Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Green Paper follow-up action Report on progress in renewable electricity {SEC(2007) 12}
Date: 2007-01-10
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: electrical energy, energy policy, renewable energy, report

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 10.1.2007 
COM(2006) 849 final 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 

Green Paper follow-up action 
Report on progress in renewable electricity 

{SEC(2007) 12} 

EN 

   EN 

 
 
 
  
TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

Introduction and background ....................................................................................... 3 

The overall picture. Where do current implemented policies lead us? ........................ 3 

Assessment of progress at the national level. MS evolution........................................ 5 

Development of electricity in the different renewable sectors: wind, biomass, hydro, 
geothermal and solar energy ...................................................................................... 10 

4.1.  Wind. Enlarging the group of three leaders and going for a global market............... 10 

4.2. 

4.3. 

4.4. 

4.5. 

5. 

6. 

Biomass ...................................................................................................................... 12 

Photovoltaic solar energy........................................................................................... 15 

Small-scale hydro....................................................................................................... 15 

Geothermal energy ..................................................................................................... 16 

Legal implementation of the Directive ...................................................................... 17 

Conclusions and future actions .................................................................................. 18 

ANNEX.................................................................................................................................... 21 

EN 

2 

   EN 

 
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 

Green Paper follow-up action 
Report on progress in renewable electricity 

1. 

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 

Renewable  energies  promise  strategic  improvements  in  the  security  of  supply,  reduce  the 
long-term  price  volatility  to  which  the  EU  is  subjected  as  a  price-taker  for  fossil  fuels  and 
could offer an enhanced competitive edge for the EU energy technology industry. In addition, 
renewable  energies  reduce  air  pollution  and  greenhouse  gas  emissions.  They  also  facilitate 
improvement  in  the  economic  and  social  prospects  of  rural  and  isolated  regions  in 
industrialised  countries  and  help  meet  basic  energy  needs  in  developing  countries.  The 
cumulative effect of all these benefits makes a robust case for renewables support. 

According  to  Article  3(4)  of  Directive  2001/77/EC  on  electricity  produced  from  renewable 
energy  sources  (RES-E)  in  the  internal  electricity  market1,  the  Commission  shall  assess  to 
what extent Member States have made progress towards achieving their national targets and 
compliance  with  the  target  of  a  21%  share  of  electricity  produced  from  renewable  energy 
sources. This is the main objective of this report. 

2. 

THE OVERALL PICTURE. WHERE DO CURRENT IMPLEMENTED POLICIES LEAD US?  

The EU aims at having renewable sources provide 21% of the electricity generated in its 25 
Member  States  by  2010.  This  target  was  established  in  the  EU  renewables  Directive 
2001/77/EC, which sets out differentiated national targets.  

The renewable electricity Directive has been a historical step in the development of renewable 
electricity. It has been a main driving force behind new policies being implemented.  

Since  the  last  Commission  report  published  two  years  ago2,  50%  additional  renewable 
electricity (non-hydro) has been produced. With current policies and efforts in place, it can be 
expected  that  a  share  of  19%  by  2010  will  be  reached.  In  other  words,  Europe  will  in  all 
likelihood,  come  close  to  its  target  on  renewable  electricity  by  2010.  Large  and  small-scale 
hydro  is  still  the  largest  renewable  source  in  the  electricity  sector.  It  contributed  to  10%  of 
total electricity consumption in 2005. As hydro energy depends on drought or high amounts 
of  rainfall,  a  normal  rainfall  year  is  used  in  this  report  to  avoid  the  influence  of  climate 
factors. There are other renewable energy sources not described in this report as their current 

1 

2 

Directive 2001/77/EC of 27 September 2001 on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable 
energies sources in the internal electricity market (OJ L 283, 27.10.2001, p. 33). 
“The share of renewable energies in the EU” - COM(2004) 366. 

EN 

3 

   EN 

 
                                                 
penetration is not significant. But energies such as solar thermal electricity and wave and tidal 
will certainly have a role to play in the years to come3.  

N e w ' R E S -E  e xc l. h yd ro

S m a ll-s c a le  h yd ro

L a rg e -s c a le  h yd ro

4 5 0

4 0 0

3 5 0

3 0 0

2 5 0

2 0 0

1 5 0

1 0 0

5 0

/

_
]
r
a
e
y
h
W
T
[
n
o
i
t
a
r
e
n
e
g
y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
E

l

0
1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

Figure 1: Historical development of electricity generation from total RES-E 
in the European Union (EU-25) from 1990 to 20054 

In 2005, renewable electricity contributed 15% to overall EU  electricity consumption in the 
European  Union5.  This  should  be  seen  against  a  higher  than  expected  level  of  overall 
electricity  consumption  in  Europe.  In  the  EU,  electricity  consumption  is  growing  at  2%  per 
year6.  However,  it  should  be  noted  that  with  the  exception  of  Germany  and  Spain,  the 
countries making good progress unfortunately represent only a relatively small proportion of 
the total EU market. In a number of Member States the share of renewable electricity is even 
declining. 

Since 1990, new-RES have produced 148 TWh, which is the equivalent of the total electricity 
consumption of Ireland, Austria and Portugal. 

The achievement can thus be characterised as positive due to serious efforts by a few active 
Member  States,  but  overall  not  good  enough  with  many  Member  States  lacking  far  behind 
their national targets. More needs to be done if Europe wants to reverse the trend towards an 
increasingly unsustainable energy future. 

3 

4 
5 

6 

Spain  has  put  in  place  11  MW  of  large  solar  thermal  power  in  2006  and  there  are  65  MW  under 
construction. To date only Portugal and United Kingdom are explicitly providing incentives for ocean 
energy systems. The large tidal range along the west coast of England and Wales provides some of the 
most  favourable  conditions  in  the  world  for  the  use  of  tidal  power.  In  the  Commission  Green  Paper 
towards  a  future  Maritime  policy  in  the  Union  -  COM(2006)  275  -,  wave,  tidal,  and  off-shore  wind 
energy are referred to as potential near future energies.  
Source Eurostat until 2004. The year 2005 includes provisional figures from IEA and Member States. 
2005 figures are provisional from IEA and Member States. Consolidated Eurostat figures give a 14% by 
2004. Starting point for the Directive was 13%.  
If  EU-25  electricity  consumption  had  been  constant  since  1997,  the  current  share  of  renewable 
electricity would now be 16%.  

