Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament - Renewable energy road map - Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future
Date: 2007-01-10
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: energy policy, environmental policy, renewable energy, sustainable development

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 10.1.2007 
COM(2006) 848 final 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 

Renewable Energy Road Map 
Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future 

{SEC(2006) 1719} 
{SEC(2006) 1720} 
{SEC(2007) 12} 

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 

1. 

2. 

2.1. 

2.2. 

2.3. 

2.4. 

3. 

3.1. 

3.2. 

3.3. 

3.4. 

3.5. 

4. 

4.1. 

4.2. 

4.3. 

5. 

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 3 

Current contribution of renewable energy ................................................................... 4 

Electricity ..................................................................................................................... 6 

Biofuels ........................................................................................................................ 7 

Heating and cooling ..................................................................................................... 8 

Overall progress towards reaching the targets for renewable energy .......................... 8 

The way forward .......................................................................................................... 9 

The principles............................................................................................................... 9 

An overall EU target .................................................................................................... 9 

A target for biofuels ................................................................................................... 10 

National targets and Action Plans; putting policy into practice................................. 10 

Promotional policies and flanking measures.............................................................. 12 

Assessment of the impact of achieving the target for renewables. ............................ 14 

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts.................... 14 

Security of energy supply........................................................................................... 14 

Cost and competitiveness........................................................................................... 15 

Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 18 

ANNEX.................................................................................................................................... 19 

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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE 
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 

Renewable Energy Road Map 
Renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future 

1. 

INTRODUCTION 

The EU and the world are at a cross-roads concerning the future of energy. Climate change, 
increasing dependence on oil and other fossil fuels, growing imports, and rising energy costs 
are  making  our  societies  and  economies  vulnerable.  These  challenges  call  for  a 
comprehensive and ambitious response.  

In the complex picture of energy policy, the renewable energy sector is the one energy sector 
which stands out in terms of ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution, exploit 
local and decentralised energy sources, and stimulate world-class high-tech industries.  

The EU has compelling reasons for setting up an enabling framework to promote renewables. 
They  are  largely  indigenous,  they  do  not  rely  on  uncertain  projections  on  the  future 
availability  of  fuels,  and  their  predominantly  decentralised  nature  makes  our  societies  less 
vulnerable.  It  is  thus  undisputed  that  renewable  energies  constitute  a  key  element  of  a 
sustainable future.  

The  European  Council  of  March  20061  called  for  EU  leadership  on  renewable  energies  and 
asked the Commission to produce an analysis on how further to promote renewable energies 
over the long term, for example by raising their share of gross inland consumption to 15% by 
2015. The European Parliament has by an overwhelming majority called for a 25 % target for 
renewable energies in the EU's overall energy consumption by 20202. 

This  Road  Map,  an  integral  part  of  the  Strategic  European  Energy  Review,  sets  out  a  long-
term  vision  for  renewable  energy  sources  in  the  EU.  It  proposes  that  the  EU  establish  a 
mandatory  (legally  binding)  target  of  20%  for  renewable  energy's  share  of  energy 
consumption in the EU by 2020, explains why it is necessary, and lays down a pathway for 
mainstreaming  renewables  into  EU  energy  policies  and  markets.  It  further  proposes  a  new 
legislative  framework  for  the  promotion  and  the  use  of  renewable  energy  in  the  European 
Union.  In  doing  so,  it  will  provide  the  business  community  with  the  long  term  stability  it 
needs to make rational investment decisions in the renewable energy sector so as to put the 
European Union on track towards a cleaner, more secure and more competitive energy future. 

The objectives set out can only be achieved by significantly increasing the contribution from 
renewable energy sources in all Member States in electricity and transport and in the heating 
and  cooling  sector.  The  challenge  is  huge,  but  the  proposed  target  can  be  achieved  with 
determined  and  concerted  efforts  at  all  levels  of  government  assuming  the  energy  industry 
plays its full part in the undertaking. 

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2 

Council Document 7775/1/06 REV10. 
European Parliament resolution of 14 December 2006. 

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Reaching  the  target  will  generate  major  greenhouse  gas  emissions  savings,  reduce  annual 
fossil fuel consumption by over 250 Mtoe by 2020, of which approximately 200 Mtoe would 
have been imported, and spur new technologies and European industries. These benefits will 
come at an additional cost of between €10-18 billion per year3, on average between 2005 and 
2020, depending on energy prices. With a conducive regulatory framework, heavy investment 
has been made in the past in conventional energy sources, notably coal and nuclear energy. 
The time has now come to do the same for renewable energy sources. 

Pursuing  an  ambitious  Energy  Policy  for  Europe,  including  a  more  vigorous  and  ambitious 
promotion of renewable energy sources, will require changes in policy. It will entail action at 
all policy and decision making levels. This Road Map sets out a framework for such action.  

2. 

CURRENT CONTRIBUTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY  

In 1997, the European Union started working towards a target of a 12% share of renewable 
energy in gross inland consumption by 20104 representing a doubling of the contribution from 
renewable energies compared with 1997. Since then, renewable energies have increased their 
contribution by 55% in absolute energy terms5.  

In spite of this progress, current projections indicate that the 12% target will not be met. The 
EU looks unlikely to reach a contribution from renewable energy sources exceeding 10% by 
2010. The current contribution from renewable energy in each Member State is set out in the 
Annex. 

There are several reasons for this. Even though the cost of most renewable energy sources is 
declining  -  in  some  cases  quite  dramatically  -  at  the  current  stage  of  energy  market 
development  renewable  sources  will  often  not  be  the  short  term  least  cost  options6.  In 
particular,  the  failure  to  systematically  include  external  costs  in  market  prices  gives  an 
economically unjustified advantage to fossil fuels compared with renewables. 

