Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council - First annual report on Radio Spectrum Policy in the European Union; State of implementation and outlook {SEC(2004) 957} (Text with EEA relevance)
Date: 2004-07-20
Institutions: European Commission
Subjects: activity report, approximation of laws, electronics, radio telecommunications, transmission network, waveband

COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES 

Brussels, 20.07.2004 
COM(2004) 507 final 

COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION 
TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ON RADIO SPECTRUM POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN 
UNION; STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTLOOK 

{SEC(2004) 957} 

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COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION 
TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL 

FIRST ANNUAL REPORT ON RADIO SPECTRUM POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN 
UNION; STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION AND OUTLOOK 

(Text with EEA relevance) 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Summary .................................................................................................................................... 3 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

Introduction .................................................................................................................. 4 

Policy making and Implementation ............................................................................. 4 

Future Actions Envisaged ............................................................................................ 7 

Strengthening the Coherence of Spectrum Policy in the EC ....................................... 9 

Conclusion.................................................................................................................. 10 

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SUMMARY 

This  Communication  constitutes  the  first  report  on  activities  undertaken  under  the  Radio 
Spectrum Decision (RSD)1; it describes past and future actions and challenges related to the 
implementation of a successful Community policy in this area. 

The RSD has established a policy and legal framework in the Community to coordinate policy 
approaches and, where appropriate, harmonise conditions for the availability and efficient use 
of the radio spectrum necessary for the establishment and functioning of the internal market in 
Community policy areas. 

This first phase of implementation of the RSD has been successful: the necessary mechanisms 
have been set up and the four main types of action called for under the RSD initiated. Policy 
actions have been launched with the support of the Radio Spectrum Policy Group; mandates 
have been issued to CEPT by the Commission to elaborate technical implementing measures, 
with  the  assistance  of  the  Radio  Spectrum  Committee;  the  availability  of  information 
regarding  spectrum  use  is  being  analysed;  finally,  appropriate  coordination  by  the 
Commission has allowed for the promotion of Community policy objectives in international 
spectrum negotiations.  

The long-term ability of this policy to meet its objectives and to deliver benefits to European 
citizens depends on effective cooperation between all actors concerned, i.e. the Commission, 
Member  States  at  the  policy  and  technical  levels  and  the  European  Parliament.  These 
instances have agreed on a policy framework to support the timely introduction of innovative 
wireless  applications,  while  balancing  the  current  and  future  needs  of  different  sectors, 
including public services.  

Effective spectrum regulation is a fundamental requirement for an information-based modern 
society, enabling citizens to benefit from a wide choice of new applications and  industry to 
increase  its  productivity  via  technological  innovation.  A  continuous  analysis  and  reform  of 
spectrum  management  is  required  to  make  best  use  of  this  resource.  Given  Europe’s 
leadership and interest in wireless applications, this is a task which needs to be taken up in 
full awareness of the issues at stake. The Community can give a valuable contribution to the 
coherence and final success of this important task. 

This document informs the Council and European Parliament about the activities undertaken 
to  date  pursuant  to  the  Radio  Spectrum  Decision  and  seeks  their  support  for  the  policy 
perspectives for future action. 

1 

Decision 676/2002/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 March 2002 on a regulatory 
framework for radio spectrum policy in the European Community, OJ L 108, 24.4.2002, p.1 

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1. 

INTRODUCTION 

This  first  report  on  activities  undertaken  under  the  Radio  Spectrum  Decision  (RSD)  is 
presented pursuant to Article 9 of the Radio Spectrum Decision (RSD) and covers the period 
from the publication in the Official Journal of the RSD on 24 April 2002 to 15 June 2004. 

All radio-based devices use the radio spectrum to transmit or receive information. The 
use and therefore the value of the radio spectrum has dramatically increased in recent years, 
as wireless applications have been very successful in addressing many of society’s changing 
needs, such as for mobility and for data transmission. But spectrum availability is also critical 
for  many  other  applications,  e.g.  for  accurate  weather  forecasting,  radio  astronomy,  air  and 
maritime  safety,  broadcasting  and  for  devices  simplifying  everyday  life  such  as  remote 
controls and hearing aids.  

