Regulation No 114 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE). Uniform provisions concerning the approval of: I. An Airbag Module for a Replacement Airbag System; II. A Replacement Steering Wheel equipped with an Airbag Module of an Approved Type; III. A Replacement Airbag System other than that installed in a Steering Wheel.
Date: 2006-12-27
Institutions: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
Subjects: Ecosoc, approval, motor car, safety device, technical regulations, vehicle parts

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Only the original UN/ECE texts have legal effect under international public law. The status and 
date of entry into force of this Regulation should be checked in the latest version of the UN/ECE 
status document TRANS/WP.29/343/Rev.X, available at: 
http://www.unece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29wgs/wp29gen/wp29fdocstts.html. 

Regulation No 114 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the  
United Nations (UN/ECE). 

Uniform provisions concerning the approval of : 
I.  An Airbag Module for a Replacement Airbag System; 
II.  A Replacement Steering Wheel equipped with an Airbag Module of an 

Approved Type; 

III.  A Replacement Airbag System other than that installed in a Steering Wheel. 

1. 

SCOPE 

1.1. 

1.2. 

1.3. 

2. 

2.1. 

2.2. 

2.3. 

2.4. 

This Regulation applies to the following aftermarket equipment: 

to airbag modules for replacement airbag systems intended to be installed on 
motor vehicles; 

to replacement steering wheels for vehicles of categories M1 and N1, equipped 
with an airbag module of an approved type and intended to be installed as an 
additional restraint system beside safety-belts and other restraint systems in 
power-driven vehicles, i.e. a system which, in the event of a severe impact, 
automatically deploys a flexible structure intended to reduce the severity of 
injuries of the occupants; 

to replacement airbag systems other than those installed in steering wheels and 
equipped with airbag modules of an approved type as an additional restraint 
system beside safety-belts and other restraint systems in power-driven vehicles of 
categories M1 and N1, i.e. a system which, in the event of a severe impact, 
automatically deploys a flexible structure intended to reduce the severity of 
injuries of the occupants. 

DEFINITIONS 

"Airbag system" means a group of components which, once installed in vehicle(s), 
perform all functions provided for by the manufacturer. This system comprises as 
a minimum a release unit activating one or more airbag modules and the electrical 
wiring harness, if present. 

"Airbag" means a flexible material, forming an enclosed volume that receives the 
gas from the inflator and restrains the occupant. 

"Airbag module" means the smallest sub-assembly comprising the energy source 
for its deployment and the airbag involved in the deployment. 

"Replacement steering wheel" (equipped with an airbag module) means an 
aftermarket steering wheel which is supplied to modify a motor vehicle and which 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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2.5. 

2.6. 

2.6.1. 

2.6.2. 

2.6.3. 

2.6.4. 

2.7. 

2.8. 

2.9. 

2.10. 

2.11. 

may vary in its functional dimensions, form and/or material from the original 
steering wheel provided by the vehicle manufacturer. 

"Replacement airbag system" means an aftermarket airbag system which is 
supplied to modify a motor vehicle, and which may vary in its functional 
dimensions, form, materials or operation from any original airbag system 
provided by the vehicle manufacturer for that motor vehicle. 

Categories of airbag modules for replacement airbag systems: 

Category A:   Device intended to protect the driver of a vehicle in the event of a 
frontal collision. 

Category B:   Device intended to protect front seat passenger(s) other than the 
driver in  

the event of a frontal collision. 

Category C:  Device intended to protect the passenger(s) in seats other than the 
front seats in the event of a frontal collision. 

Category D:  Device intended to protect the front seat occupant(s) in the event of 
a lateral collision. 

"Instant of release" means the moment at which, in the event of an impact causing 
airbag deployment, the components producing that deployment are irreversibly 
actuated. 

"Control unit or release unit" means the sub-assembly comprising all components 
permitting the collision to be detected and producing release. 

"Wiring harness" means all the electrical conductors and connections linking the 
various parts of the complete airbag system to each other and possibly to the 
vehicle. 

"Unladen kerb mass" means the mass of the vehicle in running order, unoccupied 
and unladen but complete with fuel, coolant, lubricant, tools and spare wheel (if 
these are provided as a standard equipment by the vehicle manufacturer). 

"Type of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system" comprises airbag 
modules which do not differ in such essential aspects as: 

(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 
(f) 
(g) 
(h) 
(i) 

the category of an airbag module, 
the geometry of the airbag, 
the material of the airbag, 
the vents or equivalent devices, 
the gas generator, 
the envelope principle, 
the material, structure and dimension of the cover, 
the composition of the propellant, 
the method of fixation of the module. 

2.12. 

"Type of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module" means 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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aftermarket steering wheels, which do not differ in such essential aspects as: 

(a) 
(b) 
(c) 

(d) 
(e) 

the presence of an airbag, 
the dimension and diameter of the steering wheel, 
the form, in so far as the safety performance and the strength performance is 
influenced, 
the material, 
the  type  definition  of  an  airbag  module  for  a  replacement  airbag  system 
according to paragraph 2.11. above. 

2.13. 

"Type of a replacement airbag system other than that installed in a steering wheel" 
comprises replacement airbag systems, which do not differ in such essential 
respects as: 

(a) 
(b) 
(c) 
(d) 
(e) 
(f) 
(g) 
(h) 
(i) 

the category of airbag module, 
the geometry of the airbag, 
the material of the airbag, 
the vents or equivalent devices, 
the gas generator, 
the envelope principle, 
the material, structure and dimension of the cover, 
the composition of the propellant, 
the method of fixation of the module. 

2.14. 

"Vehicle type" means a category of power-driven vehicles, which do not differ in 
such essential respects in so far as they have an effect on the results of the impact 
tests prescribed in this Regulation for: 

(a) 
(b) 
(c) 

(d) 
(e) 

the structure, dimension, body version and materials of the vehicle, 
the unladen kerb mass, as defined in paragraph 2.10. above, 
the  steering  control,  the  seat  and  the  safety-belt  system  and  other  restraint 
systems, 
the siting and orientation of the engine, 
the parts and optional arrangements or fittings of the vehicle which influence 
the performance of the airbag. 

APPLICATION FOR APPROVAL 

Application for approval of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system 

The application for approval of an airbag module shall be submitted by the holder 
of the trade mark of the airbag module manufacturer, the component manufacturer 
or by their duly accredited representatives. 

For each category of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system, the 
application shall be accompanied by the following documents in triplicate and the 
following particulars: 

3. 

3.1. 

3.1.1. 

3.1.2. 

3.1.2.1. 

A technical description, including mounting instructions and specifying the 
type(s) of vehicle for which the airbag module is intended, 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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3.1.2.2. 

3.1.2.3. 

3.2. 

3.2.1. 

3.2.2. 

Sufficiently detailed drawings to permit the verification of the positions intended 
for the approval mark as required under paragraph 4.1.4. below. 

A sufficient number of airbag modules shall be submitted to the technical service 
responsible for the tests and verification of the conformity with the relevant 
paragraphs 5. and 6. of this Regulation. 

Application for approval of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag 
module of an approved type 

The application for approval of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an 
airbag module shall be submitted by the holder of the trademark of the 
replacement steering wheel or by the manufacturer, or by their duly accredited 
representative. 

For each type of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module, 
the application shall be accompanied by the following documents in triplicate and 
the following particulars: 

3.2.2.1. 

a technical description, including mounting instructions, 

3.2.2.2. 

sufficiently detailed drawings,  

3.2.2.3. 

3.2.2.4. 

3.2.2.5. 

3.3. 

3.3.1. 