There  are  other  important  reasons  why  the  EU  will  not  meet  its  objectives  for  renewable 
energy.  The  complexity,  novelty  and  decentralised  nature  of  most  renewable  energy 
applications  result  in  numerous  administrative  problems.  These  include  unclear  and 
discouraging  authorisation  procedures  for  planning,  building  and  operating  systems, 
differences  in  standards  and  certification  and  incompatible  testing  regimes  for  renewable 
energy  technologies.  There  are  also  many  examples  of  opaque  and  discriminating  rules  for 
grid access and a general lack of information at all levels including information for suppliers, 

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The additional costs range between €1.5 billion in 2006 to €26 and €31 billion in 2020 (Green-X model, 
least  cost  and  Balanced  scenario,  2006).  A  more  detailed  analysis  of  the  cost  and  benefits  related  to 
attaining  the  objectives  set  forth  in  this  Road  Map  is  provided  in  the  Commission  Staff  Working 
Document: Renewable Energy Road Map: Impact Assessment – SEC(2006) 1719. 
"Energy  for  the  Future  –  Renewable  Sources  of  Energy.  White  paper  for  a  Community  Strategy  and 
Action Plan" - COM(97) 599. 
From  74.3  Mtoe  by  1995  up  to  114.8  Mtoe  of  primary  energy  by  2005.  For  a  detailed  account  of 
progress made in the use of renewable energy in the electricity and in the biofuels sectors, please see 
Communication from the Commission on the report on progress in renewable electricity - COM(2006) 
849 - and report on the progress made in the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels in the Member 
States of the European Union - COM(2006) 845. 
See Section 4.3 for details. 

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customers  and  installers.  All  of  these  factors  have  contributed  to  inadequate  growth  in  the 
renewable energies sector. 

The development recorded so far is made up of generally patchy and highly uneven progress 
across the EU, highlighting that national policies have been inadequate for achieving the EU 
target.  While  ambitious  policies  creating  investor  certainty  have  been  adopted  in  some 
Member States, national policies have proven vulnerable to changing political priorities. The 
absence of legally binding targets for renewable energies at EU level, the relatively weak EU 
regulatory  framework  for  the  use  of  renewables  in  the  transport  sector,  and  the  complete 
absence of a legal framework in the heating and cooling sector, means that progress to a large 
extent is the result of the efforts of a few committed Member States. Only in the electricity 
sector  has  substantial  progress  been  made,  on  the  basis  of  the  Directive  on  renewable 
electricity7  adopted  in  2001,  and  the  targets  set  will  almost  be  met.  The  differences  in  the 
regimes for electricity, biofuels and heating and cooling established at EU level are reflected 
in  the  development  of  the  three  sectors:  clear  growth  in  electricity,  the  recent  start  of  solid 
growth in biofuels, and slow growth rates for heating and cooling (cf. Figure 1). 

The contribution of renewable energy (electricity, transport and 
heat) 1990-2004 (mtoe)

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40

30

20

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RES-H

RES-E (ex hydro, righthand scale)

RES-T (righthand scale)

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

Figure 1: The contribution of renewable energy (electricity, transport and heat) 1990 -2004 (Mtoe) 

As  a  further  explanation,  it  should  be  noted  that  energy  efficiency  has  not  been  as  high  as 
expected  and  that  overall  energy  consumption  therefore  has  been  higher  than  expected.  A 
considerably  bigger  contribution  from  renewable  energy  sources  to  reach  the  12%  target, 
which is expressed as a percentage of overall energy consumption (as opposed to a share of 
overall energy production) is thus required. Also, the fact that the 12% objective is expressed 

7 

Directive 2001/77/EC on the promotion of electricity produced from renewable sources of energy in the 
internal market (OJ L 283, 27.10.2001, p. 33). 

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as a percentage of primary energy, penalises the contribution of wind energy8, a sector which 
has experienced by far the most significant growth during the period in question. 

A more detailed account of the situation in the various sectors is set out below. 

2.1. 

Electricity 

In accordance with Directive 2001/77/EC, all Member States have adopted national targets for 
the  proportion  of  electricity  consumption  from  renewable  energy  sources.  If  all  Member 
States achieve their national targets, 21% of overall electricity consumption in the EU will be 
produced from renewable energy sources by 2010.  

With  current  policies  and  efforts  in  place,  and  unless  current  trends  change,  the  European 
Union will probably  achieve  a  figure  of 19% by 2010. While this can only be considered a 
partial  success,  the  European  Union  will  nonetheless  come  close  to  its  target  for  renewable 
electricity  by  2010.  Since  the  last  Commission  report  two  years  ago9,  renewable  electricity 
(non-hydro) has increased by 50%. 

150

120

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60

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Wind off-shore

Wind on-shore

Photovoltaics

Geothermal electricity

Biowaste

Solid biomass

Biogas

1991

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1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

Figure 2: Non-hydro renewable electricity generation in EU-25 (1990-2005) 

Nine Member States10 are now fully on track to reach their target, with some of them reaching 
the target early. Wind energy, in particular, has made good progress and has broken through 
the  target  of  40  GW  by  201011  five  years  ahead  of  schedule.  Biomass  electricity  has  gone 
from a yearly growth rate of 7% in previous years to 13% in 2003 and 23% in 2005. Biomass 
in 2005 contributed 70 TWh, which means a saving of 35 Mt of CO2 and 14.5 Mtoe less fossil 
fuel consumption.  

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11 

When the target was established in 1997 it was expected that a much smaller proportion of it would be 
realised by the contribution of wind compared to biomass. As biomass is a thermal process and wind is 
not, one unit of final energy produced from biomass counts 2.4 times more than one unit of final energy 
produced from wind and counted in primary energy. 
“The share of renewable energies in the EU” - COM(2004) 366. 
Denmark, Germany, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Luxembourg, Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands. 
This 40GW target was set in the Commission's White Paper on Renewable Energy in 1996 - COM(97) 
599. The European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) has now adjusted the target upward and has set a 
target of 75 GW for 2010. 

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Notwithstanding the progress made, this is not the time for self-congratulations. The majority 
of Member States are still significantly lagging behind in their efforts to achieve the agreed 
targets12. Much more needs to be done. 

2.2. 

Biofuels  

Biofuels are the only available large scale substitute for petrol and diesel in transport. Given 
the precarious security of supply situation for oil (and thus for the transport sector), in 2003 
the EU adopted the biofuels directive (2003/30/EC), with the objective of boosting both the 
production and consumption of biofuels in the EU. Since then the Commission has set out a 
comprehensive strategy for developing the biofuels sector13. 

The biofuels directive established a reference value of a 2% share for biofuels in petrol and 
diesel consumptions in 2005 and 5.75% in 2010. This should be compared to their share of 
0.5%  in  2003.  The  indicative  targets  set  by  Member  States  for  2005  were  less  ambitious, 
equating to an EU share of 1.4%. The share achieved was even lower, at 1%. Progress was 
uneven,  with  only  three  Member  States14  reaching  a  share  of  more  than  1%.  One  Member 
State, Germany, accounted for two thirds of total EU consumption.  