Because  of  possible  interference  between  different  radio  services  operating  in  the  same  or 
adjacent  frequencies,  access  to  the  radio  spectrum  has  historically  been  closely  regulated. 
Spectrum management has long been seen as a “technical” domain dealing with the avoidance 
of harmful interference and the technical optimisation of spectrum use. More recently, it has 
been  identified  as  a  means  of  generating  public  revenues  in  proportion  to  a  perceived 
”spectrum  scarcity”  value.  However,  a 
the 
management  of  this  resource  aiming  at  fostering  innovation  and  the  introduction  of 
increasingly  added-value  applications  could  capture  much  greater  overall  benefits  for 
society.  

long-term,  policy-based  approach 

to 

The availability and affordability of radio-based services across the European Union may be 
assisted by harmonisation of the conditions of use for such services, including frequencies, 
thereby  reaping  single  market  benefits.  Whilst  a  coordinated  EC  approach  in  this  area  is 
generally considered to have been an important element in the success of the GSM standard in 
Europe, Member States have preferred voluntary spectrum harmonisation activities in the last 
decade.  

The  RSD  has  been  adopted  to  strengthen  the  Community’s  involvement  in  this  area,  by 
developing  further  the  policy  aspects  related  to  spectrum  management,  and  providing  legal 
certainty  to  the  harmonisation  of  radio  spectrum  needed  to  support  Community  policies. 
Using  the  technical  expertise  of  the  European  Conference  of  Postal  and  Telecommunications 
Administrations  (CEPT),  the  intergovernmental  organisation  regrouping  46  European 
countries, the Commission is now undertaking a number of harmonisation activities. It is also 
examining  with  the  Member  States  new  policy  approaches  to  improve  the  flexibility  and 
responsiveness  of  spectrum  management, and to  remove regulatory  hurdles to technological 
innovation. 

2. 

POLICY MAKING AND IMPLEMENTATION 

The  Commission  has  launched  actions  on  the  four  main  elements  specified  in  Article  1.2 
RSD,  relating  to  policy-making,  implementation  measures,  provision  of  information  on 
spectrum  use  and  international  negotiations.  To  do  so,  the  necessary  institutional 
mechanisms were created first: 

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2.1. 

Setting up a Spectrum Policy Mechanism 

Two different platforms have been established:  

•  Radio Spectrum Committee (RSC) 

This Committee, chaired by the Commission and composed of representatives of the Member 
States, is subject to comitology procedures2. It assists the Commission in the implementation 
of the specific provisions of the RSD.  

•  Radio Spectrum Policy Group (RSPG) 

The RSPG3 is a sui generis advisory body to assist and advise the Commission on issues of a 
broader policy scope than the technical measures typically covered by RSC. Its membership 
includes the Commission and high-level representatives from the Member States, which also 
provide  its  chairman.  Interested  parties  are  involved  through  public  consultations  organised 
by the RSPG. 

2.2. 

Launching Actions on Specific Spectrum Issues 

The  creation  of  two  distinct  groups  to  address  radio  spectrum  issues  in  the  Community 
reflects  different  competences  and  approaches  in  this  area,  i.e.  the  development  of 
Community  regulation  (“technical  implementing  measures”)  and  the  approximation  of 
Member States’ positions on policy issues. 

2.2.1.  Technical implementing measures 

Pursuant  to  Article  4.3  RSD,  the  Commission  may  adopt  legally-binding  decisions  via 
technical implementing measures (TIMs) to meet the aims of the RSD, following preparatory 
work  by  CEPT  and  the  opinion  of  the  RSC.  Together  with  the  development  of  harmonised 
standards where applicable, TIMs aim to harmonise the internal market for radio equipment. 

While spectrum harmonisation has in the past been mainly carried out for high-power telecom 
services,  regulation  is  increasingly  addressing  numerous  low-power  technologies  which  are 
emerging, notably via the strong adoption of the wireless paradigm by the IT industry. Such 
harmonisation  can  support  innovation  by  increasing  economies  of  scale  and  the  legal 
certainty  required  for  investment  decisions,  and  resolve  interference  and  enforcement 
problems related to the easy diffusion of such devices across national borders. 

