Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘Tourism and sport: the future challenges for Europe’
Date: 2004-12-15
Institutions: European Economic and Social Committee
Subjects: EU policy, cooperation policy, cultural relations, economic development, social development, sport, sustainable development, tourism

28.6.2005

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8.10
been achieved by academic researchers in this field.

Such efforts must take account of what has already

The EESC recommends to the Commission that such
8.11
work be made known and submitted for public discussion by
means in particular of a green paper, the essential base for
preparing what is considered to be the most appropriate Com-
munity instrument.

8.12
The EESC is aware that only with a clear political will-
ingness on the part of the Member States to promote the initia-

tive to harmonise insurance contract law, can this major contri-
bution to the completion of the internal market in financial
services be realised.

8.13
The EESC calls upon the European Parliament to join
in this initiative and to give it the appropriate degree of priority
on its political agenda by restating its support for the objective
of harmonising mandatory rules of the general part of insur-
ance contract law.

Brussels, 15 December 2004.

The President

of the European Economic and Social Committee

Anne-Marie SIGMUND

Opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on ‘Tourism and sport: the future chal-
lenges for Europe’

(2005/C 157/02)

On 29 January 2004, the European Economic and Social Committee, in accordance with Rule 29(2) of its
Rules of Procedure, decided to draw up an opinion on ‘Tourism and sport: the future challenges for
Europe’.

The Section for the Single Market, Production and Consumption, which was responsible for preparing the
Committee's work on the subject, adopted its opinion on 10 November 2004. The rapporteur was Mr
Pesci.

its 413th plenary session (meeting of 15 December 2004), the European Economic and Social

At
Committee adopted the following opinion by 144 votes to 1 with 2 abstentions.

Preface

is
The development of people,
enhanced by the exchange and sharing of positive values based
on respect for others and encouraging mutual understanding,
tolerance, hospitality and mutual willingness
to exchange
experience gained and plans for the future.

towns and communities

In an increasingly fast-moving society characterised by far-
reaching social, geopolitical and technological change, in which
material progress must be matched, at least, by the develop-
ment of values, it would appear essential to seize all opportu-
nities, both large and small, to reinforce and disseminate these
values.

Tourism and sport can also contribute to the achievement of
the objectives of the Lisbon strategy, which seeks to make
Europe the most competitive knowledge-based economy in the
world by 2010. Indeed, the increasing economic impact of
these sectors is a driving force for the economies of the EU
countries.

The adoption of the draft Constitutional Treaty, which, for the
first time, recognises tourism as falling within the EU's jurisdic-
tion, should make this contribution even more important. The
EESC sees this as an initial, fundamental step towards a Euro-
pean development,
support and coordination policy for
tourism and welcomes the inclusion in the aforementioned
constitutional text of the article on sport.

The tourism and sport sectors are natural vehicles for reinfor-
cing and disseminating values. They are social and cultural
activities in their own right as well as economic activities, and
are closely linked, sharing a number of basic values — intellec-
tual curiosity, openness to change and learning and the prin-
ciple of a level playing field.

Tourism and sport are two sectors which are going to
1.1
make an increasingly significant contribution to Europe's
economic prosperity and social well-being in the future. Their
key role is universally recognised throughout the world.

1. Introduction

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1.2
States and communities are increasingly viewing them
as key channels for disseminating positive values and messages
and for developing economies which are socially and environ-
mentally sustainable.

points for a debate on a future, more integrated policy of
analysis and action in both sectors.

Sport has always attracted great crowds of people who
1.3
share a common passion, inducing them to travel constantly in
order to watch sporting events, both large and small.

1.4
Today, tourism offers a whole range of sporting attrac-
tions which, particularly in recent years, have met with great
success, sometimes helping to revive areas which are in partial
or sharp decline (1).

1.5
Some sports destinations have thus become tourist desti-
nations and vice versa, with the two becoming increasingly
interlinked and each finding in the other new opportunities for
providing services and growth.

1.6
This has made individual destinations more attractive
not just to young (and not so young) people but also to people
with disabilities, who can, at
last, derive greater, hitherto-
unknown enjoyment from sport-related holidays.