EN 

4 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
150

120

90

60

30

/

_
]
r
a
e
y
h
W
T
[
n
o
i
t
a
r
e
n
e
g
y
t
i

c

i
r
t
c
e
E

l

0
1990

Wind off-shore

Wind on-shore

Photovoltaics

Geothermal electricity

Biowaste

Solid biomass

Biogas

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Figure 2: Historical development of electricity generation from ‘new’ RES-E in the European Union  
(EU-25) from 1990 to 20057. 

3. 

ASSESSMENT OF PROGRESS AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL. MS EVOLUTION 

Nine  Member  States are  joining the club of those countries ‘performing well’  with some of 
them  even  reaching  the  target  in  advance.  However,  eleven  Member  States  seem  to  fail  to 
meet their national commitment.  

The EU-15 Member States had to transpose Directive 2001/77/EC by October 2003. The 10 
Member  States  that  acceded  to  the  EU  on  1  May  2004  had  to  transpose  it  by  the  date  of 
accession. Since the last report, a number of different policies have been put in place, Energy 
Acts have been adopted, and new regulations have been implemented.  

In addition to the quantitative achievements in terms of generating electricity from renewable 
energies,  this  report  shows  Member  States'  achievements  in  adopting  active  measures  to 
promote RES-E. Points to note on the methodology of this report are that market penetration 
of  RES-E  taken  into  account  has  been  normalised8,  i.e.  a  normal  rainfall  year  and  a  normal 
wind year are used to avoid the influence of climatic conditions (e.g. drought or high amounts 
of rainfall). Second, analysis is presented mainly as the percentage degree of achievement of 
the  target.  For  example,  a  country  will  ideally  have  reached  40%  of  the  target  in  2004  and 
50% in 20059. Not all Member States have data for 2005, so data for both 2004 and 2005 are 
provided.  

New  elements  in  the  support  framework  for  2005  and  the  first  half  of  2006  are  also 
considered.  In  addition  to  official  polices,  the  perspective  of  investors  is  also  taken  into 
account as it provides a good basis for assessing the viability of the renewable energy market 
in  a  country  and  the  healthiness  of  the  market10.  According  to  the  current  status  of  market 

7 
8 

9 

10 

Source Eurostat until 2004. The year 2005 includes provisional figures from IEA and Member States. 
The  analysis  of  achievements  is  based  on  the  Progress  project  "Analysis  of  the  achievement  of  2010 
national and Community targets under Directive 2001/77/EC", and the EurObserv'ER project. 
In general, the latest consolidated statistics are from 2004. Some Member States have presented 2005 
figures, and the wind, PV and biogas statistics are well known for 2005. Biomass figures are provisional 
statistics from IEA. When available at Member State level, 2005 data are also taken into account. 
Ernst &Young investment index Reference. 

EN 

5 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
penetration  achieved  and  policies  implemented,  Member  States  can  be  classified  into  five 
categories: 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

Perfect: on track for meeting 2010 target ☺☺ 

Current developments provide a reasonable chance of reaching the 2010 target 
☺ 

Additional effort needed to achieve the 2010 target (cid:46) 

Stronger additional efforts are needed in order to reach the 2010 target (cid:47)(cid:46) 

Far from commitment (cid:47)(cid:47) 

A brief overview of the current situation in each Member State is provided below. Additional 
details are available in the country profiles. 

ACTUAL additional RES-E penetration (2004 versus 1997)

NORMALISED additional RES-E penetration (2004 versus 1997)

Interim target for 2004

AT BE DK FI FR DE GR IE IT LU NL PT ES SE UK CY CZ EE HU LA LT MT PL SK SI

_
)
7
9
9
1

s
u
s
r
e
v

4
0
0
2
(
n
o
i
t
a
r
t
e
n
e
p
E

-

S
E
R

l
a
n
o
i
t
i
d
d
A

_
]

%

[

0
1
0
2

r
o
f

t
e
g
r
a
t

e
v
i
t
c
e
r
i
d
E

-

S
E
R

f
o
e
r
a
h
s

s
a

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

-20%

-40%

-60%

Figure 3: RES-E target achievement at country level: actual and normalised additional RES-E 
penetration (2004 versus 1997). 

EN 

6 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ACTUAL additional RES-E penetration (2005 versus 1997)

NORMALISED additional RES-E penetration (2005 versus 1997)

Interim target for 2005 

AT

BE

DK

FR

DE GR

IE

IT

LU

NL

PT

ES

SE

UK

CZ HU

PL

)
7
9
9
1
s
u
s
r
e
v

5
0
0
2
(
n
o
i
t
a
r
t
e
n
e
p
E
S
E
R

-

l
a
n
o
i
t
i
d
d
A

100%

_
]
%

[

_

0
1
0
2
r
o
f

t
e
g
r
a
t

e
v
i
t
c
e
r
i
d
E

-

S
E
R

f
o
e
r
a
h
s

s
a

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

-20%

-40%

-60%

Figure 4: RES-E target achievement at country level in countries where 2005 data are already available: 
actual and normalised additional RES-E penetration (2005 versus 1997). 

1. 

Perfect: on track for meeting the 2010 target ☺☺ 

Denmark. Strong growth of RES-E, especially wind energy. World leader in offshore wind 
energy. Assuming current growth continues, Denmark will easily exceed its target of 29 % in 
2010. The target will possibly be met three to four years early. 

Germany.  Strong  development  of  the  renewable  industry.  New  government  continues  the 
existing commitment to the RES-E market, thus maintaining market stability.  

Hungary.  Strong  increase  since  2004  due  to  solid  biomass  (co-firing).  The  5.8%  target  for 
2010  was  achieved  in  2005.  The  new  measures  planned  by  the  government  will  probably 
result in 7.9% electricity by 201011, thus exceeding their target. 

2. 

