The European Ombudsman, could he help you? : complaint guide and form.
Date: 2006-11-14
Institutions: European Ombudsman
Subjects: European Ombudsman, appeal to the European Ombudsman, form, powers of the institutions (EU), user guide

1
0

56789

How to complain

m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d

i

n
A
r
t
i
c
l
e
1
4
o
f

t
h
e

I

l

m
p
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
g
P
r
o
v
i
s
i
o
n
s

(
a
v
a

i
l

l

a
b
e
o
n
t
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
’
s
w
e
b
s
i
t
e
)
a
r
e
p
u
b

l
i
c
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s

t
o
w
h
i
c
h
a
n
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f

t
h
e
p
u
b

l
i
c
m
a
y

i

t
h
e
o
p
n
o
n
o
f

i

t
h
e

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
r
b
o
d
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
e
d
o
n
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
,

l

i

i

i

a
n
y
o
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n
s
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
n
o
n
m
a
d
e
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t
,

l

i

a
s
w
e

l
l

a
s
o
t
h
e
r
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s

‘

D
e
a

l
i

n
g
p
u
b

l
i
c
l
y
w

’

i
t
h
a
c
o
m
p
a
n
t

l

i

m
e
a
n
s

t
h
a
t
a
n
y
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f

t
h
e
p
u
b

l
i
c
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
a
c
c
e
s
s

t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
a
n
d

l

i

i
t
s
a
n
n
e
x
e
s
.

I
f

t
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
o
p
e
n
s
a
n

i

n
q
u
i
r
y

,

®

®

l

P
e
a
s
e
t
r
e
a
t

m
y
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
p
u
b

l

i

l
i
c
l
y

I

r
e
q
u
i
r
e
t
h
a
t

i

l

m
y
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
b
e
t
r
e
a
t
e
d
c
o
n
ﬁ 
d
e
n
t
i
a

l
l
y

l

l

P
e
a
s
e
s
e
e
c
t
o
n
e
o
f

t
h
e
f
o

l
l

i

o
w
n
g
t

w
o
o
p
t
i
o
n
s
a
f
t
e
r
h
a
v
i
n
g
r
e
a
d
t
h
e
i

n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

i

n
t
h
e
b
o
x
b
e
l
o
w

:

C
o
m
p
a
n
t
s

l

i

t
o
t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
(
a
n
d
a
n
y
a
n
n
e
x
e
d
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s
)
a
r
e
n
o
r
m
a

l
l
y
d
e
a
l
t

w

i
t
h
p
u
b

l
i
c
l
y

.

D
a
t
e
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
t
u
r
e

:

O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
d
e
c
i
d
e
s

t
h
a
t
h
e

i
s
n
o
t
e
n
t
i
t
l
e
d
t
o
d
e
a

l

w

i
t
h

i
t
?

®

Y
e
s

®

N
o

D
o
y
o
u
a
g
r
e
e
t
h
a
t
y
o
u
r
c
o
m
p
a
n
t

l

i

m
a
y
b
e
p
a
s
s
e
d
o
n
t
o
a
n
o
t
h
e
r

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
r
b
o
d
y
(
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
o
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
)
,

i
f

t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

W
h
a
t
,

i

n
y
o
u
r
v
e
w

i

,

l

s
h
o
u
d
t
h
e

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
r
b
o
d
y
d
o
t
o
p
u
t

i

t
h
n
g
s

r
i
g
h
t
?

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
e
x
p
i
r
e
d
?