In  addition  to  the  cost  factor,  there  are  three  main  reasons  for  the  slow  progress.  First, 
appropriate support systems were not in place in most Member States. Second, fuel suppliers 
have  been  reluctant  to  use  bioethanol  (which  accounted  for  only  20%  of  total  biofuel 
consumption) because they already have an excess of petrol, and the blending of bioethanol 
with  petrol  makes  this  worse.  Third,  the  EU  regulatory  framework  for  biofuels  is 
underdeveloped,  particularly  in  relation  to  the  need  for  Member  States  to  translate  their 
objectives into action.  

Member  States  are  due  to  adopt  national  indicative  targets  for  2010  in  2007.  Some  have 
already done so. Most of these have followed the reference value set in the directive (a 5.75% 
share).  Nevertheless,  taking  into  account  the  disparities  between  the  targets  that  Member 
States announced for 2005 and the low shares that many achieved, the 2010 target is unlikely 
to be achieved with present policies.  

From  a  trade  perspective,  the  EU  maintains  significant  import  protection  on  some  types  of 
biofuels, notably ethanol which has a tariff protection level of around 45% ad valorem. Import 
duties on other biofuels - biodiesel and vegetable oils - are much lower (between 0 and 5%).15 
If it would appear that supply of sustainable biofuels to the EU is constrained, the EU should 
be  ready  to  examine  whether  further  market  access  would  be  an  option  to  help  the 
development of the market. 

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The  Commission  has  initiated  infringement  proceedings  against  six  Member  States  for  not  fulfilling 
their obligations under the renewable electricity Directive. 
An EU Strategy for Biofuels - COM(2006) 34, 8.2.2006. 
Germany, France and Sweden. 
It  is  at  this  stage  unclear  whether  any  worldwide  liberalisation  will  take  place  in  the  near  future  that 
would reduce this protection, due to the uncertainties surrounding the World Trade Organisation Doha 
Round.  Free  Trade  Area  negotiations  are  ongoing  in  parallel,  inter  alia  with  Mercosur,  where  the 
question  of  increased  access  to  our  markets  for  certain  competitive  ethanol  producers  is  under 
negotiation.  ACP  (Africa,  Caribbean  and  Pacific)  and  least  developed  countries  as  well  as  countries 
benefiting  from  the  EU's  "GSP+"  schemes  (Generalised  system  of  preferences)  have  unlimited  duty-
free access to the European market already. 

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In any event, the key EU trade policy challenge is to find ways to promote those international 
exports of biofuels that unambiguously contribute to greenhouse gas reduction and avoid rain 
forest  destruction.  In  this  respect,  complementing  the  incentive/support  system  described  in 
Section  3.5  below,  certification schemes  elaborated  together  with exporting trading partners 
or producers could be a way forward. But this requires further study and discussion. 

2.3. 

Heating and cooling  

The  heating  and  cooling  sector  accounts  for  approximately  50%  of  overall  EU  final  energy 
consumption  and  offers  a  largely  cost-effective  potential  for  using  renewable  energies, 
notably  biomass,  solar  and  geothermal  energy.  However,  with  renewables  today  accounting 
for less than 10% of the energy consumed for heating and cooling purposes, this potential is 
far from being exploited.  

The Community has not so far adopted any legislation to promote heating and cooling from 
renewable sources. However, the 12% overall target for renewable energy sources set in 1997 
created an implicit target for heating and cooling of an increase from approximately 40 Mtoe 
in 1997 to 80 Mtoe in 201016. Whilst the directive on the promotion of cogeneration (the CHP 
Directive17) and the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive18 promote efficient heating, 
renewable  energy  in  heating  has  grown  only  slowly.  Biomass  use  dominates  renewable 
heating  consumption  and  the  bulk  of  this  is  in  domestic  wood  heating.  Little  growth  has 
occurred  in  the  use  of  efficient  wood-burning  stoves  and  boilers,  or  biomass  CHP  (for 
industrial  use),  despite  their  potential  for  reducing  emissions.  Several  European  countries 
have  promoted  other  types  of  renewable  heating,  with  some  success.  Sweden,  Hungary, 
France and Germany make the greatest use of geothermal heat in Europe; Hungary and Italy 
lead with low-energy geothermal applications. Sweden has the largest number of heat pumps. 
Solar  thermal  energy  has  taken  off  in  Germany,  Greece,  Austria  and  Cyprus.  That  said, 
policies  and  practices  vary  widely  across  the  EU.  There  is  no  coordinated  approach,  no 
coherent European market for the technologies, and no consistency of support mechanisms.  

As  a  result  of  the  inertia  in  the  heating  and  cooling  sector,  even  where  some  of  the 
technologies are cost competitive, the lack of an appropriate policy including targets and the 
inability  to  remove  administrative  barriers  and  provide  consumers  with  information  on 
available  technologies  and  inadequate  distribution  channels  very  little  progress  has  been 
achieved in this sector. As a consequence, the contribution that the heating sector should have 
provided towards meeting the 12% overall renewable target in 2010 is insufficient. 

2.4. 

Overall progress towards reaching the targets for renewable energy 

The  12%  target  for  the  contribution  from  renewables  to  overall  EU  energy  consumption  by 
2010  is  unlikely  to  be  met.  Based  on  current  trends,  the  EU  will  not  exceed  10%  by  2010. 
This can only be considered a policy failure and a result of the inability or the unwillingness 
to back political declarations by political and economic incentives. Furthermore, the progress 
that has been achieved is largely due to efforts made by a relatively small number of Member 
States. This is not equitable and risks distorting the functioning of the internal market. 

16 

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18 

Based on the targets for electricity and biofuels, heating would have to contribute 80 Mtoe by 2010 in 
order for the 12% overall renewable energy target to be met. 
Directive 2004/8/EC on the promotion of cogeneration (OJ L52, 21.2.2004, p. 50). 
Directive 2002/91/EC on energy performance of buildings (OJ L1, 4.1.2003, p. 65). 

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The European Union has made most progress in the electricity sector. Here, with policies and 
measures  currently  in  place,  the  European  Union  will  probably  achieve  a  share  of  19%  in 
2010. However, progress has been uneven across the EU, with Member States with a stable 
regulatory framework performing best.  