3.3.2. 

drawings showing the position of the airbag module(s) and its (their) 
attachment(s) on the steering wheel, 

the position intended for the approval mark and required under paragraph 4.2.4. 
below, 

a sufficient number of replacement steering wheels equipped with  airbag modules 
and vehicles representative of the types for which the replacement steering wheel 
shall be approved for shall be submitted to the technical service responsible for 
conducting the approval tests so as to verify conformity with the relevant 
paragraphs 5. and 6. of this Regulation. 

Application for approval of a replacement airbag system other than that installed 
in a steering wheel 

The application for approval of a replacement airbag system other than that 
installed in a steering wheel shall be submitted by the holder of the trade mark of 
the replacement airbag system or by the manufacturer, or by their duly accredited 
representatives. 

For each type of a replacement airbag system, the application shall be 
accompanied by the following documents in triplicate and the following 
particulars: 

3.3.2.1. 

a technical description, including mounting instructions, 

3.3.2.2. 

sufficiently detailed drawings,  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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3.3.2.3. 

3.3.2.4. 

3.3.2.5. 

4. 

4.1. 

4.1.1. 

4.1.2. 

4.1.3. 

4.1.4. 

drawings showing the position of the airbag system(s) and its (their) attachment(s) 
on the vehicle, 

the position intended for the approval mark and required under paragraph 4.3.4. 
below, 

a sufficient number of replacement airbag systems and vehicles representative of 
the types for which the replacement system shall be approved for, shall be 
submitted to the technical service responsible for conducting the approval tests so 
as to verify conformity with the relevant paragraphs 5. and 6. of this Regulation. 

APPROVAL 

Approval of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system 

If the samples of the airbag module submitted for approval meet the requirements 
of the relevant paragraphs 5. and 6. below, approval for this type of airbag module 
for a replacement airbag system shall be granted. 

An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved.  Its first two digits 
(00 at present) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most 
recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of 
the approval.  The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to 
another type of airbag module for a replacement airbag system. 

Notice of approval or of refusal or extension or withdrawal of approval or of 
definite discontinuation of production of a type of airbag module for a 
replacement airbag system, pursuant to this Regulation, shall be communicated to 
the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation, by means of a form 
conforming to the model in Annex 1 to this Regulation. 

The samples of airbag modules for a replacement airbag system shall be clearly 
and indelibly marked with the manufacturer's trade name or mark and an approval 
mark consisting of: 

4.1.4.1. 

a circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the 
country which has granted approval, (1) 

__________ 
1   1 for Germany, 2 for France, 3 for Italy, 4 for the Netherlands, 5 for Sweden, 6 for Belgium, 7 for Hungary, 8 for 
the Czech Republic, 9 for Spain, 10 for Serbia and Montenegro, 11 for the United Kingdom, 12 for Austria, 
13 for Luxembourg, 14 for Switzerland, 15 (vacant), 16 for Norway, 17 for Finland, 18 for Denmark, 19 for 
Romania, 20 for Poland, 21 for Portugal, 22 for the Russian Federation,  23 for Greece, 24 for Ireland, 25 for 
Croatia, 26 for Slovenia, 27 for Slovakia, 28 for Belarus, 29 for Estonia, 30 (vacant), 31 for Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, 32 for Latvia, 33 (vacant), 34 for Bulgaria, 35 (vacant), 36 for Lithuania, 37 for Turkey, 
38 (vacant), 39 for Azerbaijan, 40 for The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 41 (vacant), 42 for the 
European Community (Approvals are granted by its Member States using their respective ECE symbol), 43 for 
Japan, 44 (vacant), 45 for Australia, 46 for Ukraine, 47 for South Africa and 48 for New Zealand.  Subsequent 
numbers shall be assigned to other countries in the chronological order in which they ratify or accede to the 
Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and 
Parts which can be Fitted and/or be Used on Wheeled Vehicles and the Conditions for Reciprocal Recognition of 
Approvals Granted on the Basis of these Prescriptions, and the numbers thus assigned shall be communicated by 
the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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4.1.4.2. 

an approval number, 

4.1.4.3. 

an additional symbol, indicating the airbag module category (see paragraph 2.6. 
above). 

4.1.5. 

4.1.6. 

4.2. 

4.2.1. 

4.2.2. 

4.2.3. 

4.2.4. 

The approval mark and the additional symbol shall be clearly legible and 
indelible. 

Annex 4 to this Regulation gives an example of the approval mark and the 
additional symbol mentioned above. 

Approval of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module of an 
approved type 

If a replacement steering wheel type equipped with an airbag module of an 
approved type submitted for approval meets the requirements of the relevant 
paragraphs 5. and 6. below, approval of that type of replacement steering wheel 
equipped with an airbag module of an approved type shall be granted. 

An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved.  Its first two digits 
(00 at present) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most 
recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of 
the approval.  The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to 
another type of replacement steering wheel. 

Notice of approval or refusal or extension or withdrawal of approval or of definite 
discontinuation of production of a type of replacement steering wheel equipped 
with an airbag module of an approved type pursuant to this Regulation shall be 
communicated to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation, by means 
of a form conforming to the model in Annex 2 to this Regulation. 

The samples of the replacement airbag steering wheel and the hub (adapters) shall 
be clearly and indelibly marked with the manufacturer's trade name or mark and 
an approval mark consisting of: 

4.2.4.1. 

a circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the 
country which has granted approval, (2) 

4.2.4.2. 

an approval number, 

4.2.4.3. 

an additional symbol, indicating the airbag module category (see paragraph. 2.6. 
above). 

4.2.5. 

4.2.6.  

The approval mark and the additional symbol shall be clearly legible and 
indelible. 

The approval mark shall be placed on the replacement steering wheel and on the 
hub (adapter).  If the replacement steering wheel and hub are in one piece, one 
approval mark and one mark with the manufacturer's trade name or mark is 

__________ 
2   See footnote No. 1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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sufficient. 

4.2.7. 

4.3. 

4.3.1. 

4.3.2. 

4.3.3. 

4.3.4. 

Annex 5 to this Regulation gives an example of the approval mark and the 
additional symbol mentioned above. 

Approval of a replacement airbag system other than that installed in a steering 
wheel 

If a replacement airbag system other than that installed in a steering wheel 
submitted for approval meets the requirements of the relevant paragraphs 5. and 6. 
below, approval of that type of replacement airbag system shall be granted. 

An approval number shall be assigned to each type approved.  Its first two digits 
(00 at present) shall indicate the series of amendments incorporating the most 
recent major technical amendments made to the Regulation at the time of issue of 
the approval.  The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to 
another type of replacement airbag system. 

Notice of approval or refusal or extension or withdrawal of approval or of definite 
discontinuation of production of a replacement airbag system pursuant to this 
Regulation shall be communicated to the Parties to the Agreement applying this 
Regulation, by means of a form conforming to the model in Annex 3 to this 
Regulation. 

The samples of the replacement airbag system shall be clearly and indelibly 
marked with the manufacturer's trade name or mark and an approval mark 
consisting of: 

4.3.4.1. 

a circle surrounding the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the 
country which has granted approval, (3) 

4.3.4.2. 

an approval number, 

4.3.4.3. 

an additional symbol, indicating the airbag module category (see paragraph. 2.6. 
above). 

4.3.5. 

4.3.6. 

5.  

5.1. 

The approval mark and the additional symbol shall be clearly legible and 
indelible. 

Annex 6 to this Regulation gives an example of the approval mark and the 
additional symbol mentioned above. 

REQUIREMENTS 

General requirements for the approval of an airbag module for a replacement 
airbag system, a replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module of 
an approved type, or a replacement airbag system other than that installed in a 
steering wheel. 

