European Parliament resolution on the reform of the United Nations
Date: 2005-06-09
Institutions: European Parliament
Subjects: UNO, development policy, institutional cooperation, institutional reform, international security, operation of the Institutions, peace

25.5.2006

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Thursday 9 June 2005

P6_TA(2005)0237

Reform of the UN

European Parliament resolution on the reform of the United Nations

The European Parliament,

— having regard to its resolution on EU-UN relations of 29 January 2004 (1),

— having regard to the report ‘A more secure world: our shared responsibility’ by the High-level Panel on

Threats, Challenges and Change of 1 December 2004,

— having regard to the report ‘Investing in development: a practical plan to achieve the Millennium Devel-

opment Goals’ by the UN Millennium Project of 17 January 2005,

— having regard to the report ‘In larger freedom: towards development, security and human rights for all’

by the Secretary-General of the UN of 21 March 2005,

— having regard to Rule 103(2) of its Rules of Procedure,

A. whereas the Report of the High-level Panel (hereafter RHP) makes more than a hundred recommenda-
tions on change and the need to reform the UN in order to address challenges and threats ranging
from poverty, infectious diseases, environmental damage and civil violence to terrorism, weapons of
mass destruction and nuclear non-proliferation; whereas the Report by the Secretary-General (hereafter
RSG) emphasises and endorses most of these recommendations,

B. whereas the RHP puts forward a new vision of collective security and addresses all of the major threats

to international peace and security felt around the world,

C. whereas in the Secretary-General's view, following the RHP's recommendations, it is urgent that the
policies and institutions of the United Nations be reviewed in order to rise to the challenge of meeting
new threats and to avoid its erosion in the face of increased discord between States and unilateral
action by them,

D. whereas the RHP clearly states that the use of force, whenever necessary, should be deployed as a last
resort, to be reiterated in a resolution of the Security Council on the principles relating to the use of
force, and clearly endorses the ‘emerging norm’ that there is a collective international responsibility to
protect in the event of genocide and other large-scale killing, ethnic cleansing or serious violations of
international humanitarian law, which sovereign governments have proved powerless or unwilling to
prevent,

E. whereas genuine multilateralism is the most appropriate tool for solving the problems and threats faced
by the international community, provided it is based on well-adapted institutions and efficient decision
and enforcement processes,

F. whereas the RSG stresses the need for action and immediate reform, and presents a set of achievable

concrete measures to be adopted by Heads of State and Government by September 2005,

G. whereas EU Member States must be at the forefront of efforts to secure universal participation in multi-

lateral conventions,

(1) OJ C 96 E, 21.4.2004, p. 79.

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Collective security in the 21st century: prevention, awareness and shared responsibility

1. Warmly welcomes the RSG following on from the RHP and strongly supports the underlying
determination to achieve a consistent and thorough reform of the United Nations in order to adapt the
organisation to new world realities and make it more efficient, equitable, geared to the long term and
accountable in providing collective security in the 21st century; particularly welcomes the realistic
approach of both reports, which, unlike previous reform proposals, adequately combine vision with
concrete and practice-oriented measures for action;

2.
Calls on the Council fully to endorse the reform report presented by Kofi Annan and calls on the
Luxembourg Presidency to engage in achieving a Council decision on a common EU position towards
concrete UN reforms;

3.
Clearly endorses the view that progress in the areas of development, security and human rights must
go hand in hand and that the reform of the United Nations should not be viewed as an end in itself, but
rather as the ineluctable consequence of an in-depth analysis of the political and security parameters and
factors at stake in a new and uncertain world environment; thus recommends strengthening the United
Nations system and institutions, since they constitute the most appropriate and only global institutions
potentially able to foster and ensure collective security in a manner which is both legitimate and efficient;

4.
Approves the strict limitation of the notion of self-defence and the use of force and responsibility to
protect civilian populations defined by the High-level Panel in accordance with the spirit and wording of
the UN Charter, and agrees that such a definition should not prevent the Security Council from acting
preventively — and even in a more proactive manner than in the past — since it is the only legitimate
body for such action; recalls that there can only be effective crisis protection if the UN has the means to
monitor and to observe on a full-time basis the ethnic, linguistic or religious tensions likely to degenerate
into a crisis;