In  transport  biofuels,  there  has  been  some  progress,  particularly  since  the  adoption  of  the 
Directive, but not enough to reach the targets adopted. In the use of renewable energy sources 
for heating and cooling there has been hardly any progress since the 1990s.  

3. 

THE WAY FORWARD  

For  renewables  to  become  the  "stepping  stone"  to  reaching  the  dual  objective  of  increased 
security of supply and reduced greenhouse gas emissions, it is clear that a change in the way 
in which the EU promotes renewables is needed. Strengthening and expansion of the current 
EU regulatory framework is necessary. It is, in particular, important to ensure that all Member 
States  take  the  necessary  measures  to  increase  the  share  of  renewables  in  their  energy  mix. 
Industry, Member States, the European Council and the European Parliament have all called 
for an increased role for renewable energy sources as stated in the introduction. This section 
explores a possible way forward to achieve this. 

3.1. 

The principles 

On  the  basis  of  the  experience  gained,  a  number  of  key  principles  for  the  future  renewable 
energy  policy  framework  need  to  be  established.  With  a  view  to  significantly  increase  the 
share  of  renewable  energy  sources  in  the  EU's  energy  mix,  the  Commission  considers  that 
such a framework should: 

–  be based on long term mandatory targets and stability of the policy framework, 

–  include increased flexibility in target setting across sectors, 

–  be comprehensive, notably encompassing heating and cooling, 

–  provide  for  continued  efforts  to  remove  unwarranted  barriers  to  renewable  energies 

deployment,  

–  take into consideration environmental and social aspects, 

–  ensure cost-effectiveness of policies, and 

–  be compatible with the internal energy market. 

3.2. 

An overall EU target  

A  policy  on  renewable  energies  is  a  cornerstone  in  the  overall  EU  policy  for  reducing  CO2 
emissions. Since the 1990s the EU has taken various measures aimed at promoting renewable 
energy,  be  it  in  the  shape  of  technology  programmes  or  specific  policy  initiatives.  Policy 
measures  have  been  adopted  in  the  form  of  targets,  either  in  a  political  context  such  as  the 
12% renewables target of 1997, or under sector-specific legislation, such as the biofuels and 
renewable electricity Directives, which also provide a set of measures aimed at facilitating the 
achievement of the targets set. 

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In many sectors of the economy, targets are used to provide clarity and stability to industry, to 
allow  them  to  plan  and  invest  with  a  higher  degree  of  certainty.  Providing  targets  at  the 
European  level  augments  this  stabilising  impact:  EU  policy  generally  has  longer  time 
horizons and avoids the destabilising effects of short term domestic political changes. To be 
effective, targets have to be clearly defined, focussed and mandatory. The "12% renewables" 
target is a good political target, but has proven insufficient to develop the renewable energy 
sector.  

The  Commission  believes  that  an  overall  legally  binding  EU  target  of  20%  of  renewable 
energy  sources  in  gross inland consumption by 2020 is  feasible and  desirable. Such  a share 
would be fully in line with the level of ambition expressed by the European Council and by 
the European Parliament.  

3.3. 

A target for biofuels 

Biofuels cost more than other forms of renewable energy. But they are currently the only form 
of  renewable  energy  which  can  address  the  energy  challenges  of  the  transport  sector, 
including  its  almost  complete  reliance  on  oil  and  the  fact  that  greenhouse  gas  reductions  in 
this sector are particularly difficult to obtain. Therefore the Commission proposes to include, 
in the new framework, legally binding minimum targets for biofuels. A clear indication of the 
future  level  of  these  targets  is  needed  now,  because  manufacturers  will  soon  be  building 
vehicles that will be on the road in 2020 and will need to run on these fuels. 

The minimum target for biofuels for 2020 should, on the basis of conservative assumptions, 
related  to  the  availability  of  sustainably  produced  feedstocks,  car  engine  and  biofuel 
production  technologies,  be  fixed  at  10%19  of  overall  consumption  of  petrol  and  diesel  in 
transport. 

To  ensure  a  smooth  implementation  of  this  target,  the  Commission,  in  parallel,  intends  to 
propose  the  appropriate  modifications  to  the  fuel  quality  directive  (98/70/EC)  including  the 
means of accommodating the share of biofuels. 

3.4. 

National targets and Action Plans; putting policy into practice  

Given  the  largely  national  basis  for  support  measures  in  renewable  energy,  the  overall  EU 
target  will  need  to  be  reflected  in  mandatory  national  targets.  The  contribution  of  each 
Member State to achieving the Union's target will need to take into account different national 
circumstances. Member States should have flexibility to promote the renewable energies most 
suitable  to  their  specific  potential  and  priorities.  The  precise  way  in  which  Member  States 
plan to achieve their targets should be set out in National Action Plans to be notified to the 
Commission. These Action Plans should contain sectoral targets and measures consistent with 
achieving the agreed overall national targets, demonstrating substantial progress compared to 
the  agreed  2010  renewable  energy  targets.  In  implementing  the  national  targets  in  practice, 
Member  States  will  need  to  set  their  own  specific  objectives  for  electricity,  biofuels  and 
heating  and  cooling,  which  would  be  verified  by  the  Commission  to  ensure  that  the  overall 
target is being met.  

19 

The  Impact  Assessment  prepared  for  this  Road  Map  -  SEC(2006)  1719  -  and  the  Commission  Staff 
Working Document accompanying the Biofuels Progress Report - SEC(2006) 1721 - analyse the impact 
of various biofuel shares. The Impact Assessment explains why a 10% share in 2020 is appropriate. 

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Proposals  for  legislation  on  the  overall  target  and  the  minimum  target for biofuels, together 
with  provisions  to  facilitate  a  higher  uptake  of  renewable  energies  in  the  three  sectors, 
including  the  necessary  monitoring  mechanisms  will  be  put  forward  in  2007.  This  process 
should  ensure  that  the  overall  EU  target  is  met  in  a  fair  and  equitable  manner  and  should 
clearly strengthen the existing political and legal framework. 

How do we get there? 

The  share  of  renewable  energy  in  overall  energy  consumption  has  been  growing,  but  too 
slowly.  Having  carefully  examined  the  feasibility  and  the  technical  and  economic  potential 
including variant breakdowns between the renewable energy subsectors, the Commission has 
come to the conclusion that the overall objective of a 20% contribution of renewable energy 
to  the  EU  energy  mix  is  possible  and  necessary.  Meeting  this  target  will  require  a  massive 
growth in all three renewable energy sectors, but it is feasible20. 