__________ 
3  See footnote No. 1 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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5.1.1. 

5.1.1.1. 

Before type approval is granted according to paragraphs 4.1., 4.2. and/or 4.3., the 
competent authority shall verify the existence of satisfactory arrangements for 
ensuring: 

installation, maintenance, repair and dismantling of the system by trained 
technicians only according to a manual, which shall be prepared by the applicant 
of the approval. 

5.1.1.2. 

substitution of a part or the complete system after guaranteed lifetime, 

5.1.1.3. 

labelling and notices for rescue persons, labelling and information for the use of 
child restraint systems. 

5.1.2. 

5.1.3. 

5.1.4. 

Interference from magnetic fields shall not disrupt the operation of the airbag 
system. 

A complete system shall comprise a device alerting the user if the airbag system is 
not in working order as designed. 

Airbag modules for replacement airbag system of category A shall be so designed 
that, when they are submitted to a test in accordance with the requirements of 
paragraph 5.2.2.7., static deployment test, the airbag may be pushed aside 
manually after full deployment. 

5.1.5. 

Toxicity and burns 

5.2. 

5.2.1. 

A certificate shall be presented stating that the nature, concentration and 
temperature of the gases and solid particles released on deployment of an airbag 
are not such as to be liable to injure seriously the occupants of the vehicle.  The 
authorities responsible for issuing the approval shall reserve the right to verify the 
accuracy of the statement.  

Requirements for the approval of an airbag module for a replacement airbag 
system 

Each airbag module shall comply with the requirements of the "International 
Standard ISO 12097-2 ROAD VEHICLES-AIRBAG COMPONENT TESTING-
PART 2:  Testing of Airbag Modules" version: 1996-08-00, to guarantee the 
operating safety of the airbag modules. 

Airbag modules designed for front seats equipped with side airbag systems shall 
comply, as far as possible, with the requirements of the above-mentioned ISO 
Standard (for example tests according to paragraph 5.2.2.). 

The module manufacturer shall state that the above-mentioned tests were carried 
out with positive test results.  In case of doubts the approval authority responsible 
for issuing the approval shall reserve the right to verify the accuracy of this 
statement. 

5.2.2. 

Instead of paragraph 5.2.1., a reduced test programme is permitted which shows 
as a minimum the following test elements: 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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5.2.2.1. 

Drop test 

5.2.2.2. 

Mechanical impact test 

5.2.2.3. 

Simultaneous vibration temperature test 

5.2.2.4. 

Thermal humidity cycling test 

5.2.2.5. 

Solar radiation simulation test 

5.2.2.6. 

Temperature shock test 

5.2.2.7. 

Static deployment test 

5.3. 

5.3.1. 

5.3.1.1. 

5.3.1.2. 

5.3.1.3. 

Requirements for the approval of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an 
airbag module of an approved type 

Before type approval is granted according to paragraph 4.2., the competent 
authority shall verify the existence of satisfactory arrangements for carrying out: 

a heat test of the replacement steering wheel (all parts except the airbag module), 
as described in paragraph 6.2.1.1., to guarantee a cohesion of all materials. 

a bending test, as described in paragraph  6.2.1.2., to guarantee a minimum 
deformation of the steering wheel rim, 

a torque test, as described in paragraph  6.2.1.3., to guarantee a sufficient stiffness 
when the replacement steering wheel is loaded tangentially to the steering wheel 
rim, 

5.3.1.4. 

a fatigue test, as described in paragraph  6.2.1.4., to guarantee a sufficient lifetime. 

5.3.2. 

5.3.3. 

For the replacement steering wheel, it must be guaranteed that the effective 
diameter is not substantially smaller than the effective diameter of the steering 
wheel installed by the manufacturer of the vehicle.  This requirement is deemed 
fulfilled when the effective diameter of the replacement steering wheel is not less 
than 0.9 times the effective diameter of the steering wheel used by the vehicle 
manufacturer. 

The size and fitting of the replacement steering wheel to the steering column must 
be within the dimensions and tolerances specified by the vehicle manufacturer. 
Otherwise the replacement manufacturer shall demonstrate to the Technical 
Service the proper function of any other chosen fixing method. 

5.3.4. 

The replacement steering wheel shall allow the drivers a direct view to all 
important instruments and indicators such as 

(a) 

the speedometer and 

(b) 

the tell tale signs for: 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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direction indicator 
main beam 
rear fog lamp 
hazard warning signal 
automatic antilock system 
brake system malfunctions  
airbag function indicator 

The tests shall be carried out according to the prescription laid down in paragraph 
6.2.2. 

5.3.5. 

Replacement steering wheels equipped with airbag modules of an approved type 
shall be such that, when installed in a vehicle, this vehicle fulfils the requirements 
of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4. and 5.2.1.5. of Regulation 
No. 94, 01 series of amendments. 

In case of doubt, when verifying the conformity of the replacement steering wheel 
equipped with an airbag module of an approved type to the requirements of this 
Regulation, account shall be taken of any data or test results provided by the 
applicant for approval, and these can be taken into consideration in validating the 
approval test carried out by the technical service. 

Requirements for the approval of a replacement airbag system other than that 
installed in a steering wheel 

Replacement airbag systems shall be equipped with an approved airbag module or 
it shall be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the technical service, responsible for 
this test, that the system used complies with the requirements prescribed in 
paragraphs 5.1. and 5.2. above. 

Replacement airbag systems other than those installed in steering wheels shall be 
such that, when installed in a vehicle, this vehicle fulfils in case of an airbag 
system of: 

category B, the requirements of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4., and 
5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 94, 01 series of amendments; 

category C, the requirements of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4., and 
5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 94, 01 series of amendments; in addition instrumented 
dummies shall be used for the verification of the performance of the airbag 
system; 

category D, the requirements of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4., and 
5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 95, 01 series of amendments; in this case the side 
impact dummy shall be used for the test. 

TESTS 

Tests of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system 

The tests shall be carried out according to ISO 12097-Part 2, version 1996-08-00. 

5.4. 

5.4.1. 

5.4.2. 

5.4.2.1. 

5.4.2.2. 

5.4.2.3. 

6. 

6.1. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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6.2. 

Tests of a replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module of an 
approved type 

6.2.1. 

Strength tests: 

6.2.1.1. 

Heat test 

The replacement steering wheel (except the airbag module) is exposed to the 
following temperature carried out in one circle: 

-  
- 
- 
- 

16 hours at  
- 15°C ± 2°C 
30 minutes at  + 22°C ± 2°C 
+ 80°C ± 2°C 
3 hours at 
-  22°C ± 2°C 
30 minutes at 

This test must leave no permanent deformation over and above the design 
tolerances, or any cracks or fractures. 

6.2.1.2. 

Bending test 

The replacement steering wheel is exposed to a temperature of at least - 
15°C ± 2°C for 16 hours.  The replacement steering wheel is then mounted with 
its hub on a rigid shaft and the steering wheel rim is subjected to a static loading 
of 70 daN ± 0.5 daN acting perpendicular to the plane of the rim.  The test loading 
must be applied on the rim and between two spokes that confine the greatest 
angle. 

This test may not leave any permanent deformation on the rim of the replacement 
steering wheel that would be greater than 8 per cent of the steering wheel 
diameter.  There must be no signs of any cracks or fractures, which will affect the 
operational safety of the steering wheel. 

6.2.1.3. 

