European Parliament resolution of 10 May 2007 on the contribution of the future regional policy to the innovative capacity of the European Union (2006/2104(INI))
Date: 2007-05-10
Institutions: Committee on Regional Development, European Parliament
Subjects: EU research policy, cooperation policy, innovation, regional policy, research and development

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Thursday 10 May 2007

P6_TA(2007)0184

Future regional policy and innovation

European Parliament resolution of 10 May 2007 on the contribution of the future regional policy to
the innovative capacity of the European Union (2006/2104(INI))

The European Parliament,

— having regard to Articles 2, 3, 158, 159 and 160 of the Treaty establishing the European Community,

— having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 1083/2006 of 11 July 2006 laying down general provi-
sions on the European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Cohesion
Fund (1) and to the corrigendum thereto (2),

— having regard to Council Regulation (EC) No 1084/2006 of 11 July 2006 establishing a Cohesion

Fund (3),

— having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1080/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of

5 July 2006 on the European Regional Development Fund (4),

— having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1081/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of

5 July 2006 on the European Social Fund (5),

— having regard to Regulation (EC) No 1082/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of

5 July 2006 on a European grouping of territorial cooperation (EGTC) (6),

— having regard to Council Decision 2006/702/EC of 6 October 2006 on Community strategic guidelines

on cohesion (7),

— having regard to Decision No 1982/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of
18 December 2006 concerning the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for
research, technological development and demonstration activities (2007-2013) (8),

— having regard to Decision No 1639/2006/ΕC of

the Council
of 24 October 2006 establishing an Innovation and Competitiveness Framework Programme
(2007-2013) (9),

the European Parliament and of

— having regard to its resolution of 10 March 2005 on science and technology — Guidelines for future

European Union policy to support research (10),

— having regard to the Commission communication entitled ‘Cohesion Policy in Support of Growth and

Jobs: Community Strategic Guidelines, 2007-2013’ (COM(2005)0299),

— having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament,
the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled ‘Putting
knowledge into practice: A broad-based innovation strategy for the EU’ (COM(2006)0502),

(1) OJ L 210, 31.7.2006, p. 25.
(2) OJ L 239, 1.9.2006, p. 248.
(3) OJ L 210, 31.7.2006, p. 79.
(4) OJ L 210, 31.7.2006, p. 1.
(5) OJ L 210, 31.7.2006, p. 12.
(6) OJ L 210, 31.7.2006, p. 19.
(7) OJ L 291, 21.10.2006, p. 11.
(8) OJ L 412, 30.12.2006, p. 1.
(9) OJ L 310, 9.11.2006, p. 15.
(10) OJ C 320 E, 15.12.2005, p. 259.

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— having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament,
the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions entitled ‘More
Research and Innovation — Investing for Growth and Employment: A Common Approach’
(COM(2005)0488),

— having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parlia-
ment entitled ‘Cohesion Policy and cities: the urban contribution to growth and jobs in the regions’
(COM(2006)0385),

— having regard to the Commission communication entitled ‘Third progress report on cohesion: Towards

a new partnership for growth, jobs and cohesion’ (COM(2005)0192),

— having regard to the conclusions of the Lisbon European Council of 23 and 24 March 2000,

— having regard to the European Charter for Small Enterprises, welcomed by the Feira European Council

on 19 and 20 June 2000,

— having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the spring 2006 European Council
entitled ‘Time to move up a gear. The new partnership for growth and jobs’ (COM(2006)0030),

— having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the European Council at the informal
entitled ‘An innovation-friendly, modern Europe’

in Lahti on 20 October 2006,

meeting
(COM(2006)0589),

— having regard to the Communication from the Commission to the European Council entitled ‘The

European Institute of Technology: further steps towards its creation’ (COM(2006)0276),

— having regard to the Commission communication entitled ‘Regions

for Economic Change’

(COM(2006)0675),

— having regard to the report to the Commission by the independent group of experts on Research and
Development led by Esko Aho entitled ‘Creating an Innovative Europe’ (January 2006), the final report
of the European Research Advisory Board (ERAB) entitled ‘Stimulating regional potential for research
and innovation’ (November 2005) and the Commission working document ‘Innovative strategies and
actions: results of 15 years of Regional Experimentation’ (October 2006),

