
464
1 622
4 375
5 550
61 841
2 574

6.4e
9.2
:
u
7.7
17.5
8
24.3
:
5.5
4.8
4.5
c
9
7
:
3
:
7.2
5.9
6
10.4
5
c
32
6.7
3.1
11.1
7.4

37.7e
20.5
:
u
304.2
145.8
44
70.9
:
19.3
17.6
22.9
55
74
27
:
12
:
46.5
34.5
18
14.1
19
26
53
33.5
35
101.6
49.7

14.3e
15.5
:
u
27.9
52.3
15
30.6
:
11.5
7.3
6.6
8
16
13
:
4
:
14
10
8
7.8
8
5
22
16.2
6.9
29.6
8.4

15.2e
16.9
22
9
22.4
36.2
26
48.9
:
11.6
15
8.9
6
22
31
:
12
:
16.9
21.7
12
10.8
31
13
63
16.2
13.7
22
12.9

1. In this context, “publishing” means “publishing of books, newspapers, journals and periodicals”
(NACE DE2211 + DE2212 + DE2213). These activities account for 93% of the total turnover of NACE
group 221 (sound recordings and other publishing activities are excluded).

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

Cultural statistics

9

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Number of enterprises, turnover
and value added in the publishing sector1, 2004

Share of
publishing
turnover in

Enterprises

Turnover manufacturing

Number

EUR million

EU-27 55 051e
747
BE
BG
:
2 379
CZ
795
DK
3 619
DE
194
EE
117
IE
:
EL
5 096
ES
9 718
FR
5 742
IT
CY
:
314
LV
455
LT
LU
:
2 642
HU
MT
:
2 265
NL
782
AT
4 547
PL
1 053
PT
1 694
RO
310
SI
161
SK
902
FI
2 859
SE
5 345
UK
1 000
NO

118 371e
2 725
:
831
2 378
25 629
107
772
:
7 730
18 398
12 309
:
118
152
:
925
:
6 554
1 945
1 872
1 265
291
:
222
2 453
3 872
25 750
2 769

%

1.9e
1.4
:
1.0
3.1
1.6
1.9
0.7
:
1.7
2.0
1.4
:
2.5
1.6
:
1.3
:
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.7
0.9
:
0.8
2.2
2.3
3.8
4.4

Value
added
at factor
cost

Share
of publishing
value added in
manufacturing

EUR million

%

44 065ue
817
:
247
982
9 273
44
444
:
2 803
5 611
3 938
:
55
57
:
223
:
2 544
642
763
417
88
:
67
1 040
1 229
11 928
1 302

2.7ue
1.8
:
1.2
3.9
2.2
3.1
1.2
:
2.4
2.7
1.9
:
4.1
2.5
:
1.5
:
4.5
1.6
1.8
2.2
1.1
:
1.2
3.5
2.4
5.5
7.2

1. In this context, “publishing” means “publishing of books, newspapers, journals and periodicals”
(NACE DE2211 + DE2212 + DE2213). These activities account for 93% of the total turnover of NACE
group 221 (sound recordings and other publishing activities are excluded).

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Share of publishing in manufacturing value added
versus share of publishing in manufacturing turnover,
2004 (%)

UK

NL

LV

DK

FI

EE

EU-27

FR

LT

SE

ES

PT

DE

IT

PL

BE

AT

HU

SK

IE

CZ

RO

NO

5.5

4.5

4.1

3.9

3.5

3.1

2.7ue

2.7

2.5

2.4

2.4

2.2

2.2

1.9

1.8

1.8

1.6

1.5

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

7.2

Value added

Turnover

Data confidential or not available for BG, EL, CY, LU, MT and SI.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

Cultural statistics

1

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Turnover in publishing sub-activities1, 2004
(EUR million)

Publishing
of books

Publishing
of newspapers

Publishing
of journals
and periodicals

Total
publishing

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

32 548e
857.6
:
375.0
637.3
6 432.5
26.5
177.1
:
3 064.6
5 174.9
4 269.9
c
23.1
39.5
:
309.6
:
1 668.5
349.4
833.1
391.9
102.1
c
90.6
379.4
839.4
5 942.6
628.5

45 483e
806.1
:
257.3
1 051.0
12 221.5
52.0
375.4
:
2 957.1
5 350.2
3 633.7
38.8
42.9
72.4
:
262.9
:
2 216.4
1 029.8
621.6
447.3
101.3
155.8
48.2
1 291.4
2 054.9
9 612.1
1 566.5

40 340e
1 061.7
:
198.5
690.0
6 975.3
28.9
219.4
:
1 708.5
7 873.0
4 405.3
18.2
51.8
40.1
:
352.6
:
2 669.4
565.6
417.1
426.1
87.7
52.9
83.2
782.2
977.9
10 195.7
574.4

118 371e
2 725.4
:
830.8
2 378.3
25 629.3
107.4
771.9
:
7 730.2
18 398.1
12 308.9
:
117.8
152.0
:
925.1
:
6 554.3
1 944.8
1 871.8
1 265.3
291.1
:
222.0
2 453.0
3 872.2
25 750.4
2 769.4

1. In this context, “publishing” means “publishing of books, newspapers, journals and periodicals”
(NACE DE2211 + DE2212 + DE2213). These activities account for 93% of the total turnover of NACE
group 221 (sound recordings and other publishing activities are excluded).

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

2

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Breakdown of value added in publishing1
by sub-activities, 2004 (%)

IE

FI

SE

DE

LT

AT

EE

ES

DK

61

60

56

55

53

51

50

46

44

EU-27

42e

41

40

39

38

37

37

34

34

33

28

24

20

LV

PL

PT

CZ

UK

IT

RO

FR

NL

HU

BE

SK

NO

26

27

23

13

13

20

22

26

22

25

33

28

25e

23

22

27

25

21

28

33e

43

16

43

42

30

43

21

22

26

37

39

39

40

40

17

31

20

26

27

44

41

33

36

40

59

18

22

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Publishing of newspapers

Publishing of books

Publishing of journals and periodicals

1. In this context, “publishing” means “publishing of books, newspapers, journals and periodicals”
(NACE DE2211 + DE2212 + DE2213). These activities account for 93% of the total turnover of NACE
group 221 (sound recordings and other publishing activities are excluded).

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

Cultural statistics

3

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Labour cost per employee and investment per person
employed in publishing1 sub-activities, 2004

Journals
and
periodicals

Investment

(EUR
1s)

Manufacturing4

Investment

(EUR
1s)

Labour
cost
(Unit
labour
cost

Books

Newspapers

Labour
cost2
(Unit
labour
cost)

Investment3 Labour
cost
(Unit
labour
cost)

(EUR
1s)

Investment

(EUR
1s)

EU-27 37.1e
58.9
BE
:
BG
10.8
CZ
45.0
DK
44.3
DE
9.0
EE
43.3
IE
:
EL
32.5
ES
52.5
FR
42.5
IT
c
CY
4.1
LV
5.3
LT
:
LU
12.7
HU
:
MT
48.9
NL
39.8
AT
10.8
PL
26.4
PT
2.8
RO
c
SI
6.8
SK
41.6
FI
44.5
SE
49.7
UK
55.3
NO

2.4e
4.7
:
1.2
6.0
1.6
1.2
16.6
:
1.6
2.2
1.6
c
1.5
1.3
:
1.5
:
1.8
1.8
1.0
4.4
0.9
c
2.0
2.2
2.0
4.3
3.8

42.6e
56.3
:
14.0
30.2
44.0
12.3
50.0
:
40.3
57.3
83.3
26.9
5.8
6.4
:
14.9
:
45.6
53.9
12.0
31.3
3.2
31.7
10.5
41.2
45.7
48.2
44.4

4.0e
2.8
:
1.6
4.1
3.1
1.1
5.8
:
4.0
3.5
13.2
6.7
0.0
1.2
:
12.2
:
3.2
2.4
0.8
2.3
1.4
7.3
2.6
5.5
2.0
6.7
2.4

Labour
cost
(Unit
labour
cost)

37.7e
51.7
:
15.0
26.4
27.1
10.8
41.9
:
36.2
57.0
55.7
17.1
5.6
4.8
:
11.9
:
49.3
47.0
12.3
26.3
4.6
22.5
9.4
42.8
48.3
44.0
63.0

2.2e
5.0
:
2.1
2.7
0.8
1.2
2.3
:
3.5
2.3
1.9
1.4
0.0
0.6
:
2.5
:
2.3
2.2
0.9
3.5
1.0
1.9
0.9
2.2
5.1
3.1
2.9

31.0
48.5
2.3
8.8
43.1
45.2
6.8
39.1
:
28.7
40.7
32.2
17.3
4
4.7
:
9.2
:
44.9
41.6
6.6
13.9
2.6
16.2
6.9
41.8
47.3
38.1
49

6.3
8.5
1.6
3.7
9.6
6.9
2.6
14.8
:
7.5
7.5
6.8
5
3
2.3
:
5.3
:
8.1
9
3.1
4.8
2.4
4.9
4.1
9.1
7.9
6.5
8.2

1. In this context, “publishing” means “publishing of books, newspapers, journals and periodicals”
(NACE DE2211 + DE2212 + DE2213). These activities account for 93% of the total turnover of NACE
group 221 (sound recordings and other publishing activities are excluded).
2. Average labour cost per employee (unit labour cost).
3. Average investment per person employed (EUR 1000s).
4. NACE D.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Annual production index for publishing sub-activities,
1996-2006 (base index: 1996 = 100)

120

110

100

90

Publishing
Publishing of books
Publishing of newspapers
Publishing of journals and periodicals
Consumer goods industry

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Source: Eurostat, Short-Term Statistics, 1996-2006

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Employment in sound recordings sector, 2004

Number of
persons employed

Number of
employees

Number of
persons employed
per enterprise

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

19 000e
227
:
u
308
1 993
37
c
:
543
5 198
1 821
0
81
107
:
436
:
808
136
603
190
184
102
3
374
1 416
3 821
267

Source: Eurostat. Structural Business Statistics

15 100e
80
:
u
225
1 639
9
c
:
462
5 031
930
0
80
98
:
367
:
469
53
295
164
169
80
0
314
1 173
3 056
187

2.0ue
1.4
:
u
2.4
4.8
3.7
c
:
4.2
1.7
2.6
:
4.5
5.9
:
2.2
:
1.8
1.5
2.7
2.2
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
0.8
3.5
1.3



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 87

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Number of enterprises, turnover
and value added in sound recordings sector, 2004

Number
of enterprises

Turnover

EUR million

Value added
at factor cost
EUR million

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

9 338e
164
:
u
128
416
10
c
:
129
3 010
709
0
18
18
:
194
:
440
90
224
85
99
47
3
366
1 832
1 077
205

Source: Eurostat. Structural Business Statistics

4 368e
34.1
:
u
57.6
538.2
0.5
c
:
115.9
1 908.4
204.5
0
c
5.3
:
43.2
:
167.7
13.3
20.6
21.7
6.9
13.2
0.1
73.5
252.9
840.2
56.8

1 173e
4.8
:
u
12.2
128
0.2
c
:
23.1
567.2
58.8
0
c
1.1
:
5.6
:
23.3
4.1
4.4
4.7
0.9
3.2
0
25.9
72.2
214.6
15.6

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Number of enterprises and turnover in the whole
publishing sector by size of enterprise, 2004 (%)

Number of enterprises

Turnover

1-9 1-19 2-9 -29 2

1-9 1-19

2-9 -29 2

or more

or more

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

5.3
c
c
c
4.0
92.7
82.2
6.0
65.9 15.1
72.5 12.2
c
43.6
:
:
5.9
88.7
3.1
92.6
4.0
92.8
c
c
74.8 13.6
c
74.8
:
:
2.8
94.6
:
:
4.6
88.6
7.4
84.3
2.0
94.4
6.4
87.4
c
86.4
89.8
3.5
76.5 15.0
6.0
85.8
2.1
94.8
5.5
87.2
9.6
77.4

c
c
2.2
5.8
c
8.0
c
:
3.0
2.5
1.7
11.5
6.4
6.9
:
1.9
:
3.7
5.2
1.9
2.9
5.1
4.0
3.7
3.3
1.4
3.8
6.0

c
c
0.8
4.3
8.2
6.9
c
:
2.1
1.3
1.1
5.8
4.7
3.1
:
0.6
:
2.0
2.7
1.3
c
c
2.2
4.0
3.9
1.4
2.4
6.0

0.6
0.0
0.3
1.7
c
0.4
3.0
:
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.0
0.6
c
:
0.1
:
1.1
0.4
0.3
c
c
0.4
0.8
0.9
0.2
1.1
0.9

c
c
17.4
10.3
5.0
14.4
4.1
:
13.6
11.4
13.7
c
c
20.2
:
30.7
:
c

8.7
c
6.8
4.1
6.0
9.0
c
:
6.6
5.0
7.9
c
9.9
c
:
9.0
:
c
10.9 10.9
c
9.1
c
c
8.1
5.4
c
3.2
6.3

c
10.1
24.2
c
30.4
10.6
c
8.7
9.9

c
c
14.4
c
c
15.5
c
:
15.2
14.0
8.4
20.0
c
17.8
:
16.2
:
c
c
11.1
7.1
15.2
c
7.7
8.3
9.9
5.5
c

c
c
23.0
24.0
31.3
c
c
:
36.5
21.9
18.0
57.3
41.2
28.6
:
33.1
:
c
c
20.6
c
c
c
26.5
31.0
36.4
14.0
35.3

41.8
0.0
38.4
c
c
c
55.3
:
28.1
47.7
52.0
0.0
c
c
:
10.9
:
56.6
c
46.8
c
c
c
27.2
44.7
29.8
68.5
c

Note: In this context, “publishing” covers the whole of NACE group 221 (including sound recordings
and other publishing activities). The size of enterprises is defined by the number of persons
employed.

Source: Eurostat. Structural Business Statistics



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 89

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Importance of micro-enterprises1 in the publishing
sector (in number of enterprises and turnover),
2004 (%)

HU

IT

CZ

FR

ES

PT

UK

RO

FI

AT

DK

SK

LT

EE

DE

IE

NO

95

93

93

93

89

87

87

86

86

84

82

76

75

73

66

44

0%

20%

40%

60%

Number of entreprises

Turnover

77

80%

100%

1. 1-9 persons employed.