Reiterates that when considering the use of force the Security Council should always take into
5.
account the five criteria of legitimacy: seriousness of threat, proper purpose,
last resort, proportional
means and allowance for the consequences; agrees that the principles relating to the use of force and its
authorisation should be laid down in a resolution of the Security Council; suggests that the Security
Council be permitted, on a case-by-case basis for the purpose of dealing with a clearly defined situation
over a limited period of time, to delegate its powers under Chapter VII of the UN Charter to a recognised
regional organisation;

6.
Supports the High-level Panel's call, as confirmed in the RSG, to grant to the International Atomic
Energy Agency (IAEA) an increased role and reinforced means, including the strengthening of its verifica-
tion authority, in the fight against nuclear proliferation and in preventing the use of atomic, biological and
chemical (ABC) weapons; strongly supports the call for States to pledge full compliance with all articles of
the Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and
the Chemical Weapons Convention in order further to strengthen the multilateral framework for non-proli-
feration and disarmament, as well as the specific proposals in this area;

7.
Supports the guaranteeing of the supply of fuel necessary to develop peaceful uses, such as an
arrangement in which the IAEA would act as a guarantor for the supply of fissile material to civilian
nuclear users at market rates for States who voluntarily forego the development of domestic uranium
enrichment and plutonium separation facilities;

8.
Supports the forging by the United Nations of a strategy of counter-terrorism which is respectful of
human rights and the rule of law, which involves civil society and which is based on the five pillars of
dissuading from resort to terrorism or support thereof, denying terrorists access to funds and material
resources, deterring States from supporting terrorism, developing State capacity to combat terrorism and
defending human rights;

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9.
Stresses in this context the need to continue to build on the past work of the Counter-Terrorism
Committee (CTC), and to support the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate (CTED) in its
task of guaranteeing compliance with the obligations of UN Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001);

Thursday 9 June 2005

10.
Looks forward to the conclusion by the General Assembly of the United Nations of a comprehensive
convention on terrorism, based on a clear and agreed definition, respecting human rights and democratic
freedoms, containing a reference inter alia to the definitions in the 1999 Convention for the Suppression
of the Financing of Terrorism and in UN Security Council Resolution 1566 (2004), and reiterating that
actions covered by the twelve earlier anti-terrorism Conventions constitute terrorism, together with a state-
ment that they also constitute a crime under international law; also encourages more effective cooperation
in other priority areas such as confronting organised crime and the illicit trade in small and light arms, and
working to eliminate landmines completely;

Fully subscribes to the need for developed States to engage more actively in peacekeeping operations
11.
around the world, and therefore calls for greater efforts by the EU Member States with a view to trans-
forming armies into units suitable for deployment to peace operations, and to placing contingents on
stand-by for UN purposes; states its commitment to the serious reinvigorating of both conflict prevention
and post-conflict peace-building by providing peacekeepers with the right mandates, sufficient capacity and
appropriate training in order to perform the assigned tasks and to avoid civil and humanitarian crises;
agrees with the proposal that peacekeeping operations carried out by regional organisations should be
authorised by the Security Council;

Freedom from want: a shared and balanced vision of a renewed UN development policy

12.
Takes this opportunity to call upon all those involved actors to do their utmost to achieve the
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs); emphasises that development reforms and aims as mentioned in
the MDGs have to be achieved in accordance with reform efforts in the areas of collective security and
institutional reforms; is convinced that only a thorough and balanced reform of the UN system as a whole
will achieve a better north-south balance within the UN that in turn will increase acceptance of the UN
and its legitimacy in the eyes of its members;

13.
Recalls that previous pledges from donor countries for the financing of development should be
implemented — especially to achieve progress in the fight against HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis;
notes in this regard that the UN Country Teams should be strengthened, and that their staff should be
properly trained and funded and should work closely with the international financial institutions to achieve
the MDGs;