— having regard to the European Innovation Progress Report 2006 (TrendChart),

— having regard to the positions and opinions of the Committee of the Regions,

— having regard to Rule 45 of its Rules of Procedure,

— having regard to the report of the Committee on Regional Development and the opinion of the

Committee on Budgets (A6-0096/2007),

A. whereas, in addition to covering the approval of projects and the management of Structural Funds,
regional policy plays a part in EU innovation capacity building, which involves a range of complemen-
tary scientific and technological,
legal and financial, economic and commercial, organisational and
administrative, energy and environmental, educational and social, and health and cultural measures
aimed at securing genuine cohesion within the Community,

B. whereas investment does not, of itself, guarantee development but can, when appropriate policies are

pursued and pro-growth measures supported, become a vital development tool,

C. whereas innovation capacity building should serve to reduce disparities between regions, thereby put-

ting into practice the principle of social solidarity and harmonious development,

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D. whereas people should be the focus of all innovation action; whereas their full and harmonious devel-
opment is the key to the successful implementation of all policies, and whereas the basis for all action
taken by the EU should be the wellbeing of its inhabitants (broadly defined in terms of quality of life
and long life), as members of local and regional communities and, at the same time, citizens of the
Member States,

E. whereas equal access to education and training at all levels is a fundamental citizens' right and whereas
continuous training should be stepped up and workers should be given retraining opportunities,

F. whereas innovation within the EU should be understood as a dynamic and interactive process involving
in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity, regional and local

various stakeholders including,
stakeholders,

G. whereas innovation can also mean a return to good, tried and tested practices that have been in use for
generations, and whereas in some cases innovation measures may be aimed only at specific regions,

H. whereas some measures require major expenditure, while others call only for new ideas and/or the

introduction of good, clear legislation that will be observed,

I. whereas the goal of the Lisbon Strategy is to make the EU the world's most competitive economy by
2010, including by increasing research and development expenditure to 3 % of GDP and whereas regio-
nal and local centres should be more actively involved in the practical implementation of the Lisbon
Strategy,

J. whereas 60 to 70 % of Community legislation is implemented at regional and local level,

K. whereas Structural Funds should be used in a flexible way so as to enable due account to be taken of

the specific features of individual regions,

L. whereas various financing instruments have been introduced, including the new Jaspers (1), Jeremie (2)
and Jessica (3) initiatives, and whereas the European Investement Bank (EIB) action serves as a useful
lever for development by rationalising expenditure,

M. whereas small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in innovation capacity building
within the EU, owing, among other things, to their flexibility and speed of reaction to new technology
and new operating methods,

N. whereas SMEs must be considered as one of the main drivers for innovation in Europe and whereas the
Member States and the EU are committed to strengthening the spirit of innovation in small enterprises
and their technological capacities and to introducing a Community patent that is accessible to them,

O. whereas sustainable energy sector development represents one of the greatest challenges to the EU,

P. whereas economic activity, as broadly understood, also includes farming,

Q. whereas the service sector generates a significant portion (some 70 %) of the income of Member States,

R. whereas the demographic forecasts for the EU (a low birth rate and an ageing population) are a social
challenge to the EU and open up great opportunities for innovative actions in Member States, including
in the services sector,

S. whereas appropriate conditions need to be created in connection with transport, telecommunications

and information network infrastructure,

(1)
(2)
(3)

Joint Assistance in Supporting Projects in European Regions.
Joint European Resources for Micro to Medium Enterprises.
Joint European Support for Sustainable Investment in City Areas.

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T. whereas the other players in the global economic and political ‘game’ are not sitting on their hands and
are also looking for new solutions, and whereas innovation can be an asset by making the EU economy
more attractive and more competitive and forging bonds between EU regions,

U. whereas innovation must not be seen in purely formal terms, and whereas there is a ‘feedback effect’
innovation which in turn

under which properly conducted regional policy fosters multi-directional
triggers faster and more harmonious regional development, thus contributing to EU cohesion,

V. whereas innovation is one of the three EU priorities mentioned in the Community Strategic Guidelines

(2007-2013),

Policy on human capital, education, science and research

1.
Calls on the Commission and the Member States to ensure in the EU regions equal opportunities for
all citizens to access education at every level, which would boost people's ability to think in an innovative,
creative way and ensure balanced personal development (both intellectual and physical), including the devel-
opment of active, ethical and pro-social behaviour patterns;