Data confidential or not available for BE, BG, CY, EL, LU, LV, MT, NL, PL, SE and SI.

In this context, “publishing” covers the whole of NACE group 221 (including sound recordings and
other publishing activities).

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

Cultural statistics

9

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Employment in the architecture
and engineering sector, 2004

Number of
persons
employed

Number of
employees

Number of
persons
employed
per
enterprise

% of persons
employed in real
estate, renting and
business activities
(NACE K)

BE1
DK
DE
EE1
IE1
EL
ES
IT1
LV
LT
LU1
MT
PL1
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

41 100
32 474
360 130
4 753
18 917
64 691
203 847
308 589
5 614
8 987
3 202
1 008
:
27 428
40 350
11 049
9 785
27 489
61 768
353 981
28 721

25 711
29 671
273 527
4 559
15 522
26 352
118 776
66 479
5 360
7 821
3 035
657
49 154
23 486
39 325
9 504
9 505
25 642
53 078
314 360
25 768

1. Data 2003.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics 2003, 2004

2.6
6.4
4.2
5.9
5.0
1.9
2.2
1.4
6.2
5.5
8.5
2.6
:
4.5
5.3
3.1
8.4
5.6
2.1
6.3
3.2

9.5
9.7
9.0
10.2
11.0
:
8.7
12.9
7.3
13.8
6.4
:
:
7.6
12.6
17.9
10.7
14.2
12.2
7.8
12.6

9

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Number of enterprises, turnover and value added at
factor cost in architectural and engineering activities,
2004

Main
indicators

Share in real estate,
renting and business activities

Enterprises Turnover

Value
added

Number EUR million EUR million

BE1
DK
DE
EE1
IE1
EL
ES
IT1
LV
LT
LU1
MT
PL1
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

15 828
5 044
84 765
807
3 750
33 411
91 475
224 357
903
1 647
376
381
40 197
6 122
7 619
3 589
1 166
4 939
29 403
56 435
9 001

5 215.9
5 095.1
31 030.3
98.3
2 666.1
2 508.4
14 760.9
18 034.3
120.6
201.2
:
55.3
2 408.1
2 157.6
563.5
1 030.7
471.8
2 800.0
6 651.1
44 025.0
4 352.4

2 131.9
2 122.3
18 125.6
47.9
1 092.9
1 340.0
7 581.6
9 928.0
45.8
91.1
168.4
16.0
857.9
292.8
259.5
303.4
137.6
1 470.0
3 228.6
23 631.1
2 092.8

1. Data 2003.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics 2003, 2004

Enterprises

Turnover

%

15.9
7.9
15.1
9.8
14.1
:
17.1
24.1
4.9
19.3
4.6
:
14.9
9.9
12.4
18.7
12.8
10.6
14.4
9.8
10.1

%

8.6
13.3
8.5
6.7
12.2
:
7.9
9.1
8.4
13.1
:
:
9.2
10.8
11.3
22.3
15.2
12.8
9.6
9.8
12.5

Value
added
%

9.0
8.7
8.4
8.1
10.4
:
9.2
12.0
7.8
14.1
6.2
:
10.0
3.9
14.4
20.9
11.3
13.8
9.5
9.0
11.8

Cultural statistics

91

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Breakdown of architecture and engineering turnover
by product, 2004 (%)

Architectural Advisory

design

and

Other
architectural

Sub-total
core

services for pre-design
architectural
buildings
services
and other
structures

services architectural

services

10.0
17.6
7.5
18.4
15.0
19.8
14.7
18.3
11.0
12.3
15.8
4.3
3.5
0.8
2.1
6.9

2.0
1.9
3.7
3.8
2.0
3.7
1.3
4.1
1.3
9.1
5.4
2.1
1.7
1.7
0.7
1.3

(1)

13.9
21.2
12.3
26.2
17.8
25.9
17.6
22.9
14.1
23.6
25.3
7.2
5.6
6.5
4.5
9.0

1.9
1.6
1.0
4.0
0.7
2.4
1.6
0.5
1.8
2.3
4.1
0.8
0.5
3.9
1.7
0.9

Engineering
design services
including
integrated
engineering
services
for turnkey
projects
(2)

:
57.8
44.9
30.5
63.0
42.8
30.2
c
8.3
33.1
31.9
43.9
27.5
49.9
c
38.8

Other

Project

Urban

architectural management planning
services

services

and engineering
services
(3)

Other
additional
related products
and services
()

All

Sum of
(1) to ()

:
4.9
13.4
4.5
12.7
8.0
6.4
:
60.4
31.9
16.2
17.2
42.4
36.1
41.2
13.9

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

()

7.9
6.6
9.7
15.7
0.7
3.1
30.2
9.4
7.4
8.6
4.7
4.3
10.4
1.1
7.2
8.9

()

2.1
1.4
3.8
1.8
2.4
2.5
1.7
1.4
0.2
2.7
0.8
0.2
2.1
0.9
2.9
0.7

:
8.1
16.0
21.3
3.5
17.7
14.0
c
9.8
0.0
21.0
27.1
12.1
5.5
c
28.6

EU*
DE
DK
ES
FI
EL
LT
LV
MT
PT
RO
SE
SI
SK
UK
NO

EU*
DE
DK
ES
FI
EL
LT
LV
MT
PT
RO
SE
SI
SK
UK
NO

* Estimates based on the 14 Member States for which data are available.

(1) Sub-total of the first three columns.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

92

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Breakdown of EU1 turnover of the architecture
and engineering sector by client, 2004 (%)

PUBLIC SECTOR
17%

HOUSEHOLDS
3%

Other
enterprises

37%

ENTERPRISES
79%

Enterprises from real estate, 
renting and business activities

20%

Manufacturing 
enterprises

22%

Breakdown for each country available,
2004 (%)

Public Households Manufacturing Enterprises
sector

enterprises

from
real
estate, renting
and business
activities

Other
enterprises

EU1
DK
DE
EL
ES
LV
LT
MT
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
NO

17.4
20.4
18.1
24.6
12.2
27.4
4.2
1.8
11.9
9.6
11.2
7.3
15.7
3.4
20.8
8.7

3.4
9.3
3.6
14.6
4.1
5.0
2.8
2.5
0.5
11.4
6.8
1.1
3.1
0.1
2.1
1.7

22.1
50.5
27.2
3.8
26.1
2.5
10.3
6.8
39.2
24.3
40.2
36.2
35.9
22.7
12.6
54.7

20.1
9.0
28.6
7.7
41.4
33.4
11.6
41.8
29.2
28.3
7.3
24.5
18.5
22.9
8.4
13.2

37.0
10.9
22.5
49.3
16.2
31.7
71.1
46.8
19.1
26.4
34.5
30.9
26.9
51.0
56.1
21.8

1. Total of 14 Member States for which data are available.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

Cultural statistics

93

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Breakdown of employment1 in the architecture
and engineering sector (K742) and in real estate,
renting and business activities (NACE K)
by size of enterprise, 2004 (%)

Size of enterprise by number of persons employed

DK

DE

EL

ES

LV

LT

MT

PT

RO

SI

SK

FI

SE

UK

NO

NACE

K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K
K742
K

1-9

24.4
24.6
49.2
26.4
79.0
:
63.7
38.2
49.8
40.6
37.9
32.5
57.1
:
54.4
35.5
36.5
32.8
53.6
48.6
38.3
29.2
31.7
29.0
42.5
33.6
36.0
27.3
41.8
36.5

1-9

-29

2 or more

20.3
20.5
30.0
20.1
19.8
:
15.5
15.8
35.2
24.0
31.5
27.5
42.9
:
28.8
14.1
17.3
16.2
30.4
c
c
27.5
26.0
20.8
21.6
20.9
27.2
16.3
26.9
20.4

14.4
22.5
11.1
20.0
1.2
:
10.1
14.5
15.1
23.3
24.7
24.6
0.0
:
12.8
14.4
23.3
25.7
c
c
20.2
30.0
25.8
20.5
21.1
18.8
23.0
16.6
11.7
16.7

41.0
32.4
9.6
33.4
0.0
:
10.7
31.5
0.0
12.1
5.9
15.4
0.0
:
3.9
36.0
22.9
25.2
c
11.7
c
13.3
16.5
29.7
14.8
26.7
13.8
39.8
19.6
26.4

1. Number of persons employed.
Reading note: In Germany (DE) enterprises employing 9 persons or fewer and specialising in
architecture and engineering account for 49.2% of total employment in this sector.

Source: Eurostat, Structural Business Statistics

9

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 95

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Index of turnover from architectural and engineering
activities, technical testing and analysis,
EU-27 estimates, 2000-2006 (base index: 2000 = 100)

Architectural and engineering activities;
technical testing and analysis
Business activities

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

Data extraction: May 2007
Source: Eurostat, Short-Term Statistics, 2000-2006

Cultural statistics

9

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Cinema admissions and gross box office revenues

Admissions

Number (1s)

2

2

2

Admissions
per
inhabitant

Average
number
2

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE1
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT2
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL3
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
TR
IS
LI
NO
CH

901 139
23 548
2 217
8 719
10 691
152 533
1 084
14 886
12 700e
135 391
165 957
97 819
1 012
1 457
2 103
1 362
14 287
966
21 581
16 299
20 892
19 224
5 112
2 077
2 646
7 091
16 978
142 507
2 743
26 040
1 569
28
11 586
15 564

898 213
21 902
2 422
9 479
12 187
127 318
1 133
16 396
12 700e
127 651
175 340
102 464
822
1 679
1 189
1 158
12 124
988e
20 632
15 680
24 966
17 165
2 830
2 444
2 184
6 059
14 609
164 692
2 174
27 592
1 400
26
11 314
14 950

929 225p
23 807p
2 362
11 509
12 600
136 679
1 587
17 854
13 000p
121 654
188 673p
104 200p
813
2 141
2 480
1 252
11 665
948p
22 518
17 344
32 374p
16 367
2 777
2 685p
3 396p
6 687p
15 293
156 560
2 669
34 861p
:
25
12 012
16 380

1.9p
2.3
0.3
1.1
2.3
1.7
1.2
4.2
1.2e
2.8
3.0
1.8
1.1
0.9
0.7
2.7
1.2
2.3
1.4
2.1
0.8
1.5
0.1
1.3
0.6
1.3
1.7
2.6
0.6
0.5
:
0.7
2.6
2.2

Gross
box office
revenues

EUR 1s

2

:
128 790
5 961
29 466
84 387
744 989
4 816
94 400
:
634 951
1 024 139
588 963
5 457
5 502
3 601
7 624e
38 355
4 437e
135 248e
104 282
91 839e
70 414
6 636
9 123
5 221
44 910
119 538
1 123 595
6 704
114 545
12 822
219
98 128
137 829

1. Including municipal cinemas.
2. Based on SIAE (Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori) data on screens active more than 60 days
per year.
3. Data on some small distributors not included.
Source: MEDIA Salles

9

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 97

Annual cinema admissions
per inhabitant1, 2006

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

4.2

3.0

2.8

2.7

2.6

IE

FR

ES

LU

UK

MT

DK

BE

AT

IT

SE

DE

PT

NL

SI

FI

EE

EL

HU

CZ

CY

LV

PL

LT

SK

BG

RO

HR

TR

NO

CH

LI

2.3

2.3

2.3

2.1

1.8

1.7

1.7

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

0.9

EU-27: 
1.9 admission per inhabitant

Cinema admissions in EU-27

2006:
930 Mio

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.3

0.1

0.6

0.5

0.7

1996: 775 Mio

Source: MEDIA Salles

2.6

2.2

0

2

4

1. Annual admissions as a proportion of the total population of each country.

Source: MEDIA Salles

Cultural statistics

9

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II

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

Operational cinema screens, 2005-2006

2005

Operational
screens

Operational
screens

2006

Including
screens
in multiplexes

% screens
in multiplexes

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE1
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT2
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL3
AT
PL
PT4
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
HR
TR
IS
LI
NO
CH

29 854
536
98
667
374
4 889
69
352
490e
4 401
5 393
3 794
30
61
70
24
492
42
614
569
937
624
120
101
245
332
1 174
3 356
123
1 188
45
3
435
537

29 437
512
111
700p
385
4 848
76
415
400p
4 299
5 362p
3 600p
29
49
77
24
443p
41
679
580
931p
479p
108
101p
245p
332
1 171
3 440
103
1 299p
:
3
426e
547

:
302
51
130
74
1 267
11
164
148
2 542
1 742
987
:
14
19
10
124
17
126
242
364
169
21
38
20
51
168
2 213
13
235
:
:
56
75

37e
59
46
19
19
26
14
40
37
59
32
27
:
29
25
42
28
41
19
42
39
35
19
38
8
15
14
64
13
18
:
:
13e
14

1. Including municipal cinemas.
2. Based on SIAE (Società Italiana degli Autori ed Editori) data on screens active more than 60 days
per year.
3. Including professionally equipped municipal cinemas with regular screenings.
4. Instituto Nacional de Estatística data, which include multi-purpose theatres.
Note: In this context, multiplexes are defined as complexes with at least eight screens.

Source: MEDIA Salles

9

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap2-cultural_sectors:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:56  Page 99

Chapter 2
Enterprises in cultural sectors

II

Density of multiplexes screens in the total number
of screens, 2006 (%)

64

59

59

UK

ES

BE

BG

AT

LU

MT

IE

PL

SI

EL

PT

FR

LV

HU

IT

DE

LT

RO

DK

CZ

NL

FI

EE

SE

SK

TR

HR

CH

NO

46

42

42

41

40

39

38

37

35

32

EU-27: 37

29

28

27

26

25

19

19

19

19

18

15

14

14

8

13

14

13e

0%

20%

40%

60%

Source: MEDIA Salles

Cultural statistics

99

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•pocketbooks-part2-chap3-external_trade:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:57  Page 101

External trade
in cultural goods

chapter 3

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•pocketbooks-part2-chap3-external_trade:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:57  Page 103

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

External and intra-EU trade in cultural goods

In 2006 EU-27’s balance of external trade with the rest of the
world in the main cultural goods (books, newspapers and period-
icals, CDs and DVDs, works of art, collectors’pieces, antiques and
musical instruments) showed a surplus of EUR 3 000 million. Musi-
cal instruments were the only item posting a deﬁcit. Trade in works
of art, collectors’pieces and antiques ranked ﬁrst by value, with
exports of EUR 4 700 million and imports of EUR 3 000 million,
giving a surplus of EUR 1 700 million. Trade in books came second.

e highest export/import ratio was for newspapers, journals and
periodicals: press exports are 3.6 times higher than imports.