Four hundred and eleven million people visited Europe
1.7
in 2002, representing over 5 % of GDP and bringing Europe's
share of the world tourism market to approximately 58 %.
However, the WTO (World Tourism Organisation) estimates
that Europe's share of the world tourism market will fall to
46 % by 2020, despite the fact that the number of tourists will
almost double, because of competition from new competitors.

In the context of this opinion, the EESC supported a
1.8
public hearing in Rome on Tourism and sport: the future chal-
lenges for Europe, which saw the participation of
leading
Italian and European representatives of the tourism and sports
sector and the heads of the tourism and sport units of the Euro-
pean Commission. The dialogue which took place was valuable,
yielding many suggestions and points for reflection (2).

1.9
On the basis of the Rome public hearing and in view of
the fact that, this year, the WTO World Tourism Day (27
September 2004) has been devoted to the theme of Sport and
tourism: two living forces for mutual understanding, culture
and the development of society, the EESC has outlined some

(1) A good example of this process is the city of Turin, which, thanks
to the forthcoming 2006 Winter Olympics and Paralympics,
is
reviving abandoned industrial areas and exploiting new suburban
areas, boosting the local economy in all sectors.

(2) Public hearing on Tourism and sport: the future challenges for
Europe held at the CNEL (National Economic and Labour Council)
in Rome on 22 April 2004.

1.10
Europe, which has already hosted the European Foot-
ball Championships in Portugal and the XXVIII Olympic Games
and the Paralympic Games in Greece during 2004, is to host a
series of world sporting events over the next five years, and the
impact of this in terms of tourist and economic flows will be
huge, providing all Europe's tourist destinations with a unique
opportunity as international visitors travel across the continent.

2. Tourism and sport: the future challenges for Europe

2.1
In the coming years, therefore, the world's media will be
focusing on Europe for long periods at a time. The European
Union will be at the centre of media attention on all these
occasions (3), on different channels and at different
levels.
Europe will therefore be discussed, at least in high places, in
political and socio-cultural terms, in terms of tourism and, of
course, of sport.

2.2
This period of major sporting events must therefore be
regarded by European society not just as an economic opportu-
nity but first and foremost as an opportunity for reflection and
for dissemination of cultural and social values with a view to
growth and sustainable development.

2.3
Clearly, these events provide huge scope for developing
and implementing training and education measures for the
people of the Member States and the wider world. Particular
consideration must be given to young people and to those least
integrated into the fabric of society, such as people with disabil-
ities.

2.4
As regards the competitiveness of the tourism sector,
the coming years, with this wealth of major world sporting
events, could be a great opportunity for Europe, which will
thus be able to develop and exploit market choices focusing on
high-quality reception facilities and the provision of sustainable
services.

the new Community. There will

The European Union is now made up of 25 states, with
2.5
all the benefits that this brings for the 450 million inhabitants
of
therefore be a greater
number of accessible destinations, people wishing to travel, and
athletes and events to incorporate as quickly as possible into
Europe's programmes and circuits.

(3) See footnote 3.

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3. Tourism and sport: a twin strategy for Europe

3.9
Sport, like tourism, is now an essential human leisure
activity and, at the same time, a driving force for social growth
and economic development with great potential.

3.1
Tourism is an industry which fosters peace, encouraging
integration between peoples and thus facilitating peaceful co-
existence characterised by tolerance and mutual respect.

3.2
Tourism has proved that it can help to enhance the
standard of living of millions of people throughout the world,
encouraging fairer and more inclusive economic development.

Its impact on employment is considerable. There are
3.3
over two million businesses operating in the sector in Europe
employing over 8 million people, not counting auxiliary staff.

Indeed, tourism is cross-sectoral

3.4
in nature and has a
greater capacity to generate employment than other kinds of
production.

However,

3.5
it is also a sector which suffers more from
economic downturns, international crises and seasonal factors,
which means that its contribution to long-term employment is
limited, although it has consistently displayed a certain capacity
to resist overall, thanks to the variety of products it offers,
whose diversity offsets the effects of structural and contingent
problems and allows the sector to absorb them.

a

socially

and economically

In the coming years, the challenge will be to create and
3.6
preserve
framework
throughout the 25-member Europe, eliminating all forms of
social exclusion. Tourism, sport and culture must be made
practically accessible for all to enjoy, with concessions provided
for the most disadvantaged social groups.

stable

The European Commission has already outlined this
3.7
process in its Communication of November 2001 entitled
Working together for the future of European tourism (1), and in
the subsequent Communication of November 2003 entitled
Basic orientations for the sustainability of European tourism (2).
It is now a question of giving substance to the ideas set out in
these documents.