Electricity production from renewables could increase from the current 15% to approximately 
34% of overall electricity consumption in 2020. Wind could contribute 12% of EU electricity 
by  2020.  One  third  of  this  will  more  than  likely  come  from  offshore  installations.  This  is 
feasible,  for  example,  currently  18%  of  electricity  consumption  is  covered  by  wind  in 
Denmark.  In  Spain  and  Germany  this  is  8%  and  6%  respectively.  The  biomass  sector  can 
grow significantly using wood, energy crops and bio-waste in power stations. The remaining 
novel  technologies,  i.e.  photovoltaic  (PV),  solar  thermal  power,  wave  &  tidal  power,  will 
grow more rapidly as their costs come down. PV costs, for example, are expected to fall by 
50% by 2020. An illustration of a projection for the electricity sector is set out in the annex. 

To  meet  the  overall  target  in  2020,  the  contribution  from  renewables  in  the  heating  and 
cooling sector could more than double, compared with the current share of 9%. Most of the 
growth  could  come  from  biomass  and  will  involve  more  efficient  household  systems  and 
highly  efficient  biomass-fired  combined  heat  and  power  stations.  The  rest  could  come  from 
geothermal  and  solar  installations.  Sweden  for  example  has  over  185 000  installed 
geothermal heat pumps, half of the total number installed in Europe. If the rest of the Union 
followed  this  rate  of  installation,  geothermal  sources  would  provide  a  further  15  Mtoe  in 
Europe. Similarly, German and Austrian levels of solar heating installations applied across 
the  EU  could  lead  to  a  contribution  of  12  Mtoe.  In  other  words,  a  large  proportion  of  the 
targets can be reached by applying current best practices. An illustration of a projection for 
the heating and cooling sector is set out in the Annex. 

Biofuels  could  contribute  43  Mtoe,  corresponding to  14%  of  the  market  for  transport  fuels. 
The growth would come both from bioethanol (which in Sweden has already achieved a 4% 
share  of  the  petrol  market  and  in  Brazil,  the  world  leader,  more  than  20%)  and  from  bio-
diesel,  which  in  Germany,  the  world  leader,  has already  achieved  a  6%  share  of  the  diesel 
market.  Domestically  grown  cereals  and  tropical  sugar  cane  would  be  the  main  ethanol 
feedstocks,  later  complemented  by  cellulosic  ethanol  from  straw  and  wastes.  Rapeseed  oil, 
both  domestically  grown  and  imported,  would  remain  the  main  biodiesel  feedstock, 
complemented  by  smaller  quantities  of  soy  and  palm  oil  and  later  by  second-generation 
biofuels, i.e. Fischer-Tropsch diesel mostly from farmed wood. 

20 

The impact assessment for this Road Map - SEC(2006) 1719 - provides the details of the different costs, 
feasibility,  sensitivities  and  compares  scenarios  including  different  mixes  of  renewable  energies.  The 
approach followed here, called the "Green-x balanced scenario", is discussed in the Impact Assessment. 

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3.5. 

Promotional policies and flanking measures 

In addition to the legislative measures outlined above and their application by Member States, 
the Commission will take the following action:  

–  propose  strengthening  the  legal  provisions  to  remove  any  unreasonable  barrier  to  the 
integration  of  renewable  energy  sources  in  the  EU  energy  system.  Conditions  for  grid 
connections  and  extensions  must  be  simplified.  Some  Member  States  have  a  panoply  of 
permission procedures to be complied with in order to construct renewable energy systems. 
This  must  be  reduced.  Building  codes  normally  ignore  renewable  energies.  Red  tape  for 
innovative  small  and  medium-sized  enterprises  must  be  eliminated.  To  this  effect,  the 
Commission will continue to stringently apply the Renewable Electricity Directive; 

–  propose legislation to address the barriers to growth in the use of renewable energies in the 
heating  and  cooling  sector  including  administrative  obstacles,  inadequate  distribution 
channels, inappropriate building codes and lack of market information;  

–  take further action to improve the functioning of the internal electricity market considering 
the development of renewable energies. Improved transparency, unbundling, higher inter-
connectors  capacity,  all  improve  the  opportunity  for  new  innovative  renewable  energy 
players to enter the market; 

–  re-examine,  in  2007,  the  situation  concerning  Member  States'  support  systems  for 
renewable  energies  with  a  view  to  assessing  their  performance  and  the  need  to  propose 
harmonising support  schemes  for renewables in the context of the EU internal electricity 
market. While national schemes for renewable energy in electricity may still be needed for 
a  transitional  period  until  the  internal  market  is  fully  operational,  harmonised  support 
schemes should be the long term objective; 

–  promote  a  proposal  for  an  incentive/support  system  for  biofuels  that,  for  instance, 
discourages  the  conversion  of  land  with  high  biodiversity  value  for  the  purpose  of 
cultivating biofuel feedstocks; discourages the use of bad systems for biofuel production; 
and encourages the use of second-generation production processes;  

–  continue  to  promote  the  use  of  renewable  energy  sources  in  public  procurement  for 

fostering clean energies, in particular with regard to transport; 

–  continue  to  pursue  a  balanced  approach  in  ongoing  free  trade  negotiations  with  ethanol-
produced countries/regions, respecting the interests of domestic producers and EU trading 
partners, within the context of rising demand for biofuels; 

–  continue  to  co-operate  closely  with  grid  authorities,  European  electricity  regulators  and 
renewable industry to enable a better integration of renewable energy sources into the 
power  grid,  with  particular  attention  paid  to  the  special  requirements  related  to  much 
larger  deployment  of  off-shore  wind  energy,  notably  as  regards  cross-border  grid 
connections. Opportunities provided by the TEN-E scheme should be examined and work 
on a European offshore super-grid should be initiated; 

–  exploit fully the possibilities offered by the Community’s financial instruments – notably 
the Structural and Cohesion funds, the Rural Development funds, and the financial support 

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made  available  through  the  Community’s  international  co-operation  programmes  to 
support the development of renewable energy sources in the EU and beyond;  

–  continue  to  promote  the  exchange  of  best  practices  on  renewable  energy  sources,  using 
different  information  and  debate  platforms,  such  as  the  existing  Amsterdam  Forum21.  In 
the  context  of  the  Commission  initiative  on  Regions  for  Economic  Change,  the 
Commission will also establish networks of regions and cities to boost the sharing of best 
practices for sustainable energy use; 

–  continue to internalise external costs of conventional fossil energy (inter alia by means of 

energy taxation); 

–  reap all the opportunities offered for renewable energy by the result-oriented actions of the 

forthcoming European Strategic Energy Technology Plan (SET-Plan);  

–  promote the  use  of renewable energy  sources in its external energy policies22 and favour 

opportunities for sustainable development in developing countries; 

–  fully implement the Biomass Action Plan adopted by the Commission in December 200523. 