EU-27 external trade in the main cultural goods,
2006

Imports

Exports

EUR million
5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000

0

Books

Newspapers, 
journals 
and
periodicals

Compact
discs
CD

DVD

Musical
instruments

Works of art, 
collectors' 
pieces 
and antiques

Data extraction: April 2007
Source: Eurostat, Comext

e USA and Switzerland are always among the three top recipi-
ents of cultural exports from EU-27. ey are also key partners for
imports.

is situation is the same as for traded goods as a whole (cultural
and non-cultural goods). In 2005, the latest year for which ﬁgures
are available, the USA was EU-25’s largest trading partner, account-

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

ing for 23.5% of all exports leaving the Union. e USA was also the
largest source of imports entering EU-25, but its share of total
imports (13.9%) was considerably lower and was only just higher
than China’s (13.4%1).

e concentration of EU-27 exports is lower for books than for
other products: the top three partners account for only 43% of book
exports. e top eight countries receive 64% and the remaining 36%
are spread across 193 countries. By contrast, the top three partners
take 60% of all exports of press and musical instruments and 85%
of the art market. e countries receiving book exports from EU-27
reﬂect cultural and linguistic ties, whereas imports may include
books printed outside EU-27 but published in EU-27 countries.

Asian countries are signiﬁcant suppliers of books and musical instru-
ments. 72% of musical instrument imports come from China, Japan,
Indonesia, Taiwan and South Korea. Electronic musical instruments
account for 37% of these imports, while on the export side wind
instruments take ﬁrst place (with 21% of exports).

Extra-EU trade:

Intra-EU trade:

Imports and exports with
EU-27 as a whole

Dispatches 
and arrivals
between 
Member States 

Countries in the

rest of the world

(United States,
Switzerland, China, etc.)

Imports

Exports

Intra-EU-27 trade, as measured by dispatches2 of the ﬁve products
within the Union, slightly outweighs exports from EU-27. is is
due to the preponderance of trade in works of art, collectors’ pieces
and antiques, for which dispatches make up only 10% of the value
of EU exports. In other products, intra-EU-27 trade heavily out-
weighs extra-EU-27 trade.

e top item by value is books (EUR 4 100 million), followed by
newspapers/periodicals and DVDs (EUR 2 300 million and EUR
2 200 million respectively).



Cultural statistics

 
 
 
 
 
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Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

e United Kingdom is the only country where books account for
the majority of cultural goods imports from and exports to non-EU
countries – 71% of imports and 54% of exports.

For most countries, the pattern of trade for works of art, collectors’
pieces and antiques diﬀers from that for other products: trade with
non-EU countries outweighs trade with the other Member States.

The goods produced by cultural industries – books, newspapers, jour-
nals and periodicals, DVDs, compact disks, and musical instruments –
are traded internationally. The same is true of works of art, collectors’
pieces and antiques. These are the main cultural goods listed in the
classiﬁcation used for compiling external trade statistics (Combined
Nomenclature, CN).

Note that imports of books, disks or DVDs may include simple print-
ing or pressing outside the country of publication.

Information about trade in licences and copyright is especially impor-
tant in the literary, musical and audiovisual ﬁelds where it is essential
to supplement analysis of trade in tangible goods, such as disks and
videos, which does not adequately cover trade in the ﬁeld of music.
But the relevant data are not available. The balance of payments item
which might supply this information draws no distinction between
authors’ copyright, licences, franchises and industrial patents.

These data are drawn from external trade statistics collected from cus-
toms and VAT declarations on trade in goods. Information on interna-
tional trade for EU-27 is calculated as the sum of trade with countries
outside this area. In other words, EU-27 is considered as a single trad-
ing entity and trade ﬂows into and out of the area (but not within it)
are measured. On the other hand, international trade ﬂows for indi-
vidual Member States and other countries are generally presented
with the rest of the world as the trading partner, including trade with
other Member States (intra-EU trade).

The transaction value of the goods is the CIf (cost, insurance, freight)
value for imports and the fOB (free on board) value for exports.

1. Europe in Figures – Eurostat Yearbook 2006-07, Vol. 7 International trade.
2. Arrivals, i.e. imports from other EU countries, are under-estimated. Conse-
quently, Eurostat considers dispatches the most reliable gauge of intra-EU trade
(External and Intra-European Union Trade, Statistical Yearbook, Data 1958-2005,
Eurostat, 2006 edition).

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

U

EU-27 external trade in books, 2006
(% and amount in EUR million)

Sources of imports

Others 
11% 

United States 
39% 

Total

EUR 1 710 million 

Israel 
2%

Japan
1%

Canada 
2% 

Singapore 
7% 

Hong Kong 
11% 

China
20% 

Switzerland 
7% 

Others: 7 trading partners,
including 7 with > EUR  million

Destinations for exports

United States 
20% 

Others 
37% 

Total

EUR 2 654 million

Switzerland 
17% 

South Africa 
3% 

Mexico 
4% 

Japan
4% 

Norway 
5% 

Canada 
5% 

Australia 
5% 

Others: 9 trading partners,
including 27 with > EUR  million

Trade can include books printed outside the countries of publication.

Data extraction: April 2007
Source: Eurostat, Comext



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

U

EU-27 external trade in newspapers, journals
and periodicals, 2006
(% and amount in EUR million)

Sources of imports

Canada 

Norway  2%

2% 

Serbia
2% 

Others 
8% 

Russia 
3% 

Brazil 
3% 

Croatia 
6% 

Switzerland 
15% 

Others: 8 trading partners,
none with > EUR  million

Total

EUR 250 million 

United States 
59% 

Destinations for exports

Others 
18% 

United States 
9% 

Total

EUR  896 million

Switzerland 
30% 

Mexico 
2% 

South Africa 
2% 

Canada 
3% 

Norway 
6% 

Australia 
8% 

Russia 
22% 

Others:  trading partners,
including  with > EUR  million

Source: Eurostat, Comext

Cultural statistics

7

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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

U

EU-27 external trade in works of art, collectors’ pieces
and antiques, 2006
(% and amount in EUR million)

Sources of imports

Others 
6% 

Canada 
1% 

Japan
1% 

Russia 
1% 

China
2% 

Hong Kong 
2% 
Mexico 
4% 

Switzerland 
22% 

Total

EUR 3 034 million

Others: 8 trading partners,
including  with > EUR  million

Destinations for exports

China
1% 

Japan
1% 

Others 
7% 

Australia 
1% 

Canada 
2% 
Russia 
2% 

Hong Kong 
2% 

Switzerland 
18% 

Total

EUR  4 720 million 

Others:  trading partners,
including  with > EUR  million

Source: Eurostat, Comext

8

Cultural statistics

United States 
61% 

United States 
66% 

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Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

U

EU-27 external trade in musical instruments, 2006
(% and amount in EUR million)

Sources of imports

Canada
1%

Others 
5% 

South Korea

3%

Taiwan 
6% 

United States
21%

Indonesia 
9% 

Japan
18% 

Others: 7 trading partners,
none with > EUR  million

Total

EUR 925 million 

Switzerland 
1% 

China
36% 

United States 
34% 

Destinations for exports

Others 
21% 

Australia 
3% 

Norway 
3% 

China
4% 
South Korea
4%

Russia 
4% 

Others:  trading partners,
including  with > EUR  million

Source: Eurostat, Comext

Total

EUR  484 million

Switzerland 
8% 

Japan
19% 

Cultural statistics

9

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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

External trade in books for each EU country, 2006
(EUR 1000s)

Imports

Exports

Total

Intra-

EUR s EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

Total
EUR s

Intra-
EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

416 592
11 707
124 835
125 819
528 287
8 680
172 535
81 392
209 907
666 919
223 483
18 077
13 831
11 972
38 156
69 699
4 924
325 223
404 337
97 058
64 041
25 268
13 386
30 266
64 466
146 462
1 256 215

90
86
92
82
61
57
89
76
63
78
78
95
68
82
91
79
89
67
98
91
86
72
79
90
85
77
29

10
14
8
18
39
43
11
24
37
22
22
5
32
18
9
21
11
33
2
9
14
28
21
10
15
23
71

341 546
2 492
96 786
98 301
1 321 223
9 819
159 813
42 585
598 295
601 682
480 440
1 095
7 481
12 788
12 515
36 127
8 028
382 539
72 918
113 177
28 186
2 601
70 284
55 681
39 881
111 042
2 015 890

91
74
92
61
61
95
81
72
55
49
77
72
56
79
95
81
93
83
78
85
33
46
65
86
64
38
46

Trade can include books printed outside the countries of publication.

Source: Eurostat, Comext

9
26
8
39
39
5
19
28
45
51
23
28
44
21
5
19
7
17
22
15
67
54
35
14
36
62
54



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

External trade in newspapers, journals and
periodicals for each EU country, 2006
(EUR 1000s)

Imports

Exports

Total

Intra-

EUR s EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

Total
EUR s

Intra-
EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

288 553
4 938
96 797
44 110
324 398
2 179
137 699
17 638
159 572
424 794
183 161
30 522
10 859
1 722
29 539
32 550
6 870
91 564
179 487
24 529
93 417
11 356
22 421
20 167
56 693
87 420
250 666

97
96
100
54
88
64
100
83
98
91
97
100
69
52
100
97
97
79
96
91
91
93
72
98
95
91
73

3
4
0
46
12
36
0
17
2
9
3
0
31
48
0
3
3
21
4
9
9
7
28
2
5
9
27

170 786
1 791
112 627
63 219
852 628
14 956
25 681
10 599
139 480
403 967
185 712
4 237
2 394
19 398
10 906
6 934
180
125 562
48 551
165 497
3 702
8 519
18 913
49 128
123 656
26 069
625 902

99
70
81
71
74
34
97
96
67
73
75
100
70
17
100
83
0
87
90
70
43
70
16
64
42
34
68

1
30
19
29
26
66
3
4
33
27
25
0
30
83
0
17
100
13
10
30
57
30
84
36
58
66
32

Trade can include press printed outside the countries of publication.

Source: Eurostat, Comext

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

External trade in CDs for each EU country, 2006
(EUR 1000s)

Imports

Exports

Total

Intra-

EUR s EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

Total
EUR s

Intra-
EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

54 855
528
8 584
15 289
225 422
3 172
18 335
8 608
31 737
181 165
58 193
1 800
1 360
909
9 284
2 277
1 152
46 983
68 523
6 029
11 804
2 311
4 196
5 576
15 759
45 373
184 153

98
69
96
81
92
85
98
95
92
92
95
96
81
89
89
92
99
68
97
96
89
99
91
99
96
77
85

2
31
4
19
8
15
2
5
8
8
5
4
19
11
11
8
1
32
3
4
11
1
9
1
4
23
15

32 911
477
29 544
10 671
339 699
2 252
5 652
10 343
19 847
101 321
9 178
502
56
1 067
6 230
2 212
185
218 583
89 234
15 112
1 772
164
2 189
1 287
3 380
49 096
150 828

95
57
95
76
76
58
37
92
79
74
77
100
0
86
94
40
100
79
92
91
62
67
49
99
92
38
72

5
43
5
24
24
42
63
8
21
26
23
0
100
14
6
60
0
21
8
9
38
33
51
1
8
62
28

Trade can include CDs reproduced outside the countries of publication.

Source: Eurostat, Comext

2

Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap3-external_trade:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:57  Page 113

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

External trade in DVDs for each EU country, 2006
(EUR 1000s)

Imports

Exports

Total

Intra-

EUR s EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

Total
EUR s

Intra-
EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

160 725
1 415
14 334
56 417
343 778
2 198
78 453
8 818
54 316
182 992
110 429
4 190
1 725
1 931
27 149
6 379
1 816
83 726
122 069
33 271
11 515
3 165
3 116
19 244
36 832
98 773
365 577

98
96
96
96
91
91
99
95
97
93
98
89
87
89
82
97
33
79
91
96
95
96
41
99
98
76
92

2
4
4
4
9
9
1
5
3
7
2
11
13
11
18
3
67
21
9
4
5
4
59
1
2
24
8

66 116
3 490
31 339
85 122
702 862
1 191
8 078
2 038
16 401
147 332
16 996
543
431
2 269
34 828
2 859
29
396 779
514 045
133 030
3 170
1 306
1 676
8 514
2 105
80 443
212 355

98
45
97
51
83
100
68
82
73
77
73
100
85
100
91
67
87
98
96
96
94
48
53
100
81
51
87

2
55
3
49
17
0
32
18
27
23
27
0
15
0
9
33
13
2
4
4
6
52
47
0
19
49
13

Trade can include DVDs reproduced outside the countries of publication.

Source: Eurostat, Comext

Cultural statistics



•pocketbooks-part2-chap3-external_trade:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:57  Page 114

II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

External trade in works of art, collectors’ pieces
and antiques for each EU country, 2006
(EUR 1000s)

Imports

Exports

Total

Intra-

EUR s EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

Total
EUR s

Intra-
EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

73 232
516
62 610
41 112
276 697
528
18 904
9 113
383 072
340 158
80 558
943
557
225
12 397
1 833
554
157 118
93 893
4 278
54 056
:
533
279
16 974
31 434
1 870 694

Source: Eurostat, Comext

28
60
96
18
17
34
18
28
16
11
22
42
52
73
44
57
60
14
52
39
22
:
17
46
7
20
8

72
40
4
82
83
66
82
72
84
89
78
58
48
27
56
43
40
86
48
61
78
:
83
54
93
80
92

61 038
529
13 236
36 793
275 528
3 027
13 618
36 348
53 471
896 525
132 814
93
739
414
1 465
3 805
129
85 045
319 847
20 608
4 448
:
208
81
23 721
37 792
3 153 133

29
73
61
31
27
89
11
5
45
9
22
4
48
30
73
17
64
13
8
17
48
:
13
0
5
23
5

71
27
39
69
73
11
89
95
55
91
78
96
52
70
27
83
36
87
92
83
52
:
87
100
95
77
95



Cultural statistics

•pocketbooks-part2-chap3-external_trade:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:57  Page 115

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

Extra and intra EU-27 trade in works of art,
collectors’ pieces and antiques, by product, 2006
(EUR million)

Extra-EU-27

Intra-EU-27

Imports

Exports

Balance

Dispatches

Total EU-27
Paintings
Engravings
Sculptures
Postage stamps
Collections
Antiques*
Not broken down
and confidential data

3 033.6
1 861.7
71.7
254.4
93.1
288.6
464.1

4 719.7
2 628.2
107.8
479.6
71.3
208.5
1 224.3

+ 1 686.1
+ 766.5
+ 36.2
+ 225.2
– 21.8
– 80.0
+ 760.2

-

-

-

454.7
195.3
22.3
78.9
58.4
15.2
65.0

19.6

* Antiques over 100 years old.

