EFTA Surveillance Authority Decision No 305/04/COL of 1 December 2004 amending for the 48th time the procedural and substantive rules in the field of state aid by amending Chapter 16 ‘Aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty and proposal for appropriate measures’
Date: 2004-12-01
Institutions: EFTA Surveillance Authority
Subjects: EFTA, State aid, aid to undertakings, industrial restructuring

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EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AREA

EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY

EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY DECISION

No 305/04/COL

of 1 December 2004

amending for the 48th time the procedural and substantive rules in the field of state aid by
amending Chapter 16 ‘Aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty and proposal for
appropriate measures’

THE EFTA SURVEILLANCE AUTHORITY,

Having regard to the Agreement on the European Economic Area (1), and in particular to Articles 61 to 63
and Protocol 26 thereof,

Having regard to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the establishment of a Surveillance Authority
and a Court of Justice (2), and in particular to Article 24, Article 5(2)(b) and Article 1 in Part I of Protocol 3
and Articles 18 and 19 in Part II of Protocol 3 thereof (3),

Whereas under Article 24 of the Surveillance and Court Agreement, the EFTA Surveillance Authority shall
give effect to the provisions of the EEA Agreement concerning State aid,

Whereas under Article 5(2)(b) of the Surveillance and Court Agreement, the EFTA Surveillance Authority
shall issue notices or guidelines on matters dealt with in the EEA Agreement, if that Agreement or the
Surveillance and Court Agreement expressly so provides or if the EFTA Surveillance Authority considers it
necessary,

Recalling the Procedural and Substantive Rules in the Field of State Aid (4) adopted on 19 January 1994 by
the EFTA Surveillance Authority,

(1) Hereinafter referred to as the EEA Agreement.
(2) Hereinafter referred to as the Surveillance and Court Agreement.
(3) Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, as amended by the EFTA States on 10 December 2001. These
amendments incorporated Council Regulation (EC) No 659/1999 of 22 March 1999 laying down detailed rules for
the application of [ex] Article 93 of the EC Treaty into Protocol 3 and entered into force on 28 August 2003.
(4) Guidelines on the application and interpretation of Articles 61 and 62 of the EEA Agreement and Article 1 of
Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, adopted and issued by the EFTA Surveillance Authority on
19 January 1994, published in OJ L 231, 3.9.1994, p. 1 and in the EEA Supplement No 32, last amended by the
Authority’s Decision No 195/04/COL of 14 July 2004, not yet published. Hereinafter referred to as the State Aid
Guidelines.

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Whereas, on 1 October 2004, the European Commission published a new Communication on Community
Guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty and a proposal for appropriate
measures pursuant to Article 88(1) of the EC Treaty (1),

Whereas this Communication is also of relevance for the European Economic Area,

Whereas a uniform application of the EEA State aid rules is to be ensured throughout the European
Economic Area,

Whereas, according to point II under the heading ‘GENERAL’ at the end of Annex XV to the EEA
Agreement, the EFTA Surveillance Authority is to adopt, after consultation with the European Commission,
acts corresponding to those adopted by the European Commission,

Having consulted the European Commission,

Recalling that the EFTA Surveillance Authority has consulted the EFTA States in a multilateral meeting on
3 February 2004 on the subject,

HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION:

1. Chapter 16 of the State Aid Guidelines is amended by replacing the present Chapter 16 with the text
contained in the Annex to this Decision. Appropriate measures, contained in the Annex to this Decision,
are proposed.

2. The EFTA States shall be informed by means of a letter, including a copy of this Decision and including
the Annex. The EFTA States shall be required to signify their agreement to the appropriate measures
within one month of receipt of this letter. The EFTA States shall comply with the new guidelines by
1 June 2005 at the latest.

3. The European Commission shall be informed, in accordance with point (d) of Protocol 27 of the EEA

Agreement, by means of a copy of this Decision, including the Annex.

4. The Decision, including the Annex, shall be published in the EEA Section of the Official Journal of the

European Union and in the EEA Supplement thereto.

5. In case the EFTA States accept the proposal for appropriate measures, a summary notice shall be
published in the EEA Section of the Official Journal of the European Union and in the EEA Supplement
thereto.

6. The Decision is authentic in the English language.

7. The Decision is addressed to Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.

Done at Brussels, 1 December 2004.

For the EFTA Surveillance Authority

Hannes HAFSTEIN
President

Einar M. BULL
College Member

(1) Commission communication on Community Guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty

(OJ C 244, 1.10.2004, p. 2).

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ANNEX

‘16. AID FOR RESCUING AND RESTRUCTURING FIRMS IN DIFFICULTY (1)

16.1. Introduction

(1)

The EFTA Surveillance Authority (hereinafter: the Authority) adopted its original Guidelines on State aid for
rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty (2) in 1994. A new version of the guidelines was adopted in 1999 (3).

(2)

The Authority wishes through this version of the Guidelines, the text of which builds on previous versions, to
make certain changes and clarifications prompted by a number of factors (4).

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

The exit of inefficient firms is a normal part of the operation of the market. It cannot be the norm that a
company which gets into difficulties is rescued by the State. Aid for rescue and restructuring operations has given
rise to some of the most controversial State aid cases in the past and is among the most distortive types of State
aid. Hence, the general principle of the prohibition of State aid as laid down in the EEA Agreement should remain
the rule and derogation from that rule should be limited.

The “one time, last time” principle is further reinforced, to avoid the use of repeated rescue or restructuring aids to
keep firms artificially alive.

The 1999 guidelines made a distinction between rescue aid and restructuring aid, whereby rescue aid was defined
as temporary assistance to keep an ailing firm afloat for the time needed to work out a restructuring and/or a
liquidation plan. In principle, restructuring measures financed through State aid could not be undertaken during
this phase. However, such strict distinction between rescue and restructuring has given rise to difficulties. Firms in
difficulty may already need to take certain urgent structural measures to halt or reduce a worsening of the
financial situation in the rescue phase. These guidelines therefore widen the concept of “rescue aid” in order to
allow the beneficiary to undertake urgent measures, even of a structural nature, such as an immediate closure of a
branch or other form of abandonment of loss-making activities. Given the urgent character of such aids, the EFTA
States should be given the opportunity to opt for a simplified procedure to obtain their approval.

As regards restructuring aids, building on the 1994 guidelines, the 1999 guidelines continued to require a
substantial contribution from the beneficiary to the restructuring. Within this revision,
it is appropriate to
reaffirm with greater clarity the principle that this contribution must be real and free of aid. The beneficiary's
contribution has a twofold purpose: on the one hand, it will demonstrate that the markets (owners, creditors)
believe in the feasibility of the return to viability within a reasonable time period. On the other hand, it will
ensure that restructuring aid is limited to the minimum required to restore viability while limiting distortion of
competition. In this respect the Authority will also request compensatory measures to minimise the effect on
competitors.