Biomass offers great potential and major benefits in other Community policies; 

–  continue  to  use  the  Intelligent  Energy  for  Europe  programme  to  help  bridge  the  gap 
between successful demonstration of innovative technologies and effective market entrance 
to achieve mass deployment and to boost large-scale investment across the EU in new and 
best  performing  technologies  and  to  ensure  that  renewable  energy  is  given  the  highest 
priority in the sustained efforts to maximise the use of the EU research and technology 
development  programmes  in  support  of  zero-  or  low  carbon  energy  technologies  whilst 
developing synergies with Member States involved in similar development.  

In  addition  to  these  Commission  initiatives,  it  should  be  underlined  that  Member  States, 
regional and local authorities have to make a significant contribution towards increasing the 
use of renewables. Currently, Member States use various policy tools to promote renewables, 
including feed-in tariffs, premium systems, green certificates, tax exemptions, obligations on 
fuel suppliers, public procurement policy and research technology and development. To make 
progress towards the proposed new targets, Member States will have to make further use of 
the range of policy instruments at their disposal, in compliance with the provisions of the EC 
Treaty. 

Member States and/or local and regional authorities are in particular called upon to:  

–  ensure  that  authorisation  procedures  are  simple,  rapid  and  fair  with  clear  guidelines  for 
authorisation  including  as  appropriate,  appointing  one-stop  authorisation  agencies 
responsible  for  coordinating  administrative  procedures  related  to  renewable  energy 
sources; 

21 
22 

23 

http://www.senternovem.nl/amsterdamforum/ 
It is noteworthy that actions plans agreed in the context of the European Neighbourhood Policy already 
include actions to this effect. 
COM(2005) 628. 

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–  improve  pre-planning  mechanisms  whereby  regions  and  municipalities  are  required  to 

assign suitable locations for renewable energies; 

–  integrate renewable energies in regional and local plans. 

4. 

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ACHIEVING THE TARGET FOR RENEWABLES 

The impact assessment, which accompanies this Road Map, provides a detailed account of the 
various impacts of the measures set out above and compares the impacts of various alternative 
policy options. 

This section of the Road Map provides a brief overview of the findings. 

4.1. 

Impact on greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental impacts 

The  importance  of  climate  change  has  never  been  greater.  The  Environment  Council  of  10 
March 2005 concluded that "reduction pathways by the group of developed countries in the 
order  of  15-30%  by  2020  compared  to  the  1990  baseline  envisaged  in  the  Kyoto  Protocol 
should be considered." 

Greenhouse  gas  emissions,  including  CO2  emissions,  from  renewable  energy  sources  are 
either low or zero. Increasing the share of renewables in the EU fuel mix will therefore result 
in significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions. The additional renewable energy deployment 
needed to achieve the 20% target will reduce annual CO2 emissions in a range of 600-900 Mt 
in 202024. Considering a CO2-price of 25 €/per tonne25, the additional total CO2 benefit can be 
calculated  at  a  range  of  €150-€200  billion.  Actual  CO2  prices  will  depend  on  the  future 
international climate  regime.  The  breakdown of the CO2  emissions avoided is set out in the 
annex. 

Replacing  fossil  fuels  also  has  generally  positive  air  quality  benefits.  These  are  especially 
positive in the electricity sector. 

4.2. 

Security of energy supply 

Renewable  energy  contributes  to  security  of  supply  by  increasing  the  share  of  domestically 
produced  energy,  diversifying  the  fuel  mix,  diversifying  the  sources  of  energy  imports  and 
increasing  the  proportion  of  energy  obtained  from  politically  stable  regions.  The  EU  will 
strengthen its position on all these measures of security of supply if it achieves the proposed 
share  of  renewable  energy.  Benefits  are  seen  in  all  sectors  and  are  particularly  marked  in 
transport. One way to sum up the benefits is to look at the quantity of fossil fuels displaced by 
renewable  energies.  Assuming  the  EU  achieved  20%  deployment  of  renewables,  the  annual 
reduction  in  fossil  fuel  demand  can  be  calculated to be  252 Mtoe  from  2020  onwards. This 
figure  is  equivalent  to  the  total  combined  energy  consumption  of  the  UK,  Latvia  and 
Lithuania. About 200 Mtoe of this saving would come from imports, including 55 Mtoe of oil 
and 90 Mtoe of gas, predominantly from the Middle East and CIS countries.  

24 

25 

Source:  Green-X  model,  balance  scenario  and  Energy  Economics  Group,  Fraunhofer  ISI,  Ecofys  and 
PRIMES  model.  See  Commission  Staff  Working  Document:  Renewable  Energy  Road  Map:  Impact 
Assessment – SEC(2006) 1719. 
Actual  market  prices  (for  2006  EU  Allowances)  have  fluctuated  between  7  and  30  €/t  in  the  period 
January-July 2006, with averages fluctuating roughly between 15 and 20 €/t. 

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4.3. 

Cost and competitiveness 

In  contrast  to  conventional  energy  sources,  there  has  been  a  continued  and  significant 
reduction in the cost for renewables over the last 20 years. As an example, the cost of wind 
energy per kWh has fallen by 50% over the last 15 years while at the same time the size of the 
turbines has increased by a factor of 10. Solar photovoltaic systems today are more than 60% 
cheaper than they were in 1990. 

Despite  this,  as  stated  in  Section  2,  the  cost  of  renewable  energies  varies  significantly 
according to the resource base and the technologies concerned, but generally still exceeds that 
of conventional energy sources at present. This is illustrated in the graph below. 