RO not available.

Source: Eurostat, Comext

Cultural statistics



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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

EU-27 external trade in paintings, engravings
and sculptures, 2006 (% and amount in EUR million)

U

U

Sources of imports

Others 
6% 

Canada 
1%

Russia 
1% 

Japan
1% 

China
2% 

Hong Kong 
2% 
Mexico 
3% 

Switzerland 
25% 

Total

EUR 2 188 million

Others: 7 trading partners,
including 2 with > EUR  million

Destinations for exports

Australia 
2% 

Japan
1% 

Hong Kong 
2% 
Canada 
2% 
Russia 
2% 

Switzerland 
22% 

Liechtenstein 
1% 

Others 
6% 

Total

EUR 3 215 million 

Others:  trading partners,
including  with > EUR  million

Source: Eurostat, Comext



Cultural statistics

United States 
59% 

United States 
62% 

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Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

EU-27 external trade in antiques, 2006
(% and amount in EUR million)

U

Sources of imports

China
1% 

Japan
2%

Russia 
1%

Australia 
1% 

Others 
4% 

Hong Kong 
5% 

Mexico 
10% 

Switzerland 
11% 

Others:  trading partners,
none with > EUR  million

Total

EUR 464 million

United States 
65% 

Destinations for exports

Australia 
1% 

Canada 
1% 

Others 
5% 

Japan
1% 

Russia 
2% 

China
3% 

Hong Kong 
4% 

Switzerland 
6% 

Total

EUR  1 224 million

Others: 8 trading partners,
none with > EUR  million

Source: Eurostat, Comext

United States 
77% 

Cultural statistics

7

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II

Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

External trade in musical instruments
for each EU country, 2006 (EUR 1000s)

Imports

Exports

Total

Intra-

EUR s EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

Total
EUR s

Intra-
EU-27 (%)

Extra-
EU-27 (%)

BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK

182 205
1 512
16 287
38 663
330 253
5 132
19 597
14 937
86 290
191 955
140 783
2 422
2 700
2 644
3 759
8 991
976
131 974
41 177
21 304
12 697
6 515
6 298
4 417
20 657
53 348
273 463

21
26
65
64
43
90
54
51
58
67
47
51
63
81
100
59
61
23
83
68
84
64
70
73
48
44
23

Source: Eurostat, Comext

79
74
35
36
57
10
46
49
42
33
53
49
37
19
0
41
39
77
17
32
16
36
30
27
52
56
77

216 827
1 168
48 042
14 368
386 059
2 911
4 961
1 081
31 905
141 948
140 784
22
714
195
40
7 152
63
130 411
42 149
12 685
2 331
12 028
2 105
2 343
1 703
26 502
67 001

98
70
62
66
50
17
86
63
57
36
59
12
64
65
81
83
20
86
50
82
81
58
56
69
19
56
53

2
30
38
34
50
83
14
37
43
64
41
88
36
35
19
17
80
14
50
18
19
42
44
31
81
44
47

8

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 
External trade in cultural goods

II

Extra and intra EU-27 trade in musical instruments,
by product, 2006 (EUR million)

Extra-EU-27

Intra-EU-27

Imports

Exports

Balance

Dispatches

Total EU-27
Pianos
Guitars, violins, etc.
Keyboard pipe organs,
harmoniums
Accordions
Clarinets, trumpets, etc.
Percussion instruments
Electronic instruments
Musical boxes
Parts and accessories
Not broken down
and confidential data

Source: Eurostat, Comext

925.1
93.6
110.7

3.6
6.3
88.4
91.0
337.2
21.5
170.4

483.8
90.7
57.3

11.2
14.3
100.0
25.7
50.0
7.1
118.6

– 441.3
– 2.9
– 53.4

+ 7.6
+ 8.0
+ 11.6
– 65.3
– 287.3
–14.4
– 51.8

2.5

9.0

-

813.7
135.5
60.8

3.4
20.5
115.7
42.9
249.6
6.2
122.0

56.9

Cultural statistics

9

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•pocketbooks-part3-chap1-cultexpenditure:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:58  Page 121

Cultural expenditure
and participation

III

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•pocketbooks-part3-chap1-cultexpenditure:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:58  Page 123

Household
cultural expenditure

chapter 1

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•pocketbooks-part3-chap1-cultexpenditure:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:58  Page 125

Chapter 1
Household cultural expenditure

III

Household cultural expenditure

Alongside the three main categories of household expenditure,
namely on housing, food and transport, cultural spending comes
under the heading of leisure and culture expenditure. In the indi-
vidual EU countries, the share of cultural expenditure in household
budgets at the end of the 1990s varied from 2.7% in Greece and
Lithuania to 5.6% in Sweden and 5.8% in Denmark.

Cultural expenditure reﬂects not only discrepancies in cultural prac-
tices, but also relative price diﬀerences. e eﬀect of price diﬀerences
can be limited by expressing mean household cultural expenditure
in terms of “purchasing power standard” (PPS).

e activities related to cultural expenditure were divided between
printed matter (books, newspapers, periodicals and graphic arts
goods: 31% of average household cultural spending in EU-15), pic-
ture, sound and computer use (24%), picture, sound and computer
equipment (22%), attending cultural events (cinema, theatre, con-
certs, museums, galleries and others: 13%) and amateur activities
(photography, music, etc.: 10%). Inter-country diﬀerences are partly
associated with the level of computer equipment per household, the-
atre or cinema attendance and greater or lesser reading of books,
newspapers and periodicals.

Data on households’ expenditure can be analysed taking into
account the socio-economic situation of households. is informa-
tion conﬁrms the commonly held perception that cultural con-
sumption is inﬂuenced by income. Nevertheless, it is interesting to
see to which extent this impact can be observed in diﬀerent coun-
tries. In some countries, cultural consumption grows steadily as
income increases, while in others a big “jump” is observed for house-
holds with the highest income.

The data presented are based on the 1999 EU Household Budget Sur-
veys for the EU-15 Member States. Data for the new MS are taken from
the national HBS conducted at the beginning of the 2000s. In a few
months, new data from the 2006 collection will be available at Euro-
stat and will be subjected to more detailed analysis of the patterns of
cultural consumption (also allowing comparison with the 1999 data).

Cultural statistics

125

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III

Chapter 1
Household cultural expenditure

Average annual cultural expenditure per household,
1999 (EUR, PPS and as % of total expenditure)

Consumption expenditure

Total

EUR

25 114e
27 188
29 255
25 228
19 147
17 076
25 876
28 709
24 081
44 190
24 607
28 145
13 418
21 571
28 883
29 850

6 730
4 287
21 020
4 890
4 419
5 748
6 010
13 507

Culture

EUR

1 124e
1 226
1 695
1 374
510
562
1 079
1 156
583
1 563
1 270
1 251
401
1 106
1 608
1 475

292
184
542
195
119
268
243
609

EU-15
BE
DK
DE
EL
ES
FR
IE
IT
LU
NL
AT
PT
FI
SE
UK

CZ
EE
CY
LV
LT
HU
PL
SI

Share of cultural
consumption
expenditure

Cultural
consumption
expenditure

%

4.5e
4.5
5.8
5.4
2.7
3.3
4.2
4.0
2.4
3.5
5.2
4.4
3.0
5.1
5.6
4.9

4.3
4.3
2.6
4.0
2.7
4.7
4.1
4.5

PPS

1 076e
1 236
1 358
1 284
623
666
1 025
1 197
659
1 530
1 324
1 175
554
934
1 207
1 366

578
336
689
427
271
507
461
884

Source: Eurostat, Household Budget Survey – EU-15: 1999 wave; national data for the new MS
(CY: 1997; SI: 2001; LV, HU and PL: 2002; CZ, EE and LT: 2003)

126

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 1
Household cultural expenditure

III

Share of cultural expenditure
in total households expenditure, 1999 (%)

DK

SE

DE

NL

FI

UK

BE

AT

FR

IE

LU

ES

PT

EL

IT

HU

SI

CZ

EE

PL

LV

LT

CY

5.8

5.6

5.4

5.2

5.1

4.9

4.5

4.4

4.2

4.0

3.5

3.3

EU-15: 4.5

4.7

4.5

4.3

4.3

4.1

4.0

3.0

2.7

2.4

2.7

2.6

0%

2%

4%

6%

Source: Eurostat, Household Budget Survey – EU-15: 1999 wave; national data for the new MS
(CY: 1997; SI: 2001; LV, HU and PL: 2002; CZ, EE and LT: 2003)

Cultural statistics

127

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III

Chapter 1
Household cultural expenditure

Average annual cultural expenditure per household,
by income group (quintile), 1999 (EUR)

EU-15

BE

DK

DE

EL

ES

FR

IE

IT

LU

NL

AT

PT

FI

SE

UK

0

500

1 500

1 000

2 000

2 500

3 000

Average total
1st quintile
2nd quintile

3rd quintile
4th quintile
5th quintile

Reading note: In EU-15 in 1999 the average cultural expenditure of the 20% of households with the
lowest income was 586 euros, compared with 1 755 euros for the households with the highest
income.

Source: Eurostat, Household Budget Survey, 1999 wave

128

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 1
Household cultural expenditure

III

EU-27 harmonised indices of consumer prices (HICP)
for main cultural goods and services
(base index: 2000 = 100)

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

All-items HICP
Newspapers and periodicals
Books
Cultural services
Recording media
Equipment for the reception, recording and reproduction 
of sound and pictures

Source: Eurostat, HICP

Cultural statistics

129

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•pocketbooks-part3-chap2-cutural_participation:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:59  Page 131

Cultural participation

chapter 2

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•pocketbooks-part3-chap2-cutural_participation:Mise en page 1  15/10/07  16:59  Page 133

Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Cultural participation

On the whole, only a fairly small part of the population use cultural
facilities, which are usually urban and subject to payment, especially
in the case of the performing arts. e only activities in this cate-
gory practised by more than half the population (EU-27) are visit-
ing historical monuments and going to the cinema.

e ﬁndings in relation to social status or level of education conﬁrm
that use of cultural facilities tends to increase in line with ﬁnancial
and, particularly, socio-cultural resources. People at managerial level
have the highest rates for visiting museums or historical monuments
and for attending theatre and ballet, while students are the most
numerous for cinema-going, library use and attendance at concerts.
Ageing oen leads to less use being made of cultural facilities and
more time being spent on home-based leisure activities, such as
reading and television.

In 2007 nearly 30% of the EU-27 population had taken some pho-
tographs or made a ﬁlm as an amateur artistic activity at least once
in the last 12 months and nearly three quarters (71%) had read at
least one book. Book reading, especially frequent reading, is more
common among women and persons with a high level of education.

In 2006 nearly one household out of every ﬁve (18%) possessed a
video game console and six out of every ten had a personal com-
puter (EU-27). e spread of computers clearly has not yet reached
its limit, since wide diﬀerences exist from one country to another.
e equipment rate varies by a factor of 1:4 between Bulgaria (21%)
and Denmark (85%). ere are also large diﬀerences in Internet con-
nection: from 17% for Bulgaria to 80% for the Netherlands.

Data on cultural participation are taken from the Eurobarometer sur-
vey conducted in 2007 across EU-27 countries. It should be empha-
sised that Eurobarometer surveys are not statistical tools but opinion
polls based on subjective responses. In a year’s time, data from the
speciﬁc module on social and cultural participation attached to the
2006 EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) will be avail-
able, as will data on social/cultural participation from the European
Adult Education Survey (AES, 2006 wave). Since 2002 a Community
survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals has been pro-
viding data on ICT equipment and use of the Internet in particular.

Cultural statistics



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III

Chapter 2
Cultural participation

Participation in cultural activities at least once
in the last 12 months, EU-27, 2007 (%)

Visited historical monuments 
(palaces, castles, churches,
gardens, etc.)

Seen a ballet, 
a dance performance
 or an opera

Been to 
the cinema

54

18

32

51

41

Been to 
the theatre

35

37

Visited 
museums
or galleries 

Visited a public library

Been to a concert

All EU-27 population

Responses are not exclusive.
Reading note: In 2007 in EU-27, 51% of the population (aged 15 years or older) had been to the
cinema at least once in the last 12 months.

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Participation in cultural activities at least once
in the last 12 months by gender, EU-27, 2007 (%)

Visited historical monuments 
(palaces, castles, churches,
gardens, etc.)

Seen a ballet, 
a dance performance
 or an opera

Been to 
the cinema

55

53

15

19

29

34

53

50

41

41

Been to 
the theatre

32

36

37

39

Visited 
museums
or galleries 

Visited a public library

Been to a concert

Women
Men

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007

Cultural statistics



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III

Chapter 2
Cultural participation

Participation in cultural activities
at least once in the last 12 months
by status of occupation, EU-27, 2007 (%)

Managers

Visited historical monuments 
(palaces, castles, churches,
gardens, etc.)

Seen a ballet, 
a dance performance
 or an opera

78

Been to 
the cinema

75

28

58

Been to 
the theatre

50

57

68

Visited 
museums
or galleries 

Visited a public library

Been to a concert

Self-employed

60

20

34

32

40

57

47

Other white collars

63

22

36

39

70

47

44

Manual workers

53

13

24

28

57

35

35

6

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Students

Visited historical monuments 
(palaces, castles, churches,
gardens, etc.)

