Commission Directive 2007/57/EC of 17 September 2007 amending certain Annexes to Council Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC as regards maximum residue levels for dithiocarbamates (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 2007-09-17
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: animal product, fruit, marketing standard, plant health legislation, plant health product, vegetable

18.9.2007

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 243/61

COMMISSION DIRECTIVE 2007/57/EC

of 17 September 2007

amending certain Annexes to Council Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and
90/642/EEC as regards maximum residue levels for dithiocarbamates

(Text with EEA relevance)

THE COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES,

should lead to changes in the residue levels of maneb,
mancozeb, metiram, propineb and thiram.

Having regard to the Treaty
Community,

establishing the European

Having regard to Council Directive 76/895/EEC of 23
November 1976 relating to the fixing of maximum levels for
pesticide residues in and on fruit and vegetables (1), and in
particular Article 5 thereof,

Having regard to Council Directive 86/362/EEC of 24 July 1986
on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and
on cereals (2), and in particular Article 10 thereof,

Having regard to Council Directive 86/363/EEC of 24 July 1986
on the fixing of maximum levels for pesticide residues in and
on foodstuffs of animal origin (3), and in particular Article 10
thereof,

Having regard to Council Directive 90/642/EEC of 27
November 1990 on the
for
pesticide residues in and on certain products of plant origin,
including fruit and vegetables (4), and in particular Article 7
thereof,

fixing of maximum levels

Whereas:

(3)

(4)

(5)

(1)

(2)

reflect

(MRLs)

Maximum residue levels
the use of
minimum quantities of pesticides to achieve effective
protection of plants, applied in such a manner that the
amount of residue is the smallest practicable and is toxi-
cologically acceptable, in particular in terms of estimated
dietary intake.

MRLs for pesticides are kept under review and changed
to take account of new information,
including new or
changed uses. Information about new or changed uses
has been communicated to the Commission, which

(1) OJ L 340, 9.12.1976, p. 26. Directive as

last amended by

Commission Directive 2007/8/EC (OJ L 63, 1.3.2007, p. 9).

(2) OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p. 37. Directive as

last amended by

Commission Directive 2007/27/EC (OJ L 128, 16.5.2007, p. 31).

(3) OJ L 221, 7.8.1986, p. 43. Directive as

last amended by

Commission Directive 2007/28/EC (OJ L 135, 26.5.2007, p. 6).
(4) OJ L 350, 14.12.1990, p. 71. Directive as last amended by
Commission Directive 2007/39/EC (OJ L 165, 27.6.2007, p. 25).

The active substance ziram has been included in Annex I
to Council Directive 91/414/EEC (5) by Commission
Directive 2003/81/EC (6). The inclusion in Annex I to
Directive 91/414/EEC was based on the assessment of
the information submitted concerning the proposed
use. The information available has been reviewed and is
sufficient to allow certain MRLs to be fixed.

are

already Community MRLs

There
in Directives
76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC
for maneb, mancozeb, metiram, propineb and thiram.
Those levels have been taken into consideration when
adapting the MRLs concerned by this Directive.
In
particular, as in routine monitoring the residues of
maneb, mancozeb, metiram, propineb,
thiram and
ziram cannot be individually identified, MRLs are set
for the whole group of those pesticides which are also
known as dithiocarbamates. However,
for propineb,
thiram and ziram single methods exist, although not
on a routine basis. Those methods should be used on
a case-by-case basis, when the specific quantification of
propineb, ziram and/or thiram is required.

The Commission review reports which were prepared for
the inclusion in Annex I to Directive 91/414/EEC of the
fix the Acceptable Daily
active substances concerned,
if necessary,
Intake (ADI) and,
the Acute Reference
Dose (ARfD)
those substances. The exposure of
for
food products treated with the active
consumers of
substance concerned has been assessed and evaluated in
accordance with Community procedures. Account has
also been taken of guidelines published by the World
Health Organisation (7) and the opinion of the Scientific
Committee for Plants (8) on the methodology employed.
It has been concluded that the MRLs proposed will not
lead to those ADI or ARfD being exceeded.

(5) OJ L 230, 19.8.1991, p. 1. Directive as

last amended by

Commission Directive 2007/52/EC (OJ L 214, 17.8.2007, p. 3).