Current developments provide a good opportunity to reach 2010 target ☺  

Finland.  Produces  around  one  quarter  of  its  power  from  RES-E,  with  half  from  hydro  and 
half from biomass. New policy emphasis is being placed on the increased use of local biomass 
resources.12 

Ireland. Moderate increase in RES-E, mainly due to wind energy. The new feed-in support 
system is expected to provide more positive investment conditions than the previous tendering 
scheme, leaving Ireland in a good position to meet the 2010 target. 

Luxembourg.  Good  RES-E  deployment,  especially  in  biogas  and  PV.  The  introduction  of 
enhanced feed-in tariffs is expected to result into increased penetration of RES-E.  

11 

12 

Report on the status of electricity production based on renewable energy sources. Republic of Hungary, 
Minister of Economy and Transport, Budapest, February 2006. 
High variability of hydropower together with an important share of this energy in Finland explains the 
difference between real and normalized percentages in Figure 1. 

EN 

7 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Spain. Strong increase in RES-E penetration mainly due to wind energy growth. Spain is the 
world’s second producer of wind energy and has a good approach to incorporating high levels 
of  intermittent  wind  capacity  into  the  grid.  However,  the  strong  growth  in  electricity 
consumption overshadows the impressive level of renewable deployment.  

Sweden. Strong biomass policy in the last few years with 3 TWh of solid biomass produced 
and 3 TWh more planned through biomass co-firing in existing plants. The new energy bill 
and policy horizon up to 2030 could sustain the good results of the recent years. 

The  Netherlands.  Significant  growth  in  RES-E,  especially  in  biomass,  due  to  the  support 
system  of  feed-in  tariffs  and  high  oil  prices.  However,  the  indefinite  freezing  of  financial 
support  for  large  scale  pure  biomass  and  offshore  wind  in  August  2006  may  destabilise  the 
market for RES-E initiatives. Greater certainty and support is needed to meet the 2010 target 
of 9%.  

3. 

With additional efforts there is a good chance of reaching the 2010 target (cid:46) 

Czech  Republic.  Modest  progress  in  RES-E  due  to  uncertainty  of  financial  support.  The 
revised  support  scheme  is  expected  to  provide  greater  support  from  2006  onwards.  Faster 
growth is needed in order to reach the RES-E target of 8% in 2010. 

Lithuania.  Progress  up  to  now  has  been  modest.  Amendments  made  in  2005  to  the  RES-E 
support system must lead to tangible results soon in order to reach the 2010 target of 7%. 

Poland.  The  low  green  certificate  prices  together  with  the  lack  of  penalties  for  non-
compliance  have  led  to  a  very  modest  increase  in  RES-E.  Biomass  and  wind  are  taking  off 
slowly.  Due  to  increased  quota  obligations,  higher  certificates  prices  and  faster  growth  of 
RES-E are expected from 2007 onwards. 

Slovenia.  High  annual  electricity  demand  growth  in  consumption  (4.5%)  is  overshadowing 
the modest increase in RES-E. However, the support scheme puts Slovenia in a good position 
to reach its 2010 target of 33.6%.  

United  Kingdom.  Some  progress  is  visible,  especially  on  biogas  but  government  policy  on 
renewables has to change in order to reach 2010 target. 

4. 

Strong additional efforts needed in order to reach 2010 target (cid:47)(cid:46) 

Belgium. Modest growth. The quota obligation has triggered a considerable increase in green 
certificates.  However,  translation  into  generation  of  RES-E  has  been  modest.  More  effort  is 
needed to reach the 6% target.  

Greece. Modest growth in RES-E, mainly due to administrative barriers, although recently a 
new regulation was adopted aiming at lowering these barriers. The recent significant growth 
in  wind  energy  (1000  MW  installed  by  2005)  gives  a  positive  push  for  the  RES-E  market. 
Stronger increases in RES-E are needed to reach the 2010 target of 20.1%. 

Portugal. Good progress since 2004. The government is currently tendering a proposal for a 
1 500  MW  wind  farm.  Nevertheless,  strong  efforts  are  needed  to  reach  the  2010  target, 
together with efforts to restrain electricity demand.  

EN 

8 

   EN 

 
5. 

Far from commitment (cid:47)(cid:47) 

Failure  or  slowness  on  the  correct  implementation  of  the  RES-E  directive  is  often 
demonstrated by the seriousness with which targets are being pursued. Slow growth in RES-E 
is  often  the  result  of  planning  delays  and  administrative  barriers,  restricted  grid  access 
(subjective,  opaque  and  discriminatory  rules  for  grid  connection  and  reinforcement)  and 
financing reasons.  

Austria. The production of renewable energy is dominated by large-scale hydropower (60% 
of  total  electricity  consumption).  Over  recent  years,  there  has  been  considerable  growth  in 
capacity in the wind, and biomass sectors due to favourable feed-in tariffs. However, there are 
currently poor investment conditions due to a revised support scheme, leading to stagnating 
RES-E development.  

Cyprus. Virtually no RES-E deployment. A new feed-in tariff scheme started in 2006. 

Estonia.  An  increase  in  hydropower  and  biomass  has  led  to  modest  growth  in  RES-E. 
However the current support scheme does not seem adequate to develop other sources such as 
wind. 

France. No visible results of additional RES-E penetration up to now. The tender scheme for 
biomass RES-E has been postponed again. Improvements in administrative procedures might 
lead to better results in the future. 

Italy. The quota obligation implemented in Italy has led to some new RES-E deployment in 
the  past.  However,  this  has  been  completely  offset  by  the  growth  of  gross  electricity 
consumption. There is a large gap between current RES-E penetration and the 2010 target of 
25%. Administrative problems persist as one of the major barriers to growth in a country with 
high potential for renewable energy sources. 

Latvia. RES-E deployment is very modest due to the lack of a stable support system.  

Malta. Virtually no RES-E deployment. No RES-E strategy has been implemented. 

Slovak Republic. Poor progress of RES-E. Much stronger support is needed in order to reach 
the 2010 target of 31%. 