3.10
The values it promotes which, as is a well-known fact,
date back to the first Greek Olympics in the eighth century BC,
are very relevant to and find increasing expression in training
policies for young people.

3.11
The economic dimension of sport has grown out of all
proportion in recent years. Major sporting events have become
general large-scale social gatherings which send out messages
and promote values to all age groups throughout the world.

3.12
Sporting events have also generated new forms of
tourism which combine conventional holidays with the chance
to practise a particular sport. In this sense, major events serve
as catalysts and spur people into taking up new sports.

3.13
Sport on the one hand takes advantage of tourist infra-
structure and services and on the other generates tourism,
which benefits considerably from the sporting events which
take place in tourist destinations: consider the number of
people who travel to watch the World Football Championships
or the Olympic Games, and above all the image promotion
which a country hosting such events can derive from them.

This opinion will consider first and foremost, although
3.14
not exclusively,
the major sporting events which, generally
speaking, bring European destinations the greatest profits and
cultural and social benefits and give them most publicity.

In purely general terms, ‘major sporting event’ is here
3.15
taken to mean an event capable of attracting a substantial flow
of tourists who stay in the destination overnight and thus
boost the destination's tourist economy.

3.16 Major events can be opportunities for highlighting
values, forms of behaviour and practices which can then be
implemented and developed in the countless events which take
place at local level (3).

However,

3.8
if high-quality tourism is to be achieved,
tourism needs to be integrated with other production and/or
entertainment sectors of society. Sport, which is characterised
by a wealth of values, culture, rules and principles, is an ideal
partner for promoting sustainable growth at all levels.

However,

3.17
the complex links between tourism and
sport are part of a wider relationship which includes the social,
cultural and environmental sectors too. The modern tourist is
in search of increasingly comprehensive holidays which can
satisfy recreational, cultural and sporting needs in one package.

(1) COM(2001) 665 final
(2) COM(2003) 716 final

(3) Local competitions, inter-school and amateur tournaments, regional

sporting events, world university games etc.

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4. The institutional level

In the past,

the only legal basis for a Community
4.1
tourism policy was Article 3(u) of
the EC Treaty, which
contained a general reference to measures in the sphere of
tourism. For a sector with such a strong impact on the econo-
mies of many EU countries, this was a heavy constraint on the
achievement of a genuine European tourism policy.

Indeed,

it
tourism is very cross-sectoral
4.2
embraces almost all production sectors and services and
requires effective economies of scale both as regards regional
management and the underlying decision and policy-making
process.

in nature:

However, particularly since 1999, the Community insti-
4.3
in
tutions have displayed renewed and increasing interest
tourism (1). The EESC has actively monitored this new trend
and enthusiastically welcomes the inclusion of an ad hoc provi-
sion on tourism in the European Constitution (2).

4.4
This milestone marks the end of a long and, at times,
harmful marginalisation of tourism and provides the necessary
conditions for the sector to be recognised and officially inte-
grated into the EU's policies.

The EESC hopes that tourism will henceforth be able to
4.5
specific European measures,
count on genuinely targeted,
programmes and initiatives. In this connection it calls for the
creation of a single governing body at Community level
modelled on the European agencies for specific sectors (3).

4.6
At all events, the EESC welcomes the fact that the Euro-
pean Union is already working on a tourism policy promoting
sustainable development of all kinds (4).

4.7
Turning to European policy on sport, this is under-
pinned by a number of key documents, including the European
Sports Charter (1992), the Treaty of Amsterdam, which speci-
fied the social significance of sport, and the Declaration
annexed to the Treaty of Nice, which gave sport a specific
place among areas of Community competence.

(1) Including the 1999 European action plan for employment

in
tourism, the Commission Communication of 13 November 2001
on Working together for the future of European tourism, the Euro-
pean Parliament Resolution of 14 May 2002, the Council Resolution
of 21 May 2002 on the future of European tourism, and the
Communication from the Commission of November 2003 on basic
orientations for the sustainability of European tourism.

(2) Article I-17 and Article III-281 (Section 4).
(3) For example, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal
Products, the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, the
European Food Safety Authority,
the European Environment
Agency etc.