14.
Emphasises the need further to support scientific research and development so as to ensure environ-
mental sustainability, address climate change and react to the special needs of developing countries in the
fields of agriculture, natural resources and environmental management;

Recalls that a successful partnership must be based on a two-way process in which developing coun-
15.
tries must strengthen governance, combat corruption and maximise domestic resources to fund national
development strategies, while developed countries must support these efforts through a more effective allo-
cation of development assistance, better access to their markets and debt relief;

16.
Endorses the view that economic and social development and security and respect for human rights
and safeguarding the environment are intricately interdependent; emphasises that risk prevention through
development can significantly reduce political, military or terrorist threats which derive from actual or
perceived social inequalities, economic injustices and environmental degradations; welcomes the conclusion
by the High-level Panel that there is no hierarchy of threats, and that threats of different natures cannot be
isolated from one another; restates therefore that security issues are intimately linked to the achievement
and consolidation of the MDGs;

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17.
Fully endorses the specific calls made by the Secretary-General in this area, including those on estab-
lishing a clear timetable for developed countries to achieve the target of 0.7 % of GNI for official develop-
ment assistance, on recognising the special needs of Africa, and on launching a series of quick-win initia-
tives so as to realise major immediate progress towards the MDGs, including the elimination of user fees
for basic health and education;

18.
Endorses the RSG's recommendation to strengthen the contribution of non-state actors to the goals
of the UN, including new mechanisms to ensure accountability of civil society, the private sector and inter-
national institutions;

19. Welcomes the RSG's recommendation for agreement for an international framework to tackle
climate change beyond 2012, with broader participation by all major emitters, and to support time-bound
environmental targets for all EU Member States;

20.
Affirms that UN decision-making bodies should have the competence — and the responsibility —
both to define common public interests and to establish norms to safeguard and adopt regulations in order
to preserve and defend these public interests, including the definition of international rules aimed at clari-
fying the relationship between trade and the environment with a view to ensuring the safeguarding of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements against trade rules;

Reformed institutions for greater representativeness and efficiency

Insists that the necessary reform of the United Nations as a whole must by no means be limited or
21.
overshadowed by the reform of
the Security Council and other institutional questions, although a
rethinking of structures and working methods with a view to better representation and credibility is of the
utmost importance; calls on UN member states to make every effort to avoid a situation in which potential
difficulties in reaching an agreement on the new composition of the Security Council jeopardise the reform
as a whole;

22.
Is convinced that the central elements guiding the reform of the Security Council must be the
strengthening of its authority, the truly representative nature of all geographic areas, legitimacy, effective-
ness and its primary role in the maintenance of international peace and security; is convinced of the need
to change the composition of the Security Council in a way that takes into account the changed state of
the international system as well as current geopolitical realities, by increasing the number of developing
countries in the Council, by ensuring that its members are willing and able to act when action is needed,
and by employing more effective and transparent working methods; considers that the two proposals
(Models A and B) by the High-level Panel adequately reflect such better representation, although other
reform proposals are also possible, and emphasises that an EU seat in the UN Security Council remains the
aim for the EU as soon as the political, constitutional and legal conditions for such a seat are met;

23.
Takes note of the proposal to extend the composition of the UN Security Council by adding new
seats for each regional group, including ‘Europe’; expresses the view that in this context the appropriate
solution that would be coherent with the European Constitutional Treaty, which creates a legal personality
for the Union and a European Minister for Foreign Affairs, would be to allocate an additional permanent
seat to the EU; calls on the Member States seriously to consider this proposal in order to enhance Europe's
influence in the world through a coherent and efficient Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP);

24.
Considers, however, that in any case, irrespective of the procedure for reform chosen, some of the
additional seats for ‘Europe’ should be allocated to the EU as such; in this context, calls on the EU Council
to establish the appropriate mechanism to designate the EU Member States who will carry out their
mandate as EU representatives in close coordination with the other EU Member States, the High Represen-
tative for the CFSP or the future Minister for Foreign Affairs, the Commission and the European Parliament
until the conditions for an EU seat are met;