It is impossible to isolate the discussions of target achievement from the level of support. The 
support for RES electricity varies significantly among the EU Member States. The previous 
Commission  report  on  the  support  of  electricity  from  renewable  energy  sources13  gave  a 
detailed  assessment  of  the  differences.  Wind  is  poorly  supported  in  nine  of  the  twenty-five 
Member States. Where the total support received by producers is lower than generation costs, 
no take-off of renewable energies can be expected. For biomass forestry, half of the Member 
States do not give enough support to cover generation costs. In the case of biogas, in nearly 
three quarters of the Member States, support is not sufficient for deployment. 

13 

Communication  from  the  Commission  on  the  support  of  electricity  from  renewable  energy  sources  - 
COM(2005) 627, 7.12.2005. 

EN 

9 

   EN 

 
                                                 
The  discussions  of  support  schemes  should  also  be  linked  to  the  issue  of  administrative 
barriers. To meet RES-E penetration targets in a cost-effective way, it is necessary to create a 
process that will facilitate increased RES-E generation in a timely and simple manner.  

4. 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  ELECTRICITY  IN  THE  DIFFERENT  RENEWABLE  SECTORS:  WIND, 
BIOMASS, HYDRO, GEOTHERMAL AND SOLAR ENERGY 

Hydropower  remains  the  dominant  source14,  but  new  renewable  sources  such  as  wind  or 
biomass are starting to play a role. Large hydro is a well established technology with a nearly 
saturated potential in EU-25. For that reason it is not considered under this analysis.  

4.1.  Wind. Enlarging the group of three leaders and going for a global market 

The European Union remains the global leader in wind power with 60% world market share. 
The  global  wind  power  market  is  growing  strongly,  with  significant  Asian  market  growth 
(especially from India) and a strong increase in the rate of North American installations15. In 
2002,  80%  of  world  capacity  was  installed  in  Germany  and  Spain.  In  2005,  this  share  was 
56%. The slow down in the impressive yearly growth in Germany was counterbalanced by the 
rise in other European markets such as those of the United Kingdom, Portugal16, and Italy. 

Since 2000, wind power capacity has increased by more than 150% in the EU. The amount 
expected in the White Paper on renewable energies17 of 40,000 MW was reached five years 
ahead of schedule. Total wind installed capacity of 40,455 MW produced 82 TWh in 2005. 
The excellent performance of the wind sector has enabled the industry to upgrade its target to 
75,000 MW in 2010.  

New  wind  power  represents  33%  of  the  new  electricity  generating  capacity  in  the  EU.  The 
remaining 67% is mainly conventional thermal power stations. RES-E from wind constitutes 
2.6  %  of  total  European  Union  electricity  consumption,  the  equivalent  of  the  electricity 
consumption  of  Denmark  and  Portugal  together.  Average  annual  growth  of  electricity 
produced from wind has been 26% over the past five years. 

As  mentioned  in  the  Commission  Communication  of  December  200518  one  third  of  EU 
countries do not give enough support to wind energy. In half of the EU Member States, wind 
is not sufficiently harnessed. The main cause of this slow development is not deliberate policy 
but delays in authorisations, unfair grid conditions and slow reinforcement and extension of 
the electric power grid. These continue to pose a threat to the future growth of wind energy. 

14 
15 

16 

17 

18 

Hydropower (small and large) produced 67% of the total renewable electricity in 2005. 
Renewal of the American Production Tax Credit (PTC) scheme until 2007 has reassured US investors 
who installed more than 2,400 MW in 2004. The European Union installed 6,165.7 MW in 2005.  
Portugal has become the 7th EU country to pass the 1,000-MW mark with a total cumulated installed 
capacity of 1,021 MW at the end of 2005. Portugal practically doubled its installed capacity in one year 
by adding 500 MW. These very good results are due to the lifting of administrative barriers and a very 
attractive purchase price system.  
Communication  from  the  Commission  "Energy  for  the  future:  renewable  sources  of  energy,  White 
Paper for a Community Action Plan - COM(97) 599, 26.11.1997. 
Communication  from  the  Commission  on  the  support  of  electricity  from  renewable  energy  sources  - 
COM(2005) 627, 7.12.2005. 

EN 

10 

   EN 

 
                                                 
The  industry  has  set  a  new  target  of  75,000  MW  by  2010.  This  capacity  would  provide 
approximately 160 TWh, representing between 4% and 6% of the 2010 European electricity 
consumption.  For  this  deployment  to  be  achieved,  the  club  of  countries  “performing  well” 
must be enlarged. The offshore market will most certainly be a key element in wind energy 
development in the next few years.  

Integration of major shares of wind power in the grid can be tackled. For example, in 2005, 
wind power delivered 18% of Danish electricity demand. 

The  European  wind  energy  industry  has  kept  pace  with  the  growth  of  the  global  market. 
German  and  Spanish  industrialists  are  becoming  less  and  less  dependent  on  growth  in  their 
own domestic markets, with increasing shares for export. Denmark has been able to maintain 
the  number  of  wind  power  sector  jobs  at  20 000  due  to  its  export  market.  According  to  the 
BWE (German Wind Energy Association), the German wind energy industry boasted a €5.03 
billion turnover in 2005. Half of this figure, i.e. €2.51 billion, is the turnover for exports. The 
situation  is  identical  when  it  comes  to  jobs,  with  exports  now  accounting  for  31 900  of  the 
63 800 jobs in the German wind power industry.  

The growth of the global wind energy market has been accompanied by a phase of industrial 
reorganisation  of  the  sector.  This  reorganisation  has  deeply  modified  the  wind  power 
industrial  situation  since  2002.  There  has  been  considerable  industry  consolidation,  with 
fewer, larger players, particularly in the global market. Medium and smaller sized firms still 
play a role, though, at a more regional market level.  

]
h
W
G

i

[
d
n
w
m
o
r
f
n
o
i
t
a
r
e
n
e
g
y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
E

l

70.000

60.000

50.000

40.000

30.000

20.000

10.000

0

LT
SK
HU
EE
CZ
LA
PL
LU
FI
IE
BE
FR
SE
AT
GR
PT
IT
UK
NL
DK
ES
DE

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Figure 5: Historical development of electricity generation from wind in the EU-25 Member States from 
1990 to 200519. 

19 

Source Eurostat until 2004. The year 2005 includes provisional figures from IEA and Member States. 

EN 

11 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
4.2. 