®

Y
e
s

(

l

p
e
a
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
y
)

®

N
o

®

Y
e
s

(

l

p
e
a
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
y
)

®

N
o

H
a
s

i

l

j

t
h
e
o
b
e
c
t
o
f
y
o
u
r
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
b
e
e
n
s
e
t
t
l
e
d
b
y
a
c
o
u
r
t
o
r

i
s

i

i
t
p
e
n
d
n
g
b
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
o
u
r
t
?

i

a
d
m
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
i
v
e
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
s
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
s
p
r
o
v
d
e
d
f
o
r

l

i

i

i

n
t
h
e
S
t
a
ﬀ 
R
e
g
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
?

l

I
f

s
o

,

h
a
v
e
t
h
e
t
i

m
e

l
i

m

i
t
s

f
o
r

r
e
p

l
i

e
s
b
y
t
h
e

®

Y
e
s

(

l

p
e
a
s
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
y
)

®

N
o

H
a
v
e
y
o
u
a
l
r
e
a
d
y
c
o
n
t
a
c
t
e
d
t
h
e
E
U

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
r
b
o
d
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
e
d

i

n
o
r
d
e
r

i

t
o
o
b
t
a
n
r
e
d
r
e
s
s
?

I
f

i

l

t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
s
w
o
r
k
r
e
a
t
i
o
n
s
h
p
s
w

l

i

i
t
h
t
h
e
E
U

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
b
o
d
e
s
:

i

h
a
v
e
y
o
u
u
s
e
d
a

l
l

t
h
e
p
o
s
s
i
b

i
l
i
t
i
e
s

f
o
r

i

n
t
e
r
n
a

l

T
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
—
1
A
v
e
n
u
e
d
u
P
r
é
s
i
d
e
n
t
R
o
b
e
r
t
S
c
h
u
m
a
n
—
B
P.
4
0
3
—

.

F
R
-
6
7
0
0
1
S
t
r
a
s
b
o
u
r
g
C
e
d
e
x

—

F
r
a
n
c
e

p
e
r
s
o
n
a

l

d
a
t
a
b
y
t
h
e
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
t
y

i

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
b
o
d
e
s
a
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
f
r
e
e
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f

s
u
c
h
d
a
t
a
(

O
J
L
8

,

.

.

1
2
1
2
0
0
1

,

p

.

1
)
.

l

(
1
)
R
e
g
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
E
C

)

N
o
4
5
/
2
0
0
1
o
f

t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n
P
a
r
l
i

a
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
o
f

t
h
e
C
o
u
n
c
i
l

o
f
1
8
D
e
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
0
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
o
n
o
f

i

i

i

n
d
v
d
u
a
l
s
w

i
t
h
r
e
g
a
r
d
t
o
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
o
f

A
r
t
i
c
l
e
5
(
d
)
o
f
R
e
g
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
E
C

l

)

N
o
4
5
/
2
0
0
1
t
o
t
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
d
e
a

l
i

n
g
p
u
b

l
i
c
l
y
w

i
t
h
a
n
y
p
e
r
s
o
n
a

l

d
a
t
a
w
h
i
c
h
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
t

l

i

m
a
y
c
o
n
t
a
n

i

.

C
o
m
p
a
n
t
s

l

i

t
o
t
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
m
a
y
c
o
n
t
a
n
p
e
r
s
o
n
a

i

l

l

d
a
t
a
r
e
a
t
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t
,

l

i

o
r

t
o
a
t
h
i
r
d
p
a
r
t
y

.

T
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
i
n
g
o
f
p
e
r
s
o
n
a

l

d
a
t
a
b
y
t
h
e
E
u
r
o
p
e
a
n

t
h
e

i

d
e
n
t
i
ﬁ 
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f

t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t
.

l

i

T
h
i
s

i

n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n

i
s
a
l
s
o
r
e
m
o
v
e
d

i
f

t
h
e
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n

i
s
p
u
b

l
i
s
h
e
d

i

n
f
u

l
l
,

o
r

i

n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
f
o
r
m

,

i

n
a
h
a
r
d
c
o
p
y
o
r
e
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
f
o
r
m
a
t
.

l

O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n

i
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
e
d
b
y
R
e
g
u
a
t
i
o
n
(
E
C

l

)

N
o
4
5
/
2
0
0
1
(
1
)
.

l

U
n
e
s
s

t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t

l

i

r
e
q
u
e
s
t
s
c
o
n
ﬁ 
d
e
n
t
i
a

l
i
t
y

,

h
e
o
r

s
h
e

i
s
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
o
o
d
t
o
c
o
n
s
e
n
t

f
o
r

t
h
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
s
o
f

i

b
e
g
n
s
a
n

i

n
q
u
i
r
y

.