Torque test 

The replacement steering wheel is mounted with its hub on a rigid shaft and 
subjected statically to a test load of 70 daN ±  0.5 daN applied tangentially to the 
steering wheel rim. The permanent deformation resulting from this test may not 
exceed 1 degree in the direction of rotation.  The test may not leave any signs of 
cracks or fractures, which might affect the operational safety of the steering 
wheel.  The steering wheel rim is then subjected to a tangential load 
corresponding to a torque or 22 daNm ± 0.5 daNm.  This must not affect the 
steering wheel's operational safety even if the permanent deformation is greater 
than 1 degree in the direction of rotation. 

6.2.1.4. 

Fatigue test 

The replacement steering wheel is mounted with its rim in a test jig, as shown in 
Annex 7, figure of an example of a fatigue test device, and subjected to a 
approximate sinusoidal endurance load cycle test with a torque of 
14 daNm ± 0.5 daNm at a frequency of 1.5 Hz ± 0.25 Hz. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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The replacement steering wheel must withstand at least 1 x 105 load cycles 
without showing any signs of cracks or fractures which might affect its 
operational safety. 

6.2.2. 

Installation requirement tests and driver's view to the instrument panel 

6.2.2.1. 

The driver's view to: 

(a) 

the speedometer 

(b) 

the tell tales for: 

direction indicator 
main beam 
rear fog lamp 
hazard warning signal 
automatic antilock system 
brake system malfunctions 
airbag function indicator 

shall be guaranteed.  The visibility is assessed by means of a comparative 
evaluation of photographs taken of the instrument panel of the vehicle under test 
equipped with a replacement steering wheel. The H points are measured after the 
vehicle has been aligned on the three dimensional measuring device. 
The relation between vehicle and coordinate system is established through 
reference points of the body. 

If the coordinates of the R point are not known, the H point is determined using a 
50 percentile manikin. The driver's seat is adjusted as follows: 

(a) 
(b) 
(c) 

seat in rearmost position of the device for longitudinal adjustment; 
backrest inclined corresponding to 25° back angle of the manikin; 
other adjusting devices in central position. 

A 35 mm camera inclined by 15° towards the horizontal plane is used to simulate 
binocular viewing and photos are taken from each of the eye points. 

Position of the eye points related to the R or H point in the coordinate system in 
accordance with ISO 4130 (dimensions in mm): 

x 

0 

y 

z 

- 32.5 

+ 635.0 

x 

0 

y 

z 

+ 32.5 

+ 635.0 

For the camera the eye points are determined 35 mm in front of the plane of 
representation (normally the film plane) and on the centre axis of the optical 
system. 

6.2.2.2. 

Operation of control elements 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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An examination is made to find out whether the minimum and maximum 
distances indicated below between the control elements for instance for direction 
indicator and headlamp flasher and the steering wheel rim are maintained.  Thus, 
satisfactory operation of the control elements and satisfactory handling of the 
replacement steering wheel are to be ensured: 

(a) 

the measure "a" with a limitation of a minimum 30 mm refers to the control 
element  with  the  smallest  distance  to  the  replacement  steering  wheel.    It 
denotes the shortest distance between the control element and the rearplane of 
the steering wheel rim facing the instrument panel.  

(b)  The measure "b" with a limitation of a maximum value of 130 mm denotes the 
distance from the centre of the direction indicator control element and the front 
plane of the steering wheel rim facing the driver.  

6.2.2.3. 

Testing of installation 

The conditions of installation, the diameter of the replacement steering wheel as 
compared with the original version of the vehicle manufacturer, the repositioning 
of direction indicator control, the function of the audible warning device and the 
function of the airbag tell tale are considered in the examination.  Also the 
function of sensors monitoring the driver's seat or the passenger seat(s) and 
providing a deployment status to the airbag controller shall be examined, if 
available. 

6.2.2.4. 

Testing of adapters 

The fitting dimensions (e.g. toothing of the steering shaft) are compared with the 
dimensions as provided by the manufacturer using a profile projector. 

The strength of the replacement adapters is checked by tightening the fixing 
nut/screw applying twice the tightening torque specified by the vehicle 
manufacturer but not more than 85 Nm. 

Adequate examinations are made to verify that the adapters for vehicle types with 
anti-theft systems integrated into the steering wheel conform to the corresponding 
features of the steering wheel produced by the vehicle manufacture in terms of 
strength, dimensions and the materials and function, or tests of the anti-theft 
system in accordance with Regulation No. 18 shall be carried out to demonstrate 
that he replacement steering wheel system fulfils the above-mentioned 
Regulation. 

6.2.3. 

Frontal impact test(s) with vehicle(s) for replacement steering wheel(s) equipped 
with an airbag module of an approved type. 

Replacement steering wheels equipped with airbag modules of an approved type 
shall be such that, when installed in a vehicle, this vehicle fulfils the requirements 
of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4. and 5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 
94, 01 series of amendments. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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In case of doubt, when verifying the conformity of the replacement steering wheel 
equipped with an airbag module of an approved type to the requirements of this 
Regulation, account shall be taken of any data or test results provided by the 
applicant for approval, and these can be taken in consideration in validating the 
approval test carried out by the technical service. 

6.3. 

Tests of a replacement airbag system other than that installed in a steering wheel 

6.3.1. 

Tests of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system 

The replacement airbag system shall be equipped with an approved airbag module 
or the manufacturer of the replacement airbag system shall demonstrate to the 
satisfaction of the technical service, responsible for this test, that the system fulfils 
the requirements as prescribed in paragraphs 5.1. and 5.2. above. 

Replacement airbag systems other than those installed in steering wheels shall be 
such that when installed in a vehicle, this vehicle fulfils: 

in case of an airbag system of category B, the requirements of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 
5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4., and 5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 94, 01 series of 
amendments; 

in case of an airbag system of category C, the requirements of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 
5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4., and 5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 94, 01 series of 
amendments; in addition instrumented dummies shall be used for the verification 
of the performance of the airbag system; 

in case of an airbag system of category D, the requirements of paragraphs 5.2.1.1., 
5.2.1.2., 5.2.1.3., 5.2.1.4., and 5.2.1.5. of Regulation No. 95, 01 series of 
amendments; in this case the side impact dummy shall be used for the test. 

INSTRUCTIONS FOR USERS 

The manufacturer of the replacement airbag systems shall include in the operating 
instructions any recommendations or precautions to be taken during the use, 
maintenance or destruction of the system or of any of its components. 

6.3.2. 

6.3.2.1. 

6.3.2.2. 

6.3.2.3. 

7. 

7.1. 

7.1.1. 

In particular: 

7.1.1.1. 

If the system is fitted with a monitoring device intended to inform the user of its 
operating condition, it shall be clearly indicated how messages delivered by the 
system, of whatever kind, are to be interpreted.  An indication shall be given of 
measures to be taken in the event of a message warning of malfunctioning, 
together with a description of any risk involved in using the vehicle in such a 
condition; 

7.1.1.2. 

It shall be indicated whether maintenance or repair work is to be performed 
exclusively by specially trained personnel, and whether any risks are involved in 
disassembling the system; 

7.1.1.3. 

The procedure to be followed in the event of deployment shall be explained.  In 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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particular, details shall be given of any precautions to be taken as regards products 
generated by deployment, in the form of gases, liquids or solids.  Similarly, if 
there is any danger from the components of the system as a result of deployment, 
such as dangerous roughness or sharp edges, temperature, corrosion, etc., these 
dangers shall be described, as well as the ways of avoiding them; 

7.1.1.4. 

If the scrapping of the replacement airbag system(s) can lead to situations which 
are dangerous either directly to humans or to the environment, an appropriate 
procedure for avoiding them shall be indicated.  This may consist in a method for 
deliberately releasing the airbag if its released state does not lead to a dangerous 
situation, in an obligation to return the system or part of it to the constructor or 
manufacturer, or in any other appropriate measure. 