(6) OJ L 224, 6.9.2003, p. 29.
(7) Guidelines for predicting dietary intake of pesticide residues (revised),
prepared by the GEMS/Food Programme in collaboration with the
Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues, published by the World
Health Organisation 1997 (WHO/FSF/FOS/97.7).

(8) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Plants regarding questions
relating to amending the Annexes to Council Directives 86/362/EEC,
86/363/EEC and 90/642/EEC (Opinion expressed by the Scientific
Committee on Plants, 14 July 1998)
(http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/index_en.html).

L 243/62

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

18.9.2007

(6) Where authorised uses of plant protection products do
not result in detectable levels of pesticide residues in or
on the food product, or where there are no authorised
uses, or where uses which have been authorised by
Member States have not been supported by the
necessary data, or where uses
in third countries
resulting in residues in or on food products which may
enter into circulation in the Community market have not
been supported with such necessary data, MRLs should
be fixed at the lower limit of analytical determination.

(7)

(8)

(9)

It is therefore necessary to modify the MRLs set out in
to Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC,
the Annexes
allow proper
90/642/EEC
and
86/363/EEC
surveillance and control of the prohibition of their uses
and to protect the consumer. Where MRLs have already
been defined in the Annexes to those Directives,
it is
appropriate to amend them. Where MRLs have not
it is appropriate to set them for
already been defined,
the first time.

to

Directives 76/895/EEC, 86/362/EEC, 86/363/EEC and
90/642/EEC should therefore be amended accordingly.

The measures provided for
accordance with
Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health,

in this Directive are in
Standing
the

opinion

the

of

Article 3

Directive 86/363/EEC is amended in accordance with Annex II
to this Directive.

Article 4

Directive 90/642/EEC is amended in accordance with Annex III
to this Directive.

Article 5

Member States shall adopt and publish, by 18 March 2008 at
the latest, the laws, regulations and administrative provisions
necessary to comply with this Directive. They shall forthwith
communicate to the Commission the text of those provisions
and a correlation table between those provisions and this
Directive.

They shall apply those provisions from 19 March 2008.

When Member States adopt those provisions, they shall contain
a reference to this Directive or be accompanied by such a
reference on the occasion of their official publication. Member
States shall determine how such reference is to be made.

Article 6

This Directive shall enter into force on the 20th day following
its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union.

HAS ADOPTED THIS DIRECTIVE:

Article 7

Article 1

This Directive is addressed to the Member States.

In Annex II
thiram is deleted.

to Directive 76/895/EEC the entry relating to

Done at Brussels, 17 September 2007.

Article 2

Directive 86/362/EEC is amended in accordance with Annex I
to this Directive.

For the Commission

Markos KYPRIANOU
Member of the Commission

18.9.2007

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 243/63

ANNEX I

In Part A of Annex II to Directive 86/362/EEC, the lines for ‘Mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, zineb (expressed as
CS2)’ are replaced by the following:

‘Pesticide residues

Maximum levels in mg/kg

Dithiocarbamates, expressed as CS2,
maneb, metiram, propineb, thiram and ziram (1), (2)

including mancozeb,

1 Wheat, Rye, Triticale, Spelt (ma, mz)
2 Barley, Oats (ma, mz)
0,05 (*) Other cereals

Propineb (expressed as propilendiammine) (3)

Thiram (expressed as Thiram) (3)

Ziram (expressed as Ziram) (3)

0,05 (*)
CEREALS

0,1 (*)
CEREALS

0,1 (*)
CEREALS

(1) The MRLs expressed as CS2 can arise from different dithiocarbamates and therefore they do not reflect a single Good Agricultural

Practice (GAP). It is therefore not appropriate to use these MRLs to check compliance with a GAP.

(2) In brackets the origin of the residue (ma: maneb; me: metiram; mz: mancozeb; pr: propineb; t: thiram; z: ziram).
(3) As all dithiocarbamates result in the final CS2 residue, discrimination among them is generally not possible. However single residue
methods are available for propineb, ziram and thiram. These methods should be implemented on a case by case basis when the specific
quantification of propineb, ziram and/or thiram is required.

(*) Indicates lower limit of analytical determination.’