2. Welcomes the results achieved to date and calls on the Commission and the Member States to foster
the development of regional academic and scientific-research centres, as well as centres of excellence in
different areas and closer cooperation among such centres, especially between established and emerging
centres of excellence, but also through network structures open to third countries, as well as enhanced
exchanges of researchers and students and enhanced access for female researchers;

Calls on the Commission, Member States and local authorities to promote research projects whose

3.
findings have practical applications, thus contributing to regional development;

Draws the Council's and the Commission's attention to the fact that, in view of the current demo-
4.
graphic situation in the EU, the family, social security and pension policies pursued by Member States and
regional and local authorities are in need of reform, and believes that particular notice should be taken of
the fact that European society is ageing and that elderly persons should be encouraged to be more closely
involved in innovation measures, thus putting their knowledge and experience to good use;

5.
Calls on the Commission and the Member States, as well as regional and local authorities, to take
more effective steps to ‘spot’ gifted young people and give them the opportunity to develop their scientific
and intellectual capacities, and also to provide comprehensive support for the advancement of young
researchers;

6.
Stresses that demographic change also creates opportunities for the EU economy; refers to innovative
activities in the informatics and medical sectors, in domotics, telematics and large parts of the services,
transport and care sectors, as well as in regional planning; recalls that most regional and local authorities
have sufficient power to implement policy in these areas;

7.
Suggests to the Commission, the Committee of the Regions, the Member States and regional autho-
rities that, with a view to fostering a stronger spirit of innovation, regional and local communities should be
galvanised by means of a multi-directional campaign to step up dialogue with society, and with business in
particular, based on the ‘bottom-up’ principle;

8.

Recognises that innovation is essential for creating employment in Europe;

9.
Takes the view that an essential precondition for innovation capacity building in the EU, including in
the outermost regions, outlying territories, mountainous and island regions as well as rural areas, is unhin-
dered and free — or extremely cheap — broadband access to

(a)

(b)

administrative information (at all levels of the administration), making it possible for most administra-
tive formalities, including business-related formalities, to be dealt with over the Internet, and

scientific, economic, legal and cultural information, subject to proper respect for intellectual property
principles (wider availability of e-libraries),

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and calls on the Commission, Member States and regional and local authorities to ensure universal access to
such information and to maximise access to information and communication technology (ICT) based work-
ing, which can help to combat unemployment and — something which is particularly important for people
whose personal or professional circumstances require them to work or study remotely and for those who
decide to work at home, including especially those bringing up children, disabled persons and carers;

10.
Urges local, regional and national authorities, in cooperation with sectoral bodies, such as Chambers
of Industry and Commerce and other Infocentres, to set up joint one-stop information shops; stresses that
this can be done without spending any more resources by reforming existing information networks; notes,
finally, that in this way firms and research institutions can obtain information from a single point about
innovation, research and regional development policy at local, regional, national and EU level;

Considers that, with a view to boosting innovation throughout the EU,

11.
it is essential for broad
support to be given to invention-related activities and, by extension, to patent- and licence-related activities,
and calls on the Council, Commission and Member States to step up efforts to introduce a European patent
and ensure respect for copyright (intellectual property rights strategy), and to vigorously and effectively to
combat plagiarism and counterfeiting and to work towards global solutions in this area, based predomi-
nantly on European models;

Points out that development and innovation measures also extend to non-technological organisa-
12.
tional and service-related innovation; welcomes the fact that the Competitiveness Council of 5 December
2006 decided to draw up a policy guideline on service-related and non-technological innovation; calls on
the Commission to involve the organisations representing the enterprises concerned in this process; invites
regional authorities to introduce measures to support non-technological innovation;

13.
Takes the view that innovation clusters and centres of excellence have, to date, produced good results
and that these should be supplemented with the conclusions set out in the abovementioned Commission
communication entitled ‘Putting knowledge into practice: A broad-based innovation strategy for the EU’;
the abovementioned Commission working document entitled ‘Innovative strategies and
considers that
actions’
(which includes the ‘innovation voucher’) and the abovementioned recommendations of ERAB
should also be considered; calls on the Commission and Member States to foster the development of clus-
ters as a means of establishing links between scientific research centres, education centres, business and local
communities;

Considers that the dynamic development of innovation at regional

14.
level, particularly in areas of
traditional or single industries, could constitute an effective way of preventing the negative effects of delo-
calisation and encouraging regional employment;