T
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
’
s
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
c
o
n
ﬁ 
d
e
n
t
i
a

i

l

l
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
s
a
r
e
p
u
b

l
i
s
h
e
d
o
n
h
i
s
w
e
b
s
i
t
e

,

a
f
t
e
r

t
h
e
r
e
m
o
v
a

l

o
f
a
n
y

i

n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
u
d

l

l

e
a
d
t
o

f
u

l
l
,

o
r

i

n
s
u
m
m
a
r
y
f
o
r
m

,

i

n
h
a
r
d
c
o
p
y
a
n
d
e
e
c
t
r
o
n
i
c
f
o
r
m
a
t
s
.

l

T
h
e
s
e
p
u
b

l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
d
o
n
o
t

i

i

l

n
c
l
u
d
e
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t
’
s
n
a
m
e
o
r
a
d
d
r
e
s
s
.

o
r

t
o
t
h
e
o
t
h
e
r
d
o
c
u
m
e
n
t
s

m
e
n
t
i
o
n
e
d
a
b
o
v
e

.

H
o
w
e
v
e
r
,

e
v
e
n
a
c
o
n
ﬁ 
d
e
n
t
i
a

l
c
o
m
p
a
n
t

l

i

m
u
s
t
b
e
s
e
n
t

t
o
t
h
e
U
n
o
n

i

i

n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
o
r
b
o
d
y
c
o
n
c
e
r
n
e
d

,

i
f

t
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n

l

A
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t
h
a
s

i

t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t

t
o
r
e
q
u
e
s
t

t
h
a
t
h
i
s
o
r
h
e
r
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
b
e
d
e
a
l
t

l

i

w

i
t
h
c
o
n
ﬁ 
d
e
n
t
i
a

l
l
y

.

I
f
c
o
n
ﬁ 
d
e
n
t
i
a

l
i
t
y

i
s

r
e
q
u
e
s
t
e
d

,

t
h
e
r
e

i
s
n
o
p
u
b

l
i
c
a
c
c
e
s
s

t
o
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
t

l

i

h
a
v
e
a
c
c
e
s
s
o
n
r
e
q
u
e
s
t
.

T
h
e
O
m
b
u
d
s
m
a
n
’
s
d
e
c
i
s
i
o
n
s
o
n
c
o
m
p
a
n
t
s
a
r
e
p
u
b

l

i

l
i
s
h
e
d
o
n
h
i
s
w
e
b
s
i
t
e
w

i

l

i
t
h
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
a
n
t
’
s
n
a
m
e
r
e
m
o
v
e
d

.

S
o
m
e
a
r
e
a
l
s
o
p
u
b

l
i
s
h
e
d

i

n

OPO 5 0400_Ombudsman_EN.indd   1
OPO 5 0400_Ombudsman_EN.indd   1

Write to the Ombudsman in any of the Treaty languages 

(1), setting out clearly who you are, which EU institution 

or body you are complaining against and the grounds for 

your complaint.

  ■   A complaint must be made within two years of the 
date when you became aware of the facts on which 

your complaint is based.

  ■   You need not be individually aﬀ ected by the 

maladministration.

  ■   You must already have contacted the institution or 
body concerned about the matter, for example by a 

letter.

Q
K
-
7
2
-
0
5
-
0
1
5
-
E
N
-
D

The European Ombudsman

COULD HE HELP YOU?

How to contact the European 
Ombudsman

  ■   By mail

The European Ombudsman

1 Avenue du Président Robert Schuman

B.P. 403

FR-67001 Strasbourg Cedex

France

  ■   By telephone

+33 (0)3 88 17 23 13

  ■   By fax

+33 (0)3 88 17 90 62

  ■   By e-mail

  ■   The Ombudsman does not deal with matters that 

eo@ombudsman.europa.eu

are currently before a court or that have already 

  ■   Website

been settled by a court.

http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu  

The Ombudsman will examine your complaint, and you 

will be informed of the outcome of his investigation.