(4) The EESC has participated in this process by producing an own-
initiative opinion on Socially sustainable tourism for everyone (OJ C
32 of 5.2.2004), intended as a contribution to future measures.

4.8
Thanks in part to the impetus it received from the Nice
Summit, sport was given its rightful place in the Constitution
for Europe adopted in June 2004, where it is the subject of a
specific provision (5).

4.9
To highlight the social and educational importance of
sport, the Commission has made 2004 the European Year of
Education through Sport. This is a way of drawing attention to
the sector, as well as funding training, awareness-raising and
development projects in schools and educational organisations
throughout the Union.

4.10
This initiative has also encouraged student mobility,
albeit with limited funding, enabling students to visit places
away from home and satisfying both their desire to travel and
discover new places and their desire to practise their favourite
sport.

4.11
How to integrate tourism, sport and culture is one of
the challenges we must address in the years ahead in order to
boost the European economy and help to bring about a higher
quality of life for all.

This takes on priority status in the light of the afore-
4.12
mentioned Lisbon objectives, which must,
in any case, take
into account the changing economic situation of the EU coun-
tries in order to guarantee lasting, sustainable growth and
development.

Specific workshops could be held in the European
4.13
Tourism Forum and a European Sport Forum and innovative
initiatives promoted as part of the process of drawing up an
innovative strategy at European level seeking to integrate the
tourism, sport and culture sectors. The innovative initiatives
could include student exchanges, awareness-raising campaigns
to involve the ‘sporting’ tourist in the cultural and social life of
is held, or courses designed to
the place where an event
develop new skills. From this perspective,
it is essential to
involve both civil society and the private sector first and fore-
most.

The legal recognition of the two sectors — tourism
4.14
and sport — in the draft Constitutional Treaty is a major step
towards the achievement of these objectives, particularly as
regards the promotion and development of the competitiveness
of European businesses operating in the two sectors.

5. Security and the Olympic Truce

5.1
As has been mentioned, the coming years will be full of
sporting events and millions of people will flock from all over
the world to watch them.

(5) Article I-17 and Article III-282 (Section 5).

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5.2
This period of long-distance travelling, of major sporting
events and of extensive media coverage raises the urgent ques-
tion of security. This question must be addressed responsibly,
without sparking unnecessary alarmism but putting in place all
the preventive and surveillance measures needed to ensure the
smooth running of each sporting event.

its aforementioned recent Communication on basic orientations
for the sustainability of European tourism (1) and evaluated in
the EESC opinion on socially
tourism for
everyone (2) must be applied to sport and sports destinations.

sustainable

5.3
Cooperation and prior establishment of joint action stra-
tegies are, in this respect, decisive elements in the organisation
of major sporting events.

5.4
Security must therefore underpin the organisation of all
events in the coming years and it must be based essentially on
prevention.

5.5
The United Nations General Assembly of 6 September
‘We
2000 adopted a Declaration, point 10 of which states:
urge Member States to observe the Olympic Truce, individually
and collectively, now and in the future, and to support the
International Olympic Committee in its efforts to promote
peace and human understanding through sport and the
Olympic Ideal’.

Both the

recent Brussels

European Council

(12
5.6
December 2003) and the European Parliament (1 April 2004)
made similar appeals. In particular, the European Parliament
welcomed the IOC (International Olympic Committee)'s crea-
tion of an International Foundation for the Olympic Truce, an
organisation seeking to further promote the ideals of peace and
understanding through sport.

In its contribution to the security debate,

the EESC
5.7
stresses the need to promote the Olympic Truce as a universal
message relevant to all world sporting events in the coming
years.
sport can contribute to
spreading the culture of dialogue and increasing the opportu-
nities for people to meet.

it maintains

Indeed,

that

6.3
In social and cultural terms, sporting events should, first
and foremost, be occasions for enhancing identities and for
cultural exchange.
It is therefore proposed that support be
given to initiatives and events of a tourist/sporting character
involving several regions of different European countries (on
the model of the Interreg programme).

6.4
From a social and economic point of view, we would
point out that the greatest attention should be paid to the local
community in the organisation of an event. All services and
future use
infrastructure should be planned with potential
thereof by the inhabitants in mind. The local community must
also be used as the reference for the creation of jobs and the
implementation of training relating to events.