Biomass 

Three fuel types contribute to the total biomass electricity generation: solid biomass, biogas 
and  the  biodegradable  fraction  of  municipal  solid  waste.  Further  details  are  given  on  solid 
biomass  and  biogas.  Biomass  electricity  constitutes  2%  of  the  total  EU  electricity 
consumption.  Total  biomass  grew  by  18%  in 2002,  13% in 2003, 19% in 2004 and 23% in 
200520. Clearly progress has accelerated significantly over recent years. If the growth rate of 
2004 could be extrapolated to 2010, total biomass contribution would reach about 167 TWh, 
which  corresponds  to  the  generation  needed  from  biomass  to  fulfil  the  21%  target  of 
electricity  from  renewable  energy21.  But  2005  biomass  contributions  from  the  Netherlands 
risk being only a short term success22. 

]
h
W
G

[
n
o
i
t
a
r
e
n
e
g
y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
e
s
s
a
m
o
B

l

i

Biowaste
Biogas
Solid biomass
Extrapolation total biomass

180.000

160.000

140.000

120.000

100.000

80.000

60.000

40.000

20.000

0

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Figure 6: Historical development of electricity generation from solid biomass, biogas and municipal solid 
waste in the EU-25 Member States from 1990 to 2004 and extrapolation to 2010 assuming a yearly growth 
rate of 19%23. 

4.2.1. 

Solid biomass 

Electricity  from  solid  biomass  is  generated  based  on  the  combustion  of  forestry  and 
agricultural  products  and  residues  in  thermal  power  stations.  As  with  the  progress  of  total 
biomass,  the  development  of  solid  biomass  accelerated  significantly  in  2004  and  2005. 
Annual growth rates in recent years amounted at EU-25 level to 20% in 2002 13% in 2003 
and 25% in 2004.  

The  development  in  EU-25  is  shown  in  Figure  7.  Between  2002  and  2004  about  10  TWh 
additional  generation  was  added  to  the  electricity  network.  The  largest  contributors  to  total 

20 
21 

22 

23 

2005 contain provisional figures from IEA. 
Provided  that  total  biomass  contributes  to  40%,  wind  energy  50%  and  all  other  RES-E  10%  of  the 
additional RES-E generation until 2010 compared to 2001. Please see COM(2004) 366 for clarification 
of these estimations.  
Biomass support system has been frozen by the Dutch government. Sweden success in biomass comes 
from existing power plants and not from newly developed capacity. 
Source Eurostat until 2004. The year 2005 includes provisional figures from IEA and Member States. 

EN 

12 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
biomass RES-E generation are Finland and Sweden followed by Germany, Spain, the United 
Kingdom, Denmark, Austria and the Netherlands. 

Infrastructure barriers to further growth are more important than economic ones. The Biomass 
Action  Plan24,  aiming  to  increase  biomass  use,  addresses  the  problems  perceived  in  the 
present biomass markets in Europe. It also sets out a coordinated programme for Community 
action. These measures include improving the supply of and demand for biomass; overcoming 
technical barriers; and developing research and development. 

Certainly  the  long  term  traditions  in  the  biomass  sector  and  the  importance  of  the  forestry 
industry,  together  with  the  fact  that  most  plants  are  large  scale  industrial  units  operating  in 
combined heat and power (CHP) mode, are strong factors supporting the development of the 
biomass electricity sector in Nordic countries. The development in Germany is mainly driven 
by medium scale generation units up to 20 MW, whereas due to specific support for CHP, an 
increasing share of biomass plant is operated in cogeneration mode.  

Almost  half  of  the  Member  States  allow  co-firing  of  solid  biomass  in  conventional  power 
plants. As can be seen especially from the British and Hungarian example, this option allows 
particularly high growth rates. In the UK, biomass electricity generated by co-firing processes 
clearly dominated the total electricity generation by solid biomass in 2004 and grew by almost 
75 % (+1,4 TWh) in 2005. Currently, 630 000 tons of biomass are used as fuel in the three 
biggest co-firing plants in Hungary.  

]

h
W
G

[

s
s
a
m
o
b
m
o
r
f

i

y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
E

l

45.000

40.000

35.000

30.000

25.000

20.000

15.000

10.000

5.000

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

LT
EE
LA
SI
SK
CZ
PL
HU
LU
IE
GR
IT
BE
PT
FR
AT
DK
NL
UK
ES
DE
SE
FI

Figure 7: Historical development of electricity generation from solid biomass (excluding municipal solid 
waste) in the EU-25 Member States from 1990 to 200525. 

The  Commission  has  just  approved  and  presented  an  EU  Forest  Action  Plan  to  the  Council 
and the European Parliament26. This Action plan supports inter alia the use of forest resources 

24 
25 
26 

Communication from the Commission on the Biomass Action Plan - COM(2005) 628. 
Source Eurostat until 2004. The year 2005 includes provisional figures from IEA and Member States. 
Communication  from  the  Commission  on  an  EU  Forest  Action  Plan,  European  Commission  2006  - 
COM(2006) 302. 

EN 

13 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
as  an  energy  feedstock.  This  will  be  particularly  important  for  the  production  of  solid 
biomass. 

4.2.2.  Biogas 

With oil prices and natural gas prices currently so high, it is a waste to produce biogas and 
then just see it simply flared into the air. In 2005, nearly 5 Mtoe were produced in this way for 
energy uses in the different countries of the European Union. The total resource is estimated 
at more than 20 Mtoe with current waste production. Energy exploitation of biogas is not only 
a  question  of  energy  production  but  a  question  of  waste  treatment  and  environmental 
considerations. About half of European waste is simply landfilled. 

Approximately  two thirds  of biogas  is used for  electricity  production  and one third for heat 
production. Electricity production from biogas is estimated at 14.9 TWh in 2004. Half of this 
electricity is obtained through CHP plants. 