Mandates have been issued to CEPT under Article 4.2. RSD, to develop harmonised technical 
solutions for specific issues in line with Community objectives and policies on the following 
issues (in order of mandate adoption):  

•  Third  generation  mobile  communications  (IMT-2000):  development  of  harmonised 
usage  parameters  for  additional  spectrum  for  third-generation  mobile  communications 
foreseen for 2008, in order to facilitate timely development of equipment and rapid takeup; 

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Council Decision 1999/468/EC  
Commission Decision 2002/622/EC  

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•  Re-use of the ERMES band: the spectrum around 169 MHz currently under-employed by 
the  European  radio  messaging  system  (ERMES),  is  being  reviewed  for  new  uses  which 
could be assisted by EU-wide harmonisation; 

•  Radio  Local  Area  Networks  (RLAN):  harmonisation  of  spectrum  for  next-generation 
RLANs providing wireless broadband access for computers and portable devices in the 5 
GHz range; 

•  Automotive  short-range  radars  (SRR):  increasing  road  safety,  the  objective  of  the 
eSafety initiative, would benefit from spectrum harmonisation for SRR applications, with a 
long-term harmonised band at 79 GHz and a temporary opening of the 24 GHz band. 

•  Ultra-Wide  Band  technology  (UWB):  a  harmonised  regulation  of  communications  and 
imaging  applications  transmitting  data  over  a  large  spectrum  range  has  the  potential  to 
affect a substantial number of Community policies; 

•  Short-Range Devices (SRD): many types of low-power wireless equipment are typically 
low-cost  and  operated  without  a  licence.  A  generic  approach  to  prioritise  and  harmonise 
different frequency bands would remove barriers to an efficient EU internal market. 

•  Terrestrial Flight Telephone System (TFTS): a more efficient use of the spectrum bands 

designated earlier for the harmonised introduction of TFTS is under review. 

Regulation harmonised in the EC via such mandates will seek to stimulate the introduction of 
new  applications  whilst  providing  adequate  protection  for  existing  users,  including  non-
commercial or scientific services, and sufficient flexibility for future users. 

2.2.2.  Policy Development Activities 

Besides harmonisation, coordination of broader spectrum policy issues affecting Community 
policies  is  also  needed,  including  concerning  assignment  and  spectrum  licensing  conditions 
not covered by the definition of radio spectrum  management at a technical level. During its 
first year of operation, the RSPG has agreed a work programme defining the scope of issues it 
will address, and is developing specific views (“Opinions”) on:  

•  Secondary  trading  of  rights  to  use  radio  spectrum,  considering  how  the  national 
introduction of market mechanisms in spectrum management can be optimised to take into 
account the potential impacts of this new approach for the Community; 

•  Spectrum implications of broadcasting digital switch-over, assessing how to foster the 
timely development of digital broadcasting in the EU while supporting the efficient use of 
the radio spectrum for future new technologies and societal needs; 

•  Preparations  for  the  ITU  WRC-07  Conference.  An  appropriate  EC  policy  input  and 
coordination  in  international  spectrum  negotiations  is  essential  for  the  promotion  of  EC 
policies and interests. 

2.3. 

Availability of Information 

Under Article 5 RSD, action may be taken to ensure the co-ordinated and timely provision of 
information concerning the allocation, availability and use of radio spectrum in the EC. The 

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Commission has launched a study to review the information already available and whether it 
is  sufficient  for  appropriate  decision-making,  notably  in  the  light  of  new  spectrum  access 
mechanisms such as spectrum trading. 

2.4. 

International activities 

With due regard to Article 6 RSD, the Commission has: 

•  monitored international  developments regarding radio spectrum. Member States have not 
formally informed the Commission of any specific difficulties created by third countries or 
international organisations for the implementation of the RSD;  

•  held  a  dialogue  with  the  EC’s  main  trading  partners  on  developing  innovative  spectrum 

management approaches and reform initiatives;  

•  promoted EC interests in international spectrum negotiations. Common policy objectives 
defined4 for the ITU Conference WRC-03, were met for the EU satellite radio-navigation 
system, GALILEO, IMT-2000 and other broadband wireless access platforms5.  

2.5. 