6.5 Models have already been developed to measure the
capacity of the destinations and related services in terms of
It would be
environmental sustainability and other criteria.
appropriate to promote the dissemination of these models and
their application in the field of sporting events too, advocating,
as has been said, an integrated approach with three strands:
society, economy and environment.

Planning, management and development models for
6.6
these events must therefore be identified and promoted in
order to maximise the profits and added value generated, espe-
cially for the host region and community, which, in any case,
suffers detrimental effects from such events and only rarely
enjoys any significant gain.

6. Integrated sustainability

6.1
As has already been mentioned, complex links are
generated between tourism and sport which have a social,
economic and environmental impact. The relationship is even
more complex where large-scale (major) events are concerned.

All

the principles of sustainability — socio-cultural,
6.2
economic and environmental — must therefore be taken into
account
in the organisation of events. The guidelines for
sustainable tourism adopted by the European Commission in

6.7
Large-scale sporting events can be opportunities to
develop high-level skills and expertise, which can also be valu-
able to the sports/tourist destination in the medium and long
term as regards developing facilities and meeting visitors' needs.
They can also serve to disseminate best practice in the field of
the integrated management of tourism and sport.

6.8
The organisation of complex events requires an initial
mapping of potential conflicts between local people and short-
term visitors, with regard to the use of resources, services and
facilities and the quality thereof.

(1) COM(2003) 716 final.
(2) OJ C 32 of 5.2.2004.

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Close cooperation will be essential between promoters,
6.9
organisers,
local representatives, representatives of end users
and representatives of social stakeholders, and between all the
parties involved in general.

7.3
Integrating and promoting positive values common to
tourism and sport can be effective ways of bringing about inte-
gration at the level of communities, destinations and states.

6.10
Sporting events must be included in the medium- and
long-term planning of the host destination and country. In par-
ticular, consideration must be given to the impact that they
will have on the overall image of the tourist/sports destination.

The series of events which began in 2004 therefore
7.4
the proposed
acquires even greater importance because of
objective of using major events which will receive tremendous
media coverage and attention from institutions as vehicles for
disseminating training principles and guidelines.

6.11
It is a well-known fact that the seasonal nature of
tourism is often a barrier to its development. Sporting events
also help to further a policy of developing tourism and the
round, maximising profits and
tourism economy all year
providing stable, long-term jobs.

It is worth setting up ongoing monitoring of current
6.12
and future experiences in order to help define a model of
experiences for the planning and management of sporting
events which fully takes into account the above-mentioned
social, environmental and economic factors. In particular,
it
would seem worthwhile to monitor the use of facilities and the
subsequent use of the structures and services set up for a par-
ticular event after it has finished.

6.13
In general terms, the EESC would stress the possibility
of adopting the measures, actions and recommendations set
out in the multiannual programme for sustainable European
tourism by creating an Agenda 21 for sport and for the most
for organising and hosting sporting
popular destinations
events.

Good practice and positive experiences of planning
6.14
and managing sporting events with a tourist dimension must
be recorded systematically, disseminated and pooled in order to
make the organisation of the forthcoming major EU events as
successful as possible.

7. Tourism, sport and training

7.1
The EESC would reiterate the need to reinforce at all
levels the objective of training and education as part of sport
and tourism policies.

7.2
This approach was also called for in the Declaration on
the specific characteristics of sport annexed to the conclusions
of the December 2000 Nice European Council, which stressed
that ‘the Community must … take account of the social, educa-
tional and cultural functions inherent in sport … in order that
the code of ethics and the solidarity essential to the preserva-
tion of its social role may be respected and nurtured’.

7.5
As the EU expands to include 10 new countries, these
opportunities will increase. The use of mass media networks
will make it possible to extend and share with the new Member
States educational projects to bring about familiarisation with
the Union and its peoples and an exchange of values based on
sportsmanship, fair play and competitiveness.

7.6
Key values which could be developed and conveyed
include tolerance, an open, welcoming attitude and openness to
exchange between different peoples and ethnic groups. The
exchange of
these values within the European Union will
require: a) appropriate education in schools and adult education
for all those employed in tourism and sport, and b) intensive
sharing of experience, which needs to be promoted. When
tourists travel, they have expectations with regard to the above-
mentioned values.