15.
Urges Member States to foster cooperation by setting up European technological platforms providing
an opportunity to concentrate innovation activities by forging cross-border and cross-regional links between
industry and business and scientific-research and financial circles;

Recognises the need to create regional innovation poles and areas and to link these via networks to

16.
corresponding structures in other regions and Member States or third countries;

17. Welcomes the fact that research and development spending under the Seventh Framework Pro-
gramme for Research has risen by some 40 %; stresses, nonetheless, that the current level of spending on
research and development is still dangerously low and that the Community budget appropriations ear-
marked for this purpose are far from satisfactory, and calls on Member States to considerably increase the
percentage of GDP they spend on R&D at both national and regional levels as soon as possible, drawing
attention to the need for the monies to be used in a rational manner, in accordance with the purpose for
which they are earmarked;

18.
Expresses concern at the fact that, although the EU authorities recognise the crucial importance of
promoting innovation, the appropriations allocated to research and development are insufficient to meet the
real needs of the European Union and thereby ensure its competitiveness;

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19.
Considers that structural funding is one of the significant means of bolstering innovation capacity
and reducing economic disparities between regions; suggests that the Commission, Member States and
regional authorities should increase the percentage of structural funding resources contributing to develop-
ment, earmarked for research and inventions;

Sees the European Institute of Technology (EIT) as a new opportunity that would prevent the ‘brain
20.
drain’ and give talented European researchers a unique chance to perform scientific research at the highest
level and as a source of potential support for regional scientific research institutes; calls therefore on the
Council, Commission and Member States to speed up establishing the EIT and thus boost the Community's
competitiveness and potential in the ‘knowledge triangle’ formed by innovation, research and education;

Encourages the Commission to formulate a strategy for creating an open, common and competitive
21.
European labour market for researchers, and encourages Member States and regional authorities to imple-
ment that strategy in such a way as to provide researchers with opportunities for professional development
with appropriate career prospects and steps to facilitate mobility;

Economic and energy policy and financial and administrative tools

22.
Calls on the Commission, Member States and regional and local authorities to give comprehensive
support, in accordance with their respective competences, to SMEs (including measures to streamline admin-
istrative procedures and the tax system and measures concerning public supply procedures), since they are
the most creative and dynamic vehicles for technological and organisational innovation and can thus poten-
tially enhance Europe's economic competitiveness and improve the situation on the labour market;

23.
Emphasises the importance of improving SME access to financing from the Structural Funds in order
to increase the cost-effectiveness of EU expenditure for the public; takes the view, in this regard, that greater
diversification of financing should be promoted and that particular efforts should be made to develop more
fully the potential of risk capital;

Calls on regional and local authorities to foster and support regional cooperation between scientific
24.
research centres and businesses of all sizes, small, medium and large, including, where possible, the institu-
tions of the social economy; calls on regional and local authorities to regard the Open Innovation principle
(cooperation between industry, SMEs and government in research and innovation through clustering) as a
motor for regional development;

Emphasises that the Structural Funds and the Cohesion Fund play a major role in the pursuit of the

25.
Lisbon objectives, particularly in the field of innovation;

26.
Considers the Structural Funds to be a vital tool for supporting innovation capacity, and in particular
for achieving cohesion and reducing economic disparities between regions; proposes that the amount allo-
cated from the Structural Funds to research and innovation be increased considerably;

27.
Recognises that, at local and regional level micro enterprises and craft industries are particularly
important for pro-innovation policy and should be supported in cooperating with public and private
research establishments, especially in low and medium technology areas; calls on the Commission to submit
to it and to the Council an action programme in relation to such enterprises and suggests the Member
States and regional authorities support them using Structural Funds, also for student training, regrets how-
ever that no operational measures have been proposed for them; consequently, calls on the Council and the
Commission to ensure that account is taken of the specific characteristics and needs of these enterprises
when defining priorities in the strategy;

28.
Invites national and regional authorities to create conditions reinforcing interregional and cross-bor-
der cooperation in the domain of innovation, while suggesting maximal simplification of administrative
procedures concerning the financing of such cooperation;

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Recommends that national, regional and local authorities take the innovative action that is essential

29.
in the services sector in the broad sense of the term, which includes public services;