The provision of rescue or restructuring aid to firms in difficulty may only be regarded as legitimate subject to
certain conditions. It may be justified, for instance, by social or regional policy considerations, by the need to take
in the economy or,
into account the beneficial role played by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
exceptionally, by the desirability of maintaining a competitive market structure when the demise of
firms
could lead to a monopoly or to a tight oligopolistic situation. On the other hand, it would not be justified to
keep a firm artificially alive in a sector with long-term structural overcapacity or when it can only survive as a
result of repeated State interventions.

(1) This Chapter corresponds to the Community Guidelines on State aid for rescuing and restructuring firms in difficulty (OJ C 244,

1.10.2004, p. 1).

(2) Adopted 19 January 1994, published in OJ L 231 3.9.1994, p. 1 and in the EEA Supplement thereto No 32 on the same date.
(3) Adopted 16 December 1999, published in OJ L 274, 26.10.2000 and in the EEA Supplement thereto No 48 on the same date.
(4) In the corresponding Commission Communication, the Commission has stated that closer scrutiny of the distortion created by allowing
aid for rescue and restructuring operations seems warranted in the light of conclusions of the meetings of the European Councils of
Stockholm on 23 and 24 March 2001 and of Barcelona on 15 and 16 March 2002, which called on Member States to continue to
reduce State aid as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product while redirecting it towards more horizontal objectives of common interest
including cohesion objectives. This is also consistent with the conclusions of the European Council held in Lisbon on 23 and 24 March
2000 aimed at increasing the competitiveness of the European economy.

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(8)

16.2. Definitions and scope of the Guidelines and links with other texts on State Aid
16.2.1. Meaning of “a firm in difficulty”
There is no EEA definition of what constitutes “a firm in difficulty”. However, for the purposes of these Guidelines,
the Authority regards a firm as being in difficulty where it is unable, whether through its own resources or with
the funds it is able to obtain from its owner/shareholders or creditors, to stem losses which, without outside
intervention by the public authorities, will almost certainly condemn it to going out of business in the short or
medium term.

(9)

In particular, a firm is, in principle and irrespective of its size, regarded as being in difficulty for the purposes of
these Guidelines in the following circumstances:

(a)

in the case of a limited liability company (5), where more than half of its registered capital has disappeared (6)
and more than one quarter of that capital has been lost over the preceding 12 months;

(b) in the case of a company where at least some members have unlimited liability for the debt of the
company (7), where more than half of its capital as shown in the company accounts has disappeared and
more than one quarter of that capital has been lost over the preceding 12 months;

(c) whatever the type of company concerned, where it fulfils the criteria under its domestic law for being the

subject of collective insolvency proceedings.

(10)

Even when none of the circumstances set out in point 9 are present, a firm may still be considered to be in
difficulties, in particular where the usual signs of a firm being in difficulty are present, such as increasing losses,
diminishing turnover, growing stock inventories, excess capacity, declining cash flow, mounting debt, rising
interest charges and falling or nil net asset value. In acute cases the firm may already have become insolvent
or may be the subject of collective insolvency proceedings brought under domestic law. In the latter case, these
Guidelines apply to any aid granted in the context of such proceedings which leads to the firm’s continuing in
business. In any event, a firm in difficulty is eligible only where, demonstrably, it cannot recover through its own
resources or with the funds it obtains from its owners/shareholders or from market sources.

(11)

For the purposes of these Guidelines, a newly created firm is not eligible for rescue or restructuring aid even if its
initial financial position is insecure. This is the case, for instance, where a new firm emerges from the liquidation
of a previous firm or merely takes over such firm's assets. A firm will in principle be considered as newly created
for the first 3 years following the start of operations in the relevant field of activity. Only after that period will it
become eligible for rescue or restructuring aid, provided that:

(a)

it qualifies as a firm in difficulty within the meaning of these Guidelines, and

(b) it does not form part of a larger business group (8) except under the conditions laid down in point 12.

(12)

A firm belonging to or being taken over by a larger business group is not normally eligible for rescue or
restructuring aid, except where it can be demonstrated that the firm's difficulties are intrinsic and are not the
result of an arbitrary allocation of costs within the group, and that the difficulties are too serious to be dealt with
by the group itself. Where a firm in difficulty creates a subsidiary, the subsidiary, together with the firm in
difficulty controlling it, will be regarded as a group and may receive aid under the conditions laid down in this
point.

(5) This refers in particular to the types of company mentioned in the first subparagraph of Article 1(1) of Council Directive 78/660/EEC
(OJ L 222, 14.8.1978, p. 11) as last amended by Directive 2003/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 178,
17.7.2003, p. 16) as incorporated into point 4 of Annex XXII to the EEA Agreement by the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No
176/2003 (OJ L 88, 25.3.2004, p. 53 and EEA Supplement No 15, 25.3.2004, p. 14).

(6) By analogy with the provisions of Second Council Directive 77/91/EEC (OJ L 26, 31.1.1977, p. 1) as last amended by the 2003 Act of

Accession to the EU. Incorporated into point 2 of Annex XXII to the EEA Agreement by the EEA Enlargement Agreement.

(7) This refers in particular to the types of company mentioned in the second subparagraph of Article 1(1) of Directive 78/660/EEC (OJ L
222, 14.8.1978, p. 11) as last amended by Directive 2003/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 178, 17.7.2003,
p. 16) as incorporated into point 4 of Annex XXII to the EEA Agreement by the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 176/2003
(OJ L 88, 25.3.2004, p. 53 and EEA Supplement No 15, 25.3.2004, p. 14).

(8) To determine whether a company is independent or forms part of a group, the criteria laid down in Annex I to Commission Regulation
(EC) No 68/2001 (OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 20), as amended by Regulation (EC) No 363/2004 (OJ L 63, 28.2.2004, p. 20) as
incorporated into point 1(d) of Annex XV to the EEA Agreement by the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No. 131/2004 (OJ
L 64, 10.3.2005, p. 67) will be taken into account.

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(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

16.2.2. Definition of “rescue and restructuring aid”

Rescue aid and restructuring aid are covered by the same set of guidelines, because in both cases the public
authorities are faced with a firm in difficulty and the rescue and restructuring are often two parts of a single
operation, even if they involve different processes.