Seen a ballet, 
a dance performance
 or an opera

72

Been to 
the cinema

88

46

Been to 
the theatre

24

72

60

Visited 
museums
or galleries 

58

Visited a public library

Been to a concert

Retired

42

15

25

20

31

23

25

House persons

43

11

22

38

30

29

23

Unemployed

38

43

9
14

30

27

29

Reading note: In 2007, 88% of EU-27 students had been to the cinema at least once in the last
12 months, compared with 51% for the whole EU-27 population.

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007

All EU-27 population

Cultural statistics

7

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III

Chapter 2
Cultural participation

Participation in cultural activities at least once
in the last 12 months by age, EU-27, 2007 (%)

15-24 years old

Visited historical monuments 
(palaces, castles, churches,
gardens, etc.)

Seen a ballet, 
a dance performance
 or an opera

61

Been to 
the cinema

82

35

20

55

Been to 
the theatre

48

52

Visited 
museums
or galleries 

t

Visited a public library

Been to a concert

25-39 years old

59

17

32

66

42

38

43

40-54 years old

59

53

45

18

33

33

37

55 years old
or more

45

16

27

24

34

24

27

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007



Cultural statistics

All EU-27 population

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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Participation in cultural activities at least once
in the last 12 months by level of education,
EU-27, 2007 (%)

Visited historical monuments 
(palaces, castles, churches,
gardens, etc.)

Seen a ballet, 
a dance performance
 or an opera

72

Been to 
the cinema

47

27

48

Been to 
the theatre

66

59

Visited 
museums
or galleries 

53

Visited a public library

Been to a concert

All EU-27 population
End of education at the age of 15 years
End of education at the age of 16-19 years
End of education at the age of 20 years old or more

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007

Cultural statistics



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III

Chapter 2
Cultural participation

Participation in amateur artistic activities1 at least
once in the last 12 months by age, age of end
of education and status of occupation, EU-27, 2007 (%)

Age

Age of end
of education

EU-27 -2 2- 0-


or
more

 6-

years
old

20
or
more

Played a musical
instrument
Sung
Acted
Danced
Written something
(a text, a poem, etc.)
Done some photography,
made a film
Done any other artistic
activities2
None (Spontaneous)

10
15
3
19

12

27

16
38

17
21
9
29

24

31

28
26

12
15
3
21

11

34

19
34

9
15
2
20

11

30

16
37

7
12
1
11

8

19

9
47

5
9
1
11

4

14

6
54

8
14
2
19

9

27

14
37

16
19
4
22

19

39

25
26

Status of occupation

Self- Mana- Other Manual House Unem- Reti- Stu-
em-
gers white workers persons ployed red dents
ployed

collars

11
15
3
18

Played a musical
instrument
Sung
Acted
Danced
Written something
(a text, a poem, etc.) 12
Done some
photography,
made a film
Done any other artistic
activities2
21
None (Spontaneous) 37

34

19
21
4
27

21

43

27
21

10
15
2
21

11

35

16
33

9
12
2
21

8

28

13
38

5
14
2
16

9

20

14
47

8
12
2
17

10

21

15
44

6
11
1
10

7

17

8
48

22
23
11
29

30

35

32
23

1. Either on their own or as part of an organised group or classes and not on a professional basis;
multiple answers are possible.
2. Like sculpture, painting, drawing, creative computing such as designing a website, etc.

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007

0

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Percentage of persons having read a book
in the last 12 months, 2007 (%)

At
least
once

71

1-2
times

3-5
times

More
than
5 times

20

14

37

67
74

82
72
74
63

51
71
86
91

21
18

25
22
21
16

19
23
16
22

14
14

18
15
14
10

10
14
16
19

32
42

39
35
39
37

22
34
54
50

EU-27

Sex

Age

All

Men
Women

15-24
25-39
40-54
55 or more

Age of end of education
15 years old
16-19
20 or more
Still studying

Never
in the
last
twelve
months

28

32
25

17
27
26
36

48
28
13
9

Note: The percentages on each row do not add up to exactly 100, because of a small percentage of
“don’t knows”.

Source: Eurobarometer 67.1, 2007

Cultural statistics



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III

Chapter 2
Cultural participation

Percentage of households having access
to a personal computer, a game console
or the Internet at home, 2006 (%)

Personal
computer1

Game
console1

Internet access
at home2

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
MK
IS
NO

60
57
21
39
85
77
52
59
37
57
56
48
52
41
40
77
50
61
80
67
45
45
:
65
50
71
82
71
:
84
75

18
15
2
2
26
16
4
33
13
:
:
19
24
3
3
36
7
27
25
18
6
18
:
7
8
26
24
36
4
38
29

49
54
17
29
79
67
46
50
23
39
41
40
37
42
35
70
32
53
80
52
36
35
14
54
27
65
77
63
14
83
69

Responses are not exclusive.
1. Via one of its members.
2. Includes all devices: personal computer, mobile phone, game console and TV set with specific
Internet device.

Data extraction: July 2007.
Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals, 2006

2

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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Percentage of households
using a broadband connexion, 2006 (%)

NL

DK

FI

SE

BE

LU

UK

EE

DE

SI

AT

FR

ES

PT

LV

HU

PL

LT

CZ

IT

IE

CY

SK

BG

RO

EL

5

4

MK

1

IS

NO

37

34

34

33

30

29

EU-27: 30

24

23

22

22

19

17

16

13

12

11

10

0%

20%

40%

66

63

53

51

48

44

44

57

60%

72

80%

Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals, 2006

Cultural statistics



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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

Frequency of computer use1 by individuals, 2006 (%)

Every day
or almost

At least
once a week
(but not
every day)

At least
once a month
(but not
every week)

Less than
once
a
month

EU-27
BE
BG
CZ
DK
DE
EE
IE
EL
ES
FR
IT
CY
LV
LT
LU
HU
MT
NL
AT
PL
PT
RO
SI
SK
FI
SE
UK
MK
IS
NO

71
75
67
57
82
70
69
63
63
63
70
87
72
67
64
73
73
:
79
75
64
72
55
75
70
76
74
69
63
83
77

20
19
26
29
14
21
24
27
24
24
:
3
19
25
28
21
22
:
16
19
25
18
36
18
23
17
20
21
29
13
18

7
4
6
12
3
7
6
7
10
9
:
8
8
7
6
4
4
:
4
5
8
7
8
6
6
5
5
7
7
3
4

2
1
1
2
0
3
1
4
3
4
:
1
1
1
2
2
1
:
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
1
4
1
1
1

1. Average among individuals who used a computer within the last three months.

Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals, 2006



Cultural statistics

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Chapter 2
Cultural participation

III

Use of the Internet for cultural purposes1, 2006 (%)

Reading /
downloading
online
newspapers /
news
magazines

Playing /
downloading
games
and
music

Listening
to Web
radios /

Other

for watching Training communication

Web

and

television education

uses (chat
sites, etc.)

EE
LT
FI
CY
DK
HU
LV
SK
EL
SE
BG
SI
NL
PT
MT
CZ
AT
LU
PL
UK
EU-27
IT
DE
BE
FR
IE
ES
RO
MK
NO
IS

82
72
60
59
56
56
53
51
48
48
47
47
45
45
44
43
43
41
40
36
35
35
27
26
20
15
:
:
29
80
76

46
58
43
51
32
50
47
37
39
39
48
41
51
46
43
28
25
37
40
37
34
29
26
32
20
22
48
:
51
45
38

27
40
26
27
33
27
34
17
19
33
43
29
34
30
26
15
11
30
24
23
22
15
17
18
22
18
:
:
19
42
48

13
65
35
39
24
29
25
16
32
9
29
43
29
20
38
40
22
30
11
50
35
32
52
24
:
26
16
:
24
9
17

35
38
29
32
20
47
44
40
10
29
59
31
36
42
31
29
21
49
44
20
33
25
38
30
37
13
42
:
37
42
49

1. Percentage of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months.

Reading note: In EU-27, 35% of individuals who used the Internet in the last three months used it for
reading / downloading online newspapers / magazines.

The rates of “reading / downloading online newspapers / magazines” are sorted in descending order.

Responses are not exclusive.

Source: Eurostat, Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals, 2006

Cultural statistics



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Time spent
on cultural activities

chapter 3

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Time spent on cultural activities

e general way people organise their day and use their time is sim-
ilar across countries, although some diﬀerences can be noted. Lunch
breaks, for example, are longer in the Mediterranean countries, par-
ticularly in France, than elsewhere, with the result that the amount
of leisure time is shorter. e Finnish have an hour more leisure time
than the French and the Italians. Another example is peak television
viewing time, which is in the evening in every country, but begins
at an earlier hour in the UK and Scandinavia.

People in the Mediterranean countries spend less time than people
elsewhere on television and culture as a primary leisure activity (they
also read much less). Figures concerning secondary activities, how-
ever, tend to show that they are more used to watching television or
listening to music while doing other things.

e eight-country classiﬁcation for time devoted to TV and video is
appreciably the same for the 15-24 as for the 65-85 age group. is
time is longer among the older population everywhere, with nearly
equal diﬀerence patterns from one country to another.

Men in every country generally have more leisure time than women
and devote more of their time to television and video than to other
cultural activities.

Young boys, between the ages of 10 and 14, devote more time to
playing video games than young girls. Between 15 and 24 years old,
they are less numerous, but still spend almost the same time on them
as the 10-14s.

The Harmonised European Time Use Study (Hetus) launched by Euro-
stat in the early 1990s is designed to facilitate Europe-wide compari-
son between the diﬀerent Time Use surveys conducted by national
statistical agencies and research institutes from 1998 to 2004.

The Hetus site developed by Statistics Sweden with a grant from Euro-
stat makes it possible to answer personalised requests on the average
daily time spent on various activities by the inhabitants of eight coun-
tries (DE, ES, FR, IT, FI, SE, UK and NO); it also provides participation
rates. BG, EE and LV joined the site in July 2007. Data also exist for other
European countries (BE, DK, LT, HU, NL, PL and SI) but they are not yet
consultable online, since certain data rectiﬁcation and harmonisation
of concepts are required.

Cultural statistics

149

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III

Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

How is time spent during the day?
Participation rate, 10 minutes by 10 minutes (%)

DE – Germany

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

D

100%

ES – Spain

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

E

Unless otherwise stated in the tables or graphs, the population concerned is 20- to 74-year-olds, the
common age group for the national surveys.

10

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

FR – France

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

F

100%

IT – Italy

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

I Unspecified time
TV and video
Freetime
Eating

Sleep
Household work
Work and study

Cultural statistics

11

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III

Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

How is time spent during the day?
Participation rate, 10 minutes by 10 minutes (%)

FI – Finland

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

F

100%

SE – Sweden

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

S

12

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

UK – United Kingdom

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

NO – Norway

U

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

4:00

6:00

8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 24:00 2:00

4:00

N

Unspecified time
TV and video
Freetime
Eating

Sleep
Household work
Work and study

Data extraction from Hetus website: June 2007.
Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys (countries surveyed between 1999 and 2003)

Cultural statistics

13

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Mean duration per day by activity (hours:minutes and
% of the day) and participation rate in the activity (%)

DE
2001-2002

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

1:49
5:05
1:45
8:12
3:45
3:16

7.6
21.2
7.3
34.2
15.6
13.6

78
100
99
100
93
43

ES
2002-2003

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

1:53
4:12
1:46
8:34
3:33
3:59

7.8
17.5
7.4
35.7
14.8
16.6

82
100
100
100
84
46

FR
1998-1999

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

2:01
3:06
2:15
8:50
3:36
3:37

8.4
12.9
9.4
36.8
15.0
15.1

78
:
100
100
90
46

IT
2002-2003

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

1:40
4:28
1:54
8:18
3:51
3:40

6.9
18.6
7.9
34.6
16.0
15.3

79
100
100
100
83
44

The mean duration by those who spent any time on the activity can be calculated in the
following way:

Mean duration by those who spent
any time on the activity

=

Mean duration per day
Participation rate

x 100

14

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

FI
1999-2000

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

2:13
4:38
1:21
8:27
3:27
3:42

9.2
19.3
5.6
35.2
14.4
15.4

86
99
99
100
94
46

SE
2000-2001

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

1:48
4:40
1:34
8:06
3:30
4:11

7.5
19.4
6.5
33.8
14.6
17.4

82
100
99
100
95
52

UK
2000-2001

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

2:23
4:06
1:25
8:23
3:45
3:49

9.9
17.1
5.9
34.9
15.6
15.9

87
99
98
100
93
47

NO
2000-2001

Mean duration
h:mm

% in a day

Participation rate
%

TV and video
Freetime
Eating
Sleep
Household work
Work and study

1:52
5:19
1:22
8:03
3:22
3:59

7.8
22.2
5.7
33.5
14.0
16.6

83
100
99
100
95
:

Note: In the classification, Freetime = Leisure time except TV and video (but including Other
personal care and Travel related to leisure).
Main travel times (work, study, shopping…) have been taken into account in each category of
activity.

Reading note: In Spain, for example, the mean duration spent watching TV or videos is 1: 53 per day
(for the entire population, whether or not they watch). In fact, 82% of them practise this activity.
Consequently, people (20- to 74-year-olds) who watch TV or videos spend on average
1: 53/0.82 = 2: 18 per day doing so.

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

1

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Main activities and secondary activities − leisure and
cultural time (h:mm)

Mean duration per day DE

ES1

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

5:28

Leisure total
as main activity2
Cultural time
as main activity
Leisure total
as secondary activity 3:59
Cultural time
as secondary activity

1:52

3:01

4:51

4:24

4:35

5:36

5:07

5:08

5:46

2:24

2:36

2:12

3:21

2:42

3:12

2:52

1:12

5:53

2:55

2:40

2:41

2:29

2:00

1:14

2:28

1:49

1:18

1:05

1:12

0:57

1. ES: Socialising with family, visits and feasts, other socialising and resting as secondary activities are
not available.
2. Cultural time without “art”. “Art” is included in “Other hobbies and games” and cannot be singled
out. But “art” is taken into account in “Leisure total as main activity”.