A complaint can be made by writing a letter to the 

European Ombudsman or by using the form enclosed. 

An electronic version of this complaint form is available 
on the Ombudsman’s website: 
http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu

(1) There are currently (in June 2006) 21 Treaty languages: Czech, Danish, 
Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, 
Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, 
Spanish, and Swedish.

June 2006

Complaint guide and form

en

30/06/06   9:17:16
30/06/06   9:17:16

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 What does the European 
Ombudsman do?

 What are the institutions 
and bodies of the EU?

Who can complain 
to the Ombudsman?

The European Ombudsman investigates complaints against 

The institutions and bodies of the EU include the:

If you are a citizen of a Member State of the Union or 

the institutions and bodies of the European Union (EU). You 

can complain to the Ombudsman about maladministration 

in the activities of these institutions and bodies.

The European Ombudsman cannot investigate complaints 

against national, regional or local administrations in the 

Member States, even when the complaints are about EU 

matters. Many of these complaints could be addressed 

to national or regional ombudsmen or committees on 

  ■  European Parliament 

  ■  Council of the European Union

  ■  European Commission 

  ■   Court of Justice of the European Communities 

(except in its judicial role)

  ■  European Court of Auditors

petitions in national or regional parliaments. Contact details 

  ■  European Economic and Social Committee

  ■   Committee of the Regions of the European Union

  ■  European Investment Bank

  ■  European Central Bank

  ■  European Personnel Selection Oﬃ  ce (EPSO)

  ■  European Anti-Fraud Oﬃ  ce (OLAF)

  ■  European Police Oﬃ  ce (Europol)

  ■   Decentralised agencies (such as the European 

Centre for the Development of Vocational Training, 

the European Environment Agency, the Oﬃ  ce for 

Harmonisation in the Internal Market, etc.) 

Please note that this list is not exhaustive. An overview of 

the EU institutions and bodies is available on the Europa 
website: http://www.europa.eu

for all national and regional ombudsmen and committees 

on petitions in the EU are available on the European 

Ombudsman’s website:
http://www.ombudsman.europa.eu

What is maladministration?

Maladministration means poor or failed administration. 

This occurs if an institution fails to act in accordance 

with the law, fails to respect the principles of good 

administration, or violates human rights. Some examples are: 

  ■  administrative irregularities

  ■  unfairness

  ■  discrimination

  ■  abuse of power

  ■  failure to reply

  ■  refusal of information

  ■  unnecessary delay

OPO 5 0400_Ombudsman_EN.indd   2
OPO 5 0400_Ombudsman_EN.indd   2

reside in a Member State, you can make a complaint to 

the European Ombudsman about maladministration in 

the activities of the EU institutions and bodies. Businesses, 

associations or other bodies with a registered oﬃ  ce in the 

Union may also complain to the Ombudsman.

What result can you expect?

The Ombudsman may simply need to inform the 

institution concerned about a complaint in order for 

it to resolve the problem. If the case is not resolved 

satisfactorily during the course of the inquiries, 

the Ombudsman will try, if possible, to ﬁ nd a friendly 

solution which puts right the case of maladministration 

and satisﬁ es the complainant. If the attempt at 

conciliation fails, the Ombudsman can make 

recommendations to solve the case. If the institution does 

not accept his recommendations, he can make a special 

report to the European Parliament.

n
a
m
s
d
u
b
m
O
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
e
h
T

I

N
O
I
T
A
R
T
S
I
N
M
D
A
L
A
M
T
U
O
B
A
T
N
A
L
P
M
O
C

I

i

l

.
t
n
a
p
m
o
c
r
u
o
y
t
r
o
p
p
u
s
o
t
y
r
a
s
s
e
c
e
n
s
t
n
e
m
u
c
o
d
e
h
t

l
l

a
e
s
o
l
c
n
e
d
n
a
y
r
a
s
s
e
c
e
n
f
i

t
e
e
h
s
e
t
a
r
a
p
e
s
a
n
o
e
u
n
i
t
n
o
c
e
s
a
e
P

l

.