Rescue aid is by nature temporary and reversible assistance. Its primary objective is to make it possible to keep an
ailing firm afloat for the time needed to work out a restructuring or liquidation plan. The general principle is that
rescue aid makes it possible temporarily to support a company confronted with an important deterioration of its
financial situation reflected by an acute liquidity crisis or technical insolvency. Such temporary support should
allow time to analyse the circumstances which gave rise to the difficulties and to develop an appropriate plan to
remedy those difficulties. Moreover, the rescue aid must be limited to the minimum necessary. In other words,
rescue aid offers a short respite, not exceeding six months, to a firm in difficulty. The aid must consist of
reversible liquidity support in the form of loan guarantees or loans, with an interest rate at least comparable
to those observed for loans to healthy firms and in particular the reference rates adopted by the Authority.
Structural measures which do not require immediate action, such as, the irremediable and automatic participation
of the State in the own funds of the firm, cannot be financed through rescue aid.

Once a restructuring or liquidation plan for which aid has been requested has been established and is being
implemented, all further aid will be considered as restructuring aid. Measures which need to be implemented
immediately to stem losses, including structural measures (for example, immediate withdrawal from a loss-making
field of activity), can be undertaken with the rescue aid, subject to the conditions mentioned in Section 16.3.1 for
individual aids and Section 16.4.3 for aid schemes. Except where use is made of the simplified procedure set out
in Section 16.3.1.2, an EFTA State will need to demonstrate that such structural measures must be undertaken
immediately. Rescue aid cannot normally be granted for financial restructuring.

Restructuring, on the other hand, will be based on a feasible, coherent and far-reaching plan to restore a firm's
long-term viability. Restructuring usually involves one or more of the following elements: the reorganisation and
rationalisation of the firm's activities on to a more efficient basis, typically involving the withdrawal from loss-
making activities, the restructuring of those existing activities that can be made competitive again and, possibly,
diversification in the direction of new and viable activities. Financial restructuring (capital
injections, debt
reduction) usually has to accompany the physical restructuring. Restructuring operations within the scope of
these Guidelines cannot, however, be limited to financial aid designed to make good past losses without tackling
the reasons for those losses.

16.2.3. Scope
These Guidelines apply to firms in all sectors covered by the EEA Agreement and subject to the Authority’s review
in accordance with Article 62 of the EEA Agreement, without prejudice to any rules relating to firms in difficulty
in the sector concerned (9).

16.2.4. Compatibility with the common market

Article 61(2) and (3) of the EEA Agreement provide for the possibility that aid falling within the scope of Article
61(1) will be regarded as compatible with the common market. Apart from cases of aid envisaged by Article
61(2), in particular aid to make good the damage caused by natural disasters or exceptional occurrences, which
are not covered here, the only basis on which aid for firms in difficulty can be deemed compatible is Article
61(3)(c). Under that provision the Authority has the power to authorise “aid to facilitate the development of
certain economic activities (…) where such aid does not adversely affect trading conditions to an extent contrary
to the common interest.” In particular, this could be the case where the aid is necessary to correct disparities
caused by market failures or to ensure economic and social cohesion.

Given that its very existence is in danger, a firm in difficulty cannot be considered an appropriate vehicle for
promoting other public policy objectives until such time as its viability is assured. Consequently, the Authority
considers that aid to firms in difficulty may contribute to the development of economic activities without
adversely affecting trade to an extent contrary to the EEA interest only if the conditions set out in these Guidelines
are met. Where the firms which are to receive rescue or restructuring aid are located in assisted areas, the
Authority will take the regional considerations referred to in Article 61(3)(a) and (c) of the EEA Agreement
into account as described in points 54 to 55.

(20)

The Authority will pay particular attention to the need to prevent the use of these Guidelines to circumvent the
principles laid down in existing frameworks and Guidelines.

(21)

The assessment of rescue or restructuring aid should not be affected by changes in the ownership of the business
aided.

(9) Specific rules of this nature exist for the aviation sector. See Chapter 30 of these Guidelines.

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16.2.5. Recipients of previous unlawful aid

(22) Where unlawful aid has previously been granted to the firm in difficulty, in respect of which the Authority has
adopted a negative decision with a recovery order, and where no such recovery has taken place in compliance
with Article 14 in Part II of Protocol 3 to the Agreement between the EFTA States on the establishment of a
Surveillance Authority and a Court of
the
assessment of any rescue and restructuring aid to be granted to the same undertaking shall take into account,
first, the cumulative effect of the old aid and of the new aid and, secondly, the fact that the old aid has not been
repaid (11).

Justice (hereinafter the Surveillance and Court Agreement) (10),

16.3. General conditions for the authorisation of rescue and/or restructuring aid notified individually to

the Authority

(23)

This Chapter deals exclusively with aid measures that are notified individually to the Authority. Under certain
conditions, the Authority may authorise rescue or restructuring aid schemes: those conditions are set out in
Section 16.4.

16.3.1. Rescue aid

16.3.1.1. C o n d i t i o n s

(24)

In order to be approved by the Authority, rescue aid as defined in point 14 must:

(a) consist of liquidity support in the form of loan guarantees or loans (12); in both cases, the loan must be
granted at an interest rate at least comparable to those observed for loans to healthy firms, and in particular
the reference rates adopted by the Authority; any loan must be reimbursed and any guarantee must come to
an end within a period of not more than six months after the disbursement of the first instalment to the firm;

(b) be warranted on the grounds of serious social difficulties and have no unduly adverse spillover effects on

other Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement;

(c) be accompanied, on notification, by an undertaking given by the EFTA State concerned to communicate to
the Authority, not later than six months after the rescue aid measure has been authorised, a restructuring plan
or a liquidation plan or proof that the loan has been reimbursed in full and/or that the guarantee has been
terminated; in the case of non-notified aid the EFTA State must communicate, no later than six months after
the first implementation of a rescue aid measure, a restructuring plan or a liquidation plan or proof that the
loan has been reimbursed in full and/or that the guarantee has been terminated;

(d) be restricted to the amount needed to keep the firm in business for the period during which the aid is
authorised; such an amount may include aid for urgent structural measures in accordance with point 15; the
amount necessary should be based on the liquidity needs of the company stemming from losses; in deter-
mining that amount regard will be had to the outcome of the application of the formula set out in the Annex;
any rescue aid exceeding the result of that calculation will need to be duly explained;

(e) respect the condition set out in Section 16.3.3 (“one time, last time”).

(10) The Agreement between the EFTA States on the Establishment of a Surveillance Authority and a Court of Justice (The Surveillance and

Court Agreement) (OJ L 344, 31.12.1994, p. 1).