Assessment of Achievements of the Community Spectrum Policy to date 

Implementation  of  the  RSD  has  been  successful  so  far:  in  general,  activities  progresses 
satisfactorily  both  in  the  RSC,  in  RSPG  and  in  the  CEPT  technical  groups.  However,  the 
successful  achievement  of  the  RSD’s  aims  will  depend  on  the  active  cooperation  by  all 
relevant actors and concurrence of various elements, i.e.: 

•  CEPT  should  continue  to  support  the  implementation  of  the  RSD,  notably  by 
delivering  in  a  timely  manner  results  in  line  with  Community  policy  objectives,  so  that 
they can be transposed into Commission decisions. 

•  The  mechanisms to  prepare  and adopt Commission decisions under the RSD,  should be 
sufficiently  flexible  and  responsive  to  rapidly-evolving  societal  needs  and  wireless 
technologies. 

•  The  political  will  to  improve  co-ordination  of  radio  spectrum  policies  between  Member 
States, via the RSPG, should be sufficiently strong to deliver actionable recommendations 
on such issues. 

•  Proper  synergy  and  timing  coordination  between  RSPG  policy  initiatives,  RSC 

implementing measures and other Community activities must be ensured. 

3. 

FUTURE ACTIONS ENVISAGED 

According to Art. 9 RSD, this report also aims to provide an overview of future activities. The 
Commission  has  now  launched  a  significant  number  of  actions  regarding  harmonisation  of 
usage conditions for new  technologies, but also  concerning  more  general  policy  issues.  The 
effective implementation of all these actions will be the priority for this coming year. 

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COM(2003) 183 final, endorsed by Council resolution of 2 June 2003, Doc.9131/03 and COR 1. 
COM(2003) 707 final. 

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3.1. 

Technical Implementing Measures 

During the next reporting period, and in cooperation with the Member States, the Commission 
intends to adopt the first implementing decisions, in line with the methodology defined in 
Article  4  of  the  Radio  Spectrum  Decision.  Adopted  measures  are  expected  to  include  the 
harmonisation  of  the  use  of  spectrum  for  automotive  radars,  for  RLANs  and  for  third-
generation mobile communications.  

Concerning  legislative  legacy,  the  Commission  intends  to  request  the  European  Parliament 
and the Council to withdraw the ERMES Directive6, and to provide for new harmonised uses 
for  this  frequency  band  via  a  technical  implementing  measure  under  Article  4.3.  RSD.  The 
Commission will also continue monitoring the future relevance of the other existing Council 
directives on GSM7 and DECT8. 

The Commission will continue to keep under consideration the possibility of additional TIMs 
where harmonisation would be beneficial to Community policies. Harmonisation of spectrum 
will  be  pursued  via  the  RSD  where  possible  benefits  (increases  in  economies  of  scale, 
roaming,  competition  and  pan-European  services,  with  less  cross-border  interference)  are 
greater  that  possible  negative  effects  (notably  less  flexibility  to  fit  local  market  conditions). 
Further  issues  related  to  new  communication  technologies  and  to  emergency  services  are 
currently being analysed with the assistance of the RSC. 

3.2. 

Spectrum Policy Issues  

In  line  with  the  objective  of  fostering  the  coordinated  introduction  of  innovative  means  to 
manage  the  radio  spectrum  across  Member  States,  the  Commission  will  assess  the  need  for 
Community  action  on  trading  of  spectrum  rights  –  an  important  element  of  spectrum 
management reform -, with the support of the RSPG and of an independent study conducted 
for the Commission. 

The  analysis  of  the  implications  of  digital  broadcasting  switch-over  for  radio  spectrum 
policy  and  on  how  to  use  optimally  the  spectrum  made  available  by  this  technological 
transition  will  be  finalised,  and  the  possibility  of  Community-wide  measures  in  support  of 
common policy objectives considered.  

Coordination  of  EU  positions  in  international  negotiations,  notably  WRC-07  and  the  ITU 
Regional Radio Conference (ITU-RRC) to establish a spectrum plan for digital broadcasting 
will continue, so as to ensure that the negotiation of technical-regulatory agreements at global 
level takes full account of Community policy objectives and principles. 

A  new  request  for  Opinion  will  be  issued  by  the  Commission  to  the  RSPG  on  wireless 
platforms.  This  will  promote  a  forward-looking  strategic  vision  for  the  spectrum  needs  of 
current and new technologies, such as GSM, 3G, RLAN, etc., with the objective of improving 
the coherence of decisions on individual services in the European Union.  