7.2 

The replacement airbag system shall carry labelling and information for the use of 
child restraint systems according to Regulation No. 94. 

Airbag systems with airbag modules of category A, B, C or D shall carry the 
inscription "AIRBAG" located in the interior of the circumference of the 
replacement steering wheel or on the cover of the airbag module; this inscription 
shall be durably affixed and easily visible. 

In addition, in the case of a frontal protection airbag system intended for use in 
any passenger seating position, the following label shall be permanently attached 
to the visible surface of the cover of the airbag module (the text information 
shown is a minimum). 

This label shall be provided in the language(s) of the country where the device is 
sold. 

Label minimum size:   

60 x 120 mm. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Label outline, vertical 
and horizontal line 
black 

  Artwork black with  
  white background 

  Circle and line red with  
  white background 

Bottom text black  
with white background 

Top text and symbol black 
with yellow background 

DO NOT place rear-facing child 
seat on front seat with airbag 

DEATH OR SERIOUS INJURY  
can occur 

8. 

CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION 

The conformity of production procedures shall comply with those set out in the 
Agreement, appendix 2 (E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.2) with the 
following requirements: 

8.1. 

The authority which has granted type approval may at any time verify the 
conformity control methods applied in each production facility.  The normal 
frequency of these verifications shall be once every two years.  Where negative 
results are recorded during one of these verifications, their frequency may be 
increased.  

8.2. 

Conformity of production of an airbag module for a replacement airbag system 

Airbag modules approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to 
conform to the type approved by meeting the requirements set forth in paragraphs 
5.1. and 5.2. above. 

8.3. 

Conformity of production of replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag 
module of an approved type 

Replacement steering wheels equipped with an airbag module of an approved type 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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and approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to conform to the 
type approved by meeting the requirements set forth in paragraphs 5.1. and 5.3. 
above. 

8.4. 

Conformity of production of a replacement airbag system other than that installed 
in a steering wheel 

Replacement airbag systems other than those installed in steering wheels 
approved under this Regulation shall be so manufactured as to conform to the type 
approved by meeting the requirements set forth in paragraphs 5.1. and 5.4. above. 

9. 

PENALTIES FOR NON-CONFORMITY OF PRODUCTION 

The approval granted for a type of airbag module for a replacement airbag system, 
a type of replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag of an approved type, 
or a type of replacement airbag system other than that installed in a steering 
wheel, pursuant to this Regulation, may be withdrawn if the requirements laid 
down in paragraph 8. above are not complied with. 

MODIFICATIONS OF THE TYPE OF AIRBAG MODULE FOR A 
REPLACEMENT AIRBAG SYSTEM OR THE TYPE OF REPLACEMENT 
STEERING WHEEL WITH AN AIRBAG MODULE OF AN APPROVED 
TYPE OR THE TYPE OF REPLACEMENT AIRBAG SYSTEM, OTHER 
THAN THAT INSTALLED IN A STEERING WHEEL 

Every modification of the type of the above-mentioned system shall be notified to 
the administrative department which approved the type.  The department may then 
either: 

decide that the modifications made are unlikely to have an appreciable adverse 
effect and that in any case the module or the system or the replacement steering 
wheel still meets the requirements, 

require a further test report from the technical service responsible for conducting 
the tests. 

Confirmation or refusal of approval, specifying the alterations, shall be 
communicated by the procedure specified in paragraphs 4.1. to 4.3. above to the 
other Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation. 

The competent authority which has issued the extension of approval shall assign a 
series number to that extension and so inform the other Parties to the 1958 
Agreement applying this Regulation, by means of a communication form 
conforming to the models in Annexes 1, 2 and 3 to this Regulation. 

10. 

10.1. 

10.1.1. 

10.1.2. 

10.2. 

10.3. 

11. 

PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED 

If the holder of the approval ceases completely to manufacture a type of airbag 
module for a replacement airbag system or a type of replacement steering wheel 
equipped with an airbag of an approved type or a type of replacement airbag 
system other than that installed in a steering wheel under this Regulation, he shall 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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inform the authority which granted the approval.  Upon receiving the relevant 
communication, that authority shall inform thereof the other Parties to the 1958 
Agreement applying this Regulation, by means of a communication form 
conforming to the models in Annexes 1, 2 and 3 to this Regulation. 

12. 

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF TECHNICAL SERVICES RESPONSIBLE 
FOR APPROVAL TESTS, AND OF ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS 

The Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate to 
the United Nations secretariat the names and addresses of the technical services 
responsible for conducting approval tests and of the administrative departments 
which grant approval and to which forms certifying approval or extension, or 
refusal or withdrawal of approval, issued in other countries, are to be sent. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 1 

COMMUNICATION 

(maximum format:  A4 (210 x 297 mm)) 

 
 
 
 
 
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EN 

(1) 

concerning:(2) 

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issued by: 

Name of administration: 
.................................... 
.................................... 
.................................... 

APPROVAL GRANTED 
APPROVAL EXTENDED 
APPROVAL REFUSED 
APPROVAL WITHDRAWN 
PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED 

of a type of airbag module for a replacement airbag system pursuant to Regulation No. 114 

Approval No. ....................... 

Extension No. ....................... 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

Replacement airbag module of categories A, B, C, D:……………………………………… 

Trade name or mark:………………………………………………………………………… 

Description  of  the  type  of  airbag  module  for  a  replacement  airbag  system  given  by  the 
manufacturer:……………………………………………………………………………….. 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

Manufacturer's name:………………………………………………………………………. 

If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative:…………………………. 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

Airbag module for a replacement airbag system submitted for approval on:………………. 

Technical service responsible for conducting approval tests:………………………………. 

Date of test report issued by this service:…………………………………………………… 

Number of test report issued by this service:……………………………………………….. 

10. 

Approval granted/refused/extended/withdrawn for general use/for use in a specific vehicle or 
in specific types of vehicles (2) 

11. 

Position of the approval mark ……………………………………………………………….. 

12. 

Place …………………………………………… 

13. 

Date:……………………………………………. 

14. 

Signature:  ………………………………………. 

__________ 
1   Distinguishing number of the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn approval (see approval 

provisions in the Regulation). 
Strike out what does not apply. 

2  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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15. 

The list of documents deposited with the administrative service, which has granted approval 
is Annexed to this communication and may be obtained on request. 

 
 
 
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Annex 2 

COMMUNICATION 

(maximum format:  A4 (210 x 297 mm)) 

 
 
 
 
 
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EN 

(1) 

concerning:(2) 

E_

Official Journal of the European Union 

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issued by: 

Name of administration: 
.................................... 
.................................... 
.................................... 

APPROVAL GRANTED 
APPROVAL EXTENDED 
APPROVAL REFUSED 
APPROVAL WITHDRAWN 
PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED 

of a type of replacement steering wheel equipped with an airbag module of an approved type 
pursuant to Regulation No. 114 

Approval No. ....................... 

Extension No. ....................... 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

Trade name or mark of the replacement steering wheel:…………………………………….. 

Manufacturer's name and address:…………………………………………………………… 

If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative:…………………………… 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

Trade name and mark of the type of the airbag module and approval No.:………………… 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

Extension of approval of the type of replacement steering wheel:…………………………. 

List of vehicles, where the replacement steering wheel can be installed (name of vehicle 
manufacturer/commercial name/vehicle code/replacement steering wheel type/adapter type 
and number):………………………………………………………………………………… 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

Technical service responsible for conducting approval tests:………………………………. 