(11) Case C-355/95 P, Textilwerke Deggendorf v Commission and others [1997] ECR I-2549.
(12) An exception may be made in the case of rescue aid in the banking sector, in order to enable the credit institution in question to
continue temporarily carrying on its banking business in accordance with the prudential legislation in force (Directive 2000/12/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council (OJ L 126, 26.5.2000, p. 1) as incorporated into the point 14 of Annex IX to the EEA
Agreement by the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 15/2001 (OJ L 117, 26.4.2001, p. 13 and EEA Supplement No 22,
26.4.2001, p. 8)). At any rate, aid granted in a form other than loan guarantees or loans fulfilling the conditions set out in point (a),
should fulfil the general principles of rescue aid and cannot consist in structural financial measures related to the bank’s own funds.
Any aid granted in a form other than loan guarantees or loans fulfilling the conditions set out in point (a), will be taken into account
when any compensatory measures under a restructuring plan are examined in accordance with points 37 to 41.

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(25) Where the EFTA State has submitted a restructuring plan within six months of the date of authorisation or, in the
case of non-notified aid, of implementation of the measure, the deadline for reimbursing the loan or for putting
an end to the guarantee is extended until the Authority reaches its decision on the plan, unless the Authority
decides that such an extension is not justified.

(26) Without prejudice to Article 23 in Part II of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement and to the
possibility of an action before the EFTA Court, in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 1(2) in Part
I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement, the Authority will initiate proceedings under Article 1(2)
in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement if the EFTA State fails to communicate:

(a) a credible and substantiated restructuring plan or a liquidation plan, or

(b) proof that the loan has been reimbursed in full and/or that the guarantee has been terminated before the six-

month deadline has expired.

(27)

In any event, the Authority may decide to initiate such proceedings, without prejudice to Article 23 in Part II of
Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement and to the possibility of an action before the EFTA Court in
accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 1(2) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court
Agreement if it considers that the loan or the guarantee has been misused, or that, after the six-month deadline
has expired, the failure to reimburse the aid is no longer justified.

(28)

The approval of rescue aid does not necessarily mean that aid under a restructuring plan will subsequently be
approved; such aid will have to be assessed on its own merits.

16.3.1.2. S i m p l i f i e d p r o c e d u r e

(29)

The Authority will as far as possible endeavour to take a decision within a period of one month in respect of
rescue aids fulfilling all conditions set out in Section 16.3.1.1 and the following cumulative requirements:

(a)

the firm concerned satisfies at least one of the three criteria set out in point 9;

(b) the rescue aid is limited to the amount resulting from the application of the formula set out in the Annex and

does not exceed EUR 10 million.

16.3.2. Restructuring aid

16.3.2.1. B a s i c p r i n c i p l e

(30)

Aid for restructuring raises particular competition concerns as it can shift an unfair share of the burden of
structural adjustment and the attendant social and economic problems onto other producers who are managing
without aid, and to other Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement. The general principle should therefore be to
allow the grant of restructuring aid only in circumstances in which it can be demonstrated that it does not run
counter to the EEA interest. This will only be possible if strict criteria are met, and if it is certain that any
distortions of competition will be offset by the benefits flowing from the firm's survival (for instance, where it is
clear that the net effect of redundancies resulting from the firm’s going out of business, combined with the effects
on its suppliers, would exacerbate employment problems or, exceptionally, where the firm's disappearance would
result in a monopoly or tight oligopolistic situation) and that, in principle, there are adequate compensatory
measures in favour of competitors.

16.3.2.2. C o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e a u t h o r i s a t i o n o f a i d

(31)

Subject to the special provisions for assisted areas and SMEs (see points 54, 55, 56 and 58), the Authority will
approve aid only under the following conditions:

Eligibility of the firm

(32)

The firm must qualify as a firm in difficulty within the meaning of these Guidelines (see points 8 to 12).

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Restoration of long-term viability

(33)

The grant of the aid must be conditional on implementation of the restructuring plan which must be endorsed by
the Authority in all cases of individual aid, except in the case of SMEs, as laid down in Section 16.3.2.5.

(34)

The restructuring plan, the duration of which must be as short as possible, must restore the long-term viability of
the firm within a reasonable timescale and on the basis of realistic assumptions as to future operating conditions.
Restructuring aid must therefore be linked to a viable restructuring plan to which the EFTA State concerned
commits itself. The plan must be submitted in all relevant detail to the Authority and include, in particular, a
market survey. The improvement in viability must derive mainly from internal measures contained in the
restructuring plan;
it may be based on external factors such as variations in prices and demand over which
the company has no great influence, but only if the market assumptions made are generally acknowledged.
Restructuring must involve the abandonment of activities which would remain structurally loss-making even
after restructuring.

(35)

The restructuring plan must describe the circumstances that led to the company's difficulties, thereby providing a
basis for assessing whether the proposed measures are appropriate. It must take account, inter alia, of the present
state of and future prospects for supply and demand on the relevant product market, with scenarios reflecting
best-case, worst-case and intermediate assumptions and the firm's specific strengths and weaknesses. It must
enable the firm to progress towards a new structure that offers it prospects for long-term viability and enables
it to stand on its own feet.

(36)

The plan must provide for a turnaround that will enable the company, after completing its restructuring, to cover
all its costs including depreciation and financial charges. The expected return on capital must be enough to enable
the restructured firm to compete in the marketplace on its own merits. Where the firm’s difficulties stem from
flaws in its corporate governance system, appropriate adaptations will have to be introduced.

(37)

(38)

(39)

Avoidance of undue distortions of competition

In order to ensure that the adverse effects on trading conditions are minimised as much as possible, so that the
positive effects pursued outweigh the adverse ones, compensatory measures must be taken. Otherwise, the aid will
be regarded as “contrary to the common interest” and therefore incompatible with the EEA Agreement. The
Authority will have regard to the objective of restoring the long-term viability in determining the adequacy of the
compensatory measures.

These measures may comprise divestment of assets, reductions in capacity or market presence and reduction of
entry barriers on the markets concerned. When assessing whether the compensatory measures are appropriate the
Authority will take account of the market structure and the conditions of competition to ensure that any such
measure does not lead to a deterioration in the structure of the market, for example by having the indirect effect
of creating a monopoly or a tight oligopolistic situation. If an EFTA State is able to prove that such a situation
would arise, the compensatory measures should be construed in such a way to avoid this situation.

The measures must be in proportion to the distortive effects of the aid and, in particular, to the size (13) and the
relative importance of the firm on its market or markets. They should take place in particular in the market(s)
where the firm will have a significant market position after restructuring. The degree of reduction must be
established on a case-by-case basis. The Authority will determine the extent of the measures necessary on the
basis of the market survey attached to the restructuring plan and, where appropriate, on the basis of any other
information at the disposal of the Authority including that supplied by interested parties. The reduction must be
an integral part of the restructuring as laid down in the restructuring plan. This principle applies irrespective of
whether the divestitures take place before or after the granting of the State aid, as long as they are part of the
same restructuring. Write-offs and closure of loss-making activities which would at any rate be necessary to
restore viability will not be considered reduction of capacity or market presence for the purpose of the assessment
of the compensatory measures. Such an assessment will take account of any rescue aid granted beforehand.