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25.
Fully supports the proposal of the RHP to introduce a mechanism of indicative voting in the Security
Council, whereby members could call for a public indication of positions on a proposed action, ‘no’ votes
not having a veto effect, nor the final vote having any legal force, but increasing the accountability of the
veto function;

Thursday 9 June 2005

26.
Strongly supports the strengthening of human rights protection and promotion in the UN system,
which to date, unfortunately, has not always achieved the desired effectiveness in terms of results, and calls
for significantly increased financial support from all member states for the Office of the High Commis-
sioner for Human Rights, as well as the active involvement of the High Commissioner in the work and
deliberations of the Security Council; supports, in this connection, the proposal for an annual report of the
High Commissioner for Human Rights which presents added value in terms of the visibility of the UN
recommendations made and at the same time permits an evaluation of the degree of cooperation of a state
with the UN mechanisms;

27.
Supports the replacement of the UN Commission on Human Rights (UNCHR) with a reduced
standing Human Rights Council (HRC) directly elected by the General Assembly — which, when electing
members to serve in that body, should choose countries that respect human rights most scrupulously —
with a strengthened majority, which will give it greater democratic legitimacy and political authority;
supports the incorporation into the working methods of the UNCHR of a ‘peer review’ mechanism which
would allow for each country to be subject, on a regular basis, to a human rights assessment; supports the
idea of linking accession to the HRC to the obligation for a member state to issue a standing invitation
allowing for the implementation of the UN mechanisms and procedures; considers that it is of the utmost
importance to reinforce the role of independent NGOs within the HRC and that their participation requires
a reform of the Committee of NGOs;

28.
Restates its full support for the work of the International Criminal Court and encourages all UN
member states to cooperate with it; welcomes the establishment of a special rapporteur on the compat-
ibility of counter-terrorism measures with international human rights law; recognises the important role of
the International Court of Justice and supports the consideration of means to strengthen the work of the
Court;

29.
Fully supports the High-level Panel's view that the role, the margin of manoeuvre and the account-
ability of the Secretary-General should be increased in the field of peace and security; in this respect, under-
lines the need to give the Secretary-General the appropriate freedom, discretion and resources to organise
the structure and modalities of his working environment in such a way as to ensure that the UN adminis-
tration matches the priorities of the reform;

30.
Is alarmed at the accusations that UN peacekeeping forces used sexual and physical violence in, inter
alia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bosnia and Kosovo; condemns the fact that those who are
guilty of sexual violence and rape during current conflicts have neither been charged nor punished and
calls on the UN to tackle the problems in order to ensure that the organisation continues in its role as the
leading champion of human rights in the world;

31. Welcomes the proposal to create a Peacebuilding Commission as well as a Peacebuilding Support
Office within the UN Secretariat and with the participation of international financial institutions, in order
to enhance the ability of the organisation to sustain efforts in post-conflict peacebuilding and to restore
order in, and rebuild, devastated nations where the state has ceased to exist; calls for the establishment of a
civilian peace corps (‘white helmets’) capable of performing functions that are non-military in nature;
strongly endorses the need to ensure greater protection for humanitarian actors and their safe and unim-
peded access to vulnerable populations; underlines the need for additional resources for the Secretary-Gen-
eral for his mediation capacities (‘good offices’) and supports the creation of a Rule of Law Assistance Unit
and a Democracy Fund to assist national efforts to re-establish the rule of law and democracy;

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32.
Insists on the need to revitalise the General Assembly by implementing a better conceptualisation
and shortening of its agenda in order to speedily and efficiently address the major substantive issues
affecting the world today, by reducing the number of members of its committees and by focusing their
activities in order to improve the resolutions and the credibility of the body as a whole; calls for the estab-
lishment of mechanisms within the General Assembly in order to systematically engage with civil society;

33.
Calls for the upgrading of the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), a drastic reduction in the
number of its members and reinforcement of its decision-making powers in order to transform this body
into the equivalent of the Security Council in areas dealing with economic matters, finance, development,
biotechnology, communication systems, ethics, and threats to the climate and the biotope; calls for the
establishment of a close and permanent consultation mechanism between a reformed ECOSOC and the
Bretton Woods Institutions as well as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), enabling ECOSOC effectively
to assess progress on the UN development agenda and to serve as a high-level development cooperation
forum; calls for a better coordination mechanism between the various United Nations agencies operating
under the aegis of ECOSOC; supports the proposed biennial high-level Development Cooperation Forum
and the establishment of an ECOSOC Executive Committee;