Date of test report issued by this service:…………………………………………………… 

Number of test report issued by this service:……………………………………………….. 

Approval granted/refused/extended/withdrawn for general use/for use in a specific vehicle or 
in specific types of vehicles (2) 

If applicable, reasons for extension of approval:…………………………………………… 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

12. 

Position of the approval mark ……………………………………………………………….. 

__________ 
1   Distinguishing number of the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn approval (see approval 

provisions in the Regulation). 
Strike out what does not apply. 

2  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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13. 

Place …………………………………………… 

14. 

Date:……………………………………………. 

15. 

Signature:  ………………………………………. 

16. 

The list of documents deposited with the administrative service, which has granted approval 
is Annexed to this communication and may be obtained on request. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 3 

COMMUNICATION 

(maximum format:  A4 (210 x 297 mm)) 

 
 
 
 
 
27.12.2006 

EN 

(1) 

concerning:(2) 

E_

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issued by: 

Name of administration: 
.................................... 
.................................... 
.................................... 

APPROVAL GRANTED 
APPROVAL EXTENDED 
APPROVAL REFUSED 
APPROVAL WITHDRAWN 
PRODUCTION DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED 

of a type of replacement airbag system other than that installed in a replacement steering wheel 
pursuant to Regulation No. 114 

Approval No. ....................... 

Extension No. ....................... 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

Trade name or mark of the replacement airbag system:………….………………………… 

Category of the airbag system and approval No. of the airbag module: …………………… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 

Manufacturer's name and address:…………………………………………………………… 

If applicable, name and address of manufacturer's representative:…………………………… 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

Replacement airbag system and vehicles submitted for approval on:……………………… 

Extension of approval of the type of replacement steering wheel:…………………………. 

List of vehicles, where the replacement airbag system can be installed:……………...…… 
……………………………………………………………………………………………… 

Technical service responsible for conducting approval tests:………………………………. 

Date of test report issued by this service:…………………………………………………… 

10. 

Number of test report issued by this service:……………………………………………….. 

11. 

12. 

Approval granted/refused/extended/withdrawn for general use/for use in a specific vehicle or 
in specific types of vehicles (2) 

If applicable, reasons for extension of approval:…………………………………………… 
………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

13. 

Position of the approval mark ……………………………………………………………….. 

__________ 
1   Distinguishing number of the country which has granted/extended/refused/withdrawn approval (see approval 

provisions in the Regulation). 
Strike out what does not apply. 

2  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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14. 

Place …………………………………………… 

15. 

Date:……………………………………………. 

16. 

Signature:  ………………………………………. 

17. 

The list of documents deposited with the administrative service, which has granted approval 
is Annexed to this communication and may be obtained on request. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 4 

EXAMPLE OF AN APPROVAL MARK FOR AN AIRBAG MODULE FOR A 
REPLACEMENT AIRBAG SYSTEM  

a = 5 mm min. 

The airbag module bearing the above approval mark is a category A airbag module approved in 
France (E2) under the number 002439. The first two digits of the approval number indicate that 
the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of the Regulation in its original 
form. 

Note: 

The approval number and additional symbol(s) must be placed close to the circle and either 
above or below the "E" or to the left or right of that letter. 

The digits of the approval number must be on the same side of the "E" and oriented in the same 
direction.  The additional symbol(s) must be diametrically opposite the approval number.  The 
use of Roman numerals as approval numbers should be avoided so as to prevent any confusion 
with the other symbols. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 5 

EXAMPLE OF AN APPROVAL MARK FOR A REPLACEMENT STEERING WHEEL 
EQUIPPED WITH AN AIRBAG MODULE OF AN APPROVED TYPE 

114 R - 002439

a = 5 mm min. 

The replacement steering wheel bearing the above approval mark is a steering wheel with an 
airbag module of category A and approved in France (E2) under the number 002439.  The first 
two digits of the approval number indicate that the approval was granted in accordance with the 
requirements of the Regulation in its original form. 

Note: 

The approval number and additional symbol(s) must be placed close to the circle and either 
above or below the "E" or to the left or right of that letter. 

The digits of the approval number must be on the same side of the "E" and oriented in the same 
direction.  The additional symbol(s) must be diametrically opposite the approval number.  The 
use of Roman numerals as approval numbers should be avoided so as to prevent any confusion 
with the other symbols. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 6 

EXAMPLE OF AN APPROVAL MARK FOR A REPLACEMENT AIRBAG SYSTEM 
OTHER THAN THAT INSTALLED IN A STEERING WHEEL 

a = 8mm min. 

The replacement airbag system bearing the above approval mark is a category B airbag system 
approved in France (E2) under the number 002439.  The first two digits of the approval number 
indicate that the approval was granted in accordance with the requirements of the Regulation in 
its original form. 

Note: 

The approval number and additional symbol(s) must be placed close to the circle and either 
above or below the "E" or to the left or right of that letter. 

The digits of the approval number must be on the same side of the "E" and oriented in the same 
direction.  The additional symbol(s) must be diametrically opposite the approval number.  The 
use of Roman numerals as approval numbers should be avoided so as to prevent any confusion 
with the other symbols.  

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 7 

FATIGUE TEST DEVICE 

Force Actuator 

2 point fixation directly to the 
frame of the rim 

Test object 

Load cell 

Example of a fatigue test device 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 8 

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE "H" POINT AND THE ACTUAL 
TORSO ANGLE FOR SEATING POSITIONS IN MOTOR VEHICLES 

1. 

PURPOSE 

The procedure described in this Annex is used to establish the "H" point location 
and the actual torso angle for one or several seating positions in a motor vehicle 
and to verify the relationship of measured data to design specifications given by 
the vehicle manufacturer(1) 

2. 

DEFINITIONS 

For the purposes of this Annex: 

2.1. 

"Reference data" means one or several of the following characteristics of a seating 
position: 

2.1.1. 

the "H" point and the "R" point and their relationship, 

2.1.2. 

the actual torso angle and the design torso angle and their relationship. 

2.2. 

2.3. 

2.4. 

2.5. 

2.6. 

"Three-dimensional 'H' point machine" (3-D H machine) means the device used 
for the determination of "H" points and actual torso angles.  This device is 
described in Appendix 1 to this Annex; 

"'H' point" means the pivot centre of the torso and the thigh of the 3-D H machine 
installed in the vehicle seat in accordance with paragraph 4 below.  The "H" point 
is located in the centre of the centreline of the device which is between the "H" 
point sight buttons on either side of the 3-D H machine.  The "H" point 
corresponds theoretically to the "R" point (for tolerances see paragraph 3.2.2. 
below).  Once determined in accordance with the procedure described in 
paragraph 4, the "H" point is considered fixed in relation to the seat-cushion 
structure and to move with it when the seat is adjusted; 

"'R' point" or "seating reference point" means a design point defined by the 
vehicle manufacturer for each seating position and established with respect to the 
three-dimensional reference system; 

"Torso-line" means the centreline of the probe of the 3-D H machine with the 
probe in the fully rearward position; 

"Actual torso angle" means the angle measured between a vertical line through 
the "H" point and the torso line using the back angle quadrant on the 3-D 

__________ 
1   In any seating position other than front seats where the "H" point cannot be determined using the "Three-

dimensional 'H' point machine" or procedures, the "R" point indicated by the manufacturer may be taken as a 
reference at the discretion of the competent authority. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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H machine.  The actual torso angle corresponds theoretically to the design torso 
angle (for tolerances see paragraph 3.2.2. below); 

"Design torso angle" means the angle measured between a vertical line through 
the "R" point and the torso line in a position which corresponds to the design 
position of the seat-back established by the vehicle manufacturer; 

"Centreplane of occupant" (C/LO) means the median plane of the 3-D H machine 
positioned in each designated seating position; it is represented by the coordinate 
of the "H" point on the "Y" axis.  For individual seats, the centreplane of the seat 
coincides with the centreplane of the occupant.  For other seats, the centreplane of 
the occupant is specified by the manufacturer; 

"Three-dimensional reference system" means a system as described in 
Appendix 2 to this Annex; 

"Fiducial marks" are physical points (holes, surfaces, marks or indentations) on 
the vehicle body as defined by the manufacturer; 

"Vehicle measuring attitude" means the position of the vehicle as defined by the 
coordinates of fiducial marks in the three-dimensional reference system. 