30.
Urges Member States, with a view to effective implementation of pro-innovation policy in the
regions, to make a good use of the complementarity of the European Regional Development Fund, the
European Social Fund, the Cohesion Fund and funding available under the Seventh Framework Programme
for research as well as the first Framework Programme for Competitiveness and Innovation;

31.
Takes the view that, in line with the strong social pressure for this, red tape should be radically
reduced, and calls on the Commission and Member States to review —, in accordance with their respective
competences, Community, national, regional and local law from that point of view and to make extensive
simplifications and, wherever possible, standardise administrative procedures, particularly those connected
with starting up and conducting an economic activity (single points of contact);

32.
Takes the view that institutional assistance should be provided to local and regional authorities in
their pro-innovation work and suggests that Member States consider giving them, in accordance with the
principle of subsidiarity and the guidelines for State aid adopted by the Commission, the broadest possible
duties and powers together with appropriate means of self-funding, subsidies or grants, which should facil-
itate efforts to devise the best possible solutions for local residents;

33.
Calls on Member States and regional and local authorities, when looking for ways to implement pro-
innovation investments and projects, to promote and make greater use of solutions involving public-private
partnerships (PPPs) and at the same time to employ best practice developed in other countries and regions,
following the principle of value for money;

Stresses the need for an extensive system of PPPs to supplement the public financing made available
34.
by the Member States and the Community; notes that the success of such activities will depend essentially
on interlinking the potential actors;

35.
Urges the Commission, in view of the possibility of tensions between competition policy and State
aid policy, on the one hand, and the support of such projects from the Structural Funds, on the other, to
undertake actions aimed at reducing these tensions with reference to PPPs, as well as other issues, including
broadband Internet connection infrastructure;

36.
Considers that, with a view to implementing pro-innovation policies at national and regional levels,
the task of raising capital needs to be made easier, and calls on the Council, Commission and Member States
to set up financing mechanisms that meet real needs, together with a system for managing the risks
involved in innovative projects; acknowledges, in this connection, the importance in innovation terms of
the new financing initiatives introduced jointly by the EIB and the European Investement Fund (EIF), namely
Jaspers, Jeremie and Jessica, and considers that information on the practical and effective implementation of
these initiatives should be disseminated as widely as possible at regional level;

37.
Emphasises, however, that the current risk capital system does not meet the innovation financing
needs of small and micro enterprises, in particular for non-technological innovation; calls on the Commis-
sion, the EIB and the EIF to identify funding methods that are suitable for these enterprises and for cottage
industries, by adapting risk capital or devising if necessary other innovative financial instruments; points out
that the Jeremie initiative should not be limited to supporting innovation in high technologies alone, and
calls on the Member States and the regions to ensure that it also supports innovation in low and medium
technologies;

38.
Calls on the Commission, Member States and regional authorities to focus not only on major pro-
jects and centres of excellence, but to also pay attention to smaller projects in less favoured regions and to
provide for adapted micro-credit mechanisms;

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39.
Acknowledges the link between innovation and the swift and safe movement of persons and goods,
which requires the involvement of regional communities in the provision of transport infrastructure, and
calls on the Commission, Member States and regional and local authorities to be technically and organisa-
tionally innovative within the transport field, particularly in the case of public transport at both local and
regional levels;

40.
Is pleased that, together with the Council and Commission, it has taken up the EU's energy problems
and, realising that energy policy falls, in principle, within the national sphere and has a significant influence
on innovation within the economy, urges Member States to consider the regional aspects of that policy,
including energy education, which should result in greater efforts to rationalise energy use and produce
‘clean’ energy by making use of geological features and local energy sources and promoting energy-intelli-
gent buildings, an economy powered to a larger extent by renewable sources of energy, a transport system
that exploits the possibilities of intermodal combinations more efficiently and more effective reusing and
recycling processes; stresses the positive role to be played by SMEs in this matter;

Urban and rural areas and the environment

41.
Calls on the Commission and the Member States, with a view to countering the depopulation of
certain areas brought about by their structural disadvantages (such as economic deprivation and unemploy-
ment), to conduct inter-regional compensation policy in a more effective manner, having regard to the
development of innovation in the regional economies, which will enhance the Community's innovation
capacity and contribute to the achievement of genuine territorial cohesion;

42.
Draws the attention of the Commission, Member States and regional authorities to the fact that, for
an innovation-friendly environment to be possible, people must have good living conditions, which means
guaranteeing an appropriate level of security, health care and environmental protection, decent housing,
access to education, culture and services and so on;