(40)

However, this condition will not normally apply to small enterprises, since it can be assumed that ad hoc aid to
small enterprises does not normally distort competition to an extent contrary to the common interest, except
where otherwise provided by rules on State aid in a particular sector or when the beneficiary is active in a market
suffering from long-term overcapacity.

(13) In this respect the Authority may also take into account whether the company in question is a medium-sized enterprise or a large one.

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(41) When the beneficiary is active in a market suffering from long-term structural overcapacity, as defined in the
context of the Multisectoral framework on regional aid for large investments (14), the reduction in the company's
capacity or market presence may have to be as high as 100 % (15).

(42)

(43)

(44)

Aid limited to the minimum: real contribution, free of aid

The amount and intensity of the aid must be limited to the strict minimum of the restructuring costs necessary to
enable restructuring to be undertaken in the light of the existing financial resources of the company, its share-
holders or the business group to which it belongs. Such assessment will take account of any rescue aid granted
beforehand. Aid beneficiaries will be expected to make a significant contribution to the restructuring plan from
their own resources, including the sale of assets that are not essential to the firm's survival, or from external
financing at market conditions. Such acontribution is a sign that the markets believe in the feasibility of the return
to viability. Such contribution must be real, i.e., actual, excluding all future expected profits such as cash flow, and
must be as high as possible.

The Authority will normally consider the following contributions (16) to the restructuring to be appropriate: at
least 25 % in the case of small enterprises, at least 40 %, for medium-sized enterprises and at least 50 % for large
firms. In exceptional circumstances and in cases of particular hardship, which must be demonstrated by the EFTA
State, the Authority may accept a lower contribution.

To limit the distortive effect, the amount of the aid or the form in which it is granted must be such as to avoid
providing the company with surplus cash which could be used for aggressive, market-distorting activities not
linked to the restructuring process. The Authority will accordingly examine the level of the firm's liabilities after
restructuring, including the situation after any postponement or reduction of its debts, particularly in the context
of its continuation in business following collective insolvency proceedings brought against it under national
law (17). None of the aid should go to finance new investment that is not essential for restoring the firm's viability.

Specific conditions attached to the authorisation of aid

(45)

In addition to the compensatory measures described in points 37 to 41, the Authority may impose any
conditions and obligations it considers necessary in order to ensure that the aid does not distort competition
to an extent contrary to the common interest,
in the event that the EFTA State concerned has not given a
commitment that it will adopt such provisions. For example, it may require the EFTA State:

(a)

to take certain measures itself (for example, to open up certain markets directly or indirectly linked to the
company’s activities to other EEA operators with due respect to EEA law);

(b) to impose certain obligations on the recipient firm;

(c)

to refrain from granting other types of aid to the recipient firm during the restructuring period.

Full implementation of restructuring plan and observance of conditions

(46)

The company must fully implement the restructuring plan and must discharge any other obligations laid down in
the Authority decision authorising the aid. The Authority will regard any failure to implement the plan or to fulfil
the other obligations as misuse of the aid, without prejudice to Article 23 in Part II of Protocol 3 to the
Surveillance and Court Agreement and to the possibility of an action before the EFTA Court in accordance
with the second subparagraph of Article 1(2) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement.

(47) Where restructuring operations cover several years and involve substantial amounts of aid, the Authority may
require payment of the restructuring aid to be split into instalments and may make payment of each instalment
subject to:

(a) confirmation, prior to each payment, of the satisfactory implementation of each stage in the restructuring

plan, in accordance with the planned timetable; or

(b) its approval, prior to each payment, after verification that the plan is being satisfactorily implemented.

(14) Chapter 26A on Multisectoral framework on regional aid for large investment project, adopted on 18 December 2002 (not yet

published), last amended on 17 March 2004 (not yet published).

(15) In such cases, the Authority will only allow aid to alleviate the social costs of the restructuring, in line with Section 16.3.2.6, and

environmental aid to clean up polluted sites which might otherwise be abandoned.

(16) See point 6. This minimum contribution must not contain any aid. This is not the case, for instance, where a loan carries an interest-

rate subsidy or is backed by government guarantees containing elements of aid.

(17) See point 9(c).

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Monitoring and annual report

(48)

The Authority must be put in a position to make certain that the restructuring plan is being implemented
properly, through regular detailed reports communicated by the EFTA State concerned.

(49)

In the case of aid to large firms, the first of these reports will normally have to be submitted to the Authority not
later than six months after approval of the aid. Reports will subsequently have to be sent to the Authority at least
once a year, at a fixed date, until the objectives of the restructuring plan can be deemed to have been achieved.
They must contain all the information the Authority needs in order to be able to monitor the implementation of
the restructuring programme, the timetable for payments to the company and its financial position and the
observance of any conditions or obligations laid down in the decision approving the aid. They must in particular
include all relevant information on any aid for any purpose which the company has received, either on an
individual basis or under a general scheme, during the restructuring period (see points 67 to 70). Where the
Authority needs prompt confirmation of certain key items of information, for example, on closures or capacity
reductions, it may require more frequent reports.

(50)

In the case of aid to SMEs, transmission each year of a copy of the recipient firm's balance sheet and profit-and-
loss account will normally be sufficient, except where stricter conditions have been laid down in the decision
approving the aid.

16.3.2.3. A m e n d m e n t o f

t h e r e s t r u c t u r i n g p l a n

(51) Where restructuring aid has been approved, the EFTA State concerned may, during the restructuring period, ask
the Authority to agree to changes to the restructuring plan and the amount of the aid. The Authority may allow
such changes where they meet the following conditions:

(a)

the revised plan must still show a return to viability within a reasonable time scale;

(b) if the amount of the aid is increased, any requisite compensatory measures must be more extensive than those

initially imposed;

(c)

if the proposed compensatory measures are smaller than those initially planned, the amount of the aid must
be correspondingly reduced;

(d) the new timetable for implementation of the compensatory measures may be delayed with respect to the
timetable initially adopted only for reasons outside the company's or the EFTA State's control: if that is not
the case, the amount of the aid must be correspondingly reduced.

(52)

If the conditions imposed by the Authority or the commitments given by the EFTA State are relaxed, the amount
of aid must be correspondingly reduced or other conditions may be imposed.

(53)

Should the EFTA State introduce changes to an approved restructuring plan without duly informing the Authority,
the Authority will initiate proceedings as provided for by Article 16 of Part II of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance
and Court Agreement (misuse of aid), without prejudice to Article 23 of Part II of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance
and Court Agreement and to the possibility of an action before the EFTA Court in accordance with the second
subparagraph of Article 1(2) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court Agreement.