ANNEX II

In Part B of Annex II to Directive 86/363/EEC, the lines for ‘Mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, zineb (expressed as
CS2)’ are replaced by the following:

Maximum levels in mg/kg

of meat, including fat,
preparations of meat, offal and
animal fats listed in Annex I
under headings Nos ex 0201,
0202, 0203, 0204, 0205 00 00,
0206, 0207, ex 0208, 0209 00,
0210, 1601 00 and 1602

for milk and milk products listed
in Annex I under headings
Nos 0401, 0402, 0405 00
and 0406

of shelled fresh eggs, for bird's
eggs and egg yolks listed in
Annex I under headings
Nos 0407 00 and 0408

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

Pesticide residues

‘Dithiocarbamates, expressed
as CS2, including mancozeb,
maneb, metiram, propineb,
thiram and ziram

(*) Indicates lower limit of analytical determination.’

L 243/64

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

18.9.2007

ANNEX III

In Part A of Annex II to Directive 90/642/EEC, the line for ‘Mancozeb, maneb, metiram, propineb, zineb (expressed as
CS2)’ is replaced by the following:

‘Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

1. Fruit, fresh, dried or uncooked, preserved by freezing,

not containing added sugar; nuts

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

(i) CITRUS FRUIT

5 (mz)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

Grapefruit

Lemons

Limes

Mandarins
hybrids)

Oranges

Pomelos

Others

(including

clementines

and

other

(ii) TREE NUTS (shelled or unshelled)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

Almonds

Brazil nuts

Cashew nuts

Chestnuts

Coconuts

Hazelnuts

Macadamia

Pecans

Pine nuts

Pistachios

Walnuts

0,1 (mz)

18.9.2007

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 243/65

Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

Others

(iii) POME FRUIT

Apples

Pears

Quinces

Others

(iv) STONE FRUIT

Apricots

Cherries

0,05 (*)

5 (ma, mz, me,
pr, t, z)

0,3

2 (mz, t)

2 (mz, me, pr,
t, z)

0,3

Peaches (including nectarines and similar hybrids)

2 (mz, t)

5

5

0,1 (*)

1

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

3

3

3

2

5

2

Plums

Others

2 (mz, me, t, z)

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

(v) BERRIES AND SMALL FRUIT

0,1 (*)

(a) Table and wine grapes

5 (ma, mz, me,
pr, t)

Table grapes

Wine grapes

1

1

(b) Strawberries (other than wild)

10 (t)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

3

10

(c) Cane fruit (other than wild)

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

Blackberries

Dewberries

Loganberries

Raspberries

Others

L 243/66

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

18.9.2007

Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

(d) Other small fruit and berries (other than wild)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

Bilberries

Cranberries

Currants (red, black and white)

5 (mz)

Gooseberries

Others

0,05 (*)

(e) Wild berries and wild fruit

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

(vi) MISCELLANEOUS

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

Avocados

Bananas

Dates

Figs

Kiwi

Kumquats

Litchis

Mangoes

Olives (table consumption)

Olives (oil extraction)

Papaya

Passion fruit

Pineapples

Pomegranate

Others

2 (mz, me)

2 (mz)

5 (mz, pr)

5 (mz, pr)

7 (mz)

0,3

0,3

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

2. Vegetables, fresh or uncooked, frozen or dry

0,1 (*)

(i) ROOT AND TUBER VEGETABLES

0,1 (*)

Beetroot

Carrots

Cassava

Celeriac

0,5 (mz)

0,2 (mz)

0,3 (ma, me,
pr, t)

0,3

18.9.2007

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 243/67

Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

Horseradish

Jerusalem artichokes

Parsnips

Parsley root

Radishes

Salsify

Sweet potatoes

Swedes

Turnips

Yam

Others

0,2 (mz)

0,2 (mz)

0,2 (mz)

0,2 (mz)

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

(ii) BULB VEGETABLES

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

Garlic

Onions

Shallots

Spring onions

Others

0,1 (mz)

1 (ma, mz)

1 (ma, mz)

1 (mz)

0,05 (*)

(iii) FRUITING VEGETABLES

0,1 (*)

(a) Solanacea

Tomatoes

Peppers

Aubergines

Okra

Others

2

1

3 (mz, me, pr)

5 (mz, pr)

3 (mz, me)

0,5 (mz)

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

(b) Cucurbits — edible peel

2 (mz, pr)

Cucumbers

Gherkins

Courgettes

Others

2

0,05 (*)