REQUIREMENTS 

Data presentation 

2.7. 

2.8. 

2.9. 

2.10. 

2.11. 

3. 

3.1. 

For each seating position where reference data are required in order to 
demonstrate compliance with the provisions of the present Regulation, all or an 
appropriate selection of the following data shall be presented in the form 
indicated in Appendix 3 to this Annex: 

3.1.1. 

the coordinates of the "R" point relative to the three-dimensional reference 
system; 

3.1.2. 

the design torso angle; 

3.1.3. 

all indications necessary to adjust the seat (if it is adjustable) to the measuring 
position set out in paragraph 4.3. below. 

3.2. 

Relationship between measured data and design specifications 

3.2.1. 

3.2.2. 

The coordinates of the "H" point and the value of the actual torso angle obtained 
by the procedure set out in paragraph 4. below shall be compared, respectively, 
with the coordinates of the "R" point and the value of the design torso angle 
indicated by the vehicle manufacturer. 

The relative positions of the "R" point and the "H" point and the relationship 
between the design torso angle and the actual torso angle shall be considered 
satisfactory for the seating position in question if the "H" point, as defined by its 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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3.2.3. 

3.2.4. 

3.2.5. 

4. 

4.1. 

4.2. 

4.3. 

4.4. 

coordinates, lies within a square of 50 mm side length with horizontal and vertical 
sides whose diagonals intersect at the "R" point, and if the actual torso angle is 
within 5° of the design torso angle. 

If these conditions are met, the "R" point and the design torso angle, shall be used 
to demonstrate compliance with the provisions of this Regulation. 

If the "H" point or the actual torso angle does not satisfy the requirements of 
paragraph 3.2.2. above, the "H" point and the actual torso angle shall be 
determined twice more (three times in all).  If the results of two of these three 
operations satisfy the requirements, the conditions of paragraph 3.2.3. above shall 
apply. 

If the results of at least two of the three operations described in paragraph 3.2.4. 
above do not satisfy the requirements of paragraph 3.2.2. above, or if the 
verification cannot take place because the vehicle manufacturer has failed to 
supply information regarding the position of the "R" point or regarding the design 
torso angle, the centroid of the three measured points or the average of the three 
measured angles shall be used and be regarded as applicable in all cases where the 
"R" point or the design torso angle is referred to in this Regulation. 

PROCEDURE FOR "H" POINT AND ACTUAL TORSO ANGLE 
DETERMINATION 

The vehicle shall be preconditioned at the manufacturer's discretion, at a 
temperature of 20 ± 10°C to ensure that the seat material reached room 
temperature.  If the seat to be checked has never been sat upon, a 70 to 80 kg 
person or device shall sit on the seat twice for one minute to flex the cushion and 
back.  At the manufacturer's request, all seat assemblies shall remain unloaded for 
a minimum period of 30 min. prior to installation of the 3-D H machine. 

The vehicle shall be at the measuring attitude defined in paragraph 2.11. above. 

The seat, if it is adjustable, shall be adjusted first to the rearmost normal driving 
or riding position, as indicated by the vehicle manufacturer, taking into 
consideration only the longitudinal adjustment of the seat, excluding seat travel 
used for purposes other than normal driving or riding positions.  Where other 
modes of seat adjustment exist (vertical, angular, seat-back, etc.) these will then 
be adjusted to the position specified by the vehicle manufacturer.  For suspension 
seats, the vertical position shall be rigidly fixed corresponding to a normal driving 
position as specified by the manufacturer. 

The area of the seating position contacted by the 3-D H machine shall be covered 
by a muslin cotton, of sufficient size and appropriate texture, described as a plain 
cotton fabric having 18.9 threads per cm and weighing 0.228 kg/m2 or knitted or 
non-woven fabric having equivalent characteristics.  If test is run on a seat outside 
the vehicle, the floor on which the seat is placed shall have the same essential 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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27.12.2006 

characteristics(2) as the floor of the vehicle in which the seat is intended to be 
used. 

4.5. 

4.6. 

Place the seat and back assembly of the 3-D H machine so that the centreplane of 
the occupant (C/LO) coincides with the centreplane of the 3-D H machine.  At the 
manufacturer's request, the 3-D H machine may be moved inboard with respect to 
the C/LO if the 3-D H machine is located so far outboard that the seat edge will 
not permit levelling of the 3-D H machine. 

Attach the foot and lower leg assemblies to the seat pan assembly, either 
individually or by using the T-bar and lower leg assembly.  A line through the 
"H" point sight buttons shall be parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the 
longitudinal centreplane of the seat. 

4.7. 

Adjust the feet and leg positions of the 3-D H machine as follows: 

4.7.1. 

Designated seating position:  driver and outside front passenger 

4.7.1.1. 

Both feet and leg assemblies shall be moved forward in such a way that the feet 
take up natural positions on the floor, between the operating pedals if necessary.  
Where possible the left foot shall be located approximately the same distance to 
the left of the centreplane of the 3-D H machine as the right foot is to the right.  
The spirit level verifying the transverse orientation of the 3-D H machine is 
brought to the horizontal by readjustment of the seat pan if necessary, or by 
adjusting the leg and foot assemblies towards the rear.  The line passing through 
the "H" point sight buttons shall be maintained perpendicular to the longitudinal 
centreplane of the seat. 

4.7.1.2. 

If the left leg cannot be kept parallel to the right leg and the left foot cannot be 
supported by the structure, move the left foot until it is supported.  The alignment 
of the sight buttons shall be maintained. 

4.7.2. 

Designated seating position:  outboard rear 

For rear seats or auxiliary seats, the legs are located as specified by the 
manufacturer.  If the feet then rest on parts of the floor which are at different 
levels, the foot which first comes into contact with the front seat shall serve as a 
reference and the other foot shall be so arranged that the spirit level giving the 
transverse orientation of the seat of the device indicates the horizontal. 

4.8. 

4.9. 

Apply lower leg and thigh weights and level the 3-D H machine. 

Tilt the back pan forward against the forward stop and draw the 3-D H machine 
away from the seat-back using the T-bar.  Reposition the 3-D H machine on the 
seat by one of the following methods: 

__________ 
2

Tilt angle, height difference with a seat mounting, surface texture etc. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
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L 373/307 

4.9.1. 

4.9.2. 

4.10. 

4.11. 

4.12. 

If the 3-D H machine tends to slide rearward, use the following procedure.  Allow 
the 3-D H machine to slide rearward until a forward horizontal restraining load on 
the T-bar is no longer required i.e. until the seat pan contacts the seat-back.  If 
necessary, reposition the lower leg. 

If the 3-D H machine does not tend to slide rearward, use the following 
procedure.  Slide the 3-D H machine rearwards by applying a horizontal rearward 
load to the T-bar until the seat pan contacts the seat-back (see figure 2 of 
Appendix 1 to this Annex). 