16.3.2.4. R e s t r u c t u r i n g a i d i n a s s i s t e d a r e a s

(54)

The Authority will take the needs of regional development into account when assessing restructuring aid in
assisted areas. The fact that an ailing firm is located in an assisted area does not, however, justify a permissive
approach to aid for restructuring: in the medium to long term it does not help a region to prop up companies
artificially. Furthermore, in order to promote regional development it is in the regions own best interest to apply
its resources to develop as soon as possible activities that are viable and sustainable. Finally, distortions of
competition must be minimised even in the case of aid to firms in assisted areas. In this context, regard must
also be had to possible harmful spillover effects which could take place in the area concerned and other assisted
areas.

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(55)

Thus, the criteria listed in points 31 to 53 are equally applicable to assisted areas, even when the needs of regional
development are considered. In assisted areas, however, and unless otherwise stipulated in rules on State aid in a
particular sector, the conditions for authorising aid may be less stringent as regards the implementation of
compensatory measures and the size of the beneficiary's contribution. If needs of regional development justify
it, in cases in which a reduction of capacity or market presence appear to be the most appropriate measure to
avoid undue distortions of competition, the required reduction will be smaller in assisted areas than in non-
assisted areas. In those cases, which need to be demonstrated by the EFTA State concerned, a distinction will be
drawn between areas eligible for regional aid under Article 61(3)(a) of the EEA Agreement and those eligible
under Article 61(3)(c) so as to take account of the greater severity of the regional problems in the former areas.

16.3.2.5. A i d f o r r e s t r u c t u r i n g S M E s

(56)

Aid to small enterprises (18) tends to affect trading conditions less than that granted to medium-sized and large
firms. This also applies to aid to help restructuring, so that the conditions laid down in points 31 to 53 are
applied less strictly in the following respects:

(a)

the grant of restructuring aid to small enterprises will not usually be linked to compensatory measures (see
point 40), unless this is otherwise stipulated in rules on State aid in a particular sector.

(b) the requirements regarding the content of reports will be less stringent for SMEs (see points 48, 49 and 50).

(57)

However, the “one time, last time” principle (Section 16.3.3) applies in full to SMEs.

(58)

(59)

(60)

(61)

(62)

For SMEs the restructuring plan does not need to be endorsed by the Authority. However, the plan must meet the
requirements laid down in points 34 to 36 and be approved by the EFTA State concerned and communicated to
the Authority. The grant of aid must be conditional on full
implementation of the restructuring plan. The
obligation to verify that these conditions are fulfilled lies with the EFTA State.

16.3.2.6. A i d t o c o v e r t h e s o c i a l c o s t s o f r e s t r u c t u r i n g

Restructuring plans normally entail reductions in or abandonment of the affected activities. Such retrenchments
are often necessary in the interests of rationalisation and efficiency, quite apart from any capacity reductions that
may be required as a condition for granting aid. Whatever the reason for them, such measures will generally lead
to reductions in the company's workforce.

The EFTA States'
labour legislation may comprise general social security schemes under which redundancy
benefits and early retirement pensions are paid direct to redundant employees. Such schemes are not to be
regarded as State aid falling within the scope of Article 61(1) of the EEA Agreement.

Besides direct redundancy benefit and early retirement provision for employees, general social support schemes
frequently provide for the government to cover the cost of benefits which the company grants to redundant
workers and which go beyond its statutory or contractual obligations. Where such schemes are available generally
without sectoral limitations to any worker meeting predefined and automatic eligibility conditions, they are not
deemed to involve aid under Article 61(1) for firms undertaking restructuring. On the other hand, if the schemes
are used to support restructuring in particular industries, they may well involve aid because of the selective way in
which they are used (19).

The obligations a company itself bears, under employment legislation or collective agreements with trade unions,
to provide redundancy benefits and/or early retirement pensions are part of the normal costs of a business which
a firm has to meet from its own resources. That being so, any contribution by the State to these costs must be
counted as aid. This is true regardless of whether the payments are made direct to the firm or are administered
through a government agency to the employees.

(63)

The Authority has no a priori objection to such aid when it is granted to firms in difficulty, for it brings economic
benefits above and beyond the interests of the firm concerned,
facilitating structural change and reducing
hardship.

(18) As defined in the Commission Recommendation 2003/361/EC (OJ L 124, 20.5.2003, p. 36), incorporated into the EEA Agreement by
the Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 131/2004 (not yet published). Until 31 December 2004, the relevant definition is to be
found in the Commission Recommendation 96/280/EC (OJ L 107, 30.4.1996, p. 4). The definition could also be found in Annex 1 to
Commission Regulation (EC) No 70/2001 of 12 January 2001 on the application of Articles 87 and 88 of the EC Treaty to State aid
to small and medium-sized enterprises (OJ L 10, 13.1.2001, p. 33), incorporated in the EEA Agreement through Annex XV point 1(f)
by Decision of the EEA Joint Committee No 88/2002 of 25 June 2002 amending Annex XV (State aid) to the EEA Agreement (OJ L
266, 3.10.2002, p. 56 and EEA Supplement No 49, 3.10.2002, p. 42).

(19) In its judgment in Case C-241/94, France v Commission [1996] ECR I-4551, (Kimberly Clark Sopalin), the European Court of Justice
confirmed that the system of financing on a discretionary basis by the French authorities, through the National Employment Fund, was
liable to place certain firms in a more favourable situation than others and thus to qualify as aid within the meaning of Article 87(1)
of the EC Treaty. (The Court’s judgment did not call into question the Commission’s conclusion that the aid was compatible with the
common market).

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(64)

Besides meeting the cost of redundancy payments and early retirement, aid is commonly provided in connection
with a particular restructuring scheme for training, counselling and practical help with finding alternative
employment, assistance with relocation, and professional training and assistance for employees wishing to start
new businesses. The Authority consistently takes a favourable view of such aid when it is granted to firms in
difficulty.

(65)

The type of aid described in points 61 to 64 must be clearly identified in the restructuring plan, since aid for
social measures exclusively for the benefit of redundant employees is disregarded for the purposes of determining
the extent of the compensatory measures referred to in points 37 to 41.

(66)

In the common interest, the Authority will ensure in the context of the restructuring plan that social effects of the
restructuring in other Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement other than the one granting aid are kept to the
minimum.