L 243/68

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

18.9.2007

Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

(c) Cucurbits — inedible peel

1 (mz, pr)

Melons

Squashes

Watermelons

Others

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

1

1

0,05 (*)

(d) Sweetcorn

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

(iv) BRASSICA VEGETABLES

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

(a) Flowering brassica

1 (mz)

Broccoli (including Calabrese)

Cauliflower

Others

(b) Head brassica

Brussels sprouts

Head cabbage

Others

(c) Leafy brassica

Chinese cabbage

Kale

Others

(d) Kohlrabi

2 (mz)

3 (mz)

0,05 (*)

0,5 (mz)

1 (mz)

(v) LEAF VEGETABLES AND FRESH HERBS

0,05 (*)

(a) Lettuce and similar

5 (mz, me, t)

Cress

Lamb's lettuce

Lettuce

Scarole (broad-leaf endive)

Rocket

Leaves and stems of brassica,
greens

including turnip

Others

2

2

0,1 (*)

18.9.2007

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

L 243/69

Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

(b) Spinach and similar

0,05 (*)

Spinach

Beet leaves (chard)

Others

(c) Watercress

(d) Witloof

(e) Herbs

Chervil

Chives

Parsley

Celery leaves

Others

0,3 (mz)

0,5 (mz)

5 (mz, me)

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

(vi) LEGUME VEGETABLES (fresh)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

Beans (with pods)

Beans (without pods)

Peas (with pods)

Peas (without pods)

Others

1 (mz)

0,1 (mz)

1 (ma, mz)

0,1 (mz)

0,05 (*)

(vii) STEM VEGETABLES (fresh)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

Asparagus

Cardoons

Celery

Fennel

Globe artichokes

Leeks

Rhubarb

Others

0,5 (mz)

3 (ma, mz)

0,5 (mz)

0,05 (*)

(viii) FUNGI

0,05 (*)

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

(a) Cultivated mushrooms

(b) Wild mushrooms

L 243/70

EN

Official Journal of the European Union

18.9.2007

Pesticide residue and maximum residue level (mg/kg)

Groups and examples of individual products to which
the MRLs apply

,
s
e
t
a
m
a
b
r
a
c
o
h
t
i

i

D

,
2
S
C

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e

,

b
e
n
a
m
g
n
d
u
l
c
n

i

i

,

m
a
r
i
t
e
m

,

b
e
z
o
c
n
a
m

m
a
r
i
h
t

,

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
p

)
2
(

,
)
1
(

m
a
r
i
z

d
n
a

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

i

b
e
n
p
o
r
P

)
3
(

i

)
e
n
m
m
a
i
d
n
e
l
i

p
o
r
p

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
h
T

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
h
t

s
a

d
e
s
s
e
r
p
x
e
(

m
a
r
i
Z

)
3
(

)

m
a
r
i
z

0,05 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (mz)

0,1 (mz)

0,05 (*)

0,5 (ma, mz)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,3 (ma, mz,
me, pr)

0,2

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

3. Pulses

Beans

Lentils

Peas

Lupines

Others

4. Oilseeds

Linseed

Peanuts

Poppy seed

Sesame seed

Sunflower seed

Rapeseed

Soya bean

Mustard seed

Cotton seed

Hemp seed

Pumpkin seed

Others

5. Potatoes

Early potatoes

Ware potatoes

6. Tea (dried leaves and stalks, fermented or otherwise,

Camellia sinensis)

0,1 (*)

0,1 (*)

0,2 (*)

0,2 (*)

7. Hops (dried),
trated powder

including hop pellets and unconcen-

25 (pr)

50

0,2 (*)

0,2 (*)

(1) The MRLs expressed as CS2 can arise from different dithiocarbamates and therefore they do not reflect a single Good Agricultural

Practice (GAP). It is therefore not appropriate to use these MRLs to check compliance with a GAP.

(2) In brackets the origin of the residue (ma: maneb; me: metiram; mz: mancozeb; pr: propineb; t: thiram; z: ziram).
(3) As all dithiocarbamates result in the final CS2 residue, discrimination among them is generally not possible. However single residue
methods are available for propineb, ziram and thiram. These methods should be implemented on a case by case basis when the specific
quantification of propineb, ziram and/or thiram is required.

(*) Indicates lower limit of analytical determination.’