Figure 3: Average heating, transport and electricity cost (€/MWh)26 

Energy market price signals remain distorted in favour of non-renewable energy sources27, in 
particular  due  to  the  continued  failure  to  systematically  internalise  external  costs.  Although 
external  costs  are  partially  internalised  through  the  EU's  Emission  Trading  System,  fiscal 
instruments  or  support  frameworks  for  renewable  energy  sources,  current  market  prices  are 
still  far  from  reflecting  true  cost.  Figure  528  below  illustrates  how  many  renewable  energy 
technologies  would  be  more  able  to  compete  with  conventional  fuels  if  external  costs  were 
reflected in prices.  

26 

27 
28 

This  graph  as  well  as  Figure  5  is  based  on  Green-X  costs  (for  heating  and  electricity)  and  the 
JRC/EUCAR/Concawe well to wheel study (for transport). 
COM(2006) 851. 
Same source as Figure 4 with external cost from Extern-E study for the European Commission. 

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Figure 4: Average heating, transport and electricity cost including external cost (€/MWh) 

Reaching the target for renewable energy in the EU by 2020 will entail additional cost. The 
size of this will depend on the finance mix, the technology choices made and the degree of 
competition in the sector. Above all, however, the cost will depend on international prices for 
conventional  energy  sources,  notably  oil.  The  annual  additional  cost  of  increasing  the 
contribution  of  renewables  to  the  proposed  share  by  2020  is  defined  as  the  total  costs  of 
generation  of  renewable  minus  the  reference  cost  of  conventional  energy  production.  A 
balanced  mix  of  renewable  technologies,  combined  with  low  international  oil  prices  ($48), 
will result in an additional average annual cost of achieving the proposed share of renewable 
energy of approximately €18 billion29. Strong research and development efforts will certainly 
lower the costs of renewable energies and thus the overall cost of this policy. The exact choice 
of the technologies30 could reduce this average cost by approximately €2 billion per year.  

How much will society pay for a 20% share of renewable energies?  

The cost of accelerated growth of renewable energy cited above should be seen in the context 
of projected total  energy infrastructure investments before 2030, estimated at more than $2 
trillion. Some of this  will  be financed  from profits, some from taxes, and some  must  clearly 
come from consumers, i.e. from higher energy bills.  

It is important to note, that the main factor influencing the cost of a renewable portfolio is oil 
price. Under a scenario with oil prices at $78/barrel by 2020, the additional average annual 

29 

30 

World market oil prices have fluctuated between 55 and 78 $ per barrel (2005 prices). Oil market prices 
and additional costs are throughout this document expressed in €2005. 
The  cost  of  technology  needs  to  be  considered  not  as  a  static  value  but  as  a  dynamic  value.  To 
encourage  technology  diversity  presents  economic  benefits  in  the  long  term.  But  when  referring  to 
renewables,  it  has  to  be  clarified  that  variations  in  costs  are  large:  wind  energy  is  in  average  at  65 
€/MWh produced, PV is at 650 €/MWh. The cost of biomass technologies vary between 20 €/MWh and 
180 €/MWh. 

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cost would fall to €10.6 billion 31. By comparison, the EU's total energy bill is expected to be 
about €350 billion that year. 

Bearing  in  mind  the  significant  greenhouse  gas  savings  that  will  occur  as  a  direct 
consequence  of  an  accelerated  fuel  switch  from  fossil  fuels  to  renewable  energies32,  carbon 
prices of €25 per tonne combined with high oil prices (78$) would almost entirely cover the 
additional cost associated with reaching the proposed share of renewable energy.  

Marginal costs of renewable energies are often low compared to conventional energy sources, 
and therefore a gradual increase in renewable energies in the wholesale electricity market will 
reduce  the  wholesale  market  prices  of  electricity33.  The  net  effect  on  power  costs  to 
consumers is thus constituted of two counteracting effects. For the electricity sector, based on 
the  assumption  of  a  reference  spot  price  of  €48.6  per  MWh  for  electricity,  consumer 
electricity prices could be 5% higher due to the extra investment in renewable energy.  

Whether  or  not  energy  efficiency  measures  are  applied  is  also  of  key  importance  and  the 
range  cited  above  assumes  energy  efficiency  policies.  Without  these,  the  average  annual 
additional  cost  would  increase  by  more  than  €7  billion  annually.  Full  details  of  the  cost 
analysis can be found in the impact assessment report. 

The European Council  in  March  2006 decided to refocus the Lisbon Strategy34 on jobs and 
growth35.  The  renewable  energy  sector  in  the  EU  has  achieved  global  leadership  and  has  a 
turnover of €20 billion and employs 300 000 people36. In order to maintain this role, the EU 
needs  to  continue  to  expand  the  deployment  of  renewable  energy  technologies  in  the  EU. 
Studies vary in their estimates of the GDP impact of increasing the use of renewable energy, 
some suggesting a small increase (of the order of 0.5%), and others a small decrease. Studies 
also  suggest  that  support  for  renewable  energy  will  lead  to  a  small  net  increase  in 
employment.  Much  of  the  economic  activity  generated  by  support  for  renewable  energy  is 
located in agricultural areas, often in peripheral regions.  

Further  business  opportunities  will  arise  from  the  export  of  renewable  energy  technology. 
Traditionally the EU wind industry has held a position as the global market leader. It currently 
holds  a  60%  world  market  share.  Other  renewable  technologies  are  currently  experiencing 
spectacular growth, for example, solar thermal appliances, for which the Chinese market has 
taken off and currently accounts for more than 50% of global solar thermal installations. Of 
the employment created in Germany by the wind energy sector – evaluated at 60 000 full time 
jobs –half is due to the export market.  

With a strong renewable energy strategy the EU would be well placed to maintain its leading 
role  in  renewable  energy  research,  and  would  benefit  from  increased  opportunities  for 
renewable energy technology exports. 

31 
32 
33 

34 

35 
36 

This will correspond to approximately €20 annually per European citizen.  
Meeting the proposed target is estimated to lead to annual average greenhouse gas reductions of 419Mt 
"Beeinflussung  der  Spotmarktpreise  durch  Windstromerzengung".  Neurbarth  et  all,  2006.  "On  the 
impact  of  renewable  energy  support  schemes  on  power  prices"  S.Bode,  Hamburg  Institute  of 
International Economics (HWWI), 2006. 
The European Council of Lisbon of March 2000 agreed in its Conclusions on a “new strategic goal for 
the next decade: to become the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world, 
capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs and greater social cohesion”. 
Presidency Conclusions of the European Council of 24 March 2006. 
European Renewable Energy Council “Renewable Energy Targets for Europe: 20% by 2020”. 