16.3.2.7. N e e d t o i n f o r m t h e A u t h o r i t y o f a n y a i d g r a n t e d t o t h e r e c i p i e n t

f i r m

d u r i n g t h e r e s t r u c t u r i n g p e r i o d

(67) Where restructuring aid received by a large or medium-sized enterprise is examined under these Guidelines, the
grant of any other aid during the restructuring period, even in accordance with a scheme that has already been
authorised, is liable to influence the Authority's assessment of the extent of the compensatory measures required.

(68)

Notifications of aid for restructuring a large or medium-sized enterprise must indicate all other aid of any kind
which is planned to be granted to the recipient firm during the restructuring period, unless it is covered by the de
minimis rule or by exemption regulations.

(69)

The Authority shall take such aid into account when assessing the restructuring aid. Any aid actually granted to a
large or medium-sized enterprise during the restructuring period, including aid granted in accordance with an
approved scheme, must be notified individually to the Authority to the extent that the latter was not informed
thereof at the time of its decision on the restructuring aid.

(70)

The Authority shall ensure that the grant of aid under approved schemes is not liable to circumvent the
requirements of these Guidelines.

16.3.3. “One time, last time”

(71)

Rescue aid is a one-off operation primarily designed to keep a company in business for a limited period, during
which its future can be assessed. It should not be possible to allow repeated granting of rescue aids that would
merely maintain the status quo, postpone the inevitable and in the meantime shift economic and social problems
on to other, more efficient producers or other Contracting Parties to the EEA Agreement. Hence, rescue aid should
be granted only once (“one time, last time” condition). In accordance with the same principle, in order to prevent
firms from being unfairly assisted when they can only survive thanks to repeated State support, restructuring aid
should be granted once only. Finally, if rescue aid is granted to a firm that has already received restructuring aid, it
can be considered that the beneficiary’s difficulties are of a recurrent nature and that repeated State interventions
give rise to distortions of competition that are contrary to the common interest. Such repeated State interventions
should not be permitted.

(72) When planned rescue or restructuring aid is notified to the Authority, the EFTA State must specify whether the
firm concerned has already received rescue or restructuring aid in the past, including any such aid granted before
the date of application of these Guidelines and any unnotified aid (20). If so, and where less than 10 years have
elapsed since the rescue aid was granted or the restructuring period came to an end or implementation of the
restructuring plan has been halted (whichever is the latest), the Authority will not allow further rescue or
restructuring aid. Exceptions to that rule are permitted in the following cases:

(a) where restructuring aid follows the granting of rescue aid as part of a single restructuring operation;

(20) With regard to unnotified aid, the Authority will take account in its appraisal of the possibility that the aid could have been declared

compatible with the EEA Agreement other than as rescue or restructuring aid.

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(b) where rescue aid has been granted in accordance with the conditions in Section 16.3.1.1, and this aid was not

followed by a State supported restructuring, if:

(i) the firm could reasonably be believed to be viable in the long-term following the granting of rescue aid,

and

(ii) new rescue or restructuring aid becomes necessary after at least five years due to unforeseeable circum-

stances (21) for which the company is not responsible;

(c)

in exceptional and unforeseeable circumstances for which the company is not responsible.

In the cases set out in points (b) and (c), the simplified procedure mentioned in Section 16.3.1.2 cannot be used.

(73)

The application of this rule will in no way be affected by any changes in ownership of the recipient firm following
the grant of aid or by any judicial or administrative procedure which has the effect of putting its balance sheet on
a sounder footing, reducing its liabilities or wiping out its previous debts where it is the same firm that is
continuing in business.

(74) Where a business group has received rescue or restructuring aid, the Authority will normally not allow further
rescue or restructuring aid to the group itself or any of the entities belonging to the group unless 10 years have
elapsed since the rescue aid was granted or the restructuring period came to an end or implementation of the
restructuring plan has been halted, whichever is the latest. Where an entity belonging to a business group has
received rescue or restructuring aid, the group as a whole as well as the other entities of the group remain eligible
for rescue or restructuring aid (subject to compliance with the other provisions of these Guidelines), with the
exception of the earlier beneficiary of the aid. EFTA States must ensure that no aid will be passed on from the
group or other group entities to the earlier beneficiary of the aid.

(75) Where a firm takes over assets of another firm, and in particular one that has been the subject of one of the
procedures referred to in point 73 or of collective insolvency proceedings brought under national law and has
already received rescue or restructuring aid, the purchaser is not subject to the “one time, last time” requirement,
provided that the following cumulative conditions are met:

(a)

the purchaser is clearly separate from the old firm;

(b) the purchaser has acquired the old firm's assets at market prices;

(c)

the winding-up or court-supervised administration and purchase of the old company are not merely devices
aimed at evading application of the “one time, last time” principle: the Authority may determine that this was
the case if, for example, the difficulties encountered by the purchaser were clearly foreseeable when it took
over the assets of the old company.

(76)

It should, however, be stressed here that, since it constitutes aid for initial investment, aid for the purchase of the
assets cannot be authorised under these Guidelines.

16.4. Aid schemes for SMEs

16.4.1. General principles

(77)

The Authority will authorise schemes for providing rescue and/or restructuring aid to small or medium-sized
enterprises in difficulty only where the firms concerned correspond to the definition of SMEs. Subject to the
following specific provisions, the compatibility of such schemes will be assessed in the light of the conditions set
out in Chapters 16.2 and 16.3, with the exception of Section 16.3.1.2 which does not apply to aid schemes. Any
aid which is granted under a scheme but does not meet any of those conditions must be notified individually and
approved in advance by the Authority.

(21) An unforeseeable circumstance is one which could in no way be anticipated by the company’s management when the restructuring
plan was drawn up and which is not due to negligence or errors of the company’s management or decisions of the group to which it
belongs.

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16.4.2. Eligibility

(78)

Unless otherwise stipulated in rules on State aid in a particular sector, awards of aid under schemes authorised
from the date of application of these Guidelines, to small or medium-sized enterprises will be exempted from
individual notification only where the enterprise concerned meets at least one of the three criteria set out in point
9. Aid to enterprises that do not meet any of those three criteria must be notified individually to the Authority so
that it can assess whether they qualify as firms in difficulty. Aid to enterprises active in a market suffering from
long-term structural overcapacity, irrespective of the size of the beneficiary, must also be notified individually to
the Authority so that it can assess the application of point 41.

16.4.3. Conditions for the authorisation of rescue aid schemes

(79)

In order to be approved by the Authority, rescue aid schemes must satisfy the conditions set out in points (a), (b),
(d) and (e) of point 24. Furthermore, rescue aid may not be granted for more than six months, during which time
an analysis must be made of the firm's position. Before the end of that period the EFTA State must either approve
a restructuring plan or a liquidation plan, or demand reimbursement of the loan and the aid corresponding to the
risk premium from the beneficiary.