Biogas results from several different types of processes. It can come as captured landfill gas 
formed  from  biodegradable  waste  in  rubbish  dumps  –  not  very  efficient  from  an 
environmental perspective – or can be produced via a digester. Treatment depends on the kind 
of waste involved. Biogas can be made from household refuse or, agricultural waste, such as 
liquid  manures  and  crop  harvest  waste.  Biogas  can  be  treated  in  small  single  farm-scale 
biogas  units  or  collective  and  centralised  units.  These  units,  principally  developed  in 
Denmark, are capable of treating different types of waste at the same time, principally manure 
and liquid manure mixed with various other organic wastes. Dedicated bio-gas plants are an 
efficient way of handling bio-waste from agriculture and industry, and the size of these plants 
also  allows  for  effective  use  of  the  energy  content  of  the  waste.  There  is  considerable 
potential for growth of this technology. 

Annual growth rates for biogas electricity generation have been high for the last decade and 
amount to 24% in 2002, 13% in 2003, 22% in 2004 and 15% in 2005. 

]
h
W
G

[

i

s
a
g
o
b
m
o
r
f

y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
E

l

16.000

14.000

12.000

10.000

8.000

6.000

4.000

2.000

0

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

DE

UK

IT

FR

NL

BE

IE

SE

FI

ES

AT

DK

GR

PT

LU

PL

CZ

SI

HU

EE

SK

LA

LT

EN 

14 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Figure 8: Historical development of electricity generation from biogas  
in the EU-25 Member States from 1990 to 200527. 

The reinforcement of European environmental regulations concerning limitations and taxation 
of landfill is encouraging decision-makers to find more energy and climate friendly solutions 
to treat organic waste as soon as it is collected. However, about half of European municipal 
waste is still landfilled which means a dumping of waste and precious energy. 

Apart  from  heat  and  electricity  production,  biogas  can  also  be  used  as  a  transport  fuel. 
Sweden already has 779 buses running on biogas, more than 4 500 cars using a fuel composed 
of a mixture of petrol and biogas or natural gas, as well as a train operating in this way since 
last year. 

One quarter of EU countries give sufficient support to biogas development.  

4.3. 

Photovoltaic solar energy 

Total installed PV capacity in the EU has been growing at an unprecedented average annual 
growth rate of 70% over the last five years, from 127 MWp28 in 2000 to 1,794 MWp at the 
end  of  2005.  The  impressive  growth  of  the  total  installed  capacity  in  Europe  is  driven  by 
Germany:  86%  of  currently  installed  PV  capacity  in  the  EU  is  in  Germany.  The  other 
European markets have a completely different dimension. The Netherlands has over 50 MWp 
installed and Spain 58 MWp. Another indicator, the “peak power per capita” ratio of the EU 
25 Member States , is also rising markedly. It rose from 2.5 Wp per inhabitant in 2004 up to 
3.9  Wp  per  inhabitant  in  2005.  For  comparison:  Japan  (128  million  inhabitants)  has  an 
installed  capacity  of  8.9  Wp/inhabitant,  while  the  USA  (291  million  inhabitants)  has  an 
installed capacity of 1.3 Wp/inhabitant. 

PV  is  mainly  a  decentralised  technology.  When  installed  on  the  roofs  of  buildings,  its 
electricity  has  the  advantage  of  providing  two  times  the  level  of  primary  energy,  due  to 
conversion losses in thermally based electricity production plus savings in transmission and 
distribution losses. This sector has a high technology component, a modular nature and a high 
long term potential29.  

4.4. 

Small-scale hydro 

The current European trend in terms of the progression of small plant capacity is not a very 
dynamic one, due to administrative and environmental barriers. Nevertheless, the sector has a 
real potential which can generate steady and buoyant economic activity. 

27 
28 

29 

Source Eurostat until 2004. The year 2005 includes provisional figures from IEA and Member States. 
Normally capacity of solar PV is expressed in watt peak (Wp). It is the Direct Current Watts output of a 
solar module as measured under an industry standardized conditions. This conditions are illumination of 
1000  Watts/m²,  25°C  ambient  temperature  and  a  spectrum  that  relates  to  sunlight  that  has  passed 
through the atmosphere (AM or Air Mass 1.5). 
A good example of innovative policies to further support PV has been introduced by Spain, which was 
the  first  country  in  Europe  to  adopt  a  national  obligation  for  buildings  to  take  measures  on  energy 
efficiency  and  on  the  minimum  use  of  solar  energy  (solar  thermal  or  PV)  in  new  buildings  or  in 
buildings being remodelled. An obligation of a minimum contribution of PV to total electricity supply 
for new buildings in the tertiary sector with a surface area above a specific number of m² exists. 

EN 

15 

   EN 

 
                                                 
The term "small-scale hydro" refers normally to hydro power plants with a capacity of up to 
10 MW. In other regions of the world, the power threshold that divides “large” and “small” 
hydraulic plants can be very different. For example, all installations of less than 50 MW come 
under the heading of small hydraulic in China. This renewable energy source is characterised 
by considerably differing potentials and electricity generation costs throughout Europe. 

Small-scale hydro capacity grew annually by 3.8 % on average during the last four years in 
the EU-25. The main reasons for the slow development are in particular exploited potentials 
and high administrative barriers (e.g. environmental permits). As compared to the situation in 
the  EU-15,  the  Member  States  that  acceded  to  the  EU  in  May  2004  have  shown  a  more 
dynamic development of this sector, mainly due to the development in Slovenia and Poland. 
The EU-10 showed higher growth rates of almost 8 % between 2000 and 2004.  

12.000

10.000

8.000

6.000

4.000

2.000

0

]

W
M

[

y
t
i
c
a
p
a
c

o
r
d
y
h

l

e
a
c
s
-
l
l

a
m
s

d
e

l
l

a
t
s
n
I

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 9 : Historical development of installed small-scale hydro capacity  
in the EU-25 Member States from 1990 to 200430. 

EE
HU
SK
LT
LA
SI
PL
CZ
LU
IE
NL
DK
GR
BE
UK
PT
FI
AT
SE
DE
ES
FR
IT

4.5. 

Geothermal energy 

Worldwide,  the  geothermal  sector  is  currently the fourth largest electrical power production 
sector  using  renewable  energy  sources,  ranked  behind  hydraulic  power,  biomass  and  wind 
power. At the end of the year 2004, it represented 8911 MW worldwide installed. Europe has 
9 % of worldwide geothermal capacity.  