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5. 

CONCLUSION 

With this Road Map the Commission sets out an important part of its strategic vision for the 
energy future of Europe. It seeks to significantly accelerate the growth in renewable energy, 
and  proposes  that  the  EU  achieve  a  contribution  of  20%  of  its  energy  mix  from  renewable 
energy  sources  by  2020.  The  Commission  requests  the  Spring  Council  and  the  European 
Parliament  to  endorse  this  target.  This  will  require  a  substantial  strengthening  of  the  EU 
regulatory framework. Most importantly, the Commission is convinced that a legally binding 
target  for  the  overall  contribution  of  renewables  to  the  EU's  energy  mix  plus  mandatory 
minimum targets for biofuels are now called for. This policy will be a major step along the 
road to sustainability.  

Reaching  this  target  is  technically  and  economically  feasible.  Additional  average  costs 
compared  to  conventional  supply  options  will  depend  on  future  innovation  rates  and 
conventional  energy  prices  and  would  range  between  €10.6  to  €18  billion  per  year.  The 
additional renewable energy deployment needed to achieve the 20% target will reduce annual 
CO2  emission  by  approximately  700  Mt  in  2020.  The  value  of  this  significant  reduction  in 
greenhouse  gas  emissions  would  nearly  cover  the  total  additional  cost  under  high  energy 
prices.  At  the  same  time  the  EU  will  strengthen  its  position  on  security  of  supply  reducing 
fossil fuel demand by over 250 Mtoe in 2020. Until this new legislation enters into force, the 
current  legislative  framework,  notably  for  electricity  and  biofuels,  will  be  vigorously 
enforced. 

No-one can predict oil prices or gas prices over a 20 years period, but it would be imprudent 
not  to  start  investing  to  reduce  the  uncertainties  of  the  EU's  energy  future.  To  put  the 
principles  and  proposals  set  out  in  this  Road  Map  into  practice,  it  will  be  followed  by 
proposals  for  new  legislation  in  2007.  New  legislation  will  build  on  and  strengthen  the 
existing  legislative  framework  for  the  post  2010  period.  Member  States  should  engage  in  a 
process to share the overall target in a fair and equitable manner, taking into account national 
circumstances and choices, while at the same time indicating the way in which they intend to 
make progress in all three sectors in accordance with the agreed target. 

This policy aims to create a true internal market in which renewable technologies can thrive. 
It  will  provide  the  business  community  with  the  certainty  and  stability  it  needs  to  make  its 
investment decisions while at the same time give Member States the flexibility they need to 
support this policy in line with their national circumstances. 

The Road Map builds on the reputation and the leading role the EU renewable energy industry 
sector holds in the world. The objective is to confirm the EU as a world leader in this sector. 
In view of increased global competition and the fact that other key players are putting in place 
vigorous  promotional  policies  on  renewables,  meeting  this  objective  involves  significant 
challenges  for  Europe.  Failing  to  rise  to  this  challenge,  through  inaction  or  lack  of  vision, 
would  seriously  endanger  our  leadership  in  this  field,  the  importance  of  which  reaches  far 
beyond the energy sector. 

Most  importantly,  this  Road  Map  provides  EU  citizens  with  the  assurance  they  seek  from 
their  policy  makers:  that  the  serious  problems  of  climate  change  and  environmental 
degradation and of security of supply are being given equally serious answers.  

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Renewable  energy  source  share  of  gross  inland  consumption  in  2004  (Source:  Eurostat) 

ANNEX 

40%

35%

30%

25%

20%

15%

10%

5%

0%

/

]
r
a
e
y
h
W
T
[

t
u
p
t
u
o
y
g
r
e
n
e
-

-

E
S
E
R

Geothermal

Biofuels

MSW (biodegradable)

Biogas

Wood and wood wastes

Solar Heat

PV

Wind

Hydro

LV SE FI AT PT DK SI EE LT

IT ES FR GR PL CY SK DE HU CZ

IE NL BE UK LU MT BG RU

Renewables growth: Electricity projections by 2020 

Historical development

Future development

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0

Wind offshore

Wind onshore

Tide & wave

Solar thermal electricity

Photovoltaics

Hydro large-scale

Hydro small-scale

Geothermal electricity

Biowaste

Solid biomass

Biogas

7
9
9
1

8
9
9
1

9
9
9
1

0
0
0
2

1
0
0
2

2
0
0
2

3
0
0
2

4
0
0
2

5
0
0
2

6
0
0
2

7
0
0
2

8
0
0
2

9
0
0
2

0
1
0
2

1
1
0
2

2
1
0
2

3
1
0
2

4
1
0
2

5
1
0
2

6
1
0
2

7
1
0
2

8
1
0
2

9
1
0
2

0
2
0
2

Renewables growth: Heating and cooling projections by 2020 

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19 

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Historical development

Future development

]
r
a
e
y
e
o
t
M

/

[

t
u
p
t
u
o
y
g
r
e
n
e

-

-

H
S
E
R

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

Solar thermal
heat

Geothermal -
heat pumps

Geothermal -
non heat pumps

Biomass heat

7
9
9
1

8
9
9
1

9
9
9
1

0
0
0
2

1
0
0
2

2
0
0
2

3
0
0
2

4
0
0
2

5
0
0
2

6
0
0
2

7
0
0
2

8
0
0
2

9
0
0
2

0
1
0
2

1
1
0
2

2
1
0
2

3
1
0
2

4
1
0
2

5
1
0
2

6
1
0
2

7
1
0
2

8
1
0
2

9
1
0
2

0
2
0
2

Avoided CO2 emissions due to new RES deployment up to 2020 in the EU-25 

s
n
o
i
s
s
i
m
e

2

O
C
d
e
d
o
v
A

i

t
n
a
l
p
S
E
R
w
e
n
o
t

e
u
d
(

)
)
0
2
0
2
o
t

5
0
0
2
(

]
2
O
C

t

M

[

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

RES-T

RES-H - non grid

RES-H - district heat

RES-E&H - CHP

RES-E - pure power

5
0
0
2

6
0
0
2

7
0
0
2

8
0
0
2

9
0
0
2

0
1
0
2

1
1
0
2

2
1
0
2

3
1
0
2

4
1
0
2

5
1
0
2

6
1
0
2

7
1
0
2

8
1
0
2

9
1
0
2

0
2
0
2

EN 

20 

   EN