Mean duration of cultural time as main activity (h:mm)

TV and video

Entertainment
and culture

Total computing
Computer
and video games
Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

1:49

1:53

2:01

1:40

2:13

1:48

2:23

1:52

0:14

0:15

0:04
0:11

0:38

0:05

0:06

0:07

0:01
0:06

0:15

0:03

0:05

0:04

:
0:04

0:23

0:03

0:05

0:06

0:01
0:05

0:18

0:03

0:06

0:06

0:02
0:04

0:46

0:10

0:06

0:11

0:02
0:09

0:32

0:05

0:07

0:10

0:03
0:07

0:26

0:06

0:07

0:10

0:02
0:08

0:36

0:07

Participation rate in cultural activities
as main activity (%)

TV and video

Entertainment
and culture

Total computing
Computer
and video games
Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

DE

78

9

16

4
13

59

10

ES

82

5

8

1
7

22

5

FR

77

4

4

:
4

34

5

IT

79

4

6

1
5

30

8

FI

86

6

9

4
6

68

18

SE

82

5

16

2
14

55

11

UK

NO

87

6

11

3
9

42

13

83

6

14

2
12

62

15

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

1

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Breakdown of the mean duration of cultural activities
as main activity (h:mm)

FI

UK

DE

SE

FR

ES

IT

0:46

0:26

2:13

2:23

0:38

1:49

0:32

1:48

0:23

0:15

0:18

2:01

1:53

1:40

NO

0:36

1:52

0:00

1:00

2:00

3:00

4:00

Entertainment and culture
Total computing
Reading

TV and video
Radio and music

Detailed breakdown of cultural activities
as secondary activity

Mean duration
per day, by activity
(h:mm)

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

TV and video
Reading
Radio and music

0:18
0:12
1:22

0:39
0:04
0:29

0:54
0:11
1:23

1:10
0:04
0:35

0:16
0:10
0:52

0:13
0:13
0:39

0:24
0:12
0:38

0:12
0:08
0:37

Participation rate
(%)

TV and video
Reading
Radio and music

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

26
27
64

45
8
28

51
15
62

65
9
40

30
33
45

27
39
43

44
30
47

26
24
42

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

17

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Main cultural activities by age group
Mean duration per day (h:mm)

Watching TV and video

15-24 years old

1:48

1:40

2:02

1:26

2:12

1:50

2:21

1:54

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

64-85 years old

2:24

3:00

2:59

3:01

2:35

2:45

3:16

2:31

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE1

UK

NO

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO2

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

T

1. SE: respondents are 20-24 years old.
2. NO: respondents are 64-79 years old.

18

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Other cultural activities

15-24 years old

01:29

0:50

0:47

0:44

0:57

0:49

1:20

1:13

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30
64-85 years old

2:00

2:30

3:00

0:30

0:57

0:35

1:26

1:45

1:33

1:20

DE

ES

FR1

IT

FI

SE2

UK

NO

DE

ES

FR1

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO3

1:38

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

Entertainment and culture
Computer and video games
Other computing

Reading
Radio and music

1. FR: no information is available on “computer and video games”.
2. SE: respondents are 20-24 years old.
3. NO: respondents are 64-79 years old.

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

19

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Mean duration of and participation rate in
the main cultural activities,
15-24 years old (h:mm and %)

Mean duration

(h:mm)

TV and video

Entertainment and culture

1:48

0:19

Computer and video games 0:19

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

0:23

0:19

0:09

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE1

UK

NO

1:40

0:10

0:08

0:17

0:09

0:06

2:02

0:09

:

0:15

0:15

0:08

1:26

0:08

0:07

0:08

0:11

0:10

2:12

0:10

0:16

0:11

0:27

0:16

1:50

0:08

0:09

0:24

0:12

0:04

2:21

0:08

0:10

0:10

0:10

0:11

1:54

0:16

0:16

0:15

0:17

0:09

Participation rate

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE1

UK

NO

(%)

TV and video

Entertainment and culture

Computer and video games

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

75

12

17

24

32

16

80

7

8

18

15

11

76

6

:

13

22

13

76

6

9

10

20

20

83

10

18

14

47

27

77

8

6

24

29

9

86

7

10

12

20

19

81

12

12

19

34

21

1. SE: respondents are 20-24 years old.

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

10

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Mean duration of and participation rate in
the main cultural activities,
64-85 years old (h:mm and %)

Mean duration

(h:mm)

TV and video

Entertainment and culture

2:24

0:11

Computer and video games 0:02

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

0:05

1:01

0:07

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO1

3:00

0:02

0:00

0:01

0:21

0:06

2:59

0:02

:

0:01

0:48

0:06

2:35

0:02

0:00

0:01

0:28

0:04

3:01

0:04

0:00

0:01

1:12

0:28

2:45

0:04

0:00

0:03

1:10

0:16

3:16

0:05

0:00

0:04

0:58

0:13

2:31

0:03

0:00

0:02

1:10

0:23

Participation rate
(%)

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO1

TV and video

87

90

89

89

92

92

92

91

Entertainment and culture

Computer and video games

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

7

2

6

78

17

2

0

1

22

7

1

:

1

55

9

2

0

1

34

8

5

1

1

82

37

6

1

4

83

27

5

1

4

69

24

3

1

4

85

37

1. NO: respondents are 64-79 years old.

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

11

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III

Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Main cultural activities by gender
Mean duration per day (h:mm)

Watching TV and video

Men

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

1:58

2:00

2:08

1:52

1:58

2:06

2:25

2:37

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

Women

1:40

1:46

1:55

1:29

2:02

2:09

1:40

1:39

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

T

12

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Other cultural activities

Men

1:17

0:40

0:39

0:40

1:12

0:57

0:54

DE

ES

1
FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO2

1:01

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

Women

1:04

0:23

0:32

0:26

1:03

0:53

0:41

0:59

DE

ES

1
FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

3:00

Entertainment and culture
Computer and video games
Other computing

Reading
Radio and music

1. FR: no information is available on “computer and video games”.

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

13

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III

Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Mean duration of and participation rate in
the main cultural activities –
Men (h:mm and %)

Mean duration

(h:mm)

TV and video

Entertainment and culture

1:58

0:14

Computer and video games 0:05

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

0:16

0:37

0:05

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

2:00

0:07

0:02

0:09

0:17

0:05

2:08

0:05

:

0:07

0:23

0:04

1:52

0:06

0:02

0:07

0:21

0:04

2:25

0:06

0:04

0:06

0:45

0:11

1:58

0:05

0:04

0:13

0:30

0:05

2:37

0:07

0:04

0:10

0:26

0:07

2:06

0:07

0:03

0:10

0:33

0:08

Participation rate

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

(%)

TV and video

Entertainment and culture

Computer and video games

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

80

9

6

17

56

11

83

78

81

85

5

2

9

24

7

4

:

6

33

7

4

2

8

32

9

6

5

8

65

19

83

5

3

18

50

11

87

6

4

11

41

13

84

6

3

16

57

15

14

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Mean duration of and participation rate in
the main cultural activities –
Women (h:mm and %)

Mean duration
(h:mm)

TV and video

Entertainment and culture

1:40

0:14

Computer and video games 0:02

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

0:06

0:38

0:04

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

1:46

0:06

0:00

0:03

0:12

0:02

1:55

0:05

:

0:02

0:23

0:02

1:29

0:04

0:00

0:02

0:17

0:03

2:02

0:05

0:01

0:02

0:47

0:08

1:40

0:06

0:01

0:06

0:35

0:05

2:09

0:06

0:01

0:04

0:25

0:05

1:39

0:06

0:01

0:05

0:40

0:07

Participation rate

DE

ES

FR

IT

FI

SE

UK

NO

(%)

TV and video

76

81

76

77

86

Entertainment and culture

Computer and video games

Other computing

Reading

Radio and music

9

3

9

62

9

5

0

4

21

3

3

:

2

35

4

4

0

3

28

7

6

2

4

71

17

81

5

1

11

61

11

86

82

6

2

6

43

12

6

2

9

67

16

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

1

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III

Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

Average time spent per day on computer
and video games by young people (h:mm and %)

Participation
rate
to the
activity (%)

Mean per day
for participants
doing the activity
(h:mm)

Men

Women

All

Men Women

All

10-14 years

DE
ES
IT
FI
UK
NO

15-19 years

DE
ES
FR
IT
FI
UK
NO

20-24 years

DE
ES
FR
IT
FI
SE
UK
NO

45
32
38
53
39
54

30
20
:
22
38
22
26

18
8
:
7
19
9
9
14

23
13
16
23
16
27

13
5
:
5
12
5
8

5
2
:
1
7
2
3
3

34
23
27
38
28
41

22
13
:
14
24
14
17

12
5
:
4
13
6
6
8

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

1:54
1:40
1:23
2:07
1:39
1:48

2:12
1:43
:
1:21
1:50
1:55
2:19

1:58
1:43
:
1:25
1:41
:
1:45
2:51

1:18
1:04
1:02
1:17
1:05
1:10

1:11
1:01
:
1:05
0:54
1:15
:

0:54
1:31
:
1:10
0:36
:
1:13
:

1:42
1:30
1:17
1:51
1:29
1:35

1:55
1:35
:
1:18
1:35
1:48
2:02

1:46
1:41
:
1:23
1:20
2:27
1:37
2:36

1

Cultural statistics

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Chapter 3
Time spent on cultural activities

III

Average time spent per day on computer
and video games by 10- to 14-year-olds (h:mm)

DE

ES

IT

FI

UK

NO

1:18

1:54

1:40

1:04

1:02

1:23

1:17

1:05

1:39

2:07

1:10

1:48

0:00

0:30

1:00

1:30

2:00

2:30

Men
Women
All

Source: Eurostat, Time Use Surveys

Cultural statistics

17

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Background information

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Background information

Cultural ﬁeld

LEG (European leadership group on cultural statistics) deﬁned the cultural
ﬁeld by cross-tabulating eight cultural ﬁelds and artistic domains:
artistic and monumental heritage, archives, libraries, books and press, visual
arts, architecture, performing arts, audio and audiovisual/multimedia,
with six functions:
creation, production, dissemination, trade, preservation, training.
This has made it possible to cross-relate the sixty or so cultural activities
identiﬁed with the classiﬁcation commonly used in the harmonised Euro-
pean surveys: NACE, ISCO, COICOP, etc.
The cultural activities, occupations or goods identiﬁed in the European
classiﬁcations are listed below. Harmonised data describe only parts of
this cultural ﬁeld, some more extensively than others, depending on the
theme (employment, enterprises, etc.).

Cultural statistics in the EU, Final report of the LEG.
http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/dsis/edtcs/library?l=/public/
culture&vm=detailed&sb=Title

CLASSIFICATIONS

(cid:1) NACE Rev 1.1
NACE Rev. 1.1 is the EU classiﬁcation of economic activities. It is built on
a four-digit level:
level 1: 17 sections identiﬁed by letters A to Q;
intermediate level: 31 sub-sections identiﬁed by two-letter alphabetical
codes;
level 2: 62 divisions identiﬁed by two-digit numerical codes (01 to 99);
level 3: 224 groups identiﬁed by three-digit numerical codes (01.1 to 99.0);
level 4: 514 classes identiﬁed by four-digit numerical codes (01.11 to
99.00).
Cultural activities can be found under sections D, G, K and O of the NACE
Rev.1.1 classiﬁcation.
The detailed list of classes partly or totally including cultural activities is
as follows:

D Manufacturing

DE Manufacture of pulp, paper and paper products; publishing and

printing
22 Publishing, printing and reproduction of recorded media

22.1 Publishing

22.11 Publishing of books
22.12 Publishing of newspapers
22.13 Publishing of journals and periodicals
22.14 Publishing of sound recordings

G Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles and

personal and household goods

GA Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles

and personal and household goods

Cultural statistics

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Background information

52 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles; repair

of personal and household goods
52.4 Other retail sale of new goods in specialised stores

52.47 Retail sale of books, newspapers and stationery

K Real estate, renting and business activities

KA Real estate, renting and business activities

74 Other business activities

74.2 74.20 Architectural and engineering activities and

related technical consultancy

O Other community, social and personal service activities

OA Other community, social and personal service activities

92 Recreational, cultural and sporting activities
92.1 Motion picture and video activities

92.11 Motion picture and video production
92.12 Motion picture and video distribution
92.13 Motion picture projection
92.2 92.20 Radio and television activities
92.3 Other entertainment activities

92.31 Artistic and literary creation and interpretation
92.32 Operation of arts facilities

92.4 92.40 News agency activities
92.5 Library, archives, museums and other cultural activities

92.51 Library and archives activities
92.52 Museums activities and preservation of historical

sites and buildings

This list does not cover the cultural ﬁeld exhaustively. Some cultural activ-
ities cannot be identiﬁed and measured. Either they are included in or hid-
den under a class at a higher level or they are distributed between several
classes, e.g. the antiques trade. Some cultural activities are not classiﬁed
at all in the NACE Rev. 1.1 nomenclature, e.g. multimedia and video games.
The new revised NACE Rev. 2 nomenclature introduces a fuller list of cul-
tural activities, thus oﬀering better coverage of the cultural ﬁeld.

(cid:1) ISCO 88
The International Standard Classiﬁcation of Occupations (ISCO) is one of
the main international classiﬁcations for which the ILO (International
Labour Organisation) is responsible. It belongs to the international fam-
ily of economic and social classiﬁcations.
ISCO-88 (COM) is the European Union variant of the International Stan-
dard Classiﬁcation of Occupations. ISCO-88 (COM) should not be regarded
as a diﬀerent classiﬁcation from ISCO-88, but rather as the result of a coor-
dinated eﬀort to implement ISCO-88 for census and survey coding pur-
poses. There are 10 levels in the ISCO-88 (COM) classiﬁcation and cultural
classes can be found under levels 2 “Professionals”and 3 “Technicians and
associate professionals”.

ISCO-88 (COM) classes covering cultural occupations
214 Architects, engineers and related professionals
2141 Architects, town and traﬃc planners

243 Archivists, librarians and related information professionals

172

Cultural statistics

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Background information

2431 Archivists and curators
2432 Librarians and related information professionals

245 Writers and creative or performing artists

2451 Authors, journalists and other writers
2452 Sculptors, painters and related artists
2453 Composers, musicians and singers
2454 Choreographers and dancers
2455 Film, stage and related actors and directors

313 Optical and electronic equipment operators

3131 Photographers and image and sound recording equipment

operators

347 Artistic, entertainment and sports associate professionals

3471 Decorators and commercial designers
3472 Radio, television and other announcers
3473 Street, night-club and related musicians, singers and dancers
3474 Clowns, magicians, acrobats and related associate professionals

This list does not cover the cultural ﬁeld exhaustively. Some cultural occu-
pations cannot be identiﬁed and measured. Either they are distributed
between several classes or they are included in or hidden under a class at
a higher level. Film producers, for example, are included in class 1229 “Pro-
duction and operations managers not elsewhere classiﬁed”. Some cultural
occupations are not classiﬁed at all in the ISCO-88 (COM) nomenclature
(e.g. multimedia artists).