Apply a 100 ± 10 N load to the back and pan assembly of the 3-D H machine at 
the intersection of the hip angle quadrant and the T-bar housing.  The direction of 
load application shall be maintained along a line passing by the above intersection 
to a point just above the thigh bar housing (see figure 2 of Appendix 1 to this 
Annex).  Then carefully return the back pan to the seat-back.  Care must be 
exercised throughout the remainder of the procedure to prevent the 3-D 
H machine from sliding forward. 

Install the right and left buttock weights and then, alternately, the eight torso 
weights.  Maintain the 3-D H machine level. 

Tilt the back pan forward to release the tension on the seat-back. Rock the 3-D 
H machine from side to side through a 10° arc (5° to each side of the vertical 
centreplane) for three complete cycles to release any accumulated friction 
between the 3-D H machine and the seat. 

During the rocking action, the T-bar of the 3-D H machine may tend to diverge 
from the specified horizontal and vertical alignment.  The T-bar must therefore be 
restrained by applying an appropriate lateral load during the rocking motions.  
Care shall be exercised in holding the T-bar and rocking the 3-D H machine to 
ensure that no inadvertent exterior loads are applied in a vertical or fore and aft 
direction. 

The feet of the 3-D H machine are not to be restrained or held during this step.  If 
the feet change position, they should be allowed to remain in that attitude for the 
moment. 

Carefully return the back pan to the seat-back and check the two spirit levels for 
zero position.  If any movement of the feet has occurred during the rocking 
operation of the 3-D H machine, they must be repositioned as follows: 

Alternately, lift each foot off the floor the minimum necessary amount until no 
additional foot movement is obtained.  During this lifting, the feet are to be free to 
rotate; and no forward or lateral loads are to be applied.  When each foot is placed 
back in the down position, the heel is to be in contact with the structure designed 
for this. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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27.12.2006 

Check the lateral spirit level for zero position; if necessary, apply a lateral load to 
the top of the back pan sufficient to level the 3-D H machine's seat pan on the 
seat. 

4.13. 

Holding the T-bar to prevent the 3-D H machine from sliding forward on the seat 
cushion, proceed as follows: 

(a) 

return the back pan to the seat-back; 

(b) 

alternately apply and release a horizontal rearward load, not to exceed 
25 N, to the back angle bar at a height approximately at the centre of the 
torso weights until the hip angle quadrant indicates that a stable position 
has been reached after load release.  Care shall be exercised to ensure that 
no exterior downward or lateral loads are applied to the 3-D H machine.  If 
another level adjustment of the 3-D H machine is necessary, rotate the back 
pan forward, re-level, and repeat the procedure from paragraph 4.12. 

4.14. 

Take all measurements: 

4.14.1. 

4.14.2. 

4.15. 

4.16. 

The coordinates of the "H" point are measured with respect to the three-
dimensional reference system. 

The actual torso angle is read at the back angle quadrant of the 3-D H machine 
with the probe in its fully rearward position. 

If a re-run of the installation of the 3-D H machine is desired, the seat assembly 
should remain unloaded for a minimum period of 30 min. prior to the re-run.  The 
3-D H machine should not be left loaded on the seat assembly longer than the 
time required to perform the test. 

If the seats in the same row can be regarded as similar (bench seat, identical seats, 
etc.) only one "H" point and one "actual torso angle" shall be determined for each 
row of seats, the 3-D H machine described in Appendix 1 to this Annex being 
seated in a place regarded as representative for the row.  This place shall be: 

4.16.1. 

in the case of the front row, the driver's seat; 

4.16.2. 

in the case of the rear row or rows, an outer seat. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 8 - Appendix 1 

DESCRIPTION OF THE THREE DIMENSIONAL "H" POINT MACHINE(*) 

1. 

Back and seat pans 

(3-D H machine) 

The back and seat pans are constructed of reinforced plastic and metal; they 
simulate the human torso and thigh and are mechanically hinged at the "H" point. 
 A quadrant is fastened to the probe hinged at the "H" point to measure the actual 
torso angle.  An adjustable thigh bar, attached to the seat pan, establishes the thigh 
centreline and serves as a baseline for the hip angle quadrant. 

2. 

Body and leg elements 

Lower leg segments are connected to the seat pan assembly at the T-bar joining 
the knees, which is a lateral extension of the adjustable thigh bar.  Quadrants are 
incorporated in the lower leg segments to measure knee angles.  Shoe and foot 
assemblies are calibrated to measure the foot angle.  Two spirit levels orient the 
device in space.  Body element weights are placed at the corresponding centres of 
gravity to provide seat penetration equivalent to a 76 kg male.  All joints of the 3-
D H machine should be checked for free movement without encountering 
noticeable friction. 

__________ 
*  

For details of the construction of the 3-D H machine refer to Society of Automobile Engineers (SAE), 400 

Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, Pennsylvania 15096, United States of America. 
The machine corresponds to that described in ISO Standard 6549-1980. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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27.12.2006 

Head room Probe  

Back Pan 

Torso Weight hanger 

Back angle level

Hip Angle quadrant 

Sear Pan 

Thigh weight pad 

T-bar joining  
The knees 

Back Angle 
Quadrant

H-Point sight 
button 

H-Point pivot

Lateral level 

Thigh bar 

Knee Angle quadrant 

Foot Angle quadrant 

Figure 1:  3-D H machine elements designation 

 
 
 
 
 
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L 373/311 

Direction and point of 
application of load 

Torso weight

Buttock weight

Thigh weight 

Leg weight 

Figure 2:  Dimensions of the 3-D H machine elements and load distribution 

 
 
 
 
L 373/312 

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Official Journal of the European Union 

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Annex 8 - Appendix 2 

THREE-DIMENSIONAL REFERENCE SYSTEM 

1. 

2. 

3. 

The three-dimensional reference system is defined by three orthogonal planes 
established by the vehicle manufacturer (see figure).(*) 

The vehicle measuring attitude is established by positioning the vehicle on the 
supporting surface such that the coordinates of the fiducial marks correspond to 
the values indicated by the manufacturer. 

The coordinates of the "R" point and the "H" point are established in relation to 
the fiducial marks defined by the vehicle manufacturer. 

Zero Y plane (vertical 
longitudinal zero plane 

Zero X plane (vertical 
transverse zero plane 

Zero Z plane  
(horizontal zero plane 

Supporting Surface 

Figure - Three-dimensional reference system 

__________ 
*  

The reference system corresponds to ISO standard 4130, 1978. 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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Annex 8 - Appendix 3 

REFERENCE DATA CONCERNING SEATING POSITIONS 

1. 

Coding of reference data 

Reference data are listed consecutively for each seating position.  Seating 
positions are identified by a two-digit code.  The first digit is an Arabic numeral 
and designates the row of seats, counting from the front to the rear of the vehicle. 
 The second digit is a capital letter which designates the location of the seating 
position in a row, as viewed in the direction of forward motion of the vehicle; the 
following letters shall be used: 

L = left 
C = centre 
R = right 

2. 

2.1. 

3. 

3.1. 

Description of vehicle measuring attitude: 

Coordinates of fiducial marks 
 X 
 Y 
 Z 

.......................... 
.......................... 
.......................... 

List of reference data: 

Seating position:  .................... 

3.1.1. 

Coordinates of "R" point 

 X 
 Y 
 Z 

.......................... 
.......................... 
.......................... 

3.1.2. 

Design torso angle: 

....................................... 

3.1.3. 

Specifications for seat adjustment (*) 

 horizontal : 
 vertical   : 
 angular    : 
 torso angle: 

................. 
................. 
................. 
................. 

Note:  List reference data for further seating positions under 3.2., 3.3., etc. 

__________ 
*   Strike out what does not apply.