m
r
o
f

i

l

t
n
a
p
m
o
c
s
i
h
t

t
u
o
g
n

i
l
l

ﬁ 
e
r
o
f
e
b

’

i

l

n
a
p
m
o
c
o
t

w
o
H

‘

d
e
l
t
i
t
n
e
n
o
i
t
c
e
s
e
h
t
d
a
e
r
e
s
a
e
P

l

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:

e
m
a
n
t
s
r
i
F

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:

e
m
a
n
r
u
S

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

l

:
)
e
b
a
c
i
l

p
p
a
f
i
(

f
o
f
l
a
h
e
b
n
O

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:

1
e
n

i
l

s
s
e
r
d
d
A

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.

:

2
e
n

i
l

s
s
e
r
d
d
A

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:

y
t
i
C
/
n
w
o
T

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:

i

e
c
n
v
o
r
P
/
e
t
a
t
S
/
y
t
n
u
o
C

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:

e
d
o
c
t
s
o
P

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:

y
r
t
n
u
o
C

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:
.
l

e
T

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:

x
a
F

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
 .

:
l
i

a
m
-
E

i

l

?
n
a
p
m
o
c
o
t
h
s
i
w
u
o
y
o
d
y
d
o
b
r
o
n
o
i
t
u
t
i
t
s
n

i

)

i

U
E
(
n
o
n
U
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
h
c
i
h
w

i

t
s
n
a
g
A

)

O
S
P
E
(
e
c
ﬃ 
O
n
o
i
t
c
e
e
S

l

l

e
n
n
o
s
r
e
P
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

)
F
A
L
O

(
e
c
ﬃ 
O
d
u
a
r
F
-
i
t
n
A
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

)
l
o
p
o
r
u
E
(
e
c
ﬃ 
O
e
c
i
l

o
P
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

)
y
f
i
c
e
p
s
e
s
a
e
p

l

(
y
d
o
b
n
o
n
U
r
e
h
t

i

O

k
n
a
B
t
n
e
m

t
s
e
v
n

I

n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

k
n
a
B

l

a
r
t
n
e
C
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

®

®

®

®

®

®

)
*
(

s
e
i
t
i
n
u
m
m
o
C
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
e
h
t

f
o
e
c
i
t
s
u
J

f
o
t
r
u
o
C

s
r
o
t
i
d
u
A

f
o
t
r
u
o
C
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

i

n
o
n
U
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
e
h
t

i

f
o
s
n
o
g
e
R
e
h
t

f
o
e
e
t
t
i

m
m
o
C

e
e
t
t
i

m
m
o
C

l

a
i
c
o
S
d
n
a
c
i
m
o
n
o
c
E
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

i

n
o
n
U
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E
e
h
t

f
o

l
i
c
n
u
o
C

n
o
i
s
s
i

m
m
o
C
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

t
n
e
m
a

i
l
r
a
P
n
a
e
p
o
r
u
E

®

®

®

®

®

®

®

.

l

e
o
r

l

a
i
c
i
d
u

j

s
t
i

n

i

t
p
e
c
x
E
)
*
(

?
t
i

f
o
e
r
a
w
a
e
m
o
c
e
b
u
o
y
d
d
n
e
h
W

i

i

l

?
n
a
p
m
o
c
u
o
y
h
c
i
h
w

t
u
o
b
a
r
e
t
t
a
m

r
o
n
o
i
s
i
c
e
d
e
h
t

s
i

t
a
h
W

?
g
n
o
r
w
e
n
o
d
s
a
h
y
d
o
b
r
o
n
o
i
t
u
t
i
t
s
n

i

U
E
e
h
t

t
a
h
t

r
e
d
i
s
n
o
c
u
o
y
o
d
t
a
h
W

1

2

3 4

30/06/06   9:17:23
30/06/06   9:17:23