(cid:1) ISCED 97
The International Standard Classiﬁcation of Education (ISCED) was
designed by Unesco in the early 1970s to serve “as an instrument suitable
for assembling, compiling and presenting statistics of education both
within individual countries and internationally”.
The ISCED system is built up by classifying each educational programme
by ﬁeld of education and by level.
The ISCED 1997 classiﬁcation by ﬁeld contains 25 two-digit ﬁelds of edu-
cation. Mainly the ﬁrst two digits are used for international data collec-
tion.

ISCED 97 Classiﬁcation of education by ﬁeld
The ISCED 97 classiﬁcation by ﬁeld identiﬁes 9 one-digit ﬁelds of educa-
tion. Cultural ﬁelds are integrated in ﬁelds 2“Humanities and arts”, 3“Social
sciences, business and law” and 5 “Engineering, manufacturing and con-
struction”.
2 Humanities and arts

21 Arts
22 Humanities

3 Social Sciences, Business and Law
31 Social and behaviour science
32 Journalism and information
33 Business and administration
34 Law

5 Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction

58 Architecture and Building

Cultural statistics

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Background information

ISCED 97 Classiﬁcation of education by level
Six major levels of educational attainment are deﬁned:
ISCED level 0 – Pre-primary education
ISCED level 1 – Primary education
ISCED level 2 – Lower secondary education
ISCED level 3 – Upper secondary education
ISCED level 4 – Post-secondary non-tertiary education
ISCED level 5 – First stage of tertiary education (not leading directly to an

advanced research qualiﬁcation)

ISCED level 6 – Second stage of tertiary education (leading to an advanced

research qualiﬁcation)

(cid:1) COICOP
The COICOP-HBS classiﬁcation is a nomenclature directly derived from the
COICOP classiﬁcation developed in the framework of the United Nations’
System of National Accounts, but, as its full name indicates, speciﬁcally
adapted to the needs of household budget surveys.
The HBS methodology uses the four-level COICOP-HBS nomenclature,
which provides the twelve main divisions of consumption expenditure.
Division HE09 “Recreation and culture” covers the main cultural expendi-
ture of households.
The COICOP-HBS classes partly or totally including cultural expenditure
are listed below:

HE09 Recreation and culture
HE091 Audio-visual, photographic and information processing equipment
HE0911 Equipment for the reception, recording and reproduction

of sound and pictures
HE09111 Equipment for the reception, recording and

reproduction of sound

HE09112 Televisions sets, video-cassette players and

recorders

HE0912 Photographic and cinematographic equipment and opti-

cal instruments
HE09121 Photographic and cinematographic equipment

HE0913 HE09131 Data processing equipment
HE0914 HE09141 Recording media for pictures and sound
HE0915 HE09151 Repair of audio-visual, photographic and infor-

mation processing equipment and accessories
HE092 Other major durables for recreation and culture including repair

HE0921 Other major durables for recreation and culture

HE09211 Musical instruments

HE094 Recreational and cultural services

HE0942 Cultural services

HE09421 Cinema, theatres, concerts
HE09422 Museums, zoological gardens, etc.
HE09423 Television and radio taxes and hire of equipment
HE09424 Other services

HE095 Newspapers, books and stationery

HE0951 HE09511 Books

174

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Background information

HE0952 HE09521 Newspapers and periodicals
HE0954 HE09541 Stationery and drawing materials

(cid:1) ComExt
ComExt (intra- and extra-European trade) is a harmonised comparable sta-
tistical database for trade in goods both between EU Member States and
outside the EU. The database is administered by Eurostat. The data on
trade in services are provided by the IMF which centralises the data col-
lected within the “balance of payments” of the individual EU Member
States.

Cultural goods traded and identiﬁed
by the ComExt nomenclature (2006):

4901

Printed books, brochures, leaﬂets and similar printed
matter, whether or not in single sheets
Newspapers, journals and periodicals, whether or not
illustrated or containing advertising material
8524 32 90 Disks for laser reading systems, for reproducing sound

4902

only of a diameter exceeding 6,5 cm

8524 39 20 Digital versatile disks (DVD)

92 Musical instruments; parts and accessories of such articles

9201

9202

9203

9204
9205

9206

9207

9208

9209

Pianos, including automatic pianos; harpsichords and
other keyboard stringed instruments
Other string musical instruments (for example, guitars,
violins, harps)
Keyboard pipe organs, harmoniums and similar key-
board instruments with free metal reeds
Accordions and similar instruments; mouth organs
Other wind musical instruments (for example, clarinets,
trumpets, bagpipes)
Percussion musical instruments (for example, drums,
xylophones, cymbals, castanets, maracas)
Musical instruments, the sound of which is produced, or
must be ampliﬁed, electrically (for example, organs, gui-
tars, accordions)
Musical boxes, fairground organs, mechanical street
organs, mechanical singing birds, musical saws and
other musical instruments not falling, within any other
heading of this chapter; decoy calls of all kinds; whistles,
call horns and other mouth-blown sound signalling
instruments
Parts (for example, mechanisms for musical boxes) and
accessories (for example, cards, disks and rolls for
mechanical
instruments;
instruments) of musical
metronomes, tuning forks and pitch pipes of all kinds

97 Works of art, collectors’ pieces and antiques

9701

9702

Paintings, drawings and pastels, executed entirely by
hand, other than drawings of heading 4906 and other
than hand-painted or hand-decorated manufactured
articles; collages and similar decorative plaques
Original engravings, prints and lithographs

Cultural statistics

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Background information

9703
9704

9705

9706

Original sculptures and statuary, in any material
Postage or revenue stamps, stamp-postmarks, ﬁrst-day
covers, postal stationery (stamped paper), and the like,
used or unused, other than those of heading 4907
Collections and collectors’pieces of zoological, botanical,
historical, archaeological, palaeontological, ethno-
graphic or numismatic interest
Antiques of an age exceeding 100 years

(cid:1) Hetus coding list
The Time Use Survey does not operate with a harmonised classiﬁcation
but with an activity coding list. The respondents record their activities in
their own words in diaries. The coding process translates the respondent’s
written descriptions of his/her activities into numeric codes.
The activity coding list is recommended in order to have a lowest com-
mon denominator for coding the harmonised European Time Use Surveys.
Countries that need more detailed categories can always extend the cod-
ing list to match their needs. The activity code system is hierarchical with
three levels.
For the purpose of this study and taking data availability into account,
daily activities were identiﬁed from the Hetus (Harmonised European
Time Use Study) coding list and aggregated into 7 main groups of activ-
ity: Personal care, Work and study, Housework, Free time, TV and Video
and Unspeciﬁed time.
Cultural activities can be found under the theme “Leisure time” of Hetus
coding list:

30 Entertainment and culture
34 Computer and video games
35 Other computing
37 Reading books
38 Other reading
39 TV and video
40 Radio and music

https://www.testh2.scb.se/tus/tus/

SOURCES AND DEFINITIONS

Part I CONTEXTUAL DATA

Activity rate shows active persons (employed and unemployed popula-
tion) as a percentage of the total population of the same age.

Employment rate shows employed persons as a percentage of the total
population of the same age.

Unemployment rate is the proportion of unemployed persons in the
total number of active persons in the labour market.

176

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Background information

Population density is the ratio between (total) population and surface
(land) area. This ratio can be calculated for any territorial unit for any point
in time, depending on the source of the population data.

EDUCATION: UOE

The objective of the UNESCO-UIS/OECD/EUROSTAT (UOE) data collection
on education statistics is to provide internationally comparable data on
key aspects of education systems, speciﬁcally on participation in and com-
pletion of education programmes and on the cost and type of resources
allocated to education. The data collection is administered jointly by the
United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc, and Cultural Organisation Institute
for Statistics (Unesco-UIS), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD), and the Statistical Oﬃce of the European Union
(Eurostat).
Two sets of speciﬁc EU tables were introduced by the European Commis-
sion (Eurostat) to collect regional data on enrolment and data on foreign
languages. This EU part of the UOE data collection is managed by Eurostat.
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=1996,
45323734&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&screen=welcomeref&
open=/&product=EU_MASTER_education_training&depth=2

MUSEUMS: EGMUS

EGMUS stands for the “European Group on Museum Statistics”. Its task
is to collect national museum data and present them in a way that allows
everyone to draw on the experience of everyone else. To achieve this,
EGMUS necessarily has to collect ideas and conceptions about museums
and the ways they are described. Consequently, statistical descriptions of
museums in Europe, of the situation they are in and of their activities are
the main aims of EGMUS. A harmonised methodology for data produc-
tion does not yet exist and the data are produced at national level by the
national methodologies and then communicated to EGMUS. Data are col-
lected on the numbers and types of museum, types of collection, museum
attendance, exhibitions, educational activities, etc.

CULTURAL SITES ON THE UNESCO HERITAGE LIST

The United Nations Educational, Scientiﬁc and Cultural Organisation
(Unesco) seeks to encourage identiﬁcation, protection and preservation
of cultural and natural heritage around the world considered to be of out-
standing value to humanity.
The World Heritage List includes 851 properties forming part of the cul-
tural and natural heritage which the World Heritage Committee consid-
ers as having outstanding universal value.
In 2007, these included 660 cultural, 166 natural and 25 mixed properties
in 141 States Parties.
Cultural heritage means monuments, groups of buildings and sites with
historical, aesthetic, archaeological, scientiﬁc, ethnological or anthropo-
logical value. The sites on the cultural heritage list include cities, mosques,
temples, churches, palaces, historic centres, granaries and many more.

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Part II CULTURAL EMPLOYMENT, ENTERPRISES

AND EXTERNAL TRADE

EMPLOYMENT: LABOUR FORCE SURVEY (LFS)

The chapter on cultural employment is based mainly on the results of the
European Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS). The EU-LFS is a quarterly house-
hold sample survey carried out in the Member States of the European
Union, candidate countries and EFTA countries (except Liechtenstein).
It is the main source of information about the situation and trends on the
labour market in the European Union. The survey’s target population are
all persons in private households aged 15 years or older. The deﬁnitions
of employment and unemployment, along with other survey character-
istics, follow the deﬁnitions and recommendations of the International
Labour Organisation (ILO). Further harmonisation is achieved by adher-
ing to common principles on questionnaire construction and common
deﬁnitions of unemployment and of the main variables and reply cate-
gories.
The EU-LFS results are produced in accordance with the international clas-
siﬁcation systems. The main classiﬁcations used are NACE Rev. 1 (NACE
Rev. 1.1 from 2005) for economic activities, ISCO 88 (Com) for occupations
and ISCED 1997 for levels of education.
http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/fr/lfsi/lfsi_sm.htm

Total employment = Employees + Non-employees
Total employment covers all persons aged 15 years and over (16 and over
in ES and UK; 15-74 years in DK, EE, HU, LV, FI, NO and SE; and 16-74 in IS)
who, during the reference week, performed work, even for just one hour
a week, for pay, proﬁt or family gain or were not at work but had a job or
business from which they were temporarily absent because of, e. g., ill-
ness, holidays, industrial dispute and education and training.

Employees are deﬁned as persons who work for a public or private
employer and who receive compensation in the form of wages, salaries,
fees, gratuities, payment by results or payment in kind; non-conscript
members of the armed forces are also included.

Non-employees = Self-employed + Family workers
• Self-employed persons with employees are deﬁned as persons who
work in their own business, professional practice or farm for the purpose
of earning a proﬁt and who employ at least one other person.

• Self-employed persons without employees are deﬁned as persons who
work in their own business, professional practice or farm for the purpose
of earning a proﬁt and who employ no other person.

• Family workers are persons who help another member of the family to

run an agricultural holding or other business.

Unemployed persons are persons aged 15-74 who were without work
during the reference week, were currently available for work and were
either actively seeking work in the past four weeks or had already found
a job to start within the next three months.

Employees with temporary contracts are those who declare that they
have a ﬁxed-term employment contract or a job which will terminate if

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certain objective criteria are met, such as completion of an assignment or
return of the employee who was temporarily replaced.

Full-time/part-time: this variable refers to the main job. The distinction
between full-time and part-time work is based on a spontaneous response
by the respondent. It is impossible to establish a more precise distinction
between full-time and part-time employment since working hours diﬀer
from one Member State to the next and from one branch of activity to
another.

Nationality is interpreted as citizenship, as deﬁned according to national
legislation of each country.

Country of citizenship: citizenship is deﬁned as the particular legal bond
between an individual and his/her State, acquired by birth or naturalisa-
tion, whether by declaration, option, marriage or other means in accor-
dance with the national legislation.

Population density levels
• Densely populated means a contiguous set of local areas, each of which
has a density exceeding 500 inhabitants per square kilometre, and
where the total population for the set is at least 50 000 inhabitants.
• Intermediate means a contiguous set of local areas, not belonging to a
densely populated area, each of which has a density exceeding 100
inhabitants per square kilometre, and either with a total population for
the set of at least 50 000 inhabitants or adjacent to a densely populated
area.

• Sparsely populated means a contiguous set of local areas belonging

neither to a densely populated nor to an intermediate area.