(80)

Any rescue aid granted for longer than six months or not reimbursed after six months must be individually
notified to the Authority.

16.4.4. Conditions for the authorisation of restructuring aid schemes

(81)

The Authority will authorise restructuring aid schemes only if the grant of aid is conditional on full implemen-
tation by the recipient of a restructuring plan that has been approved by the EFTA State concerned and meets the
following conditions:

(a) restoration of viability: the criteria set out in points 33 to 36 apply;

(b) avoidance of undue distortions of competition: since aid to small enterprises tends to distort competition less,
the principle set out in points 37 to 41 does not apply unless it is otherwise stipulated in rules on State aid in
a particular sector; schemes should nevertheless provide that recipient firms must not increase their capacity
during the restructuring; for medium-sized enterprises points 37 to 41 apply;

(c) aid limited to the minimum necessary: the principles set out in points 42, 43 and 44 apply;

(d) amendment of the restructuring plan: any changes to the plan must comply with the rules set out in points

51, 52 and 53.

16.4.5. Common conditions for the authorisation of rescue and/or restructuring aid schemes

(82)

Schemes must specify the maximum amount of aid that can be awarded to any one firm as part of an operation
to provide rescue and/or restructuring aid, including where the plan is modified. Any aid exceeding that amount
must be notified individually to the Authority. The maximum amount of aid granted for the combined rescue and
restructuring aid of any one firm may not be more than EUR 10 million, including any aid obtained from other
sources or under other schemes.

(83)

In addition, the “one time, last time” principle must be respected. The rule laid down in Section 16.3.3 applies.

(84)

EFTA States must also notify measures individually to the Authority where one firm takes over assets of another
firm which has itself already received rescue or restructuring aid.

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16.4.6. Monitoring and annual reports

(85)

Points 48, 49 and 50 do not apply to aid schemes. However, it will be a condition of approval that reports are
presented on the scheme's operation, normally on an annual basis, containing the information specified in the
Authority's instructions on standardised reports (22). The reports must also include a list of all beneficiary
companies, indicating for each of them:

(a) company name;

(b) the company’s sectoral code, using the NACE (23) three-digit sectoral classification codes;

(c) number of employees;

(d) annual turnover and balance sheet value;

(e) amount of aid granted;

(f) amount and form of the beneficiary's contribution;

(g) where appropriate, the form and the degree of the compensatory measures;

(h) where appropriate, any restructuring aid, or other support treated as such, which it has received in the past;

(i) whether or not the beneficiary company has been wound up or subject to collective insolvency proceedings

before the end of the restructuring period.

16.5. Appropriate measures as referred to in Article 1(1) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and

Court Agreement

The Authority will propose, by separate letter, pursuant to Article 1(1) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance
and Court Agreement, that the EFTA States adopt appropriate measures as set out in points 87 to 88 with regard
to their existing aid schemes. The Authority will make authorisation of any future scheme conditional on
compliance with those provisions.

EFTA States which have accepted the Authority’s proposal must adapt their existing aid schemes which are to
remain in operation after the adoption within six months in order to bring them into line with these Guidelines.

EFTA States must indicate their acceptance of these appropriate measures within one month following receipt of
said letter proposing appropriate measures.

16.6. Date of application and duration

The present Guidelines shall enter into force on the date of adoption. They shall remain in force, unless otherwise
stipulated in any new decision, for five years.

Notifications registered by the Authority prior to the date of adoption will be examined in the light of the criteria
in force at the time of notification.

The Authority will examine the compatibility with the EEA Agreement of any rescue or restructuring aid granted
without its authorisation and therefore in breach of Article 1(3) in Part I of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and
Court Agreement on the basis of these Guidelines if some or all of the aid is granted after their publication in the
Official Journal of the European Union and the EEA Supplement thereto. In all other cases it will conduct the
examination on the basis of the Guidelines which apply at the time the aid is granted.

(86)

(87)

(88)

(89)

(90)

(91)

(22) See Annex III. A and B (standardised reporting format for existing State aid) to the EFTA Surveillance Authority Decision 195/04/COL
of 14 July 2004 on the implementing provisions referred to under Article 27 in Part II of Protocol 3 to the Surveillance and Court
Agreement (not yet published).

(23) Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community, published by the Statistical Office of the European

Communities.

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ANNEX

Formula (1) to calculate maximum amount of rescue aid to qualify for the simplified procedure:

EBITt þ depreciationt þ ðworking capitalt (cid:1) working capitalt(cid:1)l
2

Þ

The formula is based on the operating results of the company (EBIT, earnings before interest and taxes) recorded in the
year before granting/notifying the aid (indicated as t). To this amount depreciation has been added. Then changes in
working capital must be added to the total. The change in working capital is calculated as the difference between the
current assets and current liabilities (2) for the latest closed accounting periods. Similarly, if there would be provisions at
the level of the operating result, this will need to be clearly indicated and the result should not include such provisions.

The formula aims at estimating the negative operating cash flow of the company in the year preceding the application for
the aid (or before the award of the aid in case of non-notified aids). Half of this amount should keep the company in
business for a six-month period. Thus the result of the formula has to be divided by 2.

This formula can only be applied where the result is a negative amount.

In case the formula leads to a positive result, a detailed explanation will need to be submitted demonstrating that the firm
is in difficulty as defined in points 9 to 10.

Example:

Earnings before interest and taxes (million EUR)

Depreciation (million EUR)

(12)

2

Balance Sheet
(million euro)

Current assets

Cash or equivalents

Accounts receivable

Inventories

Prepaid expenses

Other current assets

Total current assets

Current liabilities

Accounts payable

Accrued expenses

Deferred income

Total current liabilities

Working capital

Change in working capital

December 31, t-1

December 31, t

10

30

50

20

20

130

20

15

5

40

90

(30)

5

20

45

10

20

100

25

10

5

40

60

Maximum amount of rescue aid = [– 12 + 2 + (– 30)]/2 = – 20 million EUR

As the outcome of the formula is higher than EUR 10 million, the simplified procedure described in point 29 cannot be
used. If this limit is exceeded, the EFTA State should provide an explanation of how the future cash-flow needs of the
company and the amount of rescue aid have been determined.’

(1) EBIT (earnings before interest and taxes as set out in the annual accounts of the year before the application, indicated as t) must be
increased with depreciation in the same period plus the changes in working capital over a two-year period (year before the application
and preceding year), divided by two to determine an amount over six months, i.e. normal period for permitting rescue aid.

(2) Current assets: liquid funds, receivables (client and debtor accounts), other current assets and prepaid expenses, inventories. Current
liabilities: financial debt, trade accounts payable (supplier and creditor accounts) and other current liabilities, deferred income, other
accrued liabilities, tax liabilities.