7.7
There should be particular focus, where sporting and
tourist events are concerned, on disseminating the principle of
the right for all population groups — and in particular for the
weaker groups: young people, the elderly, people with disabil-
ities — to practise different kinds of sports and take part in
events in those sports.

7.8
As is stated in the aforementioned Declaration on the
specific characteristics of sport annexed to the conclusions of
the 2000 Nice European Council,
the physically or
mentally disabled, the practice of physical and sporting activ-
ities provides a particularly favourable opening for the develop-
ment of individual talent, rehabilitation, social integration and
solidarity …’.

‘For

7.9
These measures seeking to benefit the weakest groups of
society must be implemented by central governments and local
authorities, national federations, sports societies and associa-
tions, amateur clubs and schools.

Schools are the most fertile ground for disseminating
7.10
positive values and developing mutual understanding, since the
complex relationship between sport, tourism and training can
be exploited to the full by starting with school-age children.

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7.11
It is therefore proposed to continue to facilitate student
mobility and exchanges by organising sporting events which
include opportunities for familiarisation with local culture and
life.

7.12
It is also proposed to increase cooperation between the
Member States especially in the field of exchange of informa-
tion about best practices including the involvement of sports
tourists in the cultural and social life of communities hosting
sports events, in order both to reduce violence and intolerance
of all kinds and to generate opportunities for mutual growth.

7.13
It would also be worthwhile ascertaining whether there
is a need for courses developing new skills necessary for orga-
nising tourist/sports events, which take into account all the
aspects of social growth, integrated sustainability, communica-
tion and marketing which are relevant to tourism.

8. Conclusions

8.1
Tourism and sport can become laboratories for the
development, exchange and sharing of positive values, inspired
by respect
for others and directed towards mutual under-
standing, tolerance and reciprocal acceptance. These sectors are
naturally suited to this task and their role takes on special
importance in the context of a society which is increasingly
dynamic and marked by profound socio-cultural, geopolitical
and technological changes.

8.2
Tourism and sport can also contribute a great deal to
achieving the objectives set in the Lisbon strategy. Indeed, their
growing economic impact could become a real driving force
for the economy of the European Union, especially if all the
opportunities for developing and spreading the skills linked to
these two sectors were used to the full.

The inclusion of tourism and sport in the final version
8.3
of
the European Constitution represents a historic turning
point for the two sectors. The EESC now hopes for significant
activity at Community level
in these two areas and suggests
using the open method of coordination to guarantee the inter-
change of skills and knowledge and comparison at European
level.

Brussels, 15 December 2004.

8.4
Sport and tourism are two complex, distinct sectors; it is
very difficult to study them together and make economic and
social comparisons between them. The EESC therefore proposes
that a joint European monitoring agency and a data bank be
set up to collect and classify knowledge and best practice and
disseminate them in the Member States in order to promote
development in the two sectors.

The EESC also hopes that

the European Union will
8.5
promote studies and research to make possible a comparative
analysis at European level of the social, economic and environ-
mental impact of the tourism-sport combination.

The spread of a culture of access for all to tourism and
8.6
sport, and the formulation of policies to support that culture,
must be a priority for all development measures in the two
sectors, considering the needs of weaker population groups —
young people, the elderly and the disabled — and of those with
not much money to spend. To this end, the EESC would like to
see a campaign to promote awareness of the fact that accessi-
bility and sustainability are necessary characteristics which
make market players more competitive.

It is proposed that a European tourism agency be set
8.7
up with the role of safeguarding the specific characteristics of
this sector, analysing its problems, setting out potential lines
for development and identifying innovative instruments for
sustainable growth to be incorporated into the EU's structural
measures.

8.8
Tourism and sport are many-sided, complex phenomena
with a high potential for development. This opinion maintains
the need for horizontal integration of these sectors at European
level, so that this potential can be realised in both the socio-
economic and the cultural fields. Moreover, the EESC empha-
sises the need, when implementing the proposed measures, to
give constant attention to their sustainability both in those
fields and in environmental terms.

8.9
The EESC named this opinion the Declaration of Rome on
tourism and sport so as to give it a higher profile and improve
its dissemination at all important tourist and sporting events at
European level.

The President

of the European Economic and Social Committee

Anne-Marie SIGMUND