ENTERPRISES: STRUCTURAL BUSINESS STATISTICS

Coverage
Structural business statistics (SBS) describe the structure, conduct and per-
formance of economic activities, down to the most detailed activity level
(several hundred sectors). SBS covers the “business economy”, which
includes industry, construction and market services (NACE Sections C to K).
SBS do not cover agriculture, forestry and ﬁshing, nor public administra-
tion and (largely) non-market services, such as education and health.
SBS describe the economy by observing the units engaged in an eco-
nomic activity, which is generally the enterprise. An enterprise may carry
out one or more activities at one or more locations and may comprise one
or more legal units. Note that enterprises engaged in more than one eco-
nomic activity (and the value added and turnover they generate and the
persons they employ, etc.) will be classiﬁed under the NACE (Statistical
Classiﬁcation of Economic Activities in the European Community) head-
ing for their principal activity, normally the one that generates the largest
value added.
SBS data are collected within the framework of Council Regulation (EC,
Euratom) No 58/97 of 20 December 1996 concerning structural business
statistics (and the later amendments), based on the deﬁnitions and break-
downs speciﬁed in the Commission Regulations implementing it. A sub-
set of SBS variables are collected with a breakdown depending on the size

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of the enterprise and with a regional breakdown (NUTS 2 level). Data on
architecture and engineering have been provided on a voluntary basis by
countries participating in the business services development project.
From the reference year 2008 onwards, the business services data collec-
tion will become part of the annual SBS data collection.
For further information, see the European business section on Eurostat’s
website (under “industry, trade and services”):
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page?_pageid=2293,
59872848,2293_61474721&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL

Turnover means the total invoiced by the unit observed during the ref-
erence period and corresponds to market sales of goods or services sup-
plied to third parties. Turnover includes all duties and taxes on the goods
or services invoiced by the unit with the exception of the VAT invoiced by
the unit vis-à-vis its customer and other similar deductible taxes directly
linked to turnover. Income classiﬁed as other operating income, ﬁnancial
income and extraordinary income in company accounts is excluded from
turnover. Operating subsidies received from public authorities or from
European Union institutions are also excluded.

Value added at factor cost is the gross income from operating activities
after adjusting for operating subsidies and indirect taxes. It can be calcu-
lated from turnover, plus capitalised production, plus other operating
income, plus or minus the changes in stocks, minus the purchases of
goods and services, minus other taxes on products which are linked to
turnover but not deductible, minus the duties and taxes linked to pro-
duction. Income and expenditure classiﬁed as ﬁnancial or extraordinary
in company accounts are excluded from value added. Value added at fac-
tor costs is calculated “gross” as value adjustments (such as depreciation)
are not subtracted.

Number of persons employed is the total number of persons who work
in the unit observed, plus persons who work outside the unit but who
belong to it and are paid by it. It includes working proprietors, unpaid
family workers, part-time workers, seasonal workers, etc. The number of
persons employed may be broken down into the number of employees
and of unpaid workers.

Size classes of enterprises
• Micro-enterprises: with 1 to 9 persons employed;
• Small enterprises: with 10-49 persons employed;
• Medium-sized enterprises: with 50-249 persons employed;
• Large enterprises: with 250 or more persons employed.

Unit labour cost is deﬁned as the ratio between the compensation per
employee and the GDP or gross value added per employment. It is meas-
ured as the percentage change from the previous year.

Investment per person employed is deﬁned as gross investment in tan-
gible goods divided by the number of persons employed; the result is
expressed in thousands of euros per person employed.

Publishing sector is deﬁned as the ﬁve classes of NACE group DE22.1
“Publishing”: publishing of books (NACE DE22.11), newspapers (NACE
DE22.12), journals and periodicals (NACE DE22.13), sound recordings

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(NACE DE22.14), studied separately, and other publishing (NACE DE22.15),
excluded from the cultural ﬁeld. NACE 22.11, 22.12 and 22.13 refer to book
and press publishing and have been grouped under the label “Publishing”
in few tables and graphs.

Periodicals and journals cover a wide variety of products, including aca-
demic journals, business and professional magazines, consumer maga-
zines and customer magazines, which include club and society titles pub-
lished exclusively for members.
In the industry’s oﬃcial statistics,
periodicals also include newspapers that appear fewer than four times a
week. The diﬀerence between “journal”and “periodical”is that journals are
published neither regularly (in which case they would be a “periodical”)
nor more than four times a week (in which case they would be a “news-
paper”).

Architectural and engineering activities (NACE group 74.2, architec-
tural activities cannot be studied separately)

Architectural activities include primarily designing buildings and struc-
tures together with preparing plans, managing work, consultancy serv-
ices for project managers, consultancy and design for urban and rural
planning, diagnostics, valuation reports, etc.

Engineering and technical design activities include studies relating to a
complete programme, combined with project management, in the ﬁeld
of industrial engineering and logistics engineering; specialist technical
design services for industry, including production of special machinery,
development of technologies and products, pollution control; engineer-
ing services and specialist technical design services relating to civil engi-
neering and construction and infrastructure; site organisation and man-
agement for major projects and geological prospecting services.

ECONOMIC SITUATION:
SHORT-TERM BUSINESS STATISTICS (STS)

STS cover all market activities in Sections C to K and M to O of the statis-
tical classiﬁcation of economic activities in the European Community
(NACE Rev.1.1).
STS provide information on a wide range of economic activities.
Data are presented in the form of indices (current base year is 2000 = 100)
or growth rates (calculated with reference to the previous period or to the
same period of a year before). Council Regulation (EC No 1165/98 con-
cerning STS) identiﬁes four main areas of economic activity in diﬀerent
annexes, namely: Industry, Construction, Retail trade and Other services.

Production index (STS) should show the trend in value added, at con-
stant prices. This index is established for each of the annexes separately
and should take account of:
• variations in the type and quality of the commodities and of the input

materials;

• changes in stocks of ﬁnished goods and work in progress;
• changes in technical input-output relations (processing techniques) and;
• services such as the assembling of production units, mounting, instal-

lations, repairs, planning, engineering and creation of software.

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CINEMA: MEDIA SALLES

The MEDIA Salles project is part of the European Union’s MEDIA Pro-
gramme. The European Cinema Yearbook collects the results of a non har-
monised survey carried out annually in 34 European countries in order to
record the main trends throughout the continent, using over 40 statisti-
cal indicators (e.g. market share of European ﬁlms, cinema admissions,
admission prices, advertising receipts, number of screens, multiplex,
megaplex, screen density, gross box oﬃce revenue, etc.).

EXTERNAL TRADE: COMEXT

The ComExt database provides monthly, quarterly and annual statistics
on the European Union’s external trade and trade between Member
States.
There are two underlying data sets: one for intra-EU trade, the other for
trade with non-EU countries (extra EU-trade).
Products are coded and described in accordance with the Combined
Nomenclature. Codes can change from one year to another.
For each product in this classiﬁcation the statistics indicate the reference
period, the reporting country (in EU-27), the partner country (any coun-
try in the world), the trade ﬂow and the unit (euros or tonnes or some-
times number of items).

Extra-EU trade
Extra-EU trade statistics are collected on the basis of the statistical part of
the single administrative document (SAD) provided by the customs
authorities when transactions are above the extra-EU transaction thresh-
old (1000 EUR or 1000 kg in net mass).
Statistics on extra-EU trade record exports (outward ﬂows of goods from
an EU Member State to a non-EU country) and imports (inward ﬂows of
goods from a non-EU country to an EU Member State).

Intra-EU trade
Intra-EU trade statistics are collected on the basis of the Intrastat decla-
rations provided by traders not exempt from the statistical obligation, i.e.
legal or natural persons registered for VAT in the reporting Member State
who have recorded annual intra-Community trade above the Intrastat
exemption threshold during the previous year or reached the threshold
during the current year.
Statistics on intra-EU trade record outward ﬂows of goods from one Mem-
ber State to another, which are called “dispatches”, and inward ﬂows of
goods from one Member State to another, which are called “arrivals”.
http://fd.comext.eurostat.ce .eu.int

/xtweb

c

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Part III CULTURAL EXPENDITURE AND PARTICIPATION

HOUSEHOLD CULTURAL EXPENDITURE:
HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY (HBS)

The Household Budget Surveys (HBS) in the European Union are sample
surveys of private households carried out regularly under the responsi-
bility of the National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) in European countries. Sev-
eral waves of the survey have been conducted so far in 1988, 1994, 1999-
2000 and 2005. Essentially, they provide information about household
expenditures on goods and services, going into considerable detail in the
categories used: information on income, possession of consumer durables
and cars; basic information on housing and many demographic and socio-
economic parameters. Unlike other European statistical domains, the HBS
is voluntary and no EU regulation exists.
In cooperation with the National Statistical Institutes in the Member
States, for many years Eurostat has been working on the quality – mainly
the comparability – of HBS statistics within the EU. The HBS uses the
COICOP classiﬁcation of expenditure as a standard. In all Household
Budget Surveys, data collection involves a combination of one or more
interviews, plus diaries or logs kept by households and/or individuals, gen-
erally on a daily basis.
The data presented in this report are based on the 1999 EU Household
Budget Surveys for the EU-15 Member States. Data for the new MS are
taken from the national HBS conducted at the beginning of the 2000s. In
a few months, new data from the 2005 collection will be available at Euro-
stat and they will be subjected to more detailed analysis of the patterns
of cultural consumption (also allowing comparison with the 1999 data).

PPS/PPP: Purchasing Power Standards (PPS) are a ﬁctive currency unit that
eliminates diﬀerences in purchasing power, i.e. diﬀerent price levels,
between countries. Thus, the same nominal aggregate in two countries
with diﬀerent price levels may result in diﬀerent amounts of purchasing
power. Figures expressed in purchasing power standards are derived from
ﬁgures expressed in national currency by using purchasing power pari-
ties (PPP) as conversion factors. These parities are obtained as a weighted
average of relative price ratios in respect of a homogeneous basket of
goods and services, both comparable and representative for each coun-
try. They are set so that the average purchasing power of one euro in the
European Union equals one PPS. Calculation of GDP in PPS is intended to
allow comparison of the levels of economic activity of diﬀerent sized
economies irrespective of their price levels. It is less suited to comparisons
over time. Eurostat compiles PPP and publishes them on its website
(Data/Economy and Finance/Prices).

PPP and related economic indicators are constructed primarily for spatial
comparison and not for comparison over time. Therefore this may be kept
in mind in any comparison of results for diﬀerent years. In particular, GDP
in PPS should not be used to calculate growth rates.

Household in the Household Budget Survey means a social unit which
meets one or more of the conditions of “living together” in addition to

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having a common residence. This is the household deﬁned as a house-
keeping unit. Of course, in practice there is mostly a one-to-one corre-
spondence between households and dwellings/addresses, but there are
also cases of multiple households per dwelling.
Increasingly restrictive deﬁnitions of what constitutes a household can be
achieved by adding the following criteria:
• Co-residence (living together in the same dwelling unit)
• Sharing of expenditures including joint provision of essentials of living
• Pooling of income and resources
• The existence of family or emotional ties

Final consumption expenditure of households corresponds to the
expenditure by households in order to consume goods and services. This
includes, in addition to purchases in monetary form, the estimated value
of certain goods and services, e.g. the value of internal production, ben-
eﬁts in kind and imputed rents for certain categories of households. On
the other hand, investments by households (e.g. purchase of a house,
major work on housing), direct duties and taxes paid to various adminis-
trations and savings are excluded. Similarly, this concept includes only
expenditure intended directly to satisfy the needs of the households, and
not expenditure incurred within an occupational framework.

The components making up consumption expenditure can be summed
up as monetary expenditure intended for consumption (excluding invest-
ments, savings and direct taxes) and non-monetary expenditure (con-
sumption of own production, beneﬁts in kind and imputed rent).
http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/hbs/hbs_base.htm

CULTURAL TIME: TIME USE SURVEY

The main focus in national Time Use Surveys is on people’s activities:
which are their main activities during the course of a day, when do they
carry them out and how long do people spend on them. Information
about where the activity is performed and with whom can also be
retrieved.
The time diary is a self-administered questionnaire divided into 10-minute
intervals to be ﬁlled in during randomly designated days. The respon-
dents record the activities in their own words. However, a set of common
questions are recommended for the questionnaires to make it possible
to break down the national populations into the same domains for time
use analysis.
The Time Use Survey is a harmonised, non-mandatory survey. Launched
by Eurostat in 1990, it reached the level permitting comparability between
countries in the 1999-2000 round, after publication of the Guidelines for
Harmonised Time Use Surveys. Most National Statistical Institutes around
Europe that have carried out time use surveys since the late 1990s have
taken the Guidelines into account. Some, however, deviate from them to
varying degrees. One major deviation is that the age breakdown and age
groups can vary from one country to another.

Main activity and secondary activity: respondents who are doing more
than one thing at the same time decide which to record as their main and

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which as their secondary activity. Secondary activity means the parallel
activity carried out at the same time as the main activity.
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/
KS-CC-04-007/EN/KS-CC-04-007-EN.PDF

CULTURAL PARTICIPATION: EUROBAROMETER

Since 1973 the European Commission has been monitoring trends in pub-
lic opinion in the Member States to help with drafting texts, making deci-
sions and evaluating its work.
The standard Eurobarometer survey is carried out every autumn and
spring. It covers the population aged 15 years and over resident in each
Member State. Surveys are designed to be representative of metropoli-
tan, urban and rural areas.
Several modules repeated at irregular intervals investigate special topics
such as agriculture, biotechnology, the environment, the family, the eld-
erly, health-related issues, working conditions, consumer behaviour, etc.
from a European perspective. A culture-related special topic was ﬁrst
added in 2001, it covered EU-15. The next survey containing cultural com-
ponents was conducted in 2003 when it was extended to 13 candidate
countries. The 2007 Eurobarometer (No 67.1) also focuses on culture-
related items and covers EU-27 MS.
http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.htm

USE OF INTERNET AND COMPUTERS: COMMUNITY SURVEY
ON ICT USAGE IN HOUSEHOLDS AND BY INDIVIDUALS

The data given on this domain were collected by the National Statistical
Institutes or Ministries based on Eurostat’s annual model surveys on use
of ICT (information and communication technologies) and e-commerce
in enterprises and ICT usage in households and by individuals. Annual ICT
indicators are available from 2002 onwards.
The aim of the European ICT surveys is to collect and disseminate har-
monised and comparable information on use of information and com-
munication technologies.
MS provide the following details on household ICT usage:
• access to and use of ICT by individuals and/or in households,
• use of the Internet for diﬀerent purposes by individuals and/or in house-

holds,

• ICT security, e-government and e-commerce,
• ICT skills,
• barriers to use of ICT and the Internet,
• perceived eﬀects of ICT usage on individuals and/or on households.
http://europa.eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/isoc/isoc_pi_base.htm

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European Commission

Cultural statistics

Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities

2007 — 185 pp. — 10,5 x 21 cm

Theme: Population and social conditions
Collection: Pocketbooks

ISBN 978-92-79-05547-8

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