However, the large geothermal uses in Europe are not in the electricity sector but in heating 
use  with  a  large  majority  being  exploited  in  the  building  sector  through  geothermal  heat 
pumps31. 

In  the  EU,  electricity  production  from  geothermal  sources  is  currently  mainly  used  in  Italy, 
Portugal (Azores) and France. The undisputed European leader is Italy, with a total installed 
capacity of 790 MWe, which is over 95% of all installed capacity in the EU-25. Apart from 

30 
31 

Source: Eurostat. 
In Europe, geothermal capacity is 6,589.8 MWth (including 4,531 MWth of heat pumps). 

EN 

16 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
these  leading  countries,  new  developments  can  be  observed  in  Austria  and  Germany  with 
binary cycle technology producing electricity and heat at the same time.  

The  heat  pump  industry  is  by  far  the  most  dynamic  of  the  geothermal  sectors  but  the  heat 
applications  are  beyond  the  scope  of  this  Commission  report.  The  evolution  of  geothermal 
electricity would considerably depend on the possibilities of producing heat and electricity at 
the same time.  

]

h
W
G

[

l

t

a
m
r
e
h
o
e
g
m
o
r
f

y
t
i
c
i
r
t
c
e
E

l

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0

AT

DE

FR

PT

IT

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Figure 10 : Historical development of electricity generation from geothermal sources 
 in the EU-25 Member States from 1990 to 200432. 

5. 

LEGAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DIRECTIVE 

The Directive, with its objective of increasing the contribution of renewable energy sources to 
electricity  production,  covers  four  main  areas:  setting  of  national  indicative  targets  for  the 
consumption  of  electricity  from  renewable  energy  sources;  streamlining  administrative 
procedures  for  new  RES  producers;  ensuring  fair  treatment  for  RES  producers  seeking 
connection to the national electricity grid; and establishing mutually recognised guarantees of 
origin  for  electricity  from  renewable  energy  sources.  In  addition,  Member  States  and  the 
Commission are required to report on progress towards achieving the national indicative and 
overall EU target for the share of renewable electricity consumption. 

Article 3(1) allows the Commission to control whether Member States have taken appropriate 
steps to achieve their national indicative targets33.  

All Member States have formally transposed the Directive, which implies that Member States 
have,  as  a  minimum,  put  in  place  primary  legislation  covering  the  main  provisions  of  the 
Directive.  In  several  Member  States  a  complete  transposition  also  requires  secondary 
legislation.  

32 
33 

Source: Eurostat. 
"Member States shall take appropriated steps to encourage greater consumption of electricity produced 
from renewable energy sources[…] These steps must be in proportion to the objective to be attained". 

EN 

17 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
The  degree  of  correct  transposition  and  implementation  of  the  Directive  varies  between 
Member  States.  The  Commission  has  initiated  infringement  proceedings  against  Austria, 
Cyprus, Greece, Ireland, Italy and Latvia. The main basis for these infringement proceedings 
is summarised in the following table: 

Requirements 

Reasons for infringement proceedings 

Article 9 – General transposition- Laws, 
regulations and administrative provisions. 

Incomplete transposition due to lack of 
secondary legislation 

Article 3 – Target setting and appropriate 
measures to increase share of renewable 
electricity 

Article 5 – Guarantee of Origin 

Article 6 – Administrative procedures 

Article 7 – Grid access conditions 

Lack of commitment concerning target  

A system of guarantees of origin has not been 
fully implemented  

Complex, non-transparent and/or 
discriminatory authorisation procedures for 
issuing licences for building and operating 
renewable electricity plants. 

Opaque and discriminatory conditions 
regarding access to grid and regarding rules 
for cost sharing/bearing of various grid 
investment (connection, extension and 
reinforcement) costs. 

Infringement proceedings concerning Directive 2001/77/EC are initiated either on the basis of 
complaints  received  by  the  Commission,  or  by  the  Commission  on  the  basis  of  the  reports 
from  Member  States  or  other  information  concerning  renewable  electricity  developments 
made available to the Commission services. 

6. 

CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE ACTIONS 

A  trend  now  emerging  across  the  European  Union  is  an  increasing  awareness  of  the  three 
main  drivers  of  renewable  energy:  sustainability,  competitiveness  and  security  of  supply34. 
The  industry  has  historically  been  driven  by  “top  down”  incentives  such  as  subsidies  and 
fiscal  measures  that  are  designed  to  achieve  macro-economic  and  environmental  objectives. 
However,  renewable  energy  demand  is  becoming  an  increasingly  important  “bottom  up” 
driver for the industry. Rising power prices are forcing consumers to consider different power 
procurement strategies. Energy demand would continue to rise if energy efficiency measures 
are  not  actively  implemented.  Electricity  costs  increased  on  average  by  40%  between  2004 
and 2005 with commercial and industrial consumers hit the hardest. 

34 

Communication  from  the  Commission  A  European  Strategy  for  sustainable,  competitive  and  secure 
energy - COM(2006) 105, 8.3.2005. 

EN 

18 

   EN 

 
                                                 
Renewable energy producers have become important players on the electricity markets. There 
is  a  need  for  the  proper  integration  of  renewable  energies  in  the  electricity  internal  market. 
The principle of third party access is fundamental to allow investments in renewable energies 
to  feed  into  the  grid  and  to  attract  new  investors  to  the  market.  The  operation  and  the 
investment  in  renewables  based  generation  are  more  efficient  when  renewable  energies  are 
exposed  to  market  price  signals.  The  internal  market  allows  pooling  of  generation  thus 
providing  efficiency  gains  for  both  large  scale  and  small  scale  renewable  production.  Cross 
border trade allows electricity to be sold from an area with a surplus to a wide customer base, 
or electricity to be imported from a greater distance. This is particularly important for areas 
with a high density of wind generation. 

Renewable  energies  can  also  provide  a  hedge  against  electricity  market  volatility.  Europe 
cannot afford to fail on its renewable energy policy.  