43.
Calls on Member States and regional authorities, in view of the prominent role played by urban areas
as the places where most EU citizens live and also as local and regional innovation centres, to support long-
term spatial planning which will create conditions conducive to rational and harmonious use of urban space
and sustainable urban development, with due account being taken of economic, housing and recreational
needs and also of environmental protection needs;

44.
Calls on the Commission and Member States to support initiatives ensuring innovative environment-
friendly action (eco-innovation) in accordance with the guidelines of the sustainable development strategy,
contributing among other things to sustainable regional development; points also to the significant potential
of the SMEs for this kind of innovation;

Calls on the Commission, Member States and regional authorities, in view of the fact that rural areas
45.
in which some 20 % of the Union's population lives are of decisive importance to EU food security, to bring
agri-food production and processing issues and the living conditions of the inhabitants of rural areas within
the sphere of innovation policy;

Good practice and the consolidation of innovation policy

46. Welcomes the Commission's work to date in assessing innovation policy at Member State level (e.g.
the European Innovation Progress Report) and calls on it systematically to analyse the level of development
of individual regions, using the most objective innovation indicators available; suggests that relevant analyses
and assessments and best practices be put forward in the fourth report on cohesion currently being drawn
up;

47.
Calls on the Commission to take steps to consolidate National Strategic Reference Frameworks,
which should include Regional Innovation Strategies in order to bring innovation to the fore, and to bring
them together in a common, coherent system for the whole EU;

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48. Welcomes the results achieved to date in connection with the exchange of experience and best
practice between regions and local communities through cooperation networks, and calls on the Commis-
sion for continued support to be provided for the development of such networks and innovation transfer
through the deployment of leading-edge information and communication technologies, which significantly
facilitate the transfer and exchange of information, particularly in view of the need to involve communities
living in remote areas; welcomes, in this connection, the fact that through the abovementioned Regions for
Economic Change initiative the Commission is encouraging regions and towns to cooperate, but awaits
specific proposals for the implementation of that initiative;

49.
Calls on the Commission to conduct, in partnership with Member States, regional and local autho-
rities, a mid-term review of the effects of the cohesion policy conducted up to now and of the abovemen-
tioned Community Strategic Guidelines in order to assess the progress made with EU innovation policy in
the regions;

50.
Reminds the Commission that the forthcoming fourth cohesion report must also serve to improve
cohesion policy in the future; also refers to the ‘EU Territorial Agenda’ due to be devised in 2007; stresses
that this policy document seeks to bring about new and forward-looking concepts of territorial develop-
ment (especially in the fields of regional and urban development, the use of ‘critical mass’ for regional
clusters and a differentiated approach to regions) and also uses culture as an aid to regional development;

51.
Hopes that the present resolution will demonstrate the interest which cities and regions have in
regional development and growth and that it will make a contribution to the debate on the annual report-
ing of the Member States' demands in the Lisbon Strategy;

*

*

*

Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and Commission, the parliaments and

52.
the governments of the Member States and the Committee of the Regions.

P6_TA(2007)0185

Strengthening Community legislation in the field of information and consultation
of workers

European Parliament resolution of 10 May 2007 on strengthening European legislation in the field
of information and consultation of workers

The European Parliament,

— having regard to Article 136 of the EC Treaty,

— having regard to Directive 2002/14/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March
2002 establishing a general framework for informing and consulting employees in the European Com-
munity (1), Council Directive 98/59/EC of 20 July 1998 on the approximation of the laws of the Mem-
ber States relating to collective redundancies (2), Council Directive 94/45/EC of 22 September 1994 on
the establishment of a European Works Council or a procedure in Community-scale undertakings and
Community-scale groups of undertakings for the purposes of informing and consulting employees (3)
and Council Directive 2001/23/EC of 12 March 2001 on the approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to the safeguarding of employees' rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, busi-
nesses or parts of undertakings or businesses (4), all of which concern the harmonisation of Member
States' legislation on the instruments of dialogue between management and labour,

(1) OJ L 80, 23.3.2002, p. 29.
(2) OJ L 225, 12.8.1998, p. 16.
(3) OJ L 254, 30.9.1994, p. 64.
(4) OJ L 82, 22.3.2001, p. 16.