34.
Considers, however, that the reform proposals put forward by the RSG in the socio-economic field
remain largely below actual needs for a body that brings together the key developed and developing coun-
tries to address the critical interlinkages between trade, finance, the environment and economic and social
development; fully supports as a first step the RHP proposal to transform the G20 group, of which the
European Union is an institutional member and the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are
ex-officio members, into a leaders' group with regular attendance by the WTO, the UN Secretary-General,
the President of ECOSOC and the High Commissioner for Human Rights;

35.
Suggests that the existing but dormant and obsolete Trusteeship Council be transformed into a
Council for Failed States, which would be responsible, on behalf of the United Nations, for coordinating
international cooperation in the case of failed States, and more widely for conflict prevention in failing
States; suggests that this Council for Failed States be mandated by the Security Council to administer on a
temporary basis peoples and territories where official state structures have collapsed or are about to disap-
pear;

36.
Calls for the strengthening of international environmental governance through the upgrading of the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) into a United Nations specialised agency for the environ-
ment, equipped with sufficient financial, material and human resources, with universal membership,
entitled to ensure compliance with legally binding multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs) by
governments, international economic institutions and transnational corporations, and serving as a reference
body for scientific, technical and legal expertise on the environment; calls for cohesive new action to
ensure environmental sustainability, including addressing climate change as well as the issues of desertifica-
tion, biodiversity and environmental refugees; calls for clarification of the jurisdictional relationship,
including the dispute settlement mechanisms, between the WTO and MEAs within the UN system;

37. Draws attention to the fact that in November 2004, UNEP and United Nations Development
Programme signed a Memorandum of Understanding which provides for UNEP to assist countries, at their
request, in building capacity for compliance with environmental obligations, as one of the key pillars of
sustainable development; supports this position and strongly endorses the need to ensure that sufficient
resources are made available for both programmes to cooperate effectively;

38.
Emphasises that the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is
one of the key agencies in the United Nations system, with global responsibility for education, science
(including water) and culture (including communications and media); calls upon member countries to
provide UNESCO with enhanced budgetary resources in order to fulfil its important mandate; invites the
UN Secretary-General to draw systematically on UNESCO contributions especially in poverty reduction and
education policies, as well as in the safeguarding of cultural diversity;

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39.
Calls for the establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly (UNPA) within the UN
system, which would increase the democratic profile and internal democratic process of the organisation
and allow world civil society to be directly associated in the decision-making process; states that the Parlia-
mentary Assembly should be vested with genuine rights of information, participation and control, and
should be able to adopt recommendations directed at the UN General Assembly;

Thursday 9 June 2005

40.
Suggests as a first step the holding of a parliamentary event before the gathering of Heads of States
and Government in September 2005, which would be complementary to the Second World Conference of
Speakers of Parliament scheduled for 7-9 September 2005 in New York; states its preparedness to send a
delegation to these parliamentary events; fully supports the creation of a Democracy Fund aimed at
encouraging, establishing and strengthening democracy worldwide, as called for in the RSG;

41.
Calls on Member States to support and strengthen the ‘UN Democracy Caucus’ that promotes
democracy among the member states of the UN and helps to establish democratic structures within the
UN system by serving as a role model for emerging democracies while at the same time preventing non-de-
mocratic authoritarian states from chairing important UN bodies and thus endangering UN credibility;

42. Welcomes the initiative by the Secretary-General to organise the ‘Treaty event, an invitation to
universal participation Focus 2005: responding to global challenges’; calls on Member States to support
this initiative by signing, ratifying or acceding to those treaties featured in Focus 2005 to which they are
not parties already; calls also on the Council and the Commission, in their relations with third countries, to
promote this initiative and to assist those countries in their efforts with a view to signing, ratifying or
acceding to those treaties by September 2005;