In view of spectrum reforms in other countries, it is important that Europe is not left behind. 
Besides specific issues, the RSPG will continue assessing the possible benefits and difficulties 

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Council Directive 90/544/EEC  
Council Directive 87/372/EEC  
Council Directive 91/287/EEC  

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associated  to  different  spectrum  management  models,  namely  traditional  centralised 
administrative decisions, market-oriented solutions and free or ‘unlicensed’ use of spectrum. 
Each one of such approaches may be most appropriate for specific instances and may require 
Community harmonisation or coordination for an effective implementation.  

4. 

STRENGTHENING THE COHERENCE OF SPECTRUM POLICY IN THE EC 

Radio Spectrum policy must be considered in the general EC policy context. While the impact 
of  spectrum  regulation  on  specific  Community  policies,  such  as  the  Information  Society, 
maritime  safety,  the  Single  European  Sky  and  Space  policy,  is  clear,  correlations  also  exist 
with  broader  generic  policies  and  principles.  A  Spectrum  Interservice  Group  (SIG)  has 
been created within the Commission for this purpose, and to prepare RSC and RSPG meetings 
as well as international negotiations.  

Harmonisation  of  radio  spectrum  use  must  be  consistent  with  the  existing  electronic 
communications  regulatory  framework9,  which  refers  to  radio  spectrum  as  an  essential 
input for radio-based electronic communications services. The essential requirement to avoid 
harmful interference may justify an exception to the general rule that spectrum use should 
not  be  subject  to  individual  rights  but  to  conditions  included  in  general  authorisations  to 
provide  services  or  networks.  In  this  context,  a  common  definition  and  applicability  of  the 
concept  of  “harmful  interference”  and  its  implication  on  acquired  spectrum  rights  in  the 
Community should be examined. 

Ensuring  efficient  use  of  radio  spectrum  may  justify  the  limitation  in  the  number  of 
individual  rights  granted  to  use  the  spectrum.  While  no  common  understanding  of  the  term 
“efficient” exists, spectrum should be made available in the most flexible way possible so that 
spectrum scarcity is not created by regulation, without overlooking the future spectrum needs 
of  services  of  public  interest.  Spectrum  users  must  be  encouraged  to  be  more  efficient,  by 
moving from obsolete to more modern and “intelligent” technologies, and by using spectrum 
trading. 

Regulatory  decisions  on  radio  spectrum  allocation  and  assignment  also  affect  the degree  of 
competition in specific markets by limiting the number of competitors. While this is the case 
for assignment and licensing measures, it also applies to allocation of spectrum to a specific 
radio  service,  aspects  of  which  therefore  may  fall  under  Community  law.  Allocation  of 
insufficient spectrum may limit the assignment of spectrum to one sole user for a specific type 
of  service,  thereby  creating  an  exclusive  right  of  use.  A  common  understanding  will  be 
required  about  how  radio  spectrum  management  measures  can  be  brought  in  line  with 
Community legal provisions in the field of competition. 

Technological  neutrality  in  spectrum  allocation  needs  to  reflect  obligations  under  both 
international  WTO  rules  and  Community  legislation.  Unless  duly  justified,  allocation  on  an 
exclusive  basis  to  specific  standardised  technologies  must  be  avoided.  Systems  with 
comparable  functionalities  and  able  to  satisfy  essential  requirements  in  different,  perhaps 
proprietary  ways,  should  be  treated  in  a  non-discriminatory  manner.  Reference  to  product 
requirements in terms of performance is preferable to design or descriptive characteristics.  

9 

In particular Council/EP Directives 2002/20/EC and 2002/21/EC 

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The  creation  of  an  Internal  Market  for  wireless  equipment  requires  a  close  interaction 
between  different  Community  regulatory  tools.  The  R&TTE  Directive10  harmonises 
regulatory requirements for putting radio equipment on the market and into operation across 
the EC, with adequate safeguards to protect against harmful interference. The RSD could be 
used  to  overcome,  where  justified,  the  “fragmentation”  of  spectrum  allocation  in  the  EU 
identified  as  an  obstacle  to  the  successful  achievement  of  single  market  objectives.  Co-
ordination of action with the TCAM, the standing Committee for the R&TTE Directive, will 
also be continued.  