Some  Member  States  –  Denmark,  Germany,  Spain,  Ireland,  Hungary,  Netherlands  and 
Luxembourg – seems to meet the targets they have accepted under the directive. It is mainly 
due to the efforts of these few countries that the EU may at best achieve a share of 19% of 
renewable electricity in 2010. Other Member States may achieve their national targets if they 
strengthen their policies. But a significant number of Member States display decreasing shares 
of renewable electricity production. 

Wind  energy  is  a  clear  success  with  strong  European  growth  and  a  growing  global  market. 
Biomass – the sleeping giant – is starting to wake up, and biogas and co-firing sources have 
also  increased  in  the  last  two  years.  With  the  current  policies  in  place,  the  overall  share  of 
renewable electricity will reach 19% by 2010.  

Coming this close to achieving the target can be considered a partial success, although there is 
still  significant  scope  for  improvements.  The  Commission  wants  to  continue  the  effort  to 
achieve a sustainable trend in electricity, and recommends the following actions. 

Eight main areas of action on renewable electricity must be immediately developed: 

Member  States  must  correctly  and  fully  implement  the  Directive  on  renewable 

1 
electricity.  

Immediate  lifting  of  administrative  barriers,  unfair  grid  access  and  complex 

2. 
procedures is necessary. 

Optimisation of the support schemes as defined in COM(2005) 675 must occur. The 
3. 
Commission  will  re-examine,  in  2007,  the  situation  concerning  Member  States´  support 
systems  for  renewable  energies  with  a  view  to  assessing  their  performance  and  the  need  to 
propose  harmonised  support  schemes  for  renewables  in  the  context  of  the  EU  internal 
electricity market. While national schemes may still be needed for a transitional period until 
the internal market is fully operational, harmonised support schemes should be the long term 
objective. 

To  wake  up  the  biomass  sector  through  the  actions  in  the  Biomass  Action  Plan. 

4. 
Special attention shall be given to increasing of the use of biomass for CHP. 

EN 

19 

   EN 

 
5. 
Credibility  in  the  long  term:  the  Commission  will  propose  in  2007  a  new  legal 
framework for the promotion of renewable energy sources as set out in the Renewable Energy 
Roadmap. 

The  Commission  will  continue  to  co-operate  closely  with  grid  authorities,  European 
6. 
electricity  regulators  and  the  renewables  industry  to  enable  better  integration  of  renewable 
energy  sources  into  the  power  grid  and  will  pay  particular  attention  to  the  special 
requirements related to much larger deployment of off-shore wind energy, notably as regards 
cross-border  grid  connections.  Opportunities  provided  by  the  TEN-E  scheme  should  be 
examined. Work should begin on a European offshore super-grid. 

7. 
The  internal  electricity  market  shall  be  developed  in  a  manner  consistent  with  the 
development  of  renewable  energies.  Liberalisation,  in  particular  concerning  transparency, 
unbundling  and  higher  inter-connectors  capacity,  also  offers  the  opportunity  for  new 
innovative players to enter the market.  

8. 
Renewable  energies  should  be  speedily  integrated  into  the  Lisbon  strategy  of  the 
European Union through the competitiveness and innovation programme (CIP), regional and 
cohesion funds, rural development and reinforced RTD in the period 2007-2013. 

EN 

20 

   EN 

 
ANNEX35 

Assessment of Member States' progress towards the 2010 target (%) 

Reference 
year (1997 
or 2000) 

Achieved 
penetration 
2004/2005 

Normalised 
penetration 
2004/2005 

Objective by 
2010 

Classification 

Denmark 

Germany 

Hungary 

Finland 

Ireland 

Luxembourg 

Spain 

Sweden 

The Netherlands 

Czech Republic 

Lithuania 

Poland 

Slovenia 

United Kingdom 

Belgium 

Greece 

Portugal 

Austria 

Cyprus 

Estonia 

France 

Italy 

Latvia 

8.7 

4.5 

0.7 

25.8 (2005)

27.3 (2005)

10.4 (2005)

10.8 (2005)

4.4 (2005)

4.0(2005)

24.7 

25.0 (2005)

25.4(2005)

3.6 

2.1 

19.9 

49.1 

3.5 

3.8 

3.3 

1.6 

29.9 

1.7 

1.1 

8.6 

6.1(2005)

8.0 (2005)

3.6 (2005)

4.0 (2005)

17.2 (2005)

21.6 (2005)

53.2 (2005)

52.0 (2005)

6.9 (2005)

6.5 (2005)

4.8 (2005)

4.0 (2005)

3.7 (2004)

3.3 (2004)

2.8 (2005)

3.2 (2005)

29.1 (2004)

29.4 (2004)

4.1 (2005)

4.2 (2005)

1.8 (2005)

1.9 (2005)

9.1 (2005)

7.7 (2005)

38.5 

14.8 (2005)

28.8 (2005)

70.0 

54.9 (2005)

57.5 (2005)

0.0 

0.2 

15.0 

16.0 

42.4 

0.0 (2004)

0.0 (2004)

0.7 (2004)

0.7 (2004)

11.0 (2005)

14.2 (2005)

15.3 (2005)

16.0 (2005)

47.1 (2004)

43.9 (2004)

29.0 

12.5 

3.6 

31.5 

13.2 

5.7 

29.4 

55.2 

9.0 

8 

7 

7.5 

33.6 

10.0 

6.0 

20.1 

39.0 

78.1 

6 

5.1 

21.0 

25.0 

49.3 

☺☺ 

☺☺ 

☺☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

☺ 

(cid:46) 

(cid:46) 

(cid:46) 

(cid:46) 

(cid:46) 

(cid:47) 

(cid:47) 

(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

35 

Romania and Bulgaria have set up a target by 2010, maintaining the objective for the enlarged Union at 
21%. Romania has set up a target for passing from 28% to 33% by 2010 and Bulgaria from 6% to 11% 
by  2010.  Next  Commission  report  in  2008  will  consider  the  degree  of  achievement  of  their  national 
targets. 

EN 

21 

   EN 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
                                                 
Malta 

Slovak Republic 

EU-25 

0.0 

17.9 

12.9 

0.0 (2004)

0.0 (2004)

15.4 (2005)

14.9 (2005)

13.7 (2004)

14.5 (2004)

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

(cid:47)(cid:47) 

5 

31 

21.0 

EN 

22 

   EN