Recalls the successful co-operation between the United Nations and the European Union concerning
43.
the rescue operations and relief work delivered in the aftermath of the Tsunami disaster; welcomes the
recommendation by the Secretary-General asking the United Nations to build on the successes of regional
organisations, in particular by developing strong norms to ensure political stability and to protect the
rights of minorities, indigenous peoples and internally displaced persons; welcomes the recommendation to
give increased support to Africa and to the African Union; calls for an increased partnership between the
United Nations and the European Union, given that the latter is best suited to coordinate with other coun-
tries or regional entities the effective implementation of global policies, including those concerning the
International Criminal Court, the Kyoto Protocol and the International Ban on Landmines;

44.
Restates its opinion that, in the light of the EU Constitution, streamlining the EU's diplomatic repre-
sentation to the UN is of the utmost importance for improving relations between them and for the influ-
ence of the EU on the international stage; therefore encourages the Council and the Commission actively
to pursue the merging of their liaison offices and delegations into a common external EU delegation in
each one of the following UN headquarters: New York, Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi;

45.
Strongly calls on the EU Member States to support without delay the proposals for reform outlined
by the RSG following on from the RHP, to make all possible efforts to implement these reforms in the
appropriate areas and to provide the necessary means for that purpose in collaboration with EU institu-
tions;

46.
Calls on its Bureau to commission a group of experts to draw up an initial blueprint detailing how
the overall reform of the UN system might operate from the point of view both of the UN Charter and of
the EU institutions;

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47. Decides to launch a series of awareness-raising campaigns to inform the public at large, within and
outside Europe, about the historic implications of UN reform and its impact on the European institutional
system;

*

*

*

Instructs its President to forward this resolution to the Council and the Commission, the Govern-
48.
ments and Parliaments of the EU Member States, the Secretary-General of the UN, the President of the UN
Security Council, the President of the UN General Assembly, the President of the UN ECOSOC and the
Members of the High-level Panel for UN reform, as well as to the US Congress, the Inter-Parliamentary
Union and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

P6_TA(2005)0238

Transatlantic relations

European Parliament resolution on ensuring the success of the forthcoming EU-US Summit in
Washington DC on 20 June 2005

The European Parliament,

— having regard to the Transatlantic Declaration on EC-US relations of 1990 and the New Transatlantic

Agenda of 1995,

— having regard to the Conclusions of the Brussels European Council of 16 and 17 December 2004 and
in particular to the sections entitled ‘An international order based on effective multilateralism’ and
‘Working with partners’,

— having regard to its resolution of 22 April 2004 on the state of the Transatlantic Partnership on the

eve of the EU-US Summit in Dublin on 25/26 June 2004 (1),

— having regard to the outcome of the EU-US Summit held on 25 and 26 June 2004 in Dublin,

— having regard to its resolution of 13 January 2005 on transatlantic relations (2),

— having regard to its previous resolutions of 17 May 2001 on the state of the transatlantic dialogue (3),
of 13 December 2001 on EU judicial cooperation with the United States in combating terrorism (4), of
15 May 2002 on the Commission Communication to the Council on reinforcing the Transatlantic Rela-
tionship: Focusing on Strategy and Delivering Results (5) and of 19 June 2003 on a renewed transat-
lantic relationship for the third millennium (6), and to its recommendation of 10 March 2004 to the
Council on the Guantánamo detainees' right to a fair trial (7),

— having regard to US Congress Draft House Resolution 77 on Transatlantic Relations presented on 9

February 2005,

— having regard to the statements made after the meeting of European Union Heads of State and Govern-

ment and the President of the United States on 22 February 2005 in Brussels,

(1) OJ C 104 E, 30.4.2004, p. 1043.
(2) Texts Adopted of that date, P6_TA(2005)0007.
(3) OJ C 34 E, 7.2.2002, p. 359.
(4) OJ C 177 E, 25.7.2002, p. 288.
(5) OJ C 180 E, 31.7.2003, p. 392.
(6) OJ C 69 E, 19.3.2004, p. 124.
(7) OJ C 102 E, 28.4.2004, p. 640.