Coexistence  must  also  be  ensured  between  radio  equipment  and  other  non-radio  sources  of 
electromagnetic radiation such as power line communications. Therefore, a closer link must 
also  be  made  with  the  Electromagnetic  Compatibility  Directive11,  which  also  has  the 
avoidance of harmful interference as an essential requirement. 

The development of lighter regulatory means enabling fast-moving sectors to introduce new 
technological  applications  in  the  market-place  will  be  supported  by  stronger  cooperation 
mechanisms with relevant EC RTD Framework Programme activities.  

A reflection on how to encourage innovation in the Community via more flexible regulation 
on experimental rights to use the radio spectrum  is  needed. Large-scale real-life testing of 
new  technologies  enables  their  rapid  introduction  in  the  market-place,  with  provisions  to 
protect  existing  spectrum  users  from  unforeseen  harmful  effects.  Without  an  appropriate 
framework  for  Community-wide  experimental  rights,  new  wireless  technologies  are 
increasingly being tested and introduced outside Europe first. Furthermore, the coexistence in 
the  radio  spectrum  of  very  different  technologies  leads  to  difficulties  in  the  development  of 
regulation  exclusively  on  the  basis  of  theoretical  interference  models.  Therefore,  practical 
measurement campaigns ought to be used to validate such models. 

New developments in wireless technology are not socially neutral and may create new policy 
or  ethical  issues  beyond  the  scope  of  the  RSD.  Protecting  public  health  against  any 
noxious  effect  of  electromagnetic  emissions  of  radio  equipment  must  be  a  priority:  the 
conditions of use of the radio spectrum by radio devices must, as a principle, be selected to 
minimise  any  potential  risk  to  the  public.  The  proliferation  of  wireless  means  to  exchange 
data,  often  without  users  knowing,  such  as  RFID  “smart  tags”,  raises  privacy  issues. 
Although not technically covered by implementing measures of the RSD, issues such as these 
cannot be ignored in the general Community approach. 

5. 

CONCLUSION  

Radio-based  technologies  are  an  essential  support  for  major  European  policies  and  for 
fast-growing  industrial  sectors.  Innovative  technologies  can  make  new  services  and 
applications  possible  and  increase  the  efficiency  of  spectrum  use.  Regulations  must  allow 
market actors to explore the best uses of these technologies, while protecting the requirements 
of existing services against harmful interference. Europe must respond to the progress in this 
direction achieved by its main trading partners. 

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Council/EP Directive 1999/5/EC  
Council Directive 89/336/EEC  

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Implementation  of  the  RSD  has  been  successful  so  far,  with  the  setting  up  of  the 
institutional  structure,  the  adoption  of  a  mechanism  for  policy  formulation  and  the 
development of technical implementing measures in a large number of areas to provide legal 
certainty on spectrum harmonisation. The Commission counts on the essential contribution of 
other actors such as CEPT, standardisation bodies like ETSI, and the Member States to make 
this process work.  

Radio spectrum policy in the Community will continue to encourage the harmonisation of 
spectrum  where  necessary  to  facilitate  innovation  and  support  Community  policies,  while 
seeking not to constrain users unduly. The principles  of proportionality, non-discrimination, 
fair  competition,  subsidiarity  and  transparency  enshrined  in  relevant  Community  legislation 
will be applied in the spectrum domain. 

The  Commission  is  inviting  the  European  Parliament  and  Council  to  acknowledge  the 
implementation  of  the  RSD  to  date  and  to  support  the  policy  perspectives  outlined  in  this 
report. 

Furthermore, Member States are invited to:  

•  continue providing full support to activities in the RSPG and RSC; 

•  promote Community objectives relating to EC policies in international negotiations;  

•  encourage  CEPT  to  support  the  implementation  of  the  RSD  by  delivering  satisfactory 

mandate results; 

•  ensure effective and timely implementation of Commission decisions; 

•  fully cooperate to provide transparency on spectrum use.  

The  Community  is  confronted  by  some  important  policy  challenges  to  achieve  an 
effective use of spectrum for the benefit of European citizens, for assisting companies to 
increase productivity via technological innovation and for supporting the competitiveness of 
the EU radio manufacturing and services sectors. With the implementation of the RSD, and in 
partnership with other actors in this domain, the Commission will seek to continue addressing 
such challenges